/** \file

\section general General

The SOEM is a library that provides the user application with the means to send 
and receive EtherCAT frames. It is up to the application to provide means for:
 - Reading and writing process data to be sent/received by SOEM
 - Keeping local IO data synchronized with the global IOmap 
 - Detecting errors reported by SOEM
 - Managing errors reported by SOEM

The following sections show some basic examples on how to get the SOEM up
and running, as well as making use of the process data and checking
for errors. Since all code is local to the application or global
variables, it is possible to tweak and optimize when possible.
 
The following example shows how to add a main function that will be
called by startup code. In this example main's only purpose is to
spawn a new task that executes SOEM.

\code

int main (void)
{
   rprintp("SOEM (Simple Open EtherCAT Master)\nSimple test\n");

   task_spawn ("simpletest", simpletest, 9, 8192, NULL);

\endcode

\section configuration Configuration
Followed by start of the application we need to set up the NIC to be used as 
EtherCAT Ethernet interface. In a simple setup we call ec_init(ifname) and 
if SOEM comes with support for cable redundancy we call ec_init_redundant 
that will open a second port as backup. You can send NULL as ifname if you
have a dedicated NIC selected in the nicdrv.c. It returns >0 if succeeded.
  
\code
  
   /* initialise SOEM, bind socket to ifname */
   if (ec_init(ifname) > 0)

\endcode

SOEM is a light weight ethercat master library used in embedded systems, It
supports only runtime configuration. It requests a BRD (Broad Cast Read) of 
address 0, all fully functional slaves in the network will respond to this 
request, and therefore we will get a working counter equal to the number of 
slaves in the network. ec_config_init also sets up the mailboxes for slaves 
that support it. When ec_config_init finishes it will have requested all slaves 
to state PRE_OP. All data read and configured are stored in a global array 
which acts as a placeholder for key values, consult ec_slave for detailed 
information.
\code
   /* find and auto-config slaves */
   if ( ec_config_init(FALSE) > 0 )
   {
      rprintp("%d slaves found and configured.\n",ec_slavecount);
\endcode

SOEM has now discovered and configured the network it is connected to. 
Now we can verify that all slaves are present as expected. These 
definitions could be generated by an external tool in an offline .h file.
The definitions could be replaced by a struct keeping slave number.
  
\code

#define EK1100_1           1
#define EL4001_1           2
...
#define EL2622_3           8
#define EL2622_4           9
#define NUMBER_OF_SLAVES   9

snippet
...

uint32 network_configuration(void)
{
   /* Do we got expected number of slaves from config */
   if (ec_slavecount < NUMBER_OF_SLAVES)
      return 0;

   /* Verify slave by slave that it is correct*/
   if (strcmp(ec_slave[EK1100_1].name,"EK1100"))
      return 0;
   else if (strcmp(ec_slave[EL4001_1].name,"EL4001"))
      return 0;
...
   else if (strcmp(ec_slave[EL2622_4].name,"EL2622"))
      return 0;

  return 1;
}

simpletest
...
   if (network_configuration())
      ...
   else
      rprintp("Mismatch of network units!\n");      
      


\endcode

We now have the network up and configured. Mailboxes are up for slaves that support 
it. Next we will create an IOmap and configure the SyncManager's and 
FMMU's to link the EtherCAT master and the slaves. The IO mapping is done 
automatically, SOEM strives to keep the logical process image as compact as
possible. It is done by trying to fit Bit oriented slaves together in single
bytes. Below is an example of 8 slaves and how they are ordered. During 
mapping SOEM also calculates an expected WKC for the IO mapped together. 
That is the primary key to detect errors. 
 - Outputs are placed together in the beginning of the IOmap
 - Inputs follow 

 When the mapping is done SOEM requests slaves to enter SAFE_OP. 

