{"result": {"count": "37859", "event": {"date": "-300", "description": "Pilgrims travel to the healing temples of Asclepieion to be cured of their ills. After a ritual purification the followers bring offerings or sacrifices.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-300", "description": "Pyrrhus, the King of Epirus, is taken as a hostage to Egypt after the Battle of Ipsus and makes a diplomatic marriage with the princess Antigone, daughter of Ptolemy and Berenice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-300", "description": "Ptolemy concludes an alliance with King Lysimachus of Thrace and gives him his daughter Arsinoe II in marriage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-300", "description": "Seleucus founds the city of Antioch, some 20 miles up the Orontes River, naming it after his father.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-300", "description": "After the death of his wife Apama, Seleucus marries Stratonice, daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-300", "description": "The central texts of Jainism, the Jain scriptures, are recorded (approximate date).{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-300", "description": "In Pella (in Macedonia), the artist Gnosis makes a mosaic floor decoration called ''Stag Hunt'' and even signs it with ampquotGnosis made itampquot. It is today preserved at the Archaeological museum in Pella.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-299", "description": "The Samnites, seizing their chance when Rome is engaged on the Lombard plain, start the third Samnite War with a collection of mercenaries from Gaul, Sabine, and Etruscan allies to help them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-299", "description": "The state of Qin attacks eight cities of the state of Chu. Chu then sends an envoy to ask the King of Huai to go to Qin to negotiate peace. Qu Yuan risks his life to go up to the court to persuade the King of Huai not to go to the negotiation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-299", "description": "King Wuling of Zhao abdicates the throne of Zhao to his son.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-298", "description": "The Samnites defeat the Romans under Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus in the Battle of Camerinum, first battle of the Third Samnite War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-298", "description": "The Roman armies penetrate into the heart of the Samnite territory and then capture the Samnite cities of Taurasia, Bovianum Vetus and Aufidena.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-298", "description": "Agathocles, king of Syracuse, assists the Italian Greeks against the Bruttians and supported the Greeks against the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-298", "description": "Ptolemy gives his stepdaughter Theoxena in marriage to Agathocles, the tyrant of Syracuse (in south-eastern Sicily).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-298", "description": "Ptolemy finally brings the rebellious region of Cyrene under his control. He places the region under the rule of his stepson Magas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-298", "description": "Bindusara succeeds his father Chandragupta Maurya as emperor of the Mauryan Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-297", "description": "Fabius Maximus Rullianus becomes consul for the fourth time. He defeats the Samnites in a battle near Tifernum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-297", "description": "Following Cassander's death from illness, Philip IV, Cassander's eldest son, succeeds his father as King of Macedon, but soon after coming to the throne suffers from a wasting disease and dies. Antipater, the next son, rules jointly with his brother Alexander V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-297", "description": "Demetrius Poliorcetes returns to Greece with the aim of becoming master of Macedonia. While Demetrius is in Greece, Lysimachus seizes his possessions in Asia Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-297", "description": "Ptolemy decides to support Pyrrhus of Epirus and restores him to his kingdom. At first Pyrrhus reigns with a kinsman, Neoptolemus II of Epirus (who is a son of Cleopatra of Macedonia and a nephew of Alexander the Great), but soon he has him assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-297", "description": "Chandragupta Maurya goes to Sravana Belagola near Mysore to live in the way of Jains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-297", "description": "Bindusara his son ascends to the Pataliputra throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-296", "description": "Ptolemy makes peace with Demetrius Poliorcetes, to whom he betrothes his daughter Ptolemais.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-296", "description": "The temple to Bellona is erected at the south end of the prata Flaminia, later the Circus Flaminius, in Rome.ampampPlatner and Ashby, ''A Topographical Dictionary of Rome''. Oxford University Press, 1926. p. 82.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-295", "description": "The Battle of Sentinum west of Anconum ends in defeat for a formidable coalition of Samnites, Etruscans, Umbrians, and their Gallic allies at the hands of the Roman legions commanded by consuls Publius Decius Mus (who is killed in the battle) and Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus. The Romans lose nearly 8,000 men but kill some 25,000 of the enemy and force peace on the Etruscans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-295", "description": "Athens falls to Demetrius Poliorcetes after a bitter siege, and its tyrant Lachares is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-295", "description": "The King of Macedon, Antipater II, murders his mother Thessalonica, accusing her of being too fond of his brother and co-ruler Alexander V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-294", "description": "Archidamus IV, king of Sparta, son of Eudamidas I and grandson of Archidamus III, is defeated by Demetrius Poliorcetes of Macedonia in a battle at Mantinea. Sparta is saved only because Demetrius is called away by the threatening activities of his rivals Lysimachus and Ptolemy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-294", "description": "Alexander V of Macedon is ousted by his brother, Antipater II. Therefore Alexander V turns to Demetrius Poliorcetes for help in recovering his throne. However, Demetrius Poliorcetes establishes himself on the throne of Macedonia and then murders Alexander V. Antipater II loses the throne of Macedonia but is able to survive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-294", "description": "Pyrrhus of Epirus exploits the dynastic quarrel in Macedonia involving Alexander V of Macedon, his brother, Antipater II and Demetrius Poliorcetes to take over the frontier areas of Parauaea and Tymphaea, along with Acarnania, Ampholochia, and Ambracia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-294", "description": "Lysimachus concludes a peace with Demetrius Poliorcetes whereby Demetrius Poliorcetes is recognized as ruler of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-294", "description": "Ptolemy gains control over Cyprus and the Phoenician coastal towns of Tyre and Sidon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-294", "description": "Stratonice, daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes and wife of Seleucus marries her stepson Antiochus. Seleucus has reportedly instigated the marriage after discovering that his son by his late wife Apama was in danger of dying of lovesickness as he has fallen in love with his beautiful stepmother.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-293", "description": "The Battle of Aquilonia is  fought between the Roman Republic and the Samnites, near the current city of Aquilonia in Campania (in southern Italy). The Romans, led by the consuls Lucius Papirius Cursor and Spurius Carvilius Maximus, are victorious. After the battle, the Samnites flee into the city of Aquilonia and into their camp. The camp is captured and looted by the Romans, while the city is eventually taken, with many of the Samnite survivors being slaughtered in the fighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-293", "description": "Rome suffers from the plague. The worship of Aesculapius is introduced from Epidaurus to Rome in the hope of averting the plague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-293", "description": "When an invasion of nomads threatens the eastern possessions of his realm (i.e. between the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea and the Indian Ocean), Seleucus hands over the government of these lands west of the Euphrates to his son Antiochus. Antiochus is appointed co-regent and commander-in-chief of these territories.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-293", "description": "The State of Qin, led by commander Bai Qi, wins a decisive victory over the States of Wei and Han in the Battle of Yique. As part of the terms of defeat, Han and Wei are forced to concede land to Qin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-292", "description": "Lysimachus tries to extend his influence beyond the Danube River, but he is defeated and taken prisoner by the Getae (Dacian) king Dromichaetes (Dromihete). Eventually, Lysimachus is set free and a peace is agreed between the Getae and Lysimachus. This peace agreement is strengthened further by the marriage of Dromichaetes with Lysimachus' daughter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-292", "description": "While Demetrius Poliorcetes is campaigning in Boeotia, he receives news that Lysimachus, the ruler of Thrace, has been taken prisoner by Dromichaetes. Hoping to seize Lysimachus's territories in Thrace, Demetrius, delegates command of his forces in Boeotia to his son, Antigonus and immediately marches north. However, while he is away, the Boeotians rise in rebellion, but are defeated by Antigonus, who bottles them up in the city of Thebes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-291", "description": "Demetrius Poliorcetes joins his son, Antigonus, in the siege of Thebes. As the Thebans defend their city stubbornly, Demetrius forces his men to attack the city at great cost. Demetrius finally takes the city after using siege engines to demolish its walls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-291", "description": "The Romans storm and take the Samnite city of Venusia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-290", "description": "Roman general and consul, Manius Curius Dentatus, gains a decisive victory over the Samnites, thereby ending a war that has lasted 50 years. He also reduces the Sabine insurgents to submission, their territory is annexed and they are granted civitas sine suffragio (ampquotcitizenship without the right to voteampquot). The Samnites are recognised by the Romans as autonomous allies. The Samnites are forced to give up some of their land to the Romans as compensation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-290", "description": "Berenice, wife of Ptolemy, is proclaimed queen of Egypt. Ptolemy has the city of Berenice built on the Red Sea in her honour. It becomes a great emporium for Egyptian trade with the East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-289", "description": "The tyrant of Syracuse, Agathocles, dies after restoring the Syracusan democracy on his death bed, by stating that he does not want his sons to succeed him as king. However, the resulting dissension among his family about the succession leads to a renewal of Carthaginian power in Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-288", "description": "The Macedonian King, Demetrius Poliorcetes, faces a combined attack from Lysimachus and Phyrrhus, king of Epirus, after Seleucus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus form a coalition to block plans by Demetrius to invade Asia Minor. Ptolemy's fleet appears off Greece, inciting the cities to revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-288", "description": "Athens revolts and Demetrius besieges the city. Pyrrhus takes Thessaly and the western half of Macedonia and, with the assistance of Ptolemy's fleet, relieves Athens from Demetrius' siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-288", "description": "After the Egyptian fleet participates decisively in the liberation of Athens from Macedonian occupation, Ptolemy obtains the protectorate over the League of Islanders, which includes most of the Greek islands in the Aegean Sea. Egypt's maritime supremacy in the Mediterranean in the ensuing decades is based on this alliance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-288", "description": "Following the death of Agathocles, some of his disbanded mercenaries seize Messana in northeast Sicily and set up a society, calling themselves Mamertines (Sons of Mars). The city becomes a base from which they will ravage the Sicilian countryside.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-288", "description": "The Sri Maha Bodhi Sacred Fig tree is planted at Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. This is the earliest known planting date for any planted tree still surviving.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sri Lanka", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-287", "description": "A new law, Lex Hortensia, gives much greater power to the plebeian Assembly compared to the Senate. This law is passed following a threat from plebeian soldiers to secede. In the face of this threat, the Senate yields to plebeian concerns over their lack of political power and over their level of debt to the aristocracy. The law is named after Quintus Hortensius, a plebeian, who is made dictator to settle the controversy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-287", "description": "With the Lex Hortensia in place, in theory the political distinctions in Rome between the patricians and the plebeians disappear. However, in practice, the coalition of leading plebeian families keep control which means that the patricians are able to largely nullify the power of the assemblies. So Roman government continues to be oligarchic in character.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-287", "description": "The Macedonians resent the extravagance and arrogance of Demetrius Poliorcetes and are not prepared to fight a difficult campaign for him. When Pyrrhus of Epirus takes the Macedonian city of Verroia, Demetrius' army promptly deserts and goes over to Pyrrhus' side as he is much admired by the Macedonians for his bravery. At this change of fortune, Phila, the mother of Antigonus, kills herself with poison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-287", "description": "Demetrius decides to leave Antigonus in charge of the war in Greece, assembles all his ships and embarks with his troops to attack Caria and Lydia, provinces in Asia Minor controlled by Lysimachus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-287", "description": "Agathocles is sent by his father Lysimachus against Demetrius. Agathocles defeats Demetrius and drives him out of his father's provinces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-287", "description": "Pyrrhus is proclaimed King of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-286", "description": "As Demetrius Poliorcetes and his army are chased across Asia Minor to the Taurus Mountains by the armies of Lysimachus and Seleucus, in Greece his son Antigonus meets with success. Ptolemy's fleet is driven off and Athens surrenders to Antigonus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-286", "description": "After allowing Pyrrhus of Epirus to remain in possession of Macedonia with the title of king, he is expelled by Lysimachus who declares himself its king in the place of Pyrrhus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-286", "description": "The new law, Lex Aquilia, is enacted. This is a Roman law which provides compensation to the owners of property injured as a result of someone's fault.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-285/06/26", "description": " Egypt's Ptolemy I Soter abdicates. He is succeeded by his youngest son by his wife Berenice, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, who has been co-regent for three years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-285/06/26", "description": "A 110 metre tall lighthouse on the island of Pharos in Alexandria's harbour is completed and serves as a landmark for ships in the eastern Mediterranean. Built by Sostratus of Cnidus for Ptolemy II of Egypt, it is one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. It is a technological triumph and is the archetype of all lighthouses since. A broad spiral ramp leads to the top, where a fire burns at night.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-285/06/26", "description": "Demetrius Poliorcetes is deserted by his troops and surrenders to Seleucus at Cilicia, where Seleucus keeps him a prisoner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-284", "description": "The Gallic tribe called the Senones, who has settled on the Adriatic coast north of Picenum, attacks Arretium in Etruria. While attempting to relieve this allied city, the Romans under the command of Lucius Caecilius Metellus Denter suffer a costly defeat in the Battle of Arretium. Aroused by this disaster, a Roman army under Manius Curius Dentatus invades the Senones' territory, defeating them and driving them out of the Italian peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-284", "description": "Pyrrhus of Epirus is driven out of Macedonia and back into Epirus by Lysimachus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-284", "description": "Ptolemy I's eldest (legitimate) son, Ptolemy Keraunos, whose mother, Eurydice, the daughter of Antipater, had been repudiated by the new King Ptolemy II, flees Egypt to the court of Lysimachus, the king of Thrace, Macedon and Asia Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-284", "description": "Lysimachus' wife, Arsinoe, being keen to gain the succession to the kingdom of Thrace for her sons in preference to Agathocles (the eldest son of Lysimachus), intrigues against him with the help of her brother Ptolemy Keraunos. They accuse him of conspiring with Seleucus to seize the throne, and Agathocles is put to death. This atrocious deed by Lysimachus and his family arouses great indignation. Many of the cities in Asia Minor revolt and some of his most trusted friends desert him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-284", "description": "Agathocles' widow Lysandra flees with their children and with Alexander, Agathocles' brother, to the court of Seleucus, who at once invades Lysimachus' territory in Asia Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-283", "description": "Following Demetrius Poliorcetes' death in captivity as a prisoner of Seleucus, his son Antigonus assumes the title of King of Macedonia, though in name only, as King Lysimachus of Thrace is in control of Macedonia. Demetrius' remains are given to Antigonus and he is honoured with a grand funeral in Corinth. After this, Demetrius is interred in the town of Demetrias which he had founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-283", "description": "Consuls: Publius Cornelius Dolabella and Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus Maximus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-283", "description": "At the Battle of Lake Vadimo, Roman forces finally quell the allied Etruscans and Gauls. The Roman army is led by consul Publius Cornelius Dolabella. Rome is at last undisputed master of northern and central Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-283", "description": "The canal from the Nile River to the Red Sea, initially started but not completed by the Egyptian pharaoh Necho II and repaired by the Persian king Darius I, is again repaired and made operational by Ptolemy II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-283", "description": "Ptolemy II enlarges the library at Alexandria and appoints the grammarian Zenodotus to collect and edit all the Greek poets.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-282", "description": "The city of Pergamum in Asia Minor ends its allegiance to Lysimachus. Its ruler, Philetaerus, transfers his allegiance, as well as the important fortress of Pergamon and his treasury, to Seleucus, who allows him a far larger measure of independence than he had hitherto enjoyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-282", "description": "The Battle of Populonia is fought between Rome and the Etruscans. The Romans are victorious and, as a result, the Etruscan threat to Rome is sharply diminished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-282", "description": "The Magna Graecia city of Thurii appeals to Rome for help against the native Italian tribes. Though the Roman Senate hesitates, the plebeian Assembly decides to respond. Thurii is saved, but Tarentum, jealous of Rome's interference, attacks and sinks some Roman ships entering its harbour. Roman envoys, sent to protest, are mistreated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-282", "description": "Rome declares war on Tarentum. King Pyrrhus of Epirus declares his willingness to come to the aid of Tarentum. Tarentum also looks for support from the Samnites and other Italian tribes in southern Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-282", "description": "Arsinoe, daughter of Lysimachus, king of Thrace, marries Ptolemy II of Egypt as part of the alliance between Thrace and Egypt against Seleucus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-281", "description": "The Battle of Corupedium in Lydia is the last battle of the Diadochi, the rival successors to Alexander the Great. It is fought between the armies of Lysimachus, King of Thrace and Macedonia, and Seleucus, ruler of Eastern Anatolia, Syria, Phoenicia, Judea, Babylonia and Iran. Seleucus kills Lysimachus during the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-281", "description": "Following the Battle of Corupedium, Lysimachus' widow, Arsinoe, flees to Cassandrea, a city in northern Greece, where she marries her half-brother Ptolemy Keraunos. This proves to be a serious misjudgement, as Ptolemy Keraunus promptly kills two of her sons, though the third is able to escape. Arsinoe flees again, this time to Alexandria in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-281", "description": "Seleucus takes over Thrace and then tries to seize Macedonia. However, he falls into a trap near Lysimachia, Thrace, set by Ptolemy Keraunos, one of the sons of Ptolemy I and Arsinoe II's half brother, who murders Seleucus and takes Macedonia for himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-281", "description": "Cineas, a Thessalian serving as chief adviser to King Pyrrhus of Epirus, after visiting Rome attempts, without success, to dissuade Pyrrhus from invading southern Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-281", "description": "Seleucus is succeeded as ruler of the Seleucid empire by Antiochus. He is immediately beset by revolts in Syria (probably instigated by Ptolemy II of Egypt) and by independence movements in northern Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-281", "description": "Although he has only a few bases in Greece, Antigonus II Gonatas lays claim to Macedonia. His claim is disputed by Antiochus I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Antiochus makes his eldest son, Seleucus, king in the east, but he proves to be incompetent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Antiochus is compelled to make peace with his father's murderer and King of Macedon, Ptolemy Keraunos, abandoning, for the time being, his plans to control Macedonia and Thrace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Nicomedes, King of Bithynia, is threatened with an invasion from Antiochus who has already made war upon his father, Zipoites. Antiochus actually invades Bithynia but withdraws again without risking a battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Antiochus is unable to bring under his control the Persian dynasties that rule in Cappadocia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Antiochus is defeated by Egypt's Ptolemy II in the Damascene War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Pyrrhus makes an alliance with Ptolemy Keraunos, King of Macedon. This allows him to go to southern Italy with his army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "The Achaean League is reformed by twelve towns in the northern Peloponnesus and will later grow to include non-Achaean cities. It has two generals, a federal council with proportional representation of members and an annual assembly of all free citizens. The League achieves a common coinage and foreign policy and the member cities pool their armed forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Rhodes, rising in prosperity, becomes head of an Island League and helps to keep the peace and freedom of the Greek islands in the Aegean Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "The Colossus of Rhodes is completed by the sculptor Chares of Lindos after twelve years' work. It becomes one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. The Colossus of Rhodes is a giant statue of the Greek god Helios. It stands 70 cubits tall, over 30 metres (100ampampnbspfeet), making it the tallest statue of the ancient world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Responding to an appeal from Tarentum, King Pyrrhus of Epirus uses his army of over 20,000 men against the Romans. In the Battle of Heraclea he defeats a Roman army led by consul Publius Valerius Laevinus. Pyrrhus's judicious use of his elephants plays a large part in his victory. Several tribes including the Lucani, Bruttii and the Messapians as well as the Greek cities of Crotone and Locri join Pyrrhus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Roman commander and statesman, Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, is sent to negotiate the ransom and exchange of prisoners. Pyrrhus is so impressed by Fabricius refusing to accept a bribe, that Pyrrhus releases the prisoners without the requirement for a ransom. Following his victory, Pyrrhus advances as far north as Latium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-280", "description": "Aristarchus of Samos uses the size of the Earth's shadow on the Moon to estimate that the Moon's radius is one-third that of the Earth. He proposes for the first time a heliocentric view of the Solar System, but is ignored due to the lack of evidence of the Earth's motion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-279", "description": "An army of Gauls under Brennus invade Greece. A section of the army, commanded by Bolgios, crushes a Macedonian army led by Ptolemy Keraunos, who is killed in the battle. At the narrow pass of Thermopylae, on the east coast of central Greece, Brennus' forces suffer heavy losses while trying to break through the Greek defence comprising the Phocians and the Aetolians. Eventually Brennus finds a way around the pass but the Greeks escape by sea. Brennus pushes on to Delphi where he is defeated and forced to retreat, after which he dies of wounds sustained in the battle. His army falls back to the river Spercheios where it is routed by Thessalians and Malians. Some of the survivors settle in a part of Asia Minor that will eventually be called Galatia, while some settle in Thrace, founding a short-lived city-state named Tylis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-279", "description": "With the death of Ptolemy Keraunos, the previous King of Macedonia, Antipater II becomes king again. However, his new reign lasts only few months before he is killed by his cousin Sosthenes who becomes the new King of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-279", "description": "The Phocians are readmitted into the Amphictyonic League after they have joined in the defence of Delphi against the Gauls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-279", "description": "The Carthaginians and the Romans agree to support each other against a common foe. The Carthaginians give Rome money and ships in their fight against Pyrrhus, the king of Epirus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-279", "description": "Pyrrhus realizes that he cannot capture Rome and suggests peace terms to the Romans. Pyrrhus sends his chief advisor, Cineas, to Rome to negotiate a peace. Cineas demands that the Romans halt their aggression against the Greeks of southern Italy and restore the lands the Romans have taken from the Bruttii, the Apulians, and the Samnites. The Romans reject his demands, largely at the instigation of the former Roman censor, Appius Claudius Caecus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-279", "description": "In renewed fighting, Pyrrhus of Epirus, leading the combined Tarantine, Oscan, Samnite, and Greek forces, wins a 'Pyrrhic victory' against the Romans led by consul Publius Decius Mus at the Battle of Asculum, called such because his victory comes at a great cost to his own forces. Pyrrhus is reported to have said afterwards, ampquotOne more victory against the Romans and we shall be utterly ruined!ampquot Disheartened, Pyrrhus retires to Tarentum and sends Cineas to make renewed peace overtures to Rome. These talks are inconclusive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-279", "description": "The aggression of Ptolemy II of Egypt continues to cause friction with Antiochus, who loses Miletus, in south-western Asia Minor, to Ptolemy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-279", "description": "Scordisci Celts found a city called Singidon (Roman Singidunum) which is today the Serbian city of Belgrade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "The Balkans", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-278", "description": "After their defeats in Greece, the Gauls move into Asia Minor. The Seleucid king Antiochus wins a major battle over the Gauls leading to his being given the title of Soter (Greek for ampquotsaviourampquot). The Gauls settle down to become the ampquotGalatiansampquot and are paid 2,000 talents annually by the Seleucid kings to keep the peace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-278", "description": "Antigonus concludes a peace with Antiochus who surrenders his claim to Macedonia. Thereafter Antigonus II's foreign policy is marked by friendship with the Seleucids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-278", "description": "Nicomedes I becomes the first ruler of Bithynia to assume the title of king. He founds the city of Nicomedia, which soon rises to great prosperity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-278", "description": "The Carthaginians seize an opportunity to interfere in a quarrel between Syracuse and Agrigentum and besiege Syracuse. The Syracusans ask for help from Pyrrhus and Pyrrhus transfers his army there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-278", "description": "On his arrival in Sicily, Pyrrhus' forces win battles against the Carthaginians across Sicily. Pyrrhus conquers almost all of Sicily except for Lilybaeum (Marsala).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-278", "description": "Pyrrhus is proclaimed king of Sicily. He plans for his son Helenus to inherit the kingdom of Sicily and his other son Alexander to inherit Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-278", "description": "Chu's heartland in the modern Hubei province is overrun by the powerful state of Qin from the west under Bai Qi's leadership. The Chu government moves to the east in various temporary capitals until settling in Shouchun in 241 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-278", "description": "Qu Yuan writes the poem ampquotLament for Yingampquot after the fall of the capital of Chu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-277", "description": "Antigonus crosses the Hellespont and defeats the Celts under the command of Cerethrius near Lysimachia at the neck of the Thracian Chersonese. After this success, he is acknowledged by the Macedonians as their king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-277", "description": "Pyrrhus captures Eryx, the strongest Carthaginian fortress in Sicily. This prompts the rest of the Carthaginian-controlled cities in Sicily to defect to Pyrrhus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-276", "description": "The Egyptian King Ptolemy II's first wife, Arsinoe I (daughter of the late King Lysimachus of Thrace) is accused, probably at instigation of Ptolemy II's sister (who also has the name Arsinoe), of plotting his murder and is exiled by the King. Arsinoe then marries her own brother, a customary practice in Egypt, but scandalous to the Greeks. The suffix ampquotPhiladelphoiampquot (ampquotBrother-Lovingampquot) consequently is added to the names of King Ptolemy II and Queen Arsinoe II. The former queen, Arsinoe I, is banished to Coptos, a city of Upper Egypt near the Wadi Hammamat, while her rival adopts her children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-276", "description": "The first of the Syrian Wars starts between Egypt's Ptolemy II and Seleucid emperor Antiochus I Soter. The Egyptians invade northern Syria, but Antiochus defeats and repels his opponent's army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-276", "description": "Pyrrhus negotiates with the Carthaginians to end the fighting between them in Sicily. The Carthaginians are inclined to come to terms with Pyrrhus, but he demands that Carthage abandon all of Sicily and make the Libyan Sea the boundary between Carthage and the Greeks. Meanwhile, he begins to display despotic behaviour towards the Sicilian Greeks and soon Sicilian opinion moves against him. Therefore, fearing that his successes in Sicily may lead him to become the despot of their country, the Syracusans ask Pyrrhus to leave Sicily. He does so, and returns to the Italian mainland, noting that he expects Sicily to be a ampquotfair wrestling ringampquot for Carthage and Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-275", "description": "The Museum of Alexandria is founded by the Egyptian King Ptolemy II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-275", "description": "When Pyrrhus returns from Sicily, he finds himself vastly outnumbered by a superior Roman army under the command of consul Manius Curius Dentatus. After the inconclusive Battle of Beneventum, Roman commander and statesman, Gaius Fabricius Luscinus, negotiates a peace with Pyrrhus, after which Pyrrhus decides to end his campaign in Italy and return to Epirus, which results in the loss of all his Italian holdings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-275", "description": "Following the departure of Pyrrhus from Sicily, the Syracusan army and the city's citizens appoint Hiero II as the commander of their troops. He strengthens his position by marrying the daughter of Leptines, the city's leading citizen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-275", "description": "Antiochus's alliance with Antigonus II, now fully in possession of Macedonia, is cemented by Antigonus' marriage to Phila, Antiochus' half sister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-274", "description": "Pyrrhus returns from Italy and Sicily and invades Macedonia driving Antigonus II Gonatas out of Upper Macedonia and Thessaly while Antigonus holds onto the coastal Macedonian towns. Antigonus' troops desert him and Pyrrhus is declared King of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-274", "description": "The Romans under Manius Curius Dentatus conquer the Lucanians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-274", "description": "Magas of Cyrene marries Apama, the daughter of Antiochus and uses his marital alliance to foment a pact to invade Egypt. He opens hostilities against his half brother Ptolemy II, by declaring his province of Cyrenaica to be independent and then attacks Egypt from the west as Antiochus I takes the Egyptian controlled areas in coastal Syria and southern Anatolia, after which he attacks Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-274", "description": "Magas has to stop his advance against Ptolemy II due to an internal revolt by the Libyan Marmaridae nomads.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-273", "description": "Impressed by Rome's defeat of Pyrrhus, Ptolemy II sends a friendly embassy. The visit is reciprocated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-273", "description": "Ashoka the Great becomes ruler of the Maurya Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-272", "description": "The Seleucid king Antiochus I Soter is defeated by Egypt's Ptolemy II during the First Syrian War. Ptolemy II annexes Miletus, Phoenicia and western Cilicia from Antiochus. As a result, Ptolemy II extends Egyptian rule as far as Caria and into most of Cilicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-272", "description": "Egypt's victories solidify the kingdom's position as the undisputed naval power of the eastern Mediterranean the Ptolemaic sphere of power now extends over the Cyclades to Samothrace, and the harbours and coastal towns of Cilicia Trachea, Pamphylia, Lycia and Caria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-272", "description": "Pyrrhus' departure from southern Italy three years earlier leads to the Samnites finally being conquered by the Romans. With the surrender of Tarentum, the cities of Magna Graecia in southern Italy come under Roman influence and become Roman allies. Rome now effectively dominates all of the Italian peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-272", "description": "Cleonymus, a Spartan of royal blood who has been outcast by his fellow Spartans, asks the King of Macedonia and Epirus, Pyrrhus, to attack Sparta and place him in power. Pyrrhus agrees to the plan, but intends to win control of the Peloponnese for himself. As a large part of the Spartan army led by king Areus I is in Crete at the time, Pyrrhus has great hopes of taking the city easily, but the citizens organise stout resistance, allowing one of Antigonus II's commanders, Aminias the Phocian, to reach the city with a force of mercenaries from Corinth. Soon after this, the Spartan king, Areus, returns from Crete with 2,000 men. These reinforcements stiffen Spartan resistance and Pyrrhus, finding that he is losing men to desertion every day, breaks off the attack and starts to plunder the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-272", "description": "As they plunder the countryside, Pyrrhus and his troops move onto Argos. Entering the city with his army by stealth, Pyrrhus finds himself caught in a confused battle with the Argives (who are supported by Antigonus' forces) in the narrow city streets. During the confusion an old woman watching from a rooftop throws a roof tile at Pyrrhus which stuns him, allowing an Argive soldier to kill him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-272", "description": "Following his death in Argos, Pyrrhus is succeeded as king of Epirus by his son Alexander II while Antigonus II Gonatas regains his Macedonian throne which he has lost to Pyrrhus two years earlier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-272", "description": "The Mauryan emperor, Bindusara, sends the Mauryan army to conquer the southern kingdoms. Kadamba is conquered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-271", "description": "With the restoration of the territories captured by Pyrrhus, and with grateful allies in Sparta and Argos, and garrisons in Corinth and other Greek key cities, Antigonus II securely controls Macedonia and Greece. Antigonus becomes the chief of the Thessalian League and is on good terms with neighbouring Illyria and Thrace. He secures his position in Greece by keeping Macedonian occupation forces in the cities of Corinth, Chalcis on the island of Euboea, and Demetrias in Thessaly, the three ampquotshacklesampquot of Hellas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-271", "description": "The Mauryan army is driven out of Kadamba by a coalition of Tamil kings under Emperor Cenni Cholan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-270", "description": "Rome's subjugation of Italy is completed by the recapture of Rhegium (southern Italy) from the Mamertines and the defeat of the Brutians, the Lucanians, the Calabrians and the Samnites. The town of Rhegium is then restored by the Romans to its Greek inhabitants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-270", "description": "Carthage, already in control of Sardinia, southern Spain and Numidia, is ruled by an oligarchy of merchants under two Suffetes or chief magistrates. While Carthage's military commanders are strong, the state relies on mercenaries (including Spanish ones) for its soldiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-269", "description": "The Mamertines, a body of Campanian mercenaries who have been employed by Agathocles, the former tyrant of Syracuse, capture the stronghold of Messana (Messina in north-eastern Sicily), from which they harass the Syracusans. The Syracusan military leader, Hieron, defeats them in a pitched battle at the Longanus River near Mylae, but Carthaginian forces intervene to prevent him from capturing Messana. His grateful countrymen then choose Hieron as their king and tyrant, to be known as Hieron II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-268", "description": "The Roman denarius coin is minted for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-268", "description": "The Romans found a colony at Malventum which they, for superstitious reasons, call Beneventum (since ''male'' means ''bad'' and ''bene'' means ''good'' in Latin).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-268", "description": "Chremonides, an Athenian statesman and general, issues the Decree of Chremonides, creating an alliance between Sparta, Athens, and Ptolemy II of Egypt. The origins of this alliance lay in the continuing desire of many Greek states, notably Athens and Sparta, for a restoration of their former independence, along with the desire of Ptolemy II to create troubles for his rival Antigonus II, King of Macedonia. Ptolemy II's ambitions in the Aegean Sea are threatened by Antigonus Gonatas' fleet, so he carefully builds up a coalition against Macedonia in Greece. He especially cultivates Athens by supplying the city with grain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-268", "description": "Ashoka becomes emperor of the Maurya Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-267", "description": "Macedonia's King Antigonus II Gonatas has to deal with a rebellion by an Athenian-led coalition of Spartans (led by King Areus I of Sparta), Athenians (led by Chremonides), Arcadians and Achaeans that tries to expel the Macedonian forces located in Greece. The rebellion has the support of Ptolemy II of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-266/01/23", "description": " Marcus Atilius Regulus and Lucius Julius Libo celebrate triumphs over the Salentini.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-266/01/23", "description": "Calabria and Messapia are annexed by the Roman Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-266/01/23", "description": "Ariobarzanes becomes the second king of Pontus, succeeding his father Mithridates I Ctistes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-266/01/23", "description": "The Mauryan emperor Asoka converts to Buddhism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-265", "description": "Although the Egyptian fleet blockades the Saronic Gulf, the Macedonian King Antigonus II defeats the Spartans and kills the King of Sparta, Areus I near Corinth, after which he besieges Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-265", "description": "Acrotatus II succeeds his father Areus I as king of Sparta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-265", "description": "Hiero II threatens to renew his attack on the Mamertines. They appeal to Carthage and receive the support of a Carthaginian garrison. The Mamertines also appeal to the Romans who are also willing to help.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-265", "description": "The Archimedes screw for raising water is devised by the Greek mathematician Archimedes, who is studying at Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts &amp;amp;amp; sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-264", "description": "Abantidas, the son of Paseas, becomes tyrant of the Greek city-state of Sicyon after murdering Cleinias. He either banishes or puts to death Cleinias' friends and relations. Cleinias' young son, Aratus, narrowly escapes death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-264", "description": "The tyrant of Syracuse, Hiero II, once more attacks the Mamertines. They ally themselves with a nearby Carthaginian fleet and hold off the Syracusans. However, when the Carthaginians do not leave, the Mamertines appeal to Rome for an alliance, hoping for more reliable protection. Although initially reluctant to assist lest it encourage other mercenary groups to mutiny, Rome is unwilling to see Carthaginian power spread further over Sicily and encroach on Italy. Rome therefore enters into an alliance with the Mamertines. By this action, the First Punic War begins and will embroil Rome in a conflict with Carthage that will continue for 23 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-264", "description": "The Roman consul Appius Claudius Caudex and his two legions are deployed to Sicily, the first time a Roman army has gone into action outside the Italian peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-264", "description": "Appius Claudius Caudex leads his forces to Messina, and as the Mamertines have convinced the Carthaginians to withdraw, he meets with only minimal resistance. The Mamertines hand the city over to Appius Claudius, but the Carthaginians return to set up a blockade. The Syracusans, meanwhile, are also stationed outside the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-264", "description": "Appius Claudius leads his troops outside the city of Messina to defeat the Syracusans in battle forcing Hiero to retreat back to Syracuse. The next day Claudius defeats the Carthaginians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-264", "description": "The temple to Vertumnus is built on the Aventine Hill in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-264", "description": "Three pairs of gladiators face off in the first recorded gladiatorial combat, held at the funeral games in honour of aristocrat Junius Brutus Pera in the Forum Boarium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-264", "description": "The Chinese Confucian philosopher Xunzi visits the State of Qin. He writes of his and others' admiration for the government officials of Qin, whom he says are serious and sincere, free from the tendency to form cliques. The Qin officials are disciplined by a meritocracy of rather harsh methods imposed by the Legalist philosophy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-263", "description": "The Romans under the consul Manius Valerius Messalla secure the alliance of Hiero II of Syracuse. The treaty with Rome restricts Hiero's kingdom to southeast Sicily and the eastern coast of Sicily as far as Tauromenium. From this date until his death, Hiero remains loyal to the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-263", "description": "The Romans capture Hadranum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-263", "description": "Alexander II of Epirus attacks and conquers the greater part of Macedonia. However, he is then driven out of both Macedonia and Epirus by Demetrius II, the son of King Antigonus II Gonatas of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-263", "description": "The Athenians and Spartans, worn down by several years of war and the devastation of their lands, make peace with Antigonus II of Macedonia who thus retains his hold on Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-263", "description": "Cleanthes succeeds Zeno of Citium in his Stoic School in Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-263", "description": "Eumenes I succeeds his uncle Philetaerus to the throne of Pergamum. As Philetaerus was a eunuch, he adopted his nephew Eumenes (the son of Philetaerus' brother also named Eumenes) as his successor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-262", "description": "After Athens surrenders following a long siege by Macedonian forces, Antigonus II Gonatas re-garrisons Athens and forbids the city from making war. Otherwise, he leaves Athens alone as the seat of philosophy and learning in Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-262", "description": "Rome besieges the city of Agrigentum which is held by Carthage under the command of Hannibal Gisco. Rome's siege involves both consular armies ampampndash a total of four Roman legions ampampndash and takes several months to resolve. The garrison of Agrigentum manages to call for reinforcements and a Carthaginian relief force commanded by Hanno comes to the rescue and destroys the Roman supply base at Erbessus. Nevertheless, after a few skirmishes, the battle of Agrigentum is fought and won by Rome, and the city falls. Gisco manages to escape to Carthage in the late stages of the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-262", "description": "After the loss of Agrigentum, the Carthaginians retire to organise their fleet. In the meantime, the Romans sack Agrigentum and enslave its Greek inhabitants. The Romans are now determined to drive the Carthaginians out of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-262", "description": "Seleucid king Antiochus I's eldest son Seleucus, who has ruled in the east of the kingdom as viceroy for a number of years, is put to death by his father on the charge of rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-262", "description": "Antiochus I tries to break the growing power of Pergamum by force of arms. Eumenes I, the new ruler of Pergamum, liberates his city from the overlordship of the Seleucids by defeating the army of Antiochus I near Sardis (the capital of Lydia), and thereby establishing an independent city-state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-262", "description": "Antiochus I dies and is succeeded by his second son Antiochus II Theos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-261", "description": "The Romans, determined to win control of Sicily from Carthage, build a fleet based on the model of a captured Carthaginian quinquereme.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-261", "description": "The new Seleucid king Antiochus II reaches an agreement with the king of Macedonia, Antigonus II Gonatas, to work together in trying to push Ptolemy II's fleet and armies out of the Aegean Sea. With Macedonia's support, Antiochus II launches an attack on Ptolemaic outposts in Asia Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-260", "description": "The Roman advance continues westward from Agrigentum with their forces relieving the besieged cities of Segesta and Macella. These cities have sided with the Roman cause, and have come under Carthaginian attack for doing so.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-260", "description": "Hannibal Gisco returns to fight in Sicily as the admiral in charge of the Carthaginian fleet in the Strait of Messina. With the Romans about to launch their first ever navy, Carthage is determined that this innovation be thwarted. Gisco defeats part of the Roman fleet and captures the Roman consul Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina in an encounter near Lipari the consul's nickname Asina (which means ''donkey'') is earned in this encounter. However, this Carthaginian victory is of limited practical value as the bulk of the Roman fleet continues to manoeuvre in the surrounding waters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-260", "description": "Confident in Carthage's superiority at sea, Hannibal Gisco deploys his ships for the Battle of Mylae in the traditional long line arrangement. Although inexperienced in sea battles, the Romans, led by consul Gaius Duilius Nepos, heavily defeat the Carthaginian fleet, mainly due to the innovative use of land tactics in naval warfare (including the use of the grappling irons and the corvus boarding bridge).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-260", "description": "Having lost the confidence of his peers, Hannibal Gisco is subsequently executed for incompetence shortly afterwards, together with other defeated Punic generals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-260", "description": "In the north of Sicily, the Romans, with their northern sea flank secured by their naval victory in the Battle of Mylae, advance toward Thermae. They are defeated there by the Carthaginians under Hamilcar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-260", "description": "Callimachus of Cyrene, learned poet and grammarian, becomes chief librarian at the Library of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-260", "description": "In the Battle of Changping, the army of the Qin state routs the army of Zhao, establishing its military superiority over all other Chinese states during the Warring States Period. The battle, in which Zhao forces are led by Lian Po and Zhao Kuo, while Qin is led by Wang He and Bai Qi, takes place near modern-day Gaoping in Shanxi and hundreds of thousands of soldiers from Zhao are executed after the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-259", "description": "The Seleucid king Antiochus II starts the Second Syrian War against Ptolemy to avenge his father's losses.  Antiochus II finds a willing ally in Antigonus II Gonatas, the king of Macedonia, who has been dealing with Ptolemy II's attempts to destabilize Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-259", "description": "The Carthaginians under Hamilcar take advantage of their victory at Thermae in Sicily by counterattacking the Romans and seizing Enna. Hamilcar continues south to Camarina, in Syracusan territory, to try to convince the Syracusans to rejoin the Carthaginian side.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-258", "description": "The Romans are able to regain the initiative in Sicily against Carthage by retaking Enna and Camarina. In central Sicily, they take the town of Mytistraton, which they have attacked twice previously. The Romans also move in the north by marching across the northern coast toward Panormus, but are not able to take the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-258", "description": "Gaius Duilius Nepos, the  Roman commander who has won a major naval victory over the Carthaginians is made censor with Lucius Cornelius Scipio. The election of a novus homo (i.e. the first in his family to serve in the Roman Senate or be elected as consul) to the censorship is a very rare honor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-258", "description": "Ptolemy II loses control of the territory of Cyrenaica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-258", "description": "Erasistratus of Ceos founds a medical school at Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-258", "description": "The forces of the Macedonian King Antigonus II and the Seleucid King Antiochus II win a naval victory at Cos against their common enemy, Ptolemy II. This victory secures Antigonus control over the Aegean Sea and the League of the Islanders. It also diminishes Ptolemaic naval power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-258", "description": "According to legend, the H\u1ed3ng B\u00e0ng Dynasty comes to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Vietnam", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-257", "description": "The Romans attack Sardinia and try to capture it from the Carthaginians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-257", "description": "The Battle of Tyndaris is fought between the Roman fleet (with Marcus Atilius Regulus in command) and Carthaginian fleet off Tyndaris (modern Tindari) in Sicily. Hiero II, tyrant of Syracuse, has allowed Tyndaris to be a base for the Carthaginians. However, after this battle, the town falls to Roman forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-257", "description": "Th\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1n (An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng), Chief of the Th\u1ee5c Tribe of the \u00c2u Vi\u1ec7ts, defeats the V\u0103n Lang Confederacy and unifies all \u00c2u Vi\u1ec7t and L\u1ea1c Vi\u1ec7t tribes, thus founding the Kingdom of \u00c2u L\u1ea1c and the Th\u1ee5c Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Vietnam", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-256", "description": "Rome aims for a quick end to hostilities in the First Punic War and decides to invade the Carthaginian colonies in Northern Africa to force the enemy to accept terms. A major fleet is built, including transports for the army and its equipment, and warships for their protection. Carthage under Hamilcar tries to intervene but a force under the Roman general and consul Marcus Atilius Regulus and his colleague Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus defeat the Carthaginian fleet in the Battle of Cape Ecnomus off the southern coast of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-256", "description": "Following the Battle of Cape Ecnomus, the Romans land an army near Carthage and begin ravaging the Carthaginian countryside. The Roman army soon forces the capitulation of Clupea, a town 40 miles (64 kilometres) east of Carthage. After setting up Roman defenses for the city, the two consuls receive instructions from Rome that Vulso is to set sail for Rome, taking most of the fleet with him. Regulus, on the other hand, is to stay with the infantry and cavalry to finish the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-256", "description": "Luoyang falls without much resistance to the armies of the Qin, ending the reign of the emperor Zhou Nan Wang. Although a successor was appointed as Dong Zhou Hui Wang, traditionally in Chinese history this is considered the end of the Zhou Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-256", "description": "The Du Jiang Yan Irrigation System is constructed, ending flooding and irrigating thousands of square miles of land through an ingeniously designed system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-255", "description": "The Battle of Adis (or Adys) is fought near the city of that name, 40 miles (64 kilometres) southeast of Carthage, between Carthaginian forces and a Roman army led by Marcus Atilius Regulus. The Romans inflict a crushing defeat upon the Carthaginians, and the latter then sue for peace. The ensuing negotiations between the parties lead to Regulus demanding Carthage agree to an unconditional surrender, cede Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia to Rome, renounce the use of their navy, pay an indemnity, and sign a vassal-like treaty. These terms are so harsh that the people of Carthage resolve to keep fighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-255", "description": "The Carthaginians, angered by Regulus' demands, hire Xanthippus, a Spartan mercenary, to reorganize the army. The revitalised Carthaginian army, led by Xanthippus, decisively defeat the Romans in the Battle of Tunis and capture their commander Marcus Atilius Regulus. A Roman fleet, sent to rescue Regulus and his troops, is wrecked in a storm off Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-255", "description": "In the Second Syrian War, Ptolemy II loses ground in Cilicia, Pamphylia, and Ionia, while Antiochus II regains Miletus and Ephesus. A peace is then concluded between Antiochus and Ptolemy under which Antiochus is to marry Ptolemy's daughter Berenice Syra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-255", "description": "Diodotus I, Seleucid satrap of Bactria, rebels against Antiochus II and becomes the founder of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-255", "description": "Hui of Eastern Zhou becomes the last claimant King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-255", "description": "Qin Shi Huang becomes the first King of the Qin Dynasty of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-255", "description": "Eratosthenes invents the armillary sphere, a model of the celestial sphere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-254", "description": "A Roman army led by consuls Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina and Aulus Atilius Caiatinus capture Panormus in Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-254", "description": "The Romans lose control of the Sicilian city of Agrigentum to the Carthaginians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-253", "description": "The second Syrian War between the Seleucids and the Ptolemies ends. Antiochus II regains much of Anatolia from Ptolemy II, including the cities of Miletus and Ephesus, and also the Phoenician coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-253", "description": "The war is concluded with the marriage of Antiochus to Ptolemy II's daughter, Berenice Syra. Antiochus divorces his previous wife, Laodice, and transfers the succession to Berenice's children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-253", "description": "In recapturing the city of Miletus, Antiochus II overthrows the tyrant of the city. In response, the citizens worship him as a god in thanksgiving leading to the addition of Theos to Antiochus II's name.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-253", "description": "A second Roman war fleet of 150 ships is wrecked on the voyage from Lilybaeum (in Sicily) to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-253", "description": "Tiberius Coruncanius is the first plebeian to be elected ''pontifex maximus'' of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-253", "description": "Alexander, Antigonus II's nephew and regent, leads a revolt in Corinth with Ptolemy II's help and declares himself an independent monarch. As a result, Antigonus loses Corinth and Chalcis, the two bases from which he has dominated southern Greece. As the Aetolians occupy Thermopylae, Antigonus II is cut off from Athens and the Peloponnese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-253", "description": "Macedonia's involvement in the second Syrian War ceases when Antigonus becomes preoccupied with the rebellion of Corinth and Chalcis, as well as an increase in enemy activity along Macedon's northern frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-252", "description": "Abantidas, the tyrant of Sicyon, is murdered by his enemies and is succeeded by his father, Paseas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-252", "description": "The Thuc Dynasty replaces the Hong Bang Dynasty in Au Lac (a kingdom in central Vietnam).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Vietnam", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-251", "description": "Paseas, the tyrant of the Greek city-state of Sicyon, is assassinated by Nicocles, with the acquiescence of the Macedonian king Antigonus II. Nicocles reigns as tyrant of Sicyon for only four months, during which period he drives into exile eighty of the city's citizens. Then the citadel of Sicyon is surprised in the night by a party of Sicyonian exiles, headed by a young nobleman, Aratus. The palace of the tyrant is set on fire, but Nicocles escapes from the city through a subterranean passage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-251", "description": "Aratus recalls back to Sicyon those exiled by Nicocles. This leads to confusion and division within the city. Fearing that Antigonus II would exploit these divisions to attack the city, Aratus applies for the city to join the Achaean League, a league of a few small Achaean towns in the Peloponnese. Aratus then gains the financial support of the Egyptian king Ptolemy II to enable the Achaean League to defend itself against Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-251", "description": "The Romans, led by Lucius Caecilius Metellus, attack the Carthaginian held port city of Panormus after taking Kephalodon. After fierce fighting in the Battle of Panormus, the Carthaginians, led by Hasdrubal, are defeated and the city falls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-251", "description": "With Panormus captured, much of western inland Sicily falls with it. The cities of Ieta, Solous, Petra and Tyndaris agree to peace with the Romans in the same year. This defeat marks the end of significant Carthaginian land-based campaigning in Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-250", "description": "Ptolemy II encourages the Jewish residents of Alexandria to have their Bible translated into Greek. Because around seventy translators are used to achieve this, the translation is known as the Septuagint.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-250", "description": "Following the death of the King of Cyrene, Magas, Queen Apama II, Magas' widow, and Antigonus II arrange the marriage of Antigonus' half-brother Demetrius the Fair to Berenice of Cyrene, daughter of Magas and Apama. However, when Demetrius the Fair arrives, Apama becomes his lover. In response, Berenice leads an uprising in which Demetrius is killed in Apama's bedroom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-250", "description": "In the Punic War, the Romans shift their attention to the southwest of Sicily. They send a naval expedition toward the Carthaginian city of Lilybaeum. En route, the Romans seize and burn the Carthaginian held cities of Selinous and Heraclea Minoa. The Romans then begin the siege of Lilybaeum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-250", "description": "According to tradition (Horace, Odes, iii. 5), after the defeat of the Carthaginians at the Battle of Panormus, the Carthaginians release Marcus Atilius Regulus from prison and he is sent to Rome on parole to negotiate a peace or an exchange of prisoners. However, on his arrival, he strongly urges the Roman Senate to refuse both proposals and continue fighting. He then honours his parole by returning to Carthage where he is executed by being placed in a spiked barrel, which is then let roll down a hill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-250", "description": "Andragoras, a Seleucid satrap of the province of Partahia (Parthia), tries to gain independence from the Seleucid Kingdom under Antiochus II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-250", "description": "According to the Therav\u0101da commentaries and chronicles, the Third Buddhist Council is convened by the Mauryan king Ashoka at Pataliputra (modern Patna), under the leadership of the monk Moggaliputta Tissa. Its objective is to purify the Buddhist movement, particularly from opportunistic factions which are being attracted by the royal patronage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-250", "description": "The Mauryan sculpture ''Didarganj Yakshi holding a Fly Whisk'', from Patna, Bihar in India, is made (approximate date). It is now kept at the Patna Museum in Patna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-250", "description": "The Mauryan ''Lion Capital of Asoka'', is erected as part of a pillar at Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh in India (approximate date). It is now preserved at the Sarnath Museum in Sarnath.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-249", "description": "The Battle of Drepana involves the Romans, under the command of the Roman consuls, Publius Claudius Pulcher and Lucius Iunius Pullus, attacking the Carthaginian fleet, under the command of Adherbal, in the harbour of Drepanum (modern Trapani, Sicily). The Romans are badly defeated and lose 93 of their 123 vessels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-249", "description": "Following the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Drepana of Roman forces, Publius Claudius Pulcher is fined 120,000 asses and his colleague, Lucius Iunius Pullus, commits suicide. Aulus Atilius Calatinus is then elected dictator and leads an army into Sicily, becoming the first dictator to lead a Roman army outside Italy. The Roman forces at Lilybaeum are relieved, and Eryx, near Drapana, is seized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-248", "description": "The Mauryan king Ashoka the Great is dedicated to the propagation of Buddhism and begins establishing monuments marking several significant sites in the life of Gautama Buddha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-247", "description": "By this stage in the Punic War, Carthage has lost to Rome all its Sicilian possessions except Lilybaeum (now Marsala) and Drepanum (now Trapani). Hamilcar Barca takes over the chief command of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily at a time when the island is almost completely in the hands of the Romans. Landing on the north-west of the island with a small mercenary force, he seizes a strong position on Mount Ercte (Monte Pellegrino, near Palermo), and not only successfully defends himself against all attacks, but also carries his raids as far as the coast of southern Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-247", "description": "Rome enters into a treaty, on equal terms, with Hiero II, the tyrant of Syracuse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "Egypt's Ptolemy II dies and is succeeded by his son, Ptolemy III. At the time of Ptolemy II's death, Egypt comprises the ancient kingdom of Egypt in the Nile Valley, Cyrene, Judea and the coast of southern Syria, Cyprus and a number of cities on the shores and islands of the Aegean Sea. The Macedonian Ptolemies maintain their authority over their territories with a small mercenary army made up of Macedonians and Greeks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "The Ashokan pillar in Lauriya, Nandangarh (from the Maurya period) is made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "Antiochus II leaves Berenice in order to live again with his former wife Laodice and his son Seleucus. However, Laodice poisons him and proclaims her son as King Seleucus II Callinicus, while her supporters in Antioch kill Berenice and her children who have taken refuge at Daphne, near Antioch, in Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "Berenice's brother, Ptolemy III, sets about to avenge his sister's murder by invading Syria which begins the Third Syrian War (also known as the Laodicean War). Ptolemy III's navy, perhaps with the aid of rebels in the cities, advances against Seleucus II's forces as far as Thrace, across the Hellespont, and also captures some islands off the Anatolian coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "Ptolemy III wins major victories over Seleucus II in Syria and Anatolia and briefly occupies Antioch. These victories are marred by the loss of the Cyclades to Antigonus II Gonatas in the Battle of Andros.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "Seleucus II Callinicus' mother, Laodice attempts to take control over the Seleucid Empire by insisting that Seleucus II make his younger brother, Antiochus Hierax, co-regent and give him all the Seleucid territory in Anatolia. Antiochus promptly declares independence and begins fighting a war with his brother.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "In order to secure the Bactrian King Diodotus' friendship, Seleucus II Callinicus arranges the marriage of one of his sisters to King Diodotus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "With Hamilcar Barca wearing the Romans down in Sicily, the Romans, by private subscription, build another fleet with the aim of regaining command of the sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "In Rome, the number of praetors is increased from one to two. The second praetor is appointed to relieve the backlog of judicial business and to give the Republic a magistrate with Imperium who can field an army in an emergency when both consuls are away fighting a war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-246", "description": "An irrigation canal approximately one hundred miles long is built across the current-day province of Shaanxi in China, greatly adding to the agricultural productivity of the area and to the military potency of the Qin dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-245", "description": "Babylon and Susa fall to the Egyptian armies of Ptolemy III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-245", "description": "Following a long engagement, Ptolemy III marries Berenice II, the daughter of Magas, king of Cyrene thereby reuniting Egypt and Cyrenaica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-245", "description": "After the death of his nephew, Alexander of Corinth, Antigonus II gives Nicaea, Alexander's widow, to his son Demetrius in marriage. Through this action, Antigonus II regains Corinth which has been independent while under the rule of Alexander of Corinth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-245", "description": "Aratus of Sicyon is elected general (strategos) of the Achaean League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-244", "description": "Agis IV succeeds his father, Eudamidas II, as King of Sparta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-244", "description": "The war in Asia Minor and the Aegean Sea intensifies as the Achaean League allies itself to Ptolemy III of Egypt, while Seleucus II secures two allies in the Black Sea region. Ptolemy III's armies reach as far as Bactria and the borders of India in their attacks on the Seleucid Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-244", "description": "By defeating the Egyptian fleet at Andros, Antigonus II is able to maintain his control over the Aegean Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-244", "description": "Hamilcar Barca transfers his army to the slopes of Mount Eryx (Monte San Giuliano), from which he is able to lend support to the besieged garrison in the neighbouring town of Drepanum (Trapani).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-243", "description": "Ptolemy III returns from Syria by a revolt in Egypt. As a result, Seleucus II is able to regain control of his kingdom with the Egyptians being pushed out of Mesopotamia and part of Northern Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-243", "description": "Ptolemy III returns from his conquests of Seleucid territory with a large amount of treasure and works of art, including many statues of Egyptian gods carried off to Persia by Cambyses. He restores the statues to the Egyptian temples and earns the title of Euergetes (ampquotBenefactorampquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-243", "description": "Without a declaration of hostilities, Greek statesman, Aratus of Sicyon, who has gradually built up the Achaean League into a major power in Greece, makes a surprise attack on Corinth and forces the withdrawal of the Macedonian occupation troops. Megara, Troezen, and Epidaurus also desert the Macedonian King Antigonus II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-243", "description": "Drawing upon the tradition of the Spartan lawgiver, Lycurgus, the young Eurypontid king of Sparta, Agis IV, seeks to reform a system that distributes the land and wealth unequally and burden the poor with debt. He proposes the cancellation of debts and the division of the Spartan homeland into separate lots for each of its citizens. Full citizenship is to be extended to many perioeci (voteless freemen) and foreigners. In addition to pursuing these reforms, Agis seeks the restoration of the Lycurgan system of military training. Agis is supported by his wealthy mother and grandmother (who surrender their property), by his uncle Agesilaus, and by Lysander, who is an ephor (magistrate with the duty of limiting the power of the king).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-242", "description": "The Roman consul and commander, Gaius Lutatius Catulus, blockades the Sicilian cities of Lilybaeum and Drepanum with a fleet of 200 ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-242", "description": "The destruction of the Egyptian fleet by the Macedonians ends the naval supremacy of the Ptolemies but does not force them to relinquish their territories in Syria and the Aegean Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-241/03/10", "description": " The Carthaginian fleet sent to relieve the Roman blockade of the Sicilian cities of Lilybaeum and Drepanum is totally defeated near the Aegates Islands off western Sicily by the Roman fleet led by Roman consul and commander, Gaius Lutatius Catulus. The result is a decisive Roman victory which forces an end to the protracted First Punic War, to Rome's distinct advantage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-241/03/10", "description": "The Carthaginians under Hamilcar Barca are forced to accept severe peace terms and agree to evacuate Sicily. As part of the treaty with Rome, Carthage agrees to abandon all its claims on Sicily, to refrain from sailing her warships in Italian waters and to pay an indemnity of 3,200 talents. However, the Carthaginian army is allowed to return home with its arms. Rome is now the dominant power in the Western Mediterranean basin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-241/03/10", "description": "A mercenary army of some 20,000 is transported from Sicily to Carthaginian territory, by Carthaginian commander, Gesco. On arrival in Carthaginian territory, the mercenaries submit a demand to Hanno the Great for payment of their contracts. Hanno attempts, unsuccessfully, to convince the mercenaries to accept smaller payments due to Carthage's impoverished post-war conditions. Negotiations break down. The mercenaries take up arms, march on Tunis, occupy it, and threaten Carthage directly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-241/03/10", "description": "Given their strong position, the mercenaries inflate their demands and demand payment for the non-mercenary Libyan conscripts in the army as well. Gesco is sent to negotiate with the mercenaries at Tunis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-241/03/10", "description": "Attalus I Soter succeeds his uncle, Eumenes I, to the throne of Pergamum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Pergamum", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-241/03/10", "description": "Peace is finally reached between Ptolemy III and Seleucus II. Ptolemy manages to keep the Orontes River region in Syria and Antioch as well as Ephesus in Asia Minor and Thrace and Cilicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-241", "description": "The Eurypontid King of Sparta, Agis IV, is called away from Sparta when Aratus of Sicyon, temporarily Sparta's ally, requests Agis' aid in his war against the Aetolians. Upon his return, Agis finds that his supporters are discontented with the rule of his uncle, Agesilaus, and are disillusioned by the delay in implementing the Agis IV's reforms. As a result, the Agiad king of Sparta, Leonidas II, gains power, supported by mercenaries. Rather than engage in a war with Leonidas, Agis takes sanctuary in a temple, but is enticed out, summarily tried and then executed, along with his mother and grandmother.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-241", "description": "Archidamus V, son of the Spartan King, Eudamidas II, and grandson of Archidamus IV, flees to Messenia after the murder of his brother Agis IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-241", "description": "As general of the Achaean League, Aratus of Sicyon defeats the Aetolians at Pellene and then pursues a policy of establishing democracies in the Peloponnese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-240", "description": "Two of Carthage's mercenary commanders ampampndash Spendius and Mathos ampampndash convince the Libyan conscripts in the mercenary army, that is currently occupying the Carthaginian city of Tunis, to accept their leadership. They persuade the native Libyans that Carthage will take revenge against them for their part in the conflict once the foreign mercenaries are paid and sent home. They then convince the combined mercenary armies to revolt against Carthage and convince the various native Libyan towns and cities to back the revolt. Spendius and Mathos then take the Carthaginian commander Gesco as a hostage. What has started as an argument over pay owed to soldiers by the Carthaginian Government, explodes into a full-scale revolution, known as the Mercenary War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-240", "description": "The Libyan forces loyal to the mercenaries besiege the towns of Utica and Hippacritae, which refuse to defect to the mercenaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-240", "description": "Hanno the Great is given command of the Carthaginian forces. However, the mercenaries defeat the Carthaginian armies in the Battle of Utica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-240", "description": "Carthage decides to give Hamilcar Barca joint command with Hanno the Great. Hamilcar Barca is able to end the siege of Utica by the mercenaries. He is then placed in complete command of the Carthaginian forces and defeats the mercenaries in the Battle of the Bagradas River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-240", "description": "After the Numidian mercenary leader Narawas defects to Hamilcar Barca, Numidian reinforcements (about 2,000 men) help him defeat the mercenaries again. Hamilcar pardons his captured prisoners, accepting into his army anyone who will fight for Carthage, and exiling anyone who will not.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-240", "description": "Rome takes over full control of Sicily and stations a legion there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-240", "description": "The first Latin tragedy by Livius Andronicus, ''Achilles'', is first produced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-240", "description": "For the first time, historical records show that Chinese astronomers observe the appearance of Halley's Comet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-240", "description": "The Hellenistic period Mathematician Eratosthenes estimated the radius of Earth's circumference to be 252, 000 Stadia, a figure between 2%-20% off modern measurements.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-239", "description": "Concerned that Hamilcar Barca's leniency in pardoning those who he has captured who have participated in the Mercenary War will encourage others to defect, Mathos and Spendius order the mutilation and execution of ampquotabout seven hundredampquot Carthaginian prisoners, including Gesco. With the mercenaries jointly guilty of these atrocities, defectors dare not face Carthaginian justice under Hamilcar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-239", "description": "Carthage is besieged by the mercenary armies, while the city of Utica revolts and attempts to secede from Carthage. Carthage appeals to Hiero II of Syracuse and to Rome for aid against the mercenaries. However, the mercenary leaders reject the efforts of Roman mediators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-239", "description": "Sardinia revolts against Carthage and Rome takes the opportunity to annex the island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-239", "description": "Antigonus II, King of Macedonia, dies and is succeeded by his son, Demetrius II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-239", "description": "With Aetolia now as its ally, the Achaean League under the command of Aratus of Sicyon repeatedly attack Athens and Argos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-239", "description": "Seleucus II's brother Antiochus Hierax, who is governor of Seleucid Anatolia, sends an army into Syria ostensibly to assist Seleucus but actually to seize the rest of the empire. After achieving peace with Egypt, Seleucus II promptly invades Anatolia and begins the ampquotWar of the Brothersampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-239", "description": "Diodotus of Bactria defeats an army of Parthians. He dies shortly thereafter and is succeeded by his son Diodotus II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-239", "description": "Haemosu, who is a descendant of the people of the empire of Gojoseon, establishes the ancient Korean kingdom of Bukbuyeo in modern-day Manchuria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Korea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "Hamilcar Barca strikes at the supply lines of the mercenary army besieging Carthage, forcing them to cease the siege of the city. He then fights a series of running engagements with the mercenary armies, keeping them off-balance. Hamilcar manages to force the mercenary armies into a box canyon in the Battle of ampquotThe Sawampquot. The mercenaries are besieged in the canyon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "The mercenary army, under the leadership of Spendius, attempts to fight its way out of the siege but is totally defeated by the Carthaginian forces led by Hamilcar Barca. After the battle, Hamilcar executes some 40,000 rebel mercenaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "Hamilcar's armies capture a number of rebel Libyan cities. The Libyan settlements that have rebelled surrender to Carthage, with the exception of Utica and Hippacritae.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "Hamilcar and another Carthaginian general, Hannibal, besiege Mathos' mercenary army at Tunis and crucify the captured mercenary leaders in sight of the mercenary battlements.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "Mathos exploits a weakness in Hannibal's defenses and launches an attack against his army, capturing Hannibal and several other high ranking Carthaginians. The mercenaries then crucify the captured Carthaginian leaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "Carthaginian reinforcements led by Hanno the Great join the battle. They defeat Mathos' mercenary forces and Mathos is captured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "The Carthaginian armies besiege and capture Utica and Hippacritae. This ends the Carthaginian civil war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "The Romans declare war on the Carthaginians over which state controls Sardinia. However, Carthage defers to Rome rather than enter yet another war and gives up any claim to Sardinia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "The Decree of Canopus, also called ampquotTable of Tanisampquot, is a memorial stone promulgated by an assemblage of priests in honour of Ptolemy III Euergetes and his consort Berenice. The decree, written in Greek, demotic, and hieroglyphs is an ancient bilingual Egyptian decree that provides a key for deciphering hieroglyphic and the simpler demotic scripts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-238", "description": "Arsaces, chief of an Iranian nomad tribe, the Parni, invades and conquers Parthia killing in the process the local ruler Andragoras.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-237", "description": "Hamilcar Barca's success in defeating the mercenaries results in a growth in his strength as leader of Carthage's popular party and support for his proposed invasion of the Iberian Peninsula. However, as spokesman for the landed nobility, Hanno opposes the policy of foreign conquest pursued by Hamilcar Barca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-237", "description": "Nevertheless, Hamilcar Barca leads a Carthaginian army in an invasion of the Iberian Peninsula with the aim of building a base from which war with Rome can be renewed. By skilful generalship and able diplomacy, Hamilcar extends Carthaginian dominion over many Spanish tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-236", "description": "Antiochus Hierax, supported by his mother Laodice I, allies himself with the Galatians (Celts) and two other states that are traditional foes of the Seleucid kingdom. With the aid of these forces, he inflicts a crushing defeat on his older brother Seleucus II's army at Ancyra in Anatolia. Seleucus leaves the country beyond the Taurus Mountains to his brother and the other powers of the peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-236", "description": "Eratosthenes is appointed by King Ptolemy III Euergetes as head and third librarian of the Alexandrian library.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-235", "description": "In Rome, the consul Titus Manlius Torquatus presides over the first ever closing of the gates of the Temple of Janus, signifying peace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-235", "description": "Under King Attalus I, Pergamum begins to build up its power and importance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-235", "description": "Aratus of Sicyon brings Megalopolis into the Achaean League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-235", "description": "The ephor, Lysander, claims to have seen a sign from the gods against King Leonidas II of Sparta so Leonidas flees to avoid his trial. In his absence, Leonidas is deposed from the throne and replaced by his son-in-law, Cleomenes III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-235", "description": "A work by the Latin epic poet and dramatist Gnaeus Naevius is performed for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-234", "description": "The Epirote Alliance is replaced by the Epirote League, which is a federal state with its own parliament (or synedrion).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-234", "description": "The city of Pleuron is destroyed by Demetrius II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-234", "description": "After the resignation of Lydiades, the city of Megalopolis joins the Achaean League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-234", "description": "Corsica, Sardinia and Liguria rebel unsuccessfully against Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-234", "description": "100,000 Zhao soldiers are killed in the Battle of Pingyang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-234", "description": "Ch'in Shin Haung Ti (King Cheng) begins the unification of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-234", "description": "The construction of the Great Wall begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-234", "description": "The third Buddhist Council (Sangayana) is held in Patna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-233", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-232", "description": "The Seleucid king Seleucus II Callinicus undertakes an expedition into the interior of Iran to try to regain Parthia, but his efforts come to nothing. According to some sources, he is even taken prisoner for several years by the Parthian king, Arsaces I. Other sources mention that he establishes a peace with Arsaces I by recognising his sovereignty over Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-232", "description": "Despite the opposition of the Roman Senate and of his own father, the Roman political leader Gaius Flaminius Nepos wins the passage of a measure to distribute land among the plebeians. The Romans decide to parcel out land north of Rome (the Ager Gallicus) into small holdings for its poorer citizens whose farms have fallen into ruin during the First Punic War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-232", "description": "Following the death of his mentor, Cleanthes of Assos, Chrysippus of Soli succeeds him as the third head of the Stoic school. The many writings of Chrysippus, about the Stoic doctrines, will later earn him the title of Second Founder of Stoicism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Philosophy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-231", "description": "Demetrius II, king of Macedon, seeks military help from Agron, King of Illyria, a loosely organized state on the Adriatic coast north of Epirus, against the advancing Aetolians. The Illyrian army routs the Aetolians and returns home as victors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-231", "description": "The Romans send envoys to Massilia (modern Marseille, France) to negotiate with the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca who is based there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-230", "description": "The city of Pergamum is attacked by the Galatians (Celts who have settled in central Anatolia) because the leader of Pergamum, Attalus I Soter, has refused to pay them the customary tribute. Attalus crushes his enemy in a battle outside the walls of his city and to mark the success he takes the title of king and the name Soter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-230", "description": "King Agron of Illyria dies. Pinnes, the son of Agron and Agron's first wife Triteuta, officially succeeds his father as king, but the kingdom is effectively ruled by Agron's second wife, Queen Teuta (Tefta), who expels the Greeks from the Illyrian coast and then launches Illyrian pirate ships into the Ionian Sea, preying on Roman shipping. She continues her husband's policy of attacking cities on the west coast of Greece and practising large-scale piracy in the Adriatic and Ionian Seas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-230", "description": "With Roman merchants being killed by the Illyrian pirates, envoys are sent by Rome to Illyria. After the Roman ambassador lucius Coruncanius and the Issaean ambassador Cleemporus are murdered at sea by Illyrian soldiers after causing offence to Queen Teuta, Roman forces occupy the island of Corcyra with the aim of humbling Teuta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-230", "description": "The Temple of Horus is built by King Ptolemy III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-230", "description": "The state of Han is conquered by the state of Qin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-230", "description": "King Kubera rules Bhattiprolu in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-229", "description": "The First Illyrian War starts when the Roman Senate dispatches an army under the command of the consuls Lucius Postumius Albinus and Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus to Illyria. Rome forces the withdrawal of Illyrian garrisons in the Greek cities of Epidamnus, Apollonia, Corcyra and Pharos and establishes a protectorate over these Greek towns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-229", "description": "The Illyrian tribe of the Ardiaei is subdued by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-229", "description": "The King of Macedonia, Demetrius II, dies. His nephew, Antigonus III comes to the Macedonian throne as regent for his half-cousin and the future king Philip V, who is only ten years old.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-229", "description": "Concerned at Rome's expansion, Antigonus III pursues a policy of befriending the Illyrians, even though the Greeks in the region support Rome in quelling the Illyrian pirates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-229", "description": "The involvement of Rome in Illyria leads to the establishment of friendly relations between Rome and the enemies of Macedonia: the Aetolian League and Achaean League, which approve the suppression of Illyrian piracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-229", "description": "Aratus of Sicyon brings Argos into the Achaean League and then helps liberate Athens. This brings Aratus into conflict with Sparta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-229", "description": "The state of Qin conquers the state of Zhao.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-228", "description": "The Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca is killed in a battle in Hispania, ending his lengthy campaign to conquer the Iberian Peninsula for Carthage. In eight years, by force of arms and diplomacy, he had secured an extensive territory in the Iberian Peninsula, but his death in battle prevents him from completing the conquest. Command of his army in the Iberian Peninsula passes to his son-in-law Hasdrubal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-228", "description": "Hasdrubal makes immediate policy changes, emphasizing the use of diplomatic rather than military methods for expanding Carthaginian Hispania and dealing with Rome. He founds Carthago Nova or New Carthage (modern Cartagena) as his capital city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-228", "description": "King Attalus I Soter of Pergamum defeats Antiochus Hierax (brother of the Seleucid king Seleucus II) in three battles and thereby gains control over all the Seleucid domains in Anatolia except Cilicia in the southeast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-228", "description": "The Illyrian Queen Teuta's governor, Demetrius of Pharos has little alternative but to surrender to the overwhelming Roman force. In return, the Romans award him a considerable part of Teuta's holdings to counter-balance the power of Teuta. Meanwhile, the Roman army lands farther north at Apollonia. The combined Roman army and fleet proceed northward together, subduing one town after another and besieging Shkodra, the Illyrian capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-228", "description": "Archidamus V, brother of the murdered Spartan King Agis IV, is called back to Sparta by the Agiad King Cleomenes III, who has no counterpart on the throne by then. However, Archidamus V is assassinated shortly after returning.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-227", "description": "Queen Teuta of Illyria finally surrenders to Roman forces and is forced by the Romans to accept an ignominious peace. The Romans allow her to continue her reign but restrict her to a narrow region around the Illyrian capital, Shkodra, deprive her of all her other territory, and forbid her to sail an armed ship below Lissus just south of the capital. They also require her to pay an annual tribute and to acknowledge the final authority of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Illyria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-227", "description": "The Macedonian regent, Antigonus III, marries the former king Demetrius II's widow, Phthia, and assumes the crown thus deposing the young Philip V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-227", "description": "The Spartan King Cleomenes III imposes reforms on his kingdom which include the cancelling of debts, providing land for 4,000 citizens, and restoring the training of youth in the martial arts. The Ephorate, five elected magistrates who, with the King, form the main executive body of the state, is abolished (four of the five ephors being executed) the powers of the Gerousia, the oligarchic council of elders, is curtailed and the patronomoi (the board of six elders) is introduced. Cleomenes' changes are designed to make the monarchy supreme and re-create a society of aristocrats, while neglecting Sparta's helots (serfs) and perioikoi (free but non-citizen inhabitants). Eighty opponents of the reforms are exiled, while his brother Eucleidas is installed as co-ruler in the place of the murdered Archidamus V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-227", "description": "Cleomenes III defeats the Achaeans under Aratus of Sicyon at Mount Lycaeum and at Ladoceia near Megalopolis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-227", "description": "Sardinia and Corsica are made a combined province. Rome appoints, and in the future annually elects, two praetors (with autocratic consular powers) for this province and for Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-227", "description": "Gaius Flaminius Nepos becomes Rome's first governor of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-227", "description": "Antiochus Hierax tries to raise revolts against his brother Seleucus II in Syria and the east of the Seleucid kingdom. However, he is captured and exiled to Thrace, where he lives as a virtual prisoner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-226", "description": "An earthquake destroys the city of Kameiros on the island of Rhodes and the Colossus of Rhodes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-226", "description": "The Spartan King Cleomenes III captures Mantineia and defeats the Achaean League under Aratus of Sicyon at Hecatombaeum, near Dyme in north-eastern Elis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-226", "description": "A formidable host of Gauls, some of them from across the Alps, threaten Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-226", "description": "The Greek merchants of Massilia, frightened by Carthaginian successes in Spain (including their exploitation of the Spanish (silver mines), appeal to Rome. Rome makes an alliance with the independent Spanish port city of Saguntum south of the Ebro River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-226", "description": "The Romans send an embassy to Hasdrubal and conclude a treaty which prohibits him from waging war north of the river Ebro, but allowing him a free hand to the south even at the expense of the interests of the town of Massilia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-226", "description": "Antiochus Hierax, brother of the Seleucid King Seleucus II manages to escape from captivity in Thrace and flees to the mountains to raise an army, but he is killed by a band of Galatians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-226", "description": "Seleucus II dies after a fall from his horse and is succeeded by his eldest son Seleucus III Soter. At the time of Seleucus II's death, the empire of the Seleucids, with its capital at Antioch on the Orontes, stretches from the Aegean Sea to the borders of India and includes southern Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Persia, and northern Syria. Dynastic power is upheld by a mercenary army and by the loyalty of many Greek cities founded by Alexander the Great and his successors. The strength of the empire is already being sapped by repeated revolts in its eastern provinces and dissention amongst the members of the Seleucid dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-225", "description": "A coalition of Cisalpine Gallic tribes (Taurini, Taurisces, Insubres, Lingones, Salasses, Agones, and Boii), reinforced by large numbers of Transalpine adventurers called Gaesatae (Gaesati), invade Italy. Avoiding the Romans at Ariminum, the Gauls cross the Apennines into Etruria, plunder the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-225", "description": "To meet this invasion, the Romans call on the Insubres' enemies, the Adriatic Veneti, the Patavini, and the Cenomani, who rapidly mobilise defensive forces. These armies are placed under the command of consuls Lucius Aemilius Papus and Gaius Atilius Regulus. After the Battle of Faesulae (near Montepulciano) between the Gauls and a Roman army in which the Romans lose many men, the combined Roman forces succeed in outmaneuvering the Gauls and force the invaders towards the coast of Tuscany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-225", "description": "Seleucus III takes up the task of reconquering Pergamum in Anatolia from Attalus. However, Andromachus, the first general whom he sends, is decisively defeated and captured by Attalus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-225", "description": "The state of Qin conquers the state of Wei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-224", "description": "After the Spartan King Cleomenes III takes Pellene, Phlius and Argos, Aratus of Sicyon is forced to call upon King Antigonus III of Macedonia for assistance. Antigonus III's forces fail to pierce Cleomenes' lines near Corinth, but a revolt against Cleomenes at Argos put the Spartans on the defensive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-224", "description": "The Romans, led by Consuls Gaius Atilius Regulus and Lucius Aemilius Papus, decisively defeat the coalition of Cisalpine Gallic tribes at the Battle of Telamon thus extending Roman influence over northern Italy. On the Roman side Gaius Atilius Regulus, commander of the Roman cavalry, is killed in the battle. On the Gallic side, one of the leaders, Concolitanus, is captured in battle, while the leader of the Gaesatae, Anero\u00ebstes, kills himself when the battle is lost.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-223", "description": "The Seleucid king Seleucus III is assassinated in Phrygia by members of his army while on campaign against Attalus of Pergamon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-223", "description": "Seleucus is succeeded by his younger brother, Antiochus III. From the previous administration, Antiochus III retains Hermeias as his chief minister, Achaeus as governor of Anatolia, and Molon and his brother Alexander as governors of the eastern provinces of Media and Persis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-223", "description": "Gaius Flaminius Nepos is elected consul for the first time, and with Publius Furius Philus he forces the Cisalpine Gauls to submit to Rome, creating the province of Cisalpine Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-223", "description": "The Spartan king Cleomenes III destroys and burns the city of Megalopolis but the inhabitants are saved by Philopoemen who leads the defence of the city until the inhabitants can escape.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-223", "description": "The king of Macedonia, Antigonus III Doson, restores Macedonian influence in the Peloponnese for the first time in almost two decades. After signing alliances with the Achaeans, Boeotians, Thessalians and the Acarnanians, Antigonus invades the Peloponnese and drives the Spartans out of Argos, taking Orchomenus and Mantineia in the process.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-223", "description": "King Diodotus II of Bactria is killed by an usurper, Euthydemus I, founder of the Greco-Bactrian Euthydemid dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-223", "description": "The state of Qin conquers the state of Chu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-222", "description": "Mediolanum (modern Milan), stronghold of the Gallic tribe of the Insubres (led by Viridomarus), falls to Roman legions in Lombardy (led by consul, Marcus Claudius Marcellus), in the Battle of Clastidium. Marcus Claudius Marcellus personally slays the chief, Viridomarus. This victory removes the Gallic threat to Rome. Marcellus wins the spolia opima (ampquotspoils of honourampquot the arms taken by a general who kills an enemy chief in single combat) for the third and last time in Roman history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-222", "description": "Cleomenes III of Sparta is defeated in the Battle of Sellasia (north of Sparta) by Antigonus III and his allies, the Achaean League and the Illyrians (under the command of Demetrius of Pharos), and flees to Egypt under the protection of King Ptolemy III. Antigonus III's forces occupy Sparta, which is the first time this city has ever been occupied.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-222", "description": "Almost all of Greece falls under Macedonian suzerainty after Antigonus III re-establishes the Hellenic Alliance as a confederacy of leagues, with himself as president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-222", "description": "The Seleucid forces under their general Achaeus succeed in winning back from Pergamum all the Seleucid domains in Anatolia lost six years earlier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-222", "description": "Mithridates II of Pontus gives his daughter Laodice in marriage to the Seleucid king Antiochus III. Another of his daughters, also named Laodice, is married about the same time to Achaeus, a cousin of Antiochus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-222", "description": "The state of Qin conquers the state of Yan and defeats the last defensive forces of the state of Zhao.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal is murdered by a Celtic assassin while campaigning to increase the Carthaginian hold on Spain. Following the assassination of Hasdrubal, Hannibal, the son of the Carthaginian general, Hamilcar Barca, is proclaimed commander-in-chief by the army and his appointment is confirmed by the Carthaginian government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "Hannibal immediately moves to consolidate Carthage's control of Spain. He marries a Spanish princess, Imilce, then begins to conquer various Spanish tribes. He fights against the Olcades and captures their capital, Althaea quells the Vaccaei in the northwest and, making the seaport of Cartagena (Carthago Nova, the capital of Carthaginian Spain) his base, wins a resounding victory over the Carpetani in the region of the Tagus River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "Egypt's Ptolemy III dies and is succeeded by his son, Ptolemy IV. Sosibius is appointed by Ptolemy IV as his Chief Minister and immediately has a great influence over the young king, directing all of the affairs of state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "At Sosibius' direction, Ptolemy IV puts to death in succession his uncle, Lysimachus, his brother Magas, and his mother Berenice II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "King Cleomenes III of Sparta, who is in exile in Egypt, is imprisoned by Ptolemy IV on a charge of conspiracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "The satrap of Media, Molon, and his brother, Alexander, revolt against Antiochus III, primarily due to their hatred towards Hermeias, Antiochus' chief minister. Molon is able to become master of the Seleucid domains to the east of the Tigris. He is stopped by Antioochus III's forces in his attempts to pass that river. Xenoetas, one of Antiochus' generals, is sent against Molon with a large force, but is surprised by Molon's forces and his whole army is cut to pieces and Xenoetas is killed. The rebel satrap now crosses the Tigris, and makes himself master of the city of Seleucia on the Tigris, together with the whole of Babylonia and Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "Antigonus III dies during a battle against the Illyrians and is succeeded by his young cousin Philip V as King of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "Gaius Flaminius Nepos builds a second race track for Rome, the Circus Flaminius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "The state of Qi ampampndash by now the only other independent state in China ampampndash surrenders to the state of Qin without a fight. Ying Zheng, the king of Qin unifies China and proclaims himself the First Emperor, as he is the first Chinese sovereign able to rule the whole country, thus ending the Warring States Period. He is known by historians as Qin Shi Huang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-221", "description": "The Chinese bronze age ends (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "Together with fellow Illyrian, Scerdilaidas, Demetrius of Pharos attacks Illyrian cities under Roman protection and leads a piratical squadron into Greek waters. They unsuccessfully attack Pylos, an Achaean town on the Messenian coast, in the Peloponnesus of Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "Scerdilaidas and the Aetolians invade Achaea. With the help of Cynaethan traitors, they attack, seize and burn Cynaetha, a town in the north of Arcadia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "Rome strikes again against the Illyrian pirates precipitating the Second Illyrian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "Demetrius seeks refuge with Philip V of Macedon, who is very resentful of the Roman interference. Rome occupies Demetrius' chief fortresses, Pharos and Dimillos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "Aratus of Sicyon counters Aetolian aggression by obtaining the assistance of the Hellenic League now under the leadership of Philip V of Macedon. In the resulting Social War, the Hellenic League of Greek states is assembled in Corinth at Philip V's instigation. He then leads the Hellenic League in battles against Aetolia, Sparta and Elis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "The Gortynians occupy Matala, on the island of Crete.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "With Molon occupying significant parts of the Seleucid kingdom and assuming the title of king, on the advice of his chief Minister, Hermeias, Antiochus III abandons a campaign to conquer southern Syria from Egypt. Antiochus III instead marches against Molon, defeating and killing him and his brother Alexander on the far bank of the Tigris. Antiochus goes on conquer Atropatene, the north-western part of Media.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "Meanwhile, the birth of a son to Antiochus III and Laodice (daughter of Mithridates II, king of Pontus) leads Hermeias to consider getting rid of the king so that he can rule under the name of the infant son. Antiochus discovers the scheme and arranges the assassination of Hermeias.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "Antiochus III's commander in Anatolia, Achaeus, having recovered all the districts which Attalus of Pergamum has gained, is accused by Hermeias, the chief minister of Antiochus, of intending to revolt. In self-defence, Achaeus assumes the title of king and rules over the Anatolian parts of the Seleucid kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Anatolia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "Arsinoe III marries her brother, King Ptolemy IV of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "During his censorship, the Roman political leader, Gaius Flaminius, builds the Circus Flaminius on the Campus Martius and constructs the Via Flaminia from Rome to Ariminum (Rimini).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "Qin Shi Huang begins a system of tree-lined roads to interconnect all parts of China, and begins to join regional walls to form the beginnings of the Great Wall (Wan li chang cheng).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "A bronze statue called ''Gallic Chieftain killing his wife and himself'' is made (approximate date). A Roman copy after the original statue is today preserved at Museo Nazionale Romano in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-220", "description": "A bronze statue called ''Dying Gallic trumpeter'' is made (possibly by Epigonos) (230-220 BC). A marble Roman copy after the original statue is today preserved at Museo Capitolino in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-219", "description": "Following the defection of one of Ptolemy IV's leading commanders, Egypt's Syrian territories are seriously threatened by Antiochus III, thus initiating the Fourth Syrian War. When the Seleucid ruler captures the important eastern Mediterranean sea ports of Seleucia-in-Pieria, Tyre, and Ptolemais, Ptolemy IV's advisor, Sosibius, and the Ptolemaic court enter into delaying negotiations with the enemy, while the Ptolemaic army is reorganized and intensively drilled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-219", "description": "The former King of Sparta, Cleomenes III, escapes from his Egyptian prison and, after failing to raise a revolt in Alexandria, takes his own life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-219", "description": "The Romans extend their area of domination around the head of the Adriatic Sea as far as the peninsula of Histria by the conquest of peoples who dwell to the east of the Veneti. Thus, with the exception of Liguria and the upper valley of the Po River, all Italy south of the Alps is brought within the Roman sphere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-219", "description": "Hannibal lays siege to SaguntumampampGavin De Beer, ''Hannibal: Challenging Rome's Supremacy'', 1969, Viking Press, 319 pagesampamp thus initiating the Second Punic War between Carthage and Rome. Saguntum is an independent Iberian Peninsula city south of the Ebro River. In the treaty between Rome and Carthage concluded in 226 BC, the Ebro has been set as the northern limit of Carthaginian influence in the Iberian Peninsula. Saguntum is south of the Ebro, but the Romans have ampquotfriendshipampquot with the city and regard the Carthaginian attack on it as an act of war. The siege of Saguntum lasts eight months, and in it Hannibal is severely wounded. The Romans, who send envoys to Carthage in protest, demand the surrender of Hannibal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-219", "description": "The Roman Senate sends the consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus, with an army to Illyria. Upon discovering Rome's intent, the Illyrian leader Demetrius of Pharos puts to death those Illyrians who oppose his rule, fortifies Dimale and goes to Pharos. After a siege of seven days by the Roman fleet under Lucius Aemilius Paulus, Dimale is taken by direct assault. From Dimale the Roman navy goes onto Pharos where the Roman forces rout the Illyrians. Demetrius flees to Macedonia where he becomes a trusted councilor at the court of King Philip V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-219", "description": "The Cretan city of Kydonia joins the Aetolian alliance.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.themodernantiquarian.com\/site\/10881\/cydonia.html#fieldnotes\">http:\/\/www.themodernantiquarian.com\/site\/10881\/cydonia.html#fieldnotes<\/a> C. Michael Hogan, ''Cydonia'', The Modern Antiquarian, January 23, 2008ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-219", "description": "Qin Shi Huang orders his generals to capture present-day Guangdong and Guangxi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218/12/18", "description": " The combined Roman armies under Tiberius Sempronius Longus and Scipio meet Hannibal on the left bank of the Trebia River south of Placentia and are soundly defeated in the Battle of the Trebia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218/12/18", "description": "Hannibal's victory over the Romans brings both the Gauls and the Ligurians to Hannibal's side, so his army is considerably augmented by Celtic recruits.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218/12/18", "description": "Melita (Malta) is incorporated into the Roman Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218/12/18", "description": "Negotiations between the new Egyptian King Ptolemy IV and the Seleucid King Antiochus III collapse, and Antiochus III renews his advance, overrunning Ptolemy's forward defences. Antiochus III gains territory in Lebanon, Palestine and Phoenicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218", "description": "A Carthaginian army under Hannibal attacks Rome's Spanish allies. Roman inactivity encourages Hannibal to embark on a daring campaign: the conquest of Spain as far north as the Pyrenees, a clear violation of the Ebro River treaty of the First Punic War. Hasdrubal, the second son of Hamilcar Barca, is left in command of Spain when his brother Hannibal begins his campaign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218", "description": "Hannibal sets out with around 40,000 men and 50 elephants from New Carthage (Cartagena) to northern Spain and then into the Pyrenees where his army meets with stiff resistance from the Pyrenean tribes. This opposition and the desertion of some of his Spanish troops greatly diminishes his numbers, but he reaches the Rh\u00f4ne River facing little resistance from the tribes of southern Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218", "description": "After crossing the Rh\u00f4ne River and meeting with friendly Gallic leaders headed by the northern Italian Boii, whose knowledge of the Alpine passes are of assistance to Hannibal, the Carthaginians cross the Durance River. Hannibal's army approaches the Alps either by the Col de Grimone or the Col de Cabre, then through the basin of the Durance descending into the territory of the hostile Taurini, where Hannibal storms their chief town (modern Turin).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218", "description": "A Roman army under the consul Publius Cornelius Scipio is transported by sea to Massilia (modern Marseille) to prevent Hannibal from advancing on Italy. As Scipio moves northward along the right bank of the Rh\u00f4ne, he learns that Hannibal has already crossed the river. Realizing that Hannibal probably plans to cross the Alps, Scipio returns to northern Italy to await him. However, he still sends an army into Spain under his elder brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus to deal with the Carthaginian forces still there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218", "description": "A second Roman army, under the other consul, Tiberius Sempronius Longus, assembles in Sicily to embark for Northern Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218", "description": "A Roman army under Scipio rushes to the Po River to protect the recently founded Roman colonies of Placentia (modern Piacenza) and Cremona. Hannibal's forces meet the army of Scipio on the plains west of the Ticino River in the Battle of Ticinus, and Hannibal's Numidian cavalry prevails over the Romans. Scipio is severely wounded, and the Romans withdraw to Placentia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-218", "description": "The Roman Senate, appalled by the early setback at Ticinus, orders Tiberius Sempronius Longus to travel from Sicily to reinforce Publius Cornelius Scipio's troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/24", "description": " On the northern shore of Lake Trasimene, in Umbria, Hannibal's troops all but annihilate Gaius Flaminius Nepos' army, killing thousands (including Flaminius) and driving others to drown in the lake. Reinforcements of about 4,000 cavalry from Ariminum under the praetor, Gaius Centenius, are intercepted before they arrive and are also destroyed. The Carthaginian troops then march on Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/24", "description": "Gaius Flaminius Nepos' supporters in the Senate begin to lose power to the more aristocratic factions as the Romans fear Hannibal is about to besiege their city. The Senate appoint Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus as dictator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/24", "description": "Quintus Fabius Maximus begins his strategy of ampquotdelayampquot. This involves avoiding a set battle with the Carthaginians and creating a ampquotscorched earthampquot area around Hannibal's army. Manoeuvring among the hills, where Hannibal's cavalry is ineffective, Fabius cuts off his enemy's supplies and harasses Hannibal\u2019s forces incessantly. Fabius gains the name ''Cunctator'' (''The Delayer'') for this strategy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/24", "description": "Hannibal ravages Apulia and Campania meanwhile the delaying tactics of Quintus Fabius Maximus' army allows only skirmishes to occur between the two armies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/24", "description": "Fabius' delaying policy becomes increasingly unpopular in Rome, and Fabius is compelled to return to Rome to defend his actions under the guise of observing some religious obligations. Marcus Minucius Rufus, the master of horse, is left in command and manages to catch the Carthaginians off guard near their camp in Geronium and inflicts severe losses on them in a large skirmish. This ampquotvictoryampquot causes the Romans, disgruntled with Fabius, to elevate Minucius to the equal rank of dictator with Fabius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/24", "description": "Minucius takes command of half the army and camps separately from Fabius near Geronium. Hannibal, informed of this development, lays an elaborate trap, which draws out Minucius and his army and then Hannibal attacks it from all sides. The timely arrival of Fabius with the other half of the army enables Minucius to escape after a severe mauling. After the battle, Minucius turns over his army to Fabius and resumes the duties of Master of Horse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/22", "description": " Egyptian native hoplites under Ptolemy IV crushes the Seleucid army under Antiochus III at Raphia near Gaza. The realization of their military importance leads to demands by native Egyptians for greater privileges and so to the development of racial difficulties which will weaken the Ptolemy dynasty in the future.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/22", "description": "Although holding the initiative after the Battle of Raphia, Ptolemy IV, on his chief minister Sosibius' advice, negotiates a peace, and the Seleucid army withdraws from Coele Syria. Antiochus III gives up all his conquests except the city of Seleucia-in-Pieria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/22", "description": "Philip V of Macedon, continuing his war with the Aetolian League laid siege to  Phthiotic Thebes, captured it and sold the inhabitants into slavery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/22", "description": "Learning of Hannibal's victory over the Romans at Lake Trasimene and seeing a chance to recover his Illyrian kingdom from the Romans, Demetrius of Pharos immediately advises the Philip V  to make peace with the Aetolians, and turn his attentions toward Illyria and Italy. Philip, at once begins negotiations with the Aetolians. At a conference on the coast near Naupactus, Philip meets the Aetolian leaders and a peace treaty is concluded, ending the three-year long ampquotSocial Warampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217/06/22", "description": "Publius Cornelius Scipio is sent with reinforcements by Rome to Spain as proconsul. In a naval battle on the Ebro River at Tarraco, the Carthaginian general Hasdrubal's fleet is largely destroyed by a daring surprise Roman attack led by Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus. As a result, the Romans are able to strengthen their hold on the Ebro River region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Spain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217", "description": "Gaius Flaminius Nepos is re-elected consul with Gnaeus Servilius Geminus, in what is considered to be a rebuke of the Senate's prosecution of the war. Flaminius raises new legions and marches north to meet the Carthaginian general Hannibal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-217", "description": "Hannibal advances to the Arno River and then outmanoeuvres the army of Gaius Flaminius Nepos at Arretium and reaches Faesulae (modern Fiesole) and Perugia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": " The Battle of Cannae (east of Naples) ends in victory for Hannibal whose 40,000-man army defeats a Roman force of 70,000 led by consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus (who is killed in the battle) and Gaius Terentius Varro.Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 22.44\u201351", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "A loan of money and supplies for the Roman army in Sicily is sought and obtained from Hiero II of Syracuse.ampref name=ampquotl2321ampquotampLivy, Ab Urbe Condita, 23.21ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "The Roman historian Quintus Fabius Pictor is sent to Delphi in Greece to consult the Oracle for advice about what Rome should do after its defeat in the Battle of Cannae.ampref name=ampquotl2257ampquotampLivy, Ab Urbe Condita, 22.57ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "Following Hannibal's victory, many regions begin to defect from Rome, while others are conquered by Hannibal's forces. In Apulia, Lucania, Samnium and in Bruttium, Hannibal finds many supporters.ampampLivy, Ab Urbe Condita, 22.61ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "The city of Capua switches sides to join Hannibal and the Carthaginian army winters there.ampref name=ampquotl2257ampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "After the defeat at Cannae, Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, commands the remnants of the Roman army at Canusium and saves the city of Nola and southern Campania from occupation by Hannibal.ampref name=ampquotl2257ampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "A Roman force of 25,000 led by Lucius Postumius Albinus is ambushed by Gauls near Litana and almost completely wiped out.ampampLivy, Ab Urbe Condita, 23.24ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "Hasdrubal is ordered by the Carthaginian government to march to Italy.ampampLivy, Ab Urbe Condita, 23.27ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Spain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "Roman forces in Spain led by Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus and Publius Cornelius Scipio successfully thwart Hasdrubal's attempt to march to Italy.ampampLivy, Ab Urbe Condita, 23.29ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Spain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "The Carthaginian fleet ravages the territory of The Kingdom of Syracuse.ampampLivy, Ab Urbe Condita, 22.56ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syracuse", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "Philip V of Macedon, still resenting Rome's interference in Illyrian politics, seizes his opportunity to invade Illyria. Ambassadors from Philip V visit Hannibal at his headquarters in Italy. These actions mark the beginning of the First Macedonian War between Rome and Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216/08/02", "description": "A revolt of the Egyptian peasants is put down by Ptolemy IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-216", "description": "The Carthaginian general, Hannibal, moves his forces southward through Italy and seizes the large army supply depot at Cannae on the Aufidus River.ampampPolybius, The Histories, <a href=\"http:\/\/penelope.uchicago.edu\/Thayer\/E\/Roman\/Texts\/Polybius\/3.html#107\">http:\/\/penelope.uchicago.edu\/Thayer\/E\/Roman\/Texts\/Polybius\/3.html#107<\/a> 3:107.2\u20133ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-215", "description": "The Carthaginians fail to recapture Sardinia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-215", "description": "The Carthaginian general, Hannibal, is denied any reinforcements from Spain for his forces now based in Italy by the activities of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, who, in a battle at Dertosa near the Ebro River effectively stop the Carthaginian general, Hasdrubal's attempt to break through to Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Spain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-215", "description": "The Roman law, ''Lex Oppia'', is instituted by Gaius Oppius, a tribune of the plebs during the consulship of Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus and Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus. The ''Lex Oppia'' is the first of a series of sumptuary laws introduced in Rome. It not only restricts women's wealth, but also their displaying it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-215", "description": "The Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, again repulses an attack by Hannibal on the city of Nola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-215", "description": "Hannibal's forces occupy the cities of Tarentum, Heraclea and Thurii. However, Hannibal is unable to prevent the Romans from besieging Capua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-215", "description": "Philip V of Macedon and Hannibal negotiate an alliance under which they pledge mutual support and defence. Specifically, they agree to support each other against Rome, and that Hannibal shall have the right to make peace with Rome, but that any peace would include Philip and that Rome would be forced to give up control of Corcyra, Apollonia, Epidamnus, Pharos, Dimale, Parthini and Atintania and to restore to Demetrius of Pharos all his lands currently controlled by Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-215", "description": "The Seleucid king, Antiochus III, crosses the Taurus, uniting his forces with Attalus of Pergamum and, in one campaign, deprives his rebel general, Achaeus, of all his dominions and takes Sardis (with the exception of the citadel).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "Carthage persuades Syracuse to revolt against Rome and ally itself with Carthage instead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "Roman legions led by Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus defeat Hanno's Carthaginian forces in a battle near Beneventum, thus denying Hannibal much needed reinforcements.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "The Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, who is in Sicily at the time of the revolt of Syracuse, leads an army which storms Leontini and besieges Syracuse. With the help of Archimedes' ideas and inventions, the Syracusans repel his attacks by sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "The censors Publius Furius Philus and Marcus Atilius Regulus condemn and degrade (i.e. lose rank in Roman society and politics) two groups of Romans of high rank, including senators and equestrians. The first group are those Roman officers captured by Hannibal's forces in the Battle of Cannae who have come as Carthaginian hostages to Rome to plead for their ransom (and those of their fellow prisoners), and who then refuse to return to Carthaginian captivity when the Senate refuses to ransom any prisoners. The second group are those Romans who have advocated surrender to Carthage after the Battle of Cannae, or who have made plans to flee Rome and offer their services in Greece, Egypt, or Asia Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "Philip V of Macedon attempts an invasion of Illyria by sea with a fleet of 120 craft. He captures Oricum and, sailing up the Aous (modern Vjos\u00eb) river, he besieges Apollonia, Illyria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "Upon receiving word from Oricum of Philip V's actions in Illyria, Roman propraetor Marcus Valerius Laevinus crosses the Adriatic with his fleet and army. Landing at Oricum, Laevinus is able to retake the town with little fighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "Laevinus sends 2,000 men under the command of Quintus Naevius Crista, to Apollonia, Illyria. Catching Philip's forces by surprise, Quintus Naevius Crista attacks and routs their camp. Philip V is able to escape back to Macedonia, after burning his fleet and leaving many thousands of his men dead or as prisoners of the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "Panyu (present-day Guangzhou, or Canton) is established as a city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "Qin Shi Huang orders general Ren Xiao (\u4efb\u56c2), commanding 200,000 troops, to conquer the kingdoms in present-day northern Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-214", "description": "The Qin armies defeat an army of 300,000 Xiongnu\/Hun cavalrymen and expand their territories along the north basin of the Yellow River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-213", "description": "In alliance with Attalus I of Pergamum, Antiochus III finally captures the rebel king of Anatolia, Achaeus, in his capital, Sardis, after a siege of two years. Antiochus III then has Achaeus executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-213", "description": "Casilinum and Arpi are recovered by the Romans from Hannibal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-213", "description": "Archimedes's war machines repel the Roman army that is invading Syracuse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sicily", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-213", "description": "Emperor Qin Shi Huang orders all Confucian writings destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "After being stopped twice by the Romans in his attempts to invade Illyria by sea, and constrained by the Roman commander Marcus Valerius Laevinus' fleet in the Adriatic, Philip V of Macedon keeps his activities in Illyria land based. Keeping clear of the coast, he takes the inland towns of Atintania, Dimale and Lissus and subdues the Greek tribe of the Dassaretaeampref name=WSmithamp{{cite book | first= William | last= Smith | title= A New Classical Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography, Mythology and Geography | publisher= Kessinger Publishing, LLC | location= Whitefish, MT, USA | year= 2006 | pages=423}}ampamp and the Illyrian  tribes of the Parthini and the Ardiaei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "Tylis is destroyed by the Thracians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Thrace", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "Syphax, king of the western Numidian tribe, the Masaesyli, concludes an alliance with the Romans and they send military advisers to help Syphax train his soldiers. He then attacks the eastern Numidians (the Massylii) ruled by Gala, who is an ally of the Carthaginians. The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal travels to northern Africa from Spain to stamp out the uprising by the Numidians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "The Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio and his elder brother, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, capture Saguntum (modern Sagunto) from the Carthaginians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Spain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "Antiochus III leaves for a campaign in Asia, where he will reach as far as India and mostly manage to recover the areas conquered earlier by Alexander the Great.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "Having recovered the central part of Anatolia from the usurper Achaeus, Antiochus III turns his forces to recover the outlying provinces to the north and east of the Seleucid kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "Antiochus III gives his sister Antiochia in marriage to King Xerxes of Armenia, who acknowledges Antiochus III's suzerainty and pays him tribute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "Publius Licinius Crassus Dives is elected ampquotpontifex maximusampquot over more distinguished candidates, despite never having held any major offices. He will hold this position until his death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "The Roman soldiers billeted in Tarentum so alienate the citizens of the city that conspirators admit the Carthaginian general Hannibal to the city. The conspirators then defeat the Roman contingent in it. Hannibal keeps control of his troops so that looting is limited to Roman houses. The citadel in Tarentum remains under Roman control, which denies Hannibal the use of the harbour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "The Roman consuls, Appius Claudius Pulcher and Quintus Fulvius Flaccus, besiege Capua with eight legions. Hanno the Elder moves to Beneventum to try to help the inhabitants of Capua, but he is defeated by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "The Capuans then send an appeal for help to Hannibal. In response, Hannibal sends 2,000 Numidian cavalry as reinforcements to Capua. The combined Carthaginian forces defeat the Roman force led by Flaccus and Pulcher, the latter of whom will soon die of wounds he has sustained.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "The Battle of the Silarus is fought between Hannibal's army and a Roman force led by praetor Marcus Centenius Penula. The Carthaginians are victorious, effectively destroying Centenius Penula's army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "The Battle of Herdonia is fought between Hannibal's Carthaginian army and Roman forces who are laying siege to Herdonia led by praetor Gnaeus Fulvius Flaccus, brother of the consul, Quintus Fulvius Flaccus. The Roman army is destroyed, leaving Apulia free of Romans for the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "After a two years' siege, Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, gradually forces his way into Syracuse and takes it in the face of strong Carthaginian reinforcements and despite the use of engines of war designed by the Greek mathematician and scientist Archimedes (such as the Claw of Archimedes).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-212", "description": "Although Marcellus wishes to spare the lives of the Syracusans, he is unable to prevent the sack of the city by his soldiers, which includes the killing of Archimedes. Marcellus carries off the art treasures of Syracuse to Rome, the first recorded instance of a practice which is to become common.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-211", "description": "Antiochus III's sister arranges for the removal of Armenia's king Xerxes, whom she has recently married. Antiochus III then divides the country into two satrapies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-211", "description": "The Carthaginian general Hasdrubal Barca returns to Spain after his victory over the rebellious Numidians. He then manages to turn the tide against the Romans in Spain, with the Roman generals Publius Cornelius Scipio and his brother Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus killed in separate battles\u2014Publius on the upper Baetis (Guadalquivir) and Gnaeus in the hinterland of Carthago Nova (Cartagena). The Carthaginians recover all their territory south of the Ebro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-211", "description": "With the capture of Syracuse, the Romans are able to pacify all of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-211", "description": "The Romans besiege the town of Capua (which is allied with Hannibal). The town eventually falls to the Romans and its citizens are punished by them. The town's nobility are put to the sword, its territory is confiscated and its municipal organisation is dissolved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-211", "description": "Hannibal marches northwards on the city of Rome in a belated and unsuccessful effort to capture the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-211", "description": "Rome faces the burdens of inflation and the danger of famine, caused by the disturbed conditions in Italy and Sicily and the withdrawal of so many men from farming. The situation is only relieved by an urgent appeal by the Romans to the King of Egypt, Ptolemy IV, from whom grain is purchased at three times the usual price.