\code

char IOmap[128];
int  usedmem;
...
      usedmem = ec_config_map(&IOmap);
      if (usedmem <= sizeof(IOmap))
...
\endcode

\image html memory_layout.png "memory layout, mapping between physical and logical"
\image latex memory_layout.png "memory layout, mapping between physical and logical" width=15cm

To enter state OP we need to send valid data to outputs. The EtherCAT frame
handling is split into ec_send_processdata and ec_receive_processdata. 
 - ec_send_processdata sends the frame on the NIC and saves the frame on 
   the stack for receive to fetch.
 - ec_receive_processdata(EC_TIMEOUTRET) tries to fetch the frames on the 
   stack. We send an argument for how long we will try to fetch the frame. 
   ec_receive_processdata returns the working counter.
   
\code
   /* send one valid process data to make outputs in slaves happy*/
   ec_send_processdata();
   wkc = ec_receive_processdata(EC_TIMEOUTRET);
...
   ec_writestate(0);
   /* wait for all slaves to reach OP state */
   ec_statecheck(0, EC_STATE_OPERATIONAL,  EC_TIMEOUTSTATE);
\endcode

- Now we have a system up and running, all slaves are in state operational. 

\section configuration_custom Custom Configuration

\subsection iomap_config PDO Assign and PDO Config

Do custom configuration with PDO Assign or PDO Config. SOEM support custom configuration during start via a 
PreOP to SafeOP configuration hook. It can be done per slave and should be set before calling 
the configuration and mapping of process data, e.g. the call to ec_config_map. Setting the configuration
hook ensure that the custom configuration will be applied when calling recover and re-configuration 
of a slave, as described below.

\code

int EL7031setup(uint16 slave)
{
    int retval;
    uint16 u16val;
    
    retval = 0;
    
    /* Map velocity PDO assignment via Complete Access*/
    uint16 map_1c12[4] = {0x0003, 0x1601, 0x1602, 0x1604};
    uint16 map_1c13[3] = {0x0002, 0x1a01, 0x1a03};

    retval += ec_SDOwrite(slave, 0x1c12, 0x00, TRUE, sizeof(map_1c12), &map_1c12, EC_TIMEOUTSAFE);
    retval += ec_SDOwrite(slave, 0x1c13, 0x00, TRUE, sizeof(map_1c13), &map_1c13, EC_TIMEOUTSAFE);

    /* set some motor parameters, just as example */
    u16val = 1200; // max motor current in mA
    retval += ec_SDOwrite(slave, 0x8010, 0x01, FALSE, sizeof(u16val), &u16val, EC_TIMEOUTSAFE);
    u16val = 150; // motor coil resistance in 0.01ohm
    retval += ec_SDOwrite(slave, 0x8010, 0x04, FALSE, sizeof(u16val), &u16val, EC_TIMEOUTSAFE);

    /* set other necessary parameters as needed */
...
    printf("EL7031 slave %d set, retval = %d\n", slave, retval);
    return 1;
}

void simpletest(char *ifname)
{
...
   /* Detect slave beckhoff EL7031 from vendor ID and product code */ 
   if((ec_slave[slc].eep_man == 0x00000002) && (ec_slave[slc].eep_id == 0x1b773052))
   {
       printf("Found %s at position %d\n", ec_slave[slc].name, slc);
       /* link slave specific setup to preop->safeop hook */
       ec_slave[slc].PO2SOconfig = EL7031setup;
   }
...
\endcode

\subsection iomap_layout Legacy versus overlapping IOmap

IOmap options legacy versus overlapping. Overlapping IOmap was introduced to handle 
the TI ESC that doesn't support RW access to non-interleaved input and output process 
data of multiple slaves. The difference is that legacy IOmapping will send IOmap as is 
on the EtherCAT network while the overlapping will re-use logic addressing per slave to 
replace RxPDO process data coming from the Master with TxPDO process data generated by the slave 
sent back to the master.

Overview of legacy pdo map
\image html legacy_iomap.png "Legacy IOmapping"
\image latex legacy_iomap.png "Legacy IOmapping" width=15cm

Overview of overlapping pdo map
\image html overlapping_iomap.png "Overlapping IOmapping"
\image latex overlapping_iomap.png "Overlapping IOmapping" width=15cm

\subsection iomap_groups EtherCAT slave groups

Slave groups can be used to group slaves into separate logic groups within an EtherCAT network.
Each group will have its own logic address space mapped to an IOmap address and make it possible to 
send and receive process data at different update rate.

Below is an example on how to assign a slave to a group. <b>OBS!</b> A slave can only be member in one group.

\code
   for (cnt = 1; cnt <= ec_slavecount; cnt++)
   {
      if ( <some condition> )
      {
         ec_slave[cnt].group = X;
      }
      else
      {
         ec_slave[cnt].group = Y;
      }      
   }
\endcode

Alternative 1, configure all slave groups at once, call ec_config_map or ec_config_map_group with arg 0. 
This option will share IOmap and store the group IOmap data at offset EC_LOGGROUPOFFSET.

\code
   ec_config_map_group(&IOmap, 0);
\endcode

Alternative 2, configure the slave groups one by one, call ec_config_map or ec_config_map_group with arg X, Y.
This option will use different, supplied by the user, IOmaps.

\code
   ec_config_map_group(&IOmap1, X);
   ec_config_map_group(&IOmap2, Y);
\endcode

To exchange process data for given group(s) the user must call send/recv process data per group.
The send and receive stack of process data don't consider groups, so the application has to send
and receive the process data for one group before sending/receiving process data for another group.

\code
         ec_send_processdata_group(X);
         ec_receive_processdata_group(X, EC_TIMEOUTRET);
         ec_send_processdata_group(Y);
         ec_receive_processdata_group(Y, EC_TIMEOUTRET);
\endcode

\section application Application

\subsection iomap Accessing data through IOmap

IOmap is the fastest mechanism for accessing slaves' IO data.
Using this mechanism, the ec_slave struct keeps pointers
to the start byte in the IO map on slave level together with start bit within
the start byte. This way we can bit mask IO on bit level even though SOEM
has combined slave data to minimize the frame size to be sent. We'll use
slave 8 in the picture above as an example. From a printout from ec_slave we
have the following:
 - Slave:8
  - Name:EL2622
  - Output size: 2bits
  - Input size: 0bits
  - Configured address: 1008
  - Outputs address: 18cf6
  - Inputs address: 0
  - FMMU0 Ls:2 Ll:   1 Lsb:4 Leb:5 Ps:f00 Psb:0 Ty:2 Act:1
  
The Outputs address: 18cf6 is the pointer to slave 8's start byte. The FMMU's 
Lsb:4 (LogicalStartBit) = ec_slave.Ostartbit telling us how to mask for the 
individual bits in the combined byte. The same goes for byte addressed slaves,
but byte slaves only need the byte start address since they are byte aligned, 
the start bit will be 0.

Some example on how to access different types of data

Set an output int 16 value when memory alignment needs to be considered, 
arguments is: 
 - slave number in ethercat network
 - module index as index internal to the slave in case more than one
   channel
 - value to write
 
\code

#define EL4001_1           2
...
void set_output_int16 (uint16 slave_no, uint8 module_index, int16 value)
{
   uint8 *data_ptr;

   data_ptr = ec_slave[slave_no].outputs;
   /* Move pointer to correct module index*/
   data_ptr += module_index * 2;
   /* Read value byte by byte since all targets can't handle misaligned
    * addresses
    */
   *data_ptr++ = (value >> 0) & 0xFF;
   *data_ptr++ = (value >> 8) & 0xFF;
}
...
set_output_int16(EL4001_1,0,slave_EL4001_1.out1);

\endcode

Target can handle non aligned pointers to the IOmap
\code

typedef struct PACKED
{
	int16	   outvalue1;
	int16	   outvalue2;
} out_EL4132t;

out_EL4132t		*out_EL4132;
...
   /* connect struct pointers to slave I/O pointers */
   out_EL4132 = (out_EL4132t*) ec_slave[3].outputs;
   out_EL4132->outvalue2 = 0x3FFF;
   