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-211", "description": "The Roman commander Marcus Valerius Laevinus explores the possibility of an alliance with the Aetolian League as the Aetolians are once again ready to consider taking up arms against their traditional enemy, Macedonia. A treaty is signed to counter Philip V of Macedon who is allied to Hannibal. Under the treaty, the Aetolians are to conduct operations on land, the Romans at sea. Also, Rome will keep any slaves and other booty taken and Aetolia will receive control of any territory acquired.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-211", "description": "Arsaces II succeeds his father Arsaces I as King of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-210", "description": "Following the death of his father, Publius Cornelius Scipio, and his uncle, Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Calvus, at the hands of the Carthaginians, the young Publius Cornelius Scipio takes over command of the Roman troops in Spain. His appointment reflects the Roman Senate's dissatisfaction with the cautious strategy of the propraetor, Gaius Claudius Nero, then commander in Spain north of the Ebro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-210", "description": "The famine and inflation facing Rome is eased with the pacification by the Romans of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-210", "description": "The Carthaginian general Hannibal proves his superiority in tactics by inflicting a severe defeat at Herdonia in Apulia upon a proconsular army, slaying the consul Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus Maximus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-210", "description": "The Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus is elected consul for the fourth time and takes Salapia in Apulia, which has revolted and joined forces with Hannibal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-210", "description": "Arsinoe III, wife and sister of King Ptolemy IV gives birth to the future Ptolemy V Epiphanes. Thereafter, she is sequestered in the palace, while Ptolemy's depraved male and female favourites ruin both the king and his government of Egypt. Although Arsinoe III disapproves of the sordid state of the court, she is unable to exert any influence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-210", "description": "After allying with Hannibal, Philip V of Macedon attacks the Roman positions in Illyria, but fails to take Corcyra or Apollonia, which are protected by the Roman fleet. Rome's command of the sea prevents his lending any effective aid to his Carthaginian ally in Italy. The Aetolians, Sparta and King Attalus of Pergamum join the Romans in the war against Philip V. This coalition is so strong that Philip V has to stop attacking Roman territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-210", "description": "Qin Er Shi becomes Emperor of the Qin Dynasty of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-210", "description": "The Terracotta Army in the mausoleum of Emperor Shihuangdi, Lintong, Shaanxi, is made (Qin Dynasty) (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-209", "description": "The Romans under Fabius Maximus Cunctator capture Tarentum (modern Taranto), which the Carthaginian general Hannibal has held for three years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-209", "description": "The Battle of Asculum is fought between Hannibal's Carthaginian army and a Roman force led by Marcus Claudius Marcellus. The battle is indecisive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-209", "description": "From his headquarters at Tarraco (Tarragona), Publius Cornelius Scipio, the Roman commander in Spain, launches a combined military and naval assault on the Carthaginian headquarters at Carthago Nova (modern-day Cartagena). He successfully besieges and captures the city. In capturing this city, Scipio gains access to copious stores and supplies, Spanish hostages, the local silver mines, a splendid harbour and a base for an advance farther south.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-209", "description": "The King of the Parthians, Arsaces II, is attacked by the Seleucid king Antiochus III, who takes Hecatompylos (southeast of the Caspian Sea), the Arsacid capital and Syrinx in Hyrcania. Antiochus III defeats Arsaces II in a battle at Mount Labus and then forces Arsaces II to enter into an alliance with the Seleucids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-209", "description": "As strategos of the Achaeans, the Greek general Philopoemen is responsible for turning the Achaean League into an aggressive military power. He builds up the League's military capability. The Achaean League's army and cavalry under Philopoemen then defeat the Aetolians on the Elean frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-209", "description": "Modun Shanyu inherits Teoman's Hun confederations and founds the Xiongnu Empire. Modun's forces push into Northern China, threatening the Qin Empire and forcing them to further fortify the Great Wall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mongolia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-208", "description": "The Romans under Publius Cornelius Scipio defeat the Carthaginians under their commander Hasdrubal Barca at Baecula (Bailen) in Baetica. As a result, Hasdrubal Barca decides to cross the Pyrenees with his remaining troops into Transalpine Gaul, with the intention of joining his brother Hannibal in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-208", "description": "The Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus is killed in battle while fighting Hannibal inconclusively near Venusia, Apulia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-208", "description": "Hannibal destroys a Roman force engaged in the siege of Locri Epizephyri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-208", "description": "Antiochus III advances into Bactria, which is ruled by the Greco-Bactrian king Euthydemus I, and again meets with success. After resisting a siege of his capital Bactra (Balkh) by the Seleucids, Euthydemus obtains an honourable peace by which Antiochus promises Euthydemus' son Demetrius the hand of one of his daughters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-208", "description": "The Chinese general Zhang Han of the Qin Dynasty pacifies a peasant rebellion led by Chen Sheng and Wu Guang, and then lays siege to the rebel city of Julu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-207", "description": "The Roman general Gaius Claudius Nero fights an indecisive battle with the Carthaginian general Hannibal at Grumentum. Nero is unable to stop Hannibal's advance into Canusium. Nevertheless, he rapidly marches the elite parts of his army some one hundred kilometres north to reinforce the army of Marcus Livius Salinator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-207", "description": "The Battle of the Metaurus, fought near the Metaurus River in Umbria, is a pivotal battle during the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage. The Carthaginians are led by Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal Barca, and the Roman armies are led by the consuls Marcus Livius Salinator and Gaius Claudius Nero. The Carthaginian army is defeated by the Romans and Hasdrubal is killed in the battle. This major loss by the Carthaginians ends Hannibal's hopes of success in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-207", "description": "The general leading the Achaean League, Philopoemen, introduces heavier Macedonian armour and phalanx tactics. His army then crushes the Spartans under the Spartan regent and general, Machanidas, in the battle of Mantinea. Machanidas is killed by Philopoemen during the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-207", "description": "Nabis, a Syrian sold into slavery, rises to power in Sparta and becomes regent of the young Spartan king, Pelops, following the death of Machanidas. Nabis soon overthrows Pelops, claiming to be a descendent of the Eurypontid Spartan king Demaratus. Nabis then starts a social revolution which will lead to the freeing of all the helots, the destruction of the ruling oligarchy, the redistribution of land and the cancelling of debts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-207", "description": "When king An D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u01b0\u01a1ng dies, so does his dynasty and the Tri\u1ec7u Dynasty and the kingdom of Nam Vi\u1ec7t are established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Vietnam", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-207", "description": "Emperor Qin Er Shi of the Qin Dynasty is assassinated by his chief eunuch Zhao Gao. He is replaced by his nephew Ziying, who in turn assassinates Zhao Gao.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "In the Battle of Ilipa (Alcal\u00e1 del R\u00edo, near Seville) in Spain, the Carthaginian generals, Mago Barca and Hasdrubal Gisco, are defeated by the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio. Mago retreats to Gades (modern C\u00e1diz) and then sails for the Balearic Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "The Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio secures Gades, thus making Roman control of Spain complete. With the effective withdrawal of the Carthaginians from Spain, Hispania becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "The city of Italica (north west of modern Seville, Spain) is founded by Scipio as a place to settle for the Roman soldiers wounded in the Battle of Ilipa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "After having successfully driven the Carthaginians out of Spain, Scipio returns in triumph to Rome and is elected consul. He then prepares to carry the war into Carthage's territory in North Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "Hasdrubal Gisco retreats to the coast and then crosses to North Africa, where he gives his daughter in marriage to Syphax, king of the Numidian Masaesyli tribe, to formalize their military alliance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "After being an ally of Carthage and fighting with them, Numidian chieftain, Masinissa switches sides when the Carthaginians are driven from Spain and offers to assist Rome. Syphax expels his rival Masinissa and claims himself to be King of Numidia. The Romans support Masinissa's claim to the Numidian throne against Syphax, the pro-Carthaginian ruler of the Masaesyli tribe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "Arsaces II, king of the Parthians, loses territory in battles with Euthydemus I, ruler of Bactria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "Antiochus III marches across the Hindu Kush into the Kabul valley and renews a friendship with the Indian king Sophagasenus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "The war between Macedonia and Rome drags on with no decided advantage to either side. Rome's interest lies not in conquest, but in keeping Macedon, the Greek city-states and Greek political leagues continually divided and non-threatening.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "Philip V of Macedon is able to take advantage of Roman inactivity. After sacking Thermum, the religious and political centre of Aetolia, Philip is able to force the Aetolians to accept a peace treaty based on his terms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-206", "description": "Ziying, ruler of the Qin Dynasty, surrenders to Liu Bang, leader of a popular revolt. This marks the end of the Qin Dynasty and the principality that would later become the Han Dynasty established by Liu. However, in order to secure his position throughout China, Liu Bang becomes engaged in a civil war with the warlord, general Xiang Yu, until 202 BC, known as the Chu-Han contention.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "Returning via the Persian provinces of Arachosia, Drangiana, and Carmania, Antiochus III arrives in Persis. He then leads a short expedition down the Persian Gulf and receives tribute of 500 talents of silver from the citizens of Gerrha, a mercantile state on the east coast of the Persian Gulf.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "Antiochus III returns from his eastern campaigns, after having defeated the Bactrians and subjugated the Parthians and thus being able to partly restore Seleucid power in these provinces by crushing the revolting governors of Media, Persia and Anatolia. Having established a system of vassal states in the East, Antiochus now adopts the ancient Achaemenid title of ampquotgreat kingampquot, and the Greeks, comparing him to Alexander the Great, surname him ampquotthe Greatampquot, that is to say Antiochus III Megas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "Philip V of Macedon makes a temporary peace (the Peace of Phoenice) with Rome on favourable terms for Macedonia ending the First Macedonian War. The treaty formally acknowledges the favourable position of Macedonia, including their capture of Illyria, but in return Philip effectively repudiates his alliance with Hannibal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "After the peace, the Spartan king, Nabis, goes to war with the Achaean League. The Achaean general Philopoemen expels Nabis of Sparta from Messene.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "The Peace of Phoenice prohibits Philip from expanding westward into Illyria or the Adriatic Sea, so the king turns his attentions eastwards to the Aegean Sea, where he starts to build a large fleet. After concluding the First Macedonian War, Philip of Macedon, seeing his chance to defeat Rhodes, forms an alliance with Aetolian and Spartan pirates who begin raiding Rhodian ships. The Cretan War begins between Philips' Macedonians, the Aetolian League, several Cretan cities (of which Olous and Hierapytna are the most important) and Spartan pirates against the forces of Rhodes and later Attalus I of Pergamum, Byzantium, Cyzicus, Athens and Knossos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "With the Rhodian fleet and economy suffering from the depredations of the pirates, Philip begins attacking the lands of Rhodes' allies in Thrace and around the Sea of Marmara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "Publius Cornelius Scipio boldly determines to disregard Hannibal in Italy and political opposition in the Roman Senate and rather decides to strike at the Carthaginian holdings in North Africa. Scipio crosses to Sicily with an army consisting partly of volunteers as the Roman Senate would not provide him with an army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "The Roman propraetor Quintus Pleminius captures the town of Locri Epizephyrii from the Carthaginians. Hannibal's attempt to recapture the town is foiled by the appearance of Scipio's army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "Scipio sends the Roman general Gaius Laelius to North Africa to prepare the way for his later invasion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "A Carthaginian army under Mago Barca lands in Liguria, capturing Genoa and Savona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "Hannibal erects a bilingual Punic\/Greek inscription describing his accomplishments in the temple of Juno Lacinia near Crotone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "The native Egyptian population rises in rebellion against their Greek rulers. The revolt spreads to Upper Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-205", "description": "Ptolemy IV dies and is succeeded by his five year old son Ptolemy V. However, no public announcement is made about the king's death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-204", "description": "Having lost his alliance with the Numidian chief Masinissa, the Carthaginian general, Hasdrubal Gisco, finds a new ally in the Numidian king Syphax, who marries Sophonisba, Hasdrubal's daughter, whom until his defection to Rome has been betrothed to Masinissa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-204", "description": "Roman forces under Publius Cornelius Scipio besiege Utica in Carthaginia. Scipio is unable to stop the combined forces of the Carthaginians under Hasdrubal Gisco and the Numidians under their chief, Syphax, and he is forced to lift his siege of Utica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-204", "description": "The late Egyptian King Ptolemy IV's clique of favourites, led by Sosibius, Ptolemy's chief minister, keeps Ptolemy's death a secret, fearing retribution from the new king Ptolemy V's mother, Queen Arsinoe III. They arrange for the murder of Arsinoe, and then the five-year-old king is officially elevated to the throne with Sosibius as his guardian. Arsinoe has been popular with the Egyptian population so rioting follows the news of her assassination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-204", "description": "The Battle of Crotona is fought between Hannibal's Carthaginian army, and a Roman force led by Publius Sempronius Tuditanus, with no decisive outcome for either side.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-204", "description": "Philip V of Macedon and Antiochus III of the Syrian-based Seleucid kingdom realize Egypt's weakness and agree to partition Egypt's Anatolian and Aegean possessions. Antiochus' share is to be southern Syria, Lycia, Cilicia and Cyprus, while Philip is to gain western Anatolia and the Cyclades.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-203", "description": "The Roman general, Publius Cornelius Scipio, while undertaking peace negotiations with the Carthaginians at Utica, makes a surprise attack on the Carthaginian camp and destroys it. Then, sweeping down on the forces that the Carthaginians and their allies, the Numidians, are trying to muster on the Great Plains near the upper Bagradas River (in modern Tunisia), he smashes that army in the Battle of the Great Plains. The Numidian king, Syphax, and the Carthaginian leader, Hasdrubal Gisco, manage to escape separately.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-203", "description": "The Roman general, Gaius Laelius, and Rome's Numidian ally, Masinissa, follow Syphax towards Cirta, the Numidian capital. In the pursuit, Syphax is captured after his badly wounded horse throws him off. He is delivered to Scipio and is made a prisoner of the Romans, dying in the Italian town of Alba Fucens later in the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-203", "description": "Masinissa becomes king of both the Massyli and the Massaesyli tribes in Numidia and remains a loyal ally to the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-203", "description": "Hasdrubal Gisco persuades the Carthaginians to raise a new army and to send for Hannibal to return home from Italy. Hannibal finally leaves Italy and returns to Carthage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-203", "description": "The Carthaginian general, Mago Barca, is defeated and wounded by the Romans in a battle in Cisalpine Gaul. He dies of his wounds on the return voyage to Carthage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-203", "description": "A preliminary armistice between Carthage and Rome is declared and the Carthaginian armies accept Scipio's severe terms. However, on his return to Carthage, Hannibal concentrates the remnants of the Carthaginian forces at Hadrumetum (modern Sousse, Tunisia) and prepares them for battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": " The Battle of Zama (130 kilometers south-west of Carthage) ends the Second Punic War and largely destroys the power of Carthage. Roman and Numidian forces under the leadership of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio and his Numidian ally, Masinissa, defeat a combined army of Carthaginians and their Numidian allies under the command of Hannibal and forces Carthage to    capitulate. Hannibal loses 20,000 men in the defeat, but he is able to escape Masinissa's pursuit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": "Following the Battle of Zama, the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio gains the surname ampquotAfricanusampquot in honour of his feats in North Africa against Carthage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": "The Egyptian regent and chief minister, Sosibius, retires and Agathocles, another member of the ruling clique, becomes Ptolemy V's guardian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": "Agathocles rule provokes Tlepolemus, the governor of Pelusium (Egypt's eastern frontier city), into action. Tlepolemus marches on Alexandria, where his supporters rouse a mob, compelling Agathocles to resign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": "The Egyptian boy king, Ptolemy V, is encouraged by a mob clamouring for revenge against the murderers of his mother Arsinoe III to agree to Agathocles being killed. As a result, the mob searches out and butchers Agathocles and his family. Tlepolemus takes Agathocles\u2019 place as regent. However, he soon proves to be incompetent and is removed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": "During this period of confusion and change amongst Egypt\u2019s leadership, armies under the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, make serious inroads into the Egyptian territories in Coele Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": "Liu Bang, King of Han, defeats Xiang Yu of Western Chu in the Battle of Gaixia, ending the Chu-Han contention. Liu Bang declares himself the Emperor of China, officially beginning the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": "The construction of the new Chinese capital Chang'an begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": "Liu Bang gives the area of today's Fujian Province to Wuzhu as his kingdom. Wuzhu starts the construction of his own capital Ye (Fuzhou).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202/10/19", "description": "The construction of Changsha begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-202", "description": "Accused of treason by the Carthaginians after being defeated by the Romans at the Battle of the Great Plains, Hasdrubal Gisco commits suicide to avoid being lynched by a Carthaginian mob.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-201", "description": "On Hannibal's advice, Carthage sues for peace with the Romans, ending the Second Punic War. Carthage is reduced to a client state of Rome. In the peace treaty between Carthage and Rome, Carthage surrenders all her Mediterranean possessions to Rome, including her Iberian territories. The Carthaginians agree to pay Rome 200 talents per year for 50 years, allow Masinissa to rule Numidia as an independent kingdom, make no war without Rome's permission, and destroy all but 10 of the Carthaginian warships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-201", "description": "Following the conclusion of the peace with Rome, Hannibal is elected as suffet, or chief magistrate, of Carthage. The office has over the years become insignificant in Carthaginian politics, but Hannibal restores its power and authority. He sets out to reform the administration and finances of Carthage and reduce the power of the oligarchy which has ruled Carthage before and during the Second Punic War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-201", "description": "The Romans oust the Carthaginians from Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-201", "description": "In Rome, according to the Roman historian Livy, land is distributed to veterans of the Second Punic War. This is the first documented instance of a practice that later becomes commonplace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-201", "description": "Philip V of Macedon captures Samos and the Egyptian fleet stationed there. He then besieges Chios to the north.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-201", "description": "Rhodes and its allies Pergamum, Cyzicus, and Byzantium combine their fleets and defeat Philip V in the Battle of Chios. His flagship is trapped and rammed by two enemy ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-201", "description": "The Spartan king, Nabis, once more invades and captures Messene. However, the Spartans are forced to retreat when the Achaean League army of Philopoemen intervenes. Nabis' forces are decisively defeated at Tegea by Philopoemen and Nabis is forced to check his expansionist ambitions for the time being.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-201", "description": "The construction of Nanchang begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "Antiochus III's forces continue their invasion of Coele Syria and Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "Philip V of Macedon's fleet defeat the Rhodians at Lade. His forces then advance into Pergamum, plundering Pergamese territory and attacking cities in Caria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The Acarnanians, with Macedonian support, invade Attica, causing Athens, which has previously maintained its neutrality, to seek help from the enemies of Philip. Attalus I of Pergamum, who is with his fleet at Aegina, receives an embassy from Athens asking him to come to the city for consultations. After he is told that Roman ambassadors are also in Athens, Attalus goes there in haste.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The Roman ambassador to Greece, Syria, and Egypt, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus       delivers an ultimatum to Philip V warning Macedonia not to make war on any Greek state. Philip decides to reject the Roman ultimatum and the Romans declare war on Macedon, thus starting the Second Macedonian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The Roman consul, Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus, asks Attalus I and his fleet to meet up with the Roman fleet off the Greek Aegean coast and they conduct a naval campaign against Philip V, harassing Macedonian possessions in and along the Aegean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "Roman forces defeat the Gauls of Cisalpine Gaul in the Battle of Cremona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The bacchanalia are wild and mystic festivals of the Roman god Bacchus which are introduced into Rome from lower Italy by way of Etruria (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "Euthydemus I of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom dies and is succeeded by his son Demetrius I of Bactria (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The city of Tiwanaku is founded as a village near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "South America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The Early Horizon period in the Andes comes to an end as the Chavin culture vanishes and is succeeded by the Nazca culture (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "South America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The construction of the Wei-Yang Palace in the Han Dynasty capital (Chang'an) begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The Hsiung-nu appear on the western borders of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The Han emperor Gaozu is defeated by the Xiongnu in the Battle of Baideng.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The Great Wall of China was completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "''Alexander the Great'', head from a Hellenistic copy of a statue, possibly after a 4th century BC original by Lysippos is made. It is now kept at the Archeological Museum in Istanbul, Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "Lost-wax casting is known in China and Mesopotamia (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "Roman artists begin attempting to produce the illusion of thin slabs of colored marble covering the walls, which are set off by actual architectural moldings and columns, in private houses. These attempts last for 120 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The first good measurement of the distance between Earth and the Sun is made by Eratosthenes (approximate date). By studying lunar eclipses, his result is roughly 150 000 000 km. The currently accepted value is 149 597 870 691 \u00b1 30 metres.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "This year is used as the fourth time world (Amazon Jungle) in the video game ''The Lost Vikings II''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-200", "description": "The Tribunal in Marianne Curley's ''Guardians of Time Trilogy'' is set up near Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-199", "description": "The Roman general Gnaeus Baebius Tamphilus attacks the Insubres in Gaul, but loses over 6,700 soldiers in the process.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-199", "description": "Scipio Africanus becomes censor and princeps Senatus (the titular head of the Roman Senate).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-199", "description": "The Roman law, Lex Porcia, is proposed by the tribune P. Porcius Laeca to give Roman citizens in Italy and provinces the right of appeal in capital cases.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-198", "description": "After his election to the consulship, Titus Quinctius Flamininus is chosen to replace Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus as the leading Roman general in Macedonia. He then crosses into Macedonia with his army. Flamininus realizes that future peace depends on breaking the power of king Philip V of Macedon, not merely humbling him. He secures the backing of the Achaean League and then opens peace negotiations with Philip at Nicaea in Locris. Though peace proposals are submitted to the Roman Senate, the talks break down, and fighting resumes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-198", "description": "Titus Quinctius Flamininus' forces manage to push Philip V out of most of Greece, except for a few fortresses. He then defeats Philip V in the Battle of the Aous, near modern Tepelen\u00eb in Albania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-198", "description": "The Battle of Panium is fought between Seleucid forces led by Antiochus III and Ptolemaic forces led by Scopas of Aetolia. The Seleucids win the battle which allows Antiochus III to obtain entire possession of Palestine and Coele-Syria from King Ptolemy V of Egypt. Though the Romans send ambassadors to Ptolemy V, they are unable to lend him any serious assistance against Antiochus III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-198", "description": "In the resulting peace, Antiochus III agrees to give his daughter Cleopatra in marriage to Ptolemy V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-198", "description": "Following the defeat of the Han at the hands of the Xiongnu at Baideng in 200 BC, courtier Liu Jing{{dn|date=February 2012}} (\u5289\u656c) is dispatched by Han emperor Gaozu for negotiations. The peace settlement eventually reached between the parties includes a Han princess given in marriage to the chanyu (called heqin \u548c\u89aa or ampquotharmonious kinshipampquot) periodic tribute of silk, liquor and rice to the Xiongnu equal status between the states and the Great Wall as mutual border. This treaty sets the pattern for relations between the Han and the Xiongnu for some sixty years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-197", "description": "Eumenes II becomes King of Pergamum following the death of his father Attalus I Soter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-197", "description": "Antiochus III occupies parts of the kingdom of Pergamum and a number of Greek cities in Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-197", "description": "The Egyptian King, Ptolemy V, fights rebels in the Nile Delta, exhibiting great cruelty toward those of their leaders who capitulate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-197", "description": "The Spartan ruler, Nabis, acquires the important city of Argos from Philip V of Macedon, as the price of his alliance with the Macedonians. Nabis then defects to the Romans in the expectation of being able to hold on to his conquest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-197", "description": "The Battle of Cynoscephalae in Thessaly gives a Roman army under pro-consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus a decisive victory over Philip V of Macedon. In the Treaty of Tempe, the terms of the peace proposed by the Roman general and adopted by the Roman Senate specify that Philip V can retain his throne and control of Macedonia, but he has to abandon all the Greek cities he has conquered. Philip also has to provide to the Romans 1,000 talents as indemnity, surrender most of his fleet and provide hostages, including his younger son, Demetrius, who are to be held in Rome. The Aetolians propose that Philip V be ejected from his throne but Flamininus opposes this.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-197", "description": "Hispania is divided into Hispania Ulterior and Hispania Citerior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Hispania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-196", "description": "The Insubres, Gauls of the Po Valley, believed by the Romans to have been incited to revolt by Carthage, are finally defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-196", "description": "A new category of Roman priests, the tresviri epulones, are elected to supervise the feasts of the gods the first three men selected are Gaius Licinius Lucullus, Publius Manlius, and Publius Porcius Laeca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-196", "description": "At the Isthmian Games at Corinth, the Roman general and pro-consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus proclaims that all Greeks are to be free and governed by their own laws. For this deed he is hailed in many Greek cities as a saviour and accorded homage alongside the gods.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-196", "description": "Flamininus accuses the Spartan ruler, Nabis, of tyranny, takes Gythium in Laconia and forces Nabis to surrender Argos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-196", "description": "According to the Roman scholar and writer Marcus Terentius Varro, the foundation of a library at Pergamum around this time by Eumenes II of Pergamum, combined with an embargo on papyrus by Ptolemy V, leads to the invention of parchment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Anatolia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-196", "description": "The Rosetta Stone is created. This stone is a Ptolemaic era stele written with the same text in two Egyptian language scripts (hieroglyphic and demotic) and in classical Greek. The translation of the Greek passage reveals that the inscription is a royal edict recording the benefits conferred on Egypt by the pharaoh Ptolemy V Epiphanes at the time of his coronation. This stone will provide the key to the hieroglyphic, or pictographic writing, of ancient Egypt and the decree on it reveals the increasing influence of Egyptian natives, remitted debts and taxes, released prisoners, pardoned rebels who have surrendered, and granted increased benefactions to the temples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-196", "description": "Antiochus III's army crosses the Hellespont into Thrace, where he claims sovereignty over territory that has been won by Seleucus I in 281 BC. A war of harassment and diplomacy with Rome ensues. The Romans send ambassadors demanding that Antiochus stay out of Greece and set free all the autonomous communities in Anatolia. To meet these demands would have meant Antiochus III giving up the western part of his Seleucid Empire. Thus Antiochus refuses the Romans' demands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-195", "description": "Because of his administrative and constitutional reforms in Carthage, Hannibal becomes unpopular with an important faction of the Carthaginian nobility and he is denounced to the Romans for inciting the Seleucid king Antiochus III to take up arms against the Romans. Rome demands that Carthage surrender Hannibal. However, Hannibal voluntarily goes into exile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-195", "description": "Tensions between Antiochus III and Rome increase when Hannibal is given refuge by Antiochus III at Ephesus and becomes his adviser.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-195", "description": "After Roman diplomatic intervention, Antiochus III finally halts his war with Egypt. In the peace agreement (the Peace of Lysimachia), Antiochus III formally takes possession of southern Syria, which has been fought over for 100 years by the Ptolemies and Seleucids, and also takes possession of the Egyptian territories in Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-195", "description": "A Spanish revolt against Roman consolidation of the ex-Carthaginian colonies is effectively put down by Marcus Porcius Cato (ampquotthe Censorampquot). He avoids one defeat by paying the Celtiberians 200 talents (around 120,000 denarii), a much-criticised tactic. On Cato's return to Rome, Aemilius Paulus succeeds him as Roman governor in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-195", "description": "The Roman sumptuary law, the Lex Oppia, which restricts not only a woman's wealth, but also her display of wealth, is repealed despite consul Marcus Porcius Cato's strong opposition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-195", "description": "The Battle of Gythium is fought between Sparta and a coalition of Rome, Rhodes, the Achaean League and Pergamum. As the port of Gythium is an important Spartan base, the allies decide to capture it before they advance inland to Sparta. The Romans and the Acheans are joined outside the city by the Pergamese and Rhodian fleets. The Spartans hold out, however the pro-consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus arrives with 4,000 extra men. Facing too great an army, the Spartans decide to surrender the city on the condition that the garrison can leave unharmed. As a result, Nabis, the tyrant of Sparta, is forced to abandon the surrounding land and withdraw to the city of Sparta. Later that year, Sparta capitulates to the allies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-195", "description": "Aristophanes of Byzantium, Greek scholar, critic and grammarian, becomes the chief librarian at Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-195", "description": "Chang'an, the capital of China, is thought to become the largest city in the world at the time, taking over from Pataliputra, the capital of the Mauryan empire.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm<\/a> Geography at about.comampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-195", "description": "Haemosu Dangun, the first ruler of Buyeo, dies and his son Mosuri Dangun succeeds him to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Korea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-194", "description": "After checking the ambitions of the Spartan tyrant, Nabis, the Roman forces under pro-consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus finally withdraw from Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-194", "description": "With the Roman legions under Flaminius returning to Italy, the Greek states are once again on their own. The Romans leave the dominant powers in the region the kingdom of Macedonia, the Aetolians, the strengthened Achaean League and the weakened Sparta. The Aetolians, who have opposed the Roman intervention in Greek affairs, incite the Spartan leader, Nabis, to retake his former territories and regain his influence in Greek affairs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-194", "description": "With his peace agreement with the Egyptians in place, Antiochus III now turns his attention to the West. He is encouraged to challenge Rome's protection of the Greeks by his advisor, the former Carthaginian general Hannibal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-194", "description": "Philip V of Macedon, along with Rhodes, Pergamum, and the Achaean League, join Rome against Antiochus III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-194", "description": "The Battle of Mutina is fought near Modena, between the Romans and the Gauls. The Romans are victorious in the battle which effectively ends the threat of the Gauls in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-194", "description": "The Italian towns of Liternum and Puteoli become Roman colonies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-194", "description": "The construction of the first city wall of Chang'an begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-194", "description": "The Wiman Joseon kingdom of northern Korea (Choson) is founded by the Chinese Han Dynasty general Wiman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Korea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-193", "description": "Eumenes II of Pergamum appeals to Rome for help against the Seleucid king Antiochus III who is threatening to conquer Greece. The Roman pro-consul Titus Quinctius Flamininus supports the Roman championship of Greek autonomy in Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-193", "description": "Flamininus is sent to negotiate with Antiochus III and warns him not to interfere with the Greek states. Antiochus does not accept that Flamininus has the authority to speak for the Greeks and only promises to leave Greece alone only if the Romans do the same.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-193", "description": "Flamininus attempts to rally the Greeks against Antiochus III and to counter the pro-Seleucid policy of the Aetolians. When the Aetolians call on Antiochus III for aid, Flamininus persuades the Achaean League to declare war on both parties.  He also prevents Philopoemen from taking Sparta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-193", "description": "In the mean time, the Spartan ruler, Nabis, moves to recover lost territory, including Gythium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-193", "description": "Carneades of Cyrene moves to Athens to found the third or new Academy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-193", "description": "Cleopatra I Syra, daughter of Antiochus III and Laodice, marries the Egyptian King Ptolemy V Epiphanes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-192", "description": "The Achaeans respond to Sparta's renewed interest in recovering lost territory by sending an envoy to Rome with a request for help. In response, the Roman Senate sends the praetor Atilius with a navy, as well as an embassy headed by Titus Quinctius Flamininus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-192", "description": "Not waiting for the Roman fleet to arrive, the Achaean army and navy head towards Gythium under the command of Philopoemen. The Achaean fleet under Tiso is defeated by the Spartan fleet. On land, the Achaeans are unable to defeat the Spartan forces outside Gythium and Philopoemen retreats to Tegea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-192", "description": "When Philopoemen reenters Laconia for a second attempt, his forces are ambushed by the Spartan tyrant, Nabis, but nevertheless Philopoemen manages to gain a victory over the Spartan forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-192", "description": "Philopoemen's plans for capturing Sparta itself are put on hold at the request of the Roman envoy Flaminius after his arrival in Greece. In return, Nabis decides, for the moment, to accept the status quo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-192", "description": "Nabis then appeals to the Aetolians for help. They send 1,000 cavalry under the command of Alexamenus to Sparta. However, the Aetolians murder Nabis and temporarily occupy Sparta. The Aetolian troops seize the palace and set about looting the city, but the inhabitants of Sparta are able to rally and force them leave the city. Philopoemen, however, takes advantage of the Aetolian treachery and enters Sparta with his Achaean army. Now in full control of Sparta, Philopoemen forces Sparta to become a member state of the Achaean League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-192", "description": "Seleucid forces under their king, Antiochus III, invade Greece at the invitation of the Aetolian League, who are revolting against the Romans. The Aetolians appoint him commander in chief of their league. Antiochus lands in Demetrias, Thessaly with only 10,500 men and occupies Euboea. However, he finds little support for his cause in central Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-191", "description": "The Romans under Manius Acilius Glabrio and Cato the Elder cut the Seleucid king Antiochus III off from his reinforcements in Thrace and outflank his position at the pass of Thermopylae in the Battle of Thermopylae. With the remainder of his troops, Antiochus flees to Chalcis on Euboea and from there he retreats by sea to Ephesus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-191", "description": "Manius Acilius Glabrio then turns his attention to the Aetolian League, which has persuaded Antiochus to declare war against Rome, and is only prevented from crushing them by the intercession of Titus Quinctius Flamininus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-191", "description": "Scipio Africanus persuades the Roman Senate to continue the war against Antiochus III by making him the chief commander and allowing him and his brother, Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus, to follow Antiochus into Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-191", "description": "The Roman calendar, which is four months ahead of the seasons, is adjusted (by ''Lex Acilia de intercalando'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-191", "description": "Cisalpine Gaul becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-191", "description": "The Carthaginians manage to collect the indemnity due to Rome (through the peace treaty signed between them ten years earlier) but not payable in full for 50 years. The Romans, in order to keep their hold on Carthage, refuse to accept the early payment of the indemnity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-191", "description": "Arsaces II, king of Parthia, is considered to have been murdered on the orders of Antiochus III. Arsaces is succeeded by his cousin Phriapatius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-191", "description": "Emperor Hui of Han lifts the ban on Confucian writings ordered in 213 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-190", "description": "The Battle of the Eurymedon is fought between a Seleucid fleet and ships from Rhodes and Pergamum, who are allied with the Roman Republic. The Seleucids are led by the famous Carthaginian general Hannibal. The Rhodians and their allies are victorious and Hannibal's fleet is forced to flee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-190", "description": "Subsequently, the naval Battle of Myonessus is fought between a Seleucid fleet and a Roman fleet with the help Rhodian ships. The Romans and their allies are victorious.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-190", "description": "As Philip V of Macedon has aided Rome against her enemies on the Greek peninsula, his tribute to Rome is remitted and his son, Demetrius, is restored to him after being held hostage in Rome for a number of years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-190", "description": "Meeting no further resistance from the Seleucids and their allies, the Roman army under general Scipio Africanus and his brother Lucius, along with King Eumenes II of Pergamum and other allies, cross the Hellespont into Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-190", "description": "With the increasingly real threat to his Empire from the Romans, Antiochus III is eager to negotiate on the basis of Rome's previous demands, but the Romans insist that he first give up the region west of the Taurus Mountains. When Antiochus refuses, the Battle of Magnesia is fought near Magnesia ad Sipylum, on the plains of Lydia in Anatolia, between the Romans, led by the consul Lucius Cornelius Scipio and his brother, Scipio Africanus, with their ally Eumenes II of Pergamum, and the army of Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid Empire. The resulting decisive Roman victory ends the conflict with the Seleucids for the control of Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-190", "description": "Following Antiochus III's defeat by the Romans, the two Armenian satraps of Antiochus III's, Artaxias and Zariadres, declare themselves independent of the Seleucids. With Roman consent, they establish themselves as kings of the Kingdom of Armenia and the district of Sophene (Armenia Minor), respectively. Artaxias builds his capital, Artaxata, on the Araxes River (now the Aras River) near Lake Sevan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-190", "description": "For assisting the Romans in defeating Antiochus III, Eumenes II of Pergamum is rewarded with a great increase in territory. He is given control over the Thracian Chersonese (the modern Gallipoli peninsula) and over most of the former Seleucid possessions in Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-190", "description": "One of the main highways in Roman Italy, the Via Appia, is extended to Benevento and Venosa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-190", "description": "The statue Nike (Victory) of Samothrace is created (possible date). It is discovered in 1863 and is now kept at Mus\u00e9e du Louvre in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-189", "description": "Cato the Elder criticizes the consul Marcus Fulvius Nobilior for giving awards to Roman soldiers for doing ordinary tasks such as digging wells.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-189", "description": "The defeat of Antiochus III by the Romans in the Battle of Magnesia robs the Aetolian League of its principal foreign ally and makes it impossible for them to stand alone in continued opposition to Rome. The League is forced to sign a peace treaty with Rome that makes it a subject ally of the Republic. Although the League continues to exist in name, the power of the League is broken by the treaty and it never again constitutes a significant political or military force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-189", "description": "The Romans under consul Gnaeus Manlius Vulso, along with a Pergamene army under Eumenes II, defeat the Galatians in Anatolia and make them subjects of Pergamum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-189", "description": "The city of Philadelphia (now Ala\u015fehir, Turkey) is founded by King Eumenes II of Pergamon. Eumenes names the city after his brother, Attalus, whose loyalty earns him the nickname, ampquotPhiladelphusampquot, literally meaning ampquotone who loves his brotherampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-188", "description": "The leader of the Achaean League, Philopoemen, enters northern Laconia with his army and a group of Spartan exiles. His army demolishes the wall that the former tyrant of Sparta, Nabis, has built around Sparta. Philopoemen then restores Spartan citizenship to the exiles and abolishes Spartan law, introducing Achaean law in its place. Sparta's role as a major power in Greece ends, while the Achaean League becomes the dominant power throughout the Peloponnese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-188", "description": "The continuing quarrels among the Greek cities and leagues increases the conviction in Rome that there will be no peace in Greece until Rome takes full control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-188", "description": "Through the peace treaty of Apamea (in Phrygia), the Romans force the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, to surrender all his Greek and Anatolian possessions as far east as the Taurus Mountains, to pay 15,000 talents over a period of 12 years and to surrender to Rome the former Carthaginian general Hannibal, his elephants and his fleet, and furnish hostages, including the king's eldest son, Demetrius. Rome is now the master of the eastern Mediterranean while Antiochus III's empire is reduced to Syria, Mesopotamia, and western Iran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-188", "description": "Hannibal flees via Crete to the court of King Prusias I of Bithynia who is engaged in warfare with Rome's ally, King Eumenes II of Pergamum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-188", "description": "Following the peace of Apamea, Eumenes II receives the provinces of Phrygia, Lydia, Lycia, Pisidia, and Pamphylia from his Roman allies, as the Romans have no desire to actually administer territory in Hellenistic Anatolia but want to see a strong, friendly state in Anatolia as a buffer zone against any possible Seleucid expansion in the future.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-187", "description": "The Seleucid king, Antiochus III, mounts a fresh expedition to the east of his kingdom in Luristan, where he is killed during an attempt to collect tribute from a temple at Elymais, Persia. He is succeeded by his son, Seleucus IV, who inherits an empire consisting of Syria (including Cilicia and Palestine), Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Media and Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-187", "description": "Tiberius Gracchus Major is elected tribune of the plebs, in which capacity he is recorded as having saved Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major from prosecution by interposing his veto. Tiberius is no friend nor political ally of Scipio's, but feels that the general's services to Rome merit his release from the threat of trial like any common criminal. Supposedly, in gratitude for this action, Scipio betrothes his youngest daughter, Cornelia, to him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-187", "description": "The construction of the Via Aemilia, a trunk road in the north Italian plains, running from Ariminum (Rimini), on the Adriatic coast, to Placentia (Piacenza) on the river Padus (Po), is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-187", "description": "Queen Cleopatra I is appointed Vizier (Chief Minister) to the King Ptolemy V Epiphanes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-186", "description": "The rapid spread of the Bacchanalia cult throughout the Roman Republic, which, it is claimed, indulges in all kinds of crimes and political conspiracies at its nocturnal meetings, leads to the Roman Senate issuing a decree, the ''Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus'', by which the Bacchanalia are prohibited throughout all Italy except in certain special cases which must be approved specifically by the Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-186", "description": "Eumenes II of Pergamum defeats Prusias I of Bithynia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-186", "description": "The first burial at the famous archaeological site of Mawangdui is made during the Western Han Dynasty of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-185", "description": "The Roman general Scipio Africanus and his brother Lucius are accused by Cato the Elder and his supporters of having received bribes from the late Seleucid king Antiochus III. Scipio defies his accusers, reminds the Romans of their debt to him, and retires to his country house at Liternum in Campania. However, Cato is successful in breaking the political influence of Lucius Scipio and Scipio Africanus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-185", "description": "The civil war between the northern and southern areas of Egypt ends with the arrest of Ankmachis by the Ptolemaic general Conanus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-185", "description": "Pusyamitra Sunga assassinates the Mauryan emperor Brhadrata, which brings an end to that dynasty, after which he founds the Sunga dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-184", "description": "Cato the Elder, along with his colleague, Lucius Valerius Flaccus, is elected censors in Rome. Already the champion of the ancient, austere Roman way of life, Cato, now inaugurates a puritanical campaign. He aims at preserving the ''mos majorum'' (ampquotancestral customampquot) and combating all Greek influences, which he believes are undermining the older Roman standards of morality. He passes measures taxing luxury and strictly revises the list of persons eligible for the Senate. Abuses by tax gatherers are brought under control, and public building is promoted as a worthy cause.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-184", "description": "With concerns rising in Rome over whether Philip V of Macedon is preparing for a new war with the Romans, Appius Claudius Pulcher is sent at the head of an embassy into Macedonia and Greece to observe Philip's activities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-184", "description": "The town of Pisaurum is established by the Romans as a colony in the territory of the Piceni, a tribe living in the Marche on the Adriatic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-184", "description": "The oldest known basilica, the Basilica Porcia, is completed in Rome by Cato the Elder during the time he is censor. The building is used by the Romans for transacting business and disposing of legal matters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-183", "description": "Roman colonies are established at Mutina (later Modena), Pisa and Parma in northern and central Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-183", "description": "The Roman general Scipio Africanus dies at Liternum in Campania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-183", "description": "The Roman statesman Titus Quinctius Flamininus is sent to the court of Prusias I, king of Bithynia, to demand the surrender of the former Carthaginian statesman and general Hannibal. When Hannibal finds out that Prusias is about to agree to the Roman demands and thus betray him, he poisons himself in the village of Libyssa in Bithynia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-183", "description": "The town of Messene rebels against the Achaean League. When the Achaean League's general, Philopoemen, intervenes to try to control the rebellion, he is captured during a skirmish and imprisoned. He is then given poison to take so that he can die honourably.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-182", "description": "The king of Bithynia, Prusias I Chlorus dies and is succeeded by his son, who rules as Prusias II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-181", "description": "Ptolemy V is poisoned after a reign of 24 years in which the Egyptian kingdom has declined in power and influence and has lost most of its empire outside Egypt other than Cyprus and Cyrenaica. The elder of his two sons, Ptolemy VI Philometor succeeds him, but since he is an infant, he rules under the regency of his mother Cleopatra the Syrian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-181", "description": "Rome founds a colony at Aquileia, on the narrow strip of land between the mountains and the lagoons, as a frontier fortress to check the advance of the Illyrians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-181", "description": "Pharnaces I of Pontus decides to attack both Eumenes II of Pergamum and Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia and therefore invades Galatia with a large force. Eumenes leads an army to oppose him, however, hostilities are soon suspended following the arrival of Roman deputies, who have been appointed by the Roman Senate to inquire into the matters in dispute. Negotiations take place at Pergamum but are inconclusive, with Pharnaces' demands being rejected by the Romans as unreasonable. As a consequence, the war between Pontus and Pergamum and Cappadocia is renewed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-180", "description": "After three years of intriguing against his younger brother Demetrius, including accusing him of coveting the succession to the Macedonian throne and being allied to Rome, Perseus persuades his father King Philip V of Macedon to have Demetrius executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-180", "description": "Rome completes its subjugation of all of Italy with the defeat of the Ligurians in a battle near modern Genoa. Rome deports 40,000 Ligurians to other areas of the Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-180", "description": "Lucca becomes a Roman colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-180", "description": "Ptolemy VI Philometor, aged 6, rules as co-regent with his mother, Cleopatra I, who, although a daughter of a Seleucid king, does not take King Seleucus IV's side and remains on friendly terms with Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-180", "description": "Following the death of Aristophanes of Byzantium, Aristarchus of Samothrace becomes librarian at Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-180", "description": "Demetrius I starts his invasion of present-day Pakistan, following the earlier destruction of the Mauryan dynasty by general Pusyamitra Sunga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-180", "description": "Apollodotus I, a general with Demetrius I of Bactria, becomes king of the western and southern parts of the Indo-Greek kingdom, from Taxila in Punjab to the areas of Sindh and possibly Gujarat. He maintains his allegiance to Demetrius I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-180", "description": "Emperor Wen of the Han dynasty ascends to the Chinese throne after quelling the clans of Empress Dowager L\u00fc.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-179", "description": "Tiberius Gracchus Major goes to Hispania as Roman governor to deal with uprisings there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-179", "description": "The Pons Aemilius is completed across the Tiber River in Rome. It is regarded as the world's first stone bridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-179", "description": "Marcus Aemilius Lepidus is appointed both censor and princeps senatus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-179", "description": "Philip V of Macedon dies at Amphipolis in Macedonia, remorseful for having put his younger son Demetrius to death, at the instigation of his older son Perseus. Nevertheless, he is succeeded by his son Perseus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-179", "description": "Eumenes II of Pergamum defeats Pharnaces I of Pontus in a major battle. Finding himself unable to cope with the combined forces of Eumenes and Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia, Pharnaces is compelled to purchase peace by ceding all his conquests in Galatia and Paphlagonia, with the exception of Sinope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-178", "description": "In Rome, the praetor Lucius Postumius Albinus celebrates a triumph after conquering the Vaccaei and Lusitani during his time as Roman commander in the province of Hispania Ulterior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-178", "description": "One of Perseus' first acts on becoming king of Macedonia is to renew the treaty between Macedonia and Rome. In the mean time, Perseus builds up the Macedonian army and puts out feelers for creating an alliance with the Greek leagues, with his northern barbarian neighbours, and also with the Seleucid king Seleucus IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-177", "description": "Perseus of Macedonia marries Laodice, the daughter of the Seleucid king Seleucus IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-177", "description": "After two military campaigns, the Romans finally subdue the Illyrian tribe of the Histri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-177", "description": "Luni in northern Italy is founded by the Romans with the name Luna at the mouth of the Magra River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-176", "description": "The Roman general, Tiberius Gracchus Major, subdues Sardinia, enslaving some of the population.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-176", "description": "Cleopatra I Syra dies leaving her son, Ptolemy VI, to rule Egypt alone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-176", "description": "King Phriapatius of Parthia dies and is succeeded by his son Phraates I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-175", "description": "King Seleucus IV of Syria arranges for the exchange of his brother Antiochus for Demetrius, the son of Seleucus VI, who has been a hostage in Rome following the Treaty of Apamea in 188 BC. However, Seleucus IV is assassinated by his chief minister Heliodorus who then seizes the Syrian throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-175", "description": "Antiochus manages to oust Heliodorus and takes advantage of Demetrius' captivity in Rome to seize the throne for himself under the name Antiochus IV Epiphanes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-175", "description": "During this period of uncertainty in Syria, the Egyptian ruler, Ptolemy VI, lays claim to Coele Syria, Palestine, and Phoenicia, which the Seleucid king Antiochus III has previously conquered. Both the Syrian and Egyptian parties appeal to Rome for help, but the Roman Senate refuses to take sides.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-175", "description": "Timarchus is appointed governor of Media in western Persia by Antiochus IV to deal with the growing threat from the Parthians while Timarchus' brother, Heracleides, becomes minister of the royal finances.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-175", "description": "The construction of the western front of the altar in Pergamum, Turkey begins (approximate date) and is finished in 156 BC. A reconstruction of it is now kept at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Pergamonmuseum in Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-174", "description": "The Xiongnu attack the Tocharians, and force them away from Gansu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mongolia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-173", "description": "Ptolemy VI Philometor marries his sister, Cleopatra II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-173", "description": "Antiochus IV pays the remainder of the war indemnity that has been imposed by the Romans on Antiochus III in the Treaty of Apamea (188 BC).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-172", "description": "Eumenes II of Pergamum travels to Rome to warn the Roman Senate of the danger from Perseus of Macedon. On his return from Rome, Eumenes II is nearly killed at Delphi and Perseus is suspected of being the instigator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-172", "description": "Since the reign of the Seleucid king, Antiochus III, the Jewish inhabitants of Judea enjoy extensive autonomy under their high priest. However, they are divided into two parties, the orthodox Hasideans (Pious Ones) and a reform party that favours Hellenism. Antiochus IV supports the reform party because of the financial support they provide him with. In return for a considerable payment, he has permitted the high priest, Jason, to build a gymnasium in Jerusalem and to introduce the Greek mode of educating young people. Jason's time as high priest is brought to an abrupt end when he sends Menelaus, the brother of Simon the Benjamite, to deliver money to Antiochus IV. Menelaus takes this opportunity to ampquotoutbidampquot Jason for the priesthood, resulting in Antiochus IV confirming Menelaus as the High Priest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-172", "description": "The peace treaty at the end of the Second Punic War requires that all border disputes involving Carthage be arbitrated by the Roman Senate and requires Carthage to get explicit Roman approval before going to war. As a result, envoys from Carthage appear before the Roman Senate to request resolution of a boundary dispute with Numidia. The dispute is decided in Numidia's favour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-171", "description": "Epirus joins Macedonia in the latter's fight against Rome. However, the Greek leagues remain neutral.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-171", "description": "Thanks to the efforts of Eumenes II of Pergamum while in Rome, the Romans declare war on Macedonia and send troops to Thessaly, thus beginning the Third Macedonian War. In the resulting Battle of Callicinus the Macedonians, led by their king, Perseus, are victorious over a Roman force led by consul Publius Licinius Crassus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-171", "description": "The first Roman colony outside Italy is founded at Carteia in southern Hispania after Iberian-born descendants of Roman soldiers appear before the Roman Senate to request a town to live in and are given Carteia, which is named Colonia Libertinorum Carteia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-171", "description": "Lucius Postumius Albinus is sent by Rome as an ambassador to King Masinissa of Numidia, and to the Carthaginians in order to raise troops for the war against Perseus of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-171", "description": "Mithradates I succeeds his brother Phraates I as king of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-170", "description": "In Thessaly, King Perseus of Macedon repulses a Roman army which is commanded by Aulus Hostilius Mancinus. Meanwhile, the Thracian city of Abdera is sacked by Roman and Pergamese troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-170", "description": "With the guardians of the young king Ptolemy VI Philometor demanding the return of Coele-Syria to Egyptian control, the Seleucid king, Antiochus IV Epiphanes, decides on a preemptive strike against Egypt and invades the country, conquering all but the city of Alexandria. He is also able to capture Ptolemy VI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-170", "description": "Antiochus IV decides to let Ptolemy VI continue as king of Egypt, but as his puppet. He does this to minimise any reaction from Rome towards his invasion. Antiochus IV then departs Egypt to deal with disturbances in Palestine, but he safeguards his access to Egypt with a strong garrison in Pelusium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-170", "description": "With Antiochus IV now absent from the country, the citizens of Alexandria choose Ptolemy VI's brother Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II as their king. The two Ptolemy brothers agree to rule Egypt jointly with their sister Cleopatra II and Coele Syria is invaded by the Egyptian forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-170", "description": "The usurped high priest of Judea, Jason, does not abandon his claims to being the high priest which he has lost to Menelaus two years earlier. While Antiochus IV is waging war against Egypt, he succeeds in making himself master of Jerusalem once more and forces Menelaus to seek refuge in the citadel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-170", "description": "Around this time, Eucratides, who is either a rebellious Bactrian official or a cousin of the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, captures the throne of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom by toppling the Euthydemid dynasty's king Antimachus I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-169", "description": "Macedonian forces led by Perseus of Macedon trap a Roman army led by consul Quintus Marcius Phillipus near Tempe, but the Macedonians fail to take advantage of their resulting superior tactical position.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-169", "description": "King Perseus asks the Seleucid King Antiochus IV to join forces with him against the danger that Rome presents to all of the Hellenic monarchs. Antiochus IV does not respond.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-169", "description": "''Lex Voconia'' (The Voconian Law) is introduced in Rome by the tribune, Quintus Voconius Saxa, with the support of Cato the Elder. This law prohibits those who own property valued at 100,000 sesterces from making a woman their heir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-168/06/22", "description": " The Battle of Pydna (in southern Macedonia) gives Roman forces under Lucius Aemilius Paulus a crushing victory over Perseus and his Macedonian forces, thus ending the Third Macedonian War. Perseus is captured by the Romans and will spend the rest of his life in captivity at Alba Fucens, near Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-168/06/22", "description": "The Macedonian kingdom is broken up by the Romans into four smaller states, and all the Greek cities which have offered aid to Macedonia, even just in words, are punished. The Romans take hundreds of prisoners from the leading families of Macedonia, including the historian Polybius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-168/06/22", "description": "The joint rulers of Egypt, Ptolemy VI, Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II and their sister Cleopatra II send a renewed request to Rome for aid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-168/06/22", "description": "The fleet of the Seleucid king Antiochus IV wins a victory off Cyprus, whose governor then surrenders the island to him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-168/06/22", "description": "Antiochus IV then invades Egypt again and occupies Lower Egypt and his forces camp outside Alexandria. However, the Roman ambassador in Alexandria, Gaius Popillius Laenas, intervenes. He presents Antiochus IV with an ultimatum that he evacuate Egypt and Cyprus immediately. Antiochus, taken by surprise, asks for time to consider. Popillius, however, draws a circle in the earth (i.e. ampquota line in the sandampquot) around the king with his walking stick and demands an unequivocal answer before Antiochus leaves the circle. Fearing the consequences of a war with Rome, the king agrees to comply with the ambassador's demands. In return, the Romans agree that Antiochus IV can retain southern Syria, to which Egypt has laid claim, thus enabling Antiochus IV to preserve the territorial integrity of his realm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-168/06/22", "description": "Jason removes Menelaus as High Priest in Jerusalem, which Antiochus IV regards as an affront to his majesty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-168", "description": "The king of Illyria, Gentius, is defeated at Scodra by a Roman force under Lucius Anicius Gallus and then brought to Rome as a captive to be interned in Iguvium. This loss removes Illyria as an important ally for Macedonia and effectively weakens Perseus of Macedon in his battle with Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-168", "description": "The Roman general, Lucius Aemilius Paulus, is elected consul and arrives in Thessaly to lead the Roman army which has been trapped by Perseus' forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-167", "description": "King Antiochus IV Epiphanes, believing Judea to be in revolt, returns to there after the failure of his Egyptian campaign and orders his soldiers to cut down without mercy those whom they meet and to slay those who have taken refuge in their houses. In the space of three days, 80,000 are lost in Jerusalem, 40,000 meeting a violent death, and the same number being sold into slavery.ampamp2 Maccabees 5:11\u201314.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-167", "description": "The Jewish priest Mattathias of Modi'in defies the king Antiochus IV's decrees aimed at hellenizing the Jews and specifically defies the order that Jews should sacrifice to Zeus. Mattathias slays a Syrian official and escapes into the Judean hills with his five sons and begins a revolt against Seleucid control of Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-167", "description": "Private documents collected by the Romans when they capture Perseus of Macedon incriminate political leaders of the Achaean League. Many influential Greeks are deported to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-167", "description": "On his way back to Rome, the Roman general Lucius Aemilius Paulus is ordered by the Roman Senate to inflict a brutal revenge on Epirus for being an ally of Macedonia. Seventy towns in Epirus are destroyed and at least 100,000 citizens are sold into slavery. These actions take place despite the fact that Epirus has not aided Perseus in his war with Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-167", "description": "Lucius Aemilius Paulus returns to Italy with the King of Macedonia, Perseus, as his prisoner for his triumphal procession in Rome, where the Macedonians captured are sold into slavery. The huge amount of booty brought home after the battle enriches Rome allowing the Government to relieve her citizens of direct taxation. As a gesture of acknowledgment for his achievements in Macedonia, the senate awards Lucius Aemilius Paulus the surname Macedonicus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-167", "description": "The Parthians capture the key central Asian city of Herat. This victory effectively chokes off the movement of trade along the Silk Road to China and means that the Hellenic kingdom of Bactria is doomed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-166", "description": "The Seleucid king Antiochus IV mounts a campaign against the Parthians who are threatening his empire in the east. He leaves his chancellor, Lysias, with responsibility for the government of southern Syria and the guardianship of his son.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-166", "description": "The leader of the Jewish revolt against Syria rule, Mattathias, dies and his third son, Judas, assumes leadership of the revolt in accordance with the deathbed disposition of his father.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-166", "description": "The Battle of Beth Horon is fought between Jewish forces led by Judas Maccabeus and a Seleucid army. Maccabeus gains the element of surprise and successfully routs the much larger Syrian army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-166", "description": "The Battle of Emmaus takes place between the Jewish rebels led by Judas Maccabeus and Seleucid forces sent by Antiochus IV and led by Lysias and his general, Gorgias. In the ensuing battle, Judas Maccabeus and his men succeed in repelling Gorgias and forcing his army out of Judea and down to the coastal plain in what is an important victory in the war for Judea's independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-166", "description": "The Roman playwright Terence's ''Andria'' (''The Girl from Andros'') is first performed at the Megalesian games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-166", "description": "Laoshang leads 140,000 Xiongnu cavalry in a raid in Anding, and they reach as far as the royal retreat at Yong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-165", "description": "Artaxias I, King of Armenia, is taken captive by the Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes when he attacks Armenia. Artaxias is forced to recognize Antiochus IV's suzerainty over Armenia before he is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-165", "description": "The Roman playwright Terence's ''Hecyra'' (''The Mother-in-Law'') is first performed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-164", "description": "The Egyptian King Ptolemy VI Philometor is expelled from Alexandria by his brother Ptolemy VIII Euergetes and flees to Rome to seek support.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-164", "description": "The Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes dies while on a campaign in Tabae (or Gabae, now Isfahan) in Persia. He is succeeded by his son Antiochus V Eupator who is only nine years old. The regent for the boy is the late king's chancellor, Lysias, who has been left in charge of Syria when Antiochus IV departed for his campaign in Persia. Lysias is, however, seriously challenged by other Syrian generals and finds himself with a precarious hold on power. To make matters worse for him, the Roman Senate is holding Demetrius, the son of the former king Seleucus IV and, therefore, the rightful heir to the Seleucid throne, as a hostage. By threatening to release him, the Senate is able to influence events in the Seleucid kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-164", "description": "The Battle of Beth Zur is fought between Jewish rebel forces led by Judas Maccabeus and a Seleucid army led by the regent Lysias. Judas Maccabeus wins the battle and is able to recapture Jerusalem soon after. Judas purifies the defiled Temple in Jerusalem, destroys the idols erected there by Antiochus IV and restores the service in the Temple. The reconsecration of the Temple becomes an annual feast of dedication in the Jewish calendar, Hanukkah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-164", "description": "Rhodes signs a treaty with Rome and becomes its ally.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-164", "description": "Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus is elected censor in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-164", "description": "Construction of the detail of the frieze from the east front of the altar in Pergamon, ''Athena Attacking the Giants'', begins and is finished eight years later. It is now kept at the Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Antikensammlung, Pergamonmuseum in Berlin, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-163", "description": "The Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor is restored to his throne through the intervention of the citizens of Alexandria. However, the Romans intervene and decide to partition the Ptolemaic realm, ordering Ptolemy VIII Euergetes into Cyrenaica and giving Ptolemy VI Cyprus and Egypt. The two brothers accept the Roman partition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-163", "description": "In the turmoil following the death of Antiochus IV, the governor of Media, Timarchus becomes the independent ruler of Media, opposing Lysias who is acting as regent for young king Antiochus V Eupator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-163", "description": "Lysias tries to make peace with the Jews in Judea. He offers them full religious freedom if they will lay down their arms. Even though the Chasidim consent, Judas Maccabeus argues for full political as well as religious freedom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-163", "description": "The Roman playwright Terence's play ''Heauton Timorumenos'' (ampquotThe Self-Tormentorampquot) is first performed.ampamp{{cite book |title=A Companion to Latin Literature |last= Harrison|first= |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2005 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |location= |isbn= |page=137 |pages= |url= |accessdate=30 June 2010}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-162", "description": "The Maccabees, under the leadership of Judas Maccabeus, continue their struggle against the Seleucids and persecute the Hellenising faction in Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-162", "description": "Seleucid forces still control the Acra, a strong fortress within Jerusalem that faces the Temple Mount. Judas Maccabeus lays siege to the fortress and in response, the Seleucid general and regent to the young Seleucid king Antiochus V, Lysias, approaches Jerusalem and besieges Beth-zechariah, 25 kilometres from the city. Judas lifts his own siege on the Acra, and leads his army south to Beth-zechariah. In the ensuing Battle of Beth-zechariah, the Seleucids achieve their first major victory over the Maccabees, and Judas is forced to withdraw to Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-162", "description": "Lysias then lays siege to the city. Just when capitulation by the Maccabees seems imminent, Lysias has to withdraw when the commander-in-chief under the late Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes, Philip, rebels against him. As a result, Lysias decides to propose a peaceful settlement which is accepted by the Maccabees. The terms of peace involve the restoration of religious freedom, permission for the Jews to live in accordance with their own laws, and the official return of the Temple in Jerusalem to the Jews.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-162", "description": "With the aid of the Greek statesman and historian Polybius, the son of the former Seleucid king Seleucus IV Philopator, Demetrius escapes from Rome, where he has been held as a hostage for many years, and returns to Syria to claim the throne from his nephew Antiochus V. In the resulting dispute, Antiochus V and his regent, Lysias, are overthrown and put to death. Demetrius then establishes himself on the Seleucid throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-162", "description": "The king of Caucasian Iberia, Saurmag I, dies. Having no son, he is succeeded by his son-in-law, Mirian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Georgia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-161", "description": "The rebel Seleucid general and ruler of Media, Timarchus, who has distinguished himself by defending Media against the emergent Parthians, treats Demetrius I's violent accession to the Seleucid throne as the excuse to declare himself an independent king and extend his realm from Media into Babylonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-161", "description": "With the restoration of peace in Judea, an internal struggle breaks out between the supporters of Judas Maccabeus and the Hellenist party. The influence of the Hellenic Party all but collapses in the wake of the Seleucid defeat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-161", "description": "The Jewish High Priest Menelaus, who is supported by the Hellenist party, is removed from office and is executed. His successor is a moderate member of the Hellenist party, Alcimus. However, when Alcimus executes sixty Jews who are opposed to him, he finds himself in open conflict with the Maccabees. Alcimus flees from Jerusalem and goes to Damascus to ask the Seleucid king, Demetrius I, for help.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-161", "description": "The Maccabees, led by Judas Maccabeus, and a Seleucid army, led by the Seleucid general Nicanor, fight the Battle of Adasa, near Beth-horon. Maccabeus wins the battle and Nicanor is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-161", "description": "Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, now king of Cyrenaica, convinces the Roman Senate to back his claim for control of Cyprus, but the Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor ignores this threat, and after Ptolemy VIII Euergetes' attempt to conquer the island fails, the Roman Senate disengages from the dispute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-161", "description": "The Roman playwright Terence's plays ''Eunuchus'' (The Eunuch) and ''Phormio'' are first performed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-161", "description": "Envoys of Judas Maccabeus conclude a treaty of friendship with the Roman Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "The Seleucid king, Demetrius I, on campaign in the east of his empire, leaves his general Bacchides to govern the western portion of it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "In response to the Jewish high priest, Alcimus', request for assistance, the Seleucid general Bacchides leads an army into Judea with the intent of reconquering this now independent kingdom. Bacchides rapidly marches through Judea after carrying out a massacre of the Assideans in Galilee. He quickly makes for Jerusalem, besieging the city and trapping Judas Maccabeus, the spiritual and military leader of the Maccabees, inside. However, Judas and many of his supporters manage to escape the siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "Judas Maccabeus and many of his supporters regroup to face the Seleucid forces in the Battle of Elasa (near modern day Ramallah). Greatly outnumbered, the Maccabees are defeated and Judas Maccabeus is killed during the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "Judas Maccabeus is succeeded as army commander and leader of the Maccabees by his younger brother, Jonathan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "Demetrius I defeats and kills the rebel general Timarchus and is recognized as king of the Seleucid empire by the Roman Senate. Demetrius acquires his surname of Soter (meaning ''Saviour'') from the Babylonians, for delivering them from the tyranny of Timarchus. The Seleucid empire is temporarily united again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "The Parthian King, Mithradates I, seizes Media from the Seleucids following the death of Timarchus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "The king of Bactria, Eucratides I, is considered to have killed Apollodotus I, an Indo-Greek king who rules the western and southern parts of the Indo-Greek kingdom, when he invades the western territories of that kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "A ''Painted banner'', from the tomb of the wife of the Marquis of Dai (of the Han Dynasty in Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan, is made (approximate date). It is nowadays preserved at the Historical museum in Beijing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "Artavasdes I succeeds his father Artaxias I as king of Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Armenia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-160", "description": "The Roman playwright Terence's play ''Adelphoe'' (The Brothers) is first performed at the funeral of the Roman general, Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-159", "description": "With the Seleucid victory in Judea over the Maccabees, Alcimus is re-established as the Jewish high priest and a strong force is left in Jerusalem to support him. However, he does not enjoy his triumph for long as he dies soon after from a paralytic stroke.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-159", "description": "While Eucratides I is in north west India to claim possession of the previous Bactrian King Demetrius I's territory there, the Parthians, under Mithradates I, annex two Bactrian provinces. Returning from India to reconquer them, Eucratides is murdered by his son.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-158", "description": "At the request of the Romans, Ariarathes V, king of Cappadocia, rejects a proposal from the Seleucid king, Demetrius I, for him to marry the sister of Demetrius I. In response, Seleucid forces attack Cappadocia and remove Ariarathes V from the Cappadocian throne. Demetrius I then replaces him with Orophernes Nicephorus, a supposed son of the late king, Ariarathes IV. With Ariarathes V deprived of his kingdom, he flees to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-158", "description": "Attalus II Philadelphus, the second son of Attalus I Soter of Pergamum, ascends the throne following the death of his elder brother, Eumenes II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-157", "description": "The Carthaginians, prevented by their treaty with Rome from engaging in armed resistance, but equally guaranteed against any loss of territory, appeal to Rome against the depredations of King Masinissa of Numidia. The Roman censor Marcus Porcius Cato heads a commission which arbitrates a truce between Carthage and her former ally, Masinissa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-157", "description": "During his time in Carthage, Cato is so struck by the evidence of Carthaginian prosperity that he is convinced that the security of Rome now depends on the annihilation of Carthage. From this time on, Cato keeps repeating the cry ampquotCeterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendamampquot (ampquotMoreover, I advise that Carthage must be destroyedampquot) at the end of all his speeches, no matter what subject they concern.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-157", "description": "After Ariarathes V has been deposed from the Cappadocian throne by the Seleucid king Demetrius I Soter and has fled to Rome, the new king of Cappadocia, Orophernes, sends two ambassadors to Rome to join the Seleucid emissaries of Demetrius in opposing Ariarathes V's return to power. Despite their efforts, Ariarathes V is restored to his throne by the Romans. However, Rome allows Orophernes to reign jointly with him. The joint government, however, does not last long, as Ariarathes V becomes sole king of Cappadocia shortly afterwards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-157", "description": "Jonathan Maccabeus is recognised by the Seleucids as a minor king within their dominions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-156", "description": "The first Dalmatian war begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-155", "description": "Under the command of Punicus and then Cesarus, the Lusitani, a Hispanic tribe, reach a point near modern day Gibraltar. Here they are defeated by the Roman praetor Lucius Mummius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Hispania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-155", "description": "As part of the Roman efforts to fully conquer and occupy the whole of Illyria, a Roman army under consul Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica Corculum attacks the Dalmatians for the first time and conquers the Dalmatian capital of Delminium. As a result, the Dalmatians are compelled to pay tribute to Rome, which puts an end to the first Dalmatian war. In recognition of his victory, Corculum is granted a triumph in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-155", "description": "Menander I (known as Milinda in Sanskrit and Pali) begins his reign as king of the Indo-Greek Kingdom. His territories cover the eastern dominions of the divided Greek empire of Bactria (Panjshir and Kapisa) and extend to the modern Pakistani province of Punjab, most of the Indian states of Punjab and Himachal Pradesh and the Jammu region. His capital is considered to have been Sagala, a prosperous city in northern Punjab believed to be modern Sialkot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-154", "description": "The Lusitanians harry the inhabitants of the Roman provinces in Hispania. At the same time, the Celtiberians of Numantia on the Douro revolt against their Roman occupation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Hispania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-154", "description": "After a two year struggle, Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum is finally able to defeat Prusias II, the aggressive king of Bithynia in northern Anatolia. He is assisted in his battle against Prusias II by Ariarathes V of Cappadocia (who has sent his son Demetrius to command of his forces) and by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-154", "description": "After his victory, Attalus II insists on heavy reparations from Prusias II. In response, Prusias II sends his son Nicomedes to Rome to ask the Romans' help in reducing the amount of these reparations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-154", "description": "The Egyptian king Ptolemy VI Philometor defeats his brother, Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, after he attempts to seize Cyprus by force. Nevertheless Philometor restores his brother to Cyrenaica, marries one of his daughters to him, and grants him a grain subsidy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-154", "description": "The Rebellion of the Seven States against the Han Dynasty fails and Emperor Jing of Han further consolidates his power at the expense of the regional, semi-autonomous kings governing the eastern portion of the empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-153", "description": "The uprisings in Rome's Hispanic provinces oblige the year's consuls to take office earlier than the traditional date of 15 March, a change that becomes permanent. Some suggest that, as a consequence, January 1 becomes the first day of the Roman year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-153", "description": "The Seleucid king Demetrius I Soter's relations with Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum and Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt deteriorate to the point where they support a rival claimant to the Syrian throne, Alexander Balas, who claims to be the son of the former Seleucid king Antiochus IV Epiphanes and, therefore, a first cousin of Demetrius. He has been ampquotdiscoveredampquot by Heracleides, a former minister of Antiochus IV and brother of Timarchus, who has been executed by Demetrius I Soter in 160 BC after leading a revolt against him in Media.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-153", "description": "As a result of the rise of the pretender, Alexander Balas, Demetrius I Soter is forced to recall most of his garrisons in Judea. To retain control of Judea, he makes a bid to gain the loyalty of Jonathan Maccabeus, whom he permits to recruit an army and to take back the hostages that the Syrians are holding in the city of Acre. Jonathan gladly accepts these terms, takes up residence in Jerusalem and begins to fortify the city, becoming High Priest of Jurusalem until 143 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-153", "description": "Substantial parts of the city of Sikyon are destroyed by an earthquake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-152", "description": "The pretender to the Seleucid throne, Alexander Balas, makes contact with Jonathan Maccabeus offering him terms even more favorable than those offered by the king Demetrius I Soter. In particular, Alexander offers him the official appointment as High Priest in Jerusalem. In response, Jonathan withdraws his support from Demetrius and declares his allegiance to Alexander. Thus Jonathan becomes the first member of his family to achieve appointment as High Priest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-151", "description": "The Carthaginian debt to Rome is fully repaid, meaning that, according to Carthage, the treaty with Rome, which was put in place at the end of the Second Punic War, is no longer in force. The Romans do not agree with this interpretation. Instead they view the treaty as a permanent declaration of Carthaginian subordination to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-151", "description": "Numidia launches another border raid on Carthaginian soil, besieging a town. In response Carthage launches a large military expedition (25,000 soldiers) to repel the Numidian invaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-151", "description": "At Polybius' request, Scipio Aemilianus manages to gain the support of the Roman statesman Cato the Elder (whose son has married Scipio's sister Aemilia) for a proposal to release (and return to Greece) the 300 Achaean internees who are still being held without trial after being deported to Rome in 167 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-151", "description": "Roman forces help the thriving Greek commercial port of Massilia combat raids from the Celts from Cisalpine Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-151", "description": "Roman armies under the leadership of praetor Servius Sulpicius Galba and the proconsul Lucius Licinius Lucullus arrive in Hispania Ulterior and begin the process of subduing the local population. The revolt of the Celtiberians of Numantia is stopped.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-151", "description": "Agnimitra succeeds his father Pusyamitra Sunga as emperor of the Sunga dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "Scipio Aemilianus is sent by the Roman general, Lucius Licinius Lucullus, to Numidia to obtain some elephants from the Numidian king Masinissa, the friend of his grandfather Scipio Africanus. While there, he witnesses a great but indecisive battle between the Numidians and the Carthaginians. The latter then asks Scipio Aemilianus to arrange a settlement, but the negotiations break down.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Carthage", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "The Roman Senate shows displeasure with Carthage's decision to wage war against its neighbour without Roman consent, and tells Carthage that in order to avoid a war it has to ampquotsatisfy the Roman Peopleampquot. The Roman censor, Cato the Elder, urges the destruction of Carthage and the Roman Senate orders the gathering of an army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "The pretender to the Seleucid throne, Alexander Balas, who claims to be the son of the late Antiochus IV, defeats the Seleucid king, Demetrius I Soter, in battle and kills him. The Roman Senate, along with Attalus II Philadelphus of Pergamum and Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt, support Alexander Balas and he becomes the ruler of the Seleucid Empire. Demetrius I Soter's son, Demetrius, goes into exile in Crete.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "The new king of the Seleucid Empire, Alexander Balas, marries Cleopatra Thea, a daughter of Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Seleucid Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "Nicomedes, the son of king Prusias II of Bithynia, who has been sent to Rome to argue for smaller reparations arising from his father's unsuccessful war against Pergamum, gains the support of the Roman Senate to the point where Prusias sends an emissary with secret orders to assassinate Nicomedes. However, the emissary reveals the plot to Nicomedes and persuades him to rebel against his father.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "Mithridates V Euergetes succeeds his uncle Mithridates IV Philopator Philadelphus as king of Pontus. He continues the strategy of maintaining an alliance with the Romans which was started by his predecessor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "The Romans, led by praetor Servius Sulpicius Galba, defeat the Lusitanians in a major battle in Hispania. He then breaks his promise to the defeated Lusitanian rebels by instituting a massacre of 9,000 of their number during the peace talks. Later 20,000 more Lusitanians are sold as slaves in Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Hispania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "The making of the statue ''Hellenistic Ruler'' begins and is finished ten years later. It is now kept at the Museo Nazionale Romano in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "The making of the statue ''Aphrodite of Melos'' (also called ''Venus de Milo'') begins and is finished 25 years later. It is discovered in 1820 and is now kept at the Mus\u00e9e du Louvre in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-150", "description": "The enlargement of the Great Stupa of Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh, India begins, taking about 100 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-149", "description": "The Third Punic War begins.ampamp{{cite web|last=Hooker|first=Richard|title=Rome: The Punic Wars|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/wsu.edu\/~dee\/ROME\/PUNICWAR.HTM|accessdate=29\">http:\/\/wsu.edu\/~dee\/ROME\/PUNICWAR.HTM|accessdate=29<\/a> June 2010|date=6 June 1999| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100528041609\/http:\/\/www.wsu.edu\/~dee\/ROME\/PUNICWAR.HTM|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100528041609\/http:\/\/www.wsu.edu\/~dee\/ROME\/PUNICWAR.HTM|<\/a> archivedate= 28 May 2010 amp!--Added by DASHBot--amp}}ampamp The Romans land an army in Africa to begin the Battle of Carthage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-149", "description": "Servius Sulpicius Galba is prosecuted for corruption while serving in Spain, but is acquitted after he parades his weeping family members before the tribunal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-149", "description": "The turmoil in Spain escalates again with the renewal of the Lusitanian War, under the leadership of Viriathus, and the Celtiberian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-149", "description": "Andriscus, the last king of Macedon, ascends to the throne.ampamp{{cite web|title=Fourth Macedonian War|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unrv.com\/empire\/fourth-macedonian-war.php|accessdate=29\">http:\/\/www.unrv.com\/empire\/fourth-macedonian-war.php|accessdate=29<\/a> June 2010}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Macedon", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-149", "description": "With Roman help, Nicomedes II overthrows his father Prusias II as king of Bithynia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bithynia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-148", "description": "Corlea Trackway built in County Longford", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Ireland", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-148", "description": "With the defeat of Andriscus in the Battle of Pydna by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus, Macedon is reorganized as a Roman province by 146 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-148", "description": "Construction of the Via Postumia, linking Aquileia and Genua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-148", "description": "Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus divides Numidia among the three sons of the recently deceased Masinissa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-147", "description": "Scipio Aemilianus takes command in the Battle of Carthage. He built a mole across the gulf into the harbour, the Carthaginians dug a canal from their inner harbour basin to the coast and put to sea with a full fleet, but they are defeated in a naval engagement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-147", "description": "Carthage recalled from exile an able general, named Hasdrubal, who organized their solid defences. Against the 45-foot (13.7 m) city walls, the Romans made slow progress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-147", "description": "In Lusitania, Hispania, the Celtic king Viriathus, rallies Lusitanian resistance to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-147", "description": "Demetrius II of Syria returns to Syria (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-147", "description": "Jonathan Maccabaeus conquers Joppa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-147", "description": "Macedonia becomes a part of the Roman empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-146", "description": "With Carthage and Greece conquered, Rome becomes the sole superpower in the Mediterranean world, a distinction it will continue to hold for approximately the next 600 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-146", "description": "Carthage falls to Roman forces under Scipio Aemilianus. The walls are finally breached and the city is completely destroyed by order of the Roman Senate, despite Scipio's protests.  End of the Third Punic War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-146", "description": "Battle of Corinth ampampndash The Romans under Lucius Mummius defeat the Achaean League under Critolaus near Corinth. Corinth is destroyed, and the Achaean League dissolved. Greece becomes a Roman province. The Romans strip Corinth of its art treasures and ship them back to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-146", "description": "Hipparchus determines the equinoctial point.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-145", "description": "In the Battle of Antioch, Ptolemy VI Philometor defeats the Seleucid usurper Alexander Balas, but dies in the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-145", "description": "Ptolemy VII becomes king of Egypt briefly, then is assassinated by Ptolemy VIII.ampref name=ampquotTourampquotamp{{cite web|title=Egypt: Rulers, Kings and Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt: Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.touregypt.net\/32dyn07.htm|publisher=TourEgypt|accessdate=28\">http:\/\/www.touregypt.net\/32dyn07.htm|publisher=TourEgypt|accessdate=28<\/a> June 2010| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100628120937\/http:\/\/www.touregypt.net\/32dyn07.htm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100628120937\/http:\/\/www.touregypt.net\/32dyn07.htm|<\/a> archivedate= 28 June 2010 amp!--Added by DASHBot--amp}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-145", "description": "Hipparchus determines the length of the tropical year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-144", "description": "The Aqua Marcia aqueduct is built in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-144", "description": "Parthians take Babylonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-143", "description": "The Celtiberian War ends when Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus crushes the rebels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-142", "description": "Diodotus Tryphon seizes the throne of the Seleucid Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-142", "description": "The first stone bridge over the Tiber river is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-142", "description": "Simon Maccabaeus succeeds his brother Jonathan as High Priest of Judea until 135 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-141", "description": "Tocharian refugees appear on the borders of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-141", "description": "Emperor Wu of Han (ampquotMartial Emperorampquot) starts to rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-141", "description": "The Seleucid garrison negotiates the surrender of Jerusalem. Simon Maccabaeus assumes control of that city. He becomes prince (ruler) of Judea until 135 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria and Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-141", "description": "Demetrius II of Syria made prisoner of Mithridates, king of the Parthians. Antiochus VII Sidetes becomes king of the Seleucid Empire in his absence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria and Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-140", "description": "Scipio Aemilianus leads a group of Roman ambassadors to Alexandria, where they meet with Ptolemy VIII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-140", "description": "Simon Maccabaeus crowned king of Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-140", "description": "Han Wudi becomes emperor of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-139", "description": "Emperor Wu of Han sends an envoy into Bactria, Parthia and Ferghana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-139", "description": "The Lusitanian War ends when the rebellion collapses after the assassination of Viriathus by a Roman agent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-139", "description": "Hipparchus makes a very precise determination of the length of the synodic month.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-138", "description": "Phraates II becomes Emperor of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-138", "description": "Zhang Qian begins his explorations in central Asia for Chinese emperor Han Wu Di.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-138", "description": "The first Chinese diplomatic mission to the Ferghana valley, led by Chang Chien, is sent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-138", "description": "Hymn to Apollo is written and inscribed on stone in Delphi it is the earliest surviving notated music, in a substantial and legible fragment, in the western world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-137", "description": "Slaves led by Eunus of Apamea in Sicily revolt against the Romans in an event called the First Servile War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-137", "description": "Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, quaestor in Spain, observes that slave labor has displaced small freeheld farms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-137", "description": "Valencia is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-137", "description": "Numantian War begun, Quintus Pompeius and M. Papilius Laenas were defeated and disgraced by the Numantians in subsequent years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-137", "description": "Q. Pompeius is brought to trial by Q.Metellus and others, but acquitted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-136", "description": "Confucianism is adopted as the state religion in China by the emperor Wu Di.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-135", "description": "Menander I, King of the Indo-Greek Kingdom dies and is succeeded by Epander.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-135", "description": "The First Servile War starts.ampamp{{cite web|title=World History 200- 100 BC|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historycentral.com\/dates\/200bc.html|accessdate=28\">http:\/\/www.historycentral.com\/dates\/200bc.html|accessdate=28<\/a> June 2010}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-134", "description": "Scipio Aemilianus, victor of Carthage, takes command in Spain against the Numantians. He recruits 20,000 men and 40,000 allies, including Numidian cavalry under Jugurtha. Scipio, an expert in sieges, builds a ring of seven forts and a ditch palisade before beginning the Siege of Numantia. The perimeter of the circumvallations is twice as long as that of the city. The river Durius (Douro), enables the defenders to be supplied by small boats.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-134", "description": "Caius Fulvius Flaccus, as consul, is sent against the slaves. Uprising of 4,000 slaves crushed at Sinuessa, in Campania. Slave uprisings repressed in Attic silver mines and on the island of Delos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-134", "description": "John Hyrcanus becomes high priest and prince (ruler) of Judea, until 104 BC, following the murder of his father Simon Maccabaeus by Ptolemy the son of Abubus in 135 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-134", "description": "Hipparchus discovers the precession of the equinoxes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-134", "description": "Hipparchus creates a star catalogue.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-133", "description": "Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, as consul, is sent against the slaves in Italy. Gaius Marius serves under Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus at Numantia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-133", "description": "Scipio Aemilianus captures Numantia,ampamp{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Paul|title=Besieged: An Encyclopedia of Great Sieges from Ancient Times to the Present|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=29}}ampamp after a siege of eight months, suffering famine and pestilence. The remnant population of 4,000 citizens, surrender and set their city on fire. Thus ends the Numantine War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-133", "description": "Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus, is elected tribune of the people. He attempts to pass a law to redistribute the public land to benefit small landowners. Opposed by wealthier factions in the Roman Senate, he is killed by a group of Senators and their followers that same year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-133", "description": "The Kingdom of Pergamum is deeded to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-133", "description": "June ampampndash A large army of the Han Dynasty, under commanders such as Li Guang, attempt to ambush the Xiongnu leader in the Battle of Mayi. The plot fails, and the battle is determined a draw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-132", "description": "The First Servile War ends when Publius Rupilius quelled the rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-132", "description": "The assassination of Tiberius Gracchus, which many historians marked as the beginning of the end of the Roman Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-132", "description": "The Late Formative (or pre-Classic) period of the Maya civilization begins.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/encyclopedia.farlex.com\/132+BCampamp\">http:\/\/encyclopedia.farlex.com\/132+BCampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mexico", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-131", "description": "Aristonicus of Pergamon leads an uprising against Rome, and consul Publius Licinius Crassus Mucianius is killed in the fighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-131", "description": "The Roman censor Quintus Caecilius Metellus Macedonicus attempts to remove the tribune Gaius Atinius Labeo Macerio from the Senate, the angry Atinius drags him to be thrown off the Tarpeian Rock, and Metellus is only saved by the intervention of other senators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-131", "description": "The tribune Gaius Papirius Carbo passes a measure allowing the use of secret ballots in legislative assemblies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-131", "description": "For the first time in Roman history, both censors are plebeians (Metellus and Quintus Pompeius).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-131", "description": "First Acta Diurna appears in Rome around this time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-130", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-129", "description": "The Kingdom of Pergamon becomes the Roman Province of Asia upon the defeat of Eumenes III, pretender to the Attalid throne, by M. Perperna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-129", "description": "C. Sempronius Tuditanus celebrates his triumph over the Iapydes of Illyria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-129", "description": "Scipio Aemilianus, victor of Carthage is assassinated by his enemies in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-129", "description": "Battle of Ecbatana: The Seleucid King Antiochus VII Sidetes is defeated and killed by the Parthians under Phraates II, ending Seleucid control over Media or Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-129", "description": "Having been freed by the Parthians, Demetrius II of Syria recovers the throne of the Seleucid Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-129", "description": "Emperor Han Wudi of China of the Han dynasty launches his first offensive into the northern steppe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-129", "description": "Hipparchus publishes his catalog of stars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-129", "description": "Total solar eclipse, used by Hipparchus to estimate distance to the moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-128", "description": "Cn. Octavius and T. Annius Rufus are this year's consuls", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-128", "description": "The Greco-Bactrian kingdom is overrun by the Tocharians and renamed Tocharistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Bactria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-128", "description": "Artabanus I becomes King of Parthia (approximate date)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-128", "description": "Limenius composes the Second Delphic Hymn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-127", "description": "The Scythians defeat the Parthians in a battle around Media.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-126", "description": "Tyre successfully revolts from the Seleucid Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-126", "description": "Seleucus V Philometor succeeds his father Demetrius II as king of the Seleucid Empire. Due to his youth, his stepmother Cleopatra Thea acts as regent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-125", "description": "Cleopatra Thea succeeds to the rule of the Seleucid Empire on the death of Seleucus V.ampamp{{cite book|last=Salisbury|first=Joyce|title=Encyclopedia of Women in the Ancient World|year=2001|publisher=ABC-CLIO|accessdate=28 June 2010|page=56}}ampamp She appoints Antiochus VIII Grypus as co-ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-125", "description": "In Rome, Marcus Fulvius Flaccus proposes the extension of Roman citizenship to the northern Italians, but the Senate reacts by sending him off to deal with disturbances around Massilia.  And in so doing commenced the conquest of Transalpine Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-124", "description": "Fregellae's revolt against Rome begins in Latium. Later the city is captured and destroyed by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-124", "description": "Mithridates II succeeds Artabanus I as King of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-124", "description": "Cleopatra II of Egypt and her brother Ptolemy VIII of Egypt reconcile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-123", "description": "Gaius Gracchus elected Roman tribune for the first time. He waited until after his re-election the following year before pushing forward the various civil and agrarian reforms that his brother championed in 133 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-123", "description": "Aix-en-Provence founded under the name of ''Aquae Sextiae'' by the Roman consul Sextius Calvinus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-123", "description": "Quintus Caecilius Metellus conquers the Balearic Islands for Rome, for which he earns the cognomen ampquotBalearicus.ampquot He settles 3,000 Roman and Iberian colonists on the islands and founds the cities of Palma and Pollentia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-122", "description": "Marcus Fulvius Flaccus and Gaius Gracchus become tribunes and propose a number of radical reforms in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-122", "description": "Gracchus passes a law requiring the state to provide weapons and equipment for the soldiers in the Roman army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-121", "description": "The Roman Senate passes the motion ''senatus consultum ultimum'', which the consul Lucius Opimius interprets as giving him unlimited power to preserve the Republic. He gathers an armed force of Senators and their supporters to confront Gaius Gracchus. A pitched battle is fought inside Rome, resulting in the death of Gracchus and many of his followers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-121", "description": "A tribunal is established in Rome that executes 3,000 followers of Gracchus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-121", "description": "Consul Quintus Fabius Maximus, allied with the Aedui, defeated the Arverni and Allobroges in Transalpine Gaul, thus establishing the province for Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-121", "description": "The finest vintage of Falernian wine, known as the Opimian vintage, was bottled from vines grown on Mt Falernus between Latium and Campania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-121", "description": "Led by General Ho Chu-ping, the Chinese defeat the Xiongnu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-120", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-119", "description": "Hipparchus replaces Eumachus as Archon of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-119", "description": "The second Dalmatian war begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-119", "description": "JanuaryampampndashJune ampampndash the Han Chinese army under the commanders Wei Qing (d. 106 BC) and Huo Qubing (140 BC\u2013117 BC) are victorious over the Xiongnu in the Battle of Mobei, taken place in the Orkhon Valley of the Gobi Desert, modern Mongolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-119", "description": "Government monopolies are established in iron, salt, liquor in Ancient China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-118", "description": "The Roman colony of Narbo Martius is founded in Gallia Transalpina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-118", "description": "The second Dalmatian war ends with victory for Rome and L. Caecilius Metellus assumes the surname Delmaticus", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-118", "description": "Micipsa dies and Numidia, following the king's wish, is divided into three parts, a third each ruled by Micipsa's own sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal I, and the king's adopted son, Jugurtha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Numidia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-117", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-116/06/26", "description": " At the death of Ptolemy VIII Physcon, Cleopatra III has chosen her younger son Ptolemy X Alexander as co-regent, but the Alexandrians forced her to bring Ptolemy IX from Cyprus, of which he is governor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-116/06/26", "description": "Ptolemy IX Philometor Soter II Lathyros becomes king of Egypt and claims the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-115", "description": "Parthia makes a trade treaty with China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-115", "description": "The Kingdom of Sheba collapses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-115", "description": "Gaius Marius is praetor in Rome, he defeats tribes in modern-day Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-115", "description": "Marcus Aemilius Scaurus defeats the Carni Celtic tribes of Northern Italy, leading to their submission to Roman rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-114", "description": "The first temple of Venus is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-114", "description": "Mithridates VI Eupator becomes king of Bosporus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-113", "description": "The Cimbri and Teutones cross the Danube and enter the lands of the Celtic tribe, the Taurisci. They appeal to Rome for assistance and the Senate sends an army under Gnaeus Papirius Garbo to drive them back. The Romans attack the retreating columns as they pass the town of Noreia, but the Roman army is defeated in an ambush.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-113", "description": "Germanic tribes attack Gaul and northern Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-113", "description": "War between the Celtiberians and the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-113", "description": "Antiochus IX Cyzicenus becomes king of Seleucid Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-113", "description": "Incense burner, from the tomb of Prince Liu Sheng, Mancheng, Hebei, is made. Han dynasty. It is now kept at Hebei Provincial Museum, Shijiazhuang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-112", "description": "Jugurtha declares war against the Roman Republic (ends 105 BC).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-112", "description": "Asian Silk Road opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-111", "description": "The city of Rome is devastated by fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-111", "description": "Jugurtha, king of Numidia, bribes the commander Lucius Calpurnius Bestia and Roman friends to secure easy terms. He is given a safeconduct to Rome in order to account for his actions in the Roman Senate. Jugurtha contemptuously bribes his way through all difficulties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-111", "description": "The Han Empire annexes the Vietnamese kingdom of Nam Viet, and thereby extends its territory to modern-day North Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-111", "description": "During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Guilin is named Shi An Prefecture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-111", "description": "Jiuquan in China is founded as a military outpost on the Silk Road to Central Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-110", "description": "Jugurtha king of Numidia defeats a Roman army under Aulus Postumius Albinus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-110", "description": "Han Dynasty of China annexes Minyue.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-109", "description": "A Roman army under Marcus Junius Silanus (consul 109 BC) is defeated by the Cimbri and Teutones near the Rhone River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-108", "description": "Roman forces under Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus defeat the forces of Jugurtha of Numidia at the Battle of the Muthul, with Gaius Marius as a subordinate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-108", "description": "The Korean kingdom of Wiman Joseon falls, and Chinese Emperor Wu of Han establishes the Lelang Commandery in northern Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-108", "description": "December ampampndash The Han Dynasty Chinese under commander Zhao Ponu are victorious in the Battle of Loulan in the Tarim Basin, resulting in the submission of Dayuan and the Wusun in Central Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-107", "description": "The uprising of Saumachus against Mithridates VI in the Bosporan Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Crimea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-107", "description": "Gaius Marius, having enacted the Marian reforms of the Roman army, arrived in North Africa to lead the war against Jugurtha, with a young quaestor named Lucius Cornelius Sulla as a subordinate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-106", "description": "Sulla captures Jugurtha, thus ending the Jugurthine War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-106", "description": "The Chinese and the Persians establish diplomatic ties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-105/10/06", "description": " The Battle of Arausio, where the Cimbri destroy two Roman armies on the Rh\u00f4ne, is the most severe defeat of Roman forces since the Battle of Cannae.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-105/10/06", "description": "Gaius Marius, together with the consul Publius Rutilius Rufus, initiates sweeping reforms of the Roman army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-105/10/06", "description": "Lucius Cornelius Sulla secures the capture of Jugurtha. His success is made possible by the treachery of Bocchus I, king of Mauretania, and this ends the Jugurthine War (which has begun in 112 BC).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-104", "description": "In Rome exist a state of emergency, the way to Italy lays open to the Germanic invaders. Gaius Marius, the conqueror of Jugurtha, is elected  consul for the second time. He celebrates his triumph over Jugurtha, who is led in the procession and thrown into the Tullianum where he dies of starvation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-104", "description": "Second Servile War: Athenion starts a slave rebellion in Segesta (Sicily).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-104", "description": "Aristobulus I succeeds John Hyrcanus, becoming king and high priest of Judea, until 103 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-104", "description": "Sima Qian starts writing his ''Shiji''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-103", "description": "Gaius Marius prepares a campaign against the Ambrones and Teutones under king Teutobod who are settled in Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-103", "description": "Tryphon and Athenion lead the Second Servile War in Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-103", "description": "Alexander Jannaeus succeeds his brother Aristobulus I as king and high priest of Judea, until 76 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-102", "description": "Gaius Marius defeats the Scirii and Teutones at Aix-en-Provence (or Battle of Aquae Sextae).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-102", "description": "The Cimbri defeat the Consul Quintus Lutatius Catulus in the Adige Valley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-102", "description": "The Chinese under Emperor Wu of Han besiege and capture Kokand of Dayuan in the Hellenistic Ferghana Valley, during a 2 year war with the Yuezhi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-101", "description": "The Roman consuls Gaius Marius and Manius Aquillius defeat the Cimbri in the Battle of Campi Raudii (or Battle of Vercellae).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-101", "description": "Ptolemy Apion inherits the kingdom of Cyrenaica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Libya", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "Consuls: Lucius Valerius Flaccus, Gaius Marius (Marius's sixth consulship).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "Manius Aquillius celebrates an ovation for victories in the Second Servile War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, a tribune, passes a law to redistribute land to military veterans. The law requires that all senators swear to abide by it. Quintus Caecilus Metellus Numidicus refuses and is exiled. He goes to Rhodes to study philosophy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "December ampampndash Saturninus stands for consul for the following year. A rival candidate, Gaius Memmius, is found murdered by agents of Saturninus, who is declared a public enemy by the Senate. Marius, as consul, defeats his former ally in battle in the Forum. Saturninus and his followers surrender on condition that their lives are spared, but they are stoned to death with roof tiles by renegade senators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "The building of the Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina, Italy, is begun. The model of it is now kept at the Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Italy (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "Tigranes II of Armenia is placed on Armenian throne by the Parthians in exchange for the cession of ampquotseventy valleysampquot. (approximate date)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "The deuterocanonical books of 1 and 2 Maccabees are written.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "Elephants become extinct from Middle East by this date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "Peasant revolts under Emperor Wu of Han. The Great Wall is extended out into the Gobi Desert, and sections of the wall are detached with signalling towers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "Gandhara and Punjab ruled by the Indo-Greek king Demetrios III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "History of China is written by Sima Qian (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "Mural room in the Maya pyramid at San Bartolo, Guatemala, painted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-100", "description": "Olmec III period ends in Southeastern Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-99", "description": "Consuls: Aulus Postumius Albinus and Marcus Antonius Orator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-98", "description": "Consuls: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos and Titus Didius", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-98", "description": "The Senate passes a resolution forbidding human sacrifice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-98", "description": "The Senate passes the ''Lex Caecilia Didia'' which bans omnibus bills.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "Consuls: Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus and Publius Licinius Crassus Dives", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "C. Decianus, the prosecutor of Furius, is himself condemned for his remarks about the death of Saturninus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "The Romans subdue the Maedi and Dardani.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "L. Domitius takes harsh measures to restore order in Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "The censors, Flaccus and Antonius, remove M. Duronius from the senate because of his opposition to sumptuary laws.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "A decree of the Roman senate bans human sacrifices.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "Sulla displays a lion hunt for the first time in games at Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "Ariarathes VIII is forced out of Cappadocia by Mithridates, and dies soon afterwards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "The birth of Saint Joseph, the husband of Saint Mary the mother of Jesus, and his ampquotearthly-fatherampquot - in distinction to God the Father, his ampquotheavenly father.ampquot  According to this account, Joseph was 92 years old when Jesus was born.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-97", "description": "Sujin becomes emperor of Japan (probable date)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Japan", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-96", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Cassius Longinus and Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-96", "description": "Cyrene is left to the people of Rome by its ruler Ptolemy Apion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-96", "description": "Seleucus VI Epiphanes becomes king of the Seleucid Empire following the death of his father Antiochus VIII Grypus, and defeating in battle Antiochus IX Cyzicenus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-96", "description": "Start of the Taishi era in the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-95", "description": "Consuls: Lucius Licinius Crassus and Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-95", "description": "Philip I Philadelphus and Antiochus XI Ephiphanes succeed as co-rulers after the deposition of Seleucus VI Epiphanes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-95", "description": "ampquotForty metre structureampquot at Emain Macha (near modern Armagh, Northern Ireland) built and destroyed, presumably for ritual or ceremonial purposes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Ireland", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-95", "description": "Tigranes the Great becomes king of Armenia", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-94", "description": "Nicomedes IV succeeds his father Nicomedes III as king of Bithynia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Anatolia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-94", "description": "Shakas start to control northwest India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-94", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Coelius Caldus and Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-94", "description": "The first failed attempt to open a Latin rhetorical school.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-94", "description": "Lucius Cornelius Sulla elected ''praetor urbanus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-93", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Valerius Flaccus and Marcus Herennius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-93", "description": "Ariobarzanes I Philoromanus becomes king of Cappadocia with Roman backing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-93", "description": "Arshak I becomes king of Caucasian Iberia after overthrowing Farnadjom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-93", "description": "End of era Taishi of Emperor Wu of Han China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-92", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Claudius Pulcher and Marcus Perperna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-92", "description": "In the first diplomatic contact between Rome and Parthia, Sulla meets with a Parthian envoy, resulting in the parties recognizing Euphrates as a common frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-92", "description": "Sulla repulses Tigranes of Armenia from Cappadocia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-92", "description": "Lucullus invades Armenia initiating the six centuries' long Roman-Persian Wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-92", "description": "Gaius Sentius becomes Roman governor of Macedonia, serves until 88 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-91", "description": "Consuls: Sextus Julius Caesar and Lucius Marcius Philippus", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-91", "description": "The tribune Marcus Livius Drusus proposes extending Roman citizenship to allied Italian cities, but is assassinated, leading to the Social War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-91", "description": "Liu Ju, crown prince of the Han Dynasty, revolts against his father, Emperor Wu, and his witchcraft trials. After his rebellion fails, he hangs himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-91", "description": "Records of the Grand Historian compiled by Sima Qian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-90", "description": "Consuls: Lucius Julius Caesar and Publius Rutilius Lupus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-90", "description": "Social War continues: Pompeius Strabo and Gaius Marius distinguish themselves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-90", "description": "The Etruscans are granted Roman citizenship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-90", "description": "Corfinium in south-central Italy is the center of a rebellion against Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-90", "description": "The ''Lex Iulia'' grants citizenship to all Italians who did not oppose Rome during the Social War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-90", "description": "Cicero starts to serve in the Roman army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-90", "description": "Nicomedes IV of Bithynia is defeated in battle by a coalition of Nicomedes' brother Socrates, and Mithridates VI of Pontus. Nicomedes flees to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-89", "description": "Consuls: Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo and Lucius Porcius Cato.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-89", "description": "Social War:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-89", "description": "Roman forces under Lucius Porcius Cato are defeated by the Italian rebels in the Battle of Fucine Lake, Cato is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-89", "description": "The Roman army of Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo decisively defeats the rebels in the Battle of Asculum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-89", "description": "''Lex Plautia Papiria'' extends citizenship to all Italians who applied for it within 60 days. The new citizens are enrolled in eight designated tribes, to prevent domination of the assemblies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-89", "description": "''Lex Pompeia'' grants Latin rights to cities in Cisalpine Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-89", "description": "Cicero ends his service in the Roman army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-89", "description": "Mithridates VI of Pontus invades Bithynia and Cappadocia, thus the First Mithridatic War begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-88", "description": "The Social War ends with the defeat of the Italian allies by the Romans. Lucius Cornelius Sulla, age 50, becomes the first Roman commander to march on Rome with his army and to capture the city by force. This extraordinary act is prompt by his desire to maintain his consular command for the First Mithridatic War in Asia Minor.ampampPompey, Command (p. 11). Nic Fields, 2012. ISBN 978-1-84908-572-4ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-88", "description": "The First Roman Civil War starts with democratic uprising led by Gaius Marius, but the democrats under the tribune P. Sulpicius Rufus are crushed by the conservatives under Sulla.  Marius flees to Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-88", "description": "First Civil War in Rome, between Marius and Sulla. Some Italian cities are destroyed: for instance, Feorl\u00ec, rebuilt by the praetor Livius Clodius afterwards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-88", "description": "The Dardani, Scordisci, and the Maedi attack the Roman province of Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-88", "description": "May ampampndash King Mithridates VI of Pontus invades Greece. Defeating the Roman forces four times in succession, he conquers Bithynia, Phrygia, Mysia, Lycia, Pamphylia, Ionia and Cappadocia. The Roman province of Asia is dismantled. On the king's orders, the local authorities in every city of the province round up and put to death all resident Italians \u2014 men, women and children \u2014 in a single day (App.''Mith''.\u00a7\u00a785\u201391). Plutarch (Sulla 24.4) says that 150,000 are killed, other sources calculate a figure of 80,000 people.ampampPompey, Command (p. 39). Nic Fields, 2012. ISBN 978-1-84908-572-4ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-87", "description": "Lucius Cornelius Cinna is elected consul of Rome, thus returning the rule of Rome back to the democrats.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-87", "description": "Sulla arrives in Greece and besieges Athens. He orders Lucius Licinius Lucullus to raise a fleet from Rome's allies around the eastern Mediterranean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-87", "description": "Ostia is razed by Gaius Marius as he comes back from Africa with an army to take Rome by force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-87", "description": "Antikythera mechanism manufactured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-86", "description": "First Mithridatic War", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-86", "description": "March 1 ampampndash Sulla captures Athens from the Pontic army, removing the tyrant Aristion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-86", "description": "Lucius Licinius Lucullus decisively defeats the Mithridatic fleet in the Battle of Tenedos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-86", "description": "The Roman forces of Lucius Cornelius Sulla defeat the Pontic forces of Archelaus in the Battle of Chaeronea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-86", "description": "The Dardani ally with Pontus and are defeated by Sulla soon after", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-85", "description": "First Mithridatic War: Lucius Cornelius Sulla again defeats Archelaus in the decisive Battle of Orchomenus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-84", "description": "The First Mithridatic War comes to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-83", "description": "Spring ampampndash Lucius Cornelius Sulla returns to Italy from his campaigns in Greece and lands with his legions unopposed at Brundisium. He defeats the popular forces of Gaius Norbanus in the Battle of Mount Tifata.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-83", "description": "Gnaeus Pompeius, age 22, raises on his own initiative a private army of three legions from his fathers veterans and ''clientalae'' in Picenum.ampampPompey, Command  (p. 7). Nic Fields, 2012. ISBN 978-1-84908-572-4ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-83", "description": "Lucius Licinius Murena, the Roman governor of Asia, clashes with the Pontic forces of Mithridates VI, starting the Second Mithridatic War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-83", "description": "A fire breaks out which burns down the Temple of Jupiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) and destroys the collection of Sibylline Books.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-82", "description": "Sulla defeats Samnite allies of Rome in the Battle of the Colline Gate, and takes control of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-82", "description": "Gaius Marius the Younger is besieged at the fortress city of Praeneste in Latium. After a fierce resistance, Marius committs suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-82", "description": "Gnaeus Pompeius is ordered by Sulla to stamp out democratic rebels in Sicily and Africa, while the young Gaius Julius Caesar is acting as a subordinate of Sulla in the east.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-82", "description": "After his campaigns in Sicily and Africa, Pompeius gets the insulting nickname of ''adulescentulus carnifex'', the ampquotteenage butcherampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-82", "description": "The Aurigid shower parent comet C\/1911 N1 (Kiess) returns to the inner solar system and sheds the dust particles that one revolution later cause the 1935, 1986, 1994, and 2007 Aurigid meteor outbursts on Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-82", "description": "Burebista unifies the Dacian population forming the first (and biggest) unified Dacian kingdom, on the territory of modern Romania and surroundings. 82 BC is also the starting year of his reign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Dacia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-81", "description": "Sulla is appointed ''dictator'' and reforms the Roman government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-81", "description": "The Second Mithridatic War ends with the ''status quo''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-81", "description": "Cicero wins his first case.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-80", "description": "Quintus Sertorius re-enter Iberia with a tiny army (2,600 men) and opens a successful campaign against the Sullan forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-80", "description": "Battle of the Baetis River: A force of Democratic exiles under Sertorius defeat the legal Roman army of Lucius Fulfidias in Hispania, starting the Sertorian War, Quintus Metellus Pius takes command on behalf of Sulla.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-80", "description": "Ptolemy XII Auletes succeeds Ptolemy XI Alexander II to the throne of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-80", "description": "Alexandria comes under Roman jurisdiction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-80", "description": "Roman artists begin to extend the space of a room visually with painted scenes of figures on a shallow stage or with a landscape or cityscape.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-80", "description": "Meleager publishes his ''Garland'', the earliest known anthology of Greek poetry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-79", "description": "Lucius Cornelius Sulla renounces his dictatorship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-79", "description": "Cicero travels to Athens and then to Rhodes to continue his studies of philosophy and oratory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-78", "description": "In Rome, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus becomes consul. He attempts to undermine the Sullan reforms and reinstates exiled citizens to reinstall democratic rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-78", "description": "The Senate sends Publius Servilius Vatia as proconsul governor to Cilicia, where he fights a campaign against the pirates in southern Anatolia (Lycia, Pamphylia and Isauria).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-78", "description": "The Tabularium is built in the Forum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-78", "description": "The Third Dalmatian war begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-77", "description": "Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, Roman consul and leader of the democratic party, is defeated by Quintus Lutatius Catulus outside Rome. The remnants of the rebels are wiped out by Gnaeus Pompeius in Etruria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-77", "description": "Lepidus, with some 21,000 troops, manages to escape to Sardinia. Soon afterwards he becomes ill and dies, his battered army, now under command by Marcus Perperna, sails on to the Iberian Peninsula.ampampPompey, Command (p. 12). Nic Fields, 2012. ISBN 978-1-84908-572-4ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-77", "description": "Pompeius marches along the ''Via Domitia'' through Gallia Narbonensis crossing the Pyrenees to Spain. He joints with Quintus Metellus Pius to suppress the revolt of Quintus Sertorius, but is first unsuccessful.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-77", "description": "The city of Tigranakert of Artsakh is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Armenia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-76", "description": "Salome Alexandra becomes queen of Judea, after the death of her husband, Alexander Jannaeus, until 67 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-76", "description": "Hyrcanus II becomes high priest of Jerusalem for first time, on the death of his father, Alexander Jannaeus, until 66 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-76", "description": "The Third Dalmatian war ends with the capture of Salona by proconsul C. Cosconius and victory of Rome", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-75", "description": "In Rome, the tribune Quintus Opimius speaks out against Sullan restrictions on the tribunate, in orations noted for sarcasm against conservatives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-75", "description": "Cicero is quaestor in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-75", "description": "Nicomedes IV of Bithynia bequeaths his kingdom to Rome on his death (75\/4 BC).   Angered by the arrangement, Mithridates VI of Pontus declares war on Rome and invades Bithynia, Cappadocia and Paphlagonia, thus starting the Third Mithridatic War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-75", "description": "Third Mithridatic War: M. Aurelius Cotta is defeated by Mithridates in the Battle of Chalcedon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-75", "description": "Julius Caesar travels to Rhodes to study under Apollonius Molon. On his way across the Aegean Sea, he is kidnapped by Cilician pirates and held prisoner in the Dodecanese islet of Pharmacusa. The young Caesar is held for ransom of twenty talents, he insists they ask for fifty. After his release Caesar raises a fleet at Miletus, pursues and crucifies the pirates in Pergamon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-75", "description": "Start of Golden Age of Latin Literature.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-74", "description": "Nicomedes IV, last king of Bithynia bequeaths his kingdom to the Roman Senate upon his death (75\/4 BC).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-74", "description": "Roman forces under Lucius Lucullus defeat the forces of Mithridates VI of Pontus in the Battle of Cyzicus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-74", "description": "Marcus Antonius (father of Mark Antony), a praetor, receives wide-ranging powers and considerable resources to fight the pirates in the Mediterranean Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-74", "description": "Publius Servilius Vatia returns to Rome, he has triumphed against the pirates in Anatolia and is given the agnomen ''Isauricus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-74", "description": "Quintus Opimius is prosecuted for overstepping his authority, and ruined by a conviction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-74", "description": "Cyrene becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-74", "description": "Pamplona is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Spain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-73", "description": "Traditional date that Lud became King of Britain, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "British Isles", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-73", "description": "Third Servile War begins with gladiators, led by the Thracian Spartacus, breaking out of a gladiatorial training school in Capua and forming an army, made up of runaway slaves and others with little to lose. With some 70,000 men, Spartacus rampages throughout Campania, assaulting the prosperous cities of Cumae, Nola and Nuceria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-73", "description": "The Sunga Empire comes to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-72", "description": "Battle of Cabira: Lucius Lucullus defeats Mithridates, overruns Pontus.  Mithridates fled to Armenia, rules by his son-in-law Tigranes, who refuses to turn his father-in-law in to Lucius Lucullus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-72", "description": "Quintus Sertorius was assassinated by his subordinate, Marcus Perperna, who was in turn defeated by Gnaeus Pompeius, thus ending the Sertorian War in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-72", "description": "The Helvetii and other peoples under Ariovistus invade Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Gaul", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-71", "description": "Third Servile War ends Slave uprising under leadership of Spartacus is crushed by a Roman army under Marcus Licinius Crassus. Slaves taken prisoner are crucified all naked along the Via Appia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-71", "description": "Marcus Antonius is defeated by the Cretans, who has made an alliance with the pirates, he is compelled to conclude a humiliating peace. Antonius dies in office the same year and is awarded, posthumously with the cognomen ''Creticus''.ampampPompey, Command (p. 20). Nic Fields, 2012. ISBN 978-184908-572-4ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-71", "description": "Nessebar in modern-day Bulgaria comes under Roman rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-70", "description": "August ampampndash In Rome, Cicero prosecutes former governor Verres Verres exiles himself to Marseille before the trial is over.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-70", "description": "The office of censor is reinstated in the Roman Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-70", "description": "Lucullus captures Sinop, then invades Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-70", "description": "Phraates III becomes the King of Parthia", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-69", "description": "Consuls: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Creticus and Quintus Hortensius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-69", "description": "Antiochus XIII Asiaticus is installed as king of Syria.ampampJoseph Thomas, ''Universal Pronouncing Dictionary of Biography and Mythology'', 1908, Lippincott, 2550 pagesampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-69", "description": "Roman troops under Lucius Lucullus defeat the army of Tigranes II of Armenia in the Battle of Tigranocerta, and capture Tigranocerta, capital of Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-69", "description": "Parthians and Romans re-establish Euphrates as a frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-69", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar is a quaestor in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-69", "description": "Ptolemy XII deposes Cleopatra V, and becomes sole ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-69", "description": "Kydonia, an ancient city on the island of Crete falls to Roman military forces.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.themodernantiquarian.com\/site\/10881\/cydonia.html#fieldnotes\">http:\/\/www.themodernantiquarian.com\/site\/10881\/cydonia.html#fieldnotes<\/a> C. Michael Hogan, ''Cydonia'', Modern Antiquarian, January 23, 2008ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-69", "description": "Rhodes becomes a bulwark against pirates, the Rhodians are unable to suppress piracy in the Aegean Sea. Delos gets the status of a free port.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-68/10/06", "description": " Lucius Lucullus defeats Tigranes II of Armenia in the Battle of Artaxata.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-68/10/06", "description": "Gaius Antonius Hybrida elected praetor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-68/10/06", "description": "Ostia, the harbour city of Rome, is sacked by pirates. The port is set on fire and the consular war fleet is destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-68/10/06", "description": "Abgar II becomes ruler of Osroene.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Osroene", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-68", "description": "Consuls: Lucius Caecilius Metellus and Quintus Marcius Rex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Consuls: Manius Acilius Glabrio and Gaius Calpurnius Piso.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Ostia sacked by pirates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Pompey's war against the pirates, he raise a fleet of 500 warships and fight them with great success.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "The ''lex Gabinia'' gives Pompey command of the Mediterranean and its coasts for 50 miles inland for three years. He defeats the pirates in three months and pacifies Cilicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Pompey divides the Mediterranean into 13 zones ampampndash six in the West and seven in the East ampampndash to each of which he assigns a fleet under an admiral.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Pompey offers the ex-pirates and their families clemency, he settled them in agricultural colonies in eastern Mediterranean lands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Pompey takes over the command of Lucius Lucullus in the war against Mithridates VI, and reaping the fruit of the latter's victories.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Lex Acilia Calpurnia: permanent exclusion from office in cases of electoral corruption.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Lex Roscia theatralis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Hyrcanus II becomes king of Judea, for first time (until 66 BC), on death of his mother, Salome Alexandra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Mithridates VI invades Pontus. He besieged the Romans in Chalcedon (opposite Byzantium) and pressed westward along the south shores of the Sea of Marmara to attack Cyzicus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Pontus", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "Lucullus disperse Mithridates's invading armies and launched a counter-offensive into Pontus, where he penetrates the chain of fortress towns that defended the kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Pontus", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-67", "description": "December ampampndash The army of the Han Dynasty Chinese commander Zheng Ji is victorious over the Xiongnu in the Battle of Jushi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-66", "description": "Consuls: Manius Aemilius Lepidus and Lucius Volcatius Tullus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-66", "description": "Catiline accused of conspiring against the Roman Republic with Autronius and the younger Sulla (also in 63 during the consulship of Cicero).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-66", "description": "The alliance between Mithridates VI of Pontus and Tigranes II of Armenia is broken.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-66", "description": "Tigranes II is forced to surrender, by a payment of 6,000 talents, and is reinstated by Pompey as a ampquotfriend of the Roman peopleampquot to hold Armenia as a buffer zone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-66", "description": "Battle of the Lycus: Pompey the Great decisively defeats Mithridates VI, effectively ending the Third Mithridatic War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-66", "description": "Gaius Antonius elected Roman praetor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-66", "description": "The ''lex Manilia'', supported by Cicero gives Pompey command over all of Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-66", "description": "Cicero becomes praetor of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-66", "description": "Aristobulus II becomes king and high priest of Judea, until 63 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-65", "description": "In response to the illegal exercise of citizen rights by foreigners, the Roman Senate passed the ''Lex Papia'', which expelled all foreigners from Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-65", "description": "Tigranes of Armenia was defeated and captured by Pompey, thus ending all hostilities on the northeastern frontier of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-65", "description": "Pompey the Great subjugates Kingdom of Iberia and makes Colchis a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-64", "description": "Servilius Rullus, Roman tribune, proposes an agrarian reform law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-64", "description": "Pompey destroys the kingdom of Pontus Mithridates VI commits suicide after escaping to the Crimea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-64", "description": "Pompey first annexed Syria, then captured Jerusalem, annexing Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-64", "description": "Antiochus XIII Asiaticus deposed this is considered by some the end of the Seleucid dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Lucius Lucullus held a triumph, he retired from war and politics to live a life of refined luxury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Pompey conquers Phonecia, Coele-Syria, and Judea for Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Establishment of the Decapolis and Year 1 of the Pompeian era.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Roman annexation of Judea as a client kingdom. King Judah Aristobulus II removed from power, while his brother John Hyrcanus II is reappointed king (ethnarch) under Roman suzerainty and high priest, until 40 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Massacre of over 12,000 Jews on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem by Roman troops, in support of John Hyrcanus II against Aristobulus II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Julius Caesar is elected Pontifex Maximus and praetor for 62 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Marcus Tullius Cicero is senior consul. He is the first novus homo (new man) to be elected to the consulship in 31 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Cato the younger is elected tribune of the people for 62 BC, taking office in early December 63 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Catiline's conspiracy against the Roman Republic is foiled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-63", "description": "Pharnaces II becomes King of Pontus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Pontus", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-62/01/05", "description": " The forces of the conspirator Catiline are defeated by the loyal Roman armies of Antonius Hybrida led by Gaius Antonius in the Battle of Pistoria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-62/01/05", "description": "Julius Caesar divorces Pompeia, following the sacrilege of Clodius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-62/01/05", "description": "Cicero delivers his Pro Archia Poeta in defense of Aulus Licinius Archias' claim to Roman citizenship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-62/01/05", "description": "Cato the Younger, as tribune, presents a ''lex frumentaria'' (enacting a grain dole).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-62/01/05", "description": "Metellus Nepos, also tribune, leaves Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-62/01/05", "description": "Caesar and Bibulus are praetors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-62/01/05", "description": "King Antiochus I Theos of Commagene builds his mountain-top tomb-sanctuary at Mount Nemrut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Commagene", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-61/09/29", "description": " Pompey, the Great celebrates his third triumph for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-61/09/29", "description": "Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi as consul attempts to gain ratification of Pompey's Eastern Settlement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-61/09/29", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar becomes governor in Hispania and creates ''Legio X Gemina'' (3,500 men). He puts down the Callaici and Lusitani rebellions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-60", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar suppresses an uprising and conquers all of Lusitania for Rome", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-60", "description": "Creation of the First Triumvirate, an informal political alliance between Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great and Marcus Licinius Crassus (or 59 BC)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-60", "description": "The Seleucid Empire comes to an end with the last two Emperors being murdered on orders from Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-60", "description": "The Han Dynasty government establishes the Protectorate of the Western Regions, the highest military position of a military commander on the Western frontier (Tarim Basin).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-59", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar and Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus (known as ampquotthe consulship of Julius and Caesarampquot due to Bibulus' withdrawal from public view to ampquotconsult the heavensampquot in an effort to invalidate Caesar's intended legislation).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-59", "description": "Caesar makes the Acta Diurna, or ''Daily News'', the world's first daily newspaper public. The Acta contains  details of official decrees and appointments births, deaths, and marriages. Even sport results\u2014the outcome of the gladiatorial contests and chariot races at the capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-59", "description": "The First Triumvirate: Caesar, Pompey and Crassus form an unofficial alliance (or 60 BC).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-59", "description": "Caesar marries Calpurnia, in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-59", "description": "The colonia of Florentia, modern Florence, founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "Consuls: Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus and Aulus Gabinius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "Publius Clodius Pulcher, Roman tribune, institutes a monthly corn dole for poor Romans, and exiles Cicero from the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "Cyprus becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "First year of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "Caesar becomes a provincial governor (Proconsul) and leads a Roman army (4 legions Legio VII, Legio VIII, Legio IX and the famous Legio X) into Gaul. For auxiliaries he organised \u00b1 3,000 Balearic slingers and Cretan archers into cohorts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "Caesar builds an 19-mile earthwork, complete with fortifications and watchtowers, between Lake Geneva and the Jura Mountains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "June ampampndash Caesar defeats the migrating Helvetii in the Battle of the Arar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "July ampampndash Caesar decisively defeats the Helvetii in the Battle of Bibracte.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "September ampampndash Caesar decisively defeats the Suebi led by Ariovistus in the Battle of Vosges.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "Berenice IV becomes queen of Egypt after temporarily dethroning her father, Ptolemy XII Auletes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "Base year of the Vikrama Era, founded by Vikrama, king of Ujjain in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-58", "description": "Jumong becomes the 7th ruler of Buyeo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "Consuls: Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther and Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos Iunior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "Julius Caesar sent Servius Sulpicius Galba with Legio XII Fulminata into the country of the Nantuates, Seduni and the Veragri. He occupies the oppidum '''Octodurus''' (modern Martigny) in Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "Gallic Wars:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "May ampampndash Battle of the Axona: Caesar defeats the forces of the Belgae under King Galba of the Suessiones.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "July ampampndash Caesar defeats the Nervii in the Battle of the Sabis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "September ampampndash The siege and capture of Aduatuca (Tongeren) by Caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "Mithridates III becomes king of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "Vikramaditya established Vikram era in 57 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "Bak Hyeokgeose becomes the first ruler of the kingdom of Silla (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-57", "description": "The city of Gwangju (the sixth largest city in South Korea) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-56", "description": "This year, or possibly the following year, the king of the Trinovantes, possibly called Imanuentius, is overthrown and killed by his rival Cassivellaunus. His son Mandubracius flees to Gaul and appeals to Julius Caesar for help.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-56", "description": "Consuls: Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus and Lucius Marcius Philippus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-56", "description": "Clodia accuses her former lover Marcus Caelius Rufus of trying to poison her. The trial ends with the defendant acquitted thanks to the ''Pro Caelio'' speech of Marcus Tullius Cicero. There is no further mention of the previously famous Clodia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-56", "description": "Gallic War: Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus defeats the Veneti of Brittany: The Gallics lost most of their swanships to the Romans at the battle in modern-day Quiberon Bay. The strongholds on the coast are stormed and the population is slaughtered or sold into slavery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-55/08/22", "description": "r August 26 ampndash Julius Caesar commands the first Roman invasion of Britain, likely a reconnaissance-in-force expedition, in response to the Britons giving military aid to his Gallic enemies. He may also be acting in support of Mandubracius, exiled prince of the Trinovantes, whose father Imanuentius was overthrown and killed by his rival Cassivellaunus around this time. Due to bad weather and revolts in Gaul the expedition achieves little, but the Roman Senate decrees twenty days of thanksgiving when the expedition returns safely to Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-55/08/22", "description": "Mithridates III, claimant to the throne of Parthia, supported by Aulus Gabinius, Roman governor of Syria, is defeated by Surena, general under Orodes, in the Battle of Seleucia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-55", "description": "Consuls: Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-55", "description": "Consuls Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus pass the Lex Trebonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-55", "description": "Pompey's Theater, the first permanent (non-wooden) theatres in Rome. Built of stone on the Field of Mars, it included a temple to Venus Victorious, a public courtyard, and a meeting hall or ''curia'' in the far end near the ampquotSacred Areaampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-55", "description": "Gallic War", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-55", "description": "Julius Caesar continues his campaigns in Gaul, he spreads Roman law and order, and makes the whole country as far as the Channel accessible to trade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-55", "description": "May ampampndash Caesar defeats a Germanic army then massacres the women and children, totalling 430,000 people, somewhere near the Meuse and Rhine Rivers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-55", "description": "June ampampndash Caesar crosses the Rhine River near the modern site of Bonn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-54", "description": "Consuls: Appius Claudius Pulcher and Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-54", "description": "Gallic Wars", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-54", "description": "July ampampndash Julius Caesar's second expedition to Britain: receives nominal submission from the chieftain Cassivellaunus and installs Mandubracius as a friendly king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-54", "description": "Winter ampampndash Ambiorix revolts in Gaul. He joins with Catuvolcus in an uprising against the Roman army. Caesar's senior officers Lucius Aurunculeius Cotta and Quintus Titurius Sabinus are ambushed by the Eburones, and killed with almost their entire force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-54", "description": "Pompey builds the first permanent theatre in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-54", "description": "Crassus arrives in Syria as proconsul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-54", "description": "Octavia Minor and Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor married.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-54", "description": "The beginning of the breakup of the First Triumvirate with the death of Caesar's daughter Julia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "Consuls: Marcus Valerius Messalla and Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "Parthian war:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "Crassus sacks the Temple of Hierapolis and the Temple in Jerusalem on his way to engage the Parthians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "Battle of Carrhae: Romans defeated, and Crassus killed, by Parthians led by Surena.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "Gallic War:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "Julius Caesar defeats a revolt led by Ambiorix near Sabis (Northern Gaul).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "At Cenabum (modern Orl\u00e9ans) Roman merchants are massacred by the Carnutes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "Vercingetorix, an Arverni chieftain, leads a revolt against Caesar in Central Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "Winter ampampndash Caesar enrols non-citizen soldiers in Gallia Transalpina, genesis of ''Legio V Alaudae''. He increases his army to ten legions.ampampJulius Caesar, Command (p. 20). Nic Fields, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84603-928-7ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-53", "description": "Artavasdes II becomes king of Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Armenia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-52", "description": "Consuls: Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio Nasica and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-52", "description": "Pompey marries Cornelia Metella.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-52", "description": "Milo is tried for the murder of Clodius. Despite Cicero's legal defence (''Pro Milone'') he is found guilty and exiled in Massilia (modern Marseille).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-52", "description": "Last year of Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-52", "description": "March ampampndash Siege and capture of Avaricum (Bourges).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-52", "description": "AprilampampndashMay ampampndash Siege and repulse from Gergovia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-52", "description": "July ampampndash Battle of the Vingeanne: Caesar rebuffs with his German auxiliaries an Gallic cavalry attack of Vercingetorix.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-52", "description": "Summer ampampndash Siege of Alesia: Caesar spread out his legions around the ''ampquotoppidumampquot'' and builds a string of fortifications.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-52", "description": "September ampampndash Battle of Alesia: Caesar defeat the Gauls led by Vercingetorix, breaking the back of the Gallic insurrection. The final pacification of Gaul is complete the following year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-51", "description": "Consuls: Marcus Claudius Marcellus and Servius Sulpicius Rufus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-51", "description": "Pompey demands that Julius Caesar lay down his command before he can stand for consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-51", "description": "Spring ampampndash Pharaoh Ptolemy XII dies and is succeeded by his eldest surviving daughter Cleopatra VII and her younger brother and co-ruler Ptolemy XIII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-51", "description": "The Hsiung-nu split into two hordes. The Eastern horde is subject to China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-50", "description": "Consuls: Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-50", "description": "The Senate refuses Julius Caesar permission to stand for consul ''in absentia'', and demands that he lay down his command.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-50", "description": "The Roman artillery piece called ''Scorpio'' is invented.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-50", "description": "Initiation Rites of the Cult of Bacchus (?), detail of a wall painting in the Villa of the Mysteries, Pompeii, is made. (approximate date)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-50", "description": "The Roman Republic takes control over Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "Consuls: Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus, Gaius Claudius Marcellus Maior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "The Great Roman Civil War commences", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "January 1 ampampndash The Roman Senate receives a proposal from Julius Caesar that he and Pompey should lay down their commands simultaneously. The Senate responds that Caesar must immediately surrender his command.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "January 10 ampampndash Julius Caesar leads his army across the Rubicon, which separates his jurisdiction (Cisalpine Gaul) from that of the Senate (Italy), and thus initiates a civil war. In response, the Roman senate invokes the  ''senatus consultum ultimum''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "February ampampndash Pompey's flight to Epirus (in Western Greece) with most of the Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "March 9 ampampndash Caesar advances against Pompeian forces in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "April 19 ampampndash Caesar's siege of Massilia against the Pompeian Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus the siege was conducted later by Caesarian Gaius Trebonius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "June ampampndash Caesar arrives in Spain seizes the Pyrenees passes against the Pompeians L. Afranius and Marcus Petreius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "June 7 ampampndash Cicero slips out of Italy and goes to Salonika.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "July 30 ampampndash Caesar surrounds Afranius and Petreius's army in Ilerda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "August 2 ampampndash Pompeians in Ilerda surrender to Caesar and are granted pardon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "August 24 ampampndash Caesar's general Gaius Scribonius Curio is defeated in North Africa by the Pompeians under Attius Varus and King Juba I of Numidia (whom he defeated earlier in the Battle of Utica), in the Battle of the Bagradas River, and commits suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "September ampampndash Decimus Brutus, a Caesarian, defeats the combined Pompeian-Massilian naval forces in the naval Battle of Massilia, while the Caesarian fleet in the Adriatic is defeated near Curicta (Krk).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "September 6 ampampndash Massilia surrendered to Caesar, coming back from Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-49", "description": "October ampampndash Caesar appointed Dictator in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar, Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "Civil War:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "January 4 ampampndash Caesar lands at Dyrrhachium (Durazzo).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "March ampampndash Mark Antony joins Caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "April ampampndash Siege of Dyrrhachium, Caesar builds a fortified line of entrenchments and besiege Pompey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "May ampampndash Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus, co-consul with Julius Caesar, destroys Caelius's magistrate's chair on his tribunal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "July 10 ampampndash Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia he retreats to Thessaly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "August 9 ampampndash Battle of Pharsalus: Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt. Pompey's army by and large pardoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "September 28 ampampndash Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt (may have occurred September 29, records unclear).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "October ampampndash Julius Caesar reached Alexandria, city founded by Alexander the Great. He is met by an Egyptian delegation from Ptolemy XIII. The Egyptians offered him gifts: the ring of Pompey and his head.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "Caesar is named consul for a period of five years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "Roman temple to Bellona on the Capitolinus outside Rome is burnt to the ground.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "Siege of Alexandria: Queen Cleopatra VII returns to the palace rolled into a Persian carpet and has it presented to Caesar by her servant. The Egyptian princess, only twenty-one years old, becomes his mistress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "Pharnaces, King of Bosporus defeats the Caesarian Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus in the Battle of Nicopolis (or Nikopol).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "December ampampndash Battle in Alexandria, Egypt between the forces of Caesar and his ally Cleopatra VII and those of rival King Ptolemy XIII of Egypt and Queen Arsinoe IV. The latter two are defeated and flee the city, but during the battle part of the Library of Alexandria catches fire and is burned down.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-48", "description": "Yuan becomes emperor of the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "Consuls: Quintus Fufius Calenus, Publius Vatinius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "Civil War:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "August ampampndash Caesar quells a mutiny of his veterans in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "October ampampndash Caesar's invasion of Africa, against Metellus Scipio and Labienus, Caesar's former lieutenant in Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "The arrival of Mithridates of Pergamum and his army raises the Siege of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "February ampampndash Roman general Julius Caesar and his ally Cleopatra VII of Egypt defeat the forces of the rival Egyptian Queen Arsinoe IV in the Battle of the Nile. Ptolemy is killed Caesar then relieves his besieged forces in Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "Pharaoh Cleopatra VII promotes her younger brother Ptolemy XIV of Egypt to co-ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "May ampampndash Caesar defeats Pharnaces II of Pontus, king of the Bosporus, in the Battle of Zela (this is the war that Caesar tersely described ''veni, vidi, vici'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Anatolia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "Battle at Mount Tabor in Judea: Roman troops, commanded by Gabinius, defeat the forces of Alexander, son of Aristobulus II of Judea, attempting to re-establish Judean independence. Some 10,000 Jews died at the hands of the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Judea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-47", "description": "Feng Yuan becomes consort to Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "Civil War:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "January 4 \u2013 Titus Labienus bloodily defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "April 6 \u2013 Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio and Juba at Thapsus. After the battle Caesar grant Legio V Alaudae the right to bear the elephant symbol on its shields and standards, for bravery against a charge of elephants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "April 20 \u2013 Cicero, in Rome, writes to Varro ampquotIf our voices are no longer heard in the Senate and in the Forum, let us follow the example of the ancient sages and serve our country through our writings, concentrating on questions of ethics and constitutional law.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "Caesar's erstwhile mistress, Queen Cleopatra VII of Egypt, and his son by her, Caesarion, taken up residence in one of the dictator's estates on the Tiber.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "September 26 \u2013 Julius Caesar dedicates a temple to his mythical ancestor Venus Genetrix in fulfillment of a vow he made at the battle of Pharsalus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "November \u2013 Caesar leaves for Farther Hispania to deal with a fresh outbreak of resistance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "Caesar reforms the Roman calendar to create the Julian calendar. The transitional year is extended to 445 days to synchronize the new calendar and the seasonal cycle. The ''Julian Calendar'' would remain the standard in the western world for over 1600 years, until superseded by the Gregorian Calendar in 1582.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "Caesar appoints his nephew Octavian his heir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "Caesar subdues a mutiny of his Tenth Legion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "Caesar celebrates his Gallic Triumph, after which Vercingetorix is executed. In Rome, last the celebrations for forty days, included public banquets, plays and gladiatorial games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-46", "description": "Vitruvius described Etruscan and Roman architecture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-45/03/17", "description": " Civil War: In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the younger in the Battle of Munda. Labienus dies in battle, Pompey the younger is executed, but Sextus Pompey escapes to take command of the remnants of the Pompeian fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-45/03/17", "description": "The veterans of Julius Caesar's Legions ''Legio XIII Gemina'' and ''Legio X Equestris'' demobilized. The veterans of the 10th legion are settled in Narbo, while those of the 13th are given somewhat better lands in Italia itself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-45/03/17", "description": "Caesar is named dictator for life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-45/03/17", "description": "Caesar probably writes his ''Commentaries'' in this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-45/03/17", "description": "Possible first year of the Azes I Era.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-45", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar, without colleague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/04/18", "description": "April 21 ampndash Octavian engages in charm offensive with consular Cicero who is fulminating against Mark Antony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/04/18", "description": "June ampampndash Antony is granted a five-year governorship of northern and central Transalpine Gaul (France) and Cisalpine Gaul (Northern Italy).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/04/18", "description": "Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/04/18", "description": "The first of Cicero's ''Philippics'' (oratorical attacks) on Antony is published. He will make 14 of them over the next several months.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/04/18", "description": "December ampampndash Antony besieges Brutus Albinus in Mutina (Modena), with Octavian, an ally of Decimus, who is one of his uncle's assassins, close by.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/04/18", "description": "A Denarius with a portrait of Julius Caesar is made. It is now kept at the American Numismatic Society in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/04/18", "description": "Comosicus succeeds Burebista as king of Dacia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/03/20", "description": " Caesar's funeral is held. Marcus Antony gives a eulogy and in his ''Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears'' speech he makes accusations of murder and ensures a permanent breach with the conspirators against Caesar. He snatches Caesar's purple toga to show the crowd the  stab wounds, the citizens tear apart the forum and cremate their Caesar on a makeshift pyre. Antony becomes the first man in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/03/20", "description": "April ampampndash Octavian returns from Apollonia in Dalmatia to Rome to take up Caesar's inheritance, against advice from Atia (his mother and Caesar's niece) and consular stepfather Antony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/03/15", "description": "the ''Ides of March'') ampndash Julius Caesar, dictator of Rome, is assassinated by a group of Roman senators, amongst them Gaius Cassius Longinus, Marcus Junius Brutus, and Caesar's Massilian naval commander, Decimus Brutus. Caesar's famous last quote ampndash coined by William Shakespeare in his play ''Julius Caesar'' ampndash was most likely ''not'' spoken (see: quot''Et tu, Brute?''quot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44/03/14", "description": " Mark Antony is alarmed when Cicero tells him the gods would strike Caesar. Casca, Cicero and Cassius decide, in the night before the Assassination of Julius Caesar, that Mark Antony should stay alive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Julius Caesar, Mark Antony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-44", "description": "February ampampndash Rome celebrates the festival of the Lupercal. Mark Antony presents Caesar with a royal diadem, urging him to take it and declare himself king. He refuses this offer and orders the crown to be placed in the Temple of Jupiter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/12/07", "description": "Marcus Tullius Cicero is killed in Formiae in a litter going to the seaside, by a party led by a military tribune, Popilius Laenas. His head and hands are displayed on the Rostra in the Forum Romanum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/12/07", "description": "Lugdunum (Lyon) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Gaul", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/12/07", "description": "First reference of Cularo (Grenoble).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Gaul", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/12/07", "description": "According to legend, Nagasena creates the Emerald Buddha figurine in Patna, India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/11/26", "description": "Octavian meets Antony and Lepidus in Bononia, and the three enter into an official five-year autocratic pact, the Second Triumvirate. (See ''lex Titia'')", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/11/26", "description": "To cement their reconciliation Octavian agreed to marry Clodia, a daughter of Antony's wife Fulvia by her former husband Publius Clodius Pulcher.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/11/26", "description": "November \u2013 The triumvirs introduced proscriptions in which allegedly 130 senators and 2,000 ''equites'' were branded as outlaws and deprived of their property.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/04/14", "description": "Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Caesar's assassin Decimus Brutus in Mutina, defeats the forces of the consul Pansa, but is then immediately defeated by the army of the other consul, Hirtius. Both consuls are killed (Hirtius did not die until after the Battle of Mutina).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/04/14", "description": "Cicero's 14th and last ''Philippic''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/04/14", "description": "Antony is again defeated in the Battle of Mutina by a coalition of Octavian, Decimus Brutus, and the two consuls of the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/04/14", "description": "Antony marched to Parma (which is sacked) and Placentia. He then crossed the Ligurian Alps to Vada Sabatia, 50ampampnbspkm south-west of Genoa. Antony joints with Aemilius Lepidus, soon after Decimus Brutus is killed by brigands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/04/14", "description": "The Senate declares Antony a hostis, an enemy of the state. Sextus Pompey becomes supreme commander of the Roman navy and Gaius Cassius proconsul of Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/04/14", "description": "July\u2013August \u2013 Antony is again at the head of a large army, Octavian enters Rome in force without opposition. It is clear that Cicero\u2019s plan to divide them against each other has failed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43/04/14", "description": "September \u2013 Gaius Octavian taking office as consul, the day before his 20th birthday, he prevailed to pass the ''lex Pedia'', a law establishing the murder of Caesar as a capital crime.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43", "description": "Consuls: Gaius Vibius Pansa Caetronianus and Aulus Hirtius. The Roman Senate confirms Octavian as propraetor with joint responsibility for the campaign against Antony. Hirtius and Octavian mobilize troops for the march to Mutina, while Pansa continues the levy. Embassy dispatched to treat with Antony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43", "description": "Gaius Antonius is defeated by Marcus Junius Brutus at Dyrrachium, Brutus proceeds to secure his position in Thrace and Macedonia. Gaius Cassius Longinus campaigns in Syria and defeats the army of Publius Cornelius Dolabella at Laodicea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-43", "description": "March \u2013 Vibius Pansa set out to link up with Hirtius and Octavian, bringing four legions of recruits, having left one, the ''legio urbana'', to defend Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42/10/23", "description": " Second Battle of Philippi: Brutus' army is defeated by Antony and Octavian, the Triumvirs smash through the weakened Republican centre and take Brutus's right wing in its flank. After the battle 14.000 legionaries lay down their arms. Brutus fled to the heights of Philippi, where he commits suicide the following day. After the victory, Brutus' body is brought to Antonius' camp, where he cast his purple paludamentum over his dead body and orders an honourable funeral for his erstwhile comrade. The Republican cause crushed, Rome rested in the hands of the Second Triumvirate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42/10/23", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian returns to Rome and arranged for \u00b1 40.000 veterans settlements in Campania, Etruria, Picenum, Samnium, Umbria and in northern Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42/10/03", "description": " First Battle of Philippi: The Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian Caesar fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's assassins Marcus Brutus and Cassius. The Roman forces including 2,000 Spartans who just arrived are routed, Octavian takes refuge in the marsh. Cassius' camp is captured by Antony's men, wrongly fearing that Brutus is dead Cassius commits suicide. He ordered his freedman Pindarus to kill him, Brutus feared the impact on morale and secretly buried his beheaded body on Thasos. The Republican navy in the Adriatic, intercept and destroy the supply ships with two legions of the Triumvirs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42", "description": "January ampampndash Publius Vatinius, governor of Illyricum, seized Dyrrachium and is forced to surrender his army (three legions) to Marcus Junius Brutus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42", "description": "Marcus Brutus begins to plunder the cities of Asia Minor, in order to obtain money and soldiers. The inhabitants of Lycia refused to submit to Rome, and Brutus besieged Xanthus. After destroying their suburbs, the Xanthians withdrew into the heavily fortified city. The Roman legionaries (2,000 men) forced the gate and fight their way into the forum. The citizens made an heroic stand by the temple of Sarpedon, as night falls the Roman army conquers the city. The Xanthians preferred to perish in the flames rather than to yield.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42", "description": "The confederation of Lycia sent ambassadors to Brutus, promising to form a military league and contribute money for building ships. Gaius Cassius Longinus occupies Rhodes, and ordered all the other cities of Asia to pay a tribute for 10 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42", "description": "July ampampndash Mark Antony lands with an army (28 legions) in Illyria, left Octavian ill at Dyrrachium and marched to Amphipolis. Admiral Ahenobarbus blockades with the Republican fleet (130 ships) the Adriatic Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42", "description": "August ampampndash Decidius Saxa and Gaius Norbanus Flaccus are appointed by Antony, to lead an advanced force of eight legions to Macedonia along the Via Egnatia into Thrace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42", "description": "September ampampndash Brutus and Cassius crossed the Hellespont, they marched to Doriscus but further progress is blocked by Saxa's occupation of the Corpili Pass.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42", "description": "Saxa retreats to link up with Norbanus at the Sapaei Pass. The Republicans outflank the enemy by forging an alternate route through the mountains in the north.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-42", "description": "Brutus and Cassius advance to Philippi and built fortifications. Antony links up with Norbanus and Saxa at Amphipolis, Octavian arrives on a litter 10 days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-41", "description": "Consuls: Lucius Antonius and Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-41", "description": "Perusine War: A armed resistance breaks out across Italy, the Umbrian city of Sentinum is captured and destroyed by Quintus Salvidienus Rufus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-41", "description": "Lucius Antonius occupied Perusia, he accepted the appeal of the local population. Lucius and Fulvia are defeated by Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian in the Battle of Perugia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-41", "description": "Mark Antony meets Cleopatra VII in Tarsus (Cilicia) and formed an alliance. He returned to Alexandria with her and they become lovers in the winter of 41ampampndash40 BC. To safeguard herself and Caesarion, she had Antony order the execution of her (half) sister Arsinoe IV, who is living at the temple of Artemis in Ephesus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Consuls: Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus and Gaius Asinius Pollio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Siege of Perusia: After a last attempt to break the siege, which failed Lucius Antonius surrenders to Octavian. His life is spared, but the citizens are executed or sold in slavery. Fulvia fled with her children and is exiled to Sicyon, where she died of a sudden illness.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Spring ampampndash Salvidienus Rufus marches to Transalpine Gaul to take command of the eleven legions, after the death of Quintus Fufius Calenus. Octavian divorced Clodia Pulchra and marries Scribonia, a sister of Lucius Scribonius Libo and a follower of Sextus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Sextus Pompey dispatched Menas with four legions and captured Sardinia, driving out Octavian's governor Marcus Lurius. He seized the capital, Caralis and occupied Corsica. Sextus besieged Cosenza in Bruttium and Thurii in Lucania, ravaging the territory with his cavalry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Sextus' fleet raides the ports of Puteoli and Ostia. The populace hold the Triumvirs responsible for prolonging the war, they provoked a riot on the Forum. Octavian with the Praetorian Guard went to intercept, he escaped with his life because Antony summoned troops to rescue his junior colleague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Treaty of Brundisium: The Triumvirs agreed to divide the Roman Republic into spheres of influence. Gaius Octavian styled himself ampquotImperator Caesarampquot and takes control of the Western provinces. Mark Antony is given the Eastern provinces the River Drin, the boundary between the provinces Illyricum and Macedonia, would serve as their frontier. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus controls  Hispania and  Africa. The treaty is cemented by the marriage of Antony and Octavia, sister of Octavian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Quintus Labienus occupied Cilicia and marched with a army into Anatolia. Most cities surrendered without resistance, except for Alabanda and Mylasa. The Parthians restored their territory to nearly the limits of the old Achaemenid Empire, Labienus proclaimed himself ampquotParthian Emperorampquot of Asia Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Mark Antony leaves Alexandria after receiving news of the outcome at Perusia while en route to Phoenicia, he sets sail for Italy meeting the ambassadors of Sextus Pompey in Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Athenodorus a philosopher, encounters a ghost in Athens.  This popular story is one of the first of the poltergeist stories in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Pacorus crosses with help of Quintus Labienus the Euphrates and invades  Syria. The capital Antioch surrenders, the Parthians takes Phoenicia and Judea, the fortified city of Tyre can not besiege because they have no fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "Parthians conquer Jerusalem. Hyrcanus II is removed from power, while Antigonus the Hasmonean becomes king of Judea under Parthian rule. Herod the Great flees Jerusalem to Rome. There he is titled king of Judea by Mark Antony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-40", "description": "The ''Ji Jiu Pian'' dictionary published in this year during the Han Dynasty is the earliest known reference to the hydraulic-powered trip hammer device.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-39", "description": "Marcus Antonius dispatched Publius Ventidius Bassus with 11 legions to the East and drives Quintus Labienus out of Asia Minor, he retreats into Syria, where he received Parthian reinforcements. Ventidius finally defeats him in the battle at the Taurus Mountains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-39", "description": "Publius Ventidius defeats Pharnastanes with his cataphracts at the Amanus Gates, and goes on to reclaim Syria, Phoenicia and Judea. Labienus flees to Cilicia, where he is captured and executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-39", "description": "Sextus Pompey, styled himself ampquotson of Neptuneampquot, controlled Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and the Peloponnesus is recognized by the Triumvirate in the Pact of Misenum. The pact helped to assure Rome's grain supply, the blockade on Italy is lifted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-38/01/17", "description": " Octavian marries Livia while she is still pregnant from a recently broken marriage. Octavian gained permission from the College of Pontiffs to wed her while she was still pregnant from another husband. Three months after the wedding she gave birth to a second son, Nero Claudius Drusus, while he and his elder brother, the four-year-old Tiberius, lived in Octavian's household.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-38/01/17", "description": "Octavian appointed Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa governor of Transalpine Gaul, where he put down an uprising of the Aquitanians. He also fought successfully against the Germanic tribes, and becoming the next Roman general to cross the Rhine after Julius Caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-38/01/17", "description": "Mark Antony, Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus and Marcus Lepidus sign the ''Treaty of Tarentum'' (or 37 BC), extending the Second Triumvirate until 33 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-38/01/17", "description": "Parthian invasion into Roman Syria Publius Ventidius Bassus defeats Pacorus, at the crossing of the Euphrates in the Battle of Cyrrhestica. Ventidius lays siege to '''Antiochus of Commagene''' in Samosata until relieved by Antony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-38/01/01", "description": " Beginning of the Hispanic era, by orders of Octavian Caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-37", "description": "Consuls: Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa and Titus Statilius Taurus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-37", "description": "Agrippa created the harbour ampquotPortus Juliusampquot in the today submersed town of Puteoli (the modern Pozzuoli, close to Naples). The port is used to train the warships for naval battles, a new fleet is built, with 20,000 oarsmen gathered by freeing slaves. He also incorporated on quinqueremes a technical innovation the ''harpax'' (ampquotsnatcherampquot) a combination ballista and grappling hook, based on the corvus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-37", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian engineered the ampquotSecond Pact of Tarentumampquot which renewed the Triumvirate for an additional five years. Mark Antony exchanged 120 ships, for service against Sextus Pompeius. Octavian Caesar gives 1,000 troops from the Praetorian Guard and 20,000 legionaries for the Parthian campaign in Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-37", "description": "Antony reorganized Asia Minor under strongmen loyal to him. He raised troops from his allies Amyntas and Archelaus, kings of Galatia and Cappadocia. The old kingdom of Pontus is restored, from Armenia to the River Halys under Polemon I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-37", "description": "Romans conquer Jerusalem from the Parthians. Herod the Great becomes king of Judea and Ananelus is installed as High Priest, both positions seized from Antigonus II Mattathias after a five-month siege. Thousands of Jews slaughtered by Roman troops supporting Herod.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-37", "description": "The kingdom of Goguryeo in Korea is founded by the king Dongmyeong. (traditional date)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36/09/03", "description": " Battle of Naulochus: Agrippa defeats Sextus Pompeius, a son of Pompeius, in a naval engagement off Naulochus. He escaped with 17 ships to Messana and then to Asia Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36/09/03", "description": "Marcus Lepidus lands 12 legions from Africa and lays siege to Lilybaeum. He lost his army to Octavian when his men mutinied, Lepidus is kept in luxurious captivity in Rome until his death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36/09/03", "description": "Agrippa received the unprecedented honor of a Naval Crown (''corona navalis''), wrought of gold and decorated with the prows of ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36/09/03", "description": "October ampampndash Antony abandons the siege of Phraaspa (near Maragheh, Iran). He retreats, loses many men to disease and starvation in the subsequent retreat to Egypt, marries Cleopatra VII and is still married to Octavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36/09/03", "description": "Judea: Aristobulus III, the last of the Hasmoneans, becomes High Priest in Jerusalem, replacing Ananelus, who had only held the position for one year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36/09/03", "description": "OctoberampampndashDecember ampampndash The Han Dynasty Chinese army under General Chen Tang and General Gan Yanshou defeat the Xiongnu leader Zhizhi Chanyu in the Battle of Zhizhi. This led to half a century of peace between the Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu until Wang Mang enraged them in the year 10, resuming hostilities between both sides.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36", "description": "Consuls: Lucius Gellius Publicola and Marcus Cocceius Nerva.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36", "description": "Publius Canidius Crassus invaded Armenia and Iberia (Georgia) he forced Parnavaz II into an alliance against Zober, king of Albania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36", "description": "June ampampndash Mark Antony launches a major offensive against the Parthians, he marches with 10 legions and 10,000 cavalry to Carana in Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36", "description": "July ampampndash Octavian's fleet (102 warships) embarked from Puteoli and tried to invade Sicily, it is caught in a storm and forced to return at Vibo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36", "description": "August ampampndash Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, an admiral of Octavian Caesar, secures the Lipari Islands and harass the coast  from Mylae to Tyndaris. Octavian transport his legions via Leucopetra to Tauromenium (modern Taormina).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-36", "description": "Antony crosses the frontier into Media Atropatene and commences the siege of Phraaspa. He established a line of circumvallation and built siege engines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-35", "description": "Illyria becomes a Roman province. Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian conducts a rendezvous with the Roman fleet under Marcus Vipsanius, which is engaged in clearing the Dalmatian coast of piracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-35", "description": "Pannonia is attacked by Octavian Caesar who conquered and sacked the stronghold Siscia (Sisak) of the Segestani, which is taken after a 30-day siege. The country is however, definitely subdued until 9 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-35", "description": "Sextus Pompeius defeats with three legions Gaius Furnius, the governor of Asia, and seized Nicaea and Nicomedia (modern Izmit).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-35", "description": "Marcus Titius arrived in Syria with a large army and marched to Asia Minor, Sextus is caught in Miletus and executed without trial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-35", "description": "Azes I, Indo-Scythian ruler, completed the domination of the Scythians in northern India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-34", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian pacified Dalmatia and Pannonia forming the province of Illyricum, while Antony regained Armenia from Parthia. Octavian reduces the outposts defending the Liburnian town of Promona, sets up siege works and forces its surrender.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-34", "description": "Mark Antony becomes Roman Consul for the second time. His partner is Lucius Scribonius Libo. The latter is replaced with Aemilius Lepidus Paullus during the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-34", "description": "Antony advances into Armenia with an expeditionary force (16 legions) and marches to the capital Artaxata. He arrests king Artavasdes II and takes him to Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-34", "description": "Autumn ampampndash The Donations of Alexandria: Antony distributes the eastern kingdoms as a gift to the children of Cleopatra VII of Egypt he declared Caesarion, Caesar's legitimate son as co-ruler of Egypt and Cyprus.  Alexander Helios received Armenia and Media, to Cleopatra Selene{{Disambiguation needed|date=July 2011}} he gives the kingdoms of Cyrenaica and Libya. His youngest son Ptolemy Philadelphus received the Egyptian possessions in Phoenicia, Syria and Cilicia. Antony established Cleopatra as a Hellenistic monarch at Alexandria and gives her the title of ampquotQueen of Kingsampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-33", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the second time. His partner is Lucius Volcatius Tullus. Octavian delivered in the Roman Senate a speech, ''de summa Republica'', in which he subjected the Donations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-33", "description": "The second term of the Second Triumvirate expired. Marcus Vipsanius built the Aqua Julia, one of the aqueducts on which Rome's water supply depended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-33", "description": "Mark Antony annexed the kingdom of Media and arranged the marriage of his son Alexander Helios with princess Iotapa, the daughter of king Artavasdes I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-33", "description": "The Kinambroi surrendered to Octavian", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-33", "description": "Crown Prince Ao ascends the throne as Emperor Cheng of Han", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-32", "description": "Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Gaius Sosius become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-32", "description": "Spring ampampndash Final War of the Roman Republic: Mark Antony transferred his headquarters from Samos to Athens, he assembled a fleet of 500 combat vessels and 300 transport ships, crewed by 150,000 men.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-32", "description": "Sparta under Caius Iulius Eurycles, whose father Antony had ordered to be executed for piracy, declared his support for Octavian. Lappa (modern Argyroupoli) in Attica and Kydonia in Crete revolts against Cleopatra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-32", "description": "July ampampndash The Roman Senate declares war upon Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII. Octavian Caesar is proclaimed dux and the West: Gallic and Spanish provinces, Africa, Sicily and Sardinia swears an oath (''sacramentum'') of loyalty to him. In order to assure this oath, Octavian forced the  high priest of the Vestal Virgins in Rome to hand over Antony's will, which give information over the Roman-conquered territories as kingdoms and plans to build a tomb in Alexandria for him and Cleopatra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-32", "description": "Winter ampampndash Antony distributes garrisons along the west coast of Greece, stations the fleet at Actium and establishes his headquarters at Patrae.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-32", "description": "Zacynthus is held by Gaius Sosius, Methone (Messenia) by Bogud of the royal house of Mauretania, driven into exile by his brother Bocchus II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31/09/02", "description": " Roman Civil War: Battle of Actium: Off the western coast of Greece, Octavian Caesar defeats the naval forces under Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31/09/02", "description": "The Egyptian fleet (60 warships), including Cleopatra's treasure ship retreats to Taenarus, Antony transferred his flag to a smaller vessel and breaks through Octavian's line.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31/09/02", "description": "Winter ampampndash Octavian (thirty-two years old) takes court at Samos. After his decisive victory at Actium he builds Nicopolis, the city is populated by Greeks from settlements further inland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31/09/02", "description": "In the Judean Desert on an isolated rock plateau, fortress Masada is completed. Herod the Great builts an armory, barracks, storehouses and a palace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Palestine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31/09/02", "description": "The Hellenistic period ends (or AD 14 by some scholars).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the third time. His partner is Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, replacing Mark Antony", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31", "description": "Octavian crosses the Strait of Otranto and lands with an army (15 legions) at Panormus in Dalmatia. He marched to Toryne in the south, and established a bridgehead at the Gulf of Ambracia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31", "description": "Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa sailed with 300 war galleys to the western Peloponnese, and occupied strategic positions around the Gulf of Corinth to cut off Antony's line of communication.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31", "description": "Antony alerted by Octavian's presence, sets up camp on the southern shore, at the promontory of Actium. He dispatches a force to isolate the camp of Octavian in the valley of Louros.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31", "description": "Agrippa stormed Leucas, given Octavian an anchorage and a second depot for his land supplies. He seized the garrison at Patrae, and taking Antony's headquarters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-31", "description": "Amyntas, king of Galatia, deserted with 2,000 cavalry to Octavian. One-third of Antony's oarsmen is lost to malnutrition, disease and desertion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30/08/01", "description": " Octavian Caesar captures Alexandria. This marks the official annexation of Ancient Egypt to the Roman Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30/08/01", "description": "Cleopatra evacuates her court and treasury to Berenice on the west coast of the Red Sea, but king Malchus of Nabatea attacks from the desert and burned the Egyptian ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30/08/01", "description": "The children of Cleopatra are spared by Octavian and taken back in triumph Octavia Minor raised Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene and Ptolemy Philadelphus in her household in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30/08/01", "description": "With the suicide of Cleopatra VII of Egypt and the execution of Ptolemy XV Caesarion the Ptolemaic dynasty, the last dynasty of Ancient Egypt comes to an end. The first year of Octavian's reign in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30/08/01", "description": "Octavian claims Cleopatra's treasure in the mausoleum at the Temple of Isis he pays the salaries of his veteran legionaries and gives them land in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30/08/01", "description": "First possible date for the invention of the wheelbarrow in history as the 5th century ''Book of Later Han'' stated, that the wife of the once poor and youthful imperial censor Bao Xuan of the Chinese Han Dynasty helped him push a ''lu che'' back to his village during their feeble wedding ceremony, around this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the fourth time. His partner is Marcus Licinius Crassus the Younger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30", "description": "Spring ampampndash Octavian led his army to the Dardanelles he shipped them across to Asia Minor and marched into Syria, where Herod the Great send him vows of loyalty and thousands of his own troops in support.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30", "description": "Summer ampampndash Gaius Cornelius Gallus lands in Cyrene and occupied Paraetonium, Mark Antony stormed the city walls and blockades the harbour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-30", "description": "Antony retreats his army (7 legions) to Egypt and receive the news that Pelusium, has opened its gates to Octavian without resistance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-29/03/01", "description": " Horace writes the ode ''Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-29/03/01", "description": "Composition of Aeneid by Virgil begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-29", "description": "Octavian Caesar becomes Roman Consul for the fifth time. His partner is Sextus Appuleius. He is granted the title of imperator, and for the third time in Roman history the doors of the Temple of Janus are closed, signaling peace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-29", "description": "Octavian celebrates in Rome three triumphs on consecutive days (August 13, August 14, and August 15) to commemorate his victories in Illyricum, Actium and Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-29", "description": "Marcus Licinius Crassus campaigns successfully in the Balkans, killing the king of the Bastarnae with his own hand, but is denied the right to dedicate the spolia opima by Octavian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-29", "description": "Sofia, modern day capital of Bulgaria, is conquered by the Romans and becomes known as Ulpia Serdica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-29", "description": "Start of the Cantabrian Wars against Roman occupation in Hispania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-28/05/10", "description": " The earliest dated record of a sunspot by Chinese astronomers.{{cite journal|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/findarticles.com\/p\/articles\/mi_m1310\/is_1988_Oct\/ai_6955852\/|year=1988|title=The\">http:\/\/findarticles.com\/p\/articles\/mi_m1310\/is_1988_Oct\/ai_6955852\/|year=1988|title=The<\/a> Observation of Sunspots|journal=UNESCO Courier| accessdate=2010-07-14}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-28/05/10", "description": "The Emilius comet is said to have crashed into modern day Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-28", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the sixth time. His partner Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa becomes Consul for the second time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-28", "description": "The Roman Senate granted Octavian Caesar the title ''imperium maius'' (supreme commander) of the Roman armed forces (50 legions).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-27/01/16", "description": " Octavian formally returns full power to the Senate, they give him the titles of ''Princeps'' and '''Augustus'''. He accepts this honor, having declined the alternative title of '''Romulus'''.W.H. Gross, 'The Propaganda of an Unpopular Ideology,' in The Age of Augustus: Interdisciplinary Conference held at Brown University, April 30\u2013May 2, 1982, edited by Rolf Winkes (Rhode Island: Centre for Old World Archaeology and Art, 1985), 35.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic/Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-27/01/16", "description": "Caesar Augustus starts a new military reform. He reduced the number of legions to 26 and creates the Praetorian Guard (1,000 men).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic/Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-27/01/16", "description": "Augustus formed the Classis Misenensis, based in the harbour of Portus Julius at Misenum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic/Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-27/01/16", "description": "Agrippa divides Hispania Ulterior into Baetica and Lusitania, and enlarges Hispania Citerior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic/Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-27/01/16", "description": "Northern statue of the Colossi of Memnon is shattered by an earthquake in Egypt (according to Strabo).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic/Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-27/01/16", "description": "Marcus Agrippa begins the construction of the old Pantheon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic/Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-27", "description": "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian becomes Roman Consul for the seventh time. His partner Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa becomes Consul for the third time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Republic/Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-26/08/29", "description": " Christian Cross Asterism (astronomy) at Zenith of Lima, Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-26", "description": "Imperator Caesar Augustus becomes Roman Consul for the eighth time. His partner Titus Statilius Taurus becomes Consul for the second time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-26", "description": "Cleopatra Selene marries Juba II of Numidia, and as a wedding present Augustus makes her queen of Mauretania in her own right.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-26", "description": "Tiridates II invades Parthia and issues coins dated from March and May, 26 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-26", "description": "Gavius Silo, orator, is heard by Caesar Augustus, mentioned by Seneca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-26", "description": "Augustus starts campaign against the Cantabrians in northern Hispania, he leads an army (8 legions) and consolidate the north-eastern region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-26", "description": "Dioteimus Alaieus is one of the Archons of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Greece", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-26", "description": "Abgar III of Osroene is succeeded by Abgar IV Sumaqa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Osroene", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-26", "description": "The Andhra dynasty replaces the Kanva dynasty, and rules over the eastern part of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-25", "description": "Imperator Caesar Augustus becomes Consul for the ninth time. His partner is Marcus Junius Silanus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-25", "description": "The temple to Neptune on the Circus Flaminius is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-25", "description": "Estimation: Rome, capital of the Roman Empire becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Chang'an, capital of China.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm<\/a> Geography at about.comampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-25", "description": "King Amyntas dies, Galatia becomes a Roman province. The Roman troops based there are transferred to Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-25", "description": "Government gives tributary states 20,000 rolls of silk cloth and about 20,000 pounds of silk floss.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-24", "description": "Caesar Augustus becomes Roman Consul for the tenth time. His partner is Gaius Norbanus Flaccus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-24", "description": "Augustus founds the city of Nicopolis in Egypt to commemorate his final victory over Mark Antony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "Caesar Augustus becomes Roman Consul for the eleventh time. His partner is Aulus Terentius Varro Murena.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "Augustus relinquishes the position of consul, retains that of tribune of Rome and assumes that of ''Princeps'', or ampquotFirst Citizen.ampquot (see Roman Empire).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "Augustus gets seriously ill: he gives Agrippa his signet ring and grants him the title ''imperium pro consule''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "The Nubians, led by queen Candace Amanirenas, take the initiative against the Roman Empire, and attack the Roman province of Egypt moving towards Elephantine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "Herod the Great builds a palace in Jerusalem and the fortress Herodian in Judaea. He also marries his third wife, named Mariamne, the daughter of high priest Simon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "Following coinage reform, the as was struck in reddish pure copper, instead of bronze. The denominations of sestertius and dupondius were introduced as large bronze coins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "In response to Meroe's incursions into Upper Egypt, the Roman legions move south and raze Napata. (Early history of Sudan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "Ma'nu III Saphul becomes ruler of Osroene.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Osroene", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "The Roman writer, architect and engineer Vitruvius finishes writing ''De Architectura'' (known today as ''The Ten Books of Architecture''), a treatise in Latin on architecture, and perhaps the first work about this discipline.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Architecture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-23", "description": "The Roman poet Horace publishes the first three books of Odes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Poetry", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-22", "description": "Lucius Arruntius and Marcus Claudius Marcellus Aeserninus are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-22", "description": "Aemilius Lepidus Paullus and Lucius Munatius Plancus are Censors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-22", "description": "The Roman governor of Egypt, Gaius Petronius, marches the Nile with legions XXII ''Deiotariana'' and III ''Cyrenaica'', and destroys the Nubian capital of Napata.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-22", "description": "King Artaxias II returns with support of the Parthians to Armenia and claims the throne. Artavasdes I escapes to Rome, where Caesar Augustus receives him friendly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-21", "description": "Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa divorces Claudia Marcella, and marries Julia the Elder, daughter of Caesar Augustus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-20", "description": "Peace treaty between Rome and Parthia, in which the captured eagles of Marcus Licinius Crassus and Mark Antony are returned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-20", "description": "Based on the scenes and the style of the work, the Portland Vase is believed to have been made in Alexandria some time between this year and AD 100.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-20", "description": "King Herod the Great begins renovation of the Temple in Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-20", "description": "Maison Carr\u00e9e, N\u00eemes, France, is built (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-20", "description": "Marcus Verrius Flaccus' De verborum significatu is published. It is one of the first great dictionaries in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-20", "description": "Shakas end to control northwest India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-19", "description": "In Rome, Lucius Cornelius Balbus receives the honor of a triumph on the Forum Romanum, for his victories over the Garamantes in Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-19", "description": "Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa completes the Aqua Virgo the aqueduct is 20 kilometers in length and supplies the city with about 100,000,000 liters of water every day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-19", "description": "The Cantabrians, living on the northernmost coast of Spain, are brought under Roman control. The region is completely subdued until 16 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-18", "description": "Caesar Augustus introduce the Lex Julia (''Julian Laws''):", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-18", "description": "Lex Iulia de Ambitu: Penalising bribery when acquiring political offices.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-18", "description": "Lex Iulia de Maritandis Ordinibus: Limiting marriage across social class boundaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-18", "description": "Onjo becomes the first ruler of the Korean kingdom of Baekje (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-17", "description": "Under emperor Augustus, Rome celebrates the Secular games, for which Horace's hymn the ''Carmen Saeculare'' is commissioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-16", "description": "Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus and Publius Cornelius Scipio are Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-16", "description": "Noricum is incorporated into the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-16", "description": "Caesar Augustus reorganizes German provinces, makes Trier their capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-16", "description": "Roman legate Marcus Lollius is defeated by a Germanic horde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-15", "description": "Augsburg is founded as Augusta Vindelicorum, and becomes the capital of Rhaetia Prima.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-15", "description": "Chur (Switzerland) becomes the capital of the Roman province Rhaetia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-15", "description": "Marcus Livius Drusus Libo and Lucius Calpurnius Piso are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-15", "description": "Nero Claudius Drusus decides to improve the passage through the Alps for military control to Noricum and Rhaetia (modern Austria). He builds the Via Claudia Augusta through Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-15", "description": "Vienna becomes a frontier city (Vindobona) guarding the Roman Empire against the German tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-15", "description": "Roman triremes on Lake Constance destroy fleet of the Vindelici during Rhaetia campaign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-14", "description": "The Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus fortifies Augusta Vangionum, the modern city of Worms, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-14", "description": "Caesar Augustus makes Beeroth (modern Beirut) a colonia, named Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Berytus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-14", "description": "Winter ampampndash The Roman Legio X Fretensis is stationed in Syria, the legionaries are settled at the ancient city of Beirut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-13", "description": "Tiberius Claudius Nero and Publius Quinctilius Varus are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-13", "description": "The Roman general Nero Claudius Drusus builds the stronghold of castrum Monguntiacum, the modern city of Mainz, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-13", "description": "Drusus is granted governor of Gaul and mobilized a Roman army to beat the Germans back across the Rhine. He traveled to the North Sea and pays tribute to the Frisii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-13", "description": "The Ara Pacis Augustae (ampquotAltar of Augustan Peaceampquot), is commissioned by the Roman Senate to honor the triumphal return of emperor Augustus from Hispania and Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-12", "description": "Marcus Valerius Messalla Appianus and Publius Sulpicius Quirinius are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-12", "description": "Tiberius Claudius Nero summoned to Pannonia due to severe revolt by the Delmataeians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-12", "description": "Roman armies based at Xanten, Cologne and Mainz campaign beyond the Rhine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-12", "description": "First official mention of ''Argentoratum'', the city now known as Strasbourg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-12", "description": "Emperor Augustus is given the title Pontifex Maximus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-12", "description": "King Azes II dies. The rule of the Indo-Scythians crumbles as the Kushans, one of the five tribes of the Yuezhi who lives in Bactria expand into India to create a Kushan Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-12", "description": "Comet Halley makes an appearance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-11", "description": "Quintus Aelius Tubero and Paullus Fabius Maximus are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-11", "description": "Battle of the Lupia River: Roman forces under Augustus's stepson Nero Claudius Drusus win a victory in Germania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-11", "description": "Drusus builds a wooden military camp Castellum Bonna near the Rhine, the Roman fortress is eventually rebuilt in stone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-10", "description": "Africanus Fabius Maximus and Iullus Antonius are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-10", "description": "The Obelisk of Montecitorio is brought from Egypt to Rome by emperor Augustus to be erected as a sundial gnomon of the Solarium Augusti, now in the Piazza Montecitorio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-10", "description": "The Romans build a bridge across the Rhine near Bonn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-10", "description": "A Roman military camp is established at Speyer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-9", "description": "Pannonia is incorporated in the Roman Empire as part of Illyria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-9", "description": "The Ara Pacis (ampquotAltar of Augustan Peaceampquot), voted by the Senate four years earlier, is dedicated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-9", "description": "Nero Claudius Drusus begins a campaign against the Marcomanni, but died soon after a fall from his horse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-9", "description": "Tiberius Claudius Nero continues the conquest of Germania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-8", "description": "King Maroboduus becomes ruler of the Marcomanni and fight against the Roman expansion in Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-7", "description": "Tiberius Claudius Nero and Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-6", "description": "Emperor Augustus sent ferrets (named '''''viverrae''''' by Plinius) to the Balearic Islands to control the rabbit plagues.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-6", "description": "Tiberius Claudius Nero is sent to Armenia, then retires to Rhodes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-5", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-4", "description": "After the death of Herod the Great, there is unrest in his kingdom. His sons, Herod Archelaus becomes the new ruler of Judea. Herod Antipas becomes tetrarch of Galilee and Perea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Palestine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-4", "description": "The Governor of Syria, Publius Quintilius Varus, assembles three of his four legions, including Legio X Fretensis, and marched down to Jerusalem from Antioch to restore order. He crucifies 2,000 Jewish rebels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Palestine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-3", "description": "King Maroboduus of the Marcomanni organized in the area later known as Bohemia a confederation of Germanic tribes, with the Hermunduri, Lombards, Semnoni and Vandals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-3", "description": "Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus commands the Roman army in Germania and crossed the Elbe. He builds the pontes longi over the marshes between the Rhine and the Ems.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-2", "description": "Emperor Augustus is proclaimed ''Pater Patriae'', or ampquotfather of the countryampquot by the Roman Senate this bestowed title is the logical consequence and final proof of Augustus' supreme position as ''princeps'', the first in charge over the Roman state.ampref name=ampquoteck, 3ampquotampEck, Werner translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider new material by Sarolta A. Tak\u00e1cs. (2003) ''The Age of Augustus''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing (hardcover, ISBN 0-631-22957-4 paperback, ISBN 0-631-22958-2).ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-2", "description": "Julia the Elder, daughter of Augustus, is exiled on charges of treason and adultery to Pandateria her mother Scribonia accompanies her.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-2", "description": "The Aqua Alsietina aqueduct is constructed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-2", "description": "Phraates V becomes king of the Parthian Empire, after he and his mother ampquotthe goddess Musaampquot have murdered his father Phraates IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-1", "description": "Emperor Augustus sent his stepson Gaius Caesar as army commander to the East and made a peace treaty with Phraates V on an island in the river Euphrates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-1", "description": "Ovid writes the Ars Amatoria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-1", "description": "Emperor, Ai of Han dies and is succeeded by his cousin Ping of Han, a boy who is nine years old. Wang Mang is appointed regent by the Grand Empress Dowager Wang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "-1", "description": "Incarnation of Jesus (conception on 25 March and birth on 25 December), as assigned by Dionysius Exiguus in his anno Domini era according to most scholars (Dionysius used the word ampquotincarnationampquot, but it is not known whether he meant conception or birth).ampref name=declercq1ampGeorges Declercq, ''Anno Domini: The origins of the Christian Era'' (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2000), pp.143\u2013147.ampampampref name=declercq2ampG. Declercq, ampquotDionysius Exiguus and the introduction of the Christian Eraampquot, ''Sacris Erudiri'' '''41''' (2002) 165\u2013246, pp.242\u2013246. Annotated version of a portion of ''Anno Domini''.ampamp However, at least one scholar thinks Dionysius placed the incarnation of Jesus in the next year, AD 1.ampref name=declercq1\/ampampref name=declercq2\/amp Most modern scholars do not consider Dionysius' calculations authoritative, placing the event several years earlier (see Chronology of Jesus).ampampJames D. G. Dunn, ''Jesus Remembered'', Eerdmans Publishing (2003), page 324.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Tiberius, under order of Augustus, quells revolts in Germania (1\u20135).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Gaius Caesar and Lucius Aemilius Paullus are appointed consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Gaius Caesar marries Livilla, daughter of Antonia Minor and Nero Claudius Drusus, in an effort to gain prestige.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Quirinius becomes a chief advisor to Gaius in Armenia.  Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, whose father Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus had served as consul in 16 BC, also serves in the Armenia campaigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Areius Paianeius becomes Archon of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "The ''Yuanshi'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Confucius is given his first royal title (posthumous name) of Lord Baochengxun Ni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Emperor Ping of Han China begins his reign and Wang Mang is re-instated as regent by Grand Empress Dowager Wang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Former regent Dong Xian commits suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Sapadbizes, Yuezhi prince and King of Kush (Bactria), dies. Heraios succeeds him as king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "The Kingdom of Aksum, centered in modern day Ethiopia and Eritrea, is founded (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Amanishakheto, Queen of Kush (Nubia), dies.  Her son, Natakamani, becomes King of Kush.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Moxos ceases to be a significant religious area in South America (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "The Teotihuacan culture in Mesoamerica begins (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "The Maya practice sacrifice and mutilation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "The Olmec II phase of the Olmec civilization begins San Lorenzo and La Venta grow in population.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "The poem ''Metamorphoses'' is written by Ovid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Livy writes his monumental ''History of Rome'' (''Ab Urbe Condita'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1", "description": "Birth of Jesus, as assigned by Dionysius Exiguus in his anno Domini era according to at least one scholar.ampref name=declercq1ampGeorges Declercq, ''Anno Domini: The origins of the Christian Era'' (Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols, 2000), pp.143\u2013147.ampampampref name=declercq2ampG. Declercq, ampquotDionysius Exiguus and the introduction of the Christian Eraampquot, ''Sacris Erudiri'' '''41''' (2002) 165\u2013246, pp.242\u2013246. Annotated version of a portion of ''Anno Domini''.ampamp However, most scholars think Dionysius placed the birth of Jesus in the previous year, 1 BC.ampref name=declercq1\/ampampref name=declercq2\/amp Despite this, most modern scholars do not consider Dionysius' calculations authoritative, placing the event several years earlier (see Chronology of Jesus).ampampJames D. G. Dunn, ''Jesus Remembered'', Eerdmans Publishing (2003), page 324.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2", "description": "Following the death of Lucius Caesar, Livia Drusilla persuades Augustus to allow her son Tiberius back into Rome as a private citizen, after six years in enforced retirement on Rhodes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2", "description": "Gaius Caesar meets with Phraates V, the king of Parthia on the Euphrates.  Rather than invade, Gaius Caesar concludes peace with the Parthians\u2014Parthia recognizes Roman claims to Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2", "description": "Publius Alfenus Varus and Publius Vinicius become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2", "description": "Cedeides becomes Archon of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2", "description": "Using Roman military support, Artavasdes III, son of Ariobarzanes II, king of Media Atropatene, becomes the king of Armenia (to 4).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2", "description": "Juba II of Mauretania joins Gaius Caesar in Armenia as a military advisor.  It is during this period that he meets Glaphyra, a Cappadocian princess and the former wife of Alexandros of Judea, a brother of Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Judea, and falls for her.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2", "description": "Wang Mang begins a program of personal aggrandizement, restoring marquess titles to past imperial princes and introducing a pension system for retired officials. Restrictions are placed on the Emperor's mother, Consort Wei and members of the Wei Clan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2", "description": "The first census is concluded in China after having begun the year before: final numbers show a population of nearly 60 million (59,594,978 people in slightly more than 12 million households). The census is one of the most accurate surveys in Chinese history.ampref name=wak1ampKlingaman, William K., ''The First Century: Emperors, Gods and Everyman'', 1990, p 56ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2", "description": "The Chinese census shows nearly one million people living in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "3", "description": "The rule of emperor Augustus is renewed for a ten-year period.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "3", "description": "Augustus adopts his grandson, Gaius Caesar, with the expectation that he will succeed him.  Gaius is made proconsul and is sent on a special mission to the East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "3", "description": "Lucius Aelius Lamia and Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus are consuls of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "3", "description": "Menneas becomes Archon of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "3", "description": "Five German tribes are unified by Marbod, King of the Marcomanni.  The unification of the five tribes represents a direct threat to Rome in the area that will become Silesia and Saxony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "3", "description": "King Yuri of Goguryeo moved the capital from Jolbon Fortress to Gungnae Fortress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "East Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "3", "description": "Wang Mang foils a plot by his son, Wang Yu, his brother-in-law, Lu Kuan, and the Wei clan to oust him from the regent's position. Wang Yu and Lu Kuan are killed in the purge that follows.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "East Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Emperor Caesar Augustus summons Tiberius to Rome, and names him his heir and future emperor.  At the same time, Agrippa Postumus, the last son of Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, is also adopted and named as Augustus' heir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Tiberius also adopts Germanicus as his own heir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Sextus Aelius Catus becomes consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "The ''Lex Aelia Sentia'' regulates the manumission of slaves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "A pact of non-aggression and friendship is signed between the Roman Empire, represented by Tiberius, and the German tribe the Cherusci, represented by their King Segimer. Arminius and Flavus, sons of Segimer, are brought into the Roman army as leaders of the auxiliary troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Julia the Elder returns from exile to live in Rhegium in disgrace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Augustus pardons Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus, along with Aemilia Lepida, the daughter of Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, for alleged involvement in a conspiracy against the emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Marcus Plautius Silvanus is appointed as proconsul of Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Polianus Maradonius becomes Archon of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "King Phraataces and Queen Musa of Parthia are overthrown and killed, the crown being offered to Orodes III of Parthia\u2014the beginning of the interregnum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Namhae Chachaung succeeds Bak Hyeokgeose as king of the Korean kingdom of Silla (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Korea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Emperor Ping of Han marries Empress Wang (Ping), daughter of Wang Mang, cementing his influence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Wang Mang is given the title ampquotSuperior Dukeampquotampref name=wak1ampKlingaman, William K., ''The First Century: Emperors, Gods and Everyman'', 1990, p 64ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "4", "description": "Nicolaus of Damascus writes the 15 volume ''History of the World''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "5", "description": "Rome acknowledges Cunobelinus, King of the Catuvellauni, as King of Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "5", "description": "The Germanic Tribes of Cimbri and Charydes send ambassadors to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "5", "description": "Gnaeus Cornelius Cinna Magnus and Lucius Valerius Messalla Volesus (or Gaius Ateius Capito) become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "5", "description": "Tiberius conquers Germania Inferior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "5", "description": "Agrippina the Elder marries Germanicus, her second cousin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "5", "description": "Livilla marries Drusus Julius Caesar, Tiberius's son.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "5", "description": "Polycharmus Azenius becomes Archon of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "5", "description": "Wang Mang, the power behind the throne, is granted the ampquotNine Awards of Imperial Favorampquot ampampmdash a set of ceremonial robes, sceptres, weapons and privileges bestowed only on those in the most intimate relationship with the emperor. This is a further sign of the rising power of Wang  Mang.ampref name=wak1ampKlingaman, William K., ''The First Century: Emperors, Gods and Everyman'', 1990, p 64ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Herod Archelaus, ethnarch of Samaria, Judea, and Idumea, is deposed and banished to Vienne in Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Iudaea and Moesia become Roman provinces destroying the Dardani Syria is guarded by legions X ''Fretensis'', III ''Gallica'', VI ''Ferrata'', and XII ''Fulminata''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Emperor Augustus sets up a special treasury, the ''aerarium militare'' (170 million ''sestertii)'', to pay bonuses to retiring legion veterans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Tiberius makes Carnuntum his base of operations against Maroboduus The Roman legion XX ''Valeria Victrix'' fights with Tiberius against the Marcomanni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "The Illyrian tribes in Dalmatia and Pannonia start the Great Illyrian Revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "The building of a Roman fort signifies the origin of the city of Wiesbaden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Caecina Severus is made governor of Moesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Publius Sulpicius Quirinius becomes Governor of Syria and nominally of Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Quirinius conducts a census in Judea (according to Josephus), which results in a revolt in the province, led by Judas the Galilean, and supported by the Pharisee Zadok. The revolt is repressed, and the rebels are crucified, but it results in the birth of the Zealot movement, the members of which regard the God of Judaism as their only master.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Due to a food shortage in Rome, Augustus doubles the corn rations distributed to the people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Due to a catastrophic fire in Rome, the barracks system is created to allow quicker response in the case of emergencies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Augustus banishes Agrippa Postumus, one of his adopted sons, to the island of Planasia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Marcus Aemilius Lepidus and Lucius Arruntius become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "Theophilus becomes Archon of Athens. There are no further records of Archons until after 23.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6", "description": "January ampampndash Some Chinese fear for the life of the young, ailing Emperor Ping Di as the planet Mars disappears behind the moon this month.ampref name=wak1ampKlingaman, William K., ''The First Century: Emperors, Gods and Everyman'', 1990, p 66ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6/02/03", "description": " The boy emperor, Ping Di dies of unexpected causes at age 14 Wang Mang alone selects the new emperor, the Ruzi Ying, age 2,ref name=wak1\/ starting the ''Jushe'' era of the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6/02/03", "description": "Candidates for government office must take civil-service examinations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "6/02/03", "description": "The imperial Liu clan suspect the intentions of Wang Mang and foment agrarian rebellions during the course of Ruzi Ying's reign. The first of these is led by Liu Chong, Marquess of Ang-Zong (a\/k\/a Marquis of An-chung), with a small force starting inampref name=wak1\/amp May or June.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "7", "description": "Illyrian tribes in Pannonia and Dalmatia continue the Great Illyrian Revolt against Roman rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "7", "description": "Roman Emperor Caesar Augustus dismisses the Judean ethnarch Herod Archelaus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "7", "description": "Publius Quinctilius Varus is appointed governor of Germania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "7", "description": "Tiberius Quinctilius Varus, legate, is charged with organizing Germania between the Rhine and Elbe rivers.  He carries out a census, devises tributes and recruits soldiers, all of which create dissension among the Germanic tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "7", "description": "Abgarus of Edessa is deposed as king of Osroene.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "7", "description": "Construction of the Temple of Concord begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "7", "description": "Vonones I becomes ruler of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "7", "description": "Zhai Yi, Governor of the Commandery of Dong (modern Puyang, Henan) declares Liu Zin, Marquess of Yang Xiang (modern Tai'an, Shandong), emperor.  This proves to be the largest of the rebellions against Emperor Ruzi of Han.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "7", "description": "Wang Mang puts down the rebellion during the winter. The Zhai is captured and executed while Liu Xin escapes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "8/08/03", "description": " Roman general Tiberius defeats the Illyrians in Dalmatia on the River Bathinus, but the Great Illyrian Revolt continues.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "8/08/03", "description": "Vipsania Julia is exiled. Lucius Aemilius Paullus and his family are disgraced.  Augustus breaks off the engagement of Claudius to Paullus' daughter Aemilia Lepida. An effort is made to betrothe Claudius to Livia Medullina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "8/08/03", "description": "Marcus Furius Camillus, Sextus Nonius Quinctilianus, and Lucius Apronius become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "8/08/03", "description": "Roman poet Ovid is banished from Rome and exiled to the Black Sea near Tomis (present-day Constan\u0163a).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "8/08/03", "description": "Tincomarus, deposed king of the Atrebates, flees Britain for Rome Eppillus becomes king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "8/08/03", "description": "Vonones I becomes king of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "8/08/03", "description": "Start of Chushi era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "8/08/03", "description": "In China, Wang Mang crushes a rebellion by Chai I, and on the winter solstice (which has been dated January 10 of the following year) officially assumes the title emperor, establishing the short-lived Xin Dynasty.ampampKlingaman, William K., ''The First Century: Emperors, Gods and Everyman'', 1990, p 67ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "8/08/03", "description": "After completing ''Metamorphoses'', Ovid begins the ''Fasti'' (Festivals), 6 books that detail the first 6 months of the year and provide valuable insights into the Roman Calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Empress Wang is given the title of Duchess Dowager of Ding'an, while Emperor Ruzi of Han, the former Emperor of Han becomes the Duke of Ding'an.  Ruzi Ying is placed under house arrest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Lui Kuai, Marquess of Zuziang, attacks the Dukedom of Fuchong under his brother Liu Ying.  Lui Kuai is defeated and killed in the ensuing battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Wang Mang founds the short-lived Xin Dynasty in China (until 25).  Wang Mang names his wife Empress Wang (Xin Dynasty) and his son Wang Lin Crown Prince and heir to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Claudius marries Plautia Urgulanilla following the death of Livia Medullina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Illyria is turned into a province after the Great Illyrian Revolt is defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "The Rhine River is established as the boundary between the Latin and German speaking worlds, following the defeat of the Roman army, under the command of Varus, at the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Legio II ''Augusta'', XX ''Valeria Victrix'', and XIII ''Gemina'' move to Germany to replace Legio XIX and the others destroyed at Teutoburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Ovid is banished to Tomis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Pannonia (modern-day Hungary) submits to Roman rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "In order to increase the number of marriages, and ultimately the population, the ''Lex Papia Poppaea'' is adopted in Rome.  This law prohibits celibacy and childless relationships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Roman finances become strained following the Danubian insurrection and Varus' defeat in Germany, where three Roman legions were destroyed.  This results in the levying of two new taxes: five percent of inheritances, and one percent on sales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "The Catuvellauni attack the Trinovantes and capture Camulodunum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "9", "description": "Ovid completes Ibis (single poem).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "10", "description": "Differentiation of localized Teutonic tribes of the Irminones.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "10", "description": "Publius Cornelius Dolabella is a Roman consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "10", "description": "Illyria is divided into Pannonia and Dalmatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "10", "description": "''Senatus consultum Silanianum'' is adopted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "10", "description": "The usurper Wang Mang (who rules during a brief interregnum known as the Xin Dynasty) outlaws the private purchase and use of crossbows. Despite this, Liu Xiu, the later Emperor Guangwu of Han, buys crossbows in the winter of 22 in order to aid the rebellion of his brother Liu Yan (styled Bosheng) and Li Tong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "10", "description": "The Greek dynasty in Bactria is extinguished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Elsewhere", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "10", "description": "Ovid completes Tristia (the ampquotSorrowsampquot, 5 books) and Epistulae ex Ponto (Letters from the Black Sea, 4 books) describing the sadness of banishment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "11", "description": "Germania Inferior and the Rhine are secured by Germanicus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "11", "description": "Emperor Augustus abandons his plan to create a defensive border at the Elbe, in order to reinforce the Roman defense along the Rhine and the Danube.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "11", "description": "Artabanus II of the Arsacid Dynasty becomes ruler of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "11", "description": "In India, Satakarni begins his reign as Emperor of the Andhra Empire (11ampampndash29).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "12", "description": "Annius Rufus is appointed Prefect of Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "12", "description": "Augustus orders a major invasion of Germany beyond the Rhine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "12", "description": "Germanicus and Gaius Fonteius Capito become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "12", "description": "Quirinius returns from Judea to become a counselor to Tiberius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "12", "description": "The Armenian Artaxiad Dynasty is overthrown by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "12", "description": "Ovid stops writing Fasti because of the lack of resources (being far from the libraries of Rome).  He completes 6 books that detail festivals found in the Roman Calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "13", "description": "Abgarus of Edessa is reinstalled as king of Osroene.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "13", "description": "The Senate passes a senatus consultum restricting the reduced Vigintisexviri to the Ordo Equester.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "13", "description": "Tiberius makes his triumphant procession through Rome after the siege of Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "13", "description": "Last year (3rd) of ''Shijianguo'' era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "13", "description": "Strabo publishes his book on the shape of the Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "Augustus dies and is declared to be a god.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "Tacitus reports that the town and port of Nauportus has been plundered by a mutinous Roman legion that was sent there to build roads and bridges.ampampTacitus, The Annals 1.20ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "Tiberius succeeds his stepfather Augustus as Emperor of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "Legions on the Rhine revolt after the death of AugustusampampTacitus, The Annals 1.31ampamp Germanicus and Drusus put down the revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "Germanicus is appointed commander of the forces in Germany, beginning a campaign that will end in 16.ampampTacitus, The Annals 1.49ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "Germanicus leads a brutal raid against the Marsi, a German tribe on the upper Ruhr river, who are massacred.ampampTacitus, The Annals 1.51ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "A census indicates that there are 4,973,000 Roman citizens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "Claudia Marcella marries Sextus Appuleius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "Sextus Appuleius and Sextus Pompeius serve as Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "First year of ''tianfeng'' era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "Famine hits China. Some citizens turn to cannibalism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "14", "description": "The Hellenistic period ends, according to some scholars (usual date 31 BC).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "15", "description": "Emona (currently Ljubljana) is founded by Legio XV Apollinaris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "15", "description": "Germanicus fights a drawn battle with Arminius in the Teutoburg Forest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "15", "description": "Germanicus captures Thusnelda, the wife of Arminius.ampampTacitus, The Annals 1.57ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "15", "description": "Legio XXI ''Rapax'' is stationed in Regensburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "15", "description": "In Rome, the selection of civil servants passes from the people to the Emperor and the Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "15", "description": "Valerius Gratus is appointed Prefect of Iudaea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "15", "description": "The river Tiber floods parts of Rome.ampampTacitus, The Annals 1.76ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "15", "description": "Biography of Augustus by Nicholas of Damascus is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "16", "description": "A Roman army of 50,000 men commanded by Germanicus gains a great victory at Idistaviso, defeating the German war chief Arminius and recovering the lost eagles of Varus' legions.ampampTacitus, The Annals 2.21ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "16", "description": "Germanicus employs North Sea fleet to avoid dangerous rivers, embarking an army in the Rhine delta aboard circa 1,000 ships. He defeats the Germans at Amisius river estuary and the Weser, but during its return the Roman fleet is partially destroyed by storms.ampampTacitus, The Annals 2.24ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "16", "description": "Noricans having joined with the Pannonians in invading Histria, are defeated by Publius Silius, proconsul of Illyricum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "16", "description": "Vonones, the beleaguered king of Armenia is summoned to Syria by Roman governor, Creticus Silanus.ampampTacitus, The Annals 2.4ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "16", "description": "Ovid's ampquotEpistulae ex Pontoampquot appears.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": " Germanicus returns to Rome as conquering hero, he celebrates a triumph for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti and other German tribes west of the Elbe.Tacitus, The Annals 2.41", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": "Emperor Tiberius sends Germanicus to the east in order to lead a military campaign against Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": "Cappadocia (Asia Minor) becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": "Lucius Aelius Sejanus becomes Praetorian prefect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": "Beginning of a civil war in Germania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": "Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, is defeated by Arminius and his Germanic tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": "Tacfarinas, Numidian deserter from the Roman army,ampref name=ampquotref1ampquotampTacitus, The Annals 2.52ampamp begins a guerrilla war against the Romans. He leads his own Musulamii tribe and a coalition of Berbers, attacking the ''Limes Tripolitanus'' a fortified zone (Limes) of the Roman Empire in Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": "Herod Antipas, son of Herod the Great, builds on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee, the city Tiberias in honor of Tiberius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Israel", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": "An earthquake in Anatolia destroys the city of Sardis and damages several other cities.ampampTacitus, The Annals 2.47ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "17/05/26", "description": "Publication of the Ab Urbe condita (ampquotHistory of Rome Since its Foundationampquot) in 142 volumes by Livy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "18", "description": "Emperor Tiberius and Germanicus are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "18", "description": "A ''vexillatio'' (sub-unit) of Legio III ''Augusta'' is destroyed by an ambush in Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "18", "description": "The German chieftain Arminius destroys the kingdom of the Marcomanni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "18", "description": "Winter ampampndash Germanicus Caesar arrived in Syria, as new commander in chief for the Roman East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "18", "description": "Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, governor of Syria, ignored the order of Germanicus to send Syrian-based legions, including Legio VI Ferrata and Legio X Fretensis, to Armenia to back him in his planned coronation of Artaxias III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "18", "description": "Germanicus conclude a peace treaty with Artabanus II of Parthia, in which he is recognized as king and friend of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "18", "description": "After a flooding of the Yellow River farmers are forced to rebel. Emperor Wang Mang reacts by sending an army (some 100,000 men) against the agrarian rebels. The rebel leaders, concerned that during battle it would become impossible to tell friend from foe, order that their men color their eyebrows red ampampndash and this is where the name Chimei (ampquotThe Red Eyebrowsampquot) comes from.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "18", "description": "In India, the Indo-Parthians control Taxila.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "19", "description": "Maroboduus, king of the Marcomanni, is deposed by Catualda.  This ends the threat to the Romans from German tribes until the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Rome places them under its protection.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "19", "description": "Germanicus Julius Caesar, commander in chief of the Roman legions in the East and beloved by the legionaries, dies of poisoning. On his deathbed he accuses Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, the governor of Syria, of poisoning him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "19", "description": "Emperor Tiberius expels the Egyptians from Rome, and deports 4,000 Jews from Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "19", "description": "Agrippina the Elder accuses Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso of having assassinated her husband Germanicus Julius Caesar in Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "19", "description": "A Triumphal Arch is built for Germanicus Julius Caesar in Saintes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "19", "description": "Vonones I of Parthia is removed to Cilicia and kept under house arrest. He escaped, but is caught and killed by a retired legion veteran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "19", "description": "Last year (6th) of ''Tianfeng'' era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "19", "description": "First flying machine, according to the Hanshu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "19", "description": "Gondophares becomes king of the Saces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "20", "description": "Servius Sulpicius Galba is a Roman praetor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "20", "description": "Emperor Tiberius is forced to order an investigation and a public trial in the Roman Senate, for the murder of Germanicus. Fearing he will be found guilty, Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso commits suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "20", "description": "First year of ''Dihuang'' era of the Chinese Xin Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "20", "description": "Philo defines philosophy as the maidservant of theology.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "21", "description": "Revolt of the Aedui under Julius Florus and Julius Sacrovir, suppressed by Gaius Silius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "21", "description": "Emperor Tiberius is a Roman Consul for the fourth time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "21", "description": "The Romans create a buffer state in the territory of the Quadi in southern Slovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "21", "description": "Barracks are constructed for the Praetorian Guard on the Quirinal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "21", "description": "King Daeso of Dongbuyeo is killed in battle against the armies of Goguryeo, led by its third ruler, King Daemusin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "21", "description": "The manufacture of pens and metal writing tools begins in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "22", "description": "It is the ninth year of the emperor Tiberius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "22", "description": "The consuls are Decimus Haterius Agrippa and Gaius Sulpicius Galba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "22", "description": "Marcus Cocceius Nerva and Gaius Vibius Rufinus are consuls ''Ex Kal. Jul.''", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "22", "description": "Drusus Julius Caesar receives the ''tribunicia potestas'' (tribunician power).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "22", "description": "Roman law replaces Celtic customs in Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "22", "description": "Beginning of Later Han Dynasty in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "23", "description": "Greek geographer Strabo publishes ''Geography'', a work covering the world known to the Romans and Greeks at the time of Emperor Augustus ampampndash it is the only such book to survive from the ancient world.ampamp{{cite book|last=Roller|first=Duane W.|title=The building program of Herod the Great|year=1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20934-3|page=65|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=2ZsB1yQOmyECampamppg=PA65ampampdq=Strabo+publishes+Geography+23#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=2ZsB1yQOmyECampamppg=PA65ampampdq=Strabo+publishes+Geography+23#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "23", "description": "Emperor Tiberius' son Julius Caesar Drusus dies.ampamp{{cite book|last=Bunson|first=Matthew|title=Encyclopedia of the Roman empire|year=2002|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-4562-4|pages=187\u2013188|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=T5tic2VunRoCampamppg=PA187ampampdq=Julius+Caesar+Drusus+died+23#v=onepageampampq=Julius%20Caesar%20Drusus%20died%2023ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=T5tic2VunRoCampamppg=PA187ampampdq=Julius+Caesar+Drusus+died+23#v=onepageampampq=Julius%20Caesar%20Drusus%20died%2023ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp<\/a>  From that point forward, he seems to lose interest in the Empire and occupies himself with the pursuit of pleasure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "23", "description": "Lucius Aelius Sejanus begins to dominate the Roman Senate and Tiberius, after the death of Drusus.ampamp{{cite book|last=Adkins|first=Lesley|last2=Adkins|first2=Roy A.