...      
\endcode

Identify and manage errors. The key is the Working Counter, CRC errors
and errors local to the slave causing a state change can be detected by loss
of Working Counter since the syncmanagers won't get updated. When returning 
Working Counter don't match Expected Working Counter something is wrong, then it
is up to an error handler to act, locate the erroneous slave and decide what action
to perform. The error may not be fatal. Some basic code from simple_test. 
\code

wkc = ec_receive_processdata(EC_TIMEOUTRET);
expectedWKC = (ec_group[0].outputsWKC * 2) + ec_group[0].inputsWKC;

if( inOP && ((wkc < expectedWKC) || ec_group[currentgroup].docheckstate))
{
    if (needlf)
    {
       needlf = FALSE;
       printf("\n");
    }
    /* one ore more slaves are not responding */
    ec_group[currentgroup].docheckstate = FALSE;
    ec_readstate();
    for (slave = 1; slave <= ec_slavecount; slave++)
    {
       if ((ec_slave[slave].group == currentgroup) && (ec_slave[slave].state != EC_STATE_OPERATIONAL))
       {
          ec_group[currentgroup].docheckstate = TRUE;
          if (ec_slave[slave].state == (EC_STATE_SAFE_OP + EC_STATE_ERROR))
          {
             printf("ERROR : slave %d is in SAFE_OP + ERROR, attempting ack.\n", slave);
             ec_slave[slave].state = (EC_STATE_SAFE_OP + EC_STATE_ACK);
             ec_writestate(slave);
          }
          else if(ec_slave[slave].state == EC_STATE_SAFE_OP)
          {
             printf("WARNING : slave %d is in SAFE_OP, change to OPERATIONAL.\n", slave);
             ec_slave[slave].state = EC_STATE_OPERATIONAL;
             ec_writestate(slave);      
          }
          else if(ec_slave[slave].state > EC_STATE_NONE)
          { 
             if (ec_reconfig_slave(slave, EC_TIMEOUTMON))
             {
               ec_slave[slave].islost = FALSE;
               printf("MESSAGE : slave %d reconfigured\n",slave);   
             }
          } 
          else if(!ec_slave[slave].islost)
          {
            /* re-check state */
            ec_statecheck(slave, EC_STATE_OPERATIONAL, EC_TIMEOUTRET);
            if (ec_slave[slave].state == EC_STATE_NONE)
            {
              ec_slave[slave].islost = TRUE;
              printf("ERROR : slave %d lost\n",slave);   
            }
          }
       }
       if (ec_slave[slave].islost)
       {
         if(ec_slave[slave].state == EC_STATE_NONE)
         {
           if (ec_recover_slave(slave, EC_TIMEOUTMON))
           {
             ec_slave[slave].islost = FALSE;
             printf("MESSAGE : slave %d recovered\n",slave);   
           }
         }
         else
         {
           ec_slave[slave].islost = FALSE;
           printf("MESSAGE : slave %d found\n",slave);   
         }
       }
    }
    if(!ec_group[currentgroup].docheckstate)
       printf("OK : all slaves resumed OPERATIONAL.\n");
}   
\endcode


\subsection sdo Accessing SDOs and PDOs

There are multiple ways a slave can communicate with the master. CANopen over
EtherCAT (CoE) is a (slow but flexible) asynchronous mechanism for transferring
data via mailboxes.  

SOEM provides the ecx_SDOread() and ecx_SDOwrite() functions for reading and
writing a CoE SDO (Service Data Object) given the corresponding index and
subindex.

SOEM does not provide specific functions for accessing CoE PDOs (Process Data
Objects). On most slaves, however, it is possible to use the same functions
available for SDOs. In the seldom case in which the PDO object has been marked
in the CoE dictionary as "PDO only", only IOmap access is allowed.
Note that a list of the PDO mappings can be retrieved through the "slaveinfo
<interface> -map" command.
 
---------------------

 This tutorial is just one way of doing it.
 Enjoy and happy coding!
 
 Andreas Karlsson, rt-labs AB, www.rt-labs.com
 */