|title=Handbook to life in ancient Rome|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-5026-0|page=23|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=zGY1Sqjwf8kCampamppg=PA18ampampdq=Lucius+Aelius+Sejanus+senate+23#v=onepageampampq=Lucius%20Aelius%20Sejanus%20senate%2023ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=zGY1Sqjwf8kCampamppg=PA18ampampdq=Lucius+Aelius+Sejanus+senate+23#v=onepageampampq=Lucius%20Aelius%20Sejanus%20senate%2023ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "23", "description": "Gaius Asinius Pollio and Gaius Antistius Vetus become consuls.ampamp{{cite book|last=Sherk|first=Robert Kenneth|title=The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian|year=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-33887-5|page=73|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=blVB5qsbnwICampamppg=PA73ampampdq=Gaius+Asinius+Pollio+Gaius+Antistius+Vetus#v=onepageampampq=Gaius%20Asinius%20Pollio%20Gaius%20Antistius%20Vetusampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=blVB5qsbnwICampamppg=PA73ampampdq=Gaius+Asinius+Pollio+Gaius+Antistius+Vetus#v=onepageampampq=Gaius%20Asinius%20Pollio%20Gaius%20Antistius%20Vetusampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "23", "description": "Liu Xuan, a descendant of the Han Dynasty royal family and leader of insurgents against the Xin Dynasty, proclaims himself emperor against Wang Mang.ampamp{{cite book|last=Giele|first=Enno|title=Imperial decision-making and communication in early China: a study of Cai Yong's Duduan|year=2006|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05334-1|page=218|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=pb5veqFrpvICampamppg=PA218ampampdq=Liu+Xuan+emperor+23#v=onepageampampq=Liu%20Xuan%20emperor%2023ampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=pb5veqFrpvICampamppg=PA218ampampdq=Liu+Xuan+emperor+23#v=onepageampampq=Liu%20Xuan%20emperor%2023ampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "23", "description": "July ampampndash After being under siege for two months, about 19,000 insurgents under Liu Xiu defeat 450,000 of Wang Mang's troops in the Battle of Kunyang, ushering in the fall of Wang Mang and restoration of the Han Dynasty in China.ampamp{{cite book|last=Schram|first=Stuart R.|title=Mao's road to power: revolutionary writings 1912\u20131949|year=1992|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-1-56324-457-5|page=366|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=K8K7b_nC6BsCampamppg=PA366ampampdq=Battle+of+Kunyang+23#v=onepageampampq=Battle%20of%20Kunyang%2023ampampf=false|volume=1}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=K8K7b_nC6BsCampamppg=PA366ampampdq=Battle+of+Kunyang+23#v=onepageampampq=Battle%20of%20Kunyang%2023ampampf=false|volume=1}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "24", "description": "The Roman war against Numidia and Mauretania ends with their annexation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "24", "description": "Servius Cornelius Cethegus and Lucius Visellius Varro become consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "24", "description": "Charmides becomes Archon of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "24", "description": "Tacfarinas' revolt in Africa is repressed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "24", "description": "King Yuri ascends to the Silla (Korea) throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "24", "description": "End of the Masinissa line of the rulers of Carthage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "24", "description": "Philo declares that the Old Testament is the eternal law of God.amp\/onlyincludeamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "25", "description": "Emperor Tiberius settles a dispute between Messenia and Sparta over the Ager Dentheliales on Mount Taygetus, awarding the land to Messenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "25", "description": "Lucius Aelius Sejanus unsuccessfully attempts to marry the widow of Drusus Julius Caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "25", "description": "Cossus Cornelius Lentulus, Marcus Asinius Agrippa become consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "25", "description": "The Han dynasty is restored in China as Liu Xiu proclaims himself Emperor, starting the ''Jianwu'' era (until 56).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "25", "description": "Luoyang becomes the capital of the '''''Houhan''''' or Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "25", "description": "Pomponius Mela formalizes the climatic zone system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "26", "description": "Pontius Pilate is appointed as prefect of Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "26", "description": "Emperor Tiberius retires to Capri, leaving the Praetorian Guard under Lucius Aelius Sejanus in charge of the Roman Empire and the city of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "26", "description": "Romans crush an uprising of Thracian tribesmen.ampampTacitus, The Annals 4.46-4.51ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "27", "description": "Lucius Calpurnius Piso and Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi become Roman consuls.ampampTacitus, The Annals 4.62ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "27", "description": "Fire in Rome.ampampTacitus, The Annals 4.64ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "27", "description": "A poorly built amphitheatre in Fidenae collapses, killing 20,000 of the 50,000 spectators.ampampTacitus, The Annals 4.63ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "27", "description": "Apricots are brought to Rome from Asia.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "27", "description": "An Arc of Triumph is erected in Rimini, in honor of Augustus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "27", "description": "Baptism of Jesus, according to one dating scheme. {{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "28", "description": "Roman legions in Germania are transported by fleet to fortress of Flevum on the Rhine to operate against the rebellious Frisians.ampampTacitus, The Annals 4.73ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Germania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "28", "description": "The Frisians negotiate a treaty with the Romans at the River Rhine, avoiding conquest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Germania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "28", "description": "King Daru of Baekje succeeds to the throne of Baekje in the Korean peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "28", "description": "According to the Book of Luke, the ministries of John the Baptist and Jesus began in this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "29", "description": "The Romans capture Serdica (modern Sofia), named after the Celtic tribe the Serdi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "29", "description": "Agrippina the Elder is exiled to the island of Pandataria, and her sons (except Caligula) are imprisoned by Lucius Aelius Sejanus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "29", "description": "Jesus baptized by John the Baptist (see 27).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "30", "description": "The Romans found the city of Tournai in Belgium.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "30", "description": "The Kushan Empire is founded (approximate date).{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "30", "description": "30 April  - After being condemned to death by the Jewish court known as the Sanhedrin Jesus of Nazareth is crucified at Golgotha {{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "30", "description": "The Sermon on the Mount (according to proponents of the 33 theory, although 27 or 28 is more likely). Jesus speaks to his disciples and a large crowd.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "30/04/07", "description": "Good Friday) ampndash Crucifixion of Jesus (suggested date, but it is also suggested that he died on April 3, 33).<a href=\"http:\/\/www.johnpratt.com\/items\/docs\/newton.html\">http:\/\/www.johnpratt.com\/items\/docs\/newton.html<\/a> johnpratt.com", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "30/04/07", "description": "Probable beginning of pontificate of Saint Peter (in Catholic reckoning, until 64).{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "30/04/07", "description": "Phaedrus translates Aesop's fables, and composes some of his own.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "30/04/07", "description": "Velleius Paterculus writes the general history of the countries known in Antiquity.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "31", "description": "Lucius Aelius Sejanus is named co-Consul to the Emperor Tiberius.  However, Tiberius becomes aware of Sejanus' treachery and has him arrested and executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "31/04/06", "description": "Good Friday) ampndash Crucifixion of Jesus (according to one dating scheme).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "31/04/06", "description": "Naevius Sutorius Macro becomes the leader of the Praetorian Guard after Sejanus is executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "31/04/06", "description": "Tiberius returns to Rome from Capri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "31/04/06", "description": "Jared conquers the Babylonians according to the Dead Sea Scrolls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "32", "description": "Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Lucius Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "32", "description": "Saint Peter traditionally becomes first pope (see 30 for more likely date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "32", "description": "Symbolic interpretation of the OT by Philo (Allegory).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "32", "description": "Crucifixion of Jesus (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "33", "description": "Servius Sulpicius Galba is a Roman Consul.ampamp{{cite book|last=Bunson|first=Matthew|title=Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire|year=2002|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-4562-4|page=226|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=T5tic2VunRoCampamppg=PA226ampampdq=Servius+Sulpicius+Galba+consul+33#v=onepageampampq=Servius%20Sulpicius%20Galba%20consul%2033ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=T5tic2VunRoCampamppg=PA226ampampdq=Servius+Sulpicius+Galba+consul+33#v=onepageampampq=Servius%20Sulpicius%20Galba%20consul%2033ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "33", "description": "Emperor Tiberius founds a credit bank in Rome.ampamp{{cite book|last=Harris|first=W. V.|title=Rome's Imperial Economy: Twelve Essays|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-959516-7|page=238|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LLy8ckG_AC0Campamppg=PA238ampampdq=Tiberius+credit+bank+33#v=onepageampampq=Tiberius%20credit%20bank%2033ampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=LLy8ckG_AC0Campamppg=PA238ampampdq=Tiberius+credit+bank+33#v=onepageampampq=Tiberius%20credit%20bank%2033ampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "33", "description": "A financial crisis hits Rome, due to poorly chosen fiscal policies. Land values plummet, and credit is increased.  These actions lead to a lack of cash, a crisis of confidence, and much land speculation.  The primary victims are senators, knights and the wealthy.  Many aristocratic families are ruined.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "33", "description": "Although the usurpation of Wang Mang and the Chimei Rebellion are behind him, Emperor Guangwu now faces a new threat to the Han Dynasty: the Rebellion of Gongsun Shu in the Sichuan province. Gongsun's naval forces are unsuccessful against Han General Cen Peng, so Gongsun decides to fortify his position by blockading the entire Yangtze River with a large floating pontoon bridge, complete with floating fortified posts. He erects forts on both banks of the river for further missile fire and protects his barrier with a large boom. After Cen Peng is unable to break through, he constructs several ampquotcastle shipsampquot with high ramparts and ramming vessels known as ampquotcolliding swoopersampquot, which break through Gongsun's lines and allow Cen to quell his rebellion. Gongsun Shu is totally defeated three years later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "35", "description": "Pliny the Elder is brought to Rome before this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "35", "description": "Tiridates III becomes king of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "36", "description": "Pontius Pilate is recalled to Rome after putting down a Samaritan uprising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "36", "description": "Lucius Vitellius defeats Artabanus II of Parthia in support of another clamaint to the throne, Tiridates III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "36", "description": "Herod Antipas suffers major losses in a war with Aretas IV of Nabatea, provoked partly by Antipas' divorce of Aretas' daughter. According to Josephus, Herod's defeat was popularly believed to be divine punishment for his execution of John the Baptist. Emperor Tiberius orders his governor of Syria, Vitellius, to capture or kill Aretas, but he is reluctant to support Herod and abandons his campaign upon Tiberius' death in 37.ampampJosephus, ''Antiquities of the Jews'' <a href=\"http:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/cgi-bin\/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.113\">http:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/cgi-bin\/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.113<\/a> 18.113ampampndash126 {{cite journal |last=Bruce |first=F. F. |authorlink=F. F. Bruce |year=1963\/1965 |title=Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea |journal=Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society |volume=5 |pages=6ampampndash23, pp. 17ampampndash18 |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.biblicalstudies.org.uk\/pdf\/herod_bruce.pdf\">http:\/\/www.biblicalstudies.org.uk\/pdf\/herod_bruce.pdf<\/a> |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-10-21 }}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "36", "description": "Marcellus becomes governor of Judaea and Samaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "36", "description": "Last calendar monument before a moratorium that lasts for about 3 centuries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mesoamerica", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "37/03/18", "description": " The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius's will and proclaims Caligula Roman Emperor.ref name=cambridge{{cite book|last=Bowman|first=Alan K.|last2=Champlin|first2=Edward|last3=Lintott|first3=Andrew|title=The Cambridge ancient history: The Augustan Empire, 43 B.C.\u2013A.D. 69|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26430-3|page=221}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "37/03/18", "description": "Caligula's attempt to have himself deified creates friction between himself and the Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "37/04/09", "description": "An earthquake destroys Antioch.{{cite book|last=Downey|first=Glanville|title=A history of Antioch in Syria: from Seleucus to the Arab conquest|year=1961|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=190}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "37/04/09", "description": "Abilene is granted to Agrippa I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "37/04/09", "description": "Saint Peter founds the Syrian Orthodox Church (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "37/04/09", "description": "Probable year of the conversion of the Pharisee Saul of Tarsus to Christianity after a vision.  After 39 he is recognised as Saint Paul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "38", "description": "Probable year of the marriage of Claudius and Messalina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "38", "description": "Apion heads a deputation to Caligula to complain about the Jews in Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "38", "description": "Anti-Jewish riot breaks out in Alexandria during a visit by Agrippa I: the mob wants to place statues of Caligula in every synagogue.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "38", "description": "Phaedrus writes his popular collection of fables.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "38", "description": "Stachys the Apostle becomes the second patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "39", "description": "Tigellinus, minister and favorite of the later Roman emperor Nero, is banished for adultery with Caligula's sisters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "39", "description": "Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (Caligula) and Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "39", "description": "Domitius Afer secures a consulship. Caligula ordering a floating bridge to be built using ships as pontoons, stretching for two miles from Baiae to the neighboring port of Puteoli.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "39", "description": "Agrippa I, king of Judaea, successfully accuses Herod Antipas, tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, of conspiracy against Caligula. Antipas is exiled and Agrippa receives his territory.ampampJosephus, ''Antiquities of the Jews'' <a href=\"http:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/cgi-bin\/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.247\">http:\/\/www.perseus.tufts.edu\/cgi-bin\/ptext?lookup=J.+AJ+18.247<\/a> 18.247ampampndash252 {{cite journal |last=Bruce |first=F. F. |authorlink=F. F. Bruce |year=1963\/1965 |title=Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee and Peraea |journal=Annual of Leeds University Oriental Society |volume=5 |pages=6ampampndash23, p. 21 |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.biblicalstudies.org.uk\/pdf\/herod_bruce.pdf\">http:\/\/www.biblicalstudies.org.uk\/pdf\/herod_bruce.pdf<\/a> |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-10-21 }}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "39", "description": "Legio XV ''Primigenia'' and XXII ''Primigenia'' are levied by Caligula for the German frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "39", "description": "Caligula's campaign into Germany is stopped by a conspiracy led by Cassius Chaerea. Even though he never even reaches Germany, Caligula proclaims himself victorious and orders a Triumph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "39", "description": "Caligula orders that a statue of himself be placed in the temple in Jerusalem.  The governor of Syria, Publius Petronius, who is responsible for erecting the statue, faces mass demonstrations by Jews of the region and manages to delay construction of the statue until the death of Caligula in 41.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "39", "description": "Philo leads a Jewish delegation to Rome to protest the anti-Jewish conditions in Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "39", "description": "The Trung Sisters resist the Chinese influences in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "The emperor Caligula is consul without colleague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "Caligula starts on a campaign to conquer Britain, which fails miserably. He declares himself victorious regardless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "Noricum and Mauretania are incorporated into the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "Caligula reforms the principatus into a Hellenistic Autocracy. He distributes honors carelessly, declares himself a god and orders that all the heads of the Greek deity statues be replaced by his. He also appoints his horse, Incitatus,  a senator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "Approximate date of start of construction on the Pont du Gard aqueduct in Gallia Narbonensis.ampamp{{cite journal|last1=Fabre|first1=Guilhem|last2=Fiches|first2=Jean-Luc|last3=Paillet|first3=Jean-Louis|year=1991|title=Interdisciplinary Research on the Aqueduct of Nimes and the Pont du Gard|journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology|volume=4|pages=63\u201388}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "The Germanic Quadi tribe begin settling in present-day Moravia and Slovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "Vardanes I becomes king of Parthia, opposed by his brother Gotarzes II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "The Vietnamese Trung sisters rebel against the rule of the Chinese Emperor Guangwu of Han.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "Philo teaches that all men are born free.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "Christianity comes to Egypt as a church is founded in Alexandria. Mark the Evangelist founds the Coptic Orthodox Church as the first pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "40", "description": "An early Christian church is erected at Corinth (most probable date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41", "description": "Consuls are the emperor Caligula and Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus.ampamp{{cite book|last=Burley|first=Anthony Richard|title=The Roman government of Britain|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925237-4|page=219|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=izIMUEgzjm0Campamppg=PA219ampampdq=Caligula+Gnaeus+Sentius+Saturninus#v=onepageampampq=Caligula%20Gnaeus%20Sentius%20Saturninusampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=izIMUEgzjm0Campamppg=PA219ampampdq=Caligula+Gnaeus+Sentius+Saturninus#v=onepageampampq=Caligula%20Gnaeus%20Sentius%20Saturninusampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41", "description": "Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel despotism, is assassinated by his disgruntled Praetorian Guards.ampref name=ampquotCaligulaampquotamp{{cite book|last=Barrett|first=Anthony A.|title=Caligula: The Corruption of Power|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-13776-5|page=170|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=H1paoJ_BN28Campamppg=PA170ampampdq=Caligula+assassinated+January+24#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=H1paoJ_BN28Campamppg=PA170ampampdq=Caligula+assassinated+January+24#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41", "description": "Claudius succeeds his nephew Caligula as Emperor.ampref name=ampquotClaudiusampquotamp{{cite book|last=Adkins|first=Lesley|last2=Adkins|first2=Roy A.|title=Handbook to life in ancient Rome|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-5026-0|page=21|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=zGY1Sqjwf8kCampamppg=PA21ampampdq=Claudius+emperor+January+25#v=onepageampampq=Claudius%20emperor%20January%2025ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=zGY1Sqjwf8kCampamppg=PA21ampampdq=Claudius+emperor+January+25#v=onepageampampq=Claudius%20emperor%20January%2025ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41/01/25", "description": " After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Emperor by the Senate.ref name=quotClaudiusquot \/", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41/01/25", "description": "Claudius makes Agrippa king of Judea.ampamp{{cite book|last=Dixon|first=William Hepworth|title=The holy land|year=1865|publisher=B. Tauchnitz|page=222|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=r7EWAAAAQAAJampamppg=PA222ampampdq=Agrippa+king+of+Judea+41#v=onepageampampq=Agrippa%20king%20of%20Judea%2041ampampf=false|volume=2}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=r7EWAAAAQAAJampamppg=PA222ampampdq=Agrippa+king+of+Judea+41#v=onepageampampq=Agrippa%20king%20of%20Judea%2041ampampf=false|volume=2}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41/01/25", "description": "Messalina, wife of Claudius, persuades Claudius to have Seneca the Younger banished to Corsica on a charge of adultery with Julia Livilla.ampamp{{cite book|last=Moran|first=Michael G.|editor=Ballif, Michelle|title=Classical rhetorics and rhetoricians: critical studies and sources|year=2005|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32178-8|page=343|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=CYykAGVyqvwCampamppg=PA343ampampdq=Seneca+the+Younger+banished+41#v=onepageampampq=Seneca%20the%20Younger%20banished%2041ampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=CYykAGVyqvwCampamppg=PA343ampampdq=Seneca+the+Younger+banished+41#v=onepageampampq=Seneca%20the%20Younger%20banished%2041ampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41/01/25", "description": "Claudius restores religious freedom to Jews throughout the empire,ampamp{{cite book|editor=Freedman, David Noel|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible|year=2000|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-5356-503-2|page=262|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkCampamppg=PA262ampampdq=Claudius+restores+religious+freedom+to+Jews+41#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkCampamppg=PA262ampampdq=Claudius+restores+religious+freedom+to+Jews+41#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a> but prohibits Jews in Rome from proselytising.ampamp{{cite book|last=Scullard|first=H. H.|title=From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome 133 BC to AD 68|year=2010|publisher=Taylor ampamp Francis|isbn=978-0-415-58488-3|page=249|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=vMzvAXjq1uECampamppg=PA249ampampdq=Claudius+Jews+proselytising+Rome+41#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=vMzvAXjq1uECampamppg=PA249ampampdq=Claudius+Jews+proselytising+Rome+41#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41/01/25", "description": "An attack across the Rhine by the Germans is stopped by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41/01/25", "description": "Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty deposes his wife, Guo Shentong, as empress, and creates his consort Yin Lihua empress in her place.ampamp{{cite book|editor1-last=Xiao Hong Lee|editor1-first=Lily|editor2-last=Stefanowska|editor2-first=A. D.|title=Biographical dictionary of Chinese women: antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E.\u2013618 C.E.|year=2007|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-1750-7|pages=146\u2013147|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=u7mLql4TAxoCampamppg=PA147ampampdq=Emperor+Guangwu+empress+41#v=onepageampampq=Emperor%20Guangwu%20empress%2041ampampf=false|volume=3}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=u7mLql4TAxoCampamppg=PA147ampampdq=Emperor+Guangwu+empress+41#v=onepageampampq=Emperor%20Guangwu%20empress%2041ampampf=false|volume=3}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41/01/25", "description": "The disciples of Jesus form communities after the Diaspora, especially in Damascus and Antioch.  For the first time they are called Christians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "41/01/25", "description": "The death of Caligula saves the Jewish people from being punished for resisting orders to worship his statue in the Temple of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "42", "description": "Consuls are Emperor Claudius and Gaius Caecina Largus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By places", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "42", "description": "Romans take control of Ceuta, a port city on the North African side of the Strait of Gibraltar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By places", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "42", "description": "The territories of the current Algeria and Morocco become a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By places", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "42", "description": "The Dalmatian legate, Furius Camillus Scribonianus, revolts but his troops defect and his rebellion quickly withers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By places", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "42", "description": "Claudius begins construction of Portus, the harbour bears a lighthouse and is sited on the right bank of the Tiber.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By places", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "42", "description": "Suro becomes the first king of Geumgwan Gaya in the Korean peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By places", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "42", "description": "The Chinese General Ma Yuan represses the rebellions of the Trung sisters in Tonkin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By places", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "42", "description": "25 January ampampndash Conversion of the Apostle Paul to Christianity. In reality, the exact date is unknown, but the Roman Catholic Church has chosen to commemorate this date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "The Roman conquest of Britain begins. Aulus Plautius lands with four legions (20,000 men) and the same number of auxiliaries at Rutupiae (modern Richborough, on the east coast of Kent) and defeats the Britons, led by Caratacus and Togodumnus, in battles on the rivers Medway and Thames. He halts at the Thames and sends for emperor Claudius, who leads the march on Camulodunum. Eleven British kings, probably including those of the Iceni and Brigantes, submit without a fight. Meanwhile, the future emperor Vespasian begins to subdue the south-west. The Romans begin to construct forts, such as at Peterborough, and a road that later becomes Ermine Street.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "The Romans capture a Brythonic settlement at Kent, and rename it ''Durovernum Cantiacorum'' (modern Canterbury). They establish a Roman fort to guard the crossing of the River Stour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "Consuls are the emperor Claudius (his second consulship as emperor, third in total) and Lucius Vitellius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "Claudius annexes Lycia in Asia Minor, combining it with Pamphylia as a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "The Romans now have complete control of the Mediterranean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "Warfare begins between the northern and southern Huns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "The warrior Trung Sisters commit suicide after their resistance is defeated at Nam Viet in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "Vietnam is designated a province of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "Vardanes I of Parthia forces the city of Seleucia on the Tigris to surrender.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "In Coptic Orthodox Christianity, Mark the Evangelist becomes the first Pope of Alexandria, thus establishing the Christian Church in Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "43", "description": "Pomponius Mela, Roman geographer, writes ''De situ orbis libri'' (probable date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "44", "description": "Gaius Sallustius Crispus Passienus and Titus Statilius Taurus become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "44", "description": "The emperor Claudius returns from his British campaign in triumph, the southeast part of Britannia now held by the Roman Empire, but the war will rage for another decade and a half.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "44", "description": "Boudicca marries Prasutagus, king of the British Celtic tribe the Iceni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "44", "description": "Mauretania becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "44", "description": "The Isle of Rhodes returns to the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "44", "description": "Judaea is controlled by Roman governors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "44", "description": "Cuspius Fadus, governor of Judea (44ampampndash46), suppress the revolt of Theudas who is decapitated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "44", "description": "Pomponius Mela writes ''De situ orbis'', a geography of the Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "45", "description": "Marcus Vinicius and Titus Flavius Sabinus become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "45", "description": "Galba becomes the commander of Legio III ''Augusta''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "45", "description": "Salzburg (Juvavum) is awarded the status of a Roman ''municipium''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "45", "description": "The emperor Claudius expels the Jews from Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "45", "description": "Emperor Claudius founds Savaria, today the Hungarian city of Szombathely.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "45", "description": "The Senate holds consultations regarding real estate speculation in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "45", "description": "The wealthy freedman C. Lusius Storax dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "45", "description": "Expedition of Chinese general Ma Yuan against the Xiongnu and the Xianbei (in Manchuria).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "45", "description": "Paul of Tarsus begins his missionary travels, according to one traditional dating scheme.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "46", "description": "Consuls are Decimus Valerius Asiaticus and Marcus Junius Silanus Torquatus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "46", "description": "The settlement at Celje gets municipal rights and is named ''municipium Claudia Celeia''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "46", "description": "Dobruja is annexed into Roman Moesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "46", "description": "A census shows that there are more than 6,000,000 Roman citizens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "46", "description": "After the death of its king, Thracia becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "46", "description": "Rome and its northeast border are reunited by the Danube Road.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "46", "description": "A drought and an invasion of locusts hit the Mongolian steppes, causing a famine and a revolt at Xiongnu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Consuls are the emperor Claudius and Lucius Vitellius. Claudius revives the censorship and ''ludi saeculares'' and organises the order of the Haruspices with sixty members.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo is made commander of the Roman army in Germania Inferior. He conquers the Chauci and fights against the Cherusci and Frisians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Cauci pirates led by the Roman deserter Gannascus ravage the Gallic coast Corbulo uses the Rhine fleet against them. The Frisian revolt is suppressed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Publius Ostorius Scapula becomes governor of Britain, in place of Aulus Plautius. The south-east of the island is now a Roman province, while certain states on the south coast are ruled as a nominally independent client kingdom by Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus, whose seat is probably at Fishbourne near Chichester. Ostorius immediately faces incursions from unconquered areas, which he puts down.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Corbulo orders the construction of the canal Fossa Corbulonis, between the Rhine and Meuse in the Netherlands, which connects the city Forum Hadriani (Voorburg).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Romans build the ''Traiectum'' fortification near the mouth of the Rhine, which will later grow to be the city of Utrecht.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Claudius founds the city Forum Claudii Vallensium (modern Martigny) in the Alpes Poeninae (Switzerland).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Musselburgh is founded in Roman Britain (Scotland).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Pliny the Elder sees military service in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Ananias becomes high priest in Judaea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "47", "description": "Paul starts his evangelistic work.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "Consuls are Aulus Vitellius and Lucius Vipstanus Poplicola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "The emperor Claudius invests Agrippa II with the office of superintendent of the Temple in Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "After the execution of his wife Messalina, Claudius gets senatorial approval to marry his niece, Agrippina the Younger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "Vitellius is a Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "Publius Ostorius Scapula, governor of Britain, announces his intention to disarm all Britons south and east of the Trent and Severn. The Iceni, an independent, allied kingdom within that area, revolt but are defeated. Ostorius then moves against the Deceangli in north Wales, but is forced to abandon the campaign to deal with a revolt among the allied Brigantes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "Gallic nobles are admitted to the Roman Senate. Claudius grants the rights of citizenship to the Aedui.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "The Hsiung-nu empire dissolves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "The emperor of China, Guang Wudi (Kouang Wou-Ti), restores Chinese domination of Inner Mongolia.  The Xiongnu are made confederates and guard the Northern border of the empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "Probable date of the Apostolic Council. Paul of Tarsus begins his first mission (approximate date, see 47).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "48", "description": "According to Christian legend, Martha travels to Avignon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "49", "description": "Emperor Claudius marries his niece Agrippina the Younger (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "49", "description": "Seneca the Younger becomes Nero's tutor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "49", "description": "Melankomas is the boxing champion at the 207th Olympic Games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "49", "description": "Likely date for the expulsion of the Jews from Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "49", "description": "Nero becomes engaged to Claudia Octavia, daughter of Claudius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "49", "description": "Agrippina the Younger charges Octavia's first fianc\u00e9 Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus with incest. He is brought before the Senate and sentenced to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "49", "description": "In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula founds a ''colonia'' for Roman veterans at Camulodunum (Colchester). Verulamium (St Albans) is probably established as a ''municipium'' the same year. A legion is stationed on the borders of the Silures of South Wales in preparation for invasion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "49", "description": "New Testament book Paul's Epistle to the Galatians is probably written.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "49", "description": "Christianity spreads into Europe, especially at Rome and at Philippi (probable date according to chronology derived from the ''Acts of the Apostles'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Cologne is raised to the status of a city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Romans learn the use of soap from the Gauls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Utrecht is founded, a Roman fortification (''castellum'') is constructed at the Rhine border in the present-day Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Claudius adopts Nero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "In Judea a Roman soldier seized and burned a Torah-scroll. Procurator Cumanus had the culprit beheaded, calming down the Jews and delaying for two decades the outbreak of their  revoltampampFlavius Josephus, ampquotAnt.ampquot xx. 5, \u00a7 4 ampquotB. J.ampquot ii. 12, \u00a7 2.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula begins his campaign against the recalcitrant Silures of south Wales, who are led by the former Catuvellaunian prince Caratacus. London (''Londinium''), Exeter (''Isca Dumnoniorum''), Tripontium (near modern Rugby) and the fort of Manduessedum (near modern Atherstone) are founded (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Roman emperor Claudius appoints Agrippa II governor of Chalcis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Romans built a wooden bridge across the Thames in the London area.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "The Iazyges settle in the Hungarian plain to the east of the Tisza River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "The Tocharian or Yue-Chi tribes are united under the Kushan leader Kujula Kadphises, thus creating the Kushan Empire in Afghanistan and northern India. (approximate date)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Christianity is introduced throughout Nubia by a high official of Queen Judith.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "The Epistle to the Romans is written (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "The Apostles hold the Council of Jerusalem (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Hero of Alexandria invents a steam turbine (possible date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Pamphilus of Alexandria writes a poetic lexicon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Pedanius Dioscorides describes the medical applications of plants in ''De Materia Medica''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "Diogenes, the Greek explorer, discovers the African Great Lakes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "50", "description": "The distinction between chronic maladies and acute illnesses is made by Thessalos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "51", "description": "Emperor Claudius and Titus Flavius Vespasianus are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "51", "description": "Burrus, praetorian prefect (51\u201362 AD), is charged by Seneca with the education of Nero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "51", "description": "In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula defeats Caratacus and the Silures in the territory of the Ordovices in central Wales. Caratacus seeks sanctuary with Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes in northern England, but she is a Roman ally and hands him over to Ostorius. Despite the defeat, the Silures continue to fight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "51", "description": "The captured Caratacus is exhibited in chains in Claudius' triumph in Rome, but his dignified demeanour persuades the emperor to spare his life and allow his family to live free in the capital for short period of time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "51", "description": "Vonones II died after a few months he ascended to the throne, his son Vologases I of Parthia becomes ruler of the Parthian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "51", "description": "Paul of Tarsus begins his second mission (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "51", "description": "The New Testament book 1 Thessalonians is written (possible date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "51", "description": "In the Epistle to the Galatians, Paul supports the separation of Christianity and Judaism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "52", "description": "Emperor Claudius attempts to control the Fucine Lake by digging a 5,6 km tunnel through ''Monte Salviano'', requiring 30,000 workers and eleven years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "52", "description": "In Rome a law prohibits the execution of old and crippled slaves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "52", "description": "Ananias, a high priest in Jerusalem, is sent to Rome after being accused of violence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "52", "description": "Barea Soranus is ''consul suffectus'' in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "52", "description": "Pliny the Elder writes his account of the German wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "52", "description": "Tiridates I, brother of Vologases I, comes to power in Armenia as an adversary of the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "52", "description": "In Britain, governor Publius Ostorius Scapula dies while campaigning against the Silures of south Wales. Following his death, the Roman Second Legion are heavily defeated by the Silures. His replacement is Aulus Didius Gallus, who quells the rebellion and consolidates the gains the Romans have so far made, but does not seek new ones.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "52", "description": "The ''Yuejue Shu'', the first known gazetteer of China, is written during the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "52", "description": "Saint Thomas, one of the twelve disciples of Jesus, is believed to have landed in Kodungallur, India to preach the Gospel the Marthoma Church, the Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, the Indian Orthodox Church, and the Assyrian Church of the East claim descent from him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "53", "description": "Roman emperor Claudius removes Agrippa II from the tetrarchy of Chalcis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "53", "description": "Decimus Junius Silanus Torquatus and Quintus Haterius Antoninus become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "53", "description": "Claudius secures a senatorial decree that gives jurisdiction in financial cases to imperial procurators.  This marks a significant strengthening of imperial powers at the expense of the Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "53", "description": "Nero marries Claudia Octavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "53", "description": "Claudius accepts Nero as his successor, to the detriment of Britannicus, his son by his first wife, Valeria Messalina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "53", "description": "Distinct fellowships within the reign of centricles fall to the dominion of Gaulic barbarians, which provoked an enclave uprising in the foothills of what are now the Alps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "53", "description": "Evodius succeeds Saint Peter as Patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "53", "description": "Seneca writes the tragedy ''Agamemnon'', which he intends to be read as the last chapter of a trilogy including two of his other tragedies, ''Medea'' and ''Edipus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": " Roman emperor Claudius dies, possibly after being poisoned by Agrippina, his wife and niece, and is succeeded by Nero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Nero attempts to prohibit the gladiatorial games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Under Nero, Rome annexes Aden to protect the maritime route between Alexandria and Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Two centurions are sent to the south of Egypt to find the sources of the Nile, and possible new provinces. They report that while there are many cities in the desert, the area seems too poor to be worthy of conquest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo arrives in the East and take up an assignment as governor of Asia, with a secret brief from Nero and his chief ministers Seneca and Burrus to return Armenia to the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Corbulo inspects in Syria a base of Legio X Fretensis at Cyrrhus, the Roman legionnaires are demoralized by a ampquotlong peaceampquot. Many soldiers have sold their helmets and shields.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Corbulo recruits Syrian auxiliary units in the region and stationed them in border forts, with orders from Nero not to provoke the Parthians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Violence erupts in Caesarea regarding the a local ordinance restricting the civil rights of Jews, creating clashes between Jews and pagans. The Roman garrison, made up of Syrians, takes the side of the pagans. The Jews, armed with clubs and swords, meet in the marketplace. The governor of Judea, Antonius Felix, orders his troops to charge. The violence continues and Felix asks Nero to arbitrate.  Nero, sides with the pagans and relegates the Jews to second-class citizens. This decision does nothing but increase the Jews' anger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "In Britain, Venutius leads a revolt against his ex-wife Cartimandua, queen of the Brigantes and a Roman ally. Governor Aulus Didius Gallus sends her military aid, and after some indecisive fighting a legion commanded by Caesius Nasica defeats the rebels (approximate date \u2013 some time between 52 and 57).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Winter ampampndash Domitius Corbulo marched his legions (Legio VI Ferrata and Legio X) into the mountains of Cappadocia and made camp. He gives the men a harsh training, twenty-five-mile marches and weapons drills.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Judea is returned piecemeal to Agrippa I's son Marcus Julius Agrippa between 48 and 54.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Patriarch Onesimus succeeds Stachys the Apostle as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Paul of Tarsus begins his third mission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "54/10/13", "description": "Apollos, a later assistant of Paul, is converted to Christianity in  Ephesus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "55", "description": "Roman emperor Nero is also a Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "55", "description": "Agrippina the Younger is expelled from the imperial palace by her son Nero, who installs her in Villa Antonia in Misenum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "55", "description": "The Roman jurist Sabinus writes three books on the rights of citizens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "55", "description": "The apostle Paul writes his First Epistle to the Corinthians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "56", "description": "War between Rome and Parthia breaks out due to the invasion of Armenia by Vologases I, who had replaced the Roman supported ruler with his brother Tiridates of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "56", "description": "Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus becomes a consul in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "56", "description": "The ''Jianwu'' era of the Eastern Han Dynasty changes to the ''Jianwuzhongyuan'' era.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "57", "description": "Envoys from Cilicia come to Rome to accuse their late governor, Cossutianus Captio, of extortion the Roman Senate is supported in the case by Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "57", "description": "Roman emperor Nero is also a Roman consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "57", "description": "In Britain, Quintus Veranius Nepos becomes governor in place of Aulus Didius Gallus. He begins a campaign against the Silures of south Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "57", "description": "Also in Britain Venutius begins his rebellion against his wife Cartimandua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "57", "description": "Oldest evidence of writing in Japan (see Hanko).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "57", "description": "Accession of Chinese emperor Han Mingdi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "57", "description": "Accession of the Silla king Talhae.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "57", "description": "A Japanese king sends an ambassador to China.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "57", "description": "Paul of Tarsus writes his Second Epistle to the Corinthians and his Epistle to the Romans (probable date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "Roman emperor Nero and Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "The friendship between Nero and Marcus Salvius Otho ends when they both fall in love with Poppea Sabina, and Otho is sent to Lusitania as governor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "Roman-Parthian War: Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, commander in the East, launched his Armenian offensive against Parthia. He led a Roman army (four legions) through the mountainous country of Armenia, against the fortress at '''Volandum''', to the southwest of Artaxata. After a siege of eight hours Corbulo takes the city, the legionnaires massacred the defenders and plunder Volandum to their hearts' content.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "Corbulo marched to Artaxata crossing the Aras River, along the valley he is shadowed by tens of thousands of mounted Parthian archers led by king Tiridates I. The city opened its gates to Corbulo, just as it had to Germanicus four decades before. When he takes the 250-year-old Armenian capital, Corbulo gives the residents a few hours to collect their valuables and burns the city to the ground.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "The Ficus Ruminalis begins to die (see Rumina).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "In Thuringia conflict between two Germanic tribes erupts over access to water.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola, age 18-year old, is serving as a military tribune in Britain under Gaius Suetonius Paulinus and is attached to Legio II ''Augusta''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "Start of ''Yongping'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "Ming-Ti, new emperor of China, introduces Buddhism to China and the West Indus Valley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "In China, sacrifices to Confucius are ordered in all government schools.ampampRoberts,  J: ampquotHistory of the World.ampquot. Penguin, 1994.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "The apostle Paul is arrested in Jerusalem, and is imprisoned in Caesarea. He then invokes his Roman citizenship and is sent to Rome to be judged.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "58", "description": "St. Paul writes his Epistle to the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "59", "description": "Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus retires from the Roman Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "59", "description": "Emperor Nero ordered the murder of his mother Agrippina the Younger. He tries to kill her through a planned shipwreck, but when Agrippina survived Nero has her executed and frames it as a suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "59", "description": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, Roman commander in the east, captures Tigranocerta in Mesopotamia. He installed Tigranes VI, a Cappadocian prince, as ruler of Armenia. For the next four years, a cohort from Legio VI Ferrata and Legio X Fretensis is stationed in the capital as bodyguard to the king, supported by fifteen hundred auxiliaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "59", "description": "In the Satyricon, Petronius pokes fun at Roman immorality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "59", "description": "Paul the Apostle pleads his case and testifies of Christianity before king Agrippa II.  It was at this event when Agrippa gave his famous response to Paul's testimony, ampquot''You almost persuade me to be a Christian''.ampquot ampampNew Testament, Acts 26ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "59", "description": "In the Satyricon, Petronius pokes fun at Roman immorality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Romans build the first London Bridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Prasutagus, king of the Iceni, made a will and left his kingdom to his two daughters and emperor Nero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "The Icenian chiefs are deprived of their hereditary estates, the Roman army annexed East Anglia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Boudica, widow of Prasutagus, is flogged and then forced to witness the public rape of her daughters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, governor of Britannia, leads a campaign on the island of Mona (Anglesey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Boudica joins the British Celtic tribes in revolt, along with the Cornovii, Durotriges and Trinovantes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "The rebels defeat Legio IX Hispana and destroyed the capital Camulodunum (modern Colchester).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Boudica sacks Londinium (London) and Verulamium (St Albans). Thousands of civilians are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Nero send an expedition to explore the historical city Mero\u00eb (Sudan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "The Rhoxolani are defeated on the Danube by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Vitellius is (possibly) proconsul of Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Herod Agrippa II rules the northeast of Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "The First Epistle of Peter, if by Saint Peter, is probably written between this year and c. 64.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Paul of Tarsus journeys to Rome, but is shipwrecked at Malta. He stays for three months and converts Publius, the first Bishop of Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "Hero of Alexandria writes ''Metrica'', ''Mechanics'', and ''Pneumatics''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art and science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "60", "description": "60\u201379 ampampndash House of the Vettii, Pompeii, is rebuilt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art and science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "61", "description": "Publius Petronius Turpilianus and Lucius Caesennius Paetus become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "61", "description": "The Druidic stronghold of Anglesey in north Wales is attacked and destroyed by Suetonius Paulinus (Tacitus, Annals xiv 30).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "61", "description": "Verulamium (St Alban) is sacked and burnt by the Britons. Roman citizens are molested and killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "61", "description": "Boudica, Queen of the Iceni, leads a Celtic revolt in Britain. She is defeated in the Battle of Watling Street by a Roman wedge formation. According to the First Century Roman historian Tacitus, she died by poisoning herself so she would not be enslaved by the Roman governor, Suetonius Paulinus. Cassius Dio, on the other hand, tells an alternative version of Boudica's death, simply saying that she ampquotfell sick and died.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "61", "description": "After defeating the Iceni, the Romans continue the process of Romanizing Britain.  They create Roman-style cities, install a Roman administration and build roads.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "61", "description": "Galba becomes governor of Hispania Tarraconensis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "Emperor Nero marries for the second time, to Poppaea Sabina, ex-wife of Marcus Salvius Otho.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "After the death of Burrus and the disgrace of Seneca, Nero, free from their influence, becomes a megalomaniacal artist fascinated by Hellenism and the Orient. Tigellinus becomes Nero's counselor. From this time onward his rule becomes highly abusive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "A great earthquake damages cities in Campania, including Pompeii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "The Parthians invade Armenia and lay siege to Tigranocerta. The city is well-fortified and garrisoned by the Romans. The assault fails and king Vologases I retreats. Instead, he makes preparations to invade Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo strengthens the fortifications on the Euphrates frontier. He builds a strong flotilla of ships equipped with catapults and a wooden bridge across the river, which allows him to establish a foothold on the Parthian shore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "Lucius Caesennius Paetus advances towards Tigranocerta, but by lack of supplies he makes camp for the winter in the fortress at Rhandeia in northwestern Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "Vologases I leads the Parthian army in a full-scale assault on the Euphrates, Legio X Fretensis and men of the other two legions (Legio III Gallica and Legio VI Ferrata) defending the eastern bank of the river, fighting off a desperate attack.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "Battle of Rhandeia: The Roman army (two legions) is defeated by the Parthians under king Tiridates I. Paetus surrenders and withdraws his disheveled army to Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "A violent storm destroys 200 ships in the port of Portus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "Lucan writes a history of the conflict between Julius Caesar and Pompey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "The making of ''Still Life'', a detail of a wall painting from Herculaneum, begins (finished in 79). It is now kept at Museo Nazionale in Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "62", "description": "Paul of Tarsus is imprisoned in Rome (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "63", "description": "Vespasian becomes governor of Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "63", "description": "Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo is restored to command after the Roman debacle at the Battle of Rhandeia he invaded Armenia and defeated Tiridates I, who accepted Roman sovereignty Parthia withdrew from the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "63", "description": "Pompeii the city at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, is heavily damaged by a strong earthquake. Fearing an eruption of the volcano, many of the 20,000 inhabitants leave their homes in a panicked flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "63", "description": "According to history, Joseph of Arimathea goes to Glastonbury on the first Christian mission to Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "63", "description": "Aulus Cornelius Celsus writes a dictionary (encyclopedia) on the arts and sciences.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "64/07/19", "description": " Great fire of Rome: A fire begins in the merchant area of Rome and soon burns completely out of control, while emperor Nero allegedly plays his lyre and sings as he watches the blaze from a safe distance. There is no hard evidence to support this claim: fires were very common in Rome at the time. The fire destroys close to one-half of the city and it is officially blamed on the Christians, a small but growing religious movement. Nero is accused of being the arsonist by popular rumour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "64/07/19", "description": "In Rome, persecution of early Christians begins under Roman Emperor Nero. Saint Peter is among those executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "64/07/19", "description": "Nero proposes a new urban planning program based the creation of buildings decorated with ornate porticos, the widening of the streets and the use of open spaces. This plan will not be applied until after his death in 68.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "64/07/19", "description": "Lyon sends a large sum of money to Rome to aid in the reconstruction. However, during the winter of 64\u201365, Lyon suffers a catastrophic fire itself, and Nero reciprocates by sending money to Lyon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "64/07/19", "description": "Phoenicia becomes part of Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "64/07/19", "description": "The Kushan sack the town of Taxila (in present-day Pakistan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "64/07/19", "description": "The year the First Epistle of Peter is traditionally believed to be written.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "64/07/19", "description": "Seneca proclaims the equality of all men, including slaves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "Gaius Calpurnius Piso conspires against Roman emperor Nero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "Cestius Gallus becomes legate of Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "After a stage performance in which he appears and shocks the senatorial class considerably, Nero engages in a series of reprisals against Seneca, Tigellinus, pro-republican senators, and anyone else he distrusts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "Nero kills his pregnant wife, Poppea Sabina, with a kick to the stomach.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "The Gospel of Matthew is probably written between 60 and this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "Paul of Tarsus ordains Timothy as bishop of Ephesus (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "In China, the first official reference to Buddhism is made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "The first Christian community in Africa is founded by Mark, a disciple of Peter. Mark begins to write his gospel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "Probable martyrdom date of the apostle Thaddeus, also called Saint Jude in Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "65", "description": "Probable martyrdom date of the apostle Simon the Canaanite in Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": " Emperor Nero creates the legion I ''Italica''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "The Jewish Revolt (66\u201370 AD) commences against the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "The Zealots lay siege on Jerusalem and annihilate the Roman garrison (a cohort of Legio III).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "The Sicarii capture the fortress of Masada overlooking the Dead Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "Cestius Gallus, legate of Syria, marches into Judea and leads a Roman army of 28,000 soldiers to put down the Jewish rebellion. Among the units are Legio III Gallica, Legio XII Fulminata and Legio XXII Primigenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "November ampampndash Gallus succeeds in conquering Beit She'arim ampquotthe new cityampquot, but is unable to take the Temple in Jerusalem. He retreats to the coast, but is surrounded at Beth-Horon and nearly wiped out by the Zealots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "Gallus arrives in Caesarea, with six thousand men and numerous standards, including the eagle of Legio XII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "The Roman Legion II ''Augusta'' is stationed at Gloucester.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "Suetonius Paullinus becomes a Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "Baekje invades Silla in the Korean peninsula, and captures Castle Ugok.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "The First Epistle to Timothy is written (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "Dioscorides writes his ''De Materia Medica'', a treatise on the methodical treatment of disease by use of medicine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "66/09/22", "description": "Halley's Comet is visible.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Vindex revolts, first in a series of revolts that lead to Nero's downfall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Gaius Licinius Mucianus replaces Cestius Gallus as governor of Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Province of Iudaea (Judea): Titus Flavius Vespasianus arrives in Ptolemais, along with Legio X Fretensis and Legio V Macedonica to put down the Jewish Revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Vespasian is joined by his son Titus, who brings Legio XV Apollinaris from Alexandria. By late spring the Roman army numbers more than 60,000 soldiers, including auxiliaries and troops of king Agrippa II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Jewish leaders at Jerusalem are divided through a power struggle, a brutal civil war erupts, the Zealots and the Sicarii execute anyone who tries to leave the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Siege of Jotapata and massacre of its 40,000 Jewish inhabitants. The historian Josephus, leader of the rebels in Galilee, is captured by the Romans. Vespasian is wounded in the foot by an arrow fired from the city wall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Fall of the Jewish fortress of Gamla in the Golan to the Romans and massacre of its inhabitants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Nero travels to Greece, where he participates in the Olympic Games and other festivals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Sardinia becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Nero, jealous of the success of Corbulo in Armenia, orders that he be put to death. Corbulo literally ampquotfalls on his swordampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Martyrdom of apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "67", "description": "Pope Linus succeeds Saint Peter as the second pope (in Catholic reckoning).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68", "description": "Final year that Tacitus records ''Annals'', a written history of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/08", "description": " The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": " Roman Emperor Nero commits suicide four miles outside Rome. He is deserted by the Praetorian Guard and then stabs himself in the throat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "Legio I ''Macriana liberatrix'' and Legio I ''Adiutrix'' are created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "Lucius Clodius Macer revolts against emperor Nero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, father of Trajan, becomes consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "Trajan moves to Scythopolis and crosses the Jordan River with Legio X Fretensis. He lays siege to Jericho and destroys the monastery of Qumran, where the Dead Sea Scrolls are originated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "The Roman Senate declares Nero as a ''persona non grata''.  In the line of succession, Galba follows Nero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "Winter ampampndash Titus sets up camp at Jericho and the Romans cut off escape routes toward Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "Venutius successfully deposes his wife Cartimandua and becomes the ruler of the Brigantes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "An iron chain suspension bridge is constructed in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "Buddhism officially arrives in China with the building of the White Horse Temple.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "Ignatius of Antioch becomes the third bishop of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "The Gospel of Mark is written (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "68/06/09", "description": "The Essenes place the Dead Sea Scrolls in the caves at Qumran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69", "description": "The Year of the Four Emperors: After Nero's death, Galba, Otho, Vitellius and Vespasian succeed each other as emperor during the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/01/01", "description": " The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuses to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebelled and proclaims Vitellius as emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/01/10", "description": " Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus is adopted by Galba and appointed to deputy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/01/15", "description": " Galba and his adopted son Piso are murdered by the Praetorian Guard on the Roman Forum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/01/15", "description": "Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaims himself emperor, and reigns for three months before committing suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/01/15", "description": "Marcus Trebellius Maximus, governor of Britannia, is forced the flee to Gaul after a mutiny of Legio XX ''Valeria Victrix'' at Deva Victrix (Chester).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/04/14", "description": " First Battle of Bedriacum: Vitellius defeats Otho's legions Otho commits suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/04/17", "description": " After the Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/04/17", "description": "Marcus Vettius Bolanus becomes the new governor of Britain and faced a second insurrection of Venutius, king of the Brigantes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/07/01", "description": " Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/08/01", "description": " Batavian rebellion: The Batavians in Germania Inferior (Netherlands) revolt under the leadership of Gaius Julius Civilis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/08/01", "description": "German warbands cross over to join the revolt and attack the fortress at Mainz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/08/01", "description": "The Batavians attack Roman forts on the Rhine frontier Fectio and Traiectum (modern Utrecht) are destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/08/01", "description": "In Gallia Belgica ''cohors II Tungrorum'', raised from the inhabitants of Atuatuca Tungrorum in the north-west of the Ardennes Forest revolt against the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/08/01", "description": "The Danubian legions of Raetia and Moesia proclaims Vespasian as emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/10/24", "description": " Second Battle of Bedriacum: Flavians under Antonius Primus defeat the Vitellians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/12/22", "description": " Vitellius is captured and murdered by the Gemonian stairs. Vespasian becomes emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/12/22", "description": "Judea: The Jewish Revoltampampnbsp\u2013 Vespasian lays siege to Jerusalem, the city is captured the following year by his son Titus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/12/22", "description": "Josephus, Jewish rebel leader, is dragged before Vespasian and becomes his historian. He ampquotprophesiedampquot him his elevation to the purple.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/12/22", "description": "Legio I ''Macriana liberatrix'' is disbanded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "69/12/22", "description": "The Flavian dynasty starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70", "description": "Emperor Vespasian and his son Titus Caesar Vespasian become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70", "description": "Vespasian starts the building of the Colosseum the amphitheatre is used for gladiatorial games and public spectacles, such as sea battles, re-enactments of famous battles, and dramas of Classical mythology.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70", "description": "Panic strikes Rome as adverse winds delay grain shipments  from Africa and Egypt, producing a bread shortage. Ships laden with wheat from North Africa sail 300 miles to Rome's port of Ostia in 3 days, and the 1,000 mile voyage from Alexandria averages 13 days. The vessels often carry 1,000 tons each to provide the city with 8,000 tons per week it normally consumes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70", "description": "Sextus Julius Frontinus is praetor of Rome. Legio II ''Adiutrix'' is created from marines of Classis Ravennatis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70", "description": "Pliny the Elder serves as procurator in ''Gallia Narbonensis''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/04/14", "description": " Siege of Jerusalem: Titus surrounds the Jewish capital, with three legions (V ''Macedonica'', XII ''Fulminata'' and XV ''Apollinaris'') on the western side and a fourth (X ''Fretensis'') on the Mount of Olives to the east. He puts pressure on the food and water supplies of the inhabitants by allowing pilgrims to enter the city to celebrate Passover and then refusing them egress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/05/10", "description": " Titus opens a full-scale assault on Jerusalem, he concentrates his attack on the city's Third Wall (HaHoma HaShlishit) to the northwest. The Roman army tries to breach the wall using ''testudos'', mantlets, siege towers, and battering rams.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/05/25", "description": " The Third Wall of Jerusalem collapses and the Jews withdraw from Bezetha to the Second Wall, where the defences are unorganized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/05/30", "description": " Titus and his Roman legions breach the Second Wall of Jerusalem. The Jewish defenders retreats to the First Wall. The Romans built a circumvallation, all trees within fifteen kilometres of the city are cut down.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/07/20", "description": " Titus storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Romans are drawn into street fighting with the Zealots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": " Titus destroys the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. Roman troops are stationed in Jerusalem and abolish the Jewish high priesthood and Sanhedrin. This becomes known as the Fall of Jerusalem, a conclusive event in the First Jewish-Roman War (the Jewish Revolt), which began in 66 AD. Following this event, the Jewish religious leadership moves from Jerusalem to Jamnia (present day Yavne), and this date is mourned annually as the Jewish fast of Tisha B'Av.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "AugustampampndashSeptember ampampndash Titus assaults the Temple Mount and detroys Herod's Palace in the Upper City of Jerusalem. Jewish resistance ends on September 26.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Neapolis (present day Nablus) is founded in Iudaea Province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Naval clashes on the Rhine during the Batavian Revo crew of a captured Roman flagship is imprisoned at Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Roman legions V ''Alaudae'' and XV ''Primigenia'' are destroyed by the Batavi. Later, Quintus Petillius Cerialis puts down the Batavian rebellion of Gaius Julius Civilis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Vespasian disbanded four Rhine legions (I ''Germanica'', IIII ''Macedonica'', XV ''Primigenia'' and XVI ''Gallica''), disgraced for having surrendered or lost their eagles during the revolt of Julius Civilis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Later Roman Emperor Domitian marries Domitia Longina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Romans make a punitive expedition against the Garamantes \u2013 they are forced to have an official relationship with the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Annexation of the island of Samothrace by the Empire under Vespasian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "India sees the end of the Hellenistic dynasties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Expedition by the Roman Septimius Flaccus to southern Egypt. He probably reaches Sudan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Ze-Hak\u00e8l\u00e9 (Zoscales in Greek) becomes king of Aksum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Avignon becomes the seat of a bishopric.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "70/08/04", "description": "Members of The Oneida Community, a now non-existent religious group formed in the Nineteenth Century, believed this was the year Jesus Christ returned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "The Romans establish a fortress at York (Eboracum), as a base for their northern forces. Initially established solely for ''Legio IX Hispana'', expansion later includes public housing, baths and temples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "Battle of Stanwick: Quintus Petillius Cerialis, governor of Britain, puts down a revolt by the Brigantes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "Emperor Vespasian and Marcus Cocceius Nerva are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "Cerialis defeats Claudius Civilis at the Battle of Treves, thus quelling the Batavian rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "Titus is awarded with a triumph, accompanied by Vespasian and his brother Titus Flavius Domitian. In the parade are Jewish prisoners and treasures of the Temple of Jerusalem, including the Menorah and the Pentateuch. The leader of the Zealots, Simon Bar Giora, is lashed and strangled in the Forum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "Titus is made praetorian prefect of the Praetorian Guard and receives pro-consular command and also tribunician power, all of which indicates that Vespasian will follow the hereditary tradition of succession.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "Herodium, Jewish fortress south of Jerusalem, is conquered and destroyed by ''Legio X Fretensis'' on their way to Masada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "Reign of Rabel II, king of Nabataea. He makes Bostra, Syria, his scond capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "Use of locks with keys of clever design begins in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "71", "description": "Mithraism begins to spread throughout the Dari0 Empire .", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "72", "description": "Antiochus IV of Syria is deposed by emperor Vespasian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "72", "description": "Vespasian and Titus are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "72", "description": "First Jewish-Roman War: The Roman army (''Legio X Fretensis'') under Lucilius Bassus lay siege to the Jewish garrison of Machaerus at the Dead Sea. After they capitulate the Zealots are allowed to leave the fortress, before it is destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "72", "description": "The Romans lay siege to Masada, a desert fortress held by Jewish victims of the Sicarii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "72", "description": "Foundation of ''Flavia Neapolis'' (Nablus).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "72", "description": "Construction on the Colosseum in Rome begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "73", "description": "Spring ampampndash The Roman governor Lucius Flavius Silva lays siege to Masada, the last outpost of the Jewish rebels following the end in 70 of the First Jewish-Roman War (Jewish Revolt). The Roman army (''Legio X Fretensis)'' surrounds the mountain fortress with a 7-mile long siege wall (circumvallation) and built a rampart of stones and beaten earth against the western approach. After the citadel is conquered, 960 Zealots under the leadership of Eleazar ben Ya'ir commit mass suicide when defeat becomes imminent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "73", "description": "Pliny the Elder serves as procurator in Hispania Tarraconensis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "73", "description": "Titus Flavius Domitianus becomes Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "73", "description": "Emperor Vespasian begins conquest of territory east of the upper Rhine and south of the Main. In addition, he reorganizes the defenses of the upper and lower Danube.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "73", "description": "February ampampndash The Chinese Han Dynasty launches a major campaign against the Xiongnu, whom they confront in the Battle of Yiwulu in the Kumul oasis, an ultimate Han military victory led by General Dou Gu (d. 88).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "73", "description": "Ban Chao (Pan-Ch\u2019ao), competing with the Xiongnu, imposes a Chinese protectorate on the kings of Lop Nor and Khotan in the Tarim basin, with the aim of controlling the Silk Road.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "73", "description": "Martial writes a satire on ampquotmilitary cowardiceampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "74", "description": "Emperor Vespasianus and his son Titus Caesar Vespasianus become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "74", "description": "The Black Forest region is reattached to the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "74", "description": "The Chinese reestablish a protectorate of the Western Regions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "74", "description": "Chinese generals Dou Gu (Teou Kou) and Geng Bing (Keng Ping) take control of Turpan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "74", "description": "Mesopotamia: The last known cuneiform text is written.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "75", "description": "Emperor Vespasianus and his son Titus Caesar Vespasianus become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "75", "description": "Temple of Peace, also known as the ''Forum of Vespasian'', is built in Rome. The tempel celebrates the conquest of Jerusalem (in 70) and  houses the Menorah from Herod's Temple.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "75", "description": "Vespasian fortified Armazi (Georgia) for the Iberian king Mithridates I. The Alans raid the Roman frontier in Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "75", "description": "Sextus  Julius Frontinus becomes governor of Britannia and make his headquarters in Isca Augusta (Wales).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "75", "description": "Frontinus begins his conquest of Wales, ''Legio II Augusta'' is moved to the border of the River Usk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "75", "description": "Caerwent is founded by the Romans as the market town of ''Venta Silurum'', a settlement of the Silures.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "75", "description": "Accession of Han Zhangdi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "75", "description": "Revolt against the Chinese in Tarim: Cachera and Turpan are besieged. Luoyang orders the evacuation of Tarim. Ban Chao makes the rebels retreat towards Khotan. At the same time, the Chinese army of Ganzhou reconquers Turpan in Northern Xiongnu. Ban Chao convinces the emperor of the need to control Central Asia in the fight against Xiongnu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "76", "description": "Emperor Vespasianus Augustus and Titus Caesar Vespasianus become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "76", "description": "Governor Sextus Julius Frontinus subdues the Silures and other hostile tribes of Wales, establishing a fortress at Caerleon or Isca Augusta for Legio II ''Augusta'' and makes a network of smaller forts for his auxiliary forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "76", "description": "First year of ''Jianchu'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "76", "description": "Chinese historian Ban Gu develops a theory of the origins of the universe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "76", "description": "Pope Anacletus I succeeds Pope Linus as the third pope (according to the official Vatican list).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "77", "description": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola is named governor of Britannia, a post he occupies until 84. He extends the Roman influence to the mouth of the River Clyde (Scotland) and built fortifications.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "77", "description": "Agricola subdues the Ordovices in Wales and pursues the remnants of the tribe to Anglesey, the holy island of the Druids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "77", "description": "The Caledonian tribes in Scotland are formed in a confederacy of 30,000 warriors under the leadership of Calgacus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "77", "description": "A Roman squadron, sent by Agricola, explores the north of Scotland for the first time, discovering the Orkney and Shetland Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "77", "description": "Winter ampampndash Agricola conquers Anglesey and disperses his army to their winter quarters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "77", "description": "King Giru of Baekje succeeds to the throne of Baekje in the Korean peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "77", "description": "Pliny the Elder publishes the first ten books of ''Naturalis Historia''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "77", "description": "The Romans develop a simple method of distillation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "78", "description": "Romans conquer the Ordovices, located in present-day northern Wales, as well as the Silures.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "78", "description": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola replaces Sextus Julius Frontinus as governor of Roman Britain which leads to the eventual taming of the Welsh tribes of Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "78", "description": "Indian Prince Aji Caka introduces the Sanskrit language and Pallawa script, used to inscribe Javanese words and phrases, to the Indonesian islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "78", "description": "Emperor Kadphises of the Kushan Empire, sends a delegation to Rome for seeking support against the Parthians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "78", "description": "This is the base year (year zero) of the '''Saka era''' used by some Hindu calendars, the Indian national calendar, and the Cambodian Buddhist calendar. It begins near the vernal equinox for the civil solar calendar, but begins opposite the star Spica for the traditional solar calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "78", "description": "Kanishka, reigns over the Tocharian Empire of Kusana (Afghanistan and Northern India). He is a renowned conqueror and wise administrator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "78", "description": "Pacorus II is king of Parthia (78\u2013115).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "78", "description": "The philosopher Wang Chong (Wang-Tchoung) claims all phenomena have material causes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Philosophy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "79", "description": "Vespasianus Augustus and Titus Caesar Vespasianus become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "79/06/23", "description": " Vespasian dies of fever from diarrhea, his last words on his deathbed are: ''quotI think I'm turning into a god.quot'' Titus succeeds his father as Roman emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "79/08/24", "description": " Mount Vesuvius erupts, destroying Pompeii, Herculaneum, Stabiae and Oplontis. The Roman fleet based at Misenum, commanded by Pliny the Elder, evacuates refugees but he dies after inhaling volcanic fumes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "79/08/24", "description": "Emperor Titus dedicates the famous Roman Colosseum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "79/08/24", "description": "Chester is founded as a ''castrum'' or Roman fort with the name Deva Victrix. The fortress is built by Legio II Adiutrix and contains barracks, granaries, military baths and headquarters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "79/08/24", "description": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola enters Caledonia (modern Scotland) but is resisted by the Caledonians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "79/08/24", "description": "Agricola founds Mamucium, a frontier fort and settlement in the North West of England.  This was the first Manchester, a distance to the east of Chester.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "79/08/24", "description": "To please the Senate, Titus exiles his Jewish mistress, Berenice of Cilicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "79/08/24", "description": "A commission of scholars canonizes the text of works of Confucius and his school.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "Emperor Titus inaugurates the Colosseum with 100 days of games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "The earliest stage of Lullingstone Roman villa is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "The Roman occupation of Britain reaches the River Tyne\u2013Solway Firth frontier area. Gnaeus Julius Agricola creates a fleet for conquest of Caledonia, he finally proves that Britannia is an island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "Legio II Adiutrix is stationed at Lindum Colonia (modern Lincoln). The city is an important settlement for retired Roman legionaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "The original Roman Pantheon is destroyed in a fire, together with many other buildings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "The Eifel Aqueduct is constructed to bring water {{convert|95|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the Eifel region to Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensum (modern Cologne).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola begins his invasion of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "Some 30,000 Asian tribespeople migrate from the steppes to the west with 40,000 horses and 100,000 cattle, joining with Iranian tribespeople and with Mongols from the Siberian forests to form a group that will be known in Europe as the Huns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "The aeolipile, the first steam engine, is described by Hero of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "80", "description": "The Gospel of Luke and Acts of the Apostles are written (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "81", "description": "Domitian succeeds his brother Titus as emperor. Domitian is not a soldier like his two predecessors, and his administration is directed towards the reinforcement of a monarchy.  By taking the title of Dominus (ampquotlordampquot), he scandalizes the senatorial aristocracy. Romanisation progresses in the provinces, and life in the cities is greatly improved.  Many provincials ampampndash Spanish, Gallic, and African ampampndash become Senators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "81", "description": "The Arch of Titus is constructed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "81", "description": "Pliny the Younger is ''flamen Divi Augusti'' (priest in the cult of the Emperor).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "81", "description": "The silver content of the Roman denarius rises to 92 percent under emperor Domitian, up from 81 percent in the reign of Vitellius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "82", "description": "Roman emperor Domitian becomes Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "82", "description": "Gnaeus Julius Agricola raises a fleet and encircles the Celtic tribes beyond the Forth, the Caledonians rise in great numbers against the Romans. They attack the camp of Legio IX ''Hispana'' at night, but Agricola sends his cavalry in and put them to flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "82", "description": "Calgacus unites the Picts (30,000 men) in Scotland and is made chieftain of the Caledonian Confederacy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "82", "description": "Dio Chrysostom is banished from Rome, Italy, and Bithynia after advising one of the Emperor's conspiring relatives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "82", "description": "Domitian levies Legio I ''Minervia''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "83", "description": "Possible date of the Battle of Mons Graupius (83 or 84).  According to Tacitus, 10,000 Britons and 360 Romans are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "83", "description": "Roman emperor Domitian fights the Chatti, a Germanic tribe.  His victory allows the construction of fortifications (Limes) along the Rhine-frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "83", "description": "Inchtuthil, Roman fort built in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "83", "description": "Domitian is again also a Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "83", "description": "Possible date that Demetrius of Tarsus visited an island in the Hebrides populated by holy men, possibly druids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "83", "description": "In Rome, the castration of slaves is prohibited.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "84", "description": "Possible date of the Battle of Mons Graupius (83 or 84), in which Gnaeus Julius Agricola defeats the Caledonians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "84", "description": "Emperor Domitian recalls Agricola back to Rome, where he is rewarded with a triumph and the governorship of the Roman province Africa, but he declines it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "84", "description": "Pliny the Younger is ''sevir equitum Romanorum'' (commander of a cavalry squadron).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "84", "description": "The construction of the Limes, a line of Roman fortifications from the Rhine to the Danube, is begun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "84", "description": "Through his election as consul for ten years and censor for life, Domitian openly subordinates the republican aspect of the state to the monarchical.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "84", "description": "Domitian increases the troops' pay by one third, thus securing their loyalty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "84", "description": "Change of ''Jianchu'' era to ''Yuanhe'' era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "85", "description": "Dacians under Decebalus engage in two wars against the Romans from this year to 88 or 89.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "85", "description": "Emperor Domitian repulses a Dacian invasion of Moesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "85", "description": "Domitian appoints himself censor for life, which gives him the right to control the Senate.  His totalitarian tendencies put the senatorial aristocracy firmly in opposition to him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "85", "description": "Baekje invades the outskirts of Silla in the Korean peninsula. The war continues till the peace treaty of 105.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "86", "description": "Emperor Domitian introduces the Capitoline Games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "86", "description": "The Roman General Trajan, future emperor, begins a campaign to crush an uprising in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "86", "description": "Germany is divided into two provinces, Upper Germany and Lower Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "86", "description": "Roman legions face disaster in Dacia in the First Battle of Tapae, when Cornelius Fuscus, Praetorian prefect, launches a powerful offensive that becomes a failure.  Encircled in the valley of Timi, he dies along with his entire army. Rome must pay tribute to the Dacians in exchange for a vague recognition of Rome's importance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Dacia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "86", "description": "Ban Gu (Pan Kou) and his sister Ban Zhao (Pan Tchao) compose a History of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "87", "description": "The Roman Maternus arrives in Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "87", "description": "Lyon, a city in Gaul, has a population of over 100,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "87", "description": "Sextus gains power in the senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "87", "description": "Decebalus becomes king of Dacia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "88", "description": "Two Egyptian obelisks are erected in Benevento in front of the Temple of Isis, in honour of emperor Domitian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "88", "description": "Quintilian retires from teaching and from pleading, to compose his great work on the training of the orator (''Institutio Oratoria'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "88", "description": "The First Dacian War ends: Decebalus becomes a client king of Rome, he receives money, craftsmen and war machines to protect the borders (Limes) of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "88", "description": "Emperor Han Zhangdi dies at age 31 after a 13-year reign in which Chinese military forces have become powerful enough to march against tribes who threaten their northern and western borders. Having used intrigue as well as armed might to achieve his ends. Zhangdi and his General Pan Chao have reestablished Chinese influence in Inner Asia, but court eunuchs have increased their power during the emperor's reign. Zhangdi is succeeded by his 9-year old son Zhao, who will reign until 105 as emperor Han Hedi, but he will be a virtual pawn of Empress Dou (adoptive mother) and scheming courtiers who will effectively rule the Chinese Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "88", "description": "Last year (4th) of ''yuanhe'' era and start of ''zhanghe'' era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "88", "description": "Pope Clement I succeeds Pope Anacletus I as the fourth pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "89", "description": "Legio XIII ''Gemina'' is transferred to Dacia to help in the war against Decebalus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "89", "description": "Aquincum (old Budapest, \u00d3buda) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "89", "description": "First year of ''Yongyuan'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "89", "description": "June ampampndash The Han Chinese army under Dou Xian (d. 92), allied with the southern Xiongnu, is victorious over the Northern Xiongnu in the Battle of Ikh Bayan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "89", "description": "Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Polycarpus to Plutarch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "89", "description": "Publication in Syria or Phoenicia{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} of the Gospel of Matthew by a converted Jewish scholar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "The Romans build a small garrison in the suburbs of modern Regensburg (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "Pliny the Younger's appointment as urban quaestor ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "Emperor Domitian and Nerva are Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "Cologne becomes the capital of Germania Inferior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "A humiliating peace is bought by Domitian from Decebalus of Dacia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "Artabanus III king of Parthia dies after a 10-year period in which he has challenged the suzerainty of Pacorus II, who will continue his reign until 105 AD", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "Continuing his conquest of the Tarim basin, Chinese General Ban Chao defeats the Kushan led by Kanishka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "Young Flavian Woman is made. It is now kept at Musei Capitolini, Rome (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "The Roman epic poet Gaius Valerius Flaccus dies, having written works that include the ''Argonautica'', describing the voyage of Jason and the Argonauts to retrieve the Golden Fleece from the mythical land of Colchis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "90", "description": "Drafting of The Gospel of John and the Acts of the Apostles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "91", "description": "Manius Acilius Glabrio and Marcus Ulpius Traianus become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "91", "description": "Pliny the Younger is named a ''tribunus plebis''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "91", "description": "The Chinese government reestablishes the Protectorate of the Western Regions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "91", "description": "Rome is described by Statius in his poems.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "92", "description": "Roman emperor Domitian becomes a Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "92", "description": "The Marcomanni are defeated by the Romans at the Danube. However, they are not entirely subdued.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "92", "description": "The Roman army moves into Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "92", "description": "A coalition of Dacians and Rhoxolani Sarmatians completely slaughtered the Legio XXI ''Rapax'' at Tropaeum Traiani, modern Romania, in the First Battle of Adamclisi", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Dacia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "93", "description": "Pliny the Younger is named a ''Praetor''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "93", "description": "Josephus completes his ''Jewish Antiquities'' (or in 94).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "93", "description": "Emperor Domitian persecutes the Christians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "93", "description": "The Xianbei incorporates 100,000 Xiongnu in Mongolian steppe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "94", "description": "Emperor Domitian rebuilds and rededicates the Curia Julia (meeting place of the Roman Senate), which had burned down in 64.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "94", "description": "Domitian bans philosophers from Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "94", "description": "The Chinese General Ban Chao completes his conquest of the Tarim Basin by taking Yanqi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "94", "description": "The Roman poet Statius retires to Naples from Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "95", "description": "Emperor Domitian and Titus Flavius Clemens become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "95", "description": "Domitian execute senators out of paranoiac fears that they are plotting to kill him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "95", "description": "Manius Acilius Glabrio is commanded by Domitian to descend into the arena of the Colosseum to fight a lion. After he kills the animal, the crowd greets him with applause, but the emperor banished and put him to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "95", "description": "Sextus Julius Frontinus is appointed superintendent of the aqueducts (''curator aquarum'') in Rome. At least 10 aqueducts supply the city with {{convert|250|e6USgal|m3}} of water per day, the public baths used half the supply.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "95", "description": "In Rome a severe form of malaria appears in the farm districts and will continue for the next 500 years, taking out of cultivation the fertile land of the Campagna, whose market gardens supply the city with fresh products. The fever drives small farmers into the crowded city, they bring the malaria with them, and lowers Rome's live-birth rate while rates elsewhere in the empire rising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Medicine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "95", "description": "Latest date for the writing of The Book of Revelation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "96/09/18", "description": " Emperor Domitian is stabbed to death by a freedman at age 44 after a 15-year reign in a palace conspiracy involving officers of the Praetorian Guard. The Flavian dynasty ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "96/09/18", "description": "Nerva is declared emperor by the Senate as the new ruler of the Roman Empire. He recalls citizens exiled by Domitian, this is the beginning of the Era of the Five Good Emperors. The Antonines dynasty starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "96/09/18", "description": "Under Nerva, the Roman Senate regains much of the power usurped by Domitian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "96/09/18", "description": "Marcus Ulpius Traianus becomes governor of Upper Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "96/09/18", "description": "Construction begins on the Forum of Nerva in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "96/09/18", "description": "The Arch of Titus is completed in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "96/09/18", "description": "End of the period covered by Tacitus in his ''Histories''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "96/09/18", "description": "The Book of Revelation is written (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "96/09/18", "description": "A schism in Buddhism creates a new, popular religion in India, mah\u00e2y\u00e2na (Grand Vehicle).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "97/10/28", "description": " Emperor Nerva recalls his general Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, age 44, from the German frontier and is forced by the Praetorian Guard to adopt him as his successor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "97/10/28", "description": "Tacitus advances to consulship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "97/10/28", "description": "The Roman colony of Cuicul is started in Numidia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "97/10/28", "description": "Nerva recognizes the Sanhedrin of Jamnia as an official governmental body of the Jews, and the patriarch or ''nasi'' is designated as the representative of the Jewish people in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "97/10/28", "description": "Chinese general Ban Chao orders his lieutenant, Gan Ying, to establish regular relations with the Parthians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "97/10/28", "description": "Pope Evaristus succeeds Pope Clement I as the fifth pope (according to Catholic tradition none of the Popes until the mid second century is certain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "98", "description": "Emperor Nerva suffers a stroke during a private audience. Shortly after he dies of a fever at his villa in the Gardens of Sallust.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "98/01/27", "description": " Nerva is succeeded by his adopted son Trajan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "98/01/27", "description": "Trajan is the first Roman Emperor born in Italica, near Seville. A brilliant soldier and administrator, he enters Rome without ceremony and wins over the public.  Continuing the policies of Augustus, Vespasian and Nerva, he restores the Senate to its full status in the government.  He has a specific vision of the Empire, and keeps a close watch on finances. Taxes, without any increase, are sufficient during his reign to pay the considerable costs of the budget.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "98/01/27", "description": "The informers used by Domitian to support his tyranny are expelled from Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "98/01/27", "description": "In order to maintain the Port of Alexandria, Trajan reopens the canal between the Nile and the Red Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "98/01/27", "description": "Carrying out an idea of Nerva's, Trajan begins a form of state welfare aimed at assuring that poor children are fed and taken care of.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "98/01/27", "description": "Tacitus finishes his ''Germania'' (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "98/01/27", "description": "The silver content of the Roman denarius rises to 93 percent under emperor Trajan, up from 92 percent under Domitian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "99", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Emperor Trajan and Sextus Julius Frontinus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Bricks become the primary building material in the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Pliny the Younger advances to consulship, giving his panegyric on Trajan in the process.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "The Roman Army reaches 300,000 soldiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Tiberius Avidius Quietus' rule as governor of Roman Britain ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Timgad (Thamugas), a Roman colonial town in North Africa is founded by Trajan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Trajan creates a policy intended to restore the former economic supremacy of Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Lions have become extinct in the Balkans by this date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Pakores (last king of the Indo-Parthian Kingdom) takes the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Paper is used by the general populace in China, starting around this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "The Kingdom of Himyarite is conquered by the Hadramaut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "The Hopewell tradition begins in what is now Ohio circa this date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Teotihuacan, at the center of Mexico, reaches a population of 50,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "The Moche civilization emerges, and starts building a society in present-day Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "In China, the wheelbarrow makes its first appearance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Main hall, Markets of Trajan, Rome, is made (until 112).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "Appearance of the first Christian dogma and formulas regarding morality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "The Gospel of John is widely believed to have been written around this date.ampamp''Asimov's Guide to the Bible'', page 954.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "The compilation of the Kama sutra begins in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "The Temple of the God of Medicine is built in Anguo, China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "100", "description": "The Fourth Buddhist Council is convened circa this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "101", "description": "Emperor Trajan starts an expedition against Dacia, exceeding the limits of the Roman Empire set by Augustus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "101", "description": "The Second Battle of Tapae is fought.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "101", "description": "Epictetus writes and publishes ''The Discourses''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "101", "description": "The Tibetans introduce their Buddhist Religion into Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "101", "description": "Plutarch writes his ''Parallel Lives of Famous Men'' (in Greek \u0392\u03af\u03bf\u03b9 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c1\u03ac\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf\u03b9) containing fifty biographies, of which 46 are presented as pairs comparing Greek and Roman celebrities\u2014for example Theseus and Romulus, Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar, Demosthenes and Cicero.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "102", "description": "Lucius Julius Ursus Servianus and Lucius Licinius Sura become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "102", "description": "Emperor Trajan returns to Rome after a successful campaign against Dacia, through which he reestablishes clear Roman sovereignty over king Decebalus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "102", "description": "Trajan divides Pannonia into two provinces sometime between this year and 107.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "102", "description": "The port of Portus is enlarged.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "102", "description": "Having organised the territories of the Tarim basin, Chinese general Ban Chao retires to Luoyang, and dies shortly thereafter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "102", "description": "The presence of sugar in the urine is interpreted as a sign of illness in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Medicine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "103", "description": "Emperor Trajan and Manius Laberius Maximus become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "103", "description": "Pliny the Younger becomes a member of the college of Augurs (103\u2013104).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "103", "description": "Legio X ''Gemina'' moves to Vienna, where it remains until the 5th century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "103", "description": "In Palmyra, Syria, a Temple of the Sun is erected to the god Baal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "104", "description": "Pliny the Younger is a member of the college of Augurs (103\u2013104).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "104", "description": "Nijmegen is renamed ''Ulpia Noviomagus Batavorum''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "104", "description": "A fire breaks out in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "104", "description": "Trajan gives the order to have the Alc\u00e1ntara Bridge built over the Tagus River at Alc\u00e1ntara (Hispania), constructed by the architect '''Lacer'''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "104", "description": "Apollodorus of Damascus builds a stone bridge over the Danube more than 1,000 meters (3,280 ft) long, almost 20 meters high (65 ft) and 15 meters wide (49 ft). The bridge connects what is now Serbia with Romania (at the time known as Dacia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "104", "description": "In India, figures of Buddha replace abstract motifs on decorative items.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "Emperor Trajan starts the second expedition against Dacia, he leaves with the Imperial Roman fleet from Brundusium. Permanent ''castrum'' of Legio II Adiutrix at Aquincum (modern Budapest) in Pannonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "Legio XXX ''Ulpia Victrix'' and II ''Traiana Fortis'' are created by Trajan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "The Romans conquer Kerak from the Nabateans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "Pacorus II of Parthia dies after a 27-year reign in which he has reclaimed all of his empire. His successor Vologases III reigns until 147 AD, suppressing brief rebellions as he battles against the Kushan and Alani.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "Emperor He Di dies after a 17-year reign in which court eunuchs and the emperor's in-laws have regained influence. Empress Deng Sui placed her son Shang Di (barely 3 months old) on the throne, as the fifth emperor of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "Last year (17th) of ''yongyuan'' era and start of ''yuanxing'' era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "A peace treaty is signed between Baekje and Silla in the Korean peninsula (the war started in 85).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "Papermaking is refined by the Chinese eunuch Cai Lun, who receives official praise from the emperor for his methods of making paper from tree bark, hemp, remnant rags and fishnets. Paper had been made in China from the 2nd century BC, but Cai Lun's paper provides a far superior writing surface than pure silk and is much less costly to produce. Bamboo and wooden slips, will remain the usual materials for books and scrolls in most of the world for another 200 years, and paper will remain a Chinese secret for 500 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "The Trajan Bridge is finished. For more than a thousand years, it is the longest arch bridge in the world to have been built, in terms of both total and span length.ampampIn terms of overall length, the bridge seems to have been surpassed by another Roman bridge across the Danube, Constantine's Bridge, a little-known structure whose length is given with 2437 m ({{harvnb|Tudor|1974b|p=139}} {{harvnb|Galliazzo|1994|p=319}}).ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "Pope Alexander I succeeds Pope Evaristus as the sixth pope \u2013 traditionally.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "105", "description": "Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Plutarch to Patriarch Sedecion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "106", "description": "Ignatius writes a letter to Christians in Smyrna (around this year) where the term Catholic Church is used. This is the earliest surviving witness to the use of the term ampquotCatholic Churchampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "106", "description": "Emperor Trajan conquers the Dacian Fortresses of the Or\u0103\u015ftie Mountains and surrounds the capital, Sarmizegetusa. The Dacians are defeated in the Battle of Sarmizegetusa, the city is encircled with a circumvallation line. When the Romans destroyed the water pipes, king Decebalus flees and commits suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "106", "description": "In August 11, the south-eastern part of Dacia (modern Romania) becomes a Roman province: Roman Dacia. The veterans of the legions are given land in the new province for their service in the Roman army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "106", "description": "Trajan annexes Nabataean Arabia (with its capital Petra) as a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "106", "description": "Aelian writes his ''Taktike Theoria'' (probable date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "106", "description": "Change of Han Hedi to Han Shangdi of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty. First and the only year of ''yanping'' era.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "106", "description": "Change of Han Shangdi to Han Andi of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "107", "description": "Lucius Licinius Sura and Quintus Sosius Senecio become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "107", "description": "Emperor Trajan divides Pannonia into two portions sometime between 102 and this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "107", "description": "An Indian ambassador is received by Trajan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "107", "description": "First year of ''yongchu'' era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "107", "description": "Han Andi (An-ti, Ngan-ti), a young man, becomes emperor of China, giving power to Empress Deng Sui.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "107", "description": "Suish\u014d, King of Wa (Japan), sends 160 slaves as presents to the Emperor An of Han.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "107", "description": "Bagan (in present-day Burma) is founded by Thamudarit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "108", "description": "Appius Annius Trebonius Gallus and Marcus Appius Bradua become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "108", "description": "In Rome, the opening of ampquotDoctor's officesampquot replaces ampquothouse callsampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "108", "description": "Tacitus writes ''Histories'', which covers the period from 69 to 96.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "109", "description": "The Baths of Trajan built by the architect Apollodorus of Damascus are dedicated during the ''Kalends''. The ''thermae'' are constructed on the platform of the Palace of Nero (Domus Aurea).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "109/06/24", "description": " The Aqua Traiana is inaugurated by emperor Trajan, the aqueduct channels water from Lake Bracciano, {{convert|40|km|mi|sp=us}} north-west of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "109/06/24", "description": "Osroes I of Parthia succeeds his brother Pacorus II and rules over the western Parthian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "109/06/24", "description": "Pliny the Younger is legate to Bithynia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "109/06/24", "description": "The Christian Church proclaims itself to be universal (catholic).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "110", "description": "The Roman Empire has more than {{convert|75,000|km|mi|sp=us}} of roads.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "110", "description": "The Forum of Trajan is constructed in Rome by the Syrian architect Apollodorus of Damascus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "110", "description": "Tacitus is named proconsul of the province of Asia (110\u2013113).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "110", "description": "Caravans make regular departures from Luoyang with Chinese ginger, cassia (a type of cinnamon), and silk to be bartered in Central Asia for gold, silver, glassware, pottery, cloth, and intaglio gems from Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "110", "description": "Suetonius publishes ''Of illustrious men (De viris illustribus)''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "111", "description": "Emperor Trajan sends Pliny the Younger as governor (''legatus Augusti'') to Bithynia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "111", "description": "The Indian Emperor Cenguttuvan invades the Kushan Empire and defeats Kanishka and his brother Vijaya at Quilaluvam (near Mathura).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "112", "description": "Emperor Trajan and Titus Sextius Africanus become Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "112", "description": "Publius Cornelius Tacitus is Governor of the Roman province of Asia, Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "112", "description": "Hadrian succeeds Gaius Julius Cassius Steirieus as archon of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "112", "description": "Salonina Matidia receives the title of Augusta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "112", "description": "King Jima succeeds King Pasa as ruler of Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "113", "description": "Emperor Trajan sails from Rome to begin his expedition against Parthia. He arrives in Athens where Parthian envoys greets him with olive branches, a sign of peace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "113", "description": "Trajan builds Trajan's Column near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate his victory over the Dacians in the Second Dacian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "113", "description": "Osroes I of Parthia violates the treaty with Rome by installing a puppet ruler in Armenia. The 60 year old emperor, Trajan, marches east without first attempting to use diplomacy to resolve the disagreement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "113", "description": "Trajan declares Armenia to be annexed and becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "113", "description": "Basilica Ulpia is dedicated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "113", "description": "Last (7th) year of ''Yongchu'' era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "113", "description": "ampquotPattini dheivamampquot worship is inaugurated in Kannagi Temple in Chera Kingdom in South India, by Emperor Cenkuttuvan the function is attended by GajaBahu, king of Central Srilanka (Mahavamso).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "114", "description": "The Arch of Trajan is erected in Benevento.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "114", "description": "The kingdom of Osroene becomes a vassal kingdom of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "114", "description": "Emperor Trajan defeats the Parthians and overruns Armenia and northern Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "114", "description": "A monument to Philopappos, prince-in-exile of old Commagene (a buffer-state between Rome and Parthia) is erected in Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "114", "description": "First year of ''Yuanchu'' era of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "114", "description": "Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Sedecion to Patriarch Diogenes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "115", "description": "Emperor Trajan is cut off in southern Mesopotamia after his invasion of that region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "115", "description": "Trajan captures the Parthian capital of Ctesiphon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "115", "description": "Jews in Egypt and Cyrene ignite a revolt (Kitos War) against the rule of the Roman Empire, which spreads to Cyprus, Judea, and the Roman province of Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "115", "description": "Alexandria in Egypt is destroyed during the Jewish-Greek civil wars. Marcus Rutilius Lupus, the Roman governor, sends Legio XXII Deiotariana to protect the inhabitants of Memphis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "115", "description": "A revolt breaks out in Britain the garrison at Eboracum (York) is massacred.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "115", "description": "The Pantheon of Agrippa is reconstructed in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "115", "description": "Lusius Quietus, Trajan's governor of Judea, begins a brutal campaign to maintain the peace in the region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "115", "description": "An earthquake destroys Apamea and Antioch in Syria. The local bishop is held responsible (he will be martyred and remembered as St. Ignatius).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "115", "description": "Pope Sixtus I succeeds Pope Alexander I as the seventh pope according to Catholic biographies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "116", "description": "Emperor Trajan completes his invasion of Parthia by capturing the cities of Seleucia, Babylon, Ctesiphon and Susa, marking the high-water mark of the Roman Empire's eastern expansion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "116", "description": "Trajan makes Syria a province of Rome and crosses the Tigris to annex Adiabene. He proceeds with his army to the Persian Gulf and conquers territory that becomes the province of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "116", "description": "Trajan removes Osroes I as king of Parthia, and appoints his son Parthamaspates in his place. Parthamaspates Romanizes his name to ''Parthicus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "116", "description": "Trajan sends two expeditionary forces. One, consisting of elements of Legio III Cyrenaica, to suppress the revolt in Judea and the other Legio VII Claudia to restore order on Cyprus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "116", "description": "Trajan sends ''laureatae'' to the Roman Senate on account of his victories and being  conqueror of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "116", "description": "Quintus Marcius Turbo sailes to Alexandria and defeates the Jews in several pitched battles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "116", "description": "Jewish uprising against Rome fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "117", "description": "Trajan subdues a Jewish revolt (the Kitos War), then falls seriously ill, leaving Hadrian in command of the east.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "117", "description": "On his death bed, Trajan adopts Hadrian and designates him as his successor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "117/08/09", "description": " Emperor Trajan dies of a stroke at Selinus in Cilicia, age 63, while en route from Mesopotamia to Italy. Leaving the Roman Empire at its maximal territorial extent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "117/08/09", "description": "Hadrian, who will reign until 138, succeeds him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "117/08/09", "description": "Hadrian, a Spaniard like Trajan, is an excellent officer who has had a brilliant career.  He is well-cultured man, who as Emperor inaugurates a civil government,{{citation needed|date=March 2010}} giving up the policy of conquest of his predecessor in order to consolidate the empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "117/08/09", "description": "Hadrian returns large parts of Mesopotamia to the Parthians as part of a peace settlement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "117/08/09", "description": "Construction begins on the Pantheon in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "117/08/09", "description": "The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 87 percent under emperor Hadrian, down from 93 percent in the reign of Trajan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "117/08/09", "description": "John I becomes the 7th Bishop of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "118", "description": "The Roman Forum commissioned by the late Emperor Trajan is completed with triumphal arches, columns, a market complex, and an enormous basilica that all of which replace hundreds of dwellings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "118", "description": "Emperor Hadrian is also a Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "118", "description": "Rome has a population exceeding 1 million, making it the largest city in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "118", "description": "Osroene is returned to native rule by the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "118", "description": "Plot of the consuls:  Hadrian executes four senators, all former consuls, who had been shown to have plotted against him.  His relations with the Senate are strained.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "118", "description": "Pantheon, in Rome, is started to be built (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "118", "description": "118ampampndash128 ampampndash Battle of Centaurs and Wild Beasts, from Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, is made (approximate date). It may be a copy of painting done by the late 5th century BC Greek artist Zeuxis. It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "118", "description": "The north-south feud between the Hun dynasty ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "118", "description": "The oldest known painted depiction of a wheelbarrow is found in a Chinese tomb of Chengde, Sichuan province, dated to this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "119", "description": "Emperor Hadrian stations Legio VI ''Victrix'' in Roman Britain, to assist in quelling the resistance of a local rebellion. The legion is a key in securing the victory, and eventually replaced Legio IX ''Hispana'' at Eboracum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "119", "description": "Hadrian also visits Britain in this year at the request of Governor of Britain Quintus Pompeius Falco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "119", "description": "Salonina Matidia, a niece of Trajan dies, Hadrian delivers her a funeral oration and granted her a temple in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "119", "description": "Reign in Northern India by Nahapana, Scythian king. He attacks the kingdom of Andhra and annexes Southern Rajputana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "120", "description": "Emperor Hadrian visits Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "120", "description": "Foss Dyke is constructed in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "120", "description": "An Indian ambassadorial contingent visits with Hadrian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "120", "description": "Suetonius becomes Hadrian's secretary ''ab epistolis''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "120", "description": "Market Gate of Miletus, from Miletos, is built. (approximate date) It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "120", "description": "Change of era name from ''Yuanchu'' (7th year) to ''Yongning'' of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "120", "description": "The Scythians dominate western India: Punjab, Sind, the north of Gujerat and a portion of central India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "121", "description": "Roman settlement in present-day Wiesbaden, Germany is first mentioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "121", "description": "Emperor Hadrian fixes the border between Roman Britain and Caledonia on a line running from the River Tyne to the Solway Firth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "121", "description": "Construction of the Temple of Venus and Roma begins in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "121", "description": "Era name changes from ''Yongning'' (2nd year) to ''Jianguang'' in the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "122", "description": "Emperor Hadrian orders that a 73-mile (117-kilometer) wall be built to mark the northern Roman Empire while personally visiting the area. Hadrian's Wall, as it comes to be known, is intended to keep the Caledonians, Picts and other tribes at bay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "122", "description": "Vindolanda a Roman auxiliary fort (''castrum'') in northern England is garrisoned by cohort VIIII ''Batavorum''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "122/09/13", "description": " The building of Hadrian's Wall begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "122/09/13", "description": "Hadrian gives up the territories conquered in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "122/09/13", "description": "Change of era name from ''Jianguang'' (2nd year) to ''Yanguang'' of the Chinese Eastern Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "123", "description": "Emperor Hadrian averts a war with Parthia by a personal meeting with Osroes I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "123", "description": "Housesteads Fort is constructed on Hadrian's Wall north of Bardon Mill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "123", "description": "Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "123", "description": "Mug Nuadat defeats the High King of Ireland, Conn of the Hundred Battles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "123", "description": "In China, Ban Yong, son of Ban Chao, reestablishes the Chinese control over the Tarim Basin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "123", "description": "The Chinese government establishes Aide of the Western Regions over the Tarim Basin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "123", "description": "Chinese scientist Zhang Heng corrects the calendar to bring it into line with the four seasons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "124", "description": "Emperor Hadrian begins to rebuild the Olympeion in Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "124", "description": "Antinous becomes Hadrian's beloved companion on his journeys through the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "124", "description": "During a voyage to Greece, Hadrian is initiated in the ancient rites known as the  Eleusinian Mysteries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "124", "description": "In northern India, Nahapana, king of the Scythians, is defeated and dies in battle while fighting against King Andhra Gautamiputra Satakarni. This defeat destroys the Scythian dynasty of Ksahar\u00e2tas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "The Pantheon is constructed in (Rome) as it stands today by Hadrian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "Emperor Hadrian establishes the Panhellenion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "Hadrian distributes imperial lands to small farmers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, is started to be built (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "Plague sweeps North Africa in the wake of a locust invasion that destroys large areas of cropland. The plague kills as many as 500,000 in Numidia and possibly 150,000 on the coast before moving to Italy, where it takes so many lives that villages and towns are abandoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "Last (4th) year of the ''Yanguang'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "Change of emperor of the Chinese Han Dynasty from Han Andi to Marquis of Beixiang, then to Han Shundi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "Gautamiputra Satakarni, a king of the Andhra dynasty, destroys the kingdom of Maharashtra near Bombay. He now controls central India from coast to coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "Zhang Heng of Han Dynasty China invents a hydraulic-powered armillary sphere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "The Satires of Juvenal intimate that bread and circuses (''panem et circenses'') keep the Roman people happy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "125", "description": "Pope Telesphorus succeeds Pope Sixtus I as the eighth pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "126", "description": "First year of the ''Yongjian'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "127", "description": "Emperor Hadrian returns to Rome after a seven year voyage to the Roman provinces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "127", "description": "Hadrian, acting on the advice of his proconsul of Asia, Minucius Fundanus, determines that Christians shall not be put to death without a trial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "127", "description": "Kanishka I starts to rule in Kushan Empire (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "127", "description": "The philosopher Carpocrates rejects ownership of private property as being un-Christian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "128", "description": "Emperor Hadrian visits the Roman province of North Africa, in order to inspect Legio III ''Augusta'' stationed at Lambaesis. For strategic reasons the legionnaires are located in the Aur\u00e8s Mountains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "128", "description": "Hadrian's Wall is completed in Britain. Built mostly of stone in the east and with a wooden  palisade in the west. They construct at least 16 forts, about 15,000 legionaries digging ditches, quarrying rock and cutting stone, preventing idleness which led to unrest and rebellions in the ranks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "128", "description": "Roman agriculture declines as imports from Egypt and North Africa depress wheat prices, making it unprofitable to farm and forcing many farmers off the land.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "128", "description": "Roman bakeries produce dozens of bread varieties, and the Romans distribute free bread for the poor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "128", "description": "Hadrian begins his inspection of the provinces of Greece, Asia Minor and Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "128", "description": "King Gaeru of Baekje succeeds to the throne of Baekje in the Korean peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "128", "description": "The fossils of large prehistoric animals are discovered in Dalmatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "128", "description": "Pantheon, Rome is finished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "129", "description": "A defense for Numidia is constructed at Lambaesis by Legio III ''Augusta''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "129", "description": "Emperor Hadrian continues his voyages, now inspecting Caria, Cappadocia and Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "129", "description": "Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Diogenes to Eleutherius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "A law is passed in Rome banning the execution of slaves without a trial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "The Temple of Olympian Zeus is completed at Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "Emperor Hadrian visits the cities Petra and Gerasa (Jerash).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "A Triumphal Arch for Hadrian is built in Gerasa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "Canopus, Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, is started to be built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "The Hadrian's Gate in Antalya (Turkey) is constructed, Hadrian visits the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "Huviska becomes king of the Kushan Empire in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "The Scythian king Rudradaman I reconquers from the Andhra the lands annexed by Gautamiputra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "Basra becomes the capital of Arabia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "Claudius Ptolemaeus tabulates angles of refraction for several media.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "The Antinous Mondragone is sculpted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "c. 130\u2013138 ampampndash Hadrian Hunting Boar and Sacrificing to Apollo, sculptural reliefs on the Arch of Constantine, Rome, are made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "130", "description": "c. 130\u2013138 ampampndash Antinous, from Hadrian's Villa at Tivoli, Italy, is made. It is now kept at Museo Gregoriano Egizio, Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "131", "description": "Emperor Hadrian builds the city Aelia Capitolina on the location of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "131", "description": "The Praetor's Edict is definitively codifed by Salvius Julianus on Hadrian's orders.  This change means that senatorial decrees become a mere confirmation of the imperial speech (''oratio principis'') which initiated them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "131", "description": "Reorganization of the Imperial Council: Central administration is reinforced, and administrative positions are entrusted to Knights according to a very strict hierarchy. Under the reorganization, the Roman Senate is excluded from controlling the business of state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "131", "description": "Hadrian restores the monarchist policy of Claudius and Domitian.  The equestrian order is given full legal status and attains the second order of the state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "131", "description": "Italy is divided into legal districts managed by consuls, a direct blow to the power and prestige of the Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "131", "description": "Edict of Hadrian prohibiting the practice of circumcision. Additionally, Hadrian prohibits public reading of the Torah under penalty of death, as well as observance of festivals and the Sabbath, the teaching of ''Judaic Law'', and the ordination of rabbis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "132", "description": "The Temple of Olympian Zeus (Athens) is completed using Cossutius' design.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "132", "description": "The messianic, charismatic Jewish leader Simon bar Kokhba starts a war of liberation for Judea (Bar Kokhba revolt) against the Romans, which is eventually crushed (in 135) by emperor Hadrian. Rabbi Akiva is supportive of the rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "132", "description": "The legion X ''Fretensis'' must evacuate Jerusalem, returning to Caesarea. 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The legion XXII ''Deiotariana'', which advanced from Egypt, is completely destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "132", "description": "Merchants in Britain build structures outside the forts of Hadrian's Wall and offer goods and services (including brothels) to Roman soldiers, who receive salaries in a region that otherwise has virtually no ready money.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "132", "description": "Construction begins on the Mausoleum of Hadrian in Rome, today known as Castel Sant'Angelo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "132", "description": "Change of era name from ''Yongjian'' (7th year) to ''Yangjia'' of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "132", "description": "Chinese scientist Zhang Heng invents the first seismometer for determining the exact cardinal direction of earthquakes hundreds of miles away the device employs a series of complex gears around a central swinging pendulum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "133", "description": "Sextus Julius Severus, governor of Britain, is sent to Judea (from 136 renamed Syria Palaestina) to quell a revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "133", "description": "Roman Empire. The Bar Kokhba revolt in Judea (132\u2013135).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Ongoing events", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "134", "description": "A law improving the lot of free workers is passed in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "134", "description": "Arrianus, Roman governor of Cappadocia, repulses an attack of the Alani, a nomadic tribe from southeastern Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "134", "description": "Sextus Julius Severus, governor of Judea, begins in the summer a campaign against the Jewish rebel strongholds in the mountains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "134", "description": "The Romans retake Jerusalem. The largely destroyed city is renamed Aelia Capitolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "134", "description": "A university of rhetoric, law and philosophy, the Athenaeum, opens in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "134", "description": "Hadrian's Villa in Tivoli, Italy is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Architecture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "135", "description": "A Jewish ''diaspora'' begins as emperor Hadrian bars Jews from Jerusalem and has survivors of the massacre dispersed across the Roman Empire. Many join Mediterranean ports.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "135", "description": "Jerusalem is renamed ''Colonia Aelia Capitolina'', in honor of Hadrian. Legio VI ''Ferrata'' rebuilds the legionary fortress in the city and constructs a Roman temple at Golgotha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "135", "description": "An altar to Jupiter is erected on the site of the Temple in Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "135", "description": "Canopus, Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, is finished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "135", "description": "Last (4th) year of ''Yangjia'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "135", "description": "Epictetus writes the ''Enchiridion'' (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "136", "description": "The war against the Suebi begins.  They will be defeated by the senator Tiberius Haterius Nepos Atinas, governor of Pannonia, in 138.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "136", "description": "Emperor Hadrian chases the Jews from Galilee and receives a triumphal arch near Scythopolis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "136", "description": "The Roman province of Iudaea (plus Galilee) becomes Syria Palaestina, the first use of the name Palestine as a designation for Judea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "136", "description": "Hadrian dictates his memoirs at his villa near Tivoli (Tibur) outside Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "136", "description": "Hadrian uncovers a new conspiracy among certain senators.  He adopts Lucius Ceionius Commodus as his heir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "136", "description": "First year of ''Yonghe'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "136", "description": "Pope Hyginus succeeds Pope Telesphorus as the ninth pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "136", "description": "Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Eleutherius to Patriarch Felix.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "137", "description": "Tax laws are passed for trade in Palmyra.ampamp{{cite book|last=Asakura|first=Hironori|title=World history of the customs and tariffs|year=2003|publisher=World Customs Organization|isbn=978-2-87492-021-9|page=90|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=qlD0zOupzOUCampamppg=PT45ampampdq=tax+laws+passed+in+Palmyra+137#v=onepageampampq=world%20first%20Customs%20tariff%20of%20137%20ADampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=qlD0zOupzOUCampamppg=PT45ampampdq=tax+laws+passed+in+Palmyra+137#v=onepageampampq=world%20first%20Customs%20tariff%20of%20137%20ADampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>  The caravan city grows rich by importing rare products from the Persian Gulf, and by exporting items manufactured by the Mediterranean world to the East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "138/02/25", "description": " Emperor Hadrian makes Antoninus Pius his successor, on condition that he adopts Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "138/07/10", "description": " Hadrian dies after a heart failure at Baiae, he is buried at Rome in the Gardens of Domitia beside his wife, Vibia Sabina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "138/07/10", "description": "Antoninus Pius succeeds Hadrian as Roman Emperor and asks the Senate to confer divine honors for Hadrian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "138/07/10", "description": "Construction begins on the Theater of Philadelphia (Amman).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "138/07/10", "description": "Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, Italy, is finished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "138/07/10", "description": "The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 75 percent under emperor Antoninus Pius, down from 87 percent under the reign of Hadrian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "139", "description": "The Tomb of Hadrian in Rome is completed, emperor Antoninus Pius cremates the body of Hadrian and placed his ashes together with that of his wife Vibia Sabina and his adopted son, Lucius Aelius in the mausoleum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "139", "description": "Marcus Aurelius is named Caesar. He marries Faustina the Younger, daughter of Antoninus Pius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "139", "description": "Antoninus Augustus Pius and Caius Bruttius Praesens become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "140", "description": "Emperor Antoninus Augustus Pius and Marcus Aurelius Caesar become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "140", "description": "Antoninus Pius recognizes the king of the Quadi, who becomes an ally of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "140", "description": "King Mithridates IV dies, Vologases III claims the throne and extened his rule through the Parthian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "140", "description": "The export of olive oil from Hispania Baetica to Rome peaks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "140", "description": "Pope Pius I succeeds Pope Hyginus as the tenth pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "140", "description": "Marcion arrives in Rome, bringing Evangelikon and Apostolikon to the Christian community.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "140", "description": "Ptolemy completes his Almagest (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "141", "description": "The Temple of Antoninus and Faustina is constructed in Rome, the temple is dedicated to Faustina the Elder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "141", "description": "Last (6th) year of ''Yonghe'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "141", "description": "Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Felix to Patriarch Polycarpus II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "141", "description": "6th recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and Science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "142", "description": "Emperor Antoninus Pius  orders the construction of the Antonine Wall. The wall stretch 39 miles (63 km) from Old Kilpatrick in West Dunbartonshire on the Firth of Clyde to Carriden near Bo'ness on the Firth of Forth (Scotland). The Romans built nineteen forts and smaller fortlets (milecastles), to protect the border against the Caledonians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "142", "description": "Municipal doctors are named throughout the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "142", "description": "First year of the ''Hanan'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "142", "description": "The Chinese Taoist alchemist Wei Boyang, author of the ''Kinship of the Three'', is the first to describe an early form of gunpowder solution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "142", "description": "Marcion proclaims that the Old Testament is incompatible with Christianity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "143", "description": "Antoninus Pius as Roman Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "143", "description": "A revolt of the Brigantes tribe in Britannia is suppressed by Quintus Lollius Urbicus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "143", "description": "The Roman doctor Antyllus performs the first arteriotomy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Medicine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "144", "description": "Lucius Hedius Rufus Lollianus Avitus and Titus Statilius Maximus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "144", "description": "The Roman campaigns in Mauretania begin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "144", "description": "Change of era name from ''Hanan'' (3rd year) to Jiankang era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "144", "description": "Change of emperor from Han Shundi to Han Chongdi of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "144", "description": "Reign of Kanishka, emperor of the Kushan Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "144", "description": "Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Polycarpus II to Patriarch Athendodorus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "144", "description": "Marcion of Sinope is excommunicated a sect, Marcionism, grows out of his beliefs.", 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"event": {"date": "148", "description": "Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Athendodorus to Patriarch Euzois.ampamp{{cite book|last=Eder|first=Walter|last2=Renger|first2=Johannes|last3=Henkelman|first3Wouter=|title=Brill's chronologies of the ancient world New Pauly names, dates and dynasties|year=2007|publisher=Brill|page=319|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?ei=QXcqT6rFGMqViQe88v31Dgampampsqi=2ampampid=3KpmAAAAMAAJampampdq=Euzois+Patriarch+of+Constantinople+148ampampq=Euzois#search_anchor|isbn=978-90-04-15320-2}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?ei=QXcqT6rFGMqViQe88v31Dgampampsqi=2ampampid=3KpmAAAAMAAJampampdq=Euzois+Patriarch+of+Constantinople+148ampampq=Euzois#search_anchor|isbn=978-90-04-15320-2}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "149", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "150", "description": "The Roman town Forum Hadriani (Voorburg) receives the title of ''Municipium Aelium Cananefatium'', ampquotthe town of the Cananefatesampquot (modern Netherlands). 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Han dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "152", "description": "Minor uprisings occur in Mauritania against Roman rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "152", "description": "Regular Roman Army campaigns end in Mauritania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "152", "description": "The Chinese domination of the Tarim Basin weakens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "153", "description": "Minor uprisings occur in Egypt against Roman rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "153", "description": "Change of era name from ''Yuanjia'' (3rd year) to ''Yongxing'' of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "154", "description": "The king of Bosphorus, Eupator, pays tribute to Rome due to the threat posed by the Alani.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "154", "description": "The Antonine Wall is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "154", "description": "Last (2nd) year of ''Yongxing'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "154", "description": "Anicetus becomes pope (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "154", "description": "Anicetus meets with Polycarp of Smyrna to discuss the Computus, the date of Easter in the Christian calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "154", "description": "Change of Patriarch of Constantinople from Patriarch Euzois to Patriarch Laurence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "155", "description": "Emperor Antoninus Pius starts a new war against the Parthians who are led by Vologases IV.  The war is brief and results in an inconclusive peace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "155", "description": "Rome states that while it will not be recognized as an official religion, Judaism must be tolerated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "155", "description": "To restore peace between the Jews and Romans, Antoninus relegalizes circumcision.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "155", "description": "The Romans begin to abandon Hadrian's Wall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "155", "description": "First year of ''Yongshou'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "155", "description": "Pope Anicetus succeeds Pope Pius I as the eleventh pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "155", "description": "The Christian bishops are in disagreement regarding the date of Easter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "156", "description": "The heresiarch Montanus first appears in Ardaban (Mysia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "157", "description": "n Mesoamerica is produced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "158", "description": "The earliest dated use of Sol invictus, in a dedication from Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "158", "description": "Change of era name from ''Yongshou'' to ''Yangxi'' of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "159", "description": "The Antonine Wall is briefly abandoned due to pressure from the Picts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "159", "description": "In India, the reign of Shivashri Satakarni as King Satavahana of Andhra begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "160", "description": "The Antonine Wall is retaken by Roman legions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "160", "description": "In Rome, the manufacturing of soap containing grease, lime and ashes begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "160", "description": "Appian writes \u03a1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9\u03ba\u03b1, known in English as the ''Roman History'', in which he includes the history of each nation conquered up until the moment of its conquest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "160", "description": "The first Buddhist monks arrive in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "161/03/07", "description": " Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by Marcus Aurelius who shares imperial power with Lucius Verus, although Marcus retains the title Pontifex Maximus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "161/03/07", "description": "Marcus Aurelius, a Spaniard like Trajan and Hadrian, is a stoical, disciple of Epictetus, and an energetic man of action.  He pursues the policy of his predecessor and maintains good relations with the Senate. As a legislator, he endeavours to create new principles of morality and humanity, particularly favouring women and slaves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "161/03/07", "description": "The weight of a goldpiece, the aureus, is reduced from 7.81 grams under Aurelius to 7.12 grams.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "161/03/07", "description": "Gaius' ''Institutiones'' are published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "161/03/07", "description": "The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 68 percent under emperor Marcus Aurelius, down from 75 percent under Antoninus Pius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "162", "description": "Lucius Verus begins a war with the Parthians, due to the invasion of Syria and Armenia by Vologases IV of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "162", "description": "The Antonine Wall is largely decommissioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "162", "description": "Arrian publishes Indica, a work on India and its people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "163", "description": "Statius Priscus reconquers Armenia Artaxata is ruined.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "164", "description": "The governor of Syria, Avidius Cassius, one of Lucius Verus' generals, crosses the Euphrates and invades Parthian territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "164", "description": "Ctesiphon is captured by the Romans, but returned to the Parthians after the end of the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "164", "description": "The Antonine Wall in Scotland is abandoned by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "164", "description": "A law is passed protecting property brought into a marriage by the wife.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "164", "description": "Marcus Aurelius gives his daughter Lucilla in marriage to his co-emperor Lucius Verus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "164", "description": "Seleucia on the Tigris is destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "165", "description": "A Roman military operation under Avidius Cassius is successful against Parthia, capturing Artaxata, Seleucia on the Tigris, and Ctesiphon. The Parthians sue for peace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "165", "description": "A pandemic known as the Antonine Plague breaks out in Rome after the Roman army returns from Parthia. The plague significantly depopulates the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "165", "description": "Legio II ''Italica'' is levied by emperor Marcus Aurelius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "165", "description": "Dura-Europos is taken by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "165", "description": "The Romans establish a garrison at Doura Europos on the Euphrates, a control point for the commercial route to the Persian Gulf.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "165", "description": "Avidius Cassius takes Nisibis and conquers the north of Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "165", "description": "Marcus Aurelius creates four legal districts (iuridici) in Italy (5 if Rome is included).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "165", "description": "The philosopher Justin of Nablus is executed in Rome as a Christian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "165", "description": "Discourse to the Greek (''Oratio ad Graecos''), by the Syrian Tatian, is the first treatise on the evils of paganism in Christian literature.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "Dacia is invaded by barbarians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "Conflict erupts on the Danube frontier between Rome and the Germanic tribe of the Marcomanni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "Emperor Marcus Aurelius appoints his sons as Caesars, while he and Lucius Verus travel to Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "End of the war with Parthia:  The Parthians leave Armenia and eastern Mesopotamia, which both become Roman protectorates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "A plague (possibly small pox), comes from the East and spreads throughout the Roman Empire, lasting for roughly twenty years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "The Lombards invade Pannonia (modern Hungary). They are quickly dispatched by the Roman Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "King Chogo of Baekje succeeds to the throne of Baekje in the Korean peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "Scholars who have denounced eunuchs are arrested, killed or banished from the capital and official life in Han Dynasty China. This was the first of the Disasters of Partisan Prohibitions, which ended in 184.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "A Roman envoy arrives by sea in Rinan commandery in southern China (central Vietnam). He travels to the Chinese capital Luoyang and is greeted by Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "Pope Soter succeeds Pope Anicetus as the twelfth pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "166", "description": "Laurence succeeds Alypius as  Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "167", "description": "Imperator Lucius Aurelius Verus Augustus and Marcus Ummidius Quadratus Annianus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "167", "description": "The Marcomanni tribe wages war against the Romans at Aquileia. They destroyed aqueducts and irrigation conduits. Marcus Aurelius repels the invaders, ending the Pax Romana (Roman Peace) that kept the Roman Empire free of conflict since the days of emperor Augustus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "167", "description": "The Vandals (Astingi and Lacringi) and the Sarmatian Iazyges invade Dacia. To counter them, Legio V ''Macedonica'', returning from the Parthian War, moved its headquarters from Troesmis in Moesia Inferior to Potaissa in Dacia Porolissensis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "167", "description": "The Germans devastate the Balkans and ransack the sanctuary of Eleusis, near Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "167", "description": "Change of era name from ''Yanxi'' to ''Yongkang'' of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "167", "description": "King Chogo of Baekje wages war against Silla in the Korean peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "168", "description": "Emperor Marcus Aurelius and his stepbrother Lucius Verus leave Rome, and establish their headquarters at Aquileia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "168", "description": "The Roman army crosses the Alps into Pannonia and subdue the Marcomanni at Carnuntum north of the Danube.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "168", "description": "Change of Han Huandi to Han Lingdi of Han Dynasty first year of ''Jianning'' era.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "169", "description": "Marcomannic Wars: Germanic tribes invade the frontiers of the Roman Empire, specifically the provinces of Raetia and Moesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "169", "description": "Northern African Moors invade what is now Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "169", "description": "Marcus Aurelius becomes sole Roman Emperor upon the death of Lucius Verus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "169", "description": "Marcus Aurelius forced his daughter Lucilla into marriage with Claudius Pompeianus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "169", "description": "Galen moves back to Rome for good.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "169", "description": "Confucian scholars who had denounced the court eunuchs are arrested, killed or banished from the capital of Luoyang and official life during the second episode of the Disasters of Partisan Prohibitions, which did not formally end until 184 with the onslaught of the Yellow Turban Rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "169", "description": "Pertinax succeeds Alypius as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "169", "description": "Theophilus of Antioch becomes Patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "169", "description": "Lucian demonstrates the absurdity of fatalism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "170", "description": "The Suebian tribes of the Marcomanni cross the Danube and invade northern Italy. The Roman army (20,000 men) is destroyed near Carnuntum in Pannonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "170", "description": "The Marcomanni plunder Opitergium (modern Oderzo) and besiege Aquileia. This is the first time hostile forces entered Italy since 101 BC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "170", "description": "Emperor Marcus Aurelius writes in Sirmium (Pannonia) his first of 12 books of the ''Meditations'' in Koine Greek.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "170", "description": "The Costoboci cross the Danube (Dacia) and ravage Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula. They reached Eleusina, near Athens, and destroyed the temple of the Eleusinian Mysteries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "170", "description": "Marcus Aurelius orders humane treatment for Christians and slaves throughout the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "170", "description": "An Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius is erected in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "170", "description": "The fundamental works of Ptolemy on cartography are published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "171", "description": "Emperor Marcus Aurelius forms a new military command, the ''praetentura Italiae et Alpium''. Aquileia is relieved, and the Marcomanni are evicted from Roman territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "171", "description": "Marcus Aurelius signs a peace treaty with the Quadi and the Sarmatian Iazyges. The Germanic tribes of the Hasdingi (Vandals) and the Lacringi become Roman allies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "171", "description": "Armenia and Mesopotamia becomes a protectorate of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "171", "description": "The Costoboci cross the Danube (Dacia) and ravage Thrace in the Balkan Peninsula. They reached Eleusis, near Athens, and destroyed the temple of the Eleusinian Mysteries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "171", "description": "In May or June, the orator Aelius Aristides delivered a public speech in Smyrna, lamenting the damage recently inflicted to the sacred site of Eleusis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "172", "description": "Emperor Marcus Aurelius crosses the Danube with an expeditionary force, he subdue the Marcomanni and their allies. In a pact signed with the Germanic tribes, he imports them into occupy areas of the Roman Empire that had been depopulated by the plague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "172", "description": "The Sarmatians attack the lower Danube frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "172", "description": "Miracle in Moravia: As the Roman army is encircled by the Quadi under intense heat, a violent thunderstorm sweeps away the Quadi in a torrent of water and mud, and refreshes the parched legionaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "172", "description": "Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria, suppresses an agrarian revolt in Egypte and is made supreme commander of the Roman army in the East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "172", "description": "Last (5th) year of ''Jianning'' era and start of ''Xiping'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "172", "description": "Tatian produces his Diatessaron, a harmony of the four gospels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "172", "description": "Montanism spreads through the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "173", "description": "Gnaeus Claudius Severus and Tiberius Claudius Pompeianus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "173/06/11", "description": " Emperor Marcus Aurelius begins a campaign against the Quadi, who had broken the peace treaty (171). In a violent thunderstorm he defeats and subdues them in the so-called quotmiracle of the rainquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "173/06/11", "description": "Given control of the Eastern Empire, Avidius Cassius, the governor of Syria, crushes an insurrection of shepherds known as the boukoloi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "174", "description": "Empress Faustina the Younger accompanies her husband, Marcus Aurelius, on various military campaigns and enjoys the love of the Roman soldiers. Aurelius gives her the title of ''Mater Castrorum'' (Mother of the Camp).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "174", "description": "Reign in India of Yajnashri Satakarni, Satavahana king of the Andhra. He extends his empire from the center to the north of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "174", "description": "''Meditations'' by Marcus Aurelius is written, in Greek, while on military campaigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "175", "description": "Marcus Aurelius suppresses a revolt of Avidius Cassius, governor of Syria, after the latter proclaims himself emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "175", "description": "Avidius Cassius fails in seeking support for his rebellion and is assassinated by Roman officers. They send his head to Aurelius, who persuades the Senate to pardon Cassius's family.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "175", "description": "Commodus, son of Marcus Aurelius and his wife Faustina, is named Caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "175", "description": "M. Sattonius Iucundus, decurio in Colonia Ulpia Traiana, restores the Thermae of Coriovallum (modern Heerlenampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heerlen.nl\/smartsite.dws?id=3308\">http:\/\/www.heerlen.nl\/smartsite.dws?id=3308<\/a> Heerlen.nl ampquotDe Thermenampquot {{nl}}ampamp ) there are sources that state this happened in the 3rd century.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heerlen.nl\/smartsite.dws?id=3217\">http:\/\/www.heerlen.nl\/smartsite.dws?id=3217<\/a> Heerlen.nl ampquotSattonius Icundusampquot {{nl}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "175", "description": "Confucian scholars try to ensure their capacity in the royal court of China.  They are massacred by the eunuchs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "175", "description": "Pope Eleuterus succeeds Pope Soter as the thirteenth pope (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "176/11/27", "description": " Marcus Aurelius grants Commodus the rank of ''Imperator'' and makes him Supreme Commander of the Roman legions.{{cite book|last=McLynn|first=Frank|title=Marcus Aurelius: warrior, philosopher, emperor|year=2009|publisher=Bodley Head|page=400|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?ct=resultampid=RQ8MAQAAMAAJampdq=marcus+aurelius+returns+to+rome+27+November+176ampq=On+27+November+176#search_anchor}}\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?ct=resultampid=RQ8MAQAAMAAJampdq=marcus+aurelius+returns+to+rome+27+November+176ampq=On+27+November+176#search_anchor}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "176/12/23", "description": "Emperor Marcus Aurelius and his son Commodus enter Rome after a campaign north of the Alps and receive a triumph for their victories over the Germanic tribes.{{cite book|last=Long|first=George|last2=Flint|first2=W. Russell|title=The Thoughts of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus|year=2005|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=978-1-4179-6410-9|page=xvii|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=nlxIKJBbhqcCamppg=PR17ampdq=marcus+aurelius+returns+to+rome+176#v=onepageampqampf=false}}\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=nlxIKJBbhqcCamppg=PR17ampdq=marcus+aurelius+returns+to+rome+176#v=onepageampqampf=false}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "176/12/23", "description": "Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius is made. It is now kept at Museo Capitolini in Rome (approximate date).ampamp{{cite book|last=Bowman|first=Alan K.|last2=Garnsey|first2=Peter|last3=Rathbone|first3=Dominic|title=The Cambridge ancient history: The High Empire, A.D. 70\u2013192|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26335-1|page=981|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=mhNUGgG2eacCampamppg=PA981ampampdq=Equestrian+Statue+of+Marcus+Aurelius+176#v=onepageampampq=Equestrian%20Statue%20of%20Marcus%20Aurelius%20176ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=mhNUGgG2eacCampamppg=PA981ampampdq=Equestrian+Statue+of+Marcus+Aurelius+176#v=onepageampampq=Equestrian%20Statue%20of%20Marcus%20Aurelius%20176ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "177", "description": "Lucius Aurelius Commodus Caesar (age 15) and Marcus Peducaeus Plautius Quintillus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "177", "description": "Commodus is given the title ''Augustus'' and is made co-emperor with the same status as his father Marcus Aurelius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "177", "description": "Marcus Aurelius begins a systematic persecution of Christians at Rome, the followers take refuge in the catacombs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "177", "description": "Churches in southern Gaul are destroyed after a crowd accuses the local Christians of practicing cannibalism and incest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "177", "description": "Forty-seven Christians are martyred in Lyon (Saint Blandina and Pothinus, bishop of Lyon, are among them).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "177", "description": "Second Marcomannic War: Marcus Aurelius and Commodus begin war against the Quadi and the Marcomanni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "177", "description": "Chinese troops suffer a crushing defeat against a confederacy of Central Asian tribes led by the Xianbei (see Wu Hu).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "178", "description": "Bruttia Crispina marries Commodus and receive the title of ''Augusta''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "178", "description": "Emperor Marcus Aurelius and his son Commodus arrive at Carnuntum in Pannonia, and travel to the Danube to fight against the Marcomanni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "178", "description": "Last (7th) year of ''Xiping'' era and start of ''Guanghe'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "178", "description": "In India, the decline of the Kushan Empire begins.  The Sassanides take over Central Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "178", "description": "The Montanist heresy is condemned for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "179", "description": "The Roman fort Castra Regina (ampquotfortress by the Regen riverampquot) is built at Regensburg, on the right bank of the Danube in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "179", "description": "Roman legionaries of Legio II ''Adiutrix'' engrave on the rock of the Tren\u010d\u00edn Castle (Slovakia) the name of the town ''Laugaritio'', marking the northernmost point of Roman presence in that part of Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "179", "description": "Marcus Aurelius drives the Marcomanni over the Danube and reinforces the border. To repopulate and rebuild a devastated Pannonia, Rome allows the first German colonists to enter territory controlled by the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "179", "description": "Abgar IX the Great becomes King of Edessa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "179", "description": "Gogukcheon succeeds his father Shindae as King of Goguryeo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "179", "description": "Han Dynasty China: The full title of the ''Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art'' appears on two bronze standard measures dated to this year, yet there is speculation that the same book existed beforehand only under different titles. In the 3rd century, Liu Hui would provide commentary on this important early Chinese mathematical treatise.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180", "description": "The Quadi are chased westwards, deeper into Germania. The Praetorian prefect, Tarutenius Paternus achieved a decisive victory against the Germanic tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": " Emperor Marcus Aurelius dies after a week's illness at his camp in Vindobona (modern Vienna). He is succeeded by his son Commodus (age 18).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "The Era of the Five Good Emperors ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "Rome creates a 4-mile wide buffer zone by the Danube.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "Work begins in Rome on the building of the Column of Marcus Aurelius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "180ampampndash395 ampampndash Late Empire in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "Porta Nigra is built in Germanian Trier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "Northern Brits from beyond Hadrian's Wall invade the North of modern day England causing Emperor Commodus to allow swathes of Northern cities to establish city walls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "The Goths reach the banks of the Black Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "This year is often suggested as the first year of the Three Kingdoms period of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "Lake Taupo erupts, forming ash clouds as far as China and Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Oceania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "In his ''Methodus Medendo'', Greek physician Galen describes the connection between paralysis and the severing of the spinal cord.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/03/17", "description": "Galen's popular work on hygiene is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/07/17", "description": " Twelve Christian inhabitants of Scillium in Numidia are executed in Carthage (also in North Africa) (known as the Scillitan Martyrs) ampndash they had refused to swear an oath to the Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "180/07/17", "description": "Commodus creates an official cult of the Zoroastrian god Mithra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "181", "description": "Imperator Lucius Aurelius Commodus and Lucius Antistius Burrus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "181", "description": "The Antonine Wall is overrun in Britannia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "181", "description": "The volcano associated with Lake Taupo in New Zealand erupts, one of the largest on Earth in the last 5,000 years. The effects of this eruption are seen as far away as Rome and China.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.laketauponz.com\/aboutlaketaupo.cfm?method=displaysubsectionampampsectionid=73dea3d0-efad-ba3f-9d50-1c4db6b33ec3\">http:\/\/www.laketauponz.com\/aboutlaketaupo.cfm?method=displaysubsectionampampsectionid=73dea3d0-efad-ba3f-9d50-1c4db6b33ec3<\/a> Lake Taupo Official Siteampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Oceania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "182", "description": "Marcus Petronius Sura Mamertinus and Quintus Tineius Rufus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "182", "description": "Emperor Commodus escapes death at the hands of assassins, who have attacked him at the instigation of his sister Lucilla and a large group of senators. He puts many distinguished Romans to death on charges of being implicated in the conspiracy, Lucilla is exiled to Capri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "183", "description": "An assassination attempt on Roman Emperor Commodus by members of the Senate fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "184", "description": "The Antonine Wall in Britannia is permanently abandoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "184", "description": "The Yellow Turban Rebellion and Liang Province Rebellion break out in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "184", "description": "Zhang Jue leads the peasant revolt against Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty. Heading for the capital of Luoyang, his massive and undisciplined army (360,000 men), burns and destroys government offices and outposts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "184", "description": "June ampampndash Emperor Ling placed his brother-in-law, He Jin, in command of the imperial army and sends Liu Bei to defeat the rebel forces in Runan. The army surrounds the rebels near the Yellow River and around Nanyang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "184", "description": "Winter ampampndash The stronghold Wan city is besieged and captured. Zhang Jue dies due to illness, his brothers Zhang Bao and Zhang Liang are defeated at Guanzhong. The Yellow Turbans are turned into a scattered bandit force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "184", "description": "Last (6th) year of Guanghe era and start of Zhongping era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "184", "description": "King Gogukcheon of Goguryeo repels Han Dynasty China's invasion force, sent by the governor of Liaodong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "184", "description": "Beolhyu of Silla ascends the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "Nobles of Britain demand that Commodus rescind all power given to Tigidius Perennis who was eventually executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "Publius Helvius Pertinax is made governor of Britain and quells a mutiny of the British Roman legions who wanted him to become emperor. The disgruntled usurpers went on to attempt to assassinate the governor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "Tigidius Perennis, his family and many others are executed for conspiring against Commodus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "Emperor Commodus drains Rome's treasury to put on gladiatorial spectacles and confiscates property to support his pleasures. He participated as a gladiator and boasts of victory in 1,000 matches in the Circus Maximus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "Reign in India of Vasudeva, Kushan emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "Zhi Yao, a Kushan Buddhist monk of Yuezhi ethnicity, translates Buddhist texts into the Chinese language during the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "February ampampndash The rebels of the Yellow Turban are defeated by the imperial army, but only two months later, the rebellion breaks out again. It spreads to the Taihang Mountains on the western border of Hebei Province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "Cleomedes discovers the refraction of light by the Earth's atmosphere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "A supernova now known as SN 185 is noted by Chinese astronomers in the ''Astrological Annals of the Houhanshu'', making it the earliest recorded supernova.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "185", "description": "Irenaeus writes that there are only four Gospels (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "186", "description": "Peasants in Gaul stage an anti-tax uprising under Maternus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "186", "description": "Attempted assassination of Roman governor Pertinax by British usurpers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "186", "description": "The Hatepe volcanic eruption extends Lake Taupo and makes skies red across the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "New Zealand", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "187", "description": "Lucius Septimius Severus, (born in Leptis Magna), is named legate of Lyonnais (Gaul).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "187", "description": "Septimius Severus marries a Syrian princess Julia Domna (age 17), she is the youngest daughter of high-priest Julius Bassianus, a descendant of the Royal House of Emesa. Her elder sister is Julia Maesa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "187", "description": "Another plague hits Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "187", "description": "Clodius Albinus defeats the Chatti, a highly organized German tribe that controlled the area that includes the Black Forest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "187", "description": "Rebellion of Zhang Chun and Zhang Ju. First case of Wuhuan soldiers within the Chinese army joining a rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "187", "description": "Olympians succeeds Pertinax as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "188", "description": "Publius Helvius Pertinax becomes proconsul of Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "188", "description": "Queen Himiko (aka, Pimiko) is said to have begun her reign in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "188", "description": "Zhang Ju and Zhang Chun are defeated by Han forces under Liu Yu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "189", "description": "Plague (possibly smallpox) kills as many as 2,000 people per day in Rome. Farmers are unable to harvest their crops and food shortages bring riots in the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "189", "description": "The Prince of Hongnong succeeds Emperor Ling as Chinese emperor of the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "189", "description": "Dong Zhuo has the Prince of Hongnong deposed and installs Emperor Xian as emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "189", "description": "Two thousand eunuchs in the palace are slaughtered in a violent purge in Luoyang, the capital of Han.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "189", "description": "Galen publishes his ''ampquotTreatise on the various temperamentsampquot'' (aka ''On the Elements According to Hippocrates'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "189", "description": "Pope Victor I succeeds Pope Eleuterus as the fourteenth pope, the first from Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "189", "description": "Demetrius of Alexandria becomes Patriarch of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "189", "description": "Pantaenus, who was sent by the bishop of Alexandria to India to preach Christianity, meets with little success.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "190", "description": "A part of Rome burns, and Emperor Commodus orders the city to be rebuilt under the name ''Colonia Commodiana''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "190", "description": "A Roman road crosses the Alps by the Simplon Pass.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "190", "description": "First year of the ''Chuping'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "190", "description": "The Campaign against Dong Zhuo begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "190", "description": "Luoyang is burned and plundered by the forces of Dong Zhuo. The court is moved to Xi'an.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "190", "description": "Osroes II controlling Media claims the throne of the Parthian Empire. King Vologases IV of Parthia puts down the rebellion and restores order.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "190", "description": "Cleomedes teaches that the moon does not glow on its own, but rather reflects sunlight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "190", "description": "Egypt (under Roman rule) is impoverished due to an inflation rate of 100% during the previous decade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Economics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "190", "description": "The percentage of silver in the Egyptian denarius is lowered from 90% to 70%.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Economics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "191", "description": "King Vologases IV of Parthia dies after a 44-year reign and is succeeded by his son Vologases V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "191", "description": "Chinese warlords formes a coalition force and launches a punitive campaign against Chancellor Dong Zhuo. He forced Emperor Xian to move to Chang'an (modern Xi'an) and burns the capital Luoyang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "191", "description": "Dong Zhuo orders L\u00fc Bu to excavate the tombs of the late Han Emperors with royal treasures.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "191", "description": "c. 191\u2013192 ampampndash Commodus as Hercules, from Esquiline Hill, Rome, is made. It is now kept at Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "191", "description": "Serapion of Antioch becomes Patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "192/12/31", "description": " Emperor Commodus alarms the Senate by appearing dressed as a gladiator for his new consulship (January 1). His mistress, Marcia, finds her name on the imperial execution list and hires the champion wrestler named Narcissus to assassinate Commodus. The Antonines dynasty ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "192/12/31", "description": "Civil war again strikes Rome (192\u2013193).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "192/12/31", "description": "The kingdom of Champa begins to control south and central Vietnam (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "192/12/31", "description": "L\u00fc Bu murders his stepfather Dong Zhuo, Chancellor of the Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "192/12/31", "description": "A fire destroys Galen's library.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "192/12/31", "description": "Syrian Christians establish a Christian community in Kerala, India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/01/01", "description": " Year of the Five Emperors: The Senate chooses Publius  Helvius Pertinax, against his will to succeed the late Commodus as Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/01/01", "description": "Pertinax is forced to reorganize the handling of finances, which was wrecked under Commodus, and to reestablish discipline in the Roman army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/01/01", "description": "Pertinax suspend the food programs established by Trajan, this provokes the ire of the Praetorians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/03/28", "description": " Pertinax is assassinated by members of the Praetorian Guard, who storm the imperial palace. The Empire is  auctioned off, Marcus Didius Julianus the highest bidder, offers 300 million sesterces for the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/04/09", "description": " Lucius Septimius Severus is proclaimed Emperor by his troops in Illyricum (Balkans). He marches with his army (16 legions) to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/04/09", "description": "The Roman governors Clodius Albinus (Britannia) and Pescennius Niger (Syria) claim with support of their troops the imperial throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/06/01", "description": " Septimius Severus enters the capital and has Julianus put to death. He replaces the Praetorian Guard with a 15,000 man force from the Danubian legions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/06/01", "description": "Septimius Severus finally gains control of the Roman Empire, in Britain Clodius Albinus allies with him and accepted the title of Caesar. The Severan dynasty starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/06/01", "description": "British tribes take advantage of the disorder by the civil war and damage Hadrian's Wall. Extensive repairs to the defence work is carried out by the legionaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/06/01", "description": "Septimius Severus defeats the army under Pescennius at the Battle of Cyzicus and Battle of Nicaea (Asia Minor).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/06/01", "description": "Counterfeiting workshops begin to appear throughout the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/06/01", "description": "Last (4th) year of ''Chuping'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "193/06/01", "description": "The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 50 percent under emperor Septimius Severus, down from 68 percent under Marcus Aurelius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "194", "description": "Imperator Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax Augustus and Decimus Clodius Septimius Albinus Caesar become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "194", "description": "Battle of Issus: Emperor Septimius Severus marches with his army (12 legions) to Cilicia and defeats Pescennius Niger, governor of Syria. Pescennius retreats to Antioch and  is executed by Severus' troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "194", "description": "Septimius Severus besieged Byzantium (194-196), the city walls suffers extensive damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "194", "description": "First year of ''Xingping'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "194", "description": "Galen writes his manual on pathology, ''The Art of Curing''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "194", "description": "Irenaeus declares Gnostic doctrines to be heretical.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "195", "description": "Emperor Septimius Severus has the Senate deify Commodus in an attempt to gain favor with the family of Marcus Aurelius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "195", "description": "King Vologases V and other eastern princes support the claims of Pescennius Niger. The province of Mesopotamia rises in revolt with Parthian support. Severus travels to Mesopotamia to battle the Parthians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "195", "description": "The province of Syria is divided and the role of Antioch is diminished. The Romans annexed the Syrian city's Edessa and Nisibis (modern Turkey). Severus re-establishes his headquarters and colonies there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "195", "description": "Lucius Septimius Bassianus (Caracalla), age 7, changed his name to ''Marcus Aurelius Antoninus'' to solidify connections with the family of Marcus Aurelius and is given the title Caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "195", "description": "Clodius Albinus, who had been proclaimed emperor in Britain, crosses into Gaul with his legions, while at the same time recruiting new soldiers. He is soon the head of an army of 150,000 men. Severus, still in Mesopotamia, hastily returns to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "195", "description": "The denarius is devalued by Severus. The coin now contains only 50% precious metal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "195", "description": "Last (2nd) year of ''Xingping'' era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "195", "description": "In China, the Xiongnu Federation crosses the Great Wall and establishes itself in Shanxi province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "196", "description": "Emperor Septimus Severus attempts to assassinate Clodius Albinus but fails causing Albinus to retaliate militarily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "196", "description": "Emperor Septimius Severus captures and sacks Byzantium, the city is rebuilt and regains its previous prosperity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "196", "description": "In order to assure the support of the legions in Germany on his march to Rome, Clodius Albinus is declared Augustus by his army while crossing Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "196", "description": "Hadrian's wall in Britain is partially destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "196", "description": "First year of the ''Jian'an era of the Chinese Han Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "196", "description": "Emperor Xian of Han returns to Luoyang ravaged by war and seeks for protection of warlord Cao Cao. He is advised to move the capital to Xuchang, the Emperor becomes a pawn in the hands of the Chinese warlords.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "197/02/19", "description": " Battle of Lugdunum: Emperor Septimius Severus defeats the self-proclaimed emperor Decimus Clodius Albinus at Lugdunum (modern Lyon). Albinus commits suicide, legionaries sack the town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "197/02/19", "description": "Septimius Severus returns to Rome and has about 30 of Albinus's supporters in the Senate executed. After his victory he declares himself the adopted son of the late Marcus Aurelius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "197/02/19", "description": "Septimius Severus forms new naval units, manning all the triremes in Italy with heavily armed troops for war in the East. Soldiers embarked on an artificial canal between the Tigris and Euphrates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "197/02/19", "description": "Legio I, II, and III ''Parthica'' are levied by Septimius Severus for his Parthian campaign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "197/02/19", "description": "The Roman army marched east to repel a Parthian invasion of Mesopotamia, they loot the royal palace at Ctesiphon and capture an enormous number of its inhabitants as slaves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "197/02/19", "description": "Septimius Severus reconstitutes the Province of Mesopotamia under an equestrian governor commanding two legions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "197/02/19", "description": "Septimius Severus, who had spared the Senate at the beginning of his reign, now excludes it from controlling the Roman empire by declaring a military dictatorship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "197/02/19", "description": "Galen's major work on medicines, ''Pharmacologia'', is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "197/02/19", "description": "A Christian council is held in Edessa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "198", "description": "Publius Septimius Geta, son of Septimius Severus, receives the title of Caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "198", "description": "Caracalla, son of Septimius Severus, is given the title of Augustus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "198", "description": "Chinese warlord Cao Cao defeats L\u00fc Bu in the Battle of Xiapi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "198", "description": "Mark I succeeds Olympians as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "199", "description": "Mesopotamia is partitioned into two Roman provinces divided by the Euphrates, Mesopotamia and Osroene.ampamp{{cite book|last=Boatwright|first=Mary Taliaferro|last2=Gargola|first2=Daniel J.|last3=Talbert|first3=Richard J. A.|title=The Romans: from village to empire|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-511875-9|page=410|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=1lBoAAAAMAAJampampq=Mesopotamia+and+Osroene+provinces+199ampampdq=Mesopotamia+and+Osroene+provinces+199}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=1lBoAAAAMAAJampampq=Mesopotamia+and+Osroene+provinces+199ampampdq=Mesopotamia+and+Osroene+provinces+199}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "199", "description": "Emperor Septimius Severus lays siege to the city-state Hatra in Central-Mesopotamia, but fails to capture the city despite breaching the walls.ampamp{{cite book|last=Kohn|first=George C.|title=Dictionary of wars|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-6577-6|page=451|url=<a 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III Parthica, are formed as a permanent garrison.ampamp{{cite book|last=Erdkamp|first=Paul|title=A Companion to the Roman Army|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|isbn=978-1-4443-3921-5|page=272|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=1D612o_X2VYCampamppg=PA272ampampdq=Legio+I+Parthica+and+III+Parthica+are+formed#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=1D612o_X2VYCampamppg=PA272ampampdq=Legio+I+Parthica+and+III+Parthica+are+formed#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "199", "description": "Geodeung succeeds Suro as king of the Korean kingdom of Gaya (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "199", "description": "Sun Ce and Zhou Yu wed the Qiao sisters.ampamp{{cite book|last=Guanzhong|first=Luo|title=The three kingdoms: teamwork, strategy and wisdom : a compact classic|year=2008|publisher=Asiapac Books Pte Ltd|isbn=978-981-229-452-4|page=64|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=_5JimMEaqB4Campamppg=PA64ampampdq=Sun+Ce+and+Zhou+Yu+wed+the+Qiao+sisters+199#v=onepageampampqampampf=false|edition=3rd}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=_5JimMEaqB4Campamppg=PA64ampampdq=Sun+Ce+and+Zhou+Yu+wed+the+Qiao+sisters+199#v=onepageampampqampampf=false|edition=3rd}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "199", "description": "Pope Zephyrinus succeeds Pope Victor I as the fifteenth pope.ampamp{{cite book|last=Bunson|first=Matthew|title=OSV's encyclopedia of Catholic history|year=2004|publisher=Our Sunday Visitor Publishing|isbn=978-1-59276-026-8|pages=986\u2013987|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=dWpO1--eMrYCampamppg=PA986ampampdq=Pope+Zephyrinus+succeeds+Victor+I+199#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=dWpO1--eMrYCampamppg=PA986ampampdq=Pope+Zephyrinus+succeeds+Victor+I+199#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Human population reaches about 257 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "World", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Emperor Septimius Severus visits Syria, Palestine and Arabia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Palestine, benefiting from the benevolent policies of Severus, sees a significant economic revival.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "The province of Numidia is taken from the African proconsul and made an Imperial province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Rudrasena I, Saka ruler of the Western Satrap dynasty, becomes king of Malwa in ancient India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Chinese warlord Cao Cao defeats Yuan Shao in the battle of Guandu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "In Japan, Himiko, whose capital is situated in Yamatai, extends her authority over a number of clans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Empress Jingu sends a Japanese fleet to invade Korea. The Koreans capitulate at the sight of the huge multi-oared ships and offer tribute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "The Classic Age of Maya civilization begins (around this year).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "The Paracas culture in the Andes comes to an end (around this year).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Septimius Severus, Julia Domna and their children, Publius Septimius Geta and Caracalla, from Fayum, Egypt, is made. It is now kept at Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Antikensammlung.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Jewish Eretz Yisraeli scholar Judah ha-Nasi compiles tracts of the Mishnah, beginning the creation of Talmudic law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Clement of Alexandria denounces the use of musical instruments to support human voices in Christian music.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "200", "description": "Brahmanism evolves into Hinduism (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "201", "description": "Lucius Annius Fabianus and Marcus Nonius Arrius Mucianus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "201", "description": "November ampampndash A flood in Edessa destroys a Christian church, killing over 2,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "201", "description": "Osroene becomes the first state which adopts Christianity as its official religion (per New International Encyclopedia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "202", "description": "Emperor Septimius Severus returns to Rome after a five year absence. 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"description": "The Portico of Octavia is reconstructed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "203", "description": "Reign in India of Vijaya, Satavahana king of the Andhra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "203", "description": "The Andhra empire is being broken apart into smaller and smaller independent principalities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "203", "description": "Origen of Alexandria replaces Clement as the head of the Christian school in Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "204", "description": "Lucius Fabius Cilo and Marcus Annius Flavius Libo become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "204", "description": "The Daysan River floods Edessa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "204", "description": "Gongsun Kang, a Chinese warlord of Liaodong, establishes the Daifang Commandery in northern Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "204", "description": "Battle of Ye: Cao Cao lays siege to and captures the Yuan family headquarters of Ye.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "204", "description": "A trade recession in the Leptis Magna region (Africa) is alleviated by emperor Septimius Severus, he buys up the country's olive oil for free distribution in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "205", "description": "Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus and his brother Publius Septimius Geta 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"event": {"date": "206", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "206", "description": "Hadrian's Wall is retaken for the first time since the Pictish uprising of 180.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "206", "description": "Emperor Septimus Severus comes Britain with his sons Caracalla and Geta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "207", "description": "Cao Cao defeats the Wuhuan tribes at the Battle of White Wolf Mountain, sending the Wuhuan into decline.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "207", "description": "Sun Quan battles Huang Zu at Xiakou.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "208/12/10", "description": " Cao Cao writes ''Du\u01cen Ge X\u00edng''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "208/12/10", "description": "Cao Cao marches south with his army and captures the enemy fleet at Jiangling.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "208/12/10", "description": "Liu Bei escapes from Cao Cao at the Battle of Changban.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "208/12/10", "description": "Zhou Yu and Liu Bei defeat Cao Cao at the Battle of Red Cliffs along with the Battle of Yamen and Battle of Lake Poyang, this is one of the largest naval battles in China's history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "208/12/10", "description": "Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus and his brother Publius Septimius Geta Caesar become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "208/12/10", "description": "Emperor Septimius Severus leads an expedition (20,000 men) in Britannia, crosses Hadrian's Wall and moves through eastern Scotland. The Roman army pushes the Caledonians back to the River Tay and Severus signs a peace treaty. He repairs the Antonine Wall (his repairs are sometimes called the Severan Wall).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "208/12/10", "description": "Britain is divided in the north, Lower Britain (Britannia Inferior) administered from the fortress at Eburacum (modern York), and in the south, Upper Britain (Britannia Superior) controlled by the legions at Deva Victrix and Isca Augusta, with its capital at Londinium (London).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "208/12/10", "description": "King Vologases VI succeeds his father Vologases V to the throne. 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He is later deified by the Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "211", "description": "Eboracum (modern York) becomes the capital of Britannia Inferior, a northern province of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "211/02/04", "description": " Caracalla and his brother Geta succeed their father Septimius Severus as joint Roman Emperors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "211/12/19", "description": " Geta is lured to come without his bodyguards to meet Caracalla, to discuss a possible reconciliation. When he arrives the Praetorian Guard murders him and he dies in the arms of his mother Julia Domna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "211/12/19", "description": "Caracalla persecutes Geta's supporters and sympathizers, soldiers are allowed to wreak havoc in the streets of Rome. The bloodshed lasts for two weeks, and one contemporary source claims 20,000 people are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "211/12/19", "description": "January ampampndash Cao Cao writes ''R\u00e0ng Xi\u00e0n Z\u00ec M\u00edng B\u011bn Zh\u00ec L\u00ecng'' (\u8b93\u7e23\u81ea\u660e\u672c\u5fd7\u4ee4)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "211/12/19", "description": "Ardashir I becomes king of part of Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "211/12/19", "description": "Baths of Caracalla are started to be built (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "211/12/19", "description": "Mark is succeeded by Philadelphus as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "212", "description": "The edict of emperor Caracalla (''Constitutio Antoniniana'') extends Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the Roman Empire with the exception of a limited group that may include Egyptians. The Jewish people are among those who receive citizenship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "212", "description": "Roman jurist Aemilius Papinianus, one of the famous jurists who flourished during the reign of the late emperor Septimius Severus, refuse to write a legal defence of the murder of Caracalla's brother, Publius Septimius Geta. He is beheaded in Rome, in Caracalla's presence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "212", "description": "Caracalla quietens the objections of the Roman army to Geta's murder by huge donations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "212", "description": "Construction begins on the Baths of Caracalla in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "212", "description": "Edessa becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "213", "description": "Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (Caracalla) and Decimus Caelius Calvinus Balbinus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "213", "description": "Emperor Caracalla leaves Rome and expels some German marauders from Gaul. He defends the northern Rhine frontier against the Alamanni and the Chatti. Caracalla wins a victory over the German tribes on the banks of the River Main, and gives himself the title ampquotGermanicusampquot. It is probably while campaigning in Germania that he takes a liking to the ''caracalla'', a Celtic or German tunic from which he acquires the name by which he is known.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "213", "description": "Cao Cao, the prime minister of the Han dynasty, is titled ''Wei Gong'' (Duke of Wei) and given a fief of ten cities under his domain. This later becomes the Kingdom of Wei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "214", "description": "The kingdom of Osroene becomes a province of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "214", "description": "Caracalla's victories in Germany ensure his popularity within the Roman army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "214", "description": "The defences of Rhaetia are reinforced, in the form of an uninterrupted stone wall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "214", "description": "The Korean kingdom of Baekje attacks the Mohe tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "214", "description": "Liu Bei takes Yi Province (\u76ca\u5dde) from his clansman Liu Zhang, forming the later basis for Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "214", "description": "Pang Tong dies in the hands of the enemy in an ambush at the Valley of the Fallen Phoenix.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "215", "description": "Caracalla's troops massacre the population of Alexandria, Egypt, beginning with the leading citizens. The emperor is angry about a satire, produced in Alexandria, mocking his claim that he killed Geta in self-defense.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "215", "description": "Caracalla introduces a new coin, the Antoninianus. The weight of this coin is a mere ampsupamp1amp\/supamp\/ampsubamp50amp\/subamp of a pound.  Copper disappears gradually, and by the middle of the third century, with Rome's economy in crisis, the Antonianus will be the only official currency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "215", "description": "Zhang Liao holds off Sun Quan's invasion force at the siege of Hefei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "215", "description": "Vachagan I becomes king of Caucasian Albania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "216", "description": "The Baths of Caracalla in Rome are completed with public baths (''Thermae''), reading rooms, auditoriums, running tracks, and public gardens that cover 20 acres.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "216", "description": "Emperor Caracalla tricks the Parthians by accepting a marriage proposal. He slaughters his bride and the wedding guests after the celebrations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "216", "description": "Caracalla provokes a war with Artabanus IV of Parthia to imitate his idol Alexander the Great. He crosses the Tigris, destroyes towns and spoils the tombs of Arbela. The Roman army annexed Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "216", "description": "The basilica of Leptis Magna, ordered by Septimius Severus, is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "216", "description": "Cao Cao, Chinese warlord, established himself as king of the Kingdom of Wei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "216", "description": "Mithraism, which had begun in Persia, is on course to be adopted by many Roman soldiers serving in Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "217/04/08", "description": " Caracalla is assassinated by his legionaries near Edessa. Marcus Opellius Macrinus head of the Praetorian Guard, declares himself Roman emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "217/04/08", "description": "Summer ampampndash Battle of Nisibis: The Roman army under command of Macrinus, is defeated in a three days battle by the Parthians at Nisibis (southern Turkey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "217/04/08", "description": "King Artabanus IV signs a peace treaty with Rome after he received 200 million sesterces, for the rebuilding of towns destroyed during the war in Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "217/04/08", "description": "Macrinus, of Mauritania, becomes the first equestrian Roman emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "217/04/08", "description": "Empress Julia, wife of Septimius Severus and mother of Caracalla and Geta, commits suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "217/04/08", "description": "The Colosseum is badly damaged by fire (lightning) which destroys the wooden upper levels of the amphitheater.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "217/12/20", "description": " The papacy of Zephyrinus ends. Callixtus I is elected as the  sixteenth pope, but is opposed by the theologian Hippolytus who accuses him of laxity and of being a Modalist, one who denies any distinction between the three persons of the Trinity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "217/12/20", "description": "Hippolytus begins his ampquotpontificateampquot as antipope and sets up a breakaway church for Christian fowlers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "217/12/20", "description": "Ciriacus succeeds Philadelphus as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "218/05/16", "description": " Julia Maesa, an aunt of the assassinated Caracalla, is banished to her home in Syria by the self-proclaimed emperor Macrinus and declares her grandson Elagabalus, age 14, emperor of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "218/06/08", "description": " Battle of Antioch: Elagabalus defeats with support of the Syrian legions the forces of Macrinus. Macrinus flees, but is captured near Chalcedon and later executed in Cappadocia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "218/06/08", "description": "Diadumenianus, son of Macrinus, escapes to the Parthian court, but is captured at Zeugma and also put to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "218/06/08", "description": "The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 43 percent under emperor Elagabalus, down from 50 percent under Septimius Severus, as he empties the treasury with his excesses while his grandmother, Julia Maesa, rules the Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "219", "description": "Imperator Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (Elagabalus) and Quintus Tineius Sacerdos become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "219", "description": "Julia Maesa arranges for her grandson Elagabalus a marriage with Julia Paula. The wedding is a lavish ceremony and Paula is given the honorific title of Augusta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "219", "description": "Legions III ''Gallica'' and IV ''Scythica'' are disbanded by Elagabalus after their leaders, Verus and Gellius Maximus, rebel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "219", "description": "Emperor Elagabalus, age 15, is initiated into the worship of the Phrygian gods Cybele and Attis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "219", "description": "The reign of Pulona, Satavahana king of Andhra, begins in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "219", "description": "The Battle of Mount Dingjun ends with Liu Bei emerging victorious. He declares himself king of Hanzhong afterwards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "219", "description": "Guan Yu, great general of Shu, floods the city of Fancheng in the Battle of Fancheng, while L\u00fc Meng of Eastern Wu captures his home base. Guan Yu retreats and is defeated at Battle of Maicheng.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "219", "description": "General Cao Cao controls the Huang He basin and north of the country. General Sun Quan seizes southernmost China.  Liu Bei controls the province of Sichuan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "219", "description": "Tuoba Liwei becomes the first chieftain of the Tuoba clan of the Xianbei people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "220", "description": "The Goths invade Asia Minor and the Balkans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "220", "description": "An Indian delegation visits the Roman emperor Elagabalus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "220", "description": "Great frost in England is said to have lasted for five months.ampamp{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "220", "description": "Imperator Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (Elagabalus) and Valerius Comazon Eutychianus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "220", "description": "Elagabalus divorces Julia Paula and marries Aquilia Severa, a Vestal Virgin. The wedding causes a enormous controversy \u2013 traditionally, the punishment for breaking celibacy is death by being buried alive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "220", "description": "King Ardashir I, founder of the Sassanid Dynasty, gains support from some Parthian sub-kings and revolts against the rule of Vologases VI. Ardashir, a grandson of Sasan, rules Persis since 208 and six years ago gained control of the region surrounding of Persepolis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "220", "description": "Three Kingdoms: The northern part of China is under the control of Cao Cao, Imperial Chancellor and ruler of the Kingdom of Wei. When he dies his son Cao Pi succeeds to the throne and proclaims himself emperor of Wei. This symbolizing the end of the Han Dynasty, former emperor Han Xiandi is renamed Duke of Shanyang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "220", "description": "The Wei Dynasty will give official recognition to Daoism (Taoism) as its religious sect, and the sect's celestial masters will reciprocate by giving spiritual approbation to the Wei as successors to the Han. By the end of the century most powerful families in northern  China will subscribe the Daoist principles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "221/06/26", "description": " Emperor Elagabalus adopts his cousin Alexander Severus as his heir and  receives the title of Caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "221/06/26", "description": "July ampampndash Elagabalus is forced to divorce Aquilia Severa and marries his third wife Annia Faustina. After five months he returns to Severa and claims that the original divorce is invalid. The marriage is symbolic, because Elagabalus appears to be homosexual or bisexual. According to the historian Cassius Dio, he has a stable relationship with his chariot driver, the slave Hierocles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "221/06/26", "description": "Liu Bei, Chinese warlord and descendant of the royal family of the Han Dynasty, proclaims himself emperor in Sichuan and establish the Kingdom of Shu Han. Three kingdoms arise ampampndash the Wei in the north, the Wu in the south and the Shu Han in the west.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "222/03/11", "description": " Emperor Elagabalus is assassinated, along with his mother, Julia Soaemias, by the Praetorian Guard during a revolt. Their mutilated bodies are dragged through the streets of Rome before being thrown into the Tiber.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "222/03/11", "description": "Alexander Severus succeeds Elagabalus. He is only 13 years old, his mother, Julia Avita Mamaea, governs the Roman Empire with the help of Domitius Ulpianus and a council composed of 16 senators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "222/03/11", "description": "Three Kingdoms: Eastern Wu is established in China. Emperor Liu Bei invades with an army (100,000 men) the border of Eastern Wu in the Battle of Yiling to retake the Jing province. However, because of a tactical mistake, Liu Bei's military camps are destroyed by forces of Sun Quan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "222/03/11", "description": "The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 35 percent under emperor Alexander Severus, down from 43 percent under Elagabalus.{{fact|date=February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "222/10/14", "description": " Pope Callixtus I is killed by a mob in Rome's Trastevere after a 5-year reign in which he has stabilized the Saturday fast three times per year, with no food, oil, or wine to be consumed on those days. Callixtus is succeeded by cardinal Urban I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "223", "description": "Three Kingdoms: Emperor Liu Bei of the Shu Han becomes ill and dies at Baidicheng. He is succeeded by his son, Liu Shan. Imperial Chancellor, Zhuge Liang, makes peace with the Wu Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "223", "description": "Three Kingdoms: The naval battle known as the Battle of Dongkou comes to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "224", "description": "King Ardashir I defeats Artabanus IV at Hormizdegan (modern Shushtar), destroying the Parthian Empire and establishing the Sassanid dynasty. Artabanus's brother Vologases VI will continue to rule with Armenian and Kushan support over outlying parts of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Parthia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "225", "description": "Emperor Alexander Severus marries Sallustia Orbiana, and possibly raises her father Seius Sallustius to the rank of caesar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "225", "description": "The first Christian paintings appear in Rome, decorating the Catacombs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and Science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "226/06/29", "description": " Cao Pi dies after a illness, his son Cao Rui succeeds him as emperor of the Kingdom of Wei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "226/06/29", "description": "King Ardashir I, ruler of the Sassanid dynasty, defeats Artabanus IV and is crowned ampquotKing of Kingsampquot of the Persian Empire. Beginning of the 400 year-reign of the Sassanid Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "226/06/29", "description": "The Empire of Parthia falls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "226/06/29", "description": "A merchant from the Roman Empire called ampquotQin Lunampquot by the Chinese, arrives in Jiaozhi (modern Hanoi) and is taken to see Sun Quan, king of Eastern Wu, who requests him to make a report on his native country and people. He is given an escort for the return trip including a present of ten male and ten female ampquotblackish-coloured dwarfs.ampquot However, the officer in charge of the Chinese escort dies and Qin Lun has to continue his journey home alone.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/uwch\/silkroad\/texts\/weilue\/weilue.html\">http:\/\/depts.washington.edu\/uwch\/silkroad\/texts\/weilue\/weilue.html<\/a> An annotated translation of the ''Weilue''ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "227", "description": "Seius Sallustius is executed for the attempted murder of his son-in-law Emperor Alexander Severus. Sallustius' daughter, as well Alexander's wife, Sallustia Orbiana, is exiled in Libya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "227", "description": "The rule of High King Cormac mac Airt begins (approximate).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Ireland", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "227", "description": "King Ardashir I, ruler of Persia, annexes his new empire from the east to the northwest. He conquers with his army the provinces of Chorasmia, Sistan and the island Bahrain in the Persian Gulf. The kings of the Kushan Empire and Turan recognise Ardashir as their overlord.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "228", "description": "The Praetorian Guard kill Ulpian, Praetorian prefect, who had wanted to reduce their privileges.", "lang": "en", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "228", "description": "Shah Ardashir I, four years after establishing the Sassanid Persian Empire, completes his conquest of Parthia.", "lang": "en", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "228", "description": "The Battle of Jieting and the Battle of Shiting are fought in China.", "lang": "en", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "229", "description": "Emperor Alexander Severus and Dio Cassius are joint Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "229", "description": "Sun Quan formally declares himself emperor of the Kingdom of Wu. Jiankang (modern Nanjing) is founded, the independent kingdoms in Cambodia and Laos become Eastern Wu vassals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "229", "description": "Wu merchants reached Vietnam, ocean transport is improved to an extent that sea journeys are made to Manchuria and the island of Taiwan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "229", "description": "Zhuge Liang embarks on the third of his Northern Expeditions", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "229", "description": "Ammonius Saccas renews Greek philosophy by creating Neoplatonism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "230", "description": "Emperor Alexander Severus decides that Thessaly should be a separate province from Macedonia. He increased taxes in order to maintain the war against the Sassanids and strengthening the defenses of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "230", "description": "King Ardashir I, ruler of the Persia, invades the Roman province of Mesopotamia and unsuccessfully besieges the fortress town of Nisibis (Turkey). His army threatens the border outposts of Syria and Cappadocia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "230", "description": "Alexander Severus assembled the Roman army and establish his headquarters at Antioch. He makes an attempt for diplomatic solutions, but the Persians decline and choose for war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "230/07/21", "description": " Pope Pontian succeeds Pope Urban I as the eighteenth pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "230/07/21", "description": "Patriarch Castinus succeeds Patriarch Ciriacus I as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "230/07/21", "description": "Seventy Bishops hold the Council of the Christian Church of Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "231", "description": "Emperor Alexander Severus accompanied his mother Julia Mamaea to Syria and campaigns against the Persians. Military command rests in the hands of his generals, but his presence gives additional weight to the empire's policy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "231", "description": "Zhuge Liang launches the fourth of his Northern Expeditions against the state of Cao Wei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "231", "description": "Origen, disciple of Ammonius Saccas, founder of Neoplatonism, is exiled in Caesarea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "232", "description": "Roman\u2013Persian Wars: Emperor Alexander Severus launches a three-pronged counterattack against the Persian forces of king Ardashir I, who have invaded Mesopotamia. However, the Roman army advancing through Armenia is halted. Alexander gives the order to march to the capital at Ctesiphon, but the Romans are defeated and withdraw to Syria. The result is an acceptance of the ''status quo'' and after heavy losses on both sides, a truce is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "232", "description": "Relics of St. Thomas are brought to Edessa from India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "232", "description": "Origen founds a school of Christian theology in Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "232", "description": "Pope Heraclas of Alexandria is the first Bishop of Alexandria to use the appellation of ampquotPopeampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "233", "description": "Emperor Alexander Severus celebrates a triumph in Rome to observe his ampquotvictoryampquot the previous year over the Persians. He is soon summoned to the Rhine frontier, where the Alamanni invade Swabia. German tribes destroy Roman forts and plunder the countryside at the ''Limes Germanicus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "234", "description": "Emperor Alexander Severus and his mother Julia Mamaea move to Moguntiacum (modern Mainz), the capital of Germania Superior. His generals planned a military offensive and built a bridge across the Rhine. Alexander prefers to negotiate for peace by buying off the Alemanni. This policy outrages the Roman legions and he loses the trust of the troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "234", "description": "Zhuge Liang, Chancellor of Shu Han, embarks on his last Northern Expedition against Cao Wei. During the Battle of Wuzhang Plains, he falls sick and sends secret orders for his army to retreat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "234", "description": "Wei Yan is executed for treason after refusing to accept orders from Zhuge Liang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "235/03/18", "description": " Emperor Alexander Severus and his mother Julia Mamaea are murdered by legionaries near Moguntiacum (modern Mainz), Legio XXII ''Primigenia'' mutinied. The Severan dynasty ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "235/03/20", "description": " Maximinus Thrax, age 62, is proclaimed emperor. He has a Gothic father and an Alan mother. Maximinus a Thracian, is the first foreigner to hold the Roman throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "235/03/20", "description": "Crisis of the Third Century: The Roman Empire is under pressure by the Alemanni, Franks, Goths, Quadi and Sassanids (Persia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "235/03/20", "description": "Future Emperor of Cao Wei, Cao Fang, is instated as the Prince of Qi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "235/09/28", "description": " Pope Pontian resigns. He and Hippolytus, church leader of Rome, are exiled to the mines of Sardinia. Emperor Maximinus persecutes the Christians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "235/11/21", "description": " Pope Anterus succeeds Pontian as the nineteenth pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "235/11/21", "description": "Origen makes revisions to the Septuagint.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "236", "description": "Emperor Maximinus Thrax and Marcus Pupienus Africanus Maximus become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "236", "description": "The Roman Senate appoints a twenty-man committee to co-ordinate operations against Maximinus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "236", "description": "Maximinus campaigns against Dacians and Sarmatians from his supply depot at Sirmium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "236/01/10", "description": " Pope Fabian succeeds Pope Anterus as the twentieth pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "236/01/10", "description": "Fabian separates Rome into seven deaconships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "236/01/10", "description": "Fabian sends seven missionaries to Gaul to evangelize in the large cities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "237", "description": "Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns on the rivers Danube and Rhine in Germania, defeating the Alemanni and never visits Rome. He is accepted by the Roman Senate, but taxes the rich aristocracy heavily and engenders such hostility among them that they plot against him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "237", "description": "King Ardashir I of Persia renews his attacks on the Roman province of Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "237", "description": "Patriarch Eugenius I succeeds Patriarch Castinus as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "237", "description": "Saint Babylas becomes Patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "238", "description": "Emperor Maximinus Thrax campaigns against the Carpians on the Danube in Moesia (Balkans). In spite of the payment of a tribute, the Romans fail to persuade the Goths and the Germanic tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "238/03/07", "description": " Roman subjects in Africa revolt against Maximinus and elect Marcus Antonius Gordianus (Africanus) as emperor. He is a rich descendant of the Gracchi and the late emperor Trajan. Gordianus yields to public demand that he succeed Maximinus and rules jointly with his 46-year old son Gordian II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "238/04/12", "description": " Battle of Carthage: Numidian forces loyal to Maximinus invade Africa with support of Legio III ''Augusta''. Gordian II is killed and after a siege of 36 days, Gordian I commits suicide by hanging himself with his belt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "238/04/22", "description": " Year of the Six Emperors: The Senate outlaws Maximinus for his bloodthirsty proscriptions in Rome and nominates two of its members, Pupienus and Balbinus, to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "238/04/22", "description": "Maximinus advances to the town Aquileia in northern Italy, his army suffers from famine and disease, while the city is besieged. Soldiers of Legio II ''Parthica'' killed him in his tent, along with his son Maximinus (who is appointed co-emperor). Their corpses are decapitated and their heads carried to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "238/07/29", "description": " The Praetorian Guard stormed the palace and capture Pupienus and Balbinus. They are dragged naked through the streets of Rome and executed. On the same day Gordian III, age 13, is proclaimed new emperor. Timesitheus becomes his tutor and advisor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "238/07/29", "description": "Future Roman Emperor Valerian becomes ''princeps senatus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "238/07/29", "description": "The Colosseum is restored after being damaged.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "238/07/29", "description": "The Goths, coming from Ukraine, cross the Danube and devastate the Roman Empire up to the border with Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "238/07/29", "description": "In North Africa, Legio III ''Augusta'', is dissolved.  Until its reconstitution in 253, Africa is defended by auxiliary forces only.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "238/07/29", "description": "The Cao Wei general Sima Yi destroys the outlying northeastern Chinese warlord Gongsun Yuan in his Liaodong campaign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "238/07/29", "description": "The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 28 percent under emperor Gordianus III, down from 35 percent under Alexander Severus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "239", "description": "In the Chinese Kingdom of Wei, Wei Qi Wang succeeds Cao Rui (Wei Ming Di).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "239", "description": "A Chinese expeditionary force discovers the island of Taiwan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "239", "description": "Origen publishes the Old Testament in five languages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "240", "description": "The Roman Empire is threatened on several fronts at the same time.  Africa revolts and tribes in northwest Germania, under the name of the Franks, are raiding the Rhine frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "240", "description": "Maharaja Sri-Gupta becomes Emperor of Gupta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "240", "description": "Ardashir I, Sassanid king of Persia, destroys Hatra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "240", "description": "Shapur I becomes co-emperor with his father Ardashir I", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "240", "description": "The Kushan Empire falls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "240", "description": "At the court of Ardashir I, Mani, a young mystic of Ctesiphon, proclaims himself a prophet and preaches his doctrine, Manichaeism, throughout the Persian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "241", "description": "Winter ampampndash Emperor Gordian III reaches Antioch and prepares with his army an offensive against the Persians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "241", "description": "Timesitheus becomes Praetorian Prefect", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "241", "description": "Shapur I succeeds his father Ardashir I as king of Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "241", "description": "The ancient city of Bagram (Afghanistan) is abandoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "241", "description": "Shapur I annexes parts of the Kushan Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "241/11/01", "description": " The Battle of Samhain is fought in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "242", "description": "Emperor Gordian III begins a campaign against king Shapur I, the Greek philosopher Plotinus joins him and hopes to obtain first-hand knowledge of Persian and Indian philosophies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "242", "description": "Gordian III evacuates the Cimmerian cities in the Bosphorus (Crimea), as the territory is now controlled by the Goths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "242", "description": "Shapur I makes a pre-emptive attack on Antioch to drive out the Romans. Gordian's father-in-law, Timesitheus, leads a Roman army to defeat the Persians at Carrhae and Nisibis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "242", "description": "Patriarch Titus succeeds Patriarch Eugenius I as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "243", "description": "Battle of Resaena: A Roman army under Timesitheus defeats the Persians at Resaena (Syria),  king Shapur I is forced to flee to the Euphrates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "243", "description": "Timesitheus becomes ill and dies under suspicious circumstances. Shapur I retreats to Persia, giving up all the territories he conquered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "243", "description": "Emperor Gordian III appoints Philip the Arab as his new praetorian prefect and proceeds with his campaign in Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "243", "description": "Cohors I Ubiorum, the garrison at castra Capidava in Scythia Minor, was replaced by Cohors I Germanorum civium romanorum until the end of the 3rd century AD.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "243", "description": "Fan Chan of Funan sent a tribute mission to China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Southeast Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "244", "description": "Battle of Misiche: King Shapur I delivers a counter-attack near Fallujah (Iraq) and defeats the Roman army upstream of the Euphrates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "244/02/11", "description": " Emperor Gordian III is murdered by mutinous soldiers in Zaitha (Mesopotamia). A mound is raised at Carchemish in his memory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "244/02/11", "description": "Philip the Arab declares himself co-emperor and makes a disgraceful peace with the Persians. He evacuates Syria and gives Shapur I 500,000 gold pieces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "244/02/11", "description": "Philip the Arab constructs the city of Shahba (Syria), the province of his birth. The Persians occupied Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "244/02/11", "description": "Philip the Arab is recognized by the Roman Senate as new Roman Emperor and gives his brother Priscus supreme power (''rector Orientis'') in the Eastern provinces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "244/02/11", "description": "Philippus I is proclaimed ''Augustus'', he nominates his son Philippus, age 6, with the title of ''Caesar'' and heir to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "244/02/11", "description": "Guanqiu Jian of Cao Wei invades Goguryeo, devastating their capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "244/02/11", "description": "Plotinus, Greek philosopher, escapes the bloodshed that accompanies the murder of Gordianus III and makes his way to Antioch. Back to Rome he founds his Neoplatonist school and attracts students like Porphyry, Castricius Firmus and Eustochius of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "244/02/11", "description": "244ampampndash249 ampampndash Philip the Arab, is made. It is now kept at Musei Vaticani, Braccio Nuovo, Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "244/02/11", "description": "244ampampndash245 ampampndash House-synagogue, Dura-Europos, Syria, is built. It is reconstructed in the National Museum of Damascus (Syria).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "244/02/11", "description": "The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 0.5 percent under emperor Philippus I, down from 28 percent under Gordian III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "245", "description": "Emperor Philip the Arab entrusts Trajan Decius with an important command on the Danube.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "245", "description": "In Britain many thousands of acres of what is now Lincolnshire are inundated by a great flood.ampamp{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "245", "description": "Plotinus goes to live in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "245", "description": "Trieu Thi Trinh, a Vietnamese warrior, begins her three year resistance against the invading Chinese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "246", "description": "Emperor Philip the Arab fights the Germans along the Danube.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "246", "description": "First of the two Councils of Arabia in the Roman Christian Church is held in Bostra, Arabia Petraea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "246", "description": "The Korean Baekje kingdom, under King Goi, attacks the Chinese command of Daifang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "247", "description": "Marcus Julius Philippus Augustus and his 10-year old son Marcus Julius Philippus Caesar become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "247", "description": "The Goths appear on the lower Danube frontier, they invade the Ukraine and Romania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "247", "description": "Emperor Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome by holding the ''Ludi Saeculares''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "247", "description": "Last of the two Councils of Arabia in the Roman Christian Church is held in Bostra, Arabia Petraea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "247", "description": "Himiko of Yamataikoku, in Japan, begins a war against Himikoko, the King of Kunukoku.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "248", "description": "The revolts of Pacatianus in Moesia and Iotapianus in Syria are put down by senator Decius, by order of emperor Philip the Arab.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "248", "description": "The Roman Empire continues the celebration of the 1,000th anniversary of the city of Rome, with the ''ludi saeculares'', organized by Philip the Arab.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "248", "description": "Cyprian becomes bishop of Carthage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "248", "description": "Origen writes an eight-volume work criticizing the pagan writer Celsus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "249", "description": "Trajan Decius puts down a revolt in Moesia and Pannonia. Loyal legionaries proclaim him emperor and he leads them into Italy. At a battle at Verona, he defeats and kills Philip the Arab.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "249", "description": "Decius begins persecuting the Christians and others refusing to participate in Emperor worship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "249", "description": "Sima Yi takes complete control of Cao Wei by executing his political rival Cao Shuang and his clan, marking the start of Sima family rule, which eventually gave rise to the Jin Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "249", "description": "In Alexandria, the populace pillages the homes of Christians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "250", "description": "A group of Franks penetrate as far as Tarragona in Spain (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "250", "description": "The Goths under king Cniva invade Moesia. They cross the Danube and lay siege to Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv). After a long resistance, Cniva conquers the city and slays its one hundred thousand inhabitants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "250", "description": "The Alamanni drive the Romans from the modern area of Donau-Ries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "250", "description": "An epidemic of smallpox begins in Ethiopia, moves into Egypt and the roman colonies in North Africa and spreads through the Roman Empire. Named the Plague of Cyprian after St. Cyprian, bishop of Carthage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "250", "description": "The Kingdom of Aksum (Axum) takes control of commerce on the Red Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "250", "description": "The Kofun Period begins in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "250", "description": "The Kushan Empire collapses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "250", "description": "The earliest Chinese references to a device known as ampquotemperor's south-pointing carriageampquot date to this period.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "250", "description": "Teotihuac\u00e1n is rebuilt as a four-quartered cosmogram by Zapotec architects brought from Monte Alb\u00e1n in Oaxaca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "250", "description": "Classic period of Mesoamerican civilization begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "250", "description": "Diophantus writes ''Arithmetica'', the first systematic treatise on algebra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "250", "description": "Family Group, traditionally called the Family of Vunnerius Keramus, is made. It was later placed in Brescia Cross. It is now kept at Museo Civico dell'Et\u00e1 Cristiana, Brescia (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "250", "description": "Battle between the Romans and the Barbarians, detail of the Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus, found near Rome, is made. It is now kept at Museo Nazionale Romano (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "250", "description": "After 250 - Temple of the Feathered Serpent, Teotihuacan, the Ciudadela, Teotihuacan, Mexico, is built. Teotihuacan culture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "250", "description": "Emperor Decius institutes the persecution of Christians in an attempt to restore the religion of Rome. Pope Fabian is one of the first martyrs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "251/07/01", "description": " In the Battle of Abrittus, the Goths defeat emperor Decius and his son Herennius Etruscus on swampy ground in the Dobrudja (Moesia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "251/07/01", "description": "In Rome, Hostilian, son of Decius, succeeds his father, while Trebonianus Gallus is proclaimed Emperor by the troops. Gallus accepts him as co-emperor, but an outbreak of plague strikes the city and kills the young Hostilian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "251/07/01", "description": "The prosperity of Roman Britain declines during this period as the Germanic tribes of the Franks and Saxons, whose homelands are in Friesland and the Low Countries, make raids around the southeast coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "251/07/01", "description": "Gallus makes peace with the Goths, he permits them to keep their plunder, and offers them a bribe not to return.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "251/07/01", "description": "A fifteen-year plague begins in the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "251/07/01", "description": "The Sassanid king, Shapur I, orders an invasion of the Roman East with the intent of finally capturing the jewel of Syria, Antioch (251\u2013254).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "251/07/01", "description": "March ampampndash Pope Cornelius succeeds Pope Fabian as the 21st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "252", "description": "Valerian reforms Legio III ''Augusta'' to fight the ampquotfive peoplesampquot, a dangerous coalition of Berber tribes in Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "252", "description": "Shapur I, king of Persia, puts the revolt in Khorasan (Iran) down and rejoines with his army. He invades Armenia and appoints Artavazd VI as the new Armenian king. Georgia submits peacefully to Shapur I, and is made a special province in the Persian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "252", "description": "Sun Liang succeeds Sun Quan as king of the Chinese Kingdom of Wu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "252", "description": "Pope Cornelius is exiled to Centumcellae by emperor Trebonianus Gallus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "253", "description": "Period of the Thirty Tyrants in the Roman empire. The legions who have campaigned against the Goths on the Danube elect Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus as new emperor. He advances on Rome along the Flaminian Way, to meet his opponent emperor Trebonianus Gallus and his son Volusianus. For the most part, generals in the border regions are proclaimed emperor by their armies to halt the invasion of Germanic tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "253", "description": "Aemilianus is proclaimed ampquotenemy of the Stateampquot by the Roman Senate. Trebonianus Gallus is defeated at Interamna Nahars (Umbria), he flees with Volusianus to the north, but at Foligno they are killed by their own troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "253", "description": "Aemilianus rules for 3 months the Roman Empire, he promise to fight in Thrace and goes to war against Persia. The Senate gives him the rank of ''Pontifex Maximus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "253", "description": "Aemilianus is murdered at Spoletium and Publius Valerianus, age 60, is recognised as new emperor by the Rhine legions. He gives his son Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus the title ''Augustus''. Valerianus I dispatches him to the Danube where the Goths are violating the treaty signed with Rome and invade Moesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "253", "description": "Valerianus I splits the Roman Empire in two Gallienus taking control of the West and his father ruling the East, where he faced the Persian threat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "253", "description": "Battle of Barbalissos: King Shapur I, defeats the Roman army (70,000 men) under Valerianus I at Barbalissos in Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "253", "description": "Pope Cornelius is sent into exile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "253/06/25", "description": " Pope Lucius I succeeds Pope Cornelius as the 22nd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "253/06/25", "description": "Lucius is arrested almost immediately following his election and also exiled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "254", "description": "Publius Licinius Valerianus Augustus and Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "254", "description": "The Roman Empire is threatened by the Alemanni, Franks and Marcomanni in Germania, by the Goths in the Danube region (Moesia and Thrace) and Asia Minor, and by the Persians in the East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "254/05/12", "description": " Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I as the 23rd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "255", "description": "Ma Jun, a Chinese mechanical engineer from Cao Wei, invents the South Pointing Chariot, a path-finding directional compass vehicle that uses a differential gear, not magnetics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "256", "description": "Goths invade Asia Minor. Dacia is lost for the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "256", "description": "Emperor Valerian persecutes Christians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "256", "description": "The Franks cross the Rhine, the Alamanni reach Milan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "256", "description": "Cities in the Roman Empire begin to build walls as the defense of the frontiers begins to crumble.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "256", "description": "The Goths appear at the walls of Thessalonica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "256", "description": "In Africa, the Berbers massacre Roman colonists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "256", "description": "The future emperor Aurelian inspects and organizes the defenses along the Rhine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "256", "description": "King Shapur I invades Mesopotamia and Syria. He conquers and plunders Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "256", "description": "Dura-Europos is destroyed by the Persians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "256", "description": "The Anatolian city of Zeugma on the Euphrates was sacked by Persian King Shapur I. This was soon followed by a devastating fire and an earthquake and Zeugma was abandoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "256", "description": "Peace and unity are finally restored in China with the victories of the Wei Kingdom in the north. The ruling dynasty is worn out by war, and the kingdom is ruled by ministers on their behalf.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "256", "description": "The great pandemic of the Roman world strikes violently in Pontus on the Black Sea and causes enormous loss of life in Alexandria, encouraging thousands to embrace Christianity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Medicine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "256", "description": "Pope Stephen I threatens to excommunicate Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, and other bishops in Africa and Asia Minor unless they stop rebaptizing heretics. Cyprian attacks the pope in a treatise that gains support from the Council of Carthage. He sends envoys to Rome, raising the specter of a schism between the Roman and Carthaginian Churches.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "256", "description": "A Synod of Carthage is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "257", "description": "Gallienus enters into a joint consulship with his father Valerianus I, having brought some order to the Danube area.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "257", "description": "Future emperor Aurelian defeats the Goths and brings many prisoners back to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "257", "description": "In Bavaria the ''Limes Germanicus'' (Upper Raetian Limes) along the river Iller is abandoned by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "257", "description": "Valerian, under guardianship of Ingenuus, is established at Sirmium (Pannonia) to represent the Roman  government in the troubled Illyrian provinces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "257", "description": "Emperor Valerian recovers Antioch in Syria from the Persian king Shapur I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "257", "description": "The Goths build a fleet on the Black Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "257", "description": "The Goths separate into the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "257/08/30", "description": " Pope Sixtus II succeeds Pope Stephen I as the 24th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "257/08/30", "description": "Valerian's persecution of Christians begins: his edict orders bishops and priests to sacrifice according to the pagan rituals, and prohibits Christians, under penalty of death, from meeting at the tombs of their deceased.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "258", "description": "The Goths ravage Asia Minor and Trabzon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "258", "description": "Gaul, Britain and Spain break off from the Roman Empire to form the Gallic Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "258", "description": "The amount of silver in the Roman currency, of the denarius falls below 10%. The crisis ruins craftsmen, tradesmen and small farmers. They are forced to bartering, landowners grow larger by buying up cheap land.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "258", "description": "Valerian II, eldest son of Gallienus dies. He is possibly murdered by Pannonia's governor Ingenuus, emperor Valerian names another of Gallienus's sons, Saloninus with the title of ''Caesar''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "258", "description": "A second Imperial edict prohibits Christianity in the Roman Empire.  This edict divides Christians into four categories: priests, who are to be put to death senators and equestrians, who are to be stripped of their positions and their property confiscated nuns, who are to be exiled and imperial civil servants, who are condemned to forced labour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "258", "description": "Sun Xiu succeeds Sun Liang as ruler of the Chinese kingdom of Wu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "258", "description": "Cyprian, the bishop of Carthage, is martyred (decapitation).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "258", "description": "Pope Sixtus II is martyred.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "258", "description": "Nanjing University is founded in Nanjing, China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "259", "description": "Emperor Valerian leads an army (70,000 men) to relieve Edessa, besieged by the forces of king Shapur I. An outbreak of a   plague kills many legionaries, weakening the Roman position in Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "259", "description": "Battle of Mediolanum: A Germanic confederation, the Alamanni (300,000 warriors), who crossed the Alps are defeated by Roman legions under Gallienus near Mediolanum (modern Milan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "259", "description": "Postumus revolts against Gallienus in Gaul. The western provinces of Britain and Spain join his independent realmampampmdashwhich is called in modern times the Gallic Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "259", "description": "Postumus, governor of Gaul, declares himself Emperor and continues to rule the Gallic Empire until 267 when he is killed in battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "259", "description": "The Roman fort of Wiesbaden (Germany) is captured by the Alamanni (possibly 260).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "259", "description": "The Franks, who invaded the Roman Empire near Cologne in 257, reach Tarraco in Hispania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "259", "description": "Mesopotania: Odaenathus, the ruler of the kingdom of Palmyra, sacks the city of Nehardea, destroying its great yeshiva.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "259", "description": "Pope Dionysius is elected as the 25th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "260", "description": "Battle of Edessa: Emperor Valerian is defeated by Persian forces under  king Shapur I the Great in Mesopotamia (southern Turkey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "260", "description": "Valerianus I arranges a meeting with Shapur to negotiate a peace settlement. The truce is betrayed and he is taken prisoner for the remainder of his life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "260", "description": "Shapur I sends Valerian to Bishapur and used the captured Roman army for engineering plans. They constructed the ''Band-e Kaisar'' (Bridge of Valerian).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "260", "description": "Gallienus becomes the new emperor of Rome, during his reign the Pannonian governor Ingenuus revolts on the Danube.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "260", "description": "Gallienus evacuates the fortifications (limes) in the ''Agri Decumates'' (Germania Superior), covering the Black Forest area in the face of invading Alamanni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "260", "description": "Gallienus established himself at Mediolanum (modern Milan), he reorganizes the army supported by elite cavalry and dispatch troops to the Rhine frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "260", "description": "Postumus, Roman usurper, forms the Gallic Empire and protects the Rhine against an invasion of Germanic tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "260", "description": "Saloninus, son of Gallienus, is proclaimed ''Augustus'' by his troops. Postumus besiege Cologne, where Silvanus is praetorian prefect and Roman ruler of Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "260", "description": "Postumus executed Saloninus and his adviser Silvanus after breaching the walls of Cologne. He is recognized as emperor and establish his capital at Trier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "260", "description": "Postumus wins over all the Roman provinces west of the Alps, including Gaul, Britain and Hispania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "260", "description": "The Roman fort  of Wiesbaden (Germany) is captured by the Alamanni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "260", "description": "The Franks take control over the Scheldt estuary (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "260", "description": "Persian king Shapur I destroys Caesarea Mazaca in Asia Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "260", "description": "Cao Huan succeeds Cao Mao as ruler of the Chinese Kingdom of Wei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "260", "description": "Syria, Egypt and Palestine break off from the Roman Empire to form the Persian-supported Palmyrene Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "260", "description": "Earliest known date of chess.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "260", "description": "Pope Dionysius convenes a synod at Rome to demand an explanation from bishop Dionysius of Alexandria, who has been charged with separating the members of the Trinity as three distinct deities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "260", "description": "Paul of Samosata becomes Patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "261", "description": "Emperor Gallienus crushes the Alamanni at Milan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "261", "description": "Gallienus repeals the edict of 258, which led to the persecution of the Christians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "261", "description": "Gallienus usurpers: The rebellion of Macrianus Major, Macrianus Minor, and Quietus against Gallienus comes to an end. They march from Asia to Europe but are defeated in Thrace by Gallienus' general Aureolus, and both are killed. Quietus flees to Emesa, where he is killed by Odaenathus of Palmyra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "261", "description": "Roman-Persian Wars: Balista, Roman usurper, collects ships from Cilician ports and defeats the Persian fleet near Pompeiopolis, capturing the harem of king Shapur I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "261", "description": "Britain elects to join the Gallic Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "261", "description": "Michu ascends the Silla throne, becoming the first king of the long Kim line.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "262", "description": "The Goths invade Asia Minor and destroy the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "262", "description": "An earthquake strikes Ephesus and Cyrene.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "262", "description": "The Heruls accompanied the Goths ravaging the coasts of the Black Sea and the Aegean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "263", "description": "King Odenathus of Palmyra declares himself ruler of the area west of the  River Euphrates and is declared ''Dux Orientalis'' by the Roman emperor Gallienus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "263", "description": "The Wei Kingdom conquers the kingdom of Shu Han, one of the Chinese Three Kingdoms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "263", "description": "Liu Hui writes a commentary on The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art, describing what will later be called Gaussian elimination, computing pi, etc.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "264", "description": "Jiang Wei tries to restore the Kingdom of Shu by persuading Zhong Hui to declare a rebellion against Sima Zhao, ruler of Cao Wei. They receive no support from the Wei troops, and Zhong Hui, Jiang Wei and their families are put to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "264", "description": "Sun Hao succeeds Sun Xiu as ruler of the Chinese Kingdom of Wu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "265", "description": "Emperor Gallienus tries twice to crush the usurper Postumus, but on the first occasion Aureolus, commander of the elite cavalry, carelessly lets him escape. The second time, Gallienus sustains an arrow wound and has to break off his siege of a Gallic town where Postumus has holed up. He makes no other serious attempt to overcome his rival, devotes his attention to the political and military problems in the eastern part of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "265", "description": "Postumus makes no move to march on Rome and claim his territory south of Gaul. Gallienus gives the order to fortify Milan and Verona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "265", "description": "Gallienus repels the invasion of the Goths in the Balkans. The general of Gallienus' army, Victorinus, defects to Postumus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "265", "description": "Three Kingdoms: Sima Yan forced emperor Cao Huan to abdicate the  throne to him, ending the Kingdom of Wei in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "265", "description": "Jin Wudi becomes ruler of part of China, beginning the Jin Dynasty. He establishes his capital at Luoyang and gives princes of his uncles, cousins, brothers, and sons, independent military commands in the Chinese Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "266", "description": "King Odaenathus of Palmyra invades Persia to conquer the capital Ctesiphon. After his victories in the East he pronouns himself with the title ampquotking of kingsampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "266", "description": "The rule of High King Cormac mac Airt ends (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Ireland", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "267", "description": "First Gothic invasion: The Goths, originally from Scandinavia, with the Sarmatians (from modern Iran), invade the Balkans and Greece. They ravage  Moesia and Thrace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "267", "description": "The Heruli invade the Black Sea coast, they unsuccessfully attack Byzantium and Cyzicus. The Romano-Byzantine fleet defeats the Herulian fleet (500 ships) but allows them to excape into the Aegean Sea, where they raid the islands of Lemnos and Skyros.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "267", "description": "The Goths sack several cities of southern Greece including Athens, Corinth, Argos and Sparta. An Athenian militia force (2,000 men) under the historian Dexippus, pushed the invaders to the north where they are intercepted by the Roman army under emperor Gallienus. He wins an important victory near the Nestos River, on the boundary between Macedonia and Thrace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "267", "description": "Aureolus, charged with defending Italy, defeats Victorinus (co-emperor of Gaul), is proclaimed emperor by his troops, and begins his march on Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "267", "description": "King Odaenathus of Palmyra makes plans for a campaign in Cappadocia against the Goths. He is assassinated along with his eldest son, evidently on orders from emperor Gallienus. His wife Zenobia succeeds him, and rules with her young son Vaballathus the Palmyrene Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Near East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "268", "description": "September ampampndash Battle of Naissus: Emperor Gallienus, aided by Aurelian, defeats a Gothic coalition (50,000 warriors) near Naissus (Ni\u0161, modern Serbia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "268", "description": "Gallienus is killed by his own senior officers at Mediolanum (Milan) while besieging his rival Aureolus, one of the Thirty Tyrants. Aureolus is murdered in turn by the Praetorian guard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "268", "description": "Marcus Aurelius Claudius is charged by the Senate for having murdered Gallienus (it will never be proven). He becomes the new emperor of Rome and will reign as Claudius II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "268", "description": "Claudius II asks the Senate to spare the lives of Gallienus's family and political supporters. Emperor Gallienus is deified and buried in a family tomb on the Appian Way.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "268", "description": "The Alamanni invade Italy north of the Po River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "268", "description": "The Visigoths first appear as a distinct people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "268", "description": "November ampampndash Battle of Lake Benacus: A Roman army (35,000 men) under emperor Claudius II defeats the Germanic tribes of the Alamanni along the banks of Lake Garda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "268", "description": "Victorinus is declared emperor of the Gallic Empire by the legions at Augusta Treverorum (Trier), following the murders of his predecessors. He is recognized by the provinces of Gaul and Britain, but Hispania is reunited with the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "268/12/26", "description": " Pope Dionysius dies at Rome after a 9-year reign and is succeeded by Pope Felix I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "269", "description": "Second Gothic invasion: The Goths and other German tribes attack Bosphorean towns on the coast of the Black Sea. Some 2,000 ships and 320,000 men from the Danube enter Roman territory. Emperor Claudius II defeats the invaders and receives the title Gothicus for his triumph. Many of the prisoners will serve in the Roman legions and settle in vacant lands in the Danubian provinces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "269", "description": "Claudius II travels to Sirmium and prepares a war against the Vandals, who raid Pannonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "269", "description": "The Heruli capture Athens and raid the Aegean Islands as far as Crete and Rhodes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "269", "description": "Marcus Cassianius Latinius Postumus is killed by his own troops after not allowing them to sack the city of Mogontiacum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "269", "description": "Queen Zenobia conquers Syria, Palestine, Lebanon and Egypt, giving her control of Rome's grain supply. The library at Alexandria is partly burned during a raid by Zabdas, general of Zenobia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "269/01/05", "description": " Pope Felix I succeeds Pope Dionysius as the 26th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "269/01/05", "description": "Paul of Samosata is deposed as Patriarch of Antioch (though he is not removed until 272).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "270", "description": "Emperor Claudius II Gothicus dies of plague while preparing to fight the Vandals and Sarmatians, who have invaded Pannonia. He is succeeded by his brother Quintillus, who briefly holds power over the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "270", "description": "Quintillus commits suicide and is succeeded by an associate of his brother Lucius Domitius Aurelianus, the military leader who distinguished himself last year at the Battle of Naissus (Serbia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "270", "description": "Aurelianus pushes the Goths back across the Danube and recovers Roman territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "270", "description": "The Romans leave Utrecht after regular invasions of Germanic tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "270", "description": "Crisis of the Third Century: An economic crisis strikes the Roman empire due to the partition of the empire, invasions and usurpations and the sacking of the countryside and cities by invaders, agricultural and industrial production are significantly decreased, and mines lie unused. A monetary crisis ensues, including inflation of up to 1,000 % in certain areas of the empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "270", "description": "Fan Hsiung, aka Pham Hung, came to power in Champa and raided the Chinese-occupied territory of Tonkin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Southeast Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "270", "description": "The Chinese invent gunpowder (black powder), a mixture of sulfur, charcoal and potassium nitrate. At first, it appears to have been used only for fireworks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "271", "description": "Emperor Aurelian pushes the Vandals back from Pannonia and forces them to withdraw over the Danube. He withdraws the Roman army from Dacia (modern Romania) and settles its inhabitants in Moesia. (Note: This may have lasted until 272. Both years are mentioned by various sources.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "271", "description": "January", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "271", "description": "Battle of Placentia: The Alamanni invade Italy and sack the city of Piacenza. A Roman army (15,000 men) under Emperor Aurelian is ambushed and defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "271", "description": "Battle of Fano: The Alamanni move towards a defenceless Rome. Aurelian rallies his men and defeats the Germanic tribes on the Metauro River, just inland of Fano.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "271", "description": "Battle of Pavia: The Roman army pursuit the Alamanni in Lombardy. Aurelian closed the passes in the Alps and encircled the invaders near Pavia. The Alamanni are destroyed and Aurelian received the title ''Germanicus Maximus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "271", "description": "Felicissimus, financial minister of the state treasury, leads an uprising of mint workers against Aurelian. He is defeated and killed on the Caelian Hill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "271", "description": "Aurelian begins construction of a new defensive wall to protect Rome. The Aurelian Walls, {{convert|19|km|mi|sp=us}}, enclose the city with fortifications.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "271", "description": "Victorinus, Emperor of the Gallic Empire, is assassinated by Attitianus, reportedly for reasons of personal revenge. Domitianus presumably serves as Emperor for a few days before being replaced by Tetricus I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "271", "description": "Zenobia proclaims herself to be Empress, and breaks all relations with the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "271", "description": "Zenobia gives her son Vaballathus the title of Augustus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "271", "description": "King Shapur I builds the Academy of Gundishapur (Iran), which becomes the intellectual center of the Sassanid Empire. The Nestorians fleeing religious persecution seek his protection. He commissions the refugees to translate Greek and Syriac works on astronomy, medicine and philosophy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "271", "description": "A magnetic compass is first used in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "272", "description": "Emperor Aurelian sends his commander Marcus Aurelius Probus to restore Roman rule in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "272", "description": "Battle of Immae: Aurelian defeats the forces of the Palmyrene Empire near Antioch. Queen Zenobia flees under cover of darkness to Emesa (Syria).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "272", "description": "During the Siege of Tyana, Emperor Aurelian has a dream of Apollonius of Tyana and spares the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "272", "description": "Battle of Emesa: Aurelian destroys the Palmyrene heavy cavalry (''clibanarii'') and conquers Palmyra. Zenobia escapes to Persia but is captured on the Euphrates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "272", "description": "Aurelian lays siege to Palmyra after a revolt, he restores Roman control and sacks the city. Zenobia and her son Vabalathus are forced to parade in golden chains through the streets of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "272", "description": "Rome forms an alliance with the king of Aksum (Axum).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "272", "description": "King Shapur I of Persia dies after a reign of more than 30 years, he is succeeded by his eldest son Hormizd I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "272", "description": "Dometius succeeds Titus as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "272", "description": "Saint Denis, first Bishop of Paris, and two of his disciples are beheaded on the road to the Temple of Mercury that stands atop a hill outside of the city. The hill will later be called Montmartre (Mountain of Martyrs) in Lutetia (modern Paris).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "272", "description": "Paul of Samosata is deposed as Patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "273", "description": "Emperor Aurelian sacks the city of Palmyra after putting down a new revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "273", "description": "The kingdom of Palmyra is reunited with the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "273", "description": "Aurelian refuses to wear the imperial crown and coat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "273", "description": "Marcus Claudius Tacitus, future Roman Emperor, is consul in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "273", "description": "Tetricus I and Tetricus II are deposed as Gallic Emperors by Aurelian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "273", "description": "Administrative reorganization of Italy: Aurelian adopts as permanent the reforms instituted by Caracalla.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "273", "description": "Aurelian increases Rome's daily bread ration to nearly 1.5 pounds and adds pig fat to the list of foods distributed free to the populace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "273", "description": "Cassius Longinus, counselor of queen Zenobia, is executed by the Romans for conspiring against Aurelian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "273", "description": "An Indian delegation visits Aurelian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "273", "description": "King Hormizd I of Persia dies after a brief reign in which he has shown tolerance toward the ascetic, anti-materialist Manichean faith. He is succeeded by his brother Bahram I, who has been governing the province of Atropatene.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "274", "description": "Battle of Ch\u00e2lons: Emperor Aurelian reconquers the Gallic Empire (Gaul and Britain). Tetricus I surrenders his army near Ch\u00e2lons-sur-Marne, France. With the conquests of the Palmyran Empire and the Gallic Empire, the Roman Empire is united again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "274", "description": "Rome greets Aurelian as ''Restitutor Orbis'' (ampquotRestorer of the Worldampquot) and accords him a magnificent triumph (victory procession), which is graced by his captives Tetricus I and his son Tetricus II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "274", "description": "Aurelian issues an important reform of Roman currency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "274", "description": "Germanic tribes take advantage of the destroyed Roman forces of the Rhine. They pillage and depopulate large areas of Gaul, including Paris. The Rhine border is lost for 20 years. Franks live in the area of present southern Netherlands, northern Belgium and Rhineland from now on.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "274/12/25", "description": " Aurelian has a temple dedicated to Sol Invictus on the third day after the solstice and day of rebirth of the Sun. This religion, which is in essence monotheistic, becomes the state religion of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "274/12/25", "description": "Britain rebels over the value of coinage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "274/12/25", "description": "The Kingdom of Aksum attains great prosperity thanks to its control of Red Sea trade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "274/12/30", "description": " Pope Felix I dies in Rome after a 5-year reign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "274/12/30", "description": "Japanese shipwrights build a 100-foot oar-powered vessel for Emperor \u014cjin. The Japanese will not use sails for another 7 centuries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Transportation", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "275", "description": "Emperor Aurelian prepares a campaign against the Sassanids in Asia Minor. In Thrace, while waiting to cross the Bosphorus with his army, he hands out severe punishments to corrupt soldiers and makes a list of high-ranking officers marked for execution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "275", "description": "Aurelian falls victim to a conspiracy of the Praetorian Guard and is murdered near Byzantium (Turkey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "275/01/04", "description": " Pope Eutychian", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "275/09/25", "description": " Marcus Claudius Tacitus is proclaimed Emperor by the Senate, his half brother Marcus Annius Florianus becomes Praetorian Prefect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "275/09/25", "description": "Gaul is pillaged by the Franks and the Alemanni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "275/09/25", "description": "The Pallava dynasty begins in Southern India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "276", "description": "Emperor Tacitus doubled the silver content of the aurelianianus and halved its tariffing to 2.5 d.c. carry the value marks X.I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "276", "description": "Marcus Annius Florianus defeats the Goths and Alans who have invaded Asia Minor. Tacitus dies of illness or is murdered at Tyana in Cappadocia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "276", "description": "Florianus becomes Roman Emperor he breaks off his campaign against the Heruli and marches from the Bosporus with support from the Roman legions in Britain,  Gaul, Spain and Italy to fight a indecisive battle with Marcus Aurelius Probus in Cilicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "276", "description": "Florianus holds power for some weeks, but is assassinated by his own troops near Tarsus (Turkey). Probus, age 44, is proclaimed new Emperor of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "276", "description": "Probus  appoints Marcus Aurelius Carus to Prefect of the Praetorian Guard, he returns the aurelianianus to the standard and official tariffing of Aurelian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "276", "description": "King Bahram I of Persia dies after a 3-year reign in which the Zoroastrian priests at Ctesiphon (Iran) put pressure on him to persecute Buddhists, Christians and Manichaeans. He is succeeded by his son Bahram II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "276", "description": "Reign of Mahasena in Ceylon. Orthodox and unpopular, he tries to introduce Mahayana Buddhism to the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "276", "description": "Mani, a sage from Persia, dies at Gundeshapur after 30 years of preaching his ampquotheresyampquot at the court of the late Sassanian king Shapur I and on long journeys to Khorasan, India and China. He is executed or allowed to die in prison, and claims to be a prophet of God. Mani combines Zoroastrian dualism with Christian theology and his disciples gain wide support for Manichaeism despite opposition from Byzantine and Roman Emperors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "277", "description": "Emperor Probus travels with his army west across the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) and through the provinces of Thrace, Moesia, and Pannonia to defeat the Goths along the lower Danube. He acquires from the troops the title of ''Gothicus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "277", "description": "Probus enters Rome to have his position as Emperor ratified by the Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "277", "description": "Tuoba Xilu succeeds his father Tuoba Liwei as chieftain of the Tuoba clan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "278", "description": "Emperor Probus defeats the Alamanni, advancing through the Neckar valley. He expels the Franks from Gaul and reorganizes the Roman defenses on the Rhine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "278", "description": "Probus resettles the Germanic tribes in the devastated provinces of the Roman Empire. He adopts the titles of ''Gothicus Maximus'' and ''Germanicus Maximus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "278", "description": "Piracy along the coast of Lycia and Pamphylia. The Romans besiege the city of Cremna (Pisidia) and killed the Isaurian robber Lydius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "279", "description": "Emperor Probus defeats the Burgundians and Vandals in Raetia and Pannonia (modern Switzerland and Hungary).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "279", "description": "Winter ampampndash Sima Yan, Emperor of the Jin Dynasty, launches the Jin offensive and attacks along the Yangzi River from Jianye to Jiangling whilst the Sichuan fleet sails downriver to the Jing province. They capture the border cities and the Wu forces collapse. This marks the end of the Three Kingdoms (China).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "280", "description": "Proculus, Roman usurper, starts a rebellion at Lugdunum (Lyon, France) and proclaims himself emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "280", "description": "Emperor Probus drives the Alans off to Asia Minor and suppress the revolt in Gaul, Proculus is executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "280", "description": "The Germans destroy the Roman fleet on the Rhine, Bonosus is proclaimed emperor at Colonia Agrippina (Cologne).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "280", "description": "Probus defeats the army under Bonosus, he sees no way out and hangs himself. His family is treated with honours.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "280", "description": "Julius Saturninus, governor of Syria, is in Alexandria charged with the defense of the East. He is declared emperor and withdraws to Apamea. Probus besiege the city and puts him to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "280", "description": "Roman territory is under constant threat of raids from Franks. The cities in Gaul are reinforced with defensive walls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "280", "description": "The Thuringii, a Germanic tribe, appears in the Harz  Mountains (Thuringia) of central Germania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "280", "description": "Emperor Sima Yan occupies most of the southern Kingdom of Wu and unites the Chinese Empire under one rule, he founds the Western Jin Dynasty. Ending the periode of the Three Kingdoms, the capital becomes the old and prosperous city of Luoyang. It is a thriving centre of commerce, and ambassadors from throughout the world arrive there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "280", "description": "King Bahram II of the Sassanid Empire (Persia) send envoys to seek peaceful relations with Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "280", "description": "The Gupta Empire (India) is founded (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "280", "description": "The Greek mathematician Pappus demonstrates geometrically the property of the center of gravity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "281", "description": "Emperor Probus returns to Rome, where he celebrates his triumph over the Vandals and the usurpers  (Bonosus, Julius Saturninus and Proculus).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "282", "description": "Emperor Probus travels towards Sirmium (Serbia). He tries to employ his troops in peaceful projects as draining the swamps in Pannonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "282", "description": "Probus is murdered by his discontented troops. Marcus Aurelius Carus, an Illyrian and praetorian prefect, is proclaimed new emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "282", "description": "Carus defeats the Quadi and Sarmatians on the Danube, for his victories he is given the title ''Germanicus Maximus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "282", "description": "Carus appoints his oldest son Marcus Aurelius Carinus, ''Caesar'' and co-emperor of the western Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "282", "description": "A new city is constructed in Fuzhou slightly south of the original city Ye (the main street of the city has remained unchanged since that time).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "282", "description": "The Patriarch Theonas of Alexandria becomes one of the first bishops to use the title Pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "283", "description": "Emperor Carus travels through Thrace and Asia Minor, he invades Syria and Mesopotamia. After a long march he conquers Ctesiphon, the capital of the Persian kingdom, and pressed on with the Roman army beyond the Tigris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "283", "description": "Carus receives for his victories in Persia the title of ''Persicus Maximus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "283", "description": "Carus dies in mysterious circumstances during an expedition against the Sassanids, during a violent dust storm he is killed by a stroke of lightning.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "283", "description": "Marcus Aurelius Carinus succeeds his father Carus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "283", "description": "December ampampndash Numerian is proclaimed Emperor by his soldiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "283/12/17", "description": " Pope Caius succeeds Pope Eutychian as the 28th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "284", "description": "The Bagaudae, a group of peasant insurgents, revolt in Gaul against the Roman Empire. The Dardani, a region located in Illyria, becomes a Roman province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "284", "description": "Emperor Numerian travels through Bithynia (Asia Minor) and is murdered on his way home to Rome. After reports from his staff, he dies from an inflammation of the eyes and soldiers found his decaying corpse in a closed litter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "284/11/20", "description": " Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus, age 39, is proclaimed new emperor. He establish himself at Nicomedia (modern \u0130zmit, Turkey) and accepts the purple imperial vestments.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "284/11/20", "description": "Diocletianus carries out reforms the Roman army returns to conscription,  and admits large numbers of barbarian volunteers. The old organisation of Roman legions and auxilia is abandoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "284/11/20", "description": "Sabinus Julianus, Roman usurper against Emperor Carinus, revolts in Pannonia. He invades northern Italy and declares himself emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "284/11/20", "description": "Winter ampampndash Diocletianus advanced with his army across the Balkans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "284/11/20", "description": "Patriarch Rufinus I succeeds Patriarch Dometius as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "285", "description": "Emperor Carinus marched from Roman Britain to northern Italy and defeats the army under Sabinus Julianus at Verona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "285", "description": "Summer ampampndash Battle of the Margus: Emperor Diocletian  defeats the forces of Carinus in the valley of the Margus (Serbia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "285/07/21", "description": "r July 25 ampndash Diocletian appoints his fellow-officer Maximian to the office of Caesar, or junior co-emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "285/07/21", "description": "Carausius, naval commander at Bononia (modern Boulogne), is given the task to clear the English Channel of Frankish and Saxon pirates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "285/07/21", "description": "Maximian is sent to pacify Gaul. Here the Bagaudae, a band of peasants, revolt against the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "285/07/21", "description": "Late summer ampampndash Diocletian defends the Danube against Sarmatian raids. He transfers his capital to Nicomedia (Turkey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "286/04/01", "description": " Emperor Diocletian elevates his friend Maximian to co-emperor, giving him the title Augustus. The Bagaudae are crushed, after their revolt in Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "286/04/01", "description": "Carausius, commander of the ''Classis Britannica'', is accused of piracy and sentenced to death. He responds by declaring himself emperor of Britain and Northwestern Gaul. His forces comprise of the newly built Roman fleet and three legions in Britain. The Carausian Revolt is supported by Gaulish merchant ships and barbarian mercenaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "286/04/01", "description": "Diocletian divides the empire in two, after economic and military problems. He gives Maximian control over the Western Roman Empire and appoints himself ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire (later known as the Byzantine Empire).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "286/04/01", "description": "Tuoba Chuo succeeds his brother Tuoba Xilu as chieftain of the Tuoba clan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "287", "description": "Emperor Diocletian and Maximian become Roman Consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "287", "description": "Diocletian signs a peace treaty with Bahram II, king of Persia, and installs Tiridates III as king of Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "287", "description": "Diocletian re-organized the Mesopotamian frontier and fortifies the city of Circesium (modern Busayrah) on the Euphrates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "287", "description": "September \u2013 The first Indiction begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "288", "description": "Emperor Diocletian conducts a military campaign in Raetia (Switzerland).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "288", "description": "Maximian builds in Gaul a Roman fleet to fight Carausius, king of Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "289", "description": "Emperor Diocletian gains several victories along the Danube against the Sarmatians. He is given the honorable title of ''Sarmaticus Maximus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "289", "description": "Maximian attempts to reconquer Britain from the usurper Carausius, but fails due to bad weather. He loses his fleet and accepts a peace treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "289", "description": "Constantius Chlorus divorces his wife (or concubine) Helena, mother of Constantine I, and marries emperor Maximian's stepdaughter, Theodora.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "290", "description": "Emperor Diocletian and Maximian meet in Milan on the five-year anniversary of their rule to discuss over politics and war. Rome becomes a ceremonial capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "290", "description": "Carausius who has established himself as king of Britain, is also reluctantly acknowledged by Diocletian and Maximian as third emperor. He defeats during his reign Frankish and Saxon raids on the English coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "290", "description": "Carausius begins to build a series of fortifications on the Saxon Shore in south-east England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "290/05/17", "description": " Emperor Jin Wudi, founder of the Western Jin Dynasty, dies after a 25-year reign. He reunifies north and south, but gives away  many dukedoms to his kinsmen. Crown Prince Jin Huidi succeeds his father and has to deal with conflicts among the aristocratic families in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "291", "description": "Emperor Diocletian signs peace treaties with the kingdoms of Aksum and Nubia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "291", "description": "War of the Eight Princes: After the death of Emperor Sima Yan (Jin Wudi) a civil war breaks out among the princes and dukes of the Jin Dynasty. The struggle devastates and depopulates the provinces of northern China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "292", "description": "Achilleus, Roman general, is proclaimed emperor in Alexandria. For two years he rules over Egypt, but in the end the rebellion is crushed by Emperor Diocletian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "292", "description": "The oldest known Mayan stele is erected at the capital Tikal (Guatemala).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "293/03/01", "description": " Emperor Diocletian and Maximian appoint Constantius Chlorus and Galerius as Caesars. This is considered the beginning of the Tetrarchy, known as the ''Quattuor Principes Mundi'' (quotFour Rulers of the Worldquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "293/03/01", "description": "The four Tetrarchs establish their capitals close to the Roman frontier:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "293/03/01", "description": "Nicomedia (northwestern Asia Minor) becomes the capital of Diocletian", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "293/03/01", "description": "Mediolanum (Milan, near the Alps) becomes the capital of Maximian", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "293/03/01", "description": "Augusta Treverorum (Trier, in Germany) becomes the capital of Constantius Chlorus", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "293/03/01", "description": "Sirmium (Serbia, on the Danube border) becomes the capital of Galerius", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "293/03/01", "description": "Diocletian's Palace is built at a small bay on the Dalmatian coast, four miles from Salona, today's Split, Croatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "293/03/01", "description": "Constantius Chlorus retakes some of the Gallic territories and conquers the crucial port of Bononia (modern Boulogne).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "293/03/01", "description": "Carausius, Roman usurper, is murdered by his finance minister Allectus who proclaims himself ampquotemperorampquot of Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "293/03/01", "description": "Constantius Chlorus defeats the Franks on the Rhine frontier in Batavia (Netherlands).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "293/03/01", "description": "King Tiridates III of Armenia, (with Rome as suzerainty) invades Assyria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "293/03/01", "description": "King Bahram II of the Persian Empire dies after a 17-year reign, his son Bahram III ascends to the throne. After four months he is murdered by viceroy Narseh with support of the nobility.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "293/03/01", "description": "Narseh becomes king of Persia and engaged Rome in eight years of constant warfare.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "293/03/01", "description": "Tuoba Fu succeeds his uncle Tuoba Chuo as chieftain of the Chinese Tuoba clan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "293/03/01", "description": "Probus succeeds Rufinus as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "294", "description": "Galerius, Roman Caesar in the Balkan, proves his worth in campaigning on the Danube frontier, fighting the Goths, Marcomanni, Sarmatians, and Carpi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "294", "description": "Galerius is given the unspectacular job of land reclamation and repopulation, moving the entire tribe of the Carpi to settlements within the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "294", "description": "Emperor Diocletian goes with the young Constantine I the Great (later the first Christian Roman Emperor) on his staff to Egypt. He besieges   Alexandria, and deposes ampquotemperorampquot Achilleus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "294", "description": "Tuoba Luguan succeeds his nepnew Tuoba Fu as chieftain of the Tuoba clan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "295", "description": "Galerius, Roman Caesar in the Balkan, is dispatched to Egypt to fight against the rebellious cities Busiris and Coptos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "295", "description": "King Narseh, Shah of the Sassanid Empire, declares war on Rome and invades with his army Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "295", "description": "Tuoba Luguan divides the territory of the Tuoba clan into three areas. His nephews Tuoba Yilu and Tuoba Yituo become chieftain of the western area and central area (Shanxi province). Tuoba Luguan dominates the eastern area (near Hohhot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "295", "description": "Petra rejoins the province of Palestine, and is converted to Christianity by the Syrian monk Barsauma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "296", "description": "Constantius Chlorus assembles two invasion fleets with the intent of crossing the English Channel. The first is under the command of Asclepiodotus, Constantius' long serving Praetorian Prefect. He sails from the mouth of the Seine, and lands near the Isle of Wight where his forces defeat the usurper Allectus in Hampshire. Constantius leaves with his fleet Boulogne and occupies London, saving the city from an attack by Frankish mercenaries who are roaming the province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "296", "description": "Maximian, emperor (''Augustus'') of the Roman Empire, mobilised an army, consisting of Praetorian cohorts, Aquileian, Egyptian, and Danubian legionaries, marching through Spain. He crosses the Strait of Gibraltar into Mauretania (modern Morocco) to protect the area against Frankish pirates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "296", "description": "Constantius Chlorus reconquers Britain, he rebuilds the cities Eboracum (York), Londinium (London), and Verulamium (St Albans).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "296", "description": "Emperor Diocletian dispatched his son-in-law Galerius with a large army to Armenia. he invades Mesopotamia, but suffers a complete defeat outside Ctesiphon against the Persian king Narseh, and is forced to retreat. Galerius crosses the Euphrates into Syria to join Diocletian at Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "296/04/22", "description": " Pope Caius dies at Rome after a 13-year reign and is succeeded by Pope Marcellinus as the 29th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "297", "description": "Emperor Maximian begins an offensive against the Berbers in Mauritania, driving them back into their homelands in the Atlas Mountains. He spends the rest of the winter in Carthage (Africa).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "297", "description": "Galerius makes preparations in Syria for a campaign against the Persian king Narseh. He recruites veterans from  Illyria and Moesia, and strengthens his bodyguard with Gothic auxiliaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "298", "description": "Battle of Lingones: Constantius Chlorus defeats the Alamanni in the territory of the Lingones (Langres) in Gaul. He strengthens the border along the Rhine frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "298", "description": "Battle of Vindonissa: Constantius I defeats at Vindonissa (modern Switzerland) the Alamanni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "298/03/10", "description": " Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa against the Berbers, and makes a triumphal entry into Carthage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "298/03/10", "description": "The Baths of Diocletian are commissioned by Maximian in honor of Emperor Diocletian. Christians are expelled from the Roman army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "298/03/10", "description": "Galerius invades Armenia with an army of 25,000 men. He makes personal reconnaissances, and marched deep in occupied Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "298/03/10", "description": "Battle of Satala: Galerius decisively defeats king Narseh. He captures the Persian camp, including Narseh's family, harem and treasure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "298/03/10", "description": "King Tridates III is restored as ruler of Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "298/03/10", "description": "The manufacture of cultured silk becomes popular from Korea to Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "299", "description": "Peace of Nisibis: Galerius signs a treaty with the Persian king Narseh that will last for 40 years. The Persians accept Roman dominion over Armenia and northern Mesopotamia. The Tigris becomes the boundary between Rome and the Sassanid Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "299", "description": "Galerius commissions the Arch of Galerius in Thessaloniki (Greece). The structure is built to celebrate the war and victory over the Sassanid Persians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "299", "description": "Empress Jia Nanfeng frames Crown Prince Yu for treason and has him deposed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "The Franks penetrate into what is now northern Belgium (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "The city of Split is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "Diocletian's wall is built in Palmyra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "A Romano-Celtic{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} temple-mausoleum complex is constructed in what is now Lullingstone, and also in Anderitum (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "The lion becomes extinct from Armenia (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "The Yayoi period ends in Ancient Japan (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "Wootz steel is developed in India (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "The ''Kama Sutra'', an Indian handbook on the art of sexual love, is probably produced around this time by the sage Vatsyayana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "The elephant becomes extinct in North Africa (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "The Atlas Wild Ass becomes extinct (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "The Formative\/Preclassic period in Mesoamerica comes to an end (around this year).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "The Mayan civilization reaches its most prolific period, the classic period, in what is now Guatemala, Belize and parts of southern Mexico adjacent to the former two. During most of this period, Tikal dominates the Mayan world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "The magnetic compass for navigation is invented in China (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "The Panchatantra, a Sanskrit collection of fables and fairy tales, is written in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "The Tetrarchs are probably made in Egypt. After 330 they are moved to Constantinople and in 1204 they are installed at the corner of the facade of the St Mark's Basilica, Venice (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "Diocletian's Palace, Split, Croatia, is built. Its model is nowadays kept at the Museo della Civilta Romana, Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "Peter of Alexandria becomes Patriarch of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "Possible date of the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 and Codex Sinaiticus, manuscripts of the Bible written in Greek.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "Tiridates III makes his kingdom of Armenia the first state to adopt Christianity as its official religion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "300", "description": "Approximate date of the Synod of Elvira in Elvira, Spain, which was a church council that prohibited interaction with Jews, pagans, and heretics.amp\/onlyincludeamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "301", "description": "Emperor Diocletian issues his Edict on Maximum Prices, which, rather than halting rampant inflation and stabilizing the economy, adds to inflationary pressures by flooding the economy with new coinage and by setting price limits too low.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "301", "description": "Diocletian begins the construction of new roads in the Roman Empire. The Strata Diocletiana is built and lined with a series of forts (''quadriburgia''), it runs from the Gulf of Aqaba (Arabia) to the Euphrates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "301", "description": "King Tiridates III proclaims Christianity as the official state religion. Armenia becomes the first nation to adopt Christianity. ampampIt was the first nation to adopt Christianity as its official religion. The Journal of Ecclesiastical History \u2013 Page 268 by Cambridge University Press, Gale Group, C.W. Dugmoreampampampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnewa.org\/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=5\">http:\/\/www.cnewa.org\/ecc-bodypg-us.aspx?eccpageID=5<\/a> CNEWA.orgampampampampThe Armenian Massacres, 1894\u20131896: 1894\u20131896 : U.S. media testimony \u2013 Page 131 by A. Dzh. (Arman Dzhonovich) Kirakosianampampampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/orientalorthodox.org\/armenian.htm\">http:\/\/orientalorthodox.org\/armenian.htm<\/a> OrientalOrthodox.orgampampampampThe Antiquities of the Christian Church \u2013 Page 466 by Johann Christian Wilhelm Augusti, Georg Friedrich Heinrich Rheinwald, Carl Christian Friedrich Siegelampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Armenia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "301/09/03", "description": " The republic of San Marino is established (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "301/09/03", "description": "King Narseh of Persia abdicates, in favor of his son, Hormizd II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "301/09/03", "description": "Sima Lun briefly usurps the Jin Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "301/09/03", "description": "In India, a man by the name of P\u0101\u0146ini comes up with the first concept for a spoken and written language. Through a series of some 4000 different rules, this is the first time that a language is described in such a way.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "302", "description": "Emperor Diocletian begins passing laws against Christians and a policy of  religious oppression in Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "302", "description": "King Narseh, Shah of the Persian Empire, dies after a 9-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Hormizd II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "302", "description": "Iamblichus of Chalcis writes a treatise on magic and the occult.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "302", "description": "Gregory the Illuminator is consecrated as Patriarch of Armenia by Leontius of Caesarea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "303", "description": "Great Persecution: Emperor Diocletian launches the last major persecution of Christians in the Empire. Hierocles is said to have been the instigator of the fierce persecution of the Christians under Galerius. They are forbidden to worship in groups, and thousands of them are killed in the next 10 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "303/02/24", "description": " Galerius publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "303/03/04", "description": " Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "303/09/25", "description": " On a voyage preaching the gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "303/11/28", "description": " Diocletian makes a visit to Rome. The Augusti and the Caesars are united for the first time to celebrate the 20th anniversary of Diocletian's accession.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "303/11/28", "description": "The Triumphal Arch of Maximian is erected in Salonica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "303/11/28", "description": "Sassanid Shah Hormizd II succeeds Narseh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "303/11/28", "description": "In Mexico the civilization of Teotihuacan flourishes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "304", "description": "Emperor Diocletian issues four edicts aimed at destroying Christianity churches are to be dismantled, clergymen arrested, and their followers forced to sacrifice to pagan gods on pain of death. Those put to death include Agnes, a 12-year old Christian girl who has refused marriage and consecrated her virginity to God. Hailed as a martyr, she will be honored as the patron saint of chastity, gardeners, rape victims and virgins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "304", "description": "Constantius Chlorus defeats the Alemanni and fortifies the town of Konstanz (Germany).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "304", "description": "Diocletian fights a campaign against the Carpi on the Danube and becomes serious ill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "304", "description": "A Triumphal Arch is built for Diocletian in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "304", "description": "Sixteen Kingdoms: The Wu Hu uprising establish under Liu Yuan the Han Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "304", "description": "Sichuan earns its independence from China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "304/10/25", "description": " Pope Marcellinus dies at Rome after an 8-year reign. The papal throne will remain vacant until 308.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "305/05/01", "description": " Emperor Diocletian abdicates at age 60 and retires to his palace at Salona (modern Split) on the Adriatic coast after a reign of nearly 21 years in which the last vestiges of republican government have disappeared.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "305/05/01", "description": "Maximian retires from office and leaves for Campania (southern Italy) to live a life of ease in his luxury villas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "305/05/01", "description": "Constantius Chlorus and Galerius are declared Augusti Flavius Valerius Severus and Maximinus II Daia are appointed Caesars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "305/05/01", "description": "In the Western Empire, the capital is moved from Rome to Milan. Constantius Chlorus requests leave for his son Constantine I who remains at Galerius's court in Nicomedia, as a virtual hostage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "305/05/01", "description": "Summer ampampndash Constantine I joins his father in Gaul, from Bononia (Boulogne) they cross the Channel to Britain and make their way to Eboracum (York), capital of Britannia Secunda and home to a large military base in order to deal with a rebellion by the Picts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "305/05/01", "description": "Maximinus II (305\u2013313) persecutes the Christians of Egypt, many of whom take refuge in the desert. In time, this refuge leads to the monastic life. In these monasteries Coptic writing develops, supporting the propagation of Christian texts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "305/05/01", "description": "Patron of Pozzuoli, Saint Proculus, and patron of Naples, Saint Januarius are thrown to wild beasts in Pozzuoli's Flavian Amphitheater, then beheaded at Solfatara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "305/05/01", "description": "The Daysan River floods Edessa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "305/05/01", "description": "Landowners dominate the Roman Empire and enjoy the title of senator, which exempts them from the crushing taxes imposed on the rest of the population. The Senate has lost all its power and the landowners almost never attend Senate sessions. Members of municipal senates (''curiales'' or ''decuriones'') are charged with the responsibility of collecting taxes and paying arrears smaller landowners are held responsible for providing recruits for the Roman army and with keeping wastelands under cultivation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "305/05/01", "description": "Catherine makes public confession of Christian gospel at a sacrificial feast ordered by Maximinus II at Alexandria. A virgin of royal descent, she is tortured on a spiked wheel (later called ampquotCatherine Wheelampquot) and beheaded her remains are spirited to Mount Sinai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "305/05/01", "description": "The Council of Illiberis decrees that priests must be celibate. Additionally, it condemns visiting the homes of Jews and prohibits Christian women from marrying Jews, unless they have converted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "306", "description": "Constantius Chlorus undertakes a punitive expedition against the Picts beyond the repaired Hadrian's Wall. His son Constantine I joins him on campaign and they win a brilliant victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "306/07/25", "description": " Constantius Chlorus dies outside Eboracum (modern York). Constantine I, age 26, is declared Augustus (emperor) by his troops and awaits recognition by Emperor Galerius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "306/07/25", "description": "Galerius grants Constantine I the title Caesar and elevates Severus II to co-emperor of the Western Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "306/10/28", "description": " Maxentius, son of the former Western Emperor Maximian, joins a revolt by the Praetorian Guard in Rome, and is proclaimed Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "306/10/28", "description": "Southern Italy bitter over the subjection to taxation, supports Maxentius, as does Africa, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "306/10/28", "description": "Galerius sends Severus II to suppress the rebellion in Rome. The soldiers desert him and Severus flees to Ravenna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "306/10/28", "description": "The Baths of Diocletian are dedicated, the ''thermae'' become the largest imperial baths in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "306/10/28", "description": "The Franks cross the Rhine, but are repulsed by Constantine I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "306/10/28", "description": "The Santa Maria Maior de Lisboa is built in Lisbon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "306/10/28", "description": "The War of the Eight Princes ends in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "306/10/28", "description": "Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine (Basilica Nova), Rome, is started to be built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "306/10/28", "description": "The Council of Elvira declares that killing through a spell is a sin and the work of the devil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "306/10/28", "description": "Saint Metrophanes becomes bishop of Byzantium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "306/10/28", "description": "Christianity is established in Britain. British bishops participate in the councils of Arles (314), Nicaea (325) and Arminum (349).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "307", "description": "Constantine is made a Caesar by Galerius and returns to Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "307/01/08", "description": " Emperor Jin Huidi dies after a 16-year reign in which eight dukes of the imperial family have conducted a civil war (War of the Eight Princes) against each other in a struggle for power. Jin Huaidi, age 23, succeeds his father and  becomes third emperor of the Jin Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "307/03/31", "description": " After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine the Great marries Fausta Flavia Maxima, the daughter of the retired co-emperor Maximian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "307/03/31", "description": "Constantine I established his capital in Augusta Treverorum (Trier). He begins a major expansion of the city, strengthening the walls with fortified gates, building a palace complex and the Imperial Baths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "307/09/16", "description": " Severus II is captured and imprisoned at Tres Tabernae. After Emperor Galerius unsuccessfully invades Italy to suppress Maxentius, he is executed (or forced to commit suicide).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "308", "description": "April ampampndash Roman usurper Maxentius banishes his father, Maximian, who flees to the court of Constantine the Great in Augusta Treverorum (modern Trier).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "308/05/27", "description": "r June 26 ampndash Pope Marcellus I succeeds Pope Marcellinus as the 30th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "308/11/11", "description": " The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Maxentius a public enemy and Licinius is proclaimed Augustus, while rival contender Constantine I is declared Caesar of Britain and Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "308/11/11", "description": "Under Constantine I, the Romans defeat the Germans along the Rhine frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "308/11/11", "description": "Domitius Alexander is acclaimed emperor (against Maxentius) in Carthage, the African provinces come under his rule. This is a dangerous situation, because Rome depends on the grain supply.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "308/11/11", "description": "The Basilica of Maxentius is constructed, the largest building in the Roman Forum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "308/11/11", "description": "Kingdom of Xiongnu established in northern China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "309", "description": "The Spanish provinces revolt from the control of Maxentius, acknowledging Constantine the Great as their Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "309", "description": "A plague that may be related to anthrax spreads across the Roman Empire, causing a drastic decline in the population.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "309", "description": "King Hormizd II, Shah of the Persian Empire, dies after a 7-year reign and a power struggle for the succession ensues. He is succeeded by his son Shapur II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "309", "description": "The limber pine called Twister begins growing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "North America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "309", "description": "Pope Marcellus I is banished from Rome, as is his successor Eusebius later that year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "309/04/18", "description": " Pope Eusebius succeeds Pope Marcellus I as the 31st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "310", "description": "Maximian, retired co-emperor, rebelled against Constantine the Great while campaigning against the Franks, he attempts to make himself emperor at Arles. Constantine marched his army up the Rhine and embarks his troops at Chalon-sur-Sa\u00f4ne. Maximian flees to Marseille and is captured for his crimes. Constantine I encourages his suicide and Maximian, age 60, hangs himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "310", "description": "Constantine I constructs near the town of Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium (Cologne) a stone bridge over the Rhine, which is guarded by the castellum ''Divitia'' (modern Deutz).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "310", "description": "Maximinus II and Constantine I are declared ''filii Augustorum'' (ampquotSons of the Augustiampquot), for the first time four emperors administered the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "310", "description": "Constantine I begins to build the Basilica of Constantine in Augusta Treverorum (Trier).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "310", "description": "A large Pictish raid southwards is attempted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "310", "description": "Constantine I at Trier orders the minting of a new coin, the ''solidus'', in an effort to offset the declining value of the ''denarius'' and bring stability to the imperial currency by restoring a gold standard. The solidus (later be known as the ''bezant'') will be minted in the Byzantine Empire without change in weight or purity until the 10th century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "310", "description": "Pope Eusebius exiled to Sicily died from a hunger strike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "311/05/05", "description": " Emperor Galerius declares on his deathbed religious freedom and issues his Edict of Toleration, ending persecution of Christians in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire. He dies, age 51, from a gruesome disease, possibly bowel cancer or Fournier gangrene.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "311/05/05", "description": "Maximinus II divides the Eastern Empire between co-emperor Licinius, and mobilished his army for a campaign in Asia Minor. He recommences the persecution of Christians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "311/05/05", "description": "Maxentius, Roman usurper, reconquers the African provinces from Domitius Alexander.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "311/05/05", "description": "Maxentius builds the Circus of Maxentius near the Via Appia. The circus is 513 meters long and 91 meters wide, and offers an accommodation to some 10,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "311/07/02", "description": " Pope Miltiades succeeds Pope Eusebius as the 32nd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "311/07/02", "description": "The Donatist schism occurs in the African church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "311/12/03", "description": " Diocletianus dies at his palace in Split (Croatia). Possible he commits suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "311/12/03", "description": "Jin Huaidi, emperor of the Jin Dynasty, is captured at Luoyang. The capital city is pillaged by Liu Cong, ruler of the Xiongnu state (Huns), the invaders slaughter 30.000 citizens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "312", "description": "Constantine the Great crosses the Cottian Alps with an army (40,000 men) and auxiliaries. He defeats Maxentius in three battles at Turin, Brescia and Verona. Maxentius's most senior commander Ruricius Pompeianus is killed during the fightings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "312/10/28", "description": " Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine I defeats usurper Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge and becomes the only Roman Emperor in the West. During the battle, he reportedly has a vision of a cross (''labarum'') with the phrase ''quotin hoc signo vincesquot'' (quotIn this sign you shall conquerquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "312/10/29", "description": " Constantine I enters Rome, he stages a grand ''adventus'' in the city, and is met with popular jubilation. Maxentius' body is fished out of the Tiber and decapitated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "312/10/29", "description": "Constantine I forged co-emperor Licinius to a alliance, and offers him his halfsister Constantia in marriage. The Praetorian Guard and Imperial Horse Guard (''equites singulares Augusti'') are disbanded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "312/10/29", "description": "Construction begins on the Arch of Constantine in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "312/10/29", "description": "c. 312ampampndash315 ampampndash Constantine I Addresses the People in the Roman Forum, sculptural relief on the Arch of Constantine, Rome, is made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "312/10/29", "description": "Constantine I adopt the words ''ampquotin hoc signo vincesampquot'' as a motto and have the letters X and P (the first letters of the Greek word Christ) emblazoned on the shields of his Roman legions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "312/10/29", "description": "The Council of Carthage supports Donatism, which espouses a rigorous application and interpretation of the sacraments. These doctrines will be condemned by the Council of Arles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "312/10/29", "description": "Constantine I promotes a policy of state sponsorship of Christianity, perhaps even becoming a Christian himself (see Constantine I and Christianity).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "313/02/03", "description": " Edict of Milan: Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius met at a conference in Mediolanum (modern Milan). They proclaimed a policy of religious freedom for all, ending the persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "313/02/03", "description": "Emperor Maximinus II crosses with an army (70.000 men) the Bosphorus, and lays siege to Heraclea (Turkey). He captures the city after eight days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "313/03/14", "description": " Emperor Jin Huidi is executed by Liu Cong, ruler of the Xiongnu state (Han Zhao). At the imperial new year he and a number of former Jin officials are poisoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "313/03/14", "description": "Crown prince Jin Mindi, age 13, succeeds in Chang'an his uncle Jin Huidi and becomes the new emperor of the Jin Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "313/03/14", "description": "Nintoku, the fourth son of \u014cjin, becomes the 16th emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "313/03/14", "description": "Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine (Basilica Nova), Rome, is finished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "313/03/14", "description": "Constantine I and Licinius accept Christianity, they agree on a policy of religious toleration. In their Edict they return property confiscated from Christians, and end 10 years of persecution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "313/04/30", "description": " Battle of Tzirallum: Licinius defeats his rival Maximinus II and becomes Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. Maximinus flees to Nicomedia and commits suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "313/10/02", "description": " Lateran Synod: Donatism is declared a heresy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "313/10/02", "description": "Arius preaches of the human nature of Jesus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "314/01/11", "description": " Pope Miltiades' reign ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "314/01/31", "description": " Pope Sylvester I succeeds Pope Miltiades as the 33rd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "314/08/30", "description": " Council of Arles: Confirms the pronouncement of Donatism as a schism, and passes other canons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "314/08/30", "description": "Synod of Ancyra: Consulting a magician is declared a sin earning five years of penance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "314/08/30", "description": "Alexander becomes Bishop of Byzantium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "314/10/08", "description": " Battle of Cibalae: Constantine the Great defeats his rival Licinius near the town of ''Colonia Aurelia Cibalae'' (modern Vinkovci, Croatia). Licinius is forced to flee to Sirmium, and loses all of the Balkans except for Thrace. Peace negotiations are initiated between the two ''Augusti'', but they are unsuccessful.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "314/10/08", "description": "A large Pictish raid southwards is attempted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "315", "description": "Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius battle the Sarmates, the Goths and the Carpians along the Danube. Constantine leads a punitive expedition into Dacia and reestablished the Roman fortifications of the frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "315/07/25", "description": " The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum at Rome to commemorate Constantine's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. As part of the ceremony Constantine is expected to make a sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods, but he refuses to do so.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "315/07/25", "description": "Constantine I dedicated the Basilica of Maxentius and installs a large statue of himself inside it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "315/07/25", "description": "Crucifixion is abolished as punishment in the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "315/07/25", "description": "A program of assistance to the poor is established in the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "315/07/25", "description": "Immense baths are constructed in ''Augusta Treverorum'' (modern Trier).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "315/07/25", "description": "Eusebius becomes bishop of Caesarea (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "315/07/25", "description": "The lamb becomes the symbol of Jesus in Christian art.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "316", "description": "Emperor Constantine the Great issues an edict prohibiting the punishment of slaves by crucifixion and facial branding.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "316", "description": "Constantine I sends his half-brother Julius Constantius to Licinius at Sirmium (Pannonia), with the proposal to accept Bassianus as ''Caesar'' and his power over Italy. Licinius refuses and forced a conspiracy against Constantine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "316", "description": "Licinius elevates Valerius Valens to ''Augustus'', and mobilished an army against Constantine. Bassianus is accused of conspiracy and executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "316", "description": "December ampampndash Battle of Mardia: Constantine I defeats his rival Licinius and senior officier Valerius Valens near the town of Harmanli (Bulgaria).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "316", "description": "The Xiongnu sack Chang'an, capital of the Chinese Western Jin Dynasty. Emperor Jin Mindi surrenders to Liu Yao.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "316", "description": "The Western Jin Dynasty ends and Ancient China is divided.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "316", "description": "At the request of the Roman Catholic Church, Constantine I attempts to end the schism with the Donatist church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "317/03/01", "description": " Emperor Constantine the Great and co-emperor Licinius elevate their sons Crispus, Constantine II (being still an baby) and Licinius II to ''Caesars''. After this arrangement Constantine rules the dioceses Pannonia and Macedonia, and established his residence at Sirmium, from where he prepares a campaign against the Goths and Sarmatians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "317/03/01", "description": "Licinius recognise Constanstine I as senior emperor and executes Valerius Valens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "317/03/01", "description": "Sixteen Kingdoms:  Jin Yuandi flees with remnants of the Jin court and noble families to the south. He succeeds Jin Mindi as first emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and decides to make Jiankang (modern Nanjing) his new capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "317/03/01", "description": "The earliest historically verified reference to tea is recorded, although the Chinese have been drinking the beverage for centuries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "318", "description": "Emperor Constantine the Great gives the ancient Roman town Drepana (Asia Minor) the name Helenopolis, after his mother Helena, and builds a church in honour of the martyr St. Lucian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "318", "description": "Emperor Constantine the Great given the title Brittanicus Maximus, given for successful engagements in Britain. The details of the battles which are unknown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "318", "description": "The Chinese Empire loses its territories to the north of the Yangtze River, to the benefit of the Xiongnu and the Xianbei. The Former Zhao state is proclaimed Liu Can and the state ruling family at Pingyang is executed by a coup d'\u00e9tat of Jin Zhun, who is in turn overthrown by Shi Le and Liu Yao.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "318", "description": "Liu Yao becomes the new emperor of Han Zhao and moves his capital to Chang'an.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "318", "description": "Gregory the Illuminator appoints his son Aristax as successor in the patriarchate of Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "319", "description": "Emperor Constantine the Great prohibits the separation of the families of slaves during a change in ownership.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "319", "description": "King Chandragupta I succeeds his father Ghatotkacha as ruler of the Gupta Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "319", "description": "Christianity is introduced in Colchis, present-day Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Georgia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "319", "description": "Arius travels to Nicomedia at the invitation of bishop Eusebius, after having been accused of heresy and condemned by Alexander, the Patriarch of Alexandria. This gives rise to the Arian Controversy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "320", "description": "Crispus, eldest son of Constantine I, leads a victorious campaign against the Franks, assuring twenty years of peace along the Rhine frontier. He established his residence in ''Augusta Treverorum'' (modern Trier), capital of Germania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "320", "description": "Licinius reneged on the religious freedom promised by the Edict of Milan, and begins a new persecution of Christians in the Eastern Roman Empire. He confiscates their property by destroying churches and imprisoned Christians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "320", "description": "King Chandragupta I founds the Gupta dynasty in northern India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "320", "description": "The Huns appear in Persia. {{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "320", "description": "Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, is started to be built (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "320", "description": "In Nydam Mose (Denmark) the Nydam oak boat is sacrificed by the Danes. The boat is excavated in the 1830s, when a local farmer finds weapons including swords and spears.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture and Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "320/10/18", "description": " Pappus of Alexandria, Greek philosopher, observes an eclipse of the sun and writes a commentary on ''The Great Astronomer'' (''Almagest'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "320/12/25", "description": "s introduced as the birthday of Jesus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture and Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "321/03/07", "description": " Edict of Constantine I: The ''dies Solis Invicti'' (Sunday) is proclaimed as the day of rest, trade is forbidden and agriculture is allowed.<a href=\"http:\/\/projectrestore.com\/library\/biblereadings\/br100.htm\">http:\/\/projectrestore.com\/library\/biblereadings\/br100.htm<\/a> Project restore.com Jews continue to observe Sabbath on Saturday, and Constantine himself continues to worship the ancient Roman sun god, Apollo, despite his acceptance of Christianity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "321/03/07", "description": "Emperor Constantine I expels the Goths from the Danube frontier and repairs Trajan's Bridge. He leads a expedition into the old province Dacia (modern Romania) and makes peace with the barbarians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "321/03/07", "description": "Tuoba Heru launched a coup d'\u00e9tat against his cousin Tuoba Yul\u00fc and becomes the new Prince of Dai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "321/03/07", "description": "Calcidius translates Plato into Latin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "321/03/07", "description": "Constantine I assigns convicts to grind Rome's flour in a move to hold back the rising price of food in an empire whose population has shrunk as a result of plague (see  309 AD).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Food and drink", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "321/03/07", "description": "The Roman Catholic church is allowed to hold property.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "321/03/07", "description": "A synod in Alexandria condemns Arianism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "322", "description": "The first dependable representation of a horse rider with paired stirrups was found in China in a Jin Dynasty tomb (China).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "323", "description": "Emperor Constantine the Great defeats the invading Goths and Sarmatians north of the Danube in Dacia, and claims the title of ''Sarmaticus Maximus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "323", "description": "Crown Prince Jin Mingdi succeeds Jin Yuandi as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "323", "description": "The poetic work ''Banquet'' (''Thalia'') by the Libyan-born Egytian Christian priest Arius, age 73, expresses the doctrine that Jesus of Nazareth was not of the same substance as God but rather had a finite nature. As ascetic he leads a Christian community near Alexandria and comes under suspicion of heresy. Arius writes to his former schoolmate Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia, asking for support. Eusebius writes to other bishops, and when Arius is condemned in September Eusebius gives him safe haven and sponsors a synod at Bithynia in October which nullifies Arius's excommunication (see Council of Nicaea, 325 AD).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "324/07/03", "description": " Battle of Adrianople: Emperor Constantine the Great defeats his rival Licinius near Adrianople, forcing him to retreat to Byzantium. He invades Thrace with a Visgothic force and raids the countryside. This sees Constantine ruling as sole Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "324/07/03", "description": "July ampampndash Battle of Hellespont: Crispus, destroys Licinius' naval fleet in the Dardanelles, allowing his father Constantine the ability to cross over the Bosporus into Asian provinces. Byzantium is besieged and Licinius assembled a second military force, under his newly elevated co-emperor Martinian at Lampsacus (modern Lapseki).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "324/09/18", "description": " Battle of Chrysopolis: Constantine I definitively defeats Licinius at Chrysopolis, and becomes sole Emperor, thus ending the period of the Tetrarchy. Licinius escapes and gathered around 30,000 of his surviving troops at Nicomedia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "324/12/19", "description": " Licinius abdicates his position as Emperor. He is pardoned by Constantine I as a result of the supplication of his wife Constantia (who is Constantine's halfsister), and banished to Thessalonica as a private citizen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "324/12/19", "description": "St Peter's Church is founded in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "324/12/19", "description": "Eustathius becomes bishop of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "325", "description": "Emperor Constantine I personally assures the security of the Danube frontier by defeating the Goths, the Vandals, and the Sarmatians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "325", "description": "Licinius is in Thessalonica executed on charge of conspiring, and raising troops against Constantine I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "325", "description": "Gladiatorial combat is outlawed in the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "325/04/01", "description": " Crown Prince Jin Chengdi, age 4, succeeds his father Jin Mingdi as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. During his reign he is largely advised by regents, his uncle Yu Liang and high-level officials.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "325/04/01", "description": "Constantine the Great, from the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, Rome, is started to be made. It is now kept at Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "325/05/20", "description": " First Council of Nicaea: Constantine I summons an ecumenical council of bishops in Nicaea (Turkey). The Nicene Creed declares that the members of the Trinity (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit) are equal. The council decided that Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the first full moon after the vernal equinox. Arius is exiled to Illyria, his works are confiscated and consigned to the flames.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "325/05/20", "description": "The Church of the Nativity is built in Bethlehem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "326", "description": "Emperor Constantine the Great travels to Rome to celebrate the 20th anniversary of his accession to power, but while en route at Pola he gives  order to execute his older son, Crispus Caesar, possibly on charges of adultery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "326", "description": "Fausta, second wife of Constantine I, is also executed. She is suffocated in a hot bath.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "326", "description": "Constantine I founds Constantinople and incorporates Byzantium into the new capital. He reorganises the Roman army in smaller units classified into three grades: ''palatini'', (imperial escort armies) ''comitatenses'', (forces based in frontier provinces) and  ''limitanei'' (auxilia border troops).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "326", "description": "Constantine I promulgates laws against the prostitution of maidservants, and for the humanization of prisons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "326", "description": "Constantine the Great, from the Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, Rome, is finished. It is now kept at Palazzo dei Conservatori, Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "326/09/14", "description": " Helena of Constantinople discovers the so-called True Cross and the Holy Sepulchre (Jesus's tomb) in Jerusalem. (traditional date)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "326/09/14", "description": "Helena, mother of Constantine I, tells him that he must atone for executing his son and wife by building churches.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "326/09/14", "description": "The first church is built on the site of Vatican City, traditional place of Saint Peter's tomb.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "326/09/14", "description": "Construction begins on the churches of Golgotha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "326/09/14", "description": "Christianity is introduced to the republic of Georgia by Saint Nino.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "327", "description": "Emperor Constantine the Great decrees that rural slaves can only be sold in the province where they reside, in order to resolve the shortage of labour in the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "327", "description": "Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, is finished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "327", "description": "Christianity is adopted as the state religion of Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "327", "description": "Construction begins on the cathedral of Antioch (Syria).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "328/05/09", "description": " Alexandria's patriarch Bishop Alexander dies and is succeeded by his deacon Athanasius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "329", "description": "The Han Zhao dynasty, a Southern Xiongnu state during the Sixteen Kingdoms, ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "329", "description": "Roman restrictions on joining the clergy are initiated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "330/05/11", "description": " Emperor Constantine the Great dedicates Constantinople, or ''Nova Roma'' (modern Istanbul), and moves the capital of the Roman Empire there from Rome. He has spent 4 years building the city on the site of ancient Byzantium having chosen the site for its strategic location (a seaport with easy access to Anatolia and the Danube).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "330/05/11", "description": "The Goths devastate the city of Tanais in the Don River delta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "330/05/11", "description": "Ezana, king of Axum, extends his area of control to the west. He defeats the Nobates, and destroys the kingdom of Mero\u00eb.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "330/05/11", "description": "Frumentius is the first bishop of Ethiopia (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "330/05/11", "description": "Eustathius, Patriarch of Antioch, is banished to Trajanopolis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "330/05/11", "description": "The Bible is translated into the Gothic language by Wulfila.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "330/05/11", "description": "Pagan temples are starting to be progressively abandoned, destroyed or left to fall into disrepair, save those that are transformed into Christian churches.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "331", "description": "Emperor Constantine the Great vigorously promotes Christianity, confiscating the property and valuables of a number of pagan temples throughout the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "331", "description": "Constantine I dedicated the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "331", "description": "Constantine I promulgates a law against divorce.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "331", "description": "Eusebius of Caesarea writes the ''Onomasticon''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "331", "description": "Gregory the Illuminator withdraws to a small sanctuary in the Daranali province (Armenia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "332", "description": "Emperor Constantine I and his son Constantine II, aged 16, defeat the Goths in Moesia. The Goths become Roman allies and protect the Danube frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "332", "description": "Constantine I constructs a bridge across the Danube in order to increase trade between the Visigoths and Rome.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "332/05/18", "description": " Constantine I announces a free distribution of food to the citizens in Constantinople, similar to the food given out in the city of Rome. The amount is approximately 80,000 rations a day, doled out from 117 distribution points around the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "333", "description": "Flavius Dalmatius and Domitius Zenofilus are appointed consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "333", "description": "Emperor Constantine the Great pulls back Roman troops out of Britain and abandoned work on the Hadrian's Wall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "333", "description": "Calocaerus revolts against Constantine I and proclaimed himself Emperor. Flavius Dalmatius responsible for the security of the eastern frontier, is send to Cyprus to suppress the rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "333/12/25", "description": " Constantine I elevates his youngest son Constans to the rank of ''Caesar'' at Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "333/12/25", "description": "Shi Hong succeeds his father Shi Le as Emperor of the Later Zhao Empire, in the Period of the Sixteen Kingdoms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "334", "description": "Flavius Dalmatius puts down a revolt in Cyprus led by Calocaerus. Calocaerus is brought to Tarsus (Cilicia) and executed.ampref name=ampquotPohlsanderampquotamp{{cite book|last=Pohlsander|first=Hans A.|title=The Emperor Constantine|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-31938-6|page=78|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=-DCEKDw7I7cCampamppg=PA78ampampdq=Flavius+Dalmatius+Calocaerus+revolt+334#v=onepageampampqampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=-DCEKDw7I7cCampamppg=PA78ampampdq=Flavius+Dalmatius+Calocaerus+revolt+334#v=onepageampampqampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "334", "description": "The Goths protect the Danube frontier against an invasion by the Vandals.ampamp{{cite book|last=Kraitser|first=Charles V.|title=The Poles in the United States of America|year=1837|publisher=Kiderlen and Stollmeyer|page=17|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=AwUFAAAAYAAJampamppg=PA17ampampdq=Goths+Danube+Vandal+invasion+334#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampampampamp{{cite\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=AwUFAAAAYAAJampamppg=PA17ampampdq=Goths+Danube+Vandal+invasion+334#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampampampamp{{cite<\/a> book|last=Townsend|first=George Henry|title=The Manual of Dates|year=1862|publisher=Routledge, Warne ampamp Routledge|page=757|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=HKQZAAAAYAAJampamppg=PA757ampampdq=Goths+Danube+Vandal+invasion+334#v=onepageampampqampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=HKQZAAAAYAAJampamppg=PA757ampampdq=Goths+Danube+Vandal+invasion+334#v=onepageampampqampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "334", "description": "Emperor Constantine the Great reauthorises gladiatorial combat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "334", "description": "Julius Firmicus Maternus makes the first recorded observation of solar prominences, during an annular eclipse (July 17).ampamp{{cite web|title=Chronology of Discoveries About the Sun|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mreclipse.com\/Totality2\/TotalityApH.html|work=MrEclipse.com|year=1999|accessdate=2012-07-03}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.mreclipse.com\/Totality2\/TotalityApH.html|work=MrEclipse.com|year=1999|accessdate=2012-07-03}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "334", "description": "The barbarian king Che Hou reigns in China. His sons try to assassinate him, but are caught and executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "335/09/13", "description": " Emperor Constantine I consecrated the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "335/09/19", "description": " Flavius Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar, with control of Thracia and Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "335/09/19", "description": "Hannibalianus, nephew of Constantine I, is made ''Rex Regum'' (ampquotKing of Kings of the Pontic peopleampquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "335/11/07", "description": " Athanasius is banished to Trier, on charge that he prevented the corn fleet from sailing to Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "335/11/07", "description": "Samudragupta succeeds Chandragupta I as king of the Gupta Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "335/11/07", "description": "Tuoba Hena ousts Tuoba Yihuai as chieftain of the Tuoba Clan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "335/11/07", "description": "Emperor Shi Hu moves the capital of the Later Zhao state to Yecheng.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "335/11/07", "description": "First Synod of Tyre: Constantine I convenes a  gathering of bishops at Tyre to depose and exile Athanasius, the Patriarch of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "335/11/07", "description": "Constantine I reinstated the Alexandrian priest Arius in a synod at Jerusalem. He is declared a heretic at the Council of Nicaea (see 336 AD).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "335/11/07", "description": "Pope Sylvester I dies at Rome after a 21-year reign. He is succeeded by Mark as the 34th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "336", "description": "The military successes of Emperor Constantine I result in most of Dacia being reconquered by the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "336", "description": "The first recorded customs tariff is in use in Palmyra.ampampHironori Asakura, World History of the Customs and Tariffs, pg. 12, <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qlD0zOupzOUCampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=qlD0zOupzOUCampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "336/01/18", "description": " Pope Mark succeeds Pope Sylvester I as the 34th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "336/01/18", "description": "Pope Mark begins to build the basilica of San Marco, the church is devoted to St. Mark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "336/01/18", "description": "Arius, Alexandrian priest, collapses in the street at Constantinople (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "336/01/18", "description": "Pope Mark dies at Rome after an 11-month reign. No successor is immediately found.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "337/02/06", "description": " A 4-month papal vacancy ends. Pope Julius I succeeds Pope Mark as the 35th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "337/05/22", "description": " Constantine the Great, first Christian Roman Emperor of the Western empire (312\u2013324), and of the Roman Empire (324\u2013337), dies in Achyron, near Nicomedia, at age 65 after he is baptized by Eusebius of Nicomedia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "337/06/17", "description": " Constantius II announces the restoration of Athanasius as Patriarch of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "337/06/17", "description": "Paul I becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "337/09/09", "description": " Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans I succeed their father Constantine I as co-emperors. The Roman Empire is divided between the three Augusti (see map).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "337/09/09", "description": "September ampampndash A number of descendants of Constantius Chlorus and officials of the Roman Empire, are executed. Responsible for a purge against the sons of Constantine I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "337/09/09", "description": "King Shapur II of Persia begins a war against the Roman Empire. He sends his troops across the Tigris to recover Armenia and Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "337/09/09", "description": "Shapur II besieged the Roman fortress of Nisibis (Syria), but is repulsed by the forces under Lucilianus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "338", "description": "The Romans, allied with the Goths, arrive in the north of the Roman Empire to protect the Danube frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "338", "description": "Emperor Constantius II intervenes against the Persians in Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "338", "description": "Shapur II, king of the Persian Empire, begins a widespread persecution of Christians. Ordering forcible conversions to the state religion, Zoroastrianism, lest the Christians disrupt his realm while he is away fighting the Romans in Armenia and Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "338", "description": "Tuoba Yihuai, ruler of the Tuoba Dai clan, dies and is succeeded by his brother Tuoba Shiyijian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "338", "description": "Church of Santa Costanza, Rome, is started to be built (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "338", "description": "Eusebius of Nicomedia becomes Patriarch of Constantinople after Paul I is banished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "338", "description": "Non-Christians are persecuted by the Roman Empire as pagans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "339", "description": "Emperor Constantius II hastens to his territory in the East, where a revived Persia under king Shapur II is attacking Mesopotamia. For the next 11 years the two powers engage in a war of border skirmishing with no real victor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "339", "description": "Pope Julius I gives refuge at Rome to the Alexandrian patriarch Athanasius, who is deposed and expelled during the First Synod of Tyre (see 335).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "339", "description": "Eusebius of Nicomedia is made bishop of Constantinople while another Arian succeeds Athanasius as bishop of Alexandria under the name Gregory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "340", "description": "Constantinople, capital of Emperor Constantius II, becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Rome, capital of his brother Constans I.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm<\/a> Geography at about.comampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "340", "description": "Emperor Constantine II crosses the Alps and attacks the army of Constans I at Aquileia in northern Italy. When he is ambushed and killed by Constans, Constans is left sole ruler of the Western Roman Empire, with his other brother, Constantius II, Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "340", "description": "Pope Julius I inveighs against Arianism at the Council of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "340", "description": "Acacius succeeds Eusebius as bishop in the see of Caesarea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "340", "description": "Wulfila spreads evangelism among the Goths for 7 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "341", "description": "Emperor Constans I bans pagan sacrifices and magic rituals under penalty of death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "341", "description": "Constans I begins a successful campaign against the Franks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "341", "description": "Samudragupta, ruler of the Gupta Empire, extends during a decade his kingdom and his   influence over most of India. A pillar found at Allahabad sings his praises.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "341", "description": "The Council of Encaenia is held in Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "341", "description": "Paul I is restored as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "341", "description": "Thousands of Christians are executed at Seleucia in Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "341", "description": "Coptic Christianity is introduced into Ethiopia by the Syrian apostle Frumentius. He and his colleague Edesius were captured by Ethiopians a year or two ago, and have become civil servants at the Aksumite court of King Ezana. Frumentius becomes the first Bishop of Axum and encouraged the Christian merchants present in the country to practise their faith openly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "342", "description": "Emperor of the West Constans forced to visit Britain to deal with Pictish rebels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "342", "description": "A large earthquake strikes Cyprus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Roman Empire", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "342", "description": "Goguryeo is invaded by Murong Huang of the Xianbei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Roman Empire", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "342", "description": "Jin Kangdi succeeds his brother Jin Chengdi as emperor of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Roman Empire", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "342", "description": "Paul I, Patriarch of Constantinople, is deposed and replaced by Macedonius I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "342/02/15", "description": " The original Hagia Sophia is dedicated in Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "343", "description": "Emperor Constans I travels to Britain, possibly for a military expedition against the Picts and Scots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "343", "description": "Emperor Constantius II invades Adiabene, a vassal kingdom of Armenia (Persian Empire).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "343", "description": "Pope Julius I tries to unite the  Western bishops against Arianism by convoking the Council of Sardica (later Sofia), which acknowledges the pope's supreme authority and grants him the right to judge cases involving the legal possession of episcopal sees, but only Western and Egyptian bishops attend, and Arianism remains strong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "344", "description": "Battle of Singara: The Roman army under Emperor Constantius II is barely victorious at the strongly fortified city of Singara (Mesopotamia). King Shapur II is forced to lift the siege and withdraw the Persian army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "344", "description": "Shapur II besieged for the second time the Roman fortress of Nisibis (Syria), but is repulsed by forces under Lucilianus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "344", "description": "Jin Mudi, age 1, succeeds his father Jin Kangdi as emperor of China. His mother Empress Dowager Chu, becomes the ruling authority at court and served as regent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "344", "description": "The making of a detail of ''Admonitions of the Imperial Instructress to Court Ladies'' (attributed to Gu Kaizhi and being from the Six Dynasties period) begins (approximate year) and is completed in 406. It is now kept at the British Museum, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "344", "description": "Bishop Eustorgius I brings relics of the Three Magi from Constantinople to Milan, according to a 12th century legend.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "345", "description": "The merchant Knai Thomman visits the Malabar Coast in Kerala (India) and assists the church there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "346", "description": "In Korea, the Buyeo Kingdom is absorbed by Goguryeo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "346", "description": "Emperor Constans I uses his influence to secure the return of Athanasius. He is restored as Patriarch of Alexandria, and compile documents relating to his expulsion under the title ''Apology Against the Arians''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "346", "description": "Macedonius I, Patriarch of Constantinople, is deposed again by Paul I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "346", "description": "Julius Firmicus Maternus writes ''De erroribus profanarum religionum''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "346", "description": "The Visigoths are converted to Arianism by Wulfila.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "347", "description": "Li Shi, ruler of Cheng Han, fails in his attempt to halt a Jin expedition under Huan Wen. He flees to the capital Chengdu and surrenders his forces. Emperor Jin Mudi spares his life and makes him an marquess.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "347", "description": "Council of Sardica: An attempt is made to resolve the Arian controversy, and  ground rules for bishops are laid down.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "347", "description": "The Council of Philippopolis is held as the result of Eastern bishops leaving the Council of Sardica. In Philippopolis (Bulgaria), they excommunicate Pope Julius, and as a result, the Arian controversy is perpetuated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "348", "description": "Wulfila escapes religious persecution by the Gothic chieftain Athanaric and obtains permission from Constantius II to migrate with his flock of converts to Moesia and settled near Nicopolis ad Istrum (Bulgaria).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "348", "description": "In Persia, women are enrolled in the army to perform auxiliary services.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Europe", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "348", "description": "In India, Samudragupta of the Gupta Empire defeats Rudrasena in battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Europe", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "349", "description": "Emperor Shi Zun dies after a briefly reign (for 183 days), he and his mother Empress Zheng Yingtao are executed. His son Shi Jian succeeds him as emperor of the Jie state Later Zhao.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "349", "description": "The Mou-jong (proto-Mongols) take control of North China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "350/01/18", "description": " Emperor Constans I makes himself extremely unpopular, Magnus Magnentius is proclaimed emperor at Autun (Gaul) with support of the army on the Rhine frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "350/01/18", "description": "January ampampndash Constans I flees to Spain, where he is subsequently assassinated at ''Castrum Helenae''. Magnentius rules the Western Roman Empire and is far more tolerant towards Christians and Pagans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "350/03/01", "description": " Vetranio is asked by Constantina, sister of Constantius II, to proclaim himself Caesar. Constantius accept the new emperor and sends him money to raise an army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "350/06/03", "description": " Iulius Nepotianus, Roman usurper, proclaims himself quotemperorquot and enters Rome with a group of gladiators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "350/06/30", "description": " Nepotianus is defeated and killed by Marcellinus, a trusted general sent by Magnentius. His head is put on a lance and borne around the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "350/12/25", "description": " Vetranio meets Constantius II at Naissus (Serbia) and assembled the troops. He is forced to abdicated his title and Constantius allows him to live as a private citizen on a state pension.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "350/12/25", "description": "About this time the Huns begin to invade the Sassanid Empire.ampampRoberts,  J: ampquotHistory of the World.ampquot. Penguin, 1994.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "350/12/25", "description": "The city of Anbar (Iraq) is founded by king Shapur II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "350/12/25", "description": "The Wei-Jie war breaks out in North China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "350/12/25", "description": "The church of Santa Constanza in Rome is finished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "351/03/15", "description": " Emperor Constantius II elevates his 25-year-old cousin Constantius Gallus to Caesar at Sirmium (Pannonia). He arranges a marriage with his sister Constantina and puts him in charge of the Eastern Roman Empire. Constantius marches West with a large army (60,000 men) to fight against Magnus Magnentius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "351/05/07", "description": " The Jewish revolt against Gallus breaks out. After his arrival at Antioch, the Jews begin a rebellion in Palestine. The Roman garrison in the town of Diocesarea is destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "351/09/28", "description": " Battle of Mursa Major: Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius along the valley of the Drava. The battle is one of the bloodiest in Roman military history. During the fighting Marcellinus is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "351/09/28", "description": "Winter ampampndash Magnentius flees to Aquileia in northern Italy and fortifies the mountain passes in the Alps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "351/09/28", "description": "Emperor Shi Zhi is killed by Ran Min's forces, an action that sets the stage for Wei's victory in the Wei-Jie war (China).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "351/09/28", "description": "F\u00fa Ji\u00e0n declares himself ampquotHeavenly Princeampquot (''Tian Wang'') during the collapse of Later Zhao, and established Former Qin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "351/09/28", "description": "In India, a new process makes possible the extraction of sugar from sugarcane.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "351/09/28", "description": "Macedonius is restored as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "352", "description": "Emperor Constantius II invades northern Italy in pursuit of usurper Magnus Magnentius, who withdraws with his army to Gaul. He declares an amnesty for Magnentius' soldiers, many of whom desert to him. By the end of the year Constantius enters Milan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "352", "description": "The Alamanni and the Franks defeat the Roman army, taking control of 40 towns between the Moselle and the Rhine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "352", "description": "Constantius Gallus sends his general (''magister equitum'') Ursicinus to forcefully put down the Jewish revolt in Palestine. The rebels destroyed the cities Diopolis and Tiberias, while Diocesarea is razed to the ground. Ursicinus gives the order to kill thousands of Jews, even children. After the revolt, a permanent garrison is stationed in Galilee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "352", "description": "War begins between the Huns and the Alans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "352", "description": "Ran Wei is destroyed by a Xianbei invasion, which also reaches the Yangtze River in the territory of the Jin Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "352", "description": "The earliest sighting of a supernova occurs in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "352/05/17", "description": " Pope Julius I dies after a 15-year reign in which he has made himself the chief opponent of Arianism. He is succeeded by Pope Liberius as the 36th pope who immediately writes to Constantius II requesting a council at Aquileia to discuss the former Alexandrian patriarch Athanasius, who opposes the Arian belief to which the emperor subscribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "353", "description": "Battle of Mons Seleucus: Emperor Constantius II defeats the usurper Magnentius, who commits suicide in Gaul in order to avoid capture. Constantius becomes sole emperor and reunifies the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "353", "description": "Constantius II sends his official Paulus Catena to Britain to hunt down the opponents of Magnentius. Flavius Martinus, vicarius and supporter of Magnentius, refuses to resign and killed himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "353", "description": "Constantius II assembled a ''conciliabulum'' at Arles and condemned Athanasius as Patriarch of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "353", "description": "Wang Xizhi, Chinese calligrapher, produces ampquotPreface to the Poems Composed at the Orchid Pavilionampquot in running script style. It becomes a model for future calligraphers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "354", "description": "Emperor Constantius II recalls his legate (and cousin) Constantius Gallus to Constantinople after hearing unfavorable reports about him. Gallus, Caesar of the East, has suppressed revolts in Palestine and central Anatolia. Constantius strips him of his powers and later has him executed in Pola (Croatia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "354", "description": "The Roman Calendar of 354, a illuminated manuscript, is drawn up and becomes the earliest dated codex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "354", "description": "As a result of the armies of the West having been withdrawn by the usurper Magnus Magnentius to fight Constantius II, hoards of barbarians (Franks and Alemanni) cross the upper Rhine into Gaul and invade the lands of the Helvetians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "354", "description": "The Bulgars are first mentioned in extant European chronicles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "354", "description": "Fu Sheng, emperor of the Former Qin, reigns in northern China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "354", "description": "Libanius becomes a teacher of rhetoric in Antioch his students include John Chrysostom and Theodore of Mopsuestia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "355/01/01", "description": " Arbitio and Lollianus Mavortius begin their term as Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "355/08/11", "description": " Claudius Silvanus, accused of treason, proclaims himself Roman Emperor. After 28 days, Ursicinus arrives from Rome and has Silvanus murdered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "355/11/06", "description": " Emperor Constantius II raises in Mediolanum (Italy), his cousin Julian the Apostate to the rank of ''Caesar''. He takes command of the western provinces and marries Constantius' sister, Helena.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "355/11/06", "description": "The Lentienses, a Germanic tribe, are fined by the Roman commander Arbetio under Constantius II for several incursions  against the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "355/11/06", "description": "The Franks besiege Cologne for ten months.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "355/11/06", "description": "The Huns of Central Asia begin their great drive westwards with an advance into Scythia (modern Russia). They overcome and absorb the Alans, a nomadic and warlike horse breeding people from the steppes northeast of the Black Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "355/11/06", "description": "Pope Liberius refuses to sign a condemnation of Athanasius, Patriarch of Alexandria, imposed at Milan by Constantius II. Liberius is exiled to Beroea (Greece) and replaced by Felix II. He becomes an antipope and bishop of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "356/02/19", "description": " Emperor Constantius II issues a decree closing all pagan temples in the Roman Empire and ordering the banishment once again of the anti-Arian patriarch of Alexandria, Athanasius. He tries to have him arrested during a vigil service, but Athanasius flees to the Nitrian desert in Upper Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "356/02/19", "description": "The veneration of non-Christian images is banned in the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "356/02/19", "description": "Siege of Autun: Julian receives a report that Augustodunum (Autun) is under attack by the Alemanni. The city walls are in poor state and in danger of falling.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "356/02/19", "description": "Battle of Reims: Julian is defeated by the Alemanni at Reims (Gaul).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "356/02/19", "description": "Battle of Brumath: Roman forces pursued Germanic warbands through the Gallic countryside. Julian wins an open battle near Brumath (Alsace).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "356/02/19", "description": "Rhaetia (Switzerland) is invaded by the Alemanni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "356/02/19", "description": "Winter ampampndash Siege of Senonae: Julian over-wintered at Senonae (Bourgogne). German federated troops (''foederati'') desert and hostile warbands besieged the town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "356/02/19", "description": "Naemul becomes king of the Silla dynasty (Three Kingdoms of Korea).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "356/02/19", "description": "Anthony the Great dies at his hermitage near the Red Sea in mid-January at age 103 (approximate), having preached against Arianism and tried to codify guidelines for monastic life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "356/02/19", "description": "Construction begins on the first basilica of Saint Peter in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "357/04/28", "description": " Emperor Constantius II enters Rome for the first time to celebrate his victory over Magnentius. He address the Senate and the Roman people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "357/08/25", "description": " Battle of Strasbourg: Julian, ''Caesar'' (deputy emperor) and supreme commander of the Roman army in Gaul, wins an important victory against the Alemanni at Strasbourg (Argentoratum). He drives the barbarians back behind the Rhine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "357/08/25", "description": "Julian builds in Gaul a fleet to secure the corn supply from Britain for the garrisons (''castella'') of the Rhine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "357/08/25", "description": "The Imperial Library of Constantinople is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "357/08/25", "description": "Ammianus Marcellinus describes the Pantheon as being ampquotrounded like the boundary of the horizon and vaulted with a beautiful loftinessampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "357/08/25", "description": "Winter ampampndash Constantius II receives ambassadors from the Persian Empire. They demand that Rome restores the lands surrendered by king Narseh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "357/08/25", "description": "The reign of F\u00fa Ji\u0101n, the emperor of Former Qin, commences in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "357/08/25", "description": "The Alans rout the Hun army in Western Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "357/08/25", "description": "Saran, King of Ulster, is overthrown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Ireland", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "357/08/25", "description": "Pope Liberius travels to Sirmium (Pannonia) late in the year and agrees to sign documents that effectively undo the Nicene Creed (which has implicitly disavowed Arianism) and to sever his relationship with the former Alexandrian patriarch Athanasius, who is replaced as bishop of Alexandria by his Arian opponent George of Cappadocia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "358", "description": "Emperor Constantius II builds new forts to secure upper Mesopotamia. Persia's king Shapur II sends an emissary to Constantinople with gifts and a letter wrapped in white silk. He addresses Constantius to return the lands of his ancestors from the Euphrates to the frontier of Macedonia. Constantius tactfully refuses to cede any territories.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "358", "description": "The Salian Franks capitulate to Julian the Apostate in Gaul. He allows them to form a Roman ''foederati'' in Toxandria. Frankish settlers  are established in areas in the north and the east to help with the defense of the Rhine frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "358", "description": "An invasion of Pannonia by the Quadi and the Sarmates is repulsed by Constantius II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "358", "description": "An earthquake strikes Nicaea (Turkey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "358", "description": "Constantius II recalls Pope Liberius to Rome, where he receives a joyous welcome from the Christians. Antipope Felix II prudently retires to his estate near Porto (Portugal).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "358", "description": "Eudoxius becomes Patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "359", "description": "King Shapur II the Great of the Persian Empire invades southern Armenia. The Romans implemented a scorched earth policy and placed strong guards at the Euphrates crossings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "359", "description": "Siege of Amida: Shapur II besieged the Roman fortress of Amida (modern Diyarbakir). After seventy-three days the city is conquered and the population is massacred by the Persians. Ammianus Marcellinus is a fortunate survivor and flees to Singara (Iraq).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "359", "description": "The first known Prefect of the city of Constantinople, Honoratus, takes office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "359", "description": "Famine in Upper Rhineland. A fleet of 800 river boats built for the Rhine, crossed to the British east coast and carried back enough corn to raise the famine.ampref name=wheeleramp{{Wheeler1896|page=5}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "359", "description": "Winter ampampndash Shapur II halts his campaign due to heavy casualties during the Persian invasion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "359", "description": "Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, in the Old St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican, is made (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "359", "description": "July ampampndash Emperor Constantius II convenes the Council of Rimini to resolve the crisis over Arianism in the Church. Some 400 bishops of the Western Roman Empire attend, while the Eastern bishops held simultaneously a meeting at Seleucia. Given Saint Jerome's comment that, ampquotThe whole world groaned in astonishment to find itself Arianampquot, it appears to have failed. Pope Liberius rejected the new creed at Rimini.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "360", "description": "February ampampndash Julian, Roman Caesar, is proclaimed emperor by the Gallic legions in Lutetia (modern Paris) at the Thermes de Cluny. They refuse to support the eastern campaign against king Shapur II of Persia and revolted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "360", "description": "The Alamanni raid Raetia (Switzerland), but are pushed back behind the Rhine by Julian into the Black Forest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "360", "description": "King Shapur II continues his campaign against the Roman fortresses capturing Singara, Bezabde and Nisibis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "360", "description": "Emperor Constantius II and Julian exchange several letters, both hoping to avoid a civil war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "360", "description": "The Huns invade Europe by the thousands, spreading terror as they take over territories held for generations by Alans, Heruls, Ostrogoths and Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "360", "description": "Japan begins 30-year period of great influence in Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "360", "description": "Roman authorities in Britain export wheat to supply the legions on the Rhine they have encouraged production of wheat for that purpose.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Agriculture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "360", "description": "First Council of Constantinople: Emperor Constantius II requested a church council, at Constantinople, both the eastern and western bishops attend the meeting. Wulfila also attends the council and endorse the resulting creed. After the council several homoiousian bishops are deposed or banished, including Macedonius I of Constantinople and Cyril of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "361/07/10", "description": " Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin Aidi, age 20, succeeds Jin Mudi as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "361/07/10", "description": "361ampampndash363 ampampndash Julian the Apostate, coin is issued. It is now kept at the British Museum, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "361/07/10", "description": "Constantinople enforces a strict licensing system for physicians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Medicine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "361/07/10", "description": "Emperor Julian tries to organize a pagan church and substitute it for Christianity. Pope Liberius repudiates the Arian creed and declares that the Council of Arminium had no authority to issue decrees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "361/07/10", "description": "Gregory Nazianzus, (Saint Gregory the Theologian), returns to Nazianzus and becomes a priest by his father. Who wants him to assist local Christians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "361/11/03", "description": " Emperor Constantius II dies of a fever at Mopsuestia in Cilicia, age 44, on his deathbed he is baptised and declares his cousin Julian the Apostate rightful successor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "361/12/11", "description": " Julian becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire, he rules from Constantinople and tries to restore paganism. Constantius II is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "361/12/11", "description": "Ministers and followers of Constantius II are put to trial at the Chalcedon tribunal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "361/12/24", "description": " George of Cappadocia is murdered in Alexandria and Athanasius returns to his native city in triumph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "362/02/21", "description": " Athanasius returns to Alexandria and convenes a council at which he appeals for unity among Christians who differ in terminology, but emperor Julian orders Athanasius to leave Alexandria. He will remain in exile in Upper Egypt until after Julian's death next year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "362/07/18", "description": " Emperor Julian arrives at Antioch with an expeditionary force (60,000 men) and stays there for nine months to launch a campaign against the Persian Empire. He secures the co-operation with Arsaces, king of Armenia, who fights a bloody guerrilla war against the Persians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "362/07/18", "description": "Julian builds at Samosata (Commagene) a fleet of 50 warships and over a 1,000 transport boats, for his expedition in Persia against king Shapur II the Great.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "362/07/18", "description": "An earthquake strikes Nicaea (Turkey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "362/07/18", "description": "An earthquake strikes Al-Karak (Jordan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "362/10/22", "description": " The temple of Apollo at Daphne, outside Antioch, is destroyed in a mysterious fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "363/03/05", "description": " Emperor Julian departs from Antioch with his army (90,000 men) and heads north towards the Euphrates. On route he creates a diversion and sends a force of 30,000 soldiers under his cousin Procopius to Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "363/03/05", "description": "April ampampndash Julian crosses the Euphrates near Hierapolis, using 50 pontoon ships, and moves eastwards to Carrhae. He destroyed Perisapora and overruns Persian forts along the desert frontier (''Limes Arabicus'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "363/04/20", "description": " The planet Venus occults the planet Jupiter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "363/04/20", "description": "The Council of Laodicea, which deals with constricting the conduct of church members, is held.  The major canon approved by this council is Canon 29, which prohibits resting on the Sabbath (Saturday), restricting Christians to honoring the Lord on Sunday.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "363/05/29", "description": " Battle of Ctesiphon: Julian reaches the vicinity of the strongly fortified capital Ctesiphon. King Shapur II in charge of a large Persian army adopts a scorched earth policy, leaving the Romans desperately short of supplies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "363/06/16", "description": " The Roman army starts its retreat northward to Corduene (Armenia). Julian marches back up the Tigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal Julian's forces suffering several attacks from the Persians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "363/06/26", "description": " Battle of Samarra: Julian is mortally wounded in a skirmish and dies from a wound received during the fightings near Samarra (Iraq). Jovian, general of the Guard, succeeds him and is proclaimed Emperor by the troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "363/06/26", "description": "Emperor Jovian negotiates a disastrous peace with Persia, surrendering four of the five Roman provinces gained by Caesar Galerius in 298, and the cities Nisibis and Singara (Mesopotamia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "363/06/26", "description": "The Huns first appear in Europe and reach the Caspian Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "363/06/26", "description": "Petra, capital of the Nabataeans, is damaged by an earthquake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Syria", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "364", "description": "Greek mathematician, observes a solar eclipse (June 16) and a lunar eclipse (November 25). He gains some renown for his version of Euclid's ''Elements'' and his commentaries on Ptolemy's ''Almagest''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "364/02/17", "description": " Emperor Jovian dies after a reign of eight months. He is found dead in his tent at Tyana (Asia Minor) en route back to Constantinople in suspicious circumstances.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "364/02/26", "description": " Valentinian I is proclaimed Emperor by the Roman army. He addresses the soldiers in a speech who threatened to riot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "364/03/28", "description": " Valens, brother of Valentinian I, is appointed co-emperor (''Augustus'') in the palace of Hebdomon (Turkey). He begins the first anti-pagan persecutions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "364/03/28", "description": "Valentinian I rules from Caledonia (Scotland) to the Rhine frontier the Western Roman Empire and Valens reigns from the Danube to the Persian border the Eastern Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "364/03/28", "description": "Valentinian I founded the Valentinian Dynasty and settles in Paris. He  establishes a militia to defend the region. His reign ensures the Roman Empire a few years of relative security.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "364/03/28", "description": "Britain is forced to endure fierce Barbarian raids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "364/03/28", "description": "The Council of Laodicea decides some disciplinary questions of the Christian church and attempts to establish the Biblical canon, but fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "365/03/30", "description": " Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin Feidi, age 23, succeeds his brother Jin Aidi as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He has no actual power, governmental matters are largely in the hands of his granduncle Sima Yu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "365/03/30", "description": "Basil of Caesarea becomes presbyter of Caesarea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "365/03/30", "description": "Emperor Valens orders the expulsion of the Alexandrian bishop Athanasius from his see, but instead of going into exile Athanasius, now about 67, moves to the outskirts of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "365/03/30", "description": "Antipope Felix II dies after a 9-year reign, ending the double occupancy of the papacy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "365/07/21", "description": " An earthquake and tsunami devastates Crete and Alexandria and affects Italy, Greece, and Palestine.<a href=\"http:\/\/earthquake.usgs.gov\/learning\/today\/his_07_21.php\">http:\/\/earthquake.usgs.gov\/learning\/today\/his_07_21.php<\/a> Earthquakes site{{Citation |authorlink=Gavin Kelly |last=Kelly |first=Gavin |year=2004 |title=Ammianus and the Great Tsunami |journal=The Journal of Roman Studies |volume=94 |issue= |pages=141\u2013167 |doi=10.2307\/4135013 }}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "365/09/28", "description": " Procopius revolts and bribes two legions passing by Constantinople. He proclaims himself Emperor, and takes control of Thrace and Bithynia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "365/11/01", "description": " The Alamanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "366/01/02", "description": " The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, and invade the Gallic provinces. They capture Alsace and a large part of the Swiss Plateau.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "366/01/02", "description": "AprilampampndashMay ampampndash Emperor Valens defeats the troops of Procopius in the Battle of Thyatira, bringing an end to his revo Serenianus and Marcellus are killed. He flees the battlefield, but is executed by Valens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "366/01/02", "description": "Valens builds a pontoon bridge across the Danube and drives the Visigoths farther north, where they will come under pressure from the advancing Huns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "366/01/02", "description": "Winter ampampndash Emperor Valentinian I appoints Jovinus, his Master of the Horse (''Magister Equitum''), general of the army. He defeats the Alamanni in three successive battles and push them out of Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "366/01/02", "description": "The ''Tabula Peutingeriana'', a map showing Roman possessions and roads, is created about this time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "366/01/31", "description": " Athanasius of Alexandria returns from his fifth exile. He spent four months in his ancestral tomb outside Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "366/01/31", "description": "Buddhist monk L\u00e8 Z\u016bn has a vision of ampquotgolden rays of light shining down on 1,000 Buddha'sampquot, resulting in the creation of the Mogao Caves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "366/10/01", "description": " Pope Liberius dies after a 14-year reign and is succeeded by Damasus I as  37th pope. Romans unhappy with this choice  elect the antipope Ursicinus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "367", "description": "Battle of Solicinium: Emperor Valentinian I launches a punitive expedition against the Alamanni due to the crises in Britannia and Gaul. The Alamanni re-cross the Rhine and plunder Moguntiacum (modern Mainz).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "367", "description": "Great Conspiracy: The Roman garrison on Hadrian's Wall revolt and allows Picts from Caledonia to devastate Britain. Simultaneously Attacotti, the  Scotti from Hibernia (Ireland), and the Saxons from Germania invade the island's mid-western and south-eastern borders. They sack the cities and murder, rape or enslave Romano-British civilians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "367", "description": "Eunomius of Cyzicus is banished to Mauretania for harbouring the usurper Procopius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "367/08/04", "description": " Gratian receives the title of ''Augustus'' under his father, Valentinian I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "367/08/04", "description": "Winter ampampndash Valentinian I mobilises a massive army for his campaign against the Alamanni and the Franks. He summons the Italian and Illyrian legions for a spring offensive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "367/08/04", "description": "The first Korean envoy arrives in Japan, emissary of the government of Kudara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "367/08/04", "description": "First Listing of the New Testament (Bible) by St Athanasius of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "367/11/16", "description": " Antipope Ursicinus is banished by the ''praefecti'' to Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "367/11/16", "description": "Epiphanius of Salamis becomes bishop of Salamis, Cyprus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "367/11/16", "description": "Emperor Valens is baptized by Eudoxius of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "368", "description": "Spring ampampndash Emperor Valentinian I and his 8-year-old son Gratian, cross the Rhine with an army into Alamannic territory. He defeats the Alemanni and burns food stores along the border. A temporary peace is signed  with Macrian, king of the Bucinobantes, and Valentinian returns to his capital ''Augusta Treverorum'' (modern Trier).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "368", "description": "Great Conspiracy: Picts, Scotti and Saxons reach Londinium and plunder the city. Theodosius, general (''Comes Britanniarum''), is sent with a relief force to Britannia. He marches from Richborough, Kent, to deal with the invaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "368", "description": "Winter ampampndash The barbarians are driven back to their homelands, the Hadrian's Wall is retaken and order returns to the Roman diocese. Theodosius reorganises the abandoned forts and mounts punitive expeditions in Hibernia (Ireland).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "368", "description": "An earthquake strikes Nicaea (Turkey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "369", "description": "Spring ampampndash Emperor Valens crosses the Danube at Noviodunum (Romania), and attacks the Gothic tribes (Greuthungi and Tervingi). Their king Athanaric is defeated and \u2018forced to flee for his life\u2019. He sues for peace, concluding a treaty with Valens. The treaty includes free trade and an agreement to provide troops for tribute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "369", "description": "Fritigern becomes king of the Visigoths amidst hostilities with his rival Athanaric, he asked Valens and the Thracian field army to intervene. They end the civil war, and Fritigern converts to Christanity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "369", "description": "Count Theodosius brings Britain fully back to the Empire after the Great Conspiracy of 367.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "369", "description": "Persian king Shapur II occupies the pro-Roman kingdom of Armenia. He besieged Artogerassa in modern Georgia, where Papas (Pap), son of king Arsaces II (Arshak II), defends the fortress and the royal treasure against Persian forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "369", "description": "Chinese troops of the Jin Dynasty are defeated by Former Yan of the Xianbei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "369", "description": "Goguryeo invades Baekje.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "369", "description": "Wulfila creates a Gothic alphabet composed of letters based on Greek and Roman letters, as well as some Germanic runes. He converts the Goths to (ampquotArianampquot) Christianity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "370", "description": "The presence of the Saxons in Batavia is noted by Ammianus Marcellinus. They renew their attacks in northern Gaul. After modest success, a truce is signed and emperor Valentinian I orders the Saxons to join the Roman army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "370", "description": "Law of Valentinian I and Valens bans marriages between Romans and barbarians under penalty of death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "370", "description": "An edict issued by Valentinian I and Valens bans the importation of wine and olive oil from areas controlled by the barbarians.ampamp''Imperatores Valentinianus, Valens, Gratianus . Ad barbaricum transferendi vini et olei et liquaminis nullam quisquam habeat facultatem ne gustus quidem causa aut usus commerciorum.  VALENTIN. VALENS ET GRAT. AAA. AD THEODOTUM MAG. MIL.''ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "370", "description": "The Huns migrate east from the Volga into Europe, and subjugate the Alans and the Ostrogoths. With their arrival, a tradition of composite bows is introduced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "370", "description": "Athanaric, Gothic leader of the Tervingi, advanced eastwards and takes up a defensive position along the banks of the Dniester (Romania).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "370", "description": "Former Qin conquers Former Yan in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "370", "description": "Basil the Great becomes bishop of Caesarea (Cappadocia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "370", "description": "Demophilus of Constantinople becomes Patriarch of Constantinople, although his position is disputed by Evagrius of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "370", "description": "John Chrysostom is baptized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "371", "description": "The fortified cities of the Danube, with Sirmium (Pannonia) at the forefront, contribute to stop an invasion of the Quadi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "371", "description": "The neo-Persian Empire attains the zenith of its power under king Shapur II as the Romans renew their war against Persia. Hostillities will continue for the next 5 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "371", "description": "Baekje forces storm the Goguryeo capital in P'yongyang (Korea).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "371", "description": "The Roman poet Ausonius writes of a voyage on the Rhine and the Moselle in his work 'Mosella'.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "371", "description": "Augustine of Hippo, age 17, travels to Carthage to continue his education in rhetoric.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "371", "description": "Martin of Tours becomes bishop of Tours (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "372", "description": "Emperor Valentinian I is engaged in operations against the Alamanni, Quadi and  Sarmatians, while his subordinates are dealing with Firmus,  Roman usurper, in Africa and the Picts in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "372", "description": "The Huns attack the Tervingi on the Dniester, they are overwhelmed by light cavalry (horse archers) and devastate the settlements of the Goths. King Athanaric is defeated and seeks refuge in the Carpathian Mountains (Romania).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "372", "description": "Athanaric starts building new defensive works to protect his people against the Alans and the Huns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "372", "description": "Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin Feidi is dethroned as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He is replaced by his granduncle Sima Yu, who is installed as  Jin Jianwendi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "372/09/12", "description": " Jin Xiaowudi, age 10, succeeds his father Jin Jianwendi. Empress Chu Suanzi serves as regent, but decisions are made by the high officials Xie An and Wang Tanzhi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "372/09/12", "description": "The first diplomatic ties are established between the Korean kingdom of Baekje and the Chinese court of the Jin Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "372/09/12", "description": "The national academy of Chinese learning, called Taehak, is established in the kingdom of Goguryeo (Korea).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "372/09/12", "description": "Gregory of Nyssa becomes bishop.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "372/09/12", "description": "Buddhism is adopted as the official religion of Gorguryeo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "372/09/12", "description": "Saint Augustine adopts Manichaeism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "372/09/12", "description": "Valentinian I bans Manichaean meetings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "373", "description": "Emperor Valens is converted to Arianism and orders the persecution of orthodox Christians in the Roman East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "373", "description": "Quintus Aurelius Symmachus becomes proconsul of Africa, and is made a member of the pontifical college.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "373", "description": "Count Theodosius is appointed commander of a expedition to suppress the rebellion of Firmus in Mauretania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "373", "description": "Valens Aqueduct is inaugurated near Constantinople (modern Istanbul), the aqueduct has a length of 971 meters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "373", "description": "Battle of the Tanais River: The Huns defeat the Alans near the Don, sending the remnants fleeing westward.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "373", "description": "King Shapur II declares war as a result of Valens' support of Armenia. Emperor Valens makes Antioch his military base for the campaign against Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "373", "description": "Saint Martin of Tours undertakes the Christianization of Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "374", "description": "The Quadi cross the Danube and begin ravaging Pannonia. They avoid the fortified cities, and plunder the unprotected countryside.ampref name=ampquotLate Empireampquotamp{{cite book|last=Cameron|first=Averil|last2=Garnsey|first2=Peter|title=The late Empire, A.D. 337\u2013425|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-30200-5|page=85|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=zdoUNivK_hsCampamppg=PA85ampampdq=Quadi+Danube+374ampamphl=enampampsa=Xampampei=86wyT5f-FoOaiQfnh62FBQampampved=0CDUQuwUwAA#v=onepageampampq=Quadi%20Danube%20374ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=zdoUNivK_hsCampamppg=PA85ampampdq=Quadi+Danube+374ampamphl=enampampsa=Xampampei=86wyT5f-FoOaiQfnh62FBQampampved=0CDUQuwUwAA#v=onepageampampq=Quadi%20Danube%20374ampampf=false|edition=2nd}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "374/05/04", "description": " Spearthrower Owl ascends to the throne and becomes ruler of Teotihuacan (Mexico).{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Simon|last2=Grube|first2=Nikolai|title=Chronicle of the Maya kings and queens: deciphering the dynasties of the ancient Maya|year=2008|publisher=Thames amp Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-28726-2|page=31|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?ei=2qcyT-zrEsqaiQf68rnuBAampid=mSIcAQAAIAAJampdq=Spearthrower+Owl+4+May+374ampq=4+May+374#search_anchor|edition=2nd}}\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?ei=2qcyT-zrEsqaiQf68rnuBAampid=mSIcAQAAIAAJampdq=Spearthrower+Owl+4+May+374ampq=4+May+374#search_anchor|edition=2nd}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "374/12/07", "description": " The people of Milan astonish Ambrosius, governor of Aemilia-Liguria, by acclaiming him bishop. He is the second son of the former praetorian prefect of Gaul, and becomes a creative thinker whose ideas will provide the paradigm for medieval church-state relations.{{cite book|last=Guiley|first=Rosemary|title=The encyclopedia of saints|year=2001|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-4134-3|page=14|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=ABkgU0GOBbcCamppg=PA14ampdq=Ambrosius+Milan+7+December+374amphl=enampsa=Xampei=9agyT6nxGM6giQfSu-3iBAampved=0CFYQuwUwBQ#v=onepageampq=Ambrosius%20Milan%207%20December%20374ampf=false}}\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=ABkgU0GOBbcCamppg=PA14ampdq=Ambrosius+Milan+7+December+374amphl=enampsa=Xampei=9agyT6nxGM6giQfSu-3iBAampved=0CFYQuwUwBQ#v=onepageampq=Ambrosius%20Milan%207%20December%20374ampf=false}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "375/11/17", "description": " Emperor Valentinian I concludes an enduring peace with the Alamanni in Germany, then marches into Illyrium to repel an invasion of the Quadi and the Sarmatians on the  Danube frontier. While negotiating with the Quadi, Valentinian, age 54, becomes so enraged that he dies in a fit of apoplexy at Brigetio (Hungary). Extreme cruelty has marked his 11-year reign but has founded schools and provided physicians to serve the poor of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "375/11/17", "description": "The Quadi accept an uneasy peace, Merobaudes (''Magister militum''), gives them land to settle on the Danube.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "375/11/17", "description": "Gratian, age 16, takes over the government at ''Augusta Treverorum'' (modern Trier), but ministers wishing to retain the loyalty of the Illyrian army and fearing a usurper. They proclaim Valentinian's 4-year-old son Valentinian II co-emperor with his mother, Justina, as regent. Gratian reserves for himself the administration of the Gallic provinces, and hands over Italy, Illyrium, Hispania and Africa to his stepmother, who makes ''Mediolanum'' (Milan) her residence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "375/11/17", "description": "Gratian, advised by his chief advisor Ambrosius, begins a systematic presecution of the pagans. He confiscates the fortunes of the temples and adds the money to the Imperial Treasury. He procribes Arianism and Donatism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "375/11/17", "description": "In Africa, the dissident Berber prince Firmus is delivered to the Romans by his brother Gildon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "375/11/17", "description": "Emperor Chandragupta II becomes ruler of the Gupta Empire (India). He is the son of Samudragupta the Great and attaines his reign by an aggressive expansionist policy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "375/11/17", "description": "The earliest extant books \u2013 a school textbook and an account book \u2013 with bound wooden leaves, are lost at the Dakhla Oasis in western Egypt. The desert sands preserve them for modern archaeologists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "375/11/17", "description": "The first two Korean Buddhist temples are built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "375/11/17", "description": "Saint Jerome retires to the desert of Chalcis (Syria).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "375/11/17", "description": "The Maronite Church is founded by Saint Maron in Lebanon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "375/11/17", "description": "The Talmud of Babylon is written by Rav Ashi. This commentary on the Mishnah contains approximately 2.5 million words on 5.894 pages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "376", "description": "Gothic War: Emperor Valens permits the Visigothic chieftain Fritigern and his people to cross the Danube from Thrace (later Romania) and settle on Roman soil in Lower Moesia on condition that they provide soldiers to the legions. The Visigoths embark by troops on boats and rafts, and canoes made from hollowed tree trunks. The river is swollen by frequent rains, a large number tries to swim and are drowned in their struggle against the force of the stream.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "376", "description": "The Greuthungi, led by Alatheus and Saphrax, displaced by the predations of the Huns and Alans, request asylum within the Roman Empire. They are refused. The Roman frontier forces stretched to breaking point, they slip across the Danube and unite with Fritigern. With their situation critical and desperately short of food, discontent is rising amongst the Goths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "376", "description": "The Romans fail to disarm the Visigoths, bungle administration of the refugees, and mistreat them, taking some of their children as slaves. The Goths break out of their containment area along the Danube and strike south towards the low-lying fertile region near Marcianople (Bulgaria). Although defying the local Roman officials, they are not in open revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "376", "description": "Lupicinus, ''Comes'' (Count) of Thrace, tries to bring the Visigoths back under control. He invites Fritigern and the Gothic leaders to a banquet, letting them believe that in addition to food and drink, they can discuss provisions for their people. During the feast Lupicinus tries to assassinate the Gothic delegation. Fritigern escapes and the Goths begin looting and burning the farms and Roman villas near Marcianople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "376", "description": "Lupicinus attacks the Visigoths 9 miles outside Marcianople with hastily gathered local troops. His force (5,000 men) is annihilated and the Goths equip themselves with Roman armour and weapons. Fritigern marches south towards Adrianople (Turkey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "376", "description": "Fearing they will join Fritigern, Roman troops of Gothic origin stationed in Adrianople are ordered by Valens to move east. The soldiers request a two-day delay to prepare and ask for food and money for the journey. However, the chief magistrate of Adrianople refuses and the Goths break out in open rebellion. They inflict heavy casualties among the citizens. Arming themselves with Roman equipment they join forces with Fritigern.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "376", "description": "Winter ampampndash Fritigern attempts an unsuccessful siege of Adrianople. His troops tried to storm the city walls, but abandon the attacks and break into small bands, better able to forage and feed themselves. Roman prisoners switch sides and give the Goths a valuable source of local intelligence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "376", "description": "Zhang Tianxi, ruler of Former Liang, submits to Fu Ji\u0101n of Former Qin, thus ending the state of Former Liang. Zhang is made ampquotMarquess of Guiyiampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "376", "description": "China is divided between the Former Qin in the north and the Eastern Jin in the south.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "377", "description": "Gothic War: Famine in Lower Moesia occupied by the Goths takes a fearsome toll. Fritigern and his followers appeal for help, but the governors Lupicinus and Maximus regard them as second-class citizens. Little help is forthcoming, and thousands starve to death. The pressure on the Roman frontier is still severe with the Taifali and other hostile bands of Goths on the Danube. In addition groups of Huns and Alans have also moved up to the river.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "377", "description": "Emperor Valens requests his nephew Gratian to send Roman troops against the Goths. He responds by sending the ageing general Frigeridus with elite reinforcements that Ammianus calls \u2018Pannonian and Transalpine auxiliaries (''Pannonicis et Transalpinis auxiliis'').\u2019 Gratian sends also Richomeres, his Frankish commander of household troops (''comes domesticorum''), at the head of a number of troops drawn from the Gallic field army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "377", "description": "Battle of the Willows: The Romans abandon the guerrilla strategy and are attacked by the Goths. The battle is indecisive but both sides suffer heavy casualties. The only Roman army available to face the Goths is no longer a fighting force. Richomeres withdraw his troops south of Marcianople (Bulgaria).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "377", "description": "Valens sends Saturninus (''Master of the horse'') to the Balkan Mountains to block the passes. These efforts are possibly supported by units of ''limitanei'' (light infantry) withdrawn from areas under Goth control. Split into small bands and unable to join the Tervingi in sufficient strength to overcome the Roman cordon the Goths grow increasingly desperate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "377", "description": "The Goths (possibly Greuthungi) make an alliance with some of the Huns and Alans along the Danube, and entice them across the river. With the balance of power now shifted Saturninus concentrates his forces to avoid his outposts being overrun. This opens the passes allowing the Goths, Huns and Alans to break out into the lowlands of southern Thrace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "377", "description": "Autumn ampampndash Bands of predatory ampquotbarbariansampquot spread throughout the province in search of food, supplies and booty. Most Roman troops are bottled up in the towns. Some elite units remain in the field and skirmish with the Goths. One such action takes place outside the town of Dibaltum. The Scutarii heavy cavalry is destroyed in a mad charge against the Goths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "377", "description": "The Goths, now seeking a military victory to force the Empire to make terms, aim to dislodge the army of Frigeridus from Beroea. He withdraws over the Succi (Ihtiman) Pass back to Illyrium and reports to Gratian that a expedition by the main imperial armies is required to repulse the Goths in Thrace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "377", "description": "Valens concludes a peace with the Persian Empire and leaves enough troops to defend the eastern frontier. The Saracens  under queen Mavia revolt and devastate a swath of territory stretching from Phoenicia and Palestine as far as the Sinai (Egypt). Valens successfully brings the uprising under control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "377", "description": "Gratian declares heretics to be enemies of the Roman Catholic Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "377", "description": "Persian king Shapur II pushes the Huns back across the Caucasus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "377", "description": "Chinese painter Gu Kaizhi paints his work, ''ampquotThe Nymph of the Luo Riverampquot''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378", "description": "Spring ampampndash Emperor Valens returns to Constantinople and mobilises an army (40,000 men). He appoints Sebastian, newly arrived from Italy, as ''magister militum'' to reorganize the Roman armies in Thrace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378", "description": "February ampampndash The Lentienses (part of the Alamanni) cross the frozen Rhine and raid the countryside. They are driven back by Roman ''auxilia palatina'' (Celtae and Petulantes), who defend the western frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378", "description": "May ampampndash Battle of Argentovaria: Emperor Gratian is forced to recall his army he has sent East. The Lentienses are defeated by Mallobaudes near Colmar (France). Gratian gains the title ''Alemannicus Maximus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378", "description": "Gothic War: Valens sends Sebastian with a body of picked troops (2,000 men) to Thrace and renews the guerilla war against the Goths. He chase down small groups of Gothic raiders around Adrianople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378", "description": "Fritigern concentrates his army at Cabyle (Bulgaria). The Goths are mainly centred in the river valleys south of the Balkan Mountains, around the towns of Beroea, Cabyle and Dibaltum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378", "description": "July ampampndash Frigeridus, Roman general, fortifies the Succi (Ihtiman) Pass to prevent the ampquotbarbariansampquot breaking out to the north-west (Pannonia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378", "description": "Gratian sets out from Lauriacum (Austria) with a body of light armed troops. His force is small enough to travel by boat down the Danube. He halts for four days at Sirmium (Serbia) suffering from fever.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378", "description": "August ampampndash Gratian continues down the Danube to the ampquotCamp of Marsampquot (frontier fortress near modern Ni\u0161) where he loses several men in an ambush by a band of Alans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378", "description": "Fritigern strikes south from Cabyle, following the Tundzha River towards Adrianople and tries to get behind the supply lines to Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378", "description": "Roman reconnaissance detects the Goths. Valens already west of Adrianople, returns back and established a fortified camp outside the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378", "description": "The Goths with their wagons and families vulnerable to attack, withdraw back to the north. Roman scouts fail to detect the Greuthungi cavalry foraging further up the Tundzha valley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378", "description": "Fritigern sends a Christian priest to the Roman camp with an offer of terms and a letter for Valens. The peace overtures are rejected.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378/08/09", "description": " Battle of Adrianople: A large Roman army is defeated by the Visigoths. Valens is killed along with two-thirds of his army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378/08/09", "description": "The Goths attack Adrianople they attempt to scale the city walls with ladders but are repelled by the defenders who drop lumps of masonry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378/08/09", "description": "The Goths supported by the Huns move on to Constantinople. Their progress is checked by the Saracens, recruited from Arab tribes who control the eastern fringes of the empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378/08/09", "description": "October ampampndash The Greuthungi, faced with food shortages, split off and move west into Pannonia. Followed by their families they raid villages and farmland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378/08/09", "description": "Gratian recalls his military commander Flavius Theodosius, age 31, son of the executed general Theodosius the Elder and appoints him co-emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378/08/09", "description": "Siyah K'ak' begins to replace Mayan kings with relatives of Spearthrower Owl, emperor of Teotihuacan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mesoamerica", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378/08/09", "description": "Valens completes the aqueduct of Constantinople begun by Constantine I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Architecture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378/08/09", "description": "Gregory Nazianzus is ordained bishop of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "378/08/09", "description": "Pope Damasus I is accused of adultery but is exonerated by Gratian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "379/01/19", "description": " Emperor Gratian elevates Flavius Theodosius at Sirmium, giving him the title ''Augustus'' with power over all the eastern provinces. Theodosius comes to terms with the Visigoths and settles them in the Balkans as military allies (''foederati'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "379/01/19", "description": "Gratian refuses the title of Eastern Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "379/01/19", "description": "Gratian renounces the title ''Pontifex Maximus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "379/01/19", "description": "Britain is forced to endure fierce Barbarian raids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "379/01/19", "description": "Niall becomes High King of Ireland. ampampAnnals of the Four Masters <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ucc.ie\/celt\/published\/T100005A\/index.html\">http:\/\/www.ucc.ie\/celt\/published\/T100005A\/index.html<\/a> Annals of the Four Mastersampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "379/01/19", "description": "King Shapur II, ruler of the Persian Empire, age 70, dies after a 69-year reign in which he conquered Armenia and transferred multitudes of people from the western lands to Susiana (Khuzistan). The great town Nishapur in Khorasan (eastern Parthia) is also founded by him. His brother Ardashir II, governor-king of Adiabene, is placed by the nobles on the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "379/01/19", "description": "Buddhism is declared to be a state religion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "379/01/19", "description": "The War of the Feishui is fought in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "379/09/13", "description": " Yax Nuun Ayiin (I) becomes ruler of Tikal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mesoamerica", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "379/09/13", "description": "Gregory Nazianzus becomes Patriarch of Constantinople, and is wounded when he is attacked by a mob of heretics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "379/09/13", "description": "John Chrysostom writes a book on the Christian education of children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "380", "description": "January or February ampampndash Emperor Theodosius I is baptized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "380/02/27", "description": " Edict of Thessalonica: Theodosius I, with co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II, declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to trinitarian Christianity, in accordance with the patriarchs of Rome and Alexandria, implicitly rejecting the Arianism of the patriarch of Constantinople as heretical.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "380/02/27", "description": "Battle of Thessalonica: The Goths under Fritigern defeat a Roman army in Macedonia. Theodosius I retreats to Thessalonica and leaves Gratian control over the Western Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "380/02/27", "description": "Rome's enemies the Germans, Sarmatians and Huns are taken into Imperial service as a consequence, barbarian leaders begin to play an increasingly active role in the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "380/11/24", "description": " Theodosius I makes his ''adventus'', or formal entry, into Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "380/11/24", "description": "Queen Mavia defeat with her Saracen forces the Roman army in southern Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "380/11/24", "description": "Invasion of the Vandals: Gratian is forced to cede Upper Pannonia to them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "380/11/24", "description": "The Rock of Cashel is built in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "380/11/24", "description": "The Visigothic chieftain Fritigern dies after ravaging the Balkans his rival Athanaric becomes king of the entire Gothic nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "380/11/24", "description": "The annexation of western provinces by Chandragupta II give him control over commerce with Europe and Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "380/11/24", "description": "Easter Island, in the south Pacific Ocean, has been occupied by Neolithic seafarers under Hotu Matua (ampquotsupreme chiefampquot) who about this time begin the fortify the island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Pacific", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "380/11/24", "description": "Important works on mathematics and astronomy are written in Sanskrit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "380/11/24", "description": "Tyconius writes a commentary on the Bible's Book of Revelation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "380/11/24", "description": "A cathedral is built in Trier (Germany).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "380/11/24", "description": "The Council of Saragossa is held Spanish and Aquitanian bishops condemn the teachings of Priscillianism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "380/11/24", "description": "Ambrose introduces popular music into church services.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "381", "description": "Emperor Gratian moves the capital to ''Mediolanum'' (modern Milan). Because of his Christian beliefs, he eliminates ''Pontifex Maximus'' as Imperial title. Gratian also refuses the robe of office. Insulting the pagan aristocrats of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "381", "description": "The Gallic city of Cularo is renamed Gratianopolis (later Grenoble). In honor of Gratian to have created a Bishopric.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "381", "description": "The Visigothic chieftain Athanaric becomes the first foreign king to visit the East Roman capital of Constantinople. He negotiates a peace treaty with emperor Theodosius I that makes his people ''foederati'' in a state within a state. Athanaric dies 2 weeks later after an 18-year reign in which he has been undisputed king of all the Goths for just 1 year. The peace will continue until Theodosius's death in 395.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "381", "description": "The Scirii ally themselves with the Huns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "381", "description": "First Council of Constantinople (some authorities date this council to 383): Theodosius I calls a general council to affirm and extend the Nicene creed, and denounce Arianism and Apollinarism.  Most trinitarian Christian churches consider this an Ecumenical council.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "381", "description": "Council of Aquileia: Ambrose and the council depose the Arian bishops Palladius of Ratiaria and Secundianus of Singidunum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "381", "description": "Flavian succeeds Meletius as Patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "381", "description": "Timothy succeeds Peter as Patriarch of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "381", "description": "Nectarius succeeds Gregory Nazianzus as Archbishop of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "381", "description": "John Chrysostom becomes a deacon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "382/10/03", "description": " Emperor Theodosius I commands his general Saturninus to conclude a peace treaty with the Visigoths, allowing them to settle south of the Danube. They are installed as ''foederati'' in Moesia and Thrace with the title of quotAllies of the Roman Peoplequot, in exchange that they furnish a contingent of auxiliary troops to defend the borders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "382/10/03", "description": "Emperor Gratian refuse the divine attributes of the Imperial cult and removes the Altar of Victory from the Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "382/10/03", "description": "The Council of Rome establishes Biblical canon in the Catholic Church. Pope Damasus I commissions a revision of the Vetus Latina, eventually resulting in the Vulgate of Jerome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "382/10/03", "description": "The same council adopts Trinitarianism as orthodoxy, condemning Apollinarism. Theodosius I orders the death of members of Manichaean monks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "382/10/03", "description": "The first sermons declaring the virginity of Mary are given by John Chrysostom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "383", "description": "Niall of the Nine Hostages becomes the first High King of Irelandampamp''Illustrated Dictionary of Irish History.'' Mac Annaidh, S (ed). Gill and Macmillan, Dublin. 2001ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "383", "description": "Hadrian's Wall, the northern Roman frontier in Britain, is overrun by the Picts and falls into ruin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "383/01/19", "description": " Arcadius is elevated to Emperor.ref name=quotisbn1-57958-316-4quot{{cite book |author=David L. Vagi |authorlink= |editor= |others= |title=Coinage and History of the Roman Empire |edition= |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |location=Chicago, Ill |year=2001 |pages= 590|isbn=1-57958-316-4 |oclc= |doi= |url= <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=WzOGycVVQLECamppg=PA590ampdq=Arcadius+january+19,+383|accessdate=}}\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=WzOGycVVQLECamppg=PA590ampdq=Arcadius+january+19,+383|accessdate=}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "383/01/19", "description": "Roman troops in Britain proclaim Magnus Maximus Emperor. He crosses over to the continent and makes Trier his capital.ampref name=ampquotisbn0-85991-625-1ampquotamp{{cite book |author=Harbus, A. |authorlink= |editor= |others= |title=Helena of Britain in medieval legend |edition= |publisher=D.S. Brewer |location=Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK |year=2002 |pages= 55|isbn=0-85991-625-1 |oclc= |doi= |url= <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=6uK4VHOYVHECampamppg=PA55ampampdq=383+%22Magnus+Maximus%22|accessdate=}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=6uK4VHOYVHECampamppg=PA55ampampdq=383+%22Magnus+Maximus%22|accessdate=}}ampamp<\/a> Gaul, the Italian provinces and Hispania proclaim loyalty to him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "383/08/25", "description": " Emperor Gratian, age 24, is assassinated at Lugdunum (modern Lyon), leaving a young widow Laeta. Pannonia and Africa maintain their allegiance to co-emperor Valentinian II, now 12, whose mother, Justina, rules in his name.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "383/08/25", "description": "Emperor Theodosius I cedes Dacia and Macedonia to Valentinian II. They recognize Magnus Maximus as ''Augustus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "383/08/25", "description": "Theodosius I sends Flavius Stilicho as an envoy to the Persian court of king Shapur III at Ctesiphon to negotiate a peace settlement relating to the partition of Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "383/08/25", "description": "Battle of Feishuiampref name=ampquotisbn076560504xampquotamp{{cite book |author=Peterson, Barbara |authorlink= |editor= |others= |title=Notable women of China: Shang dynasty to the early twentieth century |edition= |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |location=Armonk, N.Y |year=2000 |pages= 148|isbn=0-7656-0504-X |oclc= |doi= |url= <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=KLNrqn4WLZYCampamppg=PA148ampampdq=%22Battle+of+Feishui%22+383|accessdate=}}ampamp:\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=KLNrqn4WLZYCampamppg=PA148ampampdq=%22Battle+of+Feishui%22+383|accessdate=}}ampamp:<\/a> The Jin Dynasty defeats the Former Qin dynasty in Anhui.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "383/08/25", "description": "King Ardashir II dies after a 4-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Shapur III.ampref name=ampquotisbn0-415-32678-8ampquotamp{{cite book |author=Percy Molesworth Sykes |authorlink= |editor= |others= |title=A History of Persia |edition= |publisher=Routledge\/Curzon |location=London |year=2003 |pages= 427|isbn=0-415-32678-8 |oclc= |doi= |url= <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=KFji0kSxqNMCampamppg=PA427ampampdq=%22Shapur+III%22+383|accessdate=}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=KFji0kSxqNMCampamppg=PA427ampampdq=%22Shapur+III%22+383|accessdate=}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "383/08/25", "description": "First Council of Constantinople (some authorities date this council to 381): Theodosius I calls a general council to affirm and extend the Nicene creed, and denounce Arianism and Apollinarism.  Most trinitarian Christian churches consider this an Ecumenical council.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "383/08/25", "description": "Eunomius of Cyzicus is banished to Moesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "384", "description": "Magnus Maximus elevates his son Flavius Victor to the rank of ''Augustus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "384", "description": "Magnus Maximus returns to Britain to aid them with the Barbarians raids triggered by Maximus' withdrawal of troops to the continent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "384", "description": "The Forum of Theodosius (ampquotForum of the Bullampquot) is built in Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "384", "description": "Quintus Aurelius Symmachus becomes urban prefect of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "384", "description": "An edict of Theodosius I closes pagan temples in the Nile Valley (Egypt).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "384", "description": "Flavius Stilicho marries Serena, adopted niece of Theodosius I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "384", "description": "King Shapur III signs a treaty with Theodosius I. Armenia is divided in two kingdoms, and becomes a vassal state of the Roman Empire and Persia. The friendly relations survive for 36 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "384", "description": "King Chimnyu ascends to the throne of Baekje (Korea), he welcomes the Indian Buddhist monk Marananta into his palace, and declares later Buddhism the official religion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "384", "description": "The Battle of Fei River - Former Qin forces are defeated by the numerically inferior Eastern Jin army, preserving the Jin state in the south and precipitating the destruction of Former Qin in the north.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "384", "description": "Jerome, Christian prophet, writes his celebrated  letter ''ampquotDe custodia virginitatisampquot'' (vow of virginity) to Eustochium, daughter of the ascetic Paula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "384/12/17", "description": " Pope Siricius succeeds Damasus I as the 38th pope. He takes the title ''Pontifex Maximus'', after it is relinquished by late emperor Gratian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "384/12/17", "description": "Ambrosius refuses the request of empress Justina for a church in Milan, where she can worship according to her Arian belief.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "384/12/17", "description": "A synod is held in Bordeaux (France).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "385", "description": "The Roman synod exiles the prophet Jerome, who has incorporated ideas first propounded by the Roman statesman Cicero. He departs for Egypt, Bethlehem, and Jerusalem, accompanied by the Christian ascetic Paula, who will edit Jerome's translation of the Bible, which become the Latin Vulgate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "385", "description": "Jinsa of Baekje becomes the 16th king of the ancient Korean kingdom of Baekje.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "385", "description": "Copper extraction and casting begins in the mines of Kansanshi in southernmost Africa, at the border of Zaire and Zambia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "385", "description": "Ammianus Marcellinus begins writing a history, in the style of Tacitus, covering the years 96\u2013378.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and Sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "385", "description": "The Serapeum in Alexandria is destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "385", "description": "Theophilus becomes Patriarch of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "385", "description": "Pope Siricius issues a decretal, proclaiming the primacy of Rome and the priestly obligation of celibacy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "385", "description": "Priscillian, Spanish bishop, is accused of Manichaeism and magic, and at Trier beheaded. He becomes the first person in the history of Christianity to be executed for heresy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "385", "description": "Aurelios Zopyros becomes the last reported athlete at the Ancient Olympic Games. He is victor in ampquotjunior boxingampquot (pankration).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Sport in the Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "386", "description": "Emperor Theodosius I signs a peace treaty with king Shapur III, they divide Armenia in two kingdoms (vassal states). The treaty established friendly relations between the Roman Empire and Persia for 36 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "386", "description": "The Greuthungi cross the Danube to raid the Roman garrisons on the northern frontier. They are met midstream by a well-armed fleet, and their rafts and dugouts sink. Those not drowned are slaughtered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "386", "description": "Magnus Maximus invades Italy, he destroys Novara for supporting his rival Valentinian II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "386", "description": "Theodosius I begins to rebuild the present-day Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "386", "description": "A column is constructed at Constantinople in honour of Theodosius I. Reliefs depict the emperor's victory over the ampquotbarbariansampquot in the Balkan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "386", "description": "The Northern Wei Dynasty begins in China. The Tuoba clan of the Xianbei tribe (proto-Mongol people) is politically separated from the Chinese dynasties established in Jiankang (modern Nanjing). The Northern Wei rulers are ardent supporters of Buddhism.  Prince Dao Wu Di, age 15, becomes the first emperor (see Northern dynasties).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "386", "description": "Saint Ambrose defends the rights of the Catholic Church with respect to those of the State. Theodosius I is converted to Christianity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "386", "description": "John Chrysostom becomes a presbyter he also writes eight ''Homilies''  entitled ''ampquotAdversus Iudaeosampquot'' (ampquotAgainst the Jewsampquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "386", "description": "Augustine converts to Christianity. He ends his marriage plans after hearing a sermon on the life of Saint Anthony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "386", "description": "The fight in the Roman Empire against anti-pagan laws becomes increasingly futile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "387", "description": "Spring ampampndash Emperor Theodosius I increases the taxes in Antioch. A peasant uprising starts a riot and sets fire to public buildings. Theodosius sends imperial troops to quell the disturbance, and closes the public baths and theatres.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "387", "description": "Magnus Maximus, usurping emperor of the West, invades Italy. Emperor Valentinian II, age 16, is forced out of Rome. He flees with his mother Justina and sisters to Thessaloniki (Thrace).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "387", "description": "Winter ampampndash The widowed emperor Theodosius I takes Valentinian II in protection and marries his sister Flavia Galla.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "387", "description": "Peace of Acilisene: King Shapur III signs a treaty with Theodosius I. Armenia is divided in two kingdoms, and becomes a vassal state of the Roman Empire and Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "387", "description": "Oribase, Greek doctor, publishes a treatise on paralysis and bleedings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "387", "description": "Augustine is baptized on Easter Vigil by Saint Ambrose, Bishop of Milan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "388", "description": "Battle of the Save: Emperor Theodosius I defeats Magnus Maximus near Emona (modern Slovenia). Theodosius is in command of an army including Goths, Huns and Alans. Valentinian II, now 17, is restored as Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "388/08/28", "description": " Magnus Maximus surrenders at Aquileia and is executed. Theodosius I devotes himself to gluttony and voluptuous living. Maximus' son Flavius Victor is executed at Trier by Valentinian's ''magister militum'' Arbogast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "388/08/28", "description": "King Shapur III dies after a reign in which he has partitioned Armenia with the Roman Empire. He is succeeded by his son Bahram IV, who becomes the twelfth Sassanid king of Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "388/08/28", "description": "Emperor Chandragupta II, ruler of the Gupta Empire, begins a war against the Shaka Dynasty in West India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "388/08/28", "description": "Paternus becomes bishop of the Episcopal see of Braga (Portugal).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "388/08/28", "description": "Isaac, age 50, is named ''Catholicos'' (spiritual head) of the Armenian Apostolic Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "388/08/28", "description": "Jerome moves to Palestine, where he spend the rest of his life as a hermit near Bethlehem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "388/08/28", "description": "A group of Christians storms the synagogue of the city Callinicum (Syria), at the Euphrates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "389", "description": "All pagan buildings in Alexandria, including the library, are destroyed by fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "390", "description": "April ampampndash Massacre of Thessalonica: Resentment among the citizens of Thessalonica (Thrace), after the arrest of a popular charioteer, breaks out into violence. Butheric, military commander of Illyricum, is murdered. Emperor Theodosius I  orders vengeance, despite the pleas of Ambrose, bishop of Milan, for mercy, and more than 7,000 inhabitants are massacred by the Roman army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "390", "description": "Ambrose retires to Milan (residence of Theodosius I) and refusing to celebrate a mass in the emperor's presence, until he repents for ordering the massacre in Thessalonica. Theodosius filled with remorse, kneels in humility and strips of his royal purple, before the altar of the cathedral in Milan, humbling himself before the Christian church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "390", "description": "The Visigoths and Huns, led by Alaric, invade Thrace. Stilicho, high-ranking general (''magister militum'') of Vandal origin, raises an army and begins a campaign against the Goths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "390", "description": "Theodosius I brings an obelisk from Egypt to the Hippodrome of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "390", "description": "Rudrasena II becomes emperor of Vakataka in the Deccan Plateau (India). In the same year he marries Prabhavatigupta, daughter of the Gupta king Chandragupta II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "390", "description": "C. 390ampampndash401 ampampndash Priestess of Bacchus: Late Antiquity ivory diptych, documents the relationship of the senators Quintus Aurelius Symmachus and Virius Nicomachus Flavianus. It commemorates the marriage of the two families. The right panel is inscribed ampquotSymmachorumampquot, with a elaborately dressed priestess who  makes an offer on an altar. It is now kept at Victoria and Albert Museum in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "390", "description": "Jerome, having finished the Latin translation of the New Testament, begins translating the Old Testament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "390", "description": "The Kama Sutra is revised by Vatsyayana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "391", "description": "Emperor Theodosius I establishes Christianity as the official state religion. All non-Christian temples in the Roman Empire are closed. The eternal fire in the Temple of Vesta at the Roman Forum is extinguished, and the Vestal Virgins are disbanded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "391", "description": "Quintus Aurelius Symmachus, ''urban prefect'' of Rome, pleads for traditional cult practices. He petitions Theodosius I to re-open the pagan temples, but is opposed by Ambrose.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "391", "description": "A Rouran chief named Heduohan (\u66f7\u591a\u6c57) is defeated and killed in battle against the Toba Northern Wei Dynasty. Surviving Rouran move west towards the Gaoche, led by Heduohan's son and successor, Shelun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "391", "description": "King Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (Korea) ascends to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "391", "description": "Flames destroy the great Library of Alexandria, established in the Mouseion in the fourth century BCE. Among the items lost in the fire are works of science, including parchments by the Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos asserting that the Earth orbits the Sun, and dozens of dramatic works by Euripides and Sophocles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "391", "description": "Patriarch Theophilus destroys all pagan tempels in Alexandria under orders from Theodosius I. Christians go on an iconoclastic rampage, smashing religious symbols or monuments through the city and destroying the Temple of Serapis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "392", "description": "Stilicho, Roman general (''magister militum''), defeat the Visigoths and Huns in Thrace. Emperor Theodosius I permits Alaric to go free on condition he provides,  as ''foederati'', military services to the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "392/05/15", "description": " Emperor Valentinian II, age 21, is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbogast. He is found hanging in his residence at Vienne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "392/08/22", "description": " Arbogast nominates Eugenius, Roman teacher of rhetoric, as the next emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He send ambassadors to Theodosius's court, asking for his recognition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "392/08/22", "description": "Theodosius I becomes the last emperor who rules the whole Roman Empire. He issues an edict reinforcing the prohibition of prayers or sacrifices at non-Christian temples. He also bans items of spiritual significance that could be used in the home such as incense or spiritual figures.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "393/01/23", "description": " Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his son Honorius, age 8, co-ruler (''Augustus'') of the Western Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "393/01/23", "description": "Theodosius I demands the destruction of pagan temples, holy sites, and ancient objects throughout the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "393/01/23", "description": "Theodosius I abolishes the Greek Olympic Games, ending a thousand years of festivals, as part of the general Christian policy to establish universal Christian worship in accordance with the doctrines set forth in the Nicene Creed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "393/01/23", "description": "Gao Zu succeeds Tai Zu as emperor of the Later Qin Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "393/01/23", "description": "Chinese astronomers observe the guest star SN 393.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "393/01/23", "description": "Synod of Hippo: A council at Hippo Regius (Algeria) is hosted by the Christian Church. The bishops approve a canon of Sacred Scripture that correspond to the Roman Catholic Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "394/09/06", "description": " Battle of the Frigidus: Emperor Theodosius I defeats and kills the usurper Eugenius. The forces of Theodosius are bolstered by numerous auxiliaries including 20,000 Visigoth federates under Alaric. The Frankish general Arbogast (''magister militum'') escapes into the Alps and commits suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "394/09/06", "description": "Late Roman army: The ''Notitia Dignitatum'' shows the development of forces in the Roman Empire. By now 200,000 soldiers guard the borders, and a reserve force of 50,000 is available for deployment. Many non-Roman soldiers are from Germanic tribes: Alamanni, Franks, Goths, Saxons and Vandals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "394/09/06", "description": "Winter ampampndash The Huns cross the frozen Danube and destroy the villages build by the Goths. Theodosius I, six hundred miles away in Italy, send no reinforcements to defend the northern frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "394/09/06", "description": "In Rome the sacred fire stops burning (see Vesta and Vestal Virgins).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "394/09/06", "description": "The last known hieroglyph is written in Philae, Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "394/09/06", "description": "The last ruler of Former Qin, Fu Chong is killed in battle against an army of Western Qin, bringing Former Qin to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "394/09/06", "description": "Epiphanius of Salamis attacks Origen's followers and urged John II, Bishop of Jerusalem, to condemn his writings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "394/09/06", "description": "The Council of Baga\u00ef in Africa brings 310 Donatist bishops together.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "395/01/17", "description": " Emperor Theodosius I, age 48, dies after a disease involving severe edema, at Milan. The Roman Empire is re-divided into an eastern and a western half. The Eastern Roman Empire is centered in Constantinople under Arcadius, son of Theodosius, and the Western Roman Empire in Mediolanum under Honorius, his brother.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "395/04/27", "description": " Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. His 3-year-old half-sister, Galla Placidia, is send to Rome where she spent her childhood in the household of Stilicho and his wife Serena.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "395/04/27", "description": "Alaric, Visigothic leader of the ''foederati'', renounces Roman fealty and is declared king, waging war against both parts of the Roman Empire, and ending a 16-year period of peace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "395/04/27", "description": "The Goths, led by Alaric I, invade and devastate Thrace and Macedonia, impose a tribute on Athens, and then turn their sights on the West. Arcadius unable to defeat them, gives Alaric control of the Balkans, and grant him the position of ''magister militum'' in Illyricum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "395/11/27", "description": " Rufinus, praetorian prefect of the East, is murdered by Gothic mercenaries under Gainas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "395/11/27", "description": "The Huns begin their first large-scale attack on the Eastern Roman Empire. They invade Armenia, Cappadocia, and enter parts of Syria, threatening Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "395/11/27", "description": "King Rudrasimha III, ruler of the Western Satraps (India), is defeated by the Gupta Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "395/11/27", "description": "An estimated 330,000 acres of farmland lie abandoned in Campania (southern Italy), partly as a consequence of malaria from mosquitoes bred in swampy areas, but mostly because imprudent agriculture has ruined the land.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Agriculture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "395/11/27", "description": "Possible date that Ambrosius Theodosius Macrobius published his ''Saturnalia''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and Sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "395/11/27", "description": "Augustine, age 40, becomes bishop of Hippo Regius (modern Algeria). His assignment is the reunification of the Roman Catholic Church in Africa, primarily focusing on the Donatist movement led by Primianus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "396", "description": "Stilicho, Roman general (''magister militum''), controls the young emperor Honorius as his regent and becomes the actual ruler of the Western Roman Empire. He enlists the Alemanni and the Franks to defend the Rhine frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "396", "description": "The Visigoths, led by Alaric I, rampage through Greece and plunder Corinth, Argos and Sparta. They destroy the Temple of Eleusis and harry the Peloponnese. Stilicho makes peace with the Goths, and allows them to settle in Epirus (Balkans).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "396", "description": "The Gothic leaders \u2013 the Ostrogoth, Tribigild, and Gainas, a former Visigothic general of the Roman army \u2013 are terrorising Asia Minor and the region around Constantinople and force emperor Arcadius to pardon them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "396", "description": "The Huns occupy the Walachian Plain (modern Romania).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "396", "description": "Emperor Jin Andi, age 14, succeeds his father Jin Xiaowudi as ruler of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. After he is murdered by his concubine consort Zhang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "397", "description": "Stilicho drives the Visigoths out of Greece and Macedonia. King Alaric I escapes to Epirus in the Balkans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "397", "description": "Ambrosius dies at Milan after a 23-year reign in which he dominated the political life of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "397", "description": "The Xiongnu occupy the Gansu area, the economically important province is situated along the Silk Road.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "397", "description": "Council of Carthage: The biblical canon is definitely declared.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "397", "description": "Mor Gabriel Monastery is founded and located on the Tur Abdin plateau near Midyat (Turkey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "397/09/07", "description": " First Council of Toledo: Hispanic bishops, including Lampius, condemn Priscillianism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "397/09/07", "description": "Sulpicius Severus writes the earliest biography of Martin of Tours, the first known ampquotlife of a saintampquot ever written.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "397/09/07", "description": "Augustine of Hippo begins his ''ampquotConfessionsampquot'', an autobiograpy that recounts his intellectual and spiritual development.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "397/09/07", "description": "Ninian, Scottish apostle, establishes a church (''Candida Casa'') at Whithorn, and begins his missionary work among the Picts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "398", "description": "Gildonic Revolt: Gildo, Moorish prince, revolts against Roman rule in Mauretania, taking much of North Africa and cutting off the corn supply to Rome. Flavius Stilicho returns to Italy to raise troops against the rebels. After a short campaign in the desert, he defeats Gildo who flees and commits suicide by hanging.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "398", "description": "Eutropius, Roman general (''magister militum''), celebrates his victory over the Huns (ampquotthe wolves of the Northampquot) in a parade through Constantinople (see 395).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "398", "description": "An imperial edict obliges Roman landowners with plantations to yield 1\/3 of their fields to the ampquotbarbariansampquot who have been settled in the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "398", "description": "Emperor Honorius marries Stilicho's daughter Maria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "398", "description": "Possible date for the Second Pictish War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "398", "description": "John Chrysostom becomes archbishop of Constantinople. He receives a delegation of clergymen who want to close the pagan temples at Gaza (Palestine) where worshipers are openly defying the law. John works through the eunuch Eutropius, who has great power over emperor Arcadius, and within a week an imperial Constitution is issued closing the temples, but the official appointed to execute this order is bribed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "399", "description": "Emperor Honorius closed at Rome the Gladiatorial schools and legally ends ''munera'' (Gladiator games).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "399", "description": "Flavius Mallius Theodorus becomes Roman consul and official at the imperial court of emperor Arcadius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "399", "description": "Gainas, a Gothic leader, is made ''magister militum'' and forms an alliance with deserters of Tribigild along the Bosphorus. He proclaims himself co-regent (usurper) and install his forces in Constantinople. Gainas depose anti-Gothic officials and has Eutropius, imperial advisor (''cubicularius''), executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "399", "description": "King Bahram IV dies after an 11-year reign. He is succeeded by Yazdegerd I, who becomes the thirteenth Sassanid king of Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "399", "description": "Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, travels to India, Sri Lanka and Kapilavastu (modern Nepal).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "399/11/26", "description": " Pope Siricius dies at Rome after a 15-year reign in which he has commanded celibacy for priests, asserted papal authority over the entire Western Church, and threatened to impose sanctions who do not follow his dictates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "399/11/26", "description": "Anastasius I succeeds Siricius as the 39th pope. He seeks to reconcile the churches of Rome and Antioch. Anastasius also condemns the doctrine of Origen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "399/11/26", "description": "Flavian I is acknowledged as legitimate bishop of Antioch by the Church of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "400/01/09", "description": " Emperor Arcadius gives his wife Aelia Eudoxia officially the title of ''Augusta''. She is able to wear the purple paludamentum and is depicted in Roman currency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "400/01/09", "description": "Anthemius, praetorian prefect of the East, is sent on an embassy to the Persian capital, Ctesiphon, to congratulate king Yazdegerd I on his accession the year before.ampampThe End of Empire (p. 76). Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "400/01/09", "description": "A riot breaks out in Constantinople, the Great Palace is burned to the ground. Gainas, an ambitious Gothic leader, attempts to evacuate his soldiers out of the city but 7,000 armed Goths are trapped and killed by order of Arcadius. After the massacre, Gainas tries to escape across the Hellespont, but his rag-tag ''ad hoc'' fleet is destroyed by Fravitta, a Gothic chieftain in imperial service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "400/01/09", "description": "Winter ampampndash Gainas lead the remaining Goths back to their homeland across the Danube. They meet the Huns and are defeated, the Hunnic chieftain Uldin send the head of Gainas to Constantinople where Arcadius received it as a diplomatic gift.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "400/01/09", "description": "The Franks establish themselves in the North of the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "400/01/09", "description": "The Paeonians (Illyricum) lose their identity (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "400/01/09", "description": "The Vandals start their westward trek from Dacia and Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "400/01/09", "description": "Construction at Great Zimbabwe begins (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "400/01/09", "description": "Chrysanthemums are introduced to Japan (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "400/01/09", "description": "Richu, the eldest son of Nintoku, becomes the 17th emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "400/01/09", "description": "Resurrection and ampquotTwo Marys with Angel near the Empty Tombampquot, panel of a diptych, found in Rome, is made. It is now kept at Castello Sforzesco, Milan (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "400/01/09", "description": "The Vergilius Vaticanus, an illuminated manuscript, containing fragments of Virgil's  ''Aeneid'' and ''Georgics'' is made in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "400/01/09", "description": "Caelius Aurelianus, Roman physician, is practising his work ''ampquotDe morbis acutis et chronicisampquot'' (''Concerning Acute and Chronic Illness''), a guide to acute and chronic diseases.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Medicine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "400/01/09", "description": "Hypatia, Greek philosoper, distinguishes herself as one of the first women scientists, and becoming head of the Neo-Platonist school at Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Physics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "400/01/09", "description": "The mausoleum of Galerius in Salonica (Greece) is converted into a church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "400/01/09", "description": "Bishops from Gaza (Palestine) arrive at Constantinople to ask Arcadius that he close the pagan temple at Marneum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "401", "description": "Emperor Arcadius sends many gifts to the Hunnish chieftain Uldin in appreciation of his victory over the Goths and Gainas. Arcadius then allies himself with the Huns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "401", "description": "Piracy by slavetraders from Galatia (Turkey), along the coasts of Africa. The old Legio II Adiutrix, part of which had always been stationed at Aquincum (modern Budapest), is divided into two ''comitatenses'' and shipped to Britannia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "401", "description": "Stilicho, Roman general (''magister militum''), leads his army in an extensive campaign against the Vandals in Rhaetia (Switzerland).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "401/11/18", "description": " The Visigoths, led by king Alaric I, cross the Alps and invade northern Italy. Emperor Honorius moves his capital to the coastal city of Ravenna, which is protected by marshes and strong fortifications. Stilicho begins the process of reclaiming the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "401/11/18", "description": "The ''Chronicon Pachale'' (Paschal Chronicle) reports that the Black Sea is completely frozen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Black Sea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "401/11/18", "description": "Kumarajiva, Kuchean Buddhist monk, arrives in Chang'an and begins translating Buddhist texts into Chinese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "401/12/19", "description": " Pope Anastasius I dies at Rome after a 2-year reign, and is succeeded by Innocent I as the 40th pope proclaiming his universal power over the whole of Christendom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "401/12/19", "description": "The Mahabharata, a Indian Sanskrit epic, is finalised.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "402", "description": "The Visigoths advance on Mediolanum (modern Milan) and laid siege to Asti in Liguria. King Alaric I send enovoys to negotiate a peace, but the Roman government refuses to make deals with ampquotbarbariansampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "402/04/06", "description": " Battle of Pollentia: Stilicho recalls troops from Britain and the Rhine frontier to defend Italy. He decides to attack the Goths on Eastern Sunday and manages to capture Alaric's wife and children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "402/04/06", "description": "Emperors Arcadius and his younger brother Honorius become Roman consuls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "402/04/06", "description": "King Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (Korea) defeats the forces of Later Yan, seizing some of their border fortresses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "402/04/06", "description": "The Avars, led by Shelun (Ch\u00f6-louen), having defeated the Gaoju Dingling (Kao-kiu Ting-ling) near Kobbo, establish a nomadic empire that ranges from Mongolia to the Irtysh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "402/04/06", "description": "Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, makes a pilgrimage to India initiating Sino-Indian relations. Stirred by his faith to Buddhism, he visit the sites of Siddhartha Gautama's life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "402/04/06", "description": "Jerome writes ''ampquotApologiae contra Rufinumampquot'' and ''ampquotLiber tertius seu ultima responsio adversus scripta Rufiniampquot''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "402/04/06", "description": "The Pure Land school of Buddhism founds a monastery upon the top of Mount Lushan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "402/04/06", "description": "Porphyry of Gaza orders the destruction of pagan temples in Gaza.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "403", "description": "June ampampndash Battle of Verona: The Visigoths under command of king Alaric I invade Italy again and advance through the Brenner Pass. Stilicho with a army of 30,000 men, defeats the Goths north of Verona. Alaric makes a truce and withdraws eastward to Illyricum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "403", "description": "Emperor Honorius and Stilicho are honored with a triumphal march for the victories against the Goths and Vandals. This becomes the last victory celebrated in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "403", "description": "Theodosius II, age 2, becomes consul of the Eastern Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "403", "description": "Hui Yuan argues that Buddhist monks should be exempt from bowing to the emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "403", "description": "Asin of Baekje allies with Silla against Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (Korea).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "403", "description": "The Synod of the Oak deposes and banishes John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, but shortly afterward he is recalled only to be banished again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "404/01/01", "description": " Last known gladiator fight in Rome. This date is usually given as the date of the martyrdom of Saint Telemachus, a Christian monk who was stoned by the crowd for trying to stop a gladiators' fight in a Roman amphitheatre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "404/01/01", "description": "The dome in Ravenna is built by the entire population of the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "404/10/06", "description": " Empress Eudoxia has her seventh and last pregnancy who ends in a miscarriage. She is left bleeding and dies of an infection short after.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "404/10/06", "description": "Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (Korea) attacks Liaodong and takes the entire Liaodong Peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "404/10/06", "description": "The Chinese Buddhist monk Huiyuan, who founded the Pure Land Buddhism sect and the monastery on Mount Lushan, writes the book ''On Why Monks Do Not Bow Down Before Kings'' in this year. In his book he argues that although the Buddhist clergy should remain independent and undisturbed by politics, the Buddhist laymen nonetheless make good subjects under monarchs, due to their fear of retribution of karma and desire to be reborn in paradise.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "404/10/06", "description": "Eudoxia exiles John Chrysostom, bishop of Constantinople, for criticizing her sumptuous lifestyle. He is banished to the Caucasus in Armenia. Pope Innocent I at Rome orders a synod to reinstate the bishop, but his envoys are imprisoned. Atticus becomes the new bishop of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "405", "description": "Emperor Honorius closes the Flavian Amphitheatre (Colosseum) in an austerity move that abolishes amusements.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "405", "description": "Stilicho, Roman general (''magister militum''), orders the Sibylline Books to be burned, according to the Roman poet Rutilius Claudius Namatianus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "405", "description": "Stilicho crushes a coalition of Asding Vandals, Ostrogoths, and Quadi with an army raised from forces of the Rhine frontier, leaving this sector dangerously weakened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "405", "description": "King Radagaisus leads an invasion with a force of 20,000 men and crosses the Alps. He spends the winter in the Po Valley and is observed by Stilicho, who lacks sufficient strength to prepare an offensive against the invading German tribes. The exact numbers of the migration are unknown, probably nearly 100,000, including Alans, Burgundians, Goths, Vandals, and other smaller tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "405", "description": "Flavius Aetius is sent as a child hostage at the court of Alaric I, king of the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "405", "description": "The Khitan are first mentioned in Chinese chronicles. They wander along the boundaries of Kara-muren, and form part of the Donghu (Tong-hou) confederation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "405", "description": "The Armenian alphabet is invented by Mesrob Mashdots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and Sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "405", "description": "The Japanese court officially adopts the Chinese writing system (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and Sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "405", "description": "Theon of Alexandria, Greek mathematician, dies at age 70 (approximate), having been helped in his work by his daughter Hypatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and Sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "405", "description": "Saint Jerome, Christian priest, publishes the Vulgate Bible.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "405", "description": "In Africa, Augustine of Hippo admits that Donatism is a heresy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "406", "description": "Siege of Florence: Stilicho defeats with help from Hunnic forces under Uldin, as well as Alan and Gothic cavalry an army of 20,000 warriors led by Radagaisus. He sends a heavily guarded convoy of provisions into the town and laid siege, by constructing a line of blockhouses, connected by trenches. After two months Stilicho relieves the siege and liberates the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "406", "description": "Radagaisus is forced to retreat into the hills of Fiesole. There he tries to escape, but is captured by the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "406/08/23", "description": " Radagaisus is executed, 12,000 quotbarbariansquot are incorporated into the Roman army or sold as slaves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "406/08/23", "description": "Autumn ampampndash The remaining Roman legions in Britain decided to mutiny. The usurper Marcus is proclaimed emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "406/08/23", "description": "The Vandals led by Godigisel are intercepted and defeated by the Franks under Marcomir. Godigisel is killed in battle and succeeded by his son Gunderic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "406/12/31", "description": " Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine at Mogontiacum (modern Mainz), beginning an invasion of Gaul (traditional date, this may have occurred in 405).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "406/12/31", "description": "Fa-Hien, Chinese traveler, arrives in India. He visit the major seats of Buddhist learning (Udyana, Peshawar, and Taxila).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "406/12/31", "description": "Hanzei succeeds his brother Richu, and becomes the 18th emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "406/12/31", "description": "Cultivation of rye, oats, hops, and spelt (a wheat used for livestock feed) is introduced into Europe by the invading Vandals, Alans, and Scirii, who also introduce a heavy wheeled plow to be used for farming.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Agriculture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "406/12/31", "description": "Stained glass is used for the first time in churches in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "407", "description": "Gratian, Roman usurper, is installed as emperor after the death of Marcus. According to Orosius, he is a native Briton of urban aristocracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "407", "description": "Gratian is assassinated and Constantine III, a general (''magister militum''), declares himself Roman emperor. To extend his dominion over Gaul and Spain, he takes practically all the Roman garrisons from Britain and crosses the English Channel. Constantine occupies Arles and established tenuous authority over Gaul, sharing control with marauding ampquotbarbariansampquot. This is generally seen as the beginning of Rome's withdrawal from Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "407", "description": "End of Roman rule in Britain: After 360 years of occupation the local regional British-Roman leaders, raise their own levies for defence against Saxon sea rovers. They cultivate oysters, having learned the technique from the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "407", "description": "Gaul is invaded by Germanic Vandals and Suevi, and Alans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "407", "description": "Liu Bobo (Xia Wuliedi) founds the state of Xia and claims the title ampquotHeavenly Princeampquot (''Tian Wang'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "408/05/01", "description": " Emperor Arcadius dies in his palace at Constantinople after a weak 13-year reign. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old son, Theodosius II, who rules under the domination of his devout Christian sister Pulcheria and Anthemius, who acts as regent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "408/05/01", "description": "Summer ampampndash Emperor Honorius marries Thermantia, second daughter of Stilicho, his famous general (''magister militum'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "408/05/01", "description": "The Roman usurper Constantine III established his headquarters at Arles (Southern Gaul) and elevates his eldest son, Constans, to the rank of ''Caesar''. He sends him with a expeditionary force under Gerontius to Hispania, in order to suppress the revolt of some members of the House of Theodosius who are loyal to Honorius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "408/08/22", "description": " Stilicho is accused of treason against Honorius and is decapitated at Ravenna. His Hun bodyguard is killed, mass murders of Vandal soldiers followed.The End of Empire. Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "408/08/22", "description": "The Hexamilion wall is constructed. Fortifications are built across the Isthmus of Corinth guarding the only land route into the Peloponnese peninsula from Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "408/08/22", "description": "September ampampndash Alaric I, king of the Visigoths, crosses the Julian Alps with an army of 30,000 men and marches into the Roman heartland. He lays siege to Rome and Gothic auxiliaries desert to join Alaric's forces. After much bargaining, the Senate agrees to pay him a ransom of 5,000 pounds of gold, 30,000 pounds of silver, 4,000 silken tunics, and 3,000 hides dyed scarlet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "408/08/22", "description": "The Huns under Uldin cross the lower Danube and attack the Eastern Roman Empire, setting fire to frontier forts and taking control of the Castra Martis (modern Bulgaria). The Romans negotiate for peace, but Uldin demands an exorbitant gold tribute in return for his withdrawal. This demand is rejected and Anthemius forced the Huns back across the Danube.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "408/08/22", "description": "Attila, age 12, is sent as child hostage to the court at Rome and in return, the Romans sent Flavius Aetius to the Huns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "408/08/22", "description": "King Yazdegerd I of Persia maintains cordial relations with the Roman Empire. He becomes an executor of Arcadius' will and is entrusted with the care of the young Theodosius II until he comes of age.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "408/08/22", "description": "Alaric I exacts a tribute from Rome that includes 3,000 pounds of pepper. The spice is valued for alleged medicinal virtues and for disguising spoilage in meat that is past its prime.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Medicine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "409", "description": "Spring ampampndash Gerontius, Roman general (''magister militum''), who had been a partisan of Constantine III revolts in Hispania. He elevates Maximus, his ''domesticus'', as emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "409/10/13", "description": " The Vandals, led by king Gunderic, cross the Pyrenees into the Iberian Peninsula. They receive land from the Romans, as ''foederati'', in Baetica (Southern Spain). The Alans occupy lands in Lusitania and the Suebi controlled parts of Gallaecia (modern Portugal).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "409/10/13", "description": "The Visigothic king Alaric I lays siege to Rome a second time, bringing the inhabitants close to starvation. Emperor Honorius, safe in inaccessible Ravenna, refuses to negotiate for peace, despite repeated offers from Alaric. He comes to terms with the Senate and sets up a rival emperor, Priscus Attalus, prefect (''praefectus urbi'') of the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "409/10/13", "description": "Honorius agrees that sons of prominent families at court in Ravenna be sent beyond the Danube as hostages in return, later he calls up ten thousand Hun mercenaries.ampampThe End of Empire (p. 56). Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "409/10/13", "description": "Famine strikes Hispania, Gaul and the Italian Peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "409/10/13", "description": "Ming Yuan Di, age 17, succeeds Dao Wu di as ruler of the Chinese Northern Wei (see Northern dynasties).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "410", "description": "Spring ampampndash Constantine III crosses the Alps into Liguria (Northern Italy), but retreats to Gaul after Gerontius revolts in Spain against his son Constans II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "410", "description": "Emperor Honorius sends his ''Rescript'' (diplomatic letters) to the Romano-British magistrates, where he explains that the cities in Britain must provide for their own defence against the Angles, Jutes, and Saxons. This effectively ending Roman rule in Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "410", "description": "Raiders from Ireland such as the U\u00ed Liath\u00e1in and Laigin harries the coasts. They plunder towns and capture slaves but later colonising large areas of what is called ''Gwynedd'', in particular Ll\u0177n, the coasts of Arllechwedd, Arfon and the Isle of Mona (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "410", "description": "Flavius Constantius, Roman general and politician, is promoted to the rank of ''magister militum''. He becomes the imperial adviser of Honorius, and the power behind the throne in the Western Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "410", "description": "The Eastern Roman Empire send six legions (6,000 men) to aid Honorius at Ravenna. He negotiates with king Alaric I, who ceremonially deposes Priscus Attalus as co-emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "410/08/24", "description": " The Visigoths under Alaric I sack Rome after a third siege. Slaves open the Salarian Gate and Goths loot the city for three days. It is the first time since 390 BC that Rome has fallen to an enemy. This marks the decline of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "410/08/24", "description": "Galla Placidia, daughter of Theodosius I, is captured by the Visigoths and becomes an  hostage during their move from the Italian Peninsula to Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "410/08/24", "description": "Alaric I marches southwards into Calabria and makes plans to invade Africa. But a storm destroyed his Gothic fleet and many of his soldiers drowned. Alaric dies in Cosenza, probably of fever, and his body is buried along with his treasure under the riverbed of the Busento. He is succeeded by his brother-in-law Ataulf, who become king of the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "410/08/24", "description": "The city of Al\u00e9ria on the island of Corsica is devastated by a huge fire, destroying its port and most of its inhabitants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "410/08/24", "description": "Prithivisena becomes king of the Vakataka in the Deccan (India).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "410/08/24", "description": "Council of Seleucia: Persian Christians create a national church and adopt the Nicene Creed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "410/08/24", "description": "Honoratus founded on the \u00eele Saint-Honorat (France) the Monastery of L\u00e9rins and formed a monastic community.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "411", "description": "Emperor Honorius sends two Roman generals to deal with the usurper Constantine III in Gaul. They kill Gerontius, Constantine's rebellious general (''magister militum'') in Spain, then besiege Arles and defeat Constantine. He is taken prisoner and put to death at Ravenna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "411", "description": "Following the defeat of the Constantine III, the Burgundians and the Gallic nobility proclaim Jovinus, Gallo-Roman senator, emperor of the Western Roman Empire at ''Mogontiacum'' (modern Mainz).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "411", "description": "King Ataulf leads the Goths into Gaul at the instigation of Honorius who promises to recognise a Visigothic Kingdom if he defeats the several usurpers who threaten the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "411", "description": "The Alans establish their rule in the Roman province of Lusitania (Portugal south of the Duero River and Spain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "411", "description": "The Teutonic tribes in Spain join the Roman Empire as ''foederati'' (allies with military commitments).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "411", "description": "Ingyo succeeds his brother Hanzei, and becomes the 19th emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "411", "description": "Rabbula becomes bishop of Edessa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "411", "description": "The Conference of Carthage on donatism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "412", "description": "The Visigoths, led by king Ataulf, move into the south of Gaul. He established his residence at Narbonne and makes an alliance with emperor Honorius against the usurper Jovinus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "412", "description": "Emperor Jovinus elevates his brother Sebastianus as co-emperor (''Augustus'') and takes control of Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "412", "description": "Heraclianus, governor (''Comes Africae''), revolts against Honorius and proclaimed himself ''Augustus''. He interrupts the grain supply to Rome. Honorius condemns him and his supporters to death with an edict at Ravenna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "412", "description": "The Theodosian Walls are constructed at Constantinople during the reign of emperor Theodosius II. The work is carried out under supervision of Anthemius, notable praetorian prefect of the East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "412", "description": "Winter ampampndash Olympiodorus, historical writer, is sent on an embassy by Honorius and sails in stormy weather around Greece up the Black Sea to meet the Huns who are located on the middle Danube (modern Bulgaria).ampampThe End of Empire (p. 69). Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "412", "description": "The forts on the west bank of the Danube, which were destroyed by the Huns, are rebuilt, and a new Danubian fleet is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Balkans", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "412", "description": "An edict of Honorius outlaws Donatism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "412", "description": "Cyril of Alexandria becomes Patriarch of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "412", "description": "Lazarus, bishop of Aix-en-Provence, and Herod, bishop of Arles, are expelled from their sees on a charge of Manichaeism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "412", "description": "Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, spends 2 years in Ceylon and is more than 200 days at sea as storms drive his ship off its course, but returns with sacred Buddhist texts back to China (see 414).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "413", "description": "Heraclianus, Roman usurper, lands in Italy with a large army to fight emperor Honorius. He is defeated in Umbria and flees to Carthage, where he is put to death by envoys of Honorius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "413/05/08", "description": " Honorius signs an edict providing tax relief for the Italian provinces Tuscia, Campania, Picenum, Samnium, Apulia, Lucania and Calabria, who are plundered by the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "413/05/08", "description": "The Visigoths, led by king Ataulf, conquer the towns of Toulouse and Bordeaux by force of arms. After a successful siege of Valence, he captures the usurper Jovinus and his brother Sebastianus. In Narbonne they are executed and their heads are sent to Honorius' court at Ravenna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "413/05/08", "description": "Kumaragupta I succeeds his father Chandragupta II as emperor of the Gupta Empire (India).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "413/05/08", "description": "Augustine of Hippo, age 59, begins to writes his spiritual book ''De Civitate Dei'' (City of God) as a reply to the charge that Christianity was responsible for the decline of the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "414/01/01", "description": " Galla Placidia, half-sister of emperor Honorius, is married to the Visigothic king Ataulf at Narbonne. The wedding is celebrated with Roman festivities and magnificent gifts from the Gothic booty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "414/07/04", "description": " Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older  sister Aelia Pulcheria who reigns as regent and proclaimed herself empress (''Augusta'') of the Eastern Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "414/07/04", "description": "Constantius III, Roman general (''magister militum''), begins a military campaign against the Visigoths in Gaul. He blockades the Gallic ports and besieges Marseille.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "414/07/04", "description": "Priscus Attalus is twice proclaimed rival emperor by the Visigoths at Bordeaux, in order to impose their terms on Honorius who has his residence in Ravenna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "414/07/04", "description": "The Southern Liang, a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin Dynasty, comes to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "414/07/04", "description": "Fa-Hien, Chinese Buddhist monk, returns from India and begins translating Buddhist works into Chinese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "414/07/04", "description": "Abdas, bishop of Susa, burns down a Zoroastrian temple in retaliation, king Yazdegerd I of Persia orders the destruction of Christian churches.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "415", "description": "Constantius, Roman general (''magister militum''), drives the Visigoths out of Gaul. He captures the usurper Priscus Attalus and sends him under military escort to Ravenna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "415", "description": "The Visigoths invade the Iberian Peninsula and begin to conquer territory taken previously by the Vandals. King Ataulf and his pregnant wife Galla Placidia leave Gallia Narbonensis, they relocate at Barcelona. Their infant son, Theodosius, dies in infancy, eliminating an opportunity for a Roman-Visigothic line. Ataulf is assassinated in the palace while taking a bath. Sigeric succeeds him, but after a reign for seven days he is also murdered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "415", "description": "Autumn ampampndash Wallia, brother of Ataulf, becomes king of the Visigoths. He accepts a peace treaty with emperor Honorius, in return for a supply of 600,000 measures of grain. After the negotiations he sends Placidia to Rome with hostages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "415/03/18", "description": " The Daysan River floods Edessa (Mesopotamia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "415/03/18", "description": "Hypatia of Alexandria, Neoplatonist philosopher, is murdered by a Christian mob of Nitrian monks who accused her of paganism. They stripped her naked, skinned her to death with ''ostraca'' (pot shards), and then burned her remains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "415/03/18", "description": "Having driven out the Jews, Alexandria's new patriarch, Cyril, has instigated the mob after taking offense at Hypatia's scientific rationalism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "415/03/18", "description": "John Cassian, Christian theologian, settled at a monastery in Marseille (Gaul), he organized monastic communities after a eastern model (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "415/03/18", "description": "The Eustathian schism in Antioch is healed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "416", "description": "Priscus Attalus, Roman usurper, is forced to participate in a triumph celebrated by emperor Honorius in the streets of Rome. After the festivities he is exiled to the Lipari Islands (north of Sicily).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "416", "description": "The Visigoths continue their invasion of Hispania and take control of Tarraconensis. King Wallia occupies the gold mines at Las M\u00e9dulas, and forced Jewish citizens to convert to Christianity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "416", "description": "Reports of the eruption of Krakatoa are recorded in the Javanese ''Book of Kings''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "416", "description": "Rutilius Claudius Namatianus begins his journey home from Rome to Gaul. This becomes the subject of his unfinished poem, ''De Reditu Suo''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and Sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "417/01/01", "description": " Emperor Honorius forces his half-sister Galla Placidia into marriage to Constantius, his general (''magister militum''). He is appointed ''patricius'' and becomes a prominent member of the House of Theodosius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "417/01/01", "description": "The Visigoths are granted Aquitaine, and become allies (''foederati'') of the Western Roman Empire. King Wallia establishes his capital at Toulouse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "417/01/01", "description": "January ampampndash Pope Innocent I condemns Pelagianism, and excommunicates the ascetic Pelagius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "417/03/12", "description": " Innocent I dies after a 16-year reign in which he has restored relations between the sees of Rome and Antioch, enforced celibacy of the clergy, and maintained the right of the bishop of Rome to judge appeals from other churches. Innocent is succeeded by Zosimus as the 41st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "418", "description": "Emperor Honorius bribes Wallia, king of the Visigoths, into regaining Hispania for the Roman Empire. His victory over the Vandals in 416, forces him to retire to Andalusia. The Visigothic territory in Gaul now extends from the Garonne to the Loire, and becomes known as the Visigothic Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "418", "description": "Theodoric I becomes king of the Visigoths. He complete the settlements in Gallia Aquitania and expands his military power to the south.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "418/12/28", "description": " Pope Boniface I succeeds Zosimus as the 42nd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "418/12/28", "description": "Eulalius is elected antipope of Rome. He claims in a letter to Honorius his recognition as pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "419", "description": "Jin Gongdi, age 33, succeeds his developmentally disabled brother Jin Andi as emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Andi is strangled by orders of the warlord Liu Yu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "420", "description": "The legendary Pharamond leads the Franks across the Rhine. He re-colonised the old town of Duisburg (Germany).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "420", "description": "The Huns under leadership of the brothers Octar and Rugila expand their rule through neighbouring tribal groups.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "420", "description": "Yazdegerd I dies after a 21-year reign and is succeeded by his son Bahram V who becomes king of the Persian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "420", "description": "Abdas, bishop of Susa, is accused of burning down one of the fire temples of Ahura Mazda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "420", "description": "The Jin Dynasty ends in China. Liu Yu (Emperor Wu of Liu Song) becomes the first ruler of the Liu Song Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "420", "description": "The Southern Dynasties begin in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "421/02/08", "description": " Constantius III is appointed co-emperor (''Augustus'') with his ineffectual brother-in-law, Honorius, and becomes the real ruler of the Western Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "421/03/25", "description": " Venice is founded at twelve o'clock noon (according to legend) with the dedication of the first church, San Giacomo, at the islet of Rialto (Italy).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "421/06/07", "description": " Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia, a woman of Greek origin. The wedding is celebrated at Constantinople with chariot racing in the Hippodrome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "421/09/02", "description": " Constantius III dies suddenly of an illness, his wife Galla Placidia becomes for the second time a widow. She departs with her children Grata Honoria and Valentinian to the court of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "421/09/02", "description": "Rugila, chieftain of the Huns, attacks the dioceses of Dacia and Thrace (Balkans). Theodosius II allows Pannonian Ostrogoths to settle in Thrace, to defend the Danube frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "421/09/02", "description": "The Franks conquer new territories in their kingdom and sack the old Roman capital ''Augusta Treverorum'' (modern Trier).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "421/09/02", "description": "Roman\u2013Sassanid War: Theodosius II starts a war against the Sassanids. He send an expeditionary force under command of Ardaburius, and invades Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "421/09/02", "description": "Autumn ampampndash Ardaburius devastates Arzanene (Armenia) and forced the Persians to retreat to Nisibis (Syria). King Bahram V allies himself with the Lakhmids Arabs of Hirah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "422", "description": "End of the Roman\u2013Sassanid War: Emperor Theodosius II signs a 100 year peace treaty with Persia after 2 years of war. He agrees a ''status quo ante bellum'' (ampquotthe state in which things were before the warampquot), and both parts guarantee liberty of religion in their territories.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "422/03/03", "description": " Theodosius II issues a law to form provisions in peacetime. He instructs landowners leasing towers in the Theodosian Walls to assist with the build-up of emergency goods. Theodosius  pays a annual tribute of 350 pounds of gold to the Huns in order to buy peace.The End of Empire (p. 87). Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "422/03/03", "description": "Theodosius II receives a statue at Hebdomon, military parade ground on the shores of the Propontis, just outside Constantinople. On its base (fragments are now in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum), an inscription praises him as \u201ceverywhere and forever victorius.\u201d", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "422/03/03", "description": "The walls of Rome's Flavian Amphitheater (Colosseum) crack during an earthquake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "422/03/03", "description": "The Roman army invade Gaul, they capture and execute the Frankish king Theudemeres with his family.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "422/03/03", "description": "Shao Di, age 16, eldest son of Wu Di succeeds his father as emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty (China).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "422/03/03", "description": "Petrus, bishop of Illyria, starts construction of Church of Santa Sabina (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "422/09/04", "description": " Pope Boniface I dies after a 4-year reign that was interrupted for 15 weeks by the faction of the antipope Eulalius. He is succeeded by Celestine I as the 43rd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "423/08/15", "description": " Emperor Honorius, age 38, dies at Ravenna of dropsy, perhaps pulmonary edema. With no children to claim the throne, Joannes, ''primicerius notariorum'' (quotchief notaryquot, head of the civil service), seizes the throne of the Western Roman Empire, and is declared emperor. Among the supporters are  Flavius Aetius, Roman general (''magister militum''). Joannes' rule is accepted in the dioceses of Gaul, Hispania and Italia, but not in Africa. ref name=quotdictionaryquot{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Sir William|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology|year=1849|publisher=C.C. Little and J. Brown|page=1211|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=Pr8_AQAAIAAJamppg=PA1211ampdq=joannes+seized+throne+423#v=onepageampqampf=false|volume=3}}\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=Pr8_AQAAIAAJamppg=PA1211ampdq=joannes+seized+throne+423#v=onepageampqampf=false|volume=3}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "423/08/15", "description": "Winter ampampndash Emperor Theodosius II refuses Joannes to recognise as emperor and prepares for war. He mobilished a expeditionary force under command of Ardaburius and his son Flavius Aspar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "423/08/15", "description": "The Pannonian Ostrogoths who have been settled in Thrace south of the Danube (see 421) by Theodosius II organize a farmers' strike. Only payment of amounts to a huge farm loan prevents them from occupying Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "423/08/15", "description": "Theodoret becomes bishop of Cyrrhus (Syria). He converts more than 1,000 Marcionites in his diocese.ampamp{{cite book|last=Urbainczyk|first=Theresa|title=Theodoret of Cyrrhus: the bishop and the holy man|year=2002|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-11266-1|page=21|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=RYCVpZo8-9ECampamppg=PA4ampampdq=theodoret+becomes+bishop#v=onepageampampq=423ampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=RYCVpZo8-9ECampamppg=PA4ampampdq=theodoret+becomes+bishop#v=onepageampampq=423ampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "424/10/23", "description": " Emperor Theodosius II nominates his cousin Valentinian, age 5, the imperial title ''nobilissimus Caesar'' (quotmost noblequot) of the Western Roman Empire. He is betrothed to his own daughter Licinia Eudoxia, who is only 2 years old.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "424/10/23", "description": "Roman usurper Joannes sends Flavius Aetius, governor of the Palace (''cura palatii''), to the Huns to ask for their assistance. After negotiating, he returns back for Italy with a large force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "424/10/23", "description": "Winter ampampndash A Roman army under command of Ardaburius leaves Thessalonica (modern Central Macedonia) and marched for Northern Italy where they make their base at Aquileia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "424/10/23", "description": "Shao Di, age 18, is deposed by a group of high officials and succeeded by his younger brother Wen Di as emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty. Shao is exiled to Suzhou, and later killed by an assassin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "425", "description": "Summer ampampndash Joannes, Roman usurper, is defeated at the fortified city of Ravenna and brought to Aquileia. After a humiliating parade on a donkey and the insults of the populace, he is executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "425/02/27", "description": " The University of Constantinople is founded by emperor Theodosius II at the urging of his wife Aelia Eudocia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "425/02/27", "description": "Buddhism begins to spread to Southeast Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "425/10/23", "description": " Valentinian III, infant son of Galla Placidia, is installed as emperor (''Augustus'') of the Western Roman Empire. Real power is in the hands of his mother who becomes a regent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "425/10/23", "description": "Flavius Aetius leads a force of Huns (60,000 men) into Northern Italy. He reached a compromise with Placidia in return of obtaining the rank commander-in-chief (''magister militum'') in Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "425/10/23", "description": "The Huns advance unopposed on Constantinople but are halted by a plague that decimates their hordes (see 433).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "425/10/23", "description": "The Sanhedrin is disbanded by the Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Palestine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "425/10/23", "description": "Last known usage of Demotic script in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and Sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "425/10/23", "description": "c. 425ampampndash426 ampampndash Mausoleum of Galla Placidia is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and Sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "426", "description": "Emperor Theodosius II gives orders to destroy the buildings and pagan temples at Olympia (Greece). The statue of Zeus is brought to Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "426", "description": "Flavius Aetius, Roman general (''magister militum''), starts a 10-year campaign against the Visigoths in southern Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "426", "description": "King Gunderic of the Vandals accepts the request of the Alans in Hispania to become their ruler (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "426", "description": "K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' becomes the founder of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization at Cop\u00e1n (modern Honduras).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mesoamerica", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "426", "description": "Augustine of Hippo publishes the ''De Civitate Dei'', City of God.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "426", "description": "Sisinnius becomes Archbishop of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "427", "description": "Flavius Aetius, Roman general (''magister militum''), arrives in southern Gaul with an army (40,000 men) and defeats the Visigoths under king Theodoric I who besiege the strategic city of Arles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "427", "description": "Bonifacius, Roman governor (Last of the Romans), revolts in Africa against emperor Valentinian III. Under the influence of Aetius, he is convicted of treason by empress-mother Galla Placidia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "427", "description": "The Roman province of Pannonia Prima is finally assimilated into the Hunnic Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "427", "description": "The Ephthalites (White Huns) invade Western Asia and reduce the Persian threat to the Eastern Roman Empire. King Bahram V sends an expeditionary force into Khorasan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "427", "description": "King Jangsu transfers the Goguryeo capital from Gungnae Fortress (modern Ji'an) on the banks of the Yalu River to Pyongyang (Korea).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "428", "description": "Bonifacius, Roman governor of Africa, calles in the support of the Vandals to help him with his revolt in the province. This in revenge for the hostile action of empress Galla Placidia (see 427), ruling in behalf of her son Valentinian III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "428", "description": "Flavius Felix is elected consul for the Western Empire and issues consular diptychs during his political office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "428", "description": "King Gunderic, age 49, dies after a reign of 21 years, and is succeeded by his half-brother Genseric. He is styled with the title ''Rex Wandalorum et Alanorum'' (ampquotKing of the Vandals and Alansampquot). Genseric increases his power and wealth in the residence of the province of Hispania Baetica (Southern Spain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "428", "description": "King Vortigern invites a number of Germanic warriors to aid him in consolidating his position in Britain according to the Historia Brittonum. He hires Saxons who are probably settled in Kent as mercenaries to fight against the Picts and the Scots beyond Hadrian's Wall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "428", "description": "Chlodio, king of the Salian Franks, invades Northern Gaul and defeats the Roman army at Cambrai. He extends his kingdom south to the River Somme and makes Tournai (modern Belgium) his residence. Frankish expansion changed the borders, founding Francia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "428", "description": "Artaxias IV, last king of Greater Armenia, is deposed by Bahram V. The Arshakuni Dynasty ends and the kingdom becomes a province of the Persian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "428/04/10", "description": " Nestorius is made patriarch of Constantinople. He preaches a new doctrine that will be called Nestorianism. It makes a distinction between the divine and human natures of Jesus but comes under immediate attack from pope Celestine I and Cyril of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "428/04/10", "description": "Hydatius becomes bishop of ''Aquae Flaviae'' in Gallaecia (modern Chaves) in Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "428/04/10", "description": "John succeeds Theodotus as patriarch of Antioch, and gives his support to Nestorius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "428/04/10", "description": "Euthymius the Great builds a monastery in Palestine, near the Dead Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "428/10/26", "description": " The planet Venus occults the planet Jupiter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "429", "description": "Spring ampampndash The Vandals, led by Genseric (ampquotCaesar Kingampquot), invade North Africa. They land with a force of 80,000 men including Alans, and Germanic tribesmen with their families from the Iberian Peninsula across the narrow Strait of Gibraltar. The Vandal fleet raid the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea, and blockade the grain and oil supply to Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "429", "description": "Genseric seizes lands from the Berbers and destroys church buildings all over Mauretania. He goes on a rampage forcing Bonifacius, Roman governor, to retreat to the fortified coastal town of Hippo Regius (modern Annaba).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "429", "description": "Bonifacius, weakened by the civil war against empress Galla Placidia, sues for peace and is elevated to the rank of supreme commander (''magister militum'') of Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "429", "description": "Emperor Theodosius II starts to reform the Codex Theodosianus in Constantinople. He establishes a committee to codify all Roman laws. All funds raised by Jews to support schools has to be turned over to the state treasury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "429", "description": "The Temple of Goddess Athena on the Acropolis of Athens is sacked. Athenian Pagans are persecuted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "429", "description": "A Gaulish assembly of bishops dispatch Germanus of Auxerre and Lupus of Troyes to Britain to visit the island. To satisfy pope Celestine I they combat the Pelagian heresy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "429", "description": "Hilary succeeds his kinsman Honoratus and becomes archbishop of Arles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "429", "description": "Domnus II, future patriarch of Antioch, is ordained as a deacon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "430", "description": "Spring ampampndash The Vandals under king Genseric extend their power in North Africa along the Mediterranean Sea and lay siege to Hippo Regius (where Augustine has recently been bishop).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "430", "description": "Flavius Aetius gains appointment as master of both services (''magister utriusque militiae'') after gaining victories in Gaul over Visigoth and Frankish forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "430", "description": "The Huns led by Octar attack the Burgundians who occupied territory on the Rhine near the city of Worms (Germany). During the fightings Octar dies and his army is destroyed.ampampThe End of Empire (p. 95). Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "430", "description": "Flavius Felix, his wife and a deacon are accused of plotting against Aetius. They are arrested in Ravenna and executed. Aetius is granted the title of ''patricius'' (Roman nobility).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "430", "description": "Feng Ba abdicates as emperor of the Northern Yan, one of the states vying for control of China. He is succeeded by his brother Feng Hong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "430/08/28", "description": " Augustine dies during the siege of Hippo Regius at age 75, leaving behind his monumental work ''The City of God'' and other works that will have influence on Christianity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "430/08/28", "description": "Saint Patrick reaches Ireland on his missionary expedition (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "430/08/28", "description": "Peter the Iberian founds a Georgian monastery near Bethlehem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "431", "description": "Flavius Aetius, Roman general (''magister militum''), fights a campaign in Rhaetia (Switzerland) and Noricum (Austria). He is attested in the city of Vindelicia (modern Augsburg), restablishing Roman rule on the Danube frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "431", "description": "Aetius pushes the Salian Franks back across the River Somme. King Chlodio signs a peace treaty and becomes a ''foederati'' of the Western Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "431", "description": "Hippo Regius becomes the capital of the Vandal Kingdom. After 14 months, hunger and disease the Vandals ravaged the city. Emperor Theodosius II sends a imperial fleet with an army under command of Aspar and lands at Carthage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "431", "description": "Aspar is routed by the Vandals and Flavius Marcian, future Byzantine emperor, is captured during the fightings. He negotiates a peace with king Genseric and maintains imperial authority in Carthage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "431", "description": "K'uk' B'alam I, the first known ruler of the Mayan city of Palenque, comes to power.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mesoweb.com\/palenque\/resources\/rulers\/essay\/rulers_01001.html\">http:\/\/www.mesoweb.com\/palenque\/resources\/rulers\/essay\/rulers_01001.html<\/a> Rulers of Palenqueampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mesoamerica", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "431", "description": "Greek Neoplatonist philosopher Proclus begins studying at the Academy in Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and Sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "431", "description": "June ampampndash First Council of Ephesus: Nestorianism is rejected, the Nicene creed is declared to be complete. Nestorius is deposed from his see.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "431/10/01", "description": " Maximianus is enthroned as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "431/10/01", "description": "Pope Celestine I dispatches Palladius to serve as bishop to the Irish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "432", "description": "Battle of Ravenna: Roman forces under command of Flavius Aetius are defeated near Rimini (Italy). His rival ''comes'' Bonifacius is mortally wounded and dies several days later. Aetius flees to Dalmatia and seeks refuge at the Huns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "432", "description": "Sebastianus, son-in-law of Bonifacius, becomes supreme commander (''magister militum'') of the Western Roman army. Empress Galla Placidia gives him considerable influence over imperial policy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "432", "description": "The Huns are united by king Rugila (also called Rua) on the Hungarian Plain. He extracts annual peace payments from the Eastern Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "432", "description": "The Basilica of Saint Sabina at the Aventine (Rome), is finished by Priest Petrus of Illyria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "432", "description": "Assembly begins on ''The Parting of Lot and Abraham'', a mosaic in the nave arcade of the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "432/07/27", "description": " Pope Celestine I dies after a 10-year reign in which he led a vigorous policy against Nestorianism. He is succeeded by Sixtus III as the 44th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "432/07/27", "description": "Saint Patrick, Scottish-born missionary, is consecrated a bishop and converts the Irish to Christianity until his death around 460.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "432/12/25", "description": " Christmas is celebrated for the first time in Alexandria (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "433", "description": "Flavius Aetius returns with support of the Huns back to Italy. He gains control over emperor Valentinian III, age 14, and becomes his ampquotprotectorampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "433", "description": "Petronius Maximus is appointed consul of the Western Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "433", "description": "Pope Sixtus III helps to settle a Christological dispute between the patriarchs Cyril of Alexandria and John of Antioch that has continued since the First Council of Ephesus, two years ago. They sign the ampquotFormula of Reunionampquot, thus ending their conflict over Nestorianism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "434", "description": "Flavius Aetius, Roman general (''magister militum''), in the service of emperor Valentinian III, holds power in Rome for twenty years. He allows the Huns to settle in Pannonia, along the Sava River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "434", "description": "Justa Grata Honoria, older sister of Valentinian, becomes pregnant from an officer in her household. The liaison shake the foundations of the Western Roman Empire. Circles in the court at Ravenna assume inevitably that Honoria is planning to raise her paramour to imperial rank and challenges her brother. Valentinian orders to execute him.ampampTheodosian Empresses: Woman and Imperial Dominion in Late Antiquity, by Kenneth G. Holumampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "434", "description": "Summer ampampndash The Huns under Rugila devastate Thrace and move steadily towards Constantinople. The citizens prepare themselves for a long siege, depending on the strength of the Theodosian Walls.ampampThe End of Empire (p. 90). Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "434", "description": "Emperor Theodosius II bribes the Huns (after the death of Rugila) to keep the peace in the Eastern Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "434", "description": "The Vandals in North Africa defeat the Roman general Aspar and force him to withdraw. He serves as consul at Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "434", "description": "Attila, king of the Huns, consolidates his power in the Hungarian capital, probably on the site of Buda (modern Budapest). He jointly rules the kingdom with his brother Bleda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "434/04/12", "description": " Maximianus dies on Great and Holy Thursday. He is succeeded by  Proclus who becomes archbishop of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "435", "description": "Flavius Aetius, Roman general (''magister militum''), begins in Gaul a campaign against the Burgundians. Following their raids into neighbouring Gallia Belgica by king Gunther.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "435", "description": "On 14th November, a new edict by Theodosius II orders the death penalty for all ampquothereticsampquot and pagans of the Empire. Only Judaism is considered a legal non-christian Religion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "435", "description": "King Genseric concludes a peace treaty with the Romans under which the Vandals retain Mauretania and a part of Numidia as ''foederati'' (allies under a special treaty) of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "435", "description": "The Vandals use Hippo Regius (modern Annaba) as port for their expeditions. Genseric establish a merchant fleet to transport goods between Africa and the Italian mainland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "435", "description": "Huneric, eldest son of Genseric, is sent as a child hostage to the court at Ravenna to secure the alliance with the Western Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "435/08/03", "description": " Emperor Theodosius II exiles Nestorius, archbishop of Constantinople, to a monastery in the Libyan desert at the behest of his sister Pulcheria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "435/08/03", "description": "Ibas is elected bishop of Edessa. He becomes associated with the growth of Nestorianism and is charge of openly preaching heretical doctrines in public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "435/08/10", "description": " A figure known to Mayanist scholars as quotCasperquot begins a 52-year reign in Palenque.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mesoamerica", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "436", "description": "Flavius Aetius, Roman general (''magister militum''), attended to put an end to Burgundian raids in Gaul. He called in Hun mercenaries under command of Attila and his brother Bleda, which plunder ''Augusta Vangionum'', killing some 20,000 Burgundians. The Kingdom of Burgundy is destroyed, king Gunther and his family are killed. This epic disaster provided the source for the ''Nibelungenlied''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "436", "description": "King Theodoric I besiege the city of Narbonne, the Visigoths obtain access to the Mediterranean Sea and the roads to the Pyrenees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "436", "description": "The Buddhist Srimala Sutra is translated into Chinese by Gunabhadra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "437", "description": "Flavius Aetius, Roman general (''magister militum''), secures the besieged city of Narbonne (Southern Gaul) against king Theodoric I. He concludes a peace treaty with the Visigoths, and becomes for the second time consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "437/07/02", "description": " Valentinian III, age 18, rules as emperor over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence until her death in 450.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "437/10/29", "description": " Valentinian III cements an alliance with the eastern emperor, Theodosius II, by marrying his daughter Licinia Eudoxia in Constantinople. This marks the reunion of two branches of the House of Theodosius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "437/10/29", "description": "Ambrosius Aurelianus, leader of the Romano-British, defeats the Anglo Saxons under king Vortigern in the Battle of Wallop. He is given all the kingdoms of the western side of Britain (This according to ''Historia Brittonum'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "437/10/29", "description": "K'inich Yax K'uk' Mo' dies after a 11-year reign. He is the founder and first ruler of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization centered at Cop\u00e1n (modern Honduras).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mesoamerica", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "437/10/29", "description": "A synod at Constantinople attempts to impinge on the pope's rights in Illyria. Proclus tries to implement the synod's decisions, and pope Sixtus III reminds the Illyrian bishops of their obligations to his vicar at Thessaloniki.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "438", "description": "Emperor Theodosius II forbids the divulging of secrets of naval carpentry, probably to avoid its spread to the rising Vandal power in North Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "438/02/15", "description": " The ''Codex Theodosianus'', a collection of edicts of Roman law, is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "438/02/15", "description": "Aelia Eudocia, wife of Theodosius II, goes on a pilgrimage to Jeruzalem, bringing back with her holy relics to prove her faith.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "438/02/15", "description": "The last gladiatorial fights are held in the Colosseum (Rome). Animal hunts continue until at least 523.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "438/02/15", "description": "King Hermeric of the Suebic Kingdom of Galicia is forced after a seven-year illness to retire. He hands the government over to his son Rechila.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "438/02/15", "description": "Bahram V dies after a 18-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Yazdegerd II who becomes the fifteenth Sassanid king of the Persian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "438/02/15", "description": "Relics of John Chrysostom are transported to Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "439", "description": "The Battle of Guoloph sees the defeat of Vitalinus (possibly Vortigern) at the hands of Ambrosius Aurelianus and a combined force of Romano-British forces from across southern Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "= Britain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "439", "description": "Flavius Aetius, Roman general (''magister militum''), lays siege at Toulouse. During the decisive battle before the walls he suffers a severe defeat, and only the heavy loss of Visigoths makes king Theodoric I decide to agree to a provisional restoration of the ''status quo''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "= Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "439", "description": "Licinia Eudoxia, wife of emperor Valentinian III, is granted the title of ''Augusta'' following the birth of their daughter Eudocia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "= Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "439", "description": "Greek becomes an official language in the Eastern Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "= Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "439", "description": "Winter ampampndash Hun and Roman envoys meet at Margum (modern Bosnia and Herzegovina), an important market town on the Sava River. After negotiations, Attila and his brother Bleda who are present, accept a four-point peace plan. Trading rights between the two states are confirmed and emperor Theodosius II pays an annual tribute of 700 pounds of gold.ampampThe End of Empire (p. 117). Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Balkans", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "439", "description": "King Genseric breaks his treaty with the Western Roman Empire and invades Africa Proconsularis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "439/10/19", "description": " Carthage falls to the Vandals. Genseric makes it his capital and established the Vandal Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "439/10/19", "description": "The Vandals establish a North African granary that enables them to enforce their will on other nations who are dependent on North Africa for grain and other food staples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "439/10/19", "description": "Winter ampampndash The Vandals conquer Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and the Balearic Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "439/10/19", "description": "Isaac the Great, Armenian apostolic patriarch, dies at Ashtishat. He helped to develop a Greek-inspired alphabet and translate the Bible with various Christian writings into Armenian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "439/10/19", "description": "The monastery of Mar Saba is founded near Bethlehem (Palestine).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "440", "description": "Flavius Aetius, Roman general (''magister militum''), returns as ''triumphator'' back to Rome after several years' fighting the Burgundians and Visigoths in Gaul. He is honoured by a statue erected by the Senate and by order of emperor Valentinian III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "440", "description": "The Huns under Attila reappear in force along the frontier of the Western Roman Empire. They attack merchants on the north bank of the Danube and cities in Illyricum, including (according to Priscus) Viminacium, city of Moesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "440", "description": "A Vandal fleet and their allies (Alans, Goths and Moors) set out from Carthage for Sicily, the principal supplier of oil and grain to Italy after the loss of North Africa. They loot all the coastal towns and besiege Palermo. Heavily laden ships return to the court of king Genseric.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "440", "description": "Dynasties of the North and South:  The Chinese Empire is unified by the Northern Wei Dynasty. The Northern state will have three competing dynasties\u2014Northern Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Liang, while the Southern state is dominated by the Song (or Liu Song) Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "440", "description": "The Hepthalites (White Huns) move south from the Altai Mountains region into Transoxiana, Bactria, Khorasan and eastern Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "440", "description": "A center of Buddhist studies is established at Nalanda in Bihar on the plains of the Ganges River (India).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "440", "description": "The Parting of Lot and Abraham, mosaic in the nave arcade, Church of Santa Maria Maggiore (Rome), is made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "440", "description": "Chaturanga, Indian war game, and a ancestor of chess through the Persian game of Shatranj (or ''Chatrang''), evolves in the Indus Valley on the Indian subcontinent (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Ancient Games", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "440/08/18", "description": " Pope Sixtus III dies after a 8-year reign in which he has resisted heresy and sponsored major construction programs in Rome. He is succeeded by Leo I as the 45th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "440/09/29", "description": " Leo I begins to formulate orthodoxy and condemns Eutychianism, an extreme form of monophysitism which holds that the human nature of Christ is absorbed by his divine nature.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "440/09/29", "description": "Winter ampampndash Leo I sends a letter to Valentinian III, stating ampquotby the Holy Spirit's inspiration the emperor needs no human instruction and is incapable of doctrinal errorampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "441", "description": "Chrysaphius, chief minister, persuades emperor Theodosius II at Constantinople to dismiss his sister Pulcheria for her policy to exile the Jews and destroy their synagogues.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "441", "description": "Theodosius II sends the Eastern imperial fleet under the command of the Romano-Goth Areobindus into Sicilian waters, taking the Vandals by surprise.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "441", "description": "Pulcheria leaves for the seaport Hebdomon (Turkey) and becomes a nun to support Nestorianism in the Holy Land (Palestine).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "441", "description": "German Saxons establish themselves at the mouth of the Thames River. After a period of peace, Vortimer (son of king Vortigern), defeat the Saxons in four battles in Kent (according to the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "441", "description": "King Hermeric dies after a two-year illness, he is succeeded by his son Rechila who becomes sole ruler over the Suebic Kingdom of Galicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "441", "description": "Rechila invades Baetica and conquers the capital Seville. The Romans are driven from the Iberian Peninsula with exception of the Levante.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "441/11/08", "description": " The first Council of Orange is convened under the guidance of Hilary of Arles in Orange (France).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "441/11/08", "description": "The Huns, led by Attila, attack Constan\u0163a (modern Romania), one of the few remaining Roman forts on the northern bank of the Danube and designated as a secure trading post. On a crowded market day, the Huns take the town by surprise and slaughter the garrison.ampampThe End of Empire. Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Balkans", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "441/11/08", "description": "King Yazdegerd II of Persia signs after a short war a peace treaty with the Eastern Roman Empire. Theodosius II sends his commander, Anatolius, to conclude his terms and promise not to build any new fortifications along the border territories.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "441/11/08", "description": "Domnus II succeeds his uncle John as Patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "442", "description": "Emperor Valentinian III signs a peace treaty with king Genseric, and recognise the Vandal Kingdom. He grants him sovereignty over most of Africa. Genseric gives back Sicily and Mauretania (Algeria and Morocco). This marks the end of the Vandal migrations they settle in North Africa with Carthage as their capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "442", "description": "Valentinian III does a marriage proposal for his eldest daughter Eudocia and Genseric's son Huneric. He is already married with a Visigoth princess and Genseric decides to free him of his obligations by accusing her of trying to poison him. He led her mutilated - her ears and nose are cut off - and sends her back to her father Theodoric I, in Toulouse (Gaul).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "442", "description": "The Huns on campaign along the Danube and the Great Morava, destroy the city of Naissus (modern Serbia). They have mastered siege technology and are able to capture fortified cities. The Roman Senate agrees to pay Attila a tribute of 700 pounds of gold per year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "442", "description": "E\u00f3gan mac N\u00e9ill, founder of the kingdom of Ailech (County Tyrone), is baptized by Saint Patrick. He becomes the first Catholic High King of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Ireland", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "442", "description": "The Monastery of St. Shenouda the Archimandrite (White Monastery) near Sohag (Egypt) is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "443", "description": "The Burgundians sign a peace treaty with Rome, agreeing to serve as ''foederati'' in the Roman army. They begin to move from the Upper Rhine and Flavius Aetius, commander-in-chief (''magister militum''), gives them land in the Geneva area (Maxima Sequanorum).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "443", "description": "Period of civil war and famine in Britain, caused by rival kingdoms and Pictish invasions the situation aggravates by tensions between Pelagian and Roman factions. Migration of pro-Roman citizens towards Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "443", "description": "Gunabhadra, Indian Buddhist monk, is a invited honored guest by emperor Wen of Liu Song (Liu Song Dynasty). He translates the Lankavatara Sutra from Sanskrit into the Chinese language.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "444", "description": "Flavius Aetius, Roman general (magister militum), settles the Alans around Valence and Orl\u00e9ans to contain unrest in Brittany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "444", "description": "Eudocia, eldest daughter of emperor Valentinian III, is betrothed to Huneric, son of the Vandal king Genseric (hostage in Italy).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "444", "description": "Attila the Hun establishes his residence along the Tisza River (modern Hungary) and plans the coming campaign in the Balkans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "444", "description": "A ampquotpestilenceampquot that is probably bubonic plague strikes the British Isles and makes the country vulnerable to internal revolts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "444", "description": "The Irish city of Armagh is founded by Saint Patrick.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Ireland", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "444", "description": "Pope Leo I extinguishes the Gallican vicariate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "444", "description": "Dioscorus I becomes Patriarch of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "444", "description": "The wheelbarrow invented by a Chinese artisan will gain worldwide use as a labor-saving device.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "445", "description": "Emperor Valentinian III issues an imperial edict against Manichaeism. Heavy penalties are decreed who does not denounce his religion and retain Manichaean books.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "445", "description": "Petronius Maximus, prominent aristocrat, is given the title of Patrician. He becomes the most honored of all non-imperial Romans and  political rival of Flavius Aetius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "445", "description": "Bleda, co-ruler of the Huns, dies in a hunting accident. He is possibly been murdered at the instigation of his younger brother Attila, with whom he has ruled since 434. Now about 39, Attila takes the throne for himself and becomes king of the Hunnic Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "445", "description": "Domnus II, Patriarch of Antioch, summons a synod of Syrian bishops to confirm the deposition of Athanasius of Perrha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "445", "description": "Ireland: The Diocese of Armagh is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "446", "description": "Germanus, bishop of Auxerre, visits Ravenna seeking to soften imperial hostility towards the Bagaudae. On his arrival at the capital, empress-mother Galla Placidia sends him a silver dish with a choice selection of prepared dainties\u2014all vegetarian, out of respect for the bishop's strict diet. Germanus petitions the Senate for leniency for the citizens of Armorica (Brittany).ampampThe End of Empire (p. 227). Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "446", "description": "The Britons and Anglo-Saxon mercenaries under king Vortigern, appeal to Flavius Aetius (''magister militum'' of Gaul), for military assistance in their struggle against the Picts and Irish. Aetius has enough problems with Attila the Hun and is unable to send any help. (This according to ''Groans of the Britons''.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "446", "description": "The Cor Tewdws (College of Theodosius), Llantwit Major (Wales), is supposedly burned down by Irish pirates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "446", "description": "The Northern Wei Dynasty begins persecuting Buddhists, having heretofore encouraged them. The drain of manpower and tax money to temples and monasteries has threatened the secular government, and the reaction is fierce: monks and nuns are murdered, temples and icons destroyed. All men under age 50 prohibited from joining any monastic order in a program that will continue until 450, helping the Confucianist philosophy of the Han Dynasty to gain dominance over Buddhism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "446", "description": "A local synod is held by Turibius of Astorga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "446", "description": "Flavian becomes patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "447/01/27", "description": " The Walls of Constantinople mungers severely damaged by an earthquake, destroying large parts of the wall, including 57 towers. The population is threatened by a plaque. Emperor Theodosius II orders Constantine, praetorian prefect of the East, to supervise the repairs. He employs the city's ''demoi'' (quotCircus factionsquot) in the work and rebuilt the walls within 60 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "447/01/27", "description": "The Huns, led by Attila, cross the bung era Danube and invade the Balkans as far as Thermopylae (Greece). During the invasion Serdica (modern Sofia) is destroyed. For disobeying the terms of the treaty made since 442, Attila triples his demand for tribute to 2,100 pounds (ca. 700 kg) of gold per year and the ransom for each Roman prisoner to 12 ''solidi''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "447/01/27", "description": "Theodosius II sends an embassy to Attila Priscus of Panium, envoy for the Eastern Roman Empire, records one of few eyewitness accounts of Hun kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "447/01/27", "description": "Battle of the Utus: Attila defeats the Roman army near the Vit River (Bulgaria). The Huns are forced to abandon the siege of Constantinople. They marched north and plunder the defenseless Balkan provinces (including Thrace, Scythia, Moesia, Dacia and Illyricum).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "447/01/27", "description": "Winter ampampndash Theodosius II chooses a policy to protect Constantinople against the Huns. He removes Aspar and Areobindus (''magister militum'') from their military commands.ampampThe End of Empire (p. 144). Willis Francios, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "447/01/27", "description": "Vortigern, king of the Britons, receives the Saxon leaders Hengist and Horsa ampquotas friendsampquot and grants the brothers the Isle of Thanet, most easterly point of Kent (England).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "447/01/27", "description": "Merovech becomes king of the Salian Franks and founder of the Merovingian Dynasty. He settles his Frankish tribe near the Dutch river Merwede, part of the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta (Netherlands).ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.badenhausen.net\/harz\/svava\/MerovingsOrLoc.htm\">http:\/\/www.badenhausen.net\/harz\/svava\/MerovingsOrLoc.htm<\/a> Thiidrekssaga Research: Merovingian Origin Location (s)amp!-- Bot generated title --ampampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "447/01/27", "description": "The first entry in the ''Annales Cambri\u00e6'' refers to this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and Sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "447/01/27", "description": "Second visit of Germanus, bishop of Auxerre, to Britain. He spiritually combat the revived Pelagian threat and expells the Irish from Powys (Wales).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "447/01/27", "description": "The Synod of Toledo (Spain) tries to add the filioque clause to the Nicene Creed. The Greek Orthodox Church refuses to go along with this idea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "448", "description": "Emperor Theodosius II sends an embassy to Attila the Hun Anatolius, Roman general (''magister militum'') and responsible for the security of the Eastern frontier, achieves a peace treaty with the Huns in exchange for an annual tribute of 2,100 pounds of gold per year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "448", "description": "Attila demands in the treaty the evacuation of the territory running from ''Singidunum'' (Belgrade, in Serbia) 300 miles east along the Danube to ''Novae'' (Svishtov, in Bulgaria). This depopulated buffer zone deprived the Romans of their natural defensive advantages.ampampThe End of Empire. Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "448", "description": "Flavius Aetius suppresses the Bagaudae in Armorica (Gaul) and defeats the Salian Franks under king Chlodio near Arras (Belgica Secunda) the invaders are stopped around a river-crossing near ''Vicus Helena''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "448", "description": "Theodosius II orders all non-Christian books burned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "448", "description": "Rechiar succeeds his father Rechila as king of the Suebi in Galicia (Northern Spain). He marries a daughter of the Visigoth king Theodoric I and converts to Catholicism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "448", "description": "Kou Qianzhi, Chinese Daoist reformer, dies after having converted emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei and established Daoism as the country's dominant religion. His death presages a revival of Buddhism as China's dominant faith.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "448", "description": "Eutyches is accused of heresy at a synod held in Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "449", "description": "Emperor Valentinian III sends an embassy to Attila the Hun. The purpose of the meeting is a long-running dispute over spoils of war during the Danube offensive (441\u2013442). Attila claims his lost property, but Valentinian and Flavius Aetius (''magister militum'') refuse this request.ampampThe End of Empire. Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "449", "description": "Flavius Orestes, Roman aristocrat, is sent to Attila's court and becomes a high-ranking secretary (''notarius''). He is the father of the future emperor Romulus Augustulus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "449", "description": "Vortigern, king of the Britons, forms an alliance with Hengist and Horsa, by tradition chieftains of the Jutes, who led the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain. He begins an conquest that is facilitated by an epidemic plague and weakens the country (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "449/08/03", "description": " The Second Council of Ephesus opens, chaired by Dioscorus, patriarch of Alexandria. Flavian, patriarch of Constantinople, and Domnus II, patriarch of Antioch, are deposed on August 8.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "449/08/03", "description": "October ampampndash A Roman synod repudiates all the decisions of the Second Council of Ephesus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "449/08/03", "description": "Anatolius becomes patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "449/08/03", "description": "Maximus II becomes patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "450", "description": "Spring ampampndash Justa Grata Honoria, eldest sister of emperor Valentinian III, sends her ring to Attila the Hun in an effort to escape a marriage being forced upon her by her brother. Now about 34, she has had an affair with an officer in her household and has allegedly plotted to overthrow Valentinian, who has sent her to a convent at Constantinople. Attila announces his intention to marry her, says he expects to be given half the Western Roman Empire as her dowry, and gathers a large Hun invasion force. Flavius Aetius, Roman general (''magister militum''), musters in Gaul an army of Burgundians, Celts, Ripuarians, Salian Franks and Visigoths under the command of the Visigoth king Theodoric I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "450/07/28", "description": " Emperor Theodosius II, age 49, falls from his horse while hunting at Constantinople and dies soon afterward. He reigns since 408, mostly under the domination of his Christian sister Pulcheria, who has been allowed to return to court (see 441).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "450/08/25", "description": " Pulcheria is forced to marry and co-rule the Eastern Roman Empire. She gives the imperial diadem to the Illyrian (or Thracian) officer and senator Marcian, age 58, and is crowned as empress in the Hippodrome at Constantinople in a first religious coronation ceremony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "450/08/25", "description": "Marcian orders the execution (or assassination) of the unpopular court eunuch Chrysaphius. He discontinues the tribute payments to Attila.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "450/08/25", "description": "All the Temples of Aphrodisias (City of Goddess Aphrodite) are demolished and its libraries burned down. The city is renamed Stauroupolis (City of the Cross).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "450/08/25", "description": "Angles, Saxons and Jutes invade Britain, marking the beginning of the Old English period (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "450/08/25", "description": "Dome of Baptistry of Neon, Ravenna (Italy), is started to be remodeled (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "450/08/25", "description": "King Yazdegerd II summons the leading Armenian nobles to the Persian capital Ctesiphon, pressuring them to cut their ties with the Western Church.ampampRonald Grigor Suny, ''The Making of the Georgian Nation'', (Indiana University Press, 1994), 23.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "450/08/25", "description": "Nalanda University (India) is founded (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "450/08/25", "description": "Metal horseshoes come into more common use in the Near East and in Europe, increasing the efficiency of horsepower in agriculture and transportation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Agriculture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "450/08/25", "description": "Hawaii Loa, Polynesian chief, discovers what will be called the Hawaiian Islands, he sails across 2,400 miles of open water from the island of Raiatea, near Tahiti. He settles on Hawaii, named in his honor (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Exploration and Colonization", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "451", "description": "Spring ampampndash Attila gathers his vassals\u2014Bastarnae, Gepids, Heruls, Ostrogoths, Rugians, Scirians, Thuringians, among others and smashes through Germany, causing widespread panic and destruction. He arrives in Belgica with an army (50,000 men) and crosses the Rhine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "451/04/07", "description": " Attila's forces invade Gaul and sack Metz. The major cities Strasbourg, Worms, Mainz, Trier, Cologne, Reims, Tournai, Cambrai, Amiens and Beauvais are destroyed by the Huns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "451/04/07", "description": "Eudocia, daughter of emperor Valentinian III, marries Huneric in Ravenna. The engagement serves to strengthen the alliance between the Western Roman Empire and the Vandal Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "451/04/07", "description": "June ampampndash Attila approaches ''Aurelianum'' (modern Orl\u00e9ans) and the city's inhabitants close the gates forcing him to lay siege. After learning of the Hun invasion, Flavius Aetius (''magister militum'') moves quickly from Italy into Gaul, and joined forces with the Visigoth king Theodoric I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "451/05/26", "description": " Battle of Vartanantz: King Yazdegerd II defeats the  Armenian army (66,000 men) under their rebel leader Vartan Mamikonian on the Avarayr Plain (Armenia). Despite the loss of Mamikonian who is killed, the Armenians consider this battle to have been a moral and religious victory, since Yazdegerd, out of respect for their efforts, allows them to remain Christian. The anniversary is a national and religious holiday.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "451/05/26", "description": "Yazdegerd II issues an decree to abolishes the Shabbat and orders the execution of Jewish leaders, including the Exilarch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "451/06/20", "description": " Battle of Ch\u00e2lons: Attila avoids a pitched battle near Orl\u00e9ans and withdraws to the Catalaunian Plains (Champagne-Ardenne). The Roman coalition defeat the Huns, but Theodoric I is killed in the encounter. This is the last military victory of the Western Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "451/06/20", "description": "Thorismund succeeds his father Theodoric I as king of the Visigoths. He is crowned in the capital at Toulouse and extends the Visigothic Kingdom in Hispania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "451/10/08", "description": "November 1 ampndash Council of Chalcedon, Ecumenical council of the Christian church. As a result of this council the Oriental Orthodox churches eventually become a separate communion. More immediately, Jerusalem becomes a Patriarchate and Dioscorus of Alexandria is deposed as patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "452", "description": "The Huns under Attila invade Northern Italy. Emperor Valentinian III flees from Ravenna to Rome and sends pope Leo I to persuade him to return to the Hungarian Plain. The cities of Aquileia, Padua and Verona are destroyed by the Huns. Milan is safed because Attila is offered a huge amount of gold. Flavius Aetius (''magister militum'') is unable to raise a new army against him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "452", "description": "Rome is threatened by Attila but not attacked due to a last-minute effort by Leo I. Strengthened by news of reinforcements from the Eastern Roman Empire and the plague breaking out among the Huns, Attila is persuade to withdraw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "452", "description": "The city of Venice is founded by fugitives from Attila's army. They flee to small islands in the Venetian Lagoon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "452", "description": "King Vortigern marries Hengist's daughter, Rowena, and becomes queen of the Britons. The Anglo-Saxons increase their settlements in Britain (according to British legend).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "452", "description": "Nan'an Yinwang succeeds his father Tai Wu Di after he is assassinated by the eunuch Zong Ai. Later that year, Yinwang is murdered as well, and Ai is overthrown by a group of high officials. Wen Cheng Di, age 12, becomes the new emperor of Northern Wei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "453", "description": "Attila the Hun is found dead in bed after a wedding feast with the Goth princess Ildica. He dies of a nosebleed at his Hungarian stronghold, drowning in his own blood at age 47 (approximate). The Huns celebrate a ''strava'' (lamentation) over his burial place with great feasting. Attila has intended to renew his attacks on Constantinople and reclaims the tribute which emperor Marcian had stopped in late 450. The Hunnic Empire is divided between his sons Ellac (appointed successor), Dengizich and Ernakh. They fight over his legacy, and establish their kingdoms north of the Black Sea (Ukraine) supported by vassal states.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "453", "description": "July ampampndash Empress Pulcheria dies of natural causes at Constantinople. She has commissioned many new churches in the city during her reign. Her death leaves Flavius Aspar (''magister militum'') as the dominant influence on her husband, Marcian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "453", "description": "Anthemius marries Marcia Euphemia, daughter of Marcian, and is elevated to the rank of ''comes''. He is sent to the Danubian frontier to rebuilt the border defences.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "453", "description": "Theodoric II succeeds his brother Thorismund as king of the Visigoths. Thorismund is murdered after violating the alliance with the Western Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "453", "description": "Ank\u014d obtains the throne of his father Ingy\u014d after the traditional order of succession and becomes the 20th emperor of Japan. His eldest brother Kinashi commits suicide after being accused of a incestuous relationship with his sister Karu no \u014ciratsume (according to the ''Nihon Shoki'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "454/09/21", "description": " Emperor Valentinian III stabs his commander-in-chief Flavius Aetius to death during a meeting of the imperial council at Ravenna. He has accused Aetius of plotting against him to seize power. After his assassination the Western Roman Empire has no effective defender against its hostile barbarian neighbors (Alans, Franks, Ostrogoths, Vandals and Visigoths).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "454/09/21", "description": "Battle of Nedao: Allied forces of subjected peoples (Gepids, Heruli, Ostrogoths, Rugii, Scirii and Suebi) under leadership of king Ardaric defeat the Huns under Ellac, eldest son of Attila the Hun, in Pannonia. Ellac is killed during the battle and succeeded by his brother Dengizich.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "454/09/21", "description": "The Vandals conquer Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "454/09/21", "description": "Ireland: The Diocese of Clogher is erected.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "455/03/16", "description": " Emperor Valentinian III, age 35, is assassinated by two Hunnic retainers of the late Flavius Aetius, ending the Theodosian Dynasty. Also his ''primicerius sacri cubiculi'', Heraclius, is murdered. Valentinian is killed while training with the bow on the Campus Martius (Rome).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "455/03/17", "description": " Petronius Maximus, former ''domesticus'' (quotelite bodyguardquot) of Aetius, becomes with support of the Roman Senate emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He secures the throne by bribing officials of the imperial palace. Maximus consolidates his power by a forced marriage with Licinia Eudoxia, widow of Valentinian III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "455/03/17", "description": "Maximus appoints Avitus, most trusted general, to the rank of ''magister militum'' and sends him on an embassy to Toulouse to gain support of the Visigoths. He elevates his son Palladius to ''Caesar'' and led him marry Eudocia, eldest daughter of Valentinian III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "455/05/31", "description": " Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome. A widespread panic occurs when many citizens heard the news that the Vandals were plundering the Italian mainland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "455/07/09", "description": " Avitus is proclaimed Roman emperor at Toulouse, and later recognised by the Gallic chiefs in ''Viernum'' (near Arles).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "455/08/24", "description": " Sack of Rome: King Genseric leads the Vandals into Rome after he has promised pope Leo I not to burn and plunder the city. Genseric sacks the city for a period of two weeks. Eudoxia and her daughters, Eudocia and Placidia, are taken hostage. The loot is send to the harbour of Ostia and loaded into ships, from where the Vandals depart and return to Carthage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "455/09/21", "description": " Avitus enters Rome with a Gallic army. He restores the imperial authority in Noricum (modern Austria) and leaves a Gothic force under Remistus, Visigoth general (''magister militum''), at Ravenna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "455/09/21", "description": "The Ostrogoths conquer Pannonia and Dalmatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "455/09/21", "description": "Battle of Aylesford: Prince Vortimer rebels against the pro-Anglo-Saxon policies of his father, Vortigern. He is defeated in the battle at Aylesford (Kent). Hengist and his son Oisc become kings of Kent. Horsa and Catigern, brother of Vortimer, are killed. The Britons withdraw to London (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "455/09/21", "description": "Skandagupta succeeds Kumaragupta I as ruler of the Gupta Empire (India). During his reign he crush the Hun invasion, however, the expence of the wars drains the empire's resources and contributes to its decline.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "455/09/21", "description": "Earliest recorded date at Chichen Itza on the  Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula (Mexico) (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mesoamerica", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "455/09/21", "description": "Barter economy replaces organized trade as Romans and other citizens desert their towns for the countryside, where they will be less vulnerable against barbarian raids (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Commerce", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "455/09/21", "description": "The city of ''Vindobona'' (Vienna) is struck by an epidemic that spreads through the Roman provinces. The disease is probably streptococcus or a form of scarlet fever with ''streptococcus pneumoniae'' (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Medicine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "456", "description": "March ampampndash Emperor Marcian sends an embassy to Carthage to end the Vandal raids in the Mediterranean from their strongholds in North Africa and quells disturbances on the Armenian frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "456", "description": "Emperor Avitus sends a Germanic naval expedition under command of Ricimer to defend Sicily. They defeat the Vandals twice on land near Agrigento and in a sea battle off Corsica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "456", "description": "Summer ampampndash Capua is destroyed by the Vandals. Ricimer is unable to end piracy in the western Mediterranean. Backed by his popularity, he gains the consent of the Senate for an expedition against Avitus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "456/09/17", "description": " Remistus, Roman general  (''magister militum''), is besieged with a Gothic force at Ravenna and later executed in the Palace ''in Classis'', outside the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "456/10/05", "description": " The Visigoths under king Theodoric II, acting on orders of Avitus, invade Spain with an army of Burgundians, Franks and Goths, led by their kings Chilperic I and Gondioc. They defeat the Suebi under king Rechiar on the river Urbicus near Astorga (Gallaecia) this shatters the power of the Suebi. During the battle Rechiar is captured and later executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "456/10/17", "description": " Battle of Placentia: Ricimer, supported by Majorian (''comes domesticorum''), defeats near Piacenza (Northern Italy) the usurper Avitus. They compel him to renounce the purple and Avitus is oblige to become bishop of Piacenza.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "456/10/28", "description": " The Visigoths brutally sack the Suebi's capital of Braga (modern Portugal), churches are burnt to the ground.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "456/10/28", "description": "Saint Patrick leaves Britain once more to evangelise Ireland as a missionary bishop. The Anglo-Saxons call the British nobles to a peace conference at Stonehenge but turn on them and massacre almost everyone (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "456/10/28", "description": "Ank\u014d is after a 3-year reign assassinated by the 10-year-old Mayowa no \u014ckimi (prince Mayowa) in retaliation for the execution of his father. He is succeeded by his brother Y\u016bryaku and becomes the 21st emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "457/01/27", "description": " Emperor Marcian dies at Constantinople, possibly of foot gangrene, an infection contracted during a long religious journey. He is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles, together with his late wife Pulcheria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "457/02/07", "description": " Leo I, Thraco-Roman (or Dacian) high-ranking officer, becomes new emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. He is first to accept the Byzantine crown from the hands of the patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "457/04/01", "description": " Majorian is acclaimed emperor by the Roman army after defeating 900 Alamanni near Lake Maggiore (Italy).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "457/12/28", "description": " Majorian is crowned emperor of the Western Roman Empire and recognized by pope Leo I. His rule is accepted in Italy, Dalmatia and some territories in Northern Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "457/12/28", "description": "Childeric I succeeds his father Merovech as king of the Salian Franks. He establishes his capital at Tournai (modern Belgium) and becomes an ''foederati'' of the Western Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "457/12/28", "description": "According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 4,000 Britons are slain at Crecganford in battle against Hengist and his son Aesc.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "457/12/28", "description": "Yazdegerd II dies after a 19-year reign. He is succeeded by his son Hormizd III who seizes the Persian throne. His elder brother Peroz I rebels against him in Sistan (Iran). After months of civil war he defeats Hormizd and becomes the seventeenth Sassanid king of the Persian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "457/12/28", "description": "Victorius of Aquitaine computes new tables for celebrating Easter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "458", "description": "Emperor Majorian builds a Roman fleet at Miseno and Ravenna. He strengthens the army, by recruiting a large number of barbarian mercenaries (Bastarnae, Burgundians, Huns, Ostrogoths, Rugii, Scythians and Suebi).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "458", "description": "Summer ampampndash The Vandals land in Campania, at the mouth of the Lire or the Garigliano River, and devastate the region. Majorian personally leads the Roman army and defeats the invaders near Sinuessa, destroying their ships on the seashore, loaded with booty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "458", "description": "Battle of Arelate: Majorian defeats the Visigoths under king Theodoric II at Arles (Southern Gaul) near the Rhone River. Theodoric is forced to sign a peace treaty and becomes an ''foederati'' of the Western Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "458", "description": "Winter ampampndash Majorian enters the Rhone Valley and defeats the Burgundians under king Gondioc at Lugdunum. He forces the Bagaudae to join the western coalition against the Suebi in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "458", "description": "Childeric I succeeds his father Merovech as king of the Salian Franks (or 457).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "458", "description": "The city of Tbilisi (Georgia) on the Kura River is founded by king Vakhtang I of Iberia. Its location gives it control of the trade routes between western and eastern Transcaucasia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Exploration and Colonization", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "458/07/03", "description": " Gennadius I becomes patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "459", "description": "Emperor Leo I signs a peace treaty with the Ostrogoths. King Theodemir sends his son Theodoric, age 5, as a child hostage to Constantinople. He learns at court about Latin, military tactics and religion (until 469).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "459", "description": "King Vortigern is burnt to death while being besieged by a Romano-British force under Ambrosius Aurelianus at Ganarew (Herefordshire).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "459", "description": "The Franks conquer the city of Trier. The Frankish Kingdom become a military power and get involved in Roman politics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "459", "description": "Remigius, age 22, is elected bishop of Reims (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "459", "description": "King Dhatusena of the Moriyan Dynasty rules over Sri Lanka. During his reign the Avukana Buddha Statue is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "460", "description": "Emperor Majorian gathers a expeditionary force (Alans and other barbarians) in Liguria and enters after a long march Aquitaine where he visits king Theodoric II at Toulouse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "460", "description": "Majorian invades Hispania, his generals Nepotianus and Sunieric lead a Visigoth army into Gallaecia. The Suebi are defeated and Lusitania (modern Portugal) is conquered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "460", "description": "King Genseric, fearing a Roman invasion, tries to negotiate a peace with Majorian, who refuses. The Vandals devastate Mauretania and Moorish warriors poison the wells.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "460", "description": "The Roman fleet, docked at ''Portus Illicitanus'' (near Elche) for the African campaign, is destroyed by the Vandals. Majorian is forced to a peace treaty and returns to Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "460", "description": "Emperor Leo I founds the Excubitors (Imperial Guard) at Constantinople, this elite tagmatic unit (300 men) is recruited from among the warlike Isaurians (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "460/03/27", "description": "night) ampndash Swabians invade the Gallic city of Lugo. The governor is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "460/03/27", "description": "The Hepthalites (White Huns) conquer the remnants of the Kushan Empire and enter India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "460/03/27", "description": "A famine that will last for several years begins in the Persian Empire (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "460/03/27", "description": "The remodeling of the dome of Baptistry of Neon at Ravenna (Italy) is finished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "460/03/27", "description": "The Ajanta Caves (India) are completed. Cut into the volcanic rock and elaborately painted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "460/03/27", "description": "The seated Buddha in the Yungang Grottoes, Datong (Shanxi), is made (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "460/03/27", "description": "The Coptic Orthodox Church (Egypt) splits from the Chalcedonian Church of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "460/03/27", "description": "Gennadius I, patriarch of Constantinople, banishes Timothy II, patriarch of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "461/08/02", "description": " Majorian is arrested near Tortona (Northern Italy) and deposed by Ricimer (''magister militum'') as puppet emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "461/08/07", "description": " Majorian is beaten and tortured for five days, and later beheaded near the Iria River (Lombardy).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "461/08/07", "description": "King Genseric continues the Vandal raids on the coast of Sicily and Italy. Ricimer sends an embassy to Carthage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "461/08/07", "description": "Olybrius becomes second candidate for the western throne. He is the husband of Placidia held in Vandal captivity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "461/11/10", "description": " Pope Leo I dies at Rome, age 61 (approximate), after a 21-year reign in which he has resisted Manichaeism and defended the Church against Nestorianism. He is succeeded by Hilarius as the 46th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "461/11/10", "description": "Mamertus is elected bishop of Vienne (Gaul).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "461/11/19", "description": " Libius Severus, Roman senator from Lucania, is declared emperor of the Western Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "461/11/19", "description": "The Visigoths under king Theodoric II recapture Septimania (Southern Gaul) after the assassination of Majorian and invade Hispania again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "461/11/19", "description": "Aegidius becomes ruler over the Domain of Soissons (Gaul). He has friendly relations with the Romano-British in Brittany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "462/09/01", "description": " Possible start of the first Byzantine indiction cycle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "462/09/01", "description": "Emperor Leo I pays a large ransom for Licinia Eudoxia and Placidia. They return after seven years of captivity in Carthage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "462/09/01", "description": "The Statue of Zeus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, is destroyed by fire after being moved to Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "462/09/01", "description": "The Monastery of Stoudios is founded near the Propontis (Turkey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "462/09/01", "description": "The ''Daming'' calendar is introduced in China by mathematician Zu Chongzhi (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "463", "description": "Childeric I, king of the Salian Franks, allies with the Roman general Aegidius. During a battle near Orl\u00e9ans the Visigoths under king Theodoric II are defeated by the Franks while crossing the Loire River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "463", "description": "The Suebi live under a diarchy, and fight a civil war over the kingship in Galicia (Northern Spain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "464", "description": "Olybrius is elected Roman consul by the Eastern court in Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "464", "description": "The Suevic nation in Galicia (Northern Spain) is unified under king Remismund.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "464", "description": "King Theodoric II sends Remismund gifts (for recognizing his kingship), including weapons, and a Gothic princess for a wife.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "464", "description": "Aegidius dies (possibly poisoned) and is succeeded by his son Syagrius who becomes ruler of the Domain of Soissons (Gaul).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "465", "description": "Basiliscus, with the help of his sister Aelia Verina (wife of emperor Leo I), becomes a consul in the Eastern Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "465/08/15", "description": " Libius Severus, puppet emperor of the Western Roman Empire, dies after a 4-year reign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "465/08/15", "description": "Ricimer, ''de facto'' ruler, establishes political control for 2 years at his residence in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "465/08/15", "description": "Battle of Wippedesfleot: The Saxons under command of Hengist and Aesc are defeated by the Britons near Ebbsfleet (Kent). During the battle 12 Welsh leaders are killed (according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "465/08/15", "description": "King Remismund establishes a policy of friendship with the Visigoths and promotes the conversion of the Suebi into Arianism in Galicia (Northern Spain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "465/08/15", "description": "Qian Fei Di, then Ming Di becomes ruler of the Liu Song Dynasty after his nephew is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "465/11/19", "description": " Pope Hilarius convokes a synod at Rome's Church of Santa Maria Maggiore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "465/11/19", "description": "Peter the Fuller becomes patriarch of Antioch (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "466", "description": "Emperor Leo I repels the Hun invasion of Dacia (modern Romania). They ravage the Balkans but are unable to take Constantinople thanks to the city walls, which are rebuilt and reinforced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "466", "description": "Tarasicodissa, Isaurian officer of the Excubitors (Imperial Guard), comes with evidence that Ardabur (''magister militum'') is forming a conspiracy against Leo I. Ardabur is arrested for treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "466", "description": "Tarasicodissa adopts the Greek name of Zeno and marries Ariadne, eldest daughter of Leo I (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "466", "description": "King Theodoric II is killed by his younger brother Euric, who succeeds him on the throne. He conquers Hispania and the harbor city of Marseille (Southern Gaul), adding them to the existing Visigothic Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "466", "description": "Euric sends an embassy to the Eastern Roman Empire for recognition of the Visigoth sovereignty. He forms an alliance with the Suebi and the Vandals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "466", "description": "Peter the Fuller is deposed as patriarch of Antioch Julian is elected as his successor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "467/04/12", "description": " Emperor Leo I has his general Anthemius elected emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He allies himself with Ricimer, ''de facto'' ruler of Rome, and marries his daughter Alypia to him. This to strengthen the relationship and end the hostilities between the Eastern and Western Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "467/04/12", "description": "Summer ampampndash King Genseric extends his pirate raids in the Mediterranean Sea, the Vandals sack and enslave the people living in Illyricum, the Peloponnese and other parts of Greece. Leo I joins forces with the Western Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "467/04/12", "description": "Re-fortification of ancient Hillforts in Britain and construction of the Wansdyke (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "467/04/12", "description": "Emperor Skandagupta dies after a 12-year reign as Huns consolidate their conquests in western India. He is succeeded by his half-brother Purugupta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "468", "description": "Emperor Leo I assembles a massive naval expedition at Constantinople, which costs 64,000 pounds of gold (more than a year's revenue) and consists of over 1,100 ships carrying 100,000 men. It is the greatest fleet ever sent against the Vandals and brings Leo near to bankruptcy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "468", "description": "Emperor Anthemius sends a Roman expedition under command of Marcellinus. He expels the Vandals from Sicily and retakes Sardinia. The Eastern general Heraclius of Edessa lands with a force on the Libyan coast east of Carthage and advances from Tripolitania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "468", "description": "Battle of Cape Bon: The Vandals defeat the Roman navy under Basiliscus anchored at ''Promontorium Mercurii'', 45 miles from Carthage (Tunisia). During peace negotiations Genseric uses fire ships, filling them with brushwood and pots of oil, destroying 700 imperial galleys. Basiliscus escapes with his surviving fleet to Sicily, harassed all the way by Moorish pirates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "468", "description": "August ampampndash Marcellinus is murdered in Sicily, probably at the instigation of his political rival, Ricimer. Heraclius is left to fight alone against the Vandals after a 2-year campaign in the desert he returns to Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "468", "description": "Basiliscus returns to Constantinople after a disastrous expedition against the Vandals. He is forced to seek sanctuary in the church of Hagia Sophia to escape the wrath of the people. Leo I gives him imperial pardon, but banishes him for 3 years to Heraclea Sintica (Thrace).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "468", "description": "Dengizich, son of Attila the Hun, sends an embassy to Constantinople to demand money. Leo I offers the Huns settlement in Thrace in exchange for recognition of his authority. Dengizich refuses and crosses the Danube.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "468", "description": "Roman forces under Anagast defeat the Huns at the Utus River (Bulgaria). Dengizich is killed and his head is paraded through the streets of Constantinople. Stuck on the end of a wooden pole, it is displayed above the Xylokerkos Gate.ampampThe End of Empire (p. 269). Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "468", "description": "The Vandals reconquer Sicily, administering a decisive defeat to the Western forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "468/02/28", "description": " Pope Hilarius dies at Rome after a 6\u00bd-year reign and is succeeded by Simplicius as the 47th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "469", "description": "The Ostrogoth prince Theodoric, age 15, returns to Pannonia after he has lived as a child hostage at the court of emperor Leo I in Constantinople (see 459).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "469", "description": "The Vandals invade Epirus (modern Albania). They are expelled from the Peloponnese (Greece) and in retaliation, the Vandals take 500 hostages at Zakynthos. On the way back to Carthage they are slaughtered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "469", "description": "King Euric declares himself independent from the Western Roman Empire. He extends the Visigothic power in Hispania  conquering the cities of Pamplona, Zaragoza and M\u00e9rida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "469", "description": "The Vatican makes a pact with the Salian Frankish king Childeric I, agreeing to call him ampquotthe new Constantineampquot on condition that he accept conversion to Christianity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "470", "description": "Emperor Anthemius appeals to the Britons for military help against the Visigoths. A Breton force (12,000 men) under the Celtic leader Riothamus lands in Gaul but is defeated by king Euric. He expands the Visigothic Kingdom further north, possibly as far as the Somme River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "470", "description": "The Basilica of St. Stephen in the Round on the Celian Hill at Rome is consecrated (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "470", "description": "Odoacer becomes the leader of the Germanic tribes (Herulic \u2013 Scirian ''foederati'') in Northern Italy (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "470", "description": "Mamertus, bishop of Vienne, introduces the Rogation days. A three days procession involving prayer to invoke God's mercy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "471", "description": "Basiliscus, brother-in-law of emperor Leo I, returns from exile (see 468) and leads a imperial conspiracy against Aspar (''magister militum'') in helping his murder at Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "471", "description": "The army of king Ceretic of Strathclyde raids the Irish coast and carries off some of Saint Patrick's followers and sells them into slavery (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "471", "description": "The Visigoths under Euric conquer a large part of the Provence (Southern Gaul). The city of Clermont-Ferrand in Auvergne is besieged.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "471", "description": "The Goths, led by Theodoric Strabo, revolt in Thrace after the assassination of Aspar. Leo I sends Basiliscus to suppress the uprising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "471", "description": "Theodoric the Great, age 17, succeeds his father Theodemir as king of the Ostrogoths settling his people in lower Moesia (Balkans).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "471", "description": "The ruler of the nomadic Tuoba tribal state in Northern China adopts a Chinese surname and will reign Northern Wei as emperor Xiao Wen Di until his death in 499.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "471", "description": "Acacius becomes patriarch of Constantinople and succeeds Gennadius I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "472", "description": "The Western Roman Empire enters a period of unrest. Relations between Ricimer, ''de facto'' ruler, and emperor Anthemius deteriorates completely. Epiphanius, bishop of Pavia, negotiates a peace agreement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "472", "description": "Anthemius is besieged in the part of Rome he controls until his troops desert him. He is caught while fleeing the city disguised as a supplicant at the church of Santa Maria in Trastavere, and later beheaded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "472/07/11", "description": " Ricimer proclaims Olybrius emperor and dies less than two months later at his palace in malignant fever, vomiting blood. The Burgundian general Gundobad assumes command of the Western army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "472/11/02", "description": " Olybrius dies of dropsy after only a reign of four months. During his rule he is mainly interested in religion while the actual power is in the hands of Gundobad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "472/11/02", "description": "Mount Vesuvius erupts. During the volcanic eruption the whole of southern Europe is blanketed by ash.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "473/03/03", "description": " Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Emperor Leo I refuses to  recognize him and chooses Julius Nepos as candidate to the Western throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "473/10/25", "description": " Leo I grants his grandson Leo II, age 6, the title of ''Caesar'' (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "473/10/25", "description": "Theodoric Strabo signs a peace treaty with Leo I and according to the terms the Goths are paid with an annual tribute of 2,000 pounds of gold. Leo gives him an independent state in Thrace and he obtains the rank of ''magister militum''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Balkans", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "473/10/25", "description": "The Ostrogoths leave Pannonia, migrate to Macedonia and Moesia, from where they ravage the Balkans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Balkans", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "473/10/25", "description": "King Euric orders the invasion of Italy, but is defeated by Glycerius. The Visigoths withdraw to Gaul, and conquer the cities of Arles and Marseille.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "473/10/25", "description": "Gundobad returns to Burgundy where his father Gondioc has died and becomes king of the Burgundians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "474/01/18", "description": " Emperor Leo I dies of dysentery at Constantinople after a 17-year reign. He is succeeded by his grandson Leo II who becomes briefly ruler of the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "474/02/09", "description": " Zeno, father of Leo II, is crowned as co-emperor (''Augustus''). He rules the empire together with his son and stabilises the Eastern frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "474/06/24", "description": " Julius Nepos arrives at Portus and marches on Ravenna. He forces Glycerius to abdicate the throne and proclaims himself emperor of the Western Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "474/06/24", "description": "Glycerius is exiled to Dalmatia (Balkans) and becomes bishop of Salona. The Senate nor the Gallo-Roman aristocracy decide to resist and Nepos accepts the ''imperial purple''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "474/11/17", "description": " Leo II dies of an unknown disease (possibly poisoned by his mother Araidne) after a reign of 10 months. Zeno becomes sole emperor of the Eastern Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "474/11/17", "description": "Winter ampampndash Zeno sends an embassy to conclude a peace with king Genseric. He succeeds in an agreement with the Vandals to secure the commercial routes in the Mediterranean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "474/11/17", "description": "A statue of a ''Standing Buddha'' from Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh, (during the Gupta period) is made. It is now kept at the Sarnath Museum (India).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "475/01/09", "description": " Emperor Zeno abdicates under pressure as his wife's uncle Basiliscus stages a coup d'\u00e9tat at Constantinople with support from Zeno's trusted adviser and fellow Isaurian Illus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "475/01/12", "description": " Basiliscus usurps the throne and is proclaimed new emperor (''Augustus'') of the Eastern Roman Empire. He begins a 20-month reign, Zeno and his supporters flee to Isauria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "475/04/09", "description": " Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, promoting the Miaphysite christological position. The religious views will make him highly unpopular.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "475/04/09", "description": "Summer ampampndash Emperor Julius Nepos grants the Visigoth king Euric legal tenure of his conquests, which include Provence (region of Gaul) in exchange for full independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "475/08/28", "description": " Flavius Orestes takes control of the government at Ravenna and forces Julius Nepos to flee to Dalmatia. Unable to rule himself, he appoints his son Romulus Augustus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "475/10/31", "description": " Romulus Augustus (quotLittle Augustusquot) is installed as emperor by his father Orestes who becomes ''magister militum'' and regent of the Western Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "475/10/31", "description": "Bodhidharma, Buddhist monk, travels to China and begins teachings of the Lankavatara Sutra (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "475/10/31", "description": "Gongju becomes the capital of Baekje, and is threatened by Goguryeo who conquers the Han River valley (Korea).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "475/10/31", "description": "A ''Bodhisattva'' (detail of a wall painting in the Ajanta Caves) in Maharashtra (India) of the Gupta period is made (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "475/10/31", "description": "The compilation of the Babylonian Talmud, the source of the majority of Jewish Halakha, is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "476", "description": "Summer ampampndash Odoacer, chieftain of the Germanic tribes (Herulic - Scirian ''foederati''), visits the imperial palace at Ravenna. He petitions Orestes (''magister militum'') to reward his mercenaries for their services and their support of his rebellion a year earlier, by making good on his promise to grant them lands to settle permanently in Italy. Orestes refuse this proposal and Odoacer leads his tribesmen in a revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "476", "description": "August ampampndash Basiliscus, Roman usurper, is deposed and Zeno is restored as emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. With support of his adviser Illus he besieged  Constantinople but the Senate opens the gates, allowing him to resume the throne. Basiliscus flees to sanctuary in a church, but surrenders himself and his family after extracting a solemn promise from Zeno not to shed their blood. He sends him to a fortress in Cappadocia where he later dies from starvation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "476/08/23", "description": " Odoacer, age 43, is proclaimed ''rex Italiae'' (quotking of Italyquot) by his troops. He leads his Ostrogoth army into the Po Valley and advances to Ravenna while plundering the countryside.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "476/09/04", "description": " : Romulus Augustus, Roman usurper of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed by Odoacer at Ravenna. Odoacer spares the boy's life and gives him a pension of 6,000 ''solidii'' but exiles him to the ''quotCastellum Lucullanumquot'' (Castel dell'Ovo), on the island of ''Megaride'', in the Gulf of Naples. His father Orestes is arrested a week earlier near Piacenza and swiftly executed. This event would late be romanticized in Western literature and history as the Fall of Rome and is traditionally used by historians to mark the beginning of the European Middle Ages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "476/09/04", "description": "Julius Nepos, ''de jure'' ruler, becomes legally the last ampquotWestern Roman Emperor.ampquot He governs Dalmatia (Balkans), Morocco, and Northwest Gaul until his death 480, but has no effective power on the Italian Peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "476/09/04", "description": "Odoacer crosses the Maritime Alps with a Gothic army and invades Provence (Southern Gaul). He conquers the cities of Arles and Marseilles, after a victorious battle against the Burgundians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "476/09/04", "description": "The Visigoths under king Euric march into Italy and suffer defeat against the forces of Odoacer. Emperor Zeno concludes a peace treaty between the Goths and Odoacer surrenders the newly conquered territory in Gaul. Euric pledged himself to undertake no further hostilities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "476/09/04", "description": "The Roman Senate petitions Zeno to recognize Nepos as deposed and take the sole emperorship himself, abolishing the 91 year east\/west division of the empire and recognizing Odoacer's authority in Italy.  Zeno declines the first request, but names Odoacer ''Patricius'', investing his rule with Imperial legitimacy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "476/09/04", "description": "Winter ampampndash Zeno recognizes the full extent of the Vandal Kingdom, including all of western Africa, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily. King Genseric gives Sicily, with exception of the city of Lilybaeum, to Odoacer in return for tribute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "476/09/04", "description": "The birth of Aryabhata is traditionally regarded as the beginning of the classical period of Indian mathematics and astronomy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "476/09/04", "description": "Xian Wen Di, Retired Emperor of Northern Wei, is murdered by Empress Feng. She assumes regency over the young Xiao Wen Di.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "476/09/04", "description": "Peter the Fuller is restored as patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "477/01/25", "description": " King Genseric dies a natural death at Carthage and is succeeded by his eldest son Huneric. He maintains control with his Vandal fleet over the islands in the western Mediterranean Sea and lifts the policy of his father of persecuting the Roman Catholics in Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "477/01/25", "description": "According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Aelle, first king of the South Saxons, lands on the Sussex coast (England), with his three sons, near Cymenshore. The Britons engage him upon landing but his superior force besieges them at Pevensey and drives them into the Weald. Over the next nine years, Saxon coastal holdings are gradually expanded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "477/01/25", "description": "Armatus, Byzantine military commander (''magister militum''), is killed by order of emperor Zeno. He is murdered by his own friend Onoulphus after supporting the rebellion of his uncle Basiliscus (see 475).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "477/01/25", "description": "Shun Di, age 10, becomes emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty after his brother Houfei Di is assasinated by general Xiao Daocheng. He installs him as puppet ruler and sets himself up as regent. Xiao receives near-imperial powers and establishes Buddhism as the state religion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "477/01/25", "description": "Shaolin Temple is founded (according to the ''Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks'' (645) by D\u00e0oxu\u0101n, the monastery is built on the north side of Shaoshi, the western peak of Mount Song, one of the four Sacred Mountains of China, by emperor Xiao Wen Di of the Northern Wei Dynasty in 477. Yang Xuanzhi, in the ''Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang'' (547), and Li Xian, in the ''Ming Yitongzh''i (1461), concur with Daoxuan's location and attribution. For alternate founding date, see 497).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "477/01/25", "description": "Xiao Wen Di sets up the ampquotThree Leadersampquot system, under which native hamlet, village and district officers are responsible for taxation and conscription.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "477/01/25", "description": "This year is the earliest date for the oldest known painted depiction of a horse collar, on a cave mural of Dunhuang, during the Northern Wei Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "478", "description": "Verina, mother-in-law of emperor Zeno, attempts to kill Isaurian general Illus for turning against Basiliscus, her brother. The revolt is led by her son-in-law Marcian and the Ostrogoth warlord Theodoric Strabo, but Illus again proves his loyalty to Zeno by quashing the revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "478", "description": "The first Shinto shrines are built in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "478", "description": "The Song Dynasty ends in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "478", "description": "Chinese chronicles record a memorial sent by the ampquotKing of Japanampquot (possibly Y\u016bryaku), who describes himself as ampquotSupreme Director of Military Affairs in Japan and Koreaampquot to the Court of the Northern Wei Dynasty. The Chinese emperor responds by confirming the Japanese dynasty in those titles. This is the earliest verifiable date in Japanese history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "479", "description": "Ambrosius Aurelianus, war leader of the Romano-British, is proclaimed king of the Britons (according to ''Historia Regum Britanniae''). He rules probably in the south of Britain and continues the war against the Anglo-Saxons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "479", "description": "King Theodoric the Great starts a 4-year campaign against the Byzantine Empire. The Ostrogoths ravage the Roman provinces (Moesia and Thrace) and threaten the capital of Constantinople itself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "479", "description": "Julius Nepos, former emperor of the Western Roman Empire, plots military plans in Dalmatia against Odoacer, hoping to regain control of Italy himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "479", "description": "Summer ampampndash The Song Dynasty ends and the Southern Qi Dynasty begins in southern China. Emperor Shun Di is forced to abandon the throne and Qi Gao Di becomes the first ruler of Southern Qi. Later he and empress Wang Zhenfeng are killed by the imperial guard, near the vicinity of the capital Jiankang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "480", "description": "Emperor Zeno officially dissolves the east\/west co-emperorship, ruling as the first sole emperor of Rome in 95 years. The position of emperor is never again divided.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "480", "description": "Julius Nepos, former emperor of the Western Roman Empire, dies in exile in Dalmatia. He is murdered by his own soldiers in his villa, near Solona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Balkans", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "480/12/09", "description": " Odoacer occupies Dalmatia and prosecutes Nepos's killers. He later establishes his political power with the co-operation of the Roman Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Balkans", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "480/12/09", "description": "King Chilperic I dies and is succeeded by his nephew Gundobad, whose realm covers much of eastern Gaul and has two capitals, at Lyon and Geneva. He rules the Kingdom of Burgundy with his brothers Chilperic II, Gundomar and Godegisel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "480/12/09", "description": "Syagrius, ruler of Domain of Soissons, manages to maintain the Roman authority in northern Gaul. He defends his ampquotkingdomampquot against the neighbouring Salian Franks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "480/12/09", "description": "The Visigoths under king Euric extend their rule from the Loire River to Gibraltar (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "480/12/09", "description": "Ireland: The Diocese of Connor is erected.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "480/12/09", "description": "Budhagupta, ruler of the Gupta Empire, establishes diplomatic relations with the Kannauj kingdom and drives the Huns out of the fertile plains of northern India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "480/12/09", "description": "Prince Seinei succeeds his father Y\u016bryaku and becomes the 22nd emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "480/12/09", "description": "Constantius of Lyon begins his research for his book ''Vita sancta Germani'' (ampquoton the Life of Germanusampquot). He also writes a hagiography of Germanus of Auxerre (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "481", "description": "King Childeric I dies at Tournai after a 24-year reign. He is succeeded by his 15-year-old son Clovis who becomes ruler of the Salian Franks in the province Gallia Belgica (modern Belgium) until his death in 511.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "481", "description": "Theodoric Strabo defeats the Bulgars in Thrace and moves with an army (13,000 men) towards Constantinople. After logistical problems, he is forced to return to Greece. In an encampment at ''Stabulum Diomedis'', near Philippi, he falls from an unruly horse onto a spear and dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "481", "description": "The Armenians revolt against Persian rule in an uprising that continue until 484. Led by Vahan Mamikonian, nephew of the late Vartan, they obtain religious and political freedom in return for military aid. Vahan is installed as governor (''marzban'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "481/02/01", "description": " King Huneric organises a conference between Catholic and Arian bishops at Carthage. At the request of Byzantine emperor Zeno, he allows the election of a Catholic bishop, named Eugenius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "481/02/01", "description": "Baekje, Silla, and Daegaya form an alliance against Goguryeo (Korea).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "482", "description": "Emperor Zeno promulgates an Edict of Union (''Henotikon'') in an unsuccessful effort to soften the decision made at the Council of Chalcedon (451)  and resolve differences between the eastern and western Churches. Zeno wishes to placate the Monophysite churches of Egypt, Palestine and Syria for political reasons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "482", "description": "Prince Qi Wudi succeeds his father Qi Gaodi and becomes emperor of Southern Qi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "483", "description": "Illus, Byzantine general (''magister officiorum''), and Verina (widow of the late emperor Leo I) attempt to overthrow emperor Zeno and place another general named Leontius on the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "483", "description": "The Ostrogoths are given status as ''foederati'', they control a large part of Macedonia and Thrace (Balkans).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "483/03/10", "description": " Pope Simplicius dies at Rome after a 15-year reign and is succeeded by Felix III as the 48th pope. He is a widower with two children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "484/02/24", "description": " King Huneric removes the Catholic bishops from their offices and banished some to Corsica. A few are martyred, including former proconsul Victorian along with Frumentius and other merchants. They are killed at Hadrumetum after refusing to become Arians.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.saintpatrickdc.org\/ss\/0323.shtml\">http:\/\/www.saintpatrickdc.org\/ss\/0323.shtml<\/a> Saint Patrick's Church: Saints of March 23", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "484/07/19", "description": " Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). Empress dowager Verina sends a letter to the governors of the Diocese of the East and the Diocese of Egypt for support. He is recognized in Antioch and makes it his capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "484/07/19", "description": "Leontius raises a rebellion against emperor Zeno, who faces a revolt also from the Ostrogoth king Theodoric the Great. He sends an army to Syria, but is defeated by the Byzantine general Illus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "484/07/19", "description": "Zeno signs a peace treaty with Theodoric the Great. He appoints him to ''magister militum'' and becomes a consul. The eastern empire is safed by diplomatic negotiations and the imperial army is strengthened behind the walls of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "484/07/19", "description": "King Gundobad proclaims the ''Lex Burgundionum''. A law code of the Burgundians, concerning marriage and inheritance as well as regulating weregild and other penalties (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "484/12/23", "description": " Huneric dies and is succeeded by his nephew Gunthamund, who becomes king of the Vandals. During his reign the Catholics are free from persecutions and he stabilishes the kingdom's economy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "484/12/23", "description": "The Hephthalites (White Huns) invade Persia. King Peroz I gathered an army of 50,000-100,000 men and, placing his brother Balash at the head of the government in Ctesiphon.  At the Battle of Herat, the Persians are ambused and defeated. Peroz I is killed, his body is with dignity returned and buried with full honors. Balash is crowned and becomes king of Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "484/12/23", "description": "The Nvarsak Treaty is concluded between the Persians and Armenians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "484/12/23", "description": "Pope Felix III excommunicates Acacius of Constantinople and Peter III of Alexandria, for their role in having Zeno issue his Edict of Union (''Henotikon'') 2 years ago. He considers the edict to be heretical and the schism between the Church of Rome and the Church of Constantinople widens. The ''Acacian Schism'' will not be resolved until 519.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "484/12/28", "description": " The Visigoth king Euric dies and is succeeded by his son Alaric II. Euric has built a rampart to protect the city of Carcassonne southeast of Toulouse on a bend of the Aude River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "485", "description": "Aelle of Sussex, king of the South Saxons, fights the Britons at the stream of Mercredesburne. The battle ends in a draw (this according to the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "485", "description": "Period of Arthurs ampquottwelve battlesampquot during which he gains reputation for invincibility (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "485", "description": "Emperor Xiao Wen Di institutes an ampquotequal-fieldampquot system of agriculture, assigning each peasant family about 19 acres (140 mu) of land, of which a small portion is to be kept permanently by the farmer and his family with the rest reverting to the state upon his death of retirement. To make sure that the people supervise each other in implementing the new system, he divides the population into groups, with five families constituting a neighborhood (''Jin''), five neighborhoods a village (''Ji''), and five villages an association (''tang'') headed by a chief (''chang''). The land-reform system will discourage farmers from selling off their properties to large landholders and will be continued in essence for well over 1,000 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "485", "description": "Prince Kenz\u014d succeeds his adoptive father Seinei and becomes the 23rd emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "485", "description": "Peter the Fuller, patriarch of Antioch, is condemned and excommunicated by a synod of Western bishops at Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "486", "description": "Battle of Soissons: Frankish forces under king Clovis I defeat the Gallo-Roman kingdom of Soissons (Gaul). Roman rule under Syagrius ends. The land between the Somme and the Loire becomes a part of the Frankish Empire. Syagrius flees to the Visigoths (under king Alaric II), but Clovis threatens war and he is handed over for execution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "486", "description": "Clovis I establishes his new residence at Soissons. He appoints Ragnachar, Frankish petty king (''regulus''), as his deputy ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "486", "description": "Persian Christians who follow Nestorianism gather in the second Council of Seleucia (modern Turkey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "487", "description": "King Odoacer leads an army victorious against the Rugians in Noricum (modern Austria).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "487", "description": "Emperor Kenz\u014d, age 38, dies after a reign of only three years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "487", "description": "The Lateran Council convened by pope Felix III establishes conditions for readmitting to the Church those Christians who have been rebaptized by the Vandals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "487", "description": "", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "488", "description": "Emperor Zeno regains power from the Roman Catholic usurper Leontius and the Isaurian patrician Illus, who are captured and executed, ending a 4-year rebellion (see 484).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "488", "description": "Zeno orders Theodoric the Great to overthrow his rival Odoacer, who has established himself as king of Italy (see 476). He marched with an Ostrogoth army to the West.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "488", "description": "According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Hengist dies and is succeeded by his son Oisc as king of Kent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "488", "description": "The Gepids capture Belgrade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "488", "description": "Kavadh I is crowned by the nobles and succeeds his blind uncle Balash as the 19th king of Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "488", "description": "Ninken, adopted heir of Seinei, succeeds his brother Kenz\u014d and becomes new emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "488", "description": "Peter the Fuller is succeeded by Palladius as patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "488", "description": "Fravitta becomes patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "489", "description": "Emperor Zeno closes the School of Edessa (modern Turkey) for their teaching of Nestorian doctrine, whereupon the scholars seek refuge at the Syrian Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "489", "description": "The Ostrogoths, led by king Theodoric the Great, invade Northern Italy. The Gepids try to halt the advance, but Theodoric defeats them at the city of Sirmium (Pannonia) and continues on to cross the Julian Alps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "489/08/28", "description": " Battle of Isonzo: Theodoric defeats the overwhelming forces of Odoacer at So\u010da (near Aquileia), forcing his way into Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "489/09/30", "description": " Battle of Verona: Odoacer is defeated again by Theodoric for a second time. He retreats to the impregnable capital of Ravenna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "489/09/30", "description": "The Ostrogoths capture the cities Pavia and Milan. The majority of Odoacer's army, including his ''magister militum'' Tufa, surrenders to Theodoric.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "489/09/30", "description": "The first Temple of Confucius is constructed in Northern China (outside the ancestral temple at Qufu).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "490", "description": "Spring ampampndash Odoacer receives reinforcements from the south and leaves Ravenna. He defeats the Ostrogoths near Faenza.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "490", "description": "King Theodoric the Great retreats to Ticinum (modern  Pavia), where he constructs a fortified camp, which is blockaded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "490", "description": "Summer ampampndash The Burgundians under king Gundobad cross the Alps and plunder Liguria. Many Romans are taken into captivity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "490", "description": "King Alaric II supports Theodoric, in his conquest of Italy by dispatching an Visigoth army to raise Odoacer's siege of Pavia.ampampWolfram, ''History of the Goths'', p. 281 ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "490/08/11", "description": " Battle of Adda: Theodoric and his ally Alaric II defeat the forces of Odoacer on the Adda River, near Milan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "490/08/11", "description": "Theodoric and his Ostrogoths lay siege to Ravenna. The cities, Cesena and Rimini, remain their allegiance to Odoacer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "490/08/11", "description": "Empress Feng of the Chinese Northern Wei Dynasty dies. She is buried with magnificent honors, in the Wenming Tomb.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "490/08/11", "description": "Corn rises to a terrible famine price and before the end of the siege of Ravenna the inhabitants feed on the hides of animals, many of them perish of hunger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Agriculture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "490/08/11", "description": "Euphemius becomes patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "491/04/09", "description": " Emperor Zeno, age 66, dies of dysentery after a 17-year reign. He has no sons to succeed him and the Albanian-born Anastasius, palace official (''silentiarius'') and  favoured friend of empress Ariadne, is elevated to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "491/05/20", "description": " Anastasius I marries Ariadne shortly after his accession. His reign is disturbed by religious distractions and a civil war started by Longinus, brother of late emperor Zeno.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "491/05/20", "description": "Anti-Isaurian riots break out in the Hippodrome at Constantinople. Longinus and several other Isaurians, including general Longinus of Cardala are exiled to Thebaid (Egypt).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "491/05/20", "description": "Aelle of Sussex besieges and conquers the fortified town Anderitum in southern Britain. He massacres the population, apparently sub-Roman Brythons (this according to the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "491/07/09", "description": " Odoacer makes a night assault with his Heruli guardsmen, engaging Theodoric the Great in Ad Pinetam. Both sides suffer heavy losses, but in the end Theodoric repulses the attack, forcing Odoacer back into Ravenna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "491/07/09", "description": "Lupicinus becomes bishop of Lyon. He is the founder of the abbeys of Saint Claude (Jura Mountains).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "492", "description": "Isaurian War: The Isaurians begin a revolt against emperor Anastasius I in southern Central Anatolia. The rebels are defeated by the Eastern Roman army under John the Scythian and John the Hunchback in the Battle of Cotyaeum  (subordinate commanders including the future Justin I). They retreat to their mountain fortresses and continue a  guerilla warfare against the Roman forces until 497.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "492", "description": "King Theodoric the Great conquers Rimini and brings his Ostrogoth fleet to blockade the harbours six miles from the capital of Ravenna. Important provisions, food and supplies, are cut off and the inhabitants are starved to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "492/01/03", "description": " Pope Felix III dies after a 9-year reign in which he has excommunicated Acasius of Constantinople. This dividing the Western Church and Eastern Church (''Acacian Schism''). He is succeeded by Gelasius I as the 49th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "493", "description": "Isaurian War: Claudiopolis, ancient city of Cappadocia, is besieged and captured by the Romans. The Isaurians blockade the mountain passes, but John the Hunchback (John ''Gibbo'') wins an overwhelming victory against the rebels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "493", "description": "March ampampndash Battle for the Body of St. Patrick: The Ui Neill Dynasty fight over the body of Saint Patrick with the Airgialla Kingdom (this according to the ''Annals of the Four Masters'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "493/02/25", "description": " Odoacer surrenders Ravenna after a 3-year siege and agrees to a mediated peace with Theodoric the Great. He steadily consolidates his rule and provides security for the local population. His achievement is to manage the transformation of Italy from being the center of a fractured Roman Empire to a successful and independent Ostrogothic Kingdom.The End of Empire (p. 275). Christopher Kelly, 2009. ISBN 978-0-393-33849-2", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "493/02/25", "description": "Onoulphus, brother of Odoacer, is killed during the siege of Ravenna by archers while seeking refuge in a church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "493/03/15", "description": " Odoacer is invited to a banquet organised in order to celebrate the peace treaty. During the festivities, Odoacer is killed by Theodoric the Great. His body is skillfully sliced in half in full view of his guests. A massacre of Odoacer's soldiers and supporters follows.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "493/03/15", "description": "Theodoric the Great allies with the Franks and marries Audofleda, sister of Clovis I. He also marries his own female relatives to princes or kings of the Burgundians, Vandals and Visigoths. Establishing a political alliance with the Germanic kingdoms in the West.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "493/03/15", "description": "Clovis I marries the Burgundian princess Clotilde, age 18, she is brought up in the Catholic faith and is the daughter of king Chilperic II. Her father is murdered in the same year by his brother Gundobad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "493/03/15", "description": "Emperor Xiao Wen Di starts adopting a sinicization policy as well as various reforms. He marries Feng Qing, she becomes empress of the Northern Wei Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "494", "description": "An earthquake devastates the port town of Latakia (modern Syria).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "494", "description": "Emperor Xiao Wen Di moves the capital of Northern Wei from Datong to Luoyang. He makes Chinese the official language of his court and orders his nobles to adopt Chinese names.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "494", "description": "Pope Gelasius I changes pagan Lupercalia festival into Roman Catholic Candlemas feast of Purification.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "494", "description": "Gelasius I delineates the relationship between church and state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "494", "description": "The ''Decretum Gelasianum'' (list of forbidden books) is attributed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "494", "description": "Gelasius I canonizes Saint George.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "495", "description": "Cerdic of Wessex and his son, Cynric, land somewhere on the south coast, probably near the Hampshire-Dorset border. Their followers establish the beginnings of the Kingdom of Wessex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "495", "description": "Emperor Xiao Wen Di of Northern Wei builds the Shaolin Monastery (Henan) for the monk Batuo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "495", "description": "Pope Gelasius I gains support from Italian bishops in his assertion that the spiritual power of the papacy is superior to the emperor's temporal authority. Like his predecessors, the pope opposes the Byzantine emperor Anastasius I efforts to establish Miaphysite doctrine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "496", "description": "Emperor Anastasius I has Euphemius, patriarch of Constantinople, deposed and excommunicated. He appoints Macedonius II as his successor. Euphemius is sent into exile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "496", "description": "Battle of Tolbiac: King Clovis I defeats the Alamanni at Z\u00fclpich (Germany). Gibuld, last king of the Alamanni, is killed in battle and the territory is incorporated into the Frankish Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "496/02/14", "description": " Pope Gelasius I introduces Valentine's Day, after he has abolished Lupercalia (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "496/11/21", "description": " Gelasius I dies after a 4-year reign and is succeeded by the Rome-born Anastasius II as the 50th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "496/12/25", "description": " Clovis I is baptized into the  Catholic faith at Rheims, by Saint Remigius. The conversion strengthen the bonds between his Gallo-Roman subjects, led by their Catholic bishops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "496/12/25", "description": "Thrasamund succeeds his brother Gunthamund after his death and becomes king of the Vandals. He ends under his rule the persecution of the Catholics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "496/12/25", "description": "King Kavadh I of Persia is deposed and exiled to Susiana by his younger brother Djamasp. He is installed by the nobles to the Sassanid throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "496/12/25", "description": "Emperor Xiao Wen Di of Northern Wei starts the Sinicization process by changing his clan name to the Han Chinese surname Yuan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "497", "description": "Emperor Anastasius I gives formal recognition to the Ostrogoth king Theodoric the great as his representative (viceroy) in Italy. He sends the imperial standard to Ravenna. Theodoric respects the agreement and allows Roman citizens within the Ostrogothic Kingdom to be subject to Roman law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "497", "description": "Isaurian War: Anastasius I regains control of the Isauria region (Asia Minor) and has the rebel leaders executed. He pacifies the mountain strongholds of the Isaurians, ending the revolt that they began upon his ascension to the throne 6 years ago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "497", "description": "The Shaolin Temple (Henan) is founded (according to the ''Jiaqing Chongxiu Yitongzhi''). For alternate founding date, see 477).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "497", "description": "Aryabhata, Indian astronomer and mathematician, calculates pi (\u03c0) as \u2248 62832\/20000 = 3.1416, correct to four rounded-off decimal places.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "497", "description": "The Ambrosian Iliad, an Illuminated manuscript, on vellum of the ''Iliad'' of Homer is produced in Constantinople (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "498", "description": "Emperor Anastasius I abolishes the tax throughout the Byzantine Empire, known as the ''chrysargyron''. He reforms the monetary system, using Greek numerals instead of Roman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "498", "description": "Kavadh I returns from exile with support of 30,000 troops from the Hephthalites (White Huns) and becomes again king of Persia. He punishes his opponents and probably his brother Djamasp who usurpted the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "498", "description": "Prince Buretsu, age 9, succeeds his father Ninken and becomes the 25th emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "498/11/16", "description": " Pope Anastasius II dies after a 2-year reign in which he has tried to conciliate followers of Acacius, late patriarch of Constantinople, who was excommunicated by Felix III. Anastasius is succeeded by Symmachus as the 51st pope, in the official papal selection in the Lateran Palace (Rome).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "498/11/22", "description": " Antipope Laurentius is elected quotpopequot in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "498/11/22", "description": "Flavian II succeeds Palladius as patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "499/03/01", "description": " During a synod in Rome, which is attended by 72 bishops and all of the Roman clergy, Pope Symmachus makes Antipope Laurentius bishop of the diocese of Nocera in Campania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "499/04/26", "description": " Emperor Xiao Wen Di dies of starvation in his capital at Luoyang after a 27-year reign in which he has Sinicized his tribal relatives (Tuoba clan). He also created a Chinese-style government and instituted a land-reform program.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "499/04/26", "description": "Crown prince Xuan Wu Di, age 16, succeeds his father Xiao Wen Di and becomes emperor of Northern Wei. He appoints his uncle Yuan Xie to provincial governor,  who serves temporarily as regent to form a new government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "500", "description": "Possible date for the Battle of Mons Badonicus: Romano-British and Celts defeat an Anglo-Saxon army that may have been led by the bretwalda Aelle of Sussex or possibly Cerdic of Wessex (approximate date suggested dates range from 490 to 517). This battle may have influenced the legend of King Arthur.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "500", "description": "Possible date at which Fergus M\u00f3r begins his reign ampampndash the historicity of M\u00f3r is doubtful.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "500", "description": "Approximate beginning of the Heptarchy period in the history of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "500", "description": "Approximate year of the founding of the Kingdom of Essex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "500", "description": "Battle of Dijon: A coalition of Franks and Burgundians crush the forces under Gundobad. King Clovis I pursues him to Avignon where he surrenders and promised to pay a yearly tribute.ampampGregory of Tours, ''History'', 2.32ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "500", "description": "The Frankish Kingdom is formed (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "500", "description": "The monument of Ale's Stones is built in Sweden (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "500", "description": "Roman catacomb burials end (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "500", "description": "Thrasamund, king of the Vandals, marries Amalafrida (widowed sister of Theodoric the Great). She brings with her a large dowry and an elite Gothic force of 5,000 soldiers.ampampPeter Heather, ''The Goths'' (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), p. 231ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "500", "description": "Traders from southern Arabia settle in northern Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "500", "description": "Xuan Wu Di becomes sovereign of the Northern Wei Dynasty (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "500", "description": "Uxmal is founded (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mesoamerica", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "500", "description": "The Arian Baptistry is erected by Theodoric the Great, at the same time as the Basilica of Sant' Apollinare Nuovo (Ravenna).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "500", "description": "The ''Codex Argenteus'', Gothic manuscript of bishop Ulfilas's translation of the Bible, is written (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "501", "description": "Domangart R\u00e9ti succeeds his father Fergus M\u00f3r after he dies during a campaign against the Picts. He becomes the new king of D\u00e1l Riata (modern Scotland). This according to the ''Annals of Tigernach''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "501", "description": "King Gundobad breaks his promise of tribute and regains his military power. He besieges his brother Godegisel at the city of Vienne (Burgundy) and murders him in an Arian church along with the bishopampampGregory of Tours, ''History'', 2.33ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "501", "description": "Dong Hun Hou is killed during a siege of the capital Jiankang. He is succeeded by his  brother Qi He Di who becomes emperor of Southern Qi (China).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "501", "description": "Muryeong becomes king of Baekje (Korea). During his reign, the kingdom remains allied with Silla and expand its relationships with China and Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "501/06/05", "description": " Ahkal Mo' Naab' I comes to power in the Maya city of Palenque (Mexico).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mesoamerica", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "501/06/05", "description": "The Sushruta Samhita medical book becomes a classic of medicine in India. The book contains descriptions of surgery, illnesses, medicinal plants, and a detailed study on anatomy (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Medicine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "501/06/05", "description": "Pope Symmachus, accused of various crimes by secular authorities who supported an ecclesiastical opponent, asserted the secular ruler had no jurisdiction over him. A synod held in 502 confirmed that view.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "502", "description": "War with Sassanid Persia: Emperor Anastasius I refuses to pay a share of the cost of defending the Caucasian Gates through which nomadic tribes have come for raids on Persia and the Byzantine Empire. King Kavadh I invades Armenia and captures Theodosiopolis.ampamp{{harvnb|Greatrex|Lieu|2002|p=62}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "502", "description": "Winter ampampndash Kavadh I besieges the fortress-city of Amida (modern Turkey). The defenders, although unsupported by Byzantine troops, repel the Persian assaults for three months before they are finally beaten.ampamp{{harvnb|Greatrex|Lieu|2002|p=63}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "502/03/29", "description": " King Gundobad issues a new legal code (''Lex Burgundionum'') at Lyon that makes Gallo-Romans and Burgundians subject to the same laws (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "502/03/29", "description": "The Bulgars ravage Thrace. A semi-nomadic people, they have absorbed the surviving Huns and meet no opposition from Byzantine forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "502/03/29", "description": "The Liang Dynasty is founded by Xiao Yan, who marches on Jiankang (later Nanjing). Emperor He Di, age 14, is put to death. The Southern Qi Dynasty ends and Wu Di becomes ruler of the Liang Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "502/03/29", "description": "The Nanhua Temple, located southeast of Shaoguan,  is founded by the Indian monk Zhiyao Sanzang. The temple covers an area of 42,5 hectares (105 acres) and consists of a set of historical  Buddhist buildings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "502/03/29", "description": "The Persian philosopher Mazdak declares private property to be the source of all evil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "502/03/29", "description": "The ''Book of Song'' is finished. The text is one of the Twenty-Four Histories, traditional collection of historical records during the Southern and Northern Dynasties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "502/03/29", "description": "Caesarius becomes bishop of Arles. His episcopal see, near the mouth of the Rhone River and close to Marseille, retains its ancient importance in social and commercial life of Gaul for forty years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "502/10/23", "description": " The ''Synodus Palmaris'', called by Gothic king Theodoric the Great, clears Pope Symmachus of all charges, thus ending the schism of Antipope Laurentius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "503", "description": "War with Sassanid Persia: Emperor Anastasius I sends an Byzantine army (52,000 men) to Armenia but is defeated. The Romans attempt an unsuccesful siege of the Persian-held Amida on the Tigris. King Kavadh I invades Osroene, and lays siege to the city of Edessa (Northern Mesopotamia).ampamp{{harvnb|Greatrex|Lieu|2002|p=69-71}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "503", "description": "May ampampndash Areobindus, Byzantine general (''magister militum''), is stationed as commander at Dara with an army of 12,000 men to keep watch at the Persian stronghold of Nisibis (modern Turkey).", "lang": "en", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "503", "description": "Mundhir III, king of the Lakhmids (Arab Christians), raids Palaestina Salutaris and Arabia Petraea. He captures a large number of Romans.ampampJohn Binns, ''Ascetics and ambassadors of Christ: the monasteries of Palestine'', 314-631. p.113 Frank R. Trombley, J. W. Watt, ''The chronicle of pseudo-Joshua'' (the margain) p.108 Cyril of Scythopolis, ''Life of John the Hesychast'', p.211. 15-20ampamp", "lang": "en", "category2": "Palestine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "503", "description": "King Ernakh, third son of Attila the Hun, dies after a 34-year reign. He is succeeded by his two sons Utigur and Kutrigur who share the power with the unified Bulgars.ampref name=ampquotPriscusampquotampPriscus. Excerpta de legationibus. Ed. S. de Boor. Berolini, 1903, p. 586ampamp", "lang": "en", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "504", "description": "War with Sassanid Persia: Emperor Anastasius I gains the upper hand in Armenia with the renewed investment of Amida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "504", "description": "King  Kavadh I hands over the fortress-city of Amida and agrees an armistice with the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "504", "description": "King Theodoric the Great defeats the Gepids and are driven out of their homeland (Pannonia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "504", "description": "The Ostrogoths sack Belgrade, the city lies on the Danube and Sava rivers (modern Serbia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "504", "description": "Theodoric the Great builds the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, originally dedicated to Christ the Redeemer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "505", "description": "Emperor Anastasius I agrees to pay his share of the cost of defending the Caucasian Gates against nomadic invasions from east Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "505", "description": "Anastasius I decides to rebuild the village of Dara (Northern Mesopotamia). He constructs a new strategic fortress to guard the frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "505", "description": "The western Huns (Hephthalites) from the Caucasus invade the Persian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "505", "description": "The Colosseum (''Amphitheatrum Flavium'') in Rome suffers damage from an earthquake as it did in 422.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "506", "description": "November ampampndash Emperor Anastasius I accepts a peace agreement with the Persian Empire based on ''status quo''. He upgrades the fortifications at Batnae, Edessa and Amida (Northern Mesopotamia).ampamp{{harvnb|Greatrex|Lieu|2002|p=74}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "506", "description": "King Alaric II issues the ''ampquotLex Romana Visigothorumampquot'' or Breviary of Alaric, an abstract of Roman laws and imperial decrees compiled by a commission appointed to provide a law code for Alaric's Roman subjects. The ''ampquotLex Romanaampquot'' will be the standard for justice in the Visigothic realm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "506", "description": "The Visigoths capture the city of Dertosa. They arrest and execute Peter, Roman usurper, with his head being sent as a trophy to Saragossa (Spain).ampampCollins, Roger. ''Visigothic Spain, 409\u2013711''. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, p. 35, 2004. ISBN 0-631-18185-7ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "506/09/10", "description": " The bishops of Visigothic Gaul under the presidency of Caesarius of Arles meet in the Council of Agde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "507", "description": "Emperor Anastasius I completes the strategic fortress at Dara (Northern Mesopotamia). He raises the city walls to 30 feet (10 m) to disregard of Persian protests. Alarmed by the depredations of Slavs and Bulgars in Thrace, he builds the Anastasian Wall from the Black Sea to Propontis, across the narrow peninsula near Constantinople (modern Turkey).ampampEssential Histories, Rome at War AD 293\u2013696 (p. 52). Michael Whitby, 2002. ISBN 1-84176-359-4ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "507", "description": "Battle of Vouill\u00e9: A Frankish army under command of Clovis I invades the Visigothic Kingdom and defeats king Alaric II near Poitiers. The Visigoths refuse to be enslaved and retreat to Septimania (Southern Gaul). Clovis annexes Aquitania and captures Toulouse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "507", "description": "Gesalec succeeds his father Alaric II as king of the Visigoths. He establishes his residence at Narbonne and is supported by an alliance with the Ostrogothic king Theodoric the Great.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "507", "description": "Clovis I dictates the ''Salic Law'' (Code of the Barbaric Laws) to the Franks. A written codification of civil law for citizens of the Frankish Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "507", "description": "Hermanafrid, king of the Thuringii, marries Amalaberga. He begins his rule, shared with his brothers Baderic and Bertachar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "507", "description": "Wooden coffins and wooden tools are used in the burial places of the Alemanni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "507", "description": "The town of Guilin, China, is renamed Guizhou.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "507", "description": "Keitai becomes the 26th emperor of Japan (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "507", "description": "The first and smaller of the two Buddhas of Bamyan is erected in central Afghanistan.ampampCohen, Roger. ampquotReturn to Bamiyanampquot, ''The New York Times'', October 29, 2007. Accessed October 29, 2007.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "507", "description": "A Mayan altar with the head of the death god is built in Cop\u00e1n, Honduras.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mesoamerica", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "508", "description": "Emperor Anastasius I formally recognizes Clovis I of the Salian Franks as ruler of Gaul. He sends a Byzantine fleet of 100 warships to raid the coasts of Italy.ampamp{{harvnb|Pryor|Jeffreys|2006|p=13}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "508", "description": "Battle of Netley: King Cerdic of Wessex moves with an Anglo-Saxon army inland and defeats the British king, Nudd-Lludd (according to the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'').ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www3.hants.gov.uk\/localpages\/south-west\/southampton\/netley-marsh.htm\">http:\/\/www3.hants.gov.uk\/localpages\/south-west\/southampton\/netley-marsh.htm<\/a> Hampshire County Councilampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "508", "description": "Winter ampampndash All the rivers in England are frozen for more than two months.ampamp{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "508", "description": "King Clovis I fails in an effort to take the walled city of Carcassonne (Southern Gaul). He establishes Paris (''Lutetia'') as his capital and makes Roman Catholicism the official religion of the Frankish Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "508", "description": "King Theodoric the Great sends an Ostrogoth army, led by his sword-bearer Theudis, and drives the Franks out of Provence and recovers Septimania (Languedoc) from the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "509", "description": "Clovis I (''Chlodowech'') becomes the first Catholic king of the Franks and unites all the Frankish tribes under his rule. He controls an immense territory in Gaul (modern France) and delivers a major blow for the Church against the Arian heresy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "510", "description": "Battle of Llongborth (possibly Langport or Portsmouth): Budic II, king of Brittany, seeks after the battle refuge at the court of Aergol Lawhir in Dyfed (Wales).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "510", "description": "King Theodoric the Great raises the Frankish siege at Arles, the city is heroically defended by its inhabitants assisted by the Ostrogothic general Theudis. The Ostrogoths overrun Provence (Southern Gaul) and consolidate their gains in the region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "510", "description": "Theodoric the Great appoints his friend Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, Roman philosopher, to the rank of consul of the Ostrogothic Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "511", "description": "Riots erupt in the streets of Antioch between supporters of patriarch Flavian II and emperor Anastasius I in sympathy of Non-Chalcedonianism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "511/11/27", "description": " King Clovis I dies at Paris (''Lutetia'') at age 45 and is buried in the Abbey of St. Genevieve. The Merovingian Dynasty is continued by his four sons \u2014 Theuderic I, Chlodomer, Childebert I and Chlothar I \u2014 who divide the Frankish Kingdom and rule from the capitals at Metz, Orl\u00e9ans, Paris and Soissons, respectively.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "511/11/27", "description": "King Theodoric the Great assumes the regency over Amalaric, his grandson and future king of the Visigothic Kingdom (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "511/11/27", "description": "Aryabhata, Indian astronomer and mathematician,  comes up with concepts of mathematical equations, one of which explains the rotation of the Earth on its axis. This concept is far ahead of its time and he is fairly accurate in his description of it. He also comes with a lot of other ideas about the Solar System but many of them are flawed because he considers the Earth to be the center of the universe, not the Sun. Aryabhata is often given credit for coming up with the number zero and using it as a placeholder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Inventions", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "511/11/27", "description": "First Council of Orl\u00e9ans: Clovis I convenes a synod of Gallic bishops to reform the Church and create a link between the Crown and the Catholic episcopate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "511/11/27", "description": "Macedonius II is deposed as patriarch of Constantinople and replaced by Timothy I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "511/11/27", "description": "The convent of Saint-C\u00e9saire is built in Arles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "512", "description": "Emperor Anastasius I ends a period of moderate eclectic policy, and starts strongly favoring his own monophysitist beliefs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "512", "description": "Areobindus, Byzantine general, is proclaimed emperor during a riot at Constantinople but refuses to take part in the usurpation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "512", "description": "King Theodoric the Great grants the citizens on the Mount Vesuvius exemption from taxes after a severe erupting in southeastern Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "512", "description": "The Ostrogoths conquer the Frankish province Rouergue (Southern Gaul).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "512", "description": "The island nation of Usan-guk is conquered by the Silla Dynasty (Korea) under general Kim Isabu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "512", "description": "First written text in the Arabic alphabet is recorded at Zabad (Syria).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "513", "description": "Revolt of Vitalian: Vitalian, Byzantine general, revolts against emperor Anastasius I and conquers a large part of the Diocese of Thrace. He gains the support of the local people and assembles an army of 50,000\u201360,000 men.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "513", "description": "Anastasius I reduces taxes in the provinces of Bithynia and Asia to prevent them from joining the rebellion. Vitalian marched to Constantinople and encamps at the suburb of Hebdomon (modern Turkey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "513", "description": "Anastasius I sends an embassy under the former consul Patricius to start negotiations. Vitalian declares his aims: restoration of Chalcedonian Orthodoxy and the settling of the Thracian ''foederati''.ampamp{{harvnb|Martindale|Jones|Morris|1980|p=840}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "513", "description": "Vitalian accepts a agreement and returns with his army to Lower Moesia. After a few inconclusive skirmishes, Anastasius I sends an Byzantine army (80,000 men) under his nephew Hypatius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "513", "description": "Vitalian defeats the Byzantines at Acris (Bulgaria) on the Black Sea coast. He attacks their fortified Laager in darkness and in a crushing defeat kills a large part of the imperial army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "513", "description": "King Kavadh I adopts the doctrine of the Mazdakites and breaks the influence of the magnates (nobility). ampampRichard Nelson Frye, ''The History of Ancient Iran'', Vol.3, (Beck'sche Verlangbuchhandlung, 1984), p. 323ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "513", "description": "The Jewish community revolt at Ctesiphon against Mazdakism and establish an independent Jewish kingdom that last for seven years.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/judaica\/ejud_0002_0003_0_01807.htmlampamp\">http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/judaica\/ejud_0002_0003_0_01807.htmlampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "513", "description": "Vigor becomes bishop of Bayeux. He opposes paganism and found a monastery later known as Saint-Vigor-le-Grand (Normandy).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "514", "description": "Vitalian, Byzantine general, marched again to Constantinople. A fleet of 200 vessels sails from the Black Sea ports and blockade the entrance of the harbor capital. Emperor Anastasius I is disquieted by riots in the city, which cost many casualties, and decides to negotiate with Vitalian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "514", "description": "Vitalian accepts the receipt of ransom money and gifts worth in total 5,000 pounds of gold for the release of Hypatius. He is a nephew of Anastasius I and is taken prisoner during the attack at Acris (see 513). Vitalian retreats his forces back to Lower Moesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "514", "description": "Cissa of Sussex becomes king of the South Saxons after his father's death (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "514/07/19", "description": " Pope Symmachus dies at Rome after a 16-year reign and is succeeded by Hormisdas as the 52nd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "515", "description": "Autumn ampampndash Revolt of Vitalian: Vitalian, Byzantine general (''magister militum''), mobilises his army and marched again towards Constantinople. He captures the suburb of Sycae (modern Turkey) across the Golden Horn and encamps there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "515", "description": "Emperor Anastasius I gives Marinus, former praetorian prefect of the East, command over the Byzantine army.ampref name=ampquotBury451ampquotamp{{harvnb|Bury|1958a|loc=p. 451}}ampamp He defeats the rebel fleet at the harbor entrance, using a sulfur-based chemical substance, similar to the later Greek fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "515", "description": "Marinus lands with an army on the shore of Sycae and defeats the rebels. Disheartened by the losses suffered, Vitalian flees north under cover of the night.ampamp{{harvnb|Bury|1958a|loc=p. 451-452}} {{harvnb|Cameron|Ward-Perkins|Whitby|2000|p=57, 294}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "515", "description": "Anastasius I leads, as a sign of his victory, a procession to Sosthenion and attends a service of thanks at the local church dedicated to the Archangel Michael.ampref name=ampquotBury452ampquotamp{{harvnb|Bury|1958a|loc=p. 452}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "515", "description": "Empress Ariadne, wife of Anastasius I, dies at Constantinople and is buried in the Church of the Holy Apostles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "515", "description": "Amalasuntha, daughter of king Theodoric the Great, marries Eutharic, an Ostrogoth noble of the old Amal line.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "515", "description": "The St. Maurice's Abbey (Switzerland) is founded by Sigismund of Burgundy. He sets up five groups of monks to whom he entrusts the liturgy of the praise of God.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.abbaye-stmaurice.ch\/home-home-english.htmlampamp\">http:\/\/www.abbaye-stmaurice.ch\/home-home-english.htmlampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "516", "description": "Hygelac, king of the Geats (Sweden), raids the Lower Rhine and is defeated by a Frankish force led by Theudebert (according to the ampquotHistory of the Franksampquot).ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heorot.dk\/beowulf-rede-notes.html#e1202|title=Beowulf\">http:\/\/www.heorot.dk\/beowulf-rede-notes.html#e1202|title=Beowulf<\/a> on Steorarume}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "516", "description": "King Gundobad of the Burgundians dies peacefully after a 43-year reign and is succeeded by his eldest son Sigismund.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "516/11/06", "description": " The Council of Tarragona (modern Spain) is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "517", "description": "King Sigismund is opposed by his son Sigeric and has him strangled. Overcome with remorse, he retreats to the monastery that he founded, St. Maurice's Abbey (modern Switzerland).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "517", "description": "Emperor Wu Di of the Liang Dynasty becomes a Buddhist and introduces the new religion to central China. He demands that sacrifices to imperial ancestors are changed to using dried meat, instead of the traditional animals (goats, pigs and cows).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "517", "description": "Council of Epaone: Bishops of southern Gaul convene near Epao (present Anneyron) in Burgundy. The synod enacts the first legislation against wooden altars, forbidding the building of any but stone altars with chrism (a mixture of oil and spice).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "517", "description": "Aryabhata compiles his manual of mathematics and astronomy (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "518/07/09", "description": " Emperor Anastasius I dies childless at Constantinople, age 88, after an 27-year reign in which he has abolished the sale of offices, reformed taxation, perfected the empire's monetary system, but antagonized some with his heretical Monophysite religious policies. He is succeeded by Justin (Flavius Justinus), his ''comes excubitorum'', commander of the palace guard. After his death, he leaves the imperial treasury richer by 23,000,000 ''solidi'' or 320,000 pounds of gold.P. Brown, The world of late antiquity, W.W. Norton and Co. 1971 (p. 147)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "518/07/09", "description": "Justin I founded the Justinian Dynasty and makes his nephew Flavius Petrus Sabbatius (later Justinian I) his trusted advisor. He becomes the emperor's close confidant and acts possibly as regent.ampampMoorhead (1994), p. 21-22, with a reference to Procopius, Secret History 8.3.ampamp Theocritus, candidate to the throne, is accused of a conspiracy and executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "518/07/09", "description": "An earthquake destroys the Illyrian (Macedonian) city of Scupi (later Skopje) in what once was the Roman province of Moesia Superior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Balkans", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "518/09/29", "description": " Severus, patriarch of Antioch, is deposed by a synod for his Monophysitism. Paul the Jew is appointed to replace him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "519", "description": "Cerdic becomes the first king of the kingdom of Wessex (according to the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "519", "description": "The synagogues of Ravenna are burnt down in a riot Theodoric the Great orders them to be rebuilt at Ravenna's expense.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "519/03/28", "description": " The Eastern and Western churches reconcile their differences, ending the Acacian Schism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "519/03/28", "description": "Jacob of Serugh becomes bishop of Batnan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "519/03/28", "description": "The ''Memoirs of Eminent Monks'' is compiled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "519/03/28", "description": "In Ireland, the Diocese of Kildare is erected.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "520", "description": "Priscian, Latin grammarian, writes the ''Institutiones Grammaticae'' (ampquotGrammatical Foundationsampquot). In Constantinople he codifies this manuscript in 18 volumes that will be widely used through the Middle Ages. It provides the raw material for the field of speculative grammar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "520", "description": "July ampampndash Vitalian, Byzantine general, becomes consul and is shortly later murdered, probably on the orders of Justinian. He is the nephew and heir-apparent of emperor Justin I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "520", "description": "King Pabo Post Prydain of the Pennines (Northern England) abdictaes his throne and divides the kingdom between his two sons. He retires, as a hermit, to Anglesey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "520", "description": "The Kingdom of East Anglia is formed, by the merging of the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk and perhaps the eastern part of The Fens  (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "520", "description": "King Budic II returns to Cornouaille (Brittany) to claim the Breton throne (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "520", "description": "The Ostrogothic ruler Theodoric the Great builds the Mausoleum of Theodoric as his future tomb in Ravenna (Italy).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "520", "description": "Bodhidharma, Buddhist monk, arrives in Luoyang. He spreads Buddhism and travels to the northern Chinese kingdom of Wei to the Shaolin Monastery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "520/02/25", "description": " Epiphanius is elected patriarch of Constantinople by the Byzantine emperor Justin I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "520/02/25", "description": "The construction of the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, is started (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "521", "description": "Future Byzantine emperor Justinian, age 39, is appointed consul. He later becomes commander of the army of the East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "521", "description": "Ma`adikarib Ya`fur becomes king, supported by the Aksumites, he begins a military campaign against the Arabian tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Arabia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "521", "description": "Bo\u00ebthius introduces Greek musical letter notation to the West.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Music", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "521/02/22", "description": " Samson of Dol is ordained as bishop in Brittany on the Feast of the Chair of Saint Peter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "521/02/22", "description": "Ecclesius becomes a bishop of Ravenna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "522", "description": "Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius, Roman philosopher, is arrested on charges of having conspired against Theodoric the Great. He is imprisoned at Pavia (Liguria).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "522", "description": "Amalaric, age 20, is proclaimed king of the Visigoths. His kingdom is threatened from the north by the Burgundians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "522", "description": "Y\u016bsuf Dh\u016b-Nuwas seizes the throne of the Himyarite Kingdom in Yemen. He attacks the Aksumite garrison at Zafar, capturing the city and burning the churches.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Arabia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "522", "description": "Dh\u016b Nuwas moves to Najran, a Aksumite stronghold. After accepting the city's capitulation, he massacres the Christian inhabitants. Some sources estimates a death toll up to 20,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Arabia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "523", "description": "Justinian, later Byzantine emperor, marries in Constantinople his mistress Theodora, who is by profession  a courtesan (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "523", "description": "King Chlothar I takes part in a expedition against Burgundy and captures the town of Autun. Now about 26, he makes plans to expand his territory he inherited from his late father, Clovis I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "523", "description": "King Sigismund is defeated against the invading Franks under Chlodomer, Childebert I and Chlothar I. He is captured and taken as prisoner to ''Aurelianum'' (modern Orl\u00e9ans).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "523", "description": "Hilderic succeeds his uncle Thrasamund after a 27-year reign and becomes king of the Vandals and Alans. He favours Catholicism and grants the inhabitants religious freedom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "523", "description": "Leptis Magna (modern Libya) is sacked by Berber (Moors) raiders. Gelimer leads a successful expedition in North Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "523", "description": "A revolt breaks out on the Six Frontier Towns on the northern border (ampquotRevolt of the Six Garrisonsampquot). Tensions between the elite and the Tuoba-clan, which severely destabilises the state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "523", "description": "The Songyue Pagoda is completed during the Northern Wei era the circular-based tower is still 40ampampnbspm (131ampampnbspft) in height.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "523", "description": "Seong becomes king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "523/08/06", "description": " Pope Hormisdas dies at Rome after a 9-year reign in which he has been instrumental in ending the Acacian Schism. He is succeeded by John I as the 53rd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "524/05/01", "description": " King Sigismund is executed at Orl\u00e9ans after an 8-year reign and is succeeded by his brother Godomar. He rallies the Burgundian army and begins plundering Frankish territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "524/06/25", "description": " Battle of V\u00e9zeronce: The Franks under Chlodomer, Childebert I and Chlothar I are defeated by the Burgundians and allied Ostrogoths near Is\u00e8re (France). During the fightings Chlodomer is killed. Later Childebert annexes the cities of Chartres and Orl\u00e9ans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "524/06/25", "description": "Queen Guntheuc, widow of Chlodomer, is forced by marrying with Chlothar I. Her two children are murdered by him, but the eldest son Clodoald survives by escaping to Provence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "524/06/25", "description": "Boethius, Roman philosopher, is executed without trial, probably at Pavia, after a prison term during which he has written the ''ampquotConsolation of Philosophyampquot'' (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "524/12/01", "description": " Ahkal Mo' Naab' I, ruler of the Maya city of Palenque, dies. The city enters a interregnum which lasts a little over four years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mesoamerica", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "525", "description": "Emperor Justin I rebuilds the city of Anazarbus (modern Turkey) and renames it ''ampquotJustinopolisampquot''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "525", "description": "Bernicia (North East England) is settled by the Angles (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "525", "description": "King Theodoric the Great sends pope John I to Constantinople to negotiate a withdrawal of Byzantine emperor Justin's edict against Arian Christianity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "525", "description": "Frankish tribesmen under the command of king Chlothar I plunder Burgundy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "525", "description": "Kaleb, king of Aksum, collects a fleet and crosses from Africa to conquer Yemen. He establish better trade ports on the Red Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "525", "description": "The Daisan river, tributary of the Euphrates, floods Edessa, and within a couple of hours fills the entire city, except for the highest parts. Eventually the pent-up waters break through the city walls. The Shroud of Turin is allegedly discovered during the rebuilding of the city (see Image of Edessa).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "525", "description": "Cosmas Indicopleustes, Alexandrian explorer-geographer, travels up the Nile. He will venture as far to the east as Ceylon, become a monk, and write ''ampquotTopographia Christianaampquot'' to vindicate the biblical account of the world (see 550).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Exploration and colonization", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "525", "description": "Dionysius Exiguus, Scythian theologian-mathematician, inaugurates at Rome the practice of using A.D. (Anno Domini) for calender dates after the birth of Jesus Christ (who is actually born in 7 B.C. or later). Dionysius produces also his tables for computing the date of ''ampquotCyclus Paschalisampquot'' (''Easter Tables'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "525", "description": "The Arian baptistery of Santa Maria is built in Ripa (Rome).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "525", "description": "Buddhist caves are found at Ajanta (India) with stone carvings (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "526/05/18", "description": " John I dies of starvation after a 3-year reign. Theodoric the Great selects Felix IV as his successor and becomes the 54th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "526/05/18", "description": "Ecclesius, bishop of Ravenna, commissions two new churches, one for Ravenna and one for its port, Classis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "526/05/18", "description": "c. 526ampampndash547 ampampndash Sanctuary apse's mosaic showing Christ enthroned and flanked by Saint Vitalis and Ecclesius, Basilica of San Vitale (Ravenna) is made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "526/08/30", "description": " King Theodoric the Great dies of dysentery at Ravenna his daughter Amalasuntha takes power as regent for her 10-year old son Athalaric.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "526/08/30", "description": "Amalasuntha rules the Ostrogothic Kingdom that extends throughout the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Illyricum (modern Dalmatia), Corsica and Sardinia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "526/08/30", "description": "Amalaric, age 24, becomes king of the Visigoths and assumes full royal power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "526/08/30", "description": "Roman\u2013Persian Wars: King Kavad I, assisted by his Arabian vassal, Al-Mundhir III, begins a campaign in the Transcaucasus region and Upper Mesopotamia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "526/08/30", "description": "Probably between May 20 and May 29 ampampndash An earthquake kills approximately 250,000 people in Syria and Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "526/08/30", "description": "Pope John I returns to Ravenna from Constantinople. Theodoric the Great finds that he has been only partly successful in persuading the Byzantine emperor Justin I to withdraw his edict against Arian Christianity, and throws the pope into prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "527/04/01", "description": " Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian as co-ruler as an incurable wound saps his strength.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "527/08/01", "description": " Justin I, age 77, dies at Constantinople and is succeeded by Justinian I who becomes sole emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "527/08/01", "description": "Justinian I reorganises the command structure of the Byzantine army and fields a small but highly trained army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "527/08/01", "description": "Justinian I appoints Belisarius to command the Eastern army in Armenia and on the Byzantine-Persian frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "527/08/01", "description": "King Cerdic of Wessex and his son Cynric defeat the Britons at ''Cerdicesleah'' (modern Chearsley).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "527/08/01", "description": "The Kingdom of Essex is founded by the Saxons who land north of the Thames. They take control of the land between what is now London and St Albans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "527/08/01", "description": "Aescwine becomes the first king of Essex (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britannia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "527/08/01", "description": "Iwai Rebellion: A revolt against the Yamato court breaks out in Tsukushi Province (This according to ''Nihon Shoki'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Japan", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "527/08/01", "description": "The Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, is rebuilt until 565. Restoring the architectural tone of the basilica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "527/08/01", "description": "Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, formally adopts Buddhism as a state religion (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "528/02/13", "description": " Emperor Justinian I appoints a commission (including the jurist Tribonian) to codify all imperial laws that were still in force from Hadrian to the current date (This becomes the ''Corpus Juris Civilis'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "528/02/13", "description": "Justin, Byzantine general (''magister militum''), dies in battle against the Bulgars on the frontier of the Danubian ''limes'' in Moesia.ampamp{{harvnb|Martindale, Jones ampamp Morris 1992|p. 163\u2013164, 748}}ampamp He is succeeded by Constantiolus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "528/02/13", "description": "Natural disaster: An earthquake strikes Antioch, killing thousands, and causing a fire that destroys the Great Church built by Constantine I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "528/02/13", "description": "Xiao Zhuang Di, age 21, is placed on the throne by the Chinese general Erzhu Rong and succeeds Xiao Ming Di as ruler of Northern Wei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "528/02/13", "description": "Yasodharman, Maharaja (ampquotgreat kingampquot) of Malwa, defeats the Hun invaders under Mihirakula in central India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "528/02/13", "description": "King Seong of Baekje adopts Buddhism as the state religion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "528/02/13", "description": "Bulguksa, a Buddhist temple, is built in South Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "529/02/25", "description": " K'an Joy Chitam I comes to power in the Maya city of Palenque, ending a interregnum of a little over four years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mesoamerica", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "529/02/25", "description": "Rudravarman granted investiture by China as the first king of the fourth dynasty of Champa (modern Vietnam).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Southeast Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "529/02/25", "description": "The Academy founded at Athens by Plato in about 387 BC closes down by order of Justinian I on charges of un-Christian activity. Many of the school's professors emigrate to Persia and Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "529/02/25", "description": "The Benedictine Order is established at Monte Cassino near Naples by Benedict of Nursia, who founds a monastery and formulates for his monks strict rules in the ''ampquotRegula Benedictiampquot''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "529/02/25", "description": "The Canons of the Council of Orange are established, approving the  Augustinian doctrine of sin and grace over Pelagianism and Semi-Pelagianism, but without Augustine's absolute predestination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "529/04/07", "description": " Emperor Justinian I issues the ''Codex Justinianus'' (Code of Civil Laws), reformulating Roman law in an effort to control his unruly people (see 532).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "529/04/07", "description": "The Samaritans revolt and are defeated the Church of the Nativity is burnt down during the uprising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "529/04/07", "description": "Queen Amalasuntha receives a delegation sent by a council of Gothic nobles urging that she have her son Athalaric, now 13, taught an education in the Roman tradition not by elderly schoolmasters, but by men who will teach him to ampquotride, fence, and to be toughened, not to be turned into a bookwormampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "529/04/07", "description": "Al-Harith ibn Jabalah becomes the fifth king of the Ghassanids. He helps the Byzantines to suppress the wide-scale Samaritan Revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Arabia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "530/09/22", "description": " Pope Felix IV dies at Rome after a 4-year reign in which he has condemned semi-pelagianism. He is succeeded by Boniface II an archdeacon of German descent who becomes the 55th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "530/10/14", "description": " Dioscorus is elected as antipope in the Lateran Palace but he dies within a month. Thus ending the schism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "530/10/14", "description": "Brendan, Irish abbot, climbs to the top of Mount Brandon, to look for the Americas (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "530/12/15", "description": " Emperor Justinian I selects a second commission to excerpt and codify the writings of the jurists on Roman law. This becomes the ''Digest'' (Pandects).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "530/12/15", "description": "Tribonian becomes ''quaestor sacri palatii'' and chief editor of the compilation of the old Roman lawyers writings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "530/12/15", "description": "Spring ampampndash Battle of Dara: Belisarius and Hermogenes (''magister officiorum'') defeat a combined Persian-Arab army of 50,000 men at Dara (modern Turkey). By entrenching his infantry in a refused position in the centre line, then carrying out a cavalry envelopment to culminate a classic defensive-offensive battleplan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "530/12/15", "description": "Summer ampampndash Battle of Satala: A Byzantine cavalry force (30,000 men) under command of Sittas defeats a major Persian invasion into Roman Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "530/12/15", "description": "King Hilderic is deposed by his cousin Gelimer after a 7-year reign. He restores arianism as the official religion of the Vandal Kingdom and puts his uncle along with supporters in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "530/12/15", "description": "Justinian I sends an embassy to Carthage to negotiate with Hilderic. He replies: \u201cnothing is more desirable than that a monarch should mind his own business.\u201d", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "530/12/15", "description": "Emperor Xiao Zhuang Di is arrested and imprisoned in a Buddhist temple at Jinyang (Shanxi). He is succeeded by Chang Guang Wang and becomes the new ruler of Northern Wei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "530/12/15", "description": "Mosaic synagogue floor, from Maon (Judea) is made. It is now kept at the Israel Museum in Jerusalem (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "530/12/15", "description": "Vishnu Temple at Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh (India), is built. Post-Gupta period (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "531/04/19", "description": " Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army (20,000 men) under command of Belisarius is defeated by the Persians at Ar-Raqqah (northern Syria). Emperor Justinian I negotiates an end to the hostilities and Belisarius is hailed as a hero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "531/04/19", "description": "Some members of the Blue and Green chariot racing factions in Constantinople are imprisoned for murder, precipitating the Nika riots the next year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "531/04/19", "description": "The building of the St. Sophia Basilica (Constantinople) is begun, and is completed in 537.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "531/04/19", "description": "The Franks under king Chlothar I march against the Thuringii with his nephew Theudebert I. The Kingdom of Thuringia comes under Frankish domination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "531/04/19", "description": "Hermanafrid, last king of the Thuringii, is defeated by the Franks near the Unstrut River. During negotiations he is pushed from the town walls of Z\u00fclpich.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "531/04/19", "description": "King Childebert I receives pleas from his sister Clotilde, wife of king Amalaric, that she is abused by her husband. Childebert invades Septimania (Gaul).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "531/04/19", "description": "Childebert I defeats the Visigoths and conquers the capital Narbonne. Amalaric flees south to Barcelona, where he is assassinated by his own men.ampampIsidore of Seville, ''History of the Goths'', chapter 40. Translation by Guido Donini and Gorden B. Ford, ''Isidore of Seville's History of the Goths, Vandals, and Suevi'', second revised edition (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1970), p. 19ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "531/04/19", "description": "Clotilde returns with the Frankish army and dies on the journey home. She is buried in Paris alongside her father Clovis I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "531/04/19", "description": "Theudis, sword-bearer of former king Theodoric the Great, succeeds Amalaric as new ruler of the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "531/04/19", "description": "King Kavadh I, age 82, dies after a 43-year reign. Khosrau I, his favourite son, is proclaimed successor over his elder brothers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "531/04/19", "description": "The reign of Chang Guang Wang, ruler of Northern Wei, ends. Gao Huan, Chinese general, begins a rebellion and declares another member of the imperial clan, An Ding Wang, emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "531/04/19", "description": "Ankan, age 66, succeeds his father Keitai as the 27th emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "532/01/13", "description": " Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams\u2014the Blues and the Greens\u2014in the Hippodrome escalates into violence. For the next five days the capital is under siege. The fires that start during the tumult results in the destruction of much of the city, including the basilica. The insurrection is put down a week later by Belisarius and Mundus up to 30,000 people are killed in the Hippodrome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "532/02/23", "description": " Emperor Justinian I orders the building of a new Orthodox Christian basilica in Constantinople ampndash the Hagia Sophia. He chooses Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles as architects. The material for the construction is brought from all over the empire ampndash such as Hellenistic columns from the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and large stones from quarries in porphyry from Egypt. More than 10,000 people are employed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "532/02/23", "description": "September ampampndash Justinian I signs a peace treaty, the ampquotEternal Peaceampquot, with the Persian king Khosrau I, ending the Iberian War. Both sides agree to return all occupied territories and Justinian makes a one-off payment of 110 ''centenaria'' (11,000 pounds of gold), as a contribution to the defense of the Caucasus passes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "532/02/23", "description": "The Franks under command of king Childebert I and his brother Chlothar I, invade the kingdom of Burgundy. They defeat the Burgundians under king Godomar near Autun (modern France).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "532/02/23", "description": "An Ding Wang commits suicide and is succeeded by Xiao Wu Di as Chinese emperor of Northern Wei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "532/02/23", "description": "Silla conquers the city-state of Geumgwan Gaya (Korea) during the Three Kingdoms Period.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "532/02/23", "description": "First year in which the Anno Domini calendar is used for numbering the years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "532/10/17", "description": " Pope Boniface II dies in Rome after a 2-year reign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "533", "description": "Spring ampampndash Vandalic War: Anti-Vandal revolt in Tripolitania and Sardinia Gelimer, king of the Vandals, dispatches the bulk of Vandal fleet (120 ships and 5,000 men) under his brother Tzazo to Sardinia. Byzantine forces from Cyrenaica occupy Leptis Magna and Tripolis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "533", "description": "Summer ampampndash Emperor Justinian I holds a  war council in Constantinopel. He and his advisers, including John of Cappadocia, warn him against launching an expedition to North Africa. Because of the supply-lines (1,000 miles into Vandal waters) and the huge drain of the imperial treasury. Justinian appoints Belisarius to command the Byzantine army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "533/01/02", "description": " Pope John II becomes the 56th pope of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "533/06/21", "description": " A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarius sails in 500 transports escorted by 92 war vessels (dromons) manned by 20,000 seamen from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily. The fleet carries 10,000 infantry, about half Byzantine and half ''foederati'', and 5,000 cavalry, consisting of 3,000 Byzantine horseman, 1,000 foreign allies (Huns and Heruli) and 1,500 of Belisarius' retainers (''bucellarii'').Procopius, ''BV'', Vol. I, XI. 7\u201316 On the flagship Belisarius is accompanied by his military secretary Procopius and his wife Antonina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "533/06/21", "description": "September ampampndash Belisarius arrives at Sicily, which he uses as a staging area, with the permission of the Ostrogoth queen Amalasuntha, daughter of Theodoric the Great and regent of Italy. The Ostrogoths help him with supplies and the fleet is prepared for the final attack.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "533/09/09", "description": " The Byzantine army lands at Caput Vada (modern Tunisia). Belisarius marches his army northwards, towards Carthage (over 140 miles), following the coast, accompanied by the fleet and shadowed by Gelimer. During the march, the Vandal towns fall without a fight.Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 130\u2013131", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "533/09/13", "description": " Battle of Ad Decimum: Gelimer attempts to ambush the Byzantines in a defile at the quot10th milestonequot from Carthage, due to inadequate coordination and the alertness of Belisarius, the attack is repulsed and the Vandals are scattered into the desert. Belisarius enters the capital and orders his soldiers not to kill or enslave the population. The fleet is stationed in the Lake of Tunis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "533/12/15", "description": " Battle of Tricamarum: Gelimer assembles an army of about 50,000 men at Bulla Regia (Numidia), and advances towards Carthage. Belisarius moves out to meet the Vandals, he leads the Byzantine cavalry (5,000 men) into battle. Without waiting for his infantry to come up, he charges, despite odds of almost 10-to-1, and throws Gelimer in confusion. Belisarius captures the Vandal camp by storm. Tzazo is killed in an all-cavalry fight, and Gelimer is forced to seek refuge in the mountains of Tunis with the Berbers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "533/12/16", "description": " The ''Digesta'' or ''Pandectae'', a collection of jurist writings and other sources, is completed (see Corpus Juris Civilis).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "533/12/16", "description": "Theudebert I succeeds his father Theuderic I and becomes king of Austrasia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "534/01/01", "description": " Decimus Theodorius Paulinus is appointed consul (the last to hold this office in the West).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "534/01/01", "description": "March ampampndash King Gelimer surrenders to Belisarius, after spending a winter in the mountains of Numidia. He and large numbers of captured Vandals are transported to Constantinople. The Vandal Kingdom ends, and the African provinces return to the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "534/01/01", "description": "April ampampndash Belisarius leaves a small force in Africa under the Byzantine general Solomon to continue the subjugation of the province. He is appointed to governor (''Exarch'') and pacifies with success the Moorish tribes. Malta becomes a Byzantine province (until 870).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "534/01/01", "description": "Summer ampampndash Belisarius arrives in Constantinople and is permitted by emperor Justinian I to celebrate a triumph, the first non-imperial triumph for over 500 years. In the procession are paraded the spoils of the Temple of Jerusalem and the Vandal treasure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "534/01/01", "description": "Justinian I commemorates the victory against the Vandals by stamping medals in his honor with the inscription ''ampquotGloria Romanorumampquot'' (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "534/10/02", "description": " King Athalaric dies of tuberculosis, age 18, having dissipated his youth in drink and debauchery. His mother, Amalasuntha, proposes to her cousin Theodahad, the kingdom's largest landowner and her father's last male heir, that he share the throne with her but that he will be king of the Ostrogoths in name only. Theodahad has secret conversations with the Byzantine ambassador and promises to turn over Tuscany in exchange for a large som of money, the rank of senator, and permission to live at Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "534/11/16", "description": " A second and final revision of the ''Codex Justinianus'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "534/11/16", "description": "Toledo becomes the capital of the Visigothic Kingdom that cotrols the Iberian Peninsula. King Theudis expands Visigoth rule in the southern regions (Hispania Baetica).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "534/11/16", "description": "The Frankish kings Childebert I and Chlothar I overthrow Godomar, king of the Burgundians, and end the Kingdom of Burgundy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "534/11/16", "description": "Cynric becomes king of Wessex (this according to the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "535", "description": "Gothic War: Emperor Justinian I appoints Belisarius commander-in-chief (''strat\u0113gos autokrat\u014dr'') and sends an Byzantine expeditionary force of only 8,000 soldiers (half are heavy East Roman cavalry) to begin the reconquest of Italy.ampref name=ampquotNorwampquotampJ. Norwich, ''Byzantium: The Early Centuriesampquot, p. 215ampamp''", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "535", "description": "Summer ampampndash Belisarius lands in Sicily and meets little opposition, save for the Gothic garrison of Palermo. Laying siege to the citadel, he blockade the harbour with his ships. Mundus invades Dalmatia and captures its capital, Salona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "535", "description": "Justinian I issues the ''Lex Julia'' and declares that a wife has no right to bring criminal charges of adultery against a husband. This makes divorce almost impossible in the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "535/04/30", "description": " King Theodahad revenges himself upon queen Amalasuntha. He has her taken from the capital of Ravenna to a small island on Lake Bolsena, where she is strangled in her bath.Jordanes, Vol. LIX, p. 51 and Herwig Wolfram (1998), p. 338", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "535/04/30", "description": "The Byzantine city of Justiniana Prima is founded and becomes later an bishop's seat of the Central Balkans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "535/04/30", "description": "Spring ampampndash Solomon defeats the Moorish rebels at Mount Mammes and Mount Bourgaon. He secures Byzacena (modern Tunisia) and establishes fortifications along the Numidian border.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "535/04/30", "description": "April ampampndash Justinian I reorganises the province in an African prefecture, centered in Carthage. Restoring frontier defences, and returns property to the Catholic Church.ampampRome at War (p. 55). Michael Whitby, 2002. ISBN 1-84176-359-4ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "535/04/30", "description": "The Northern Wei Dynasty ends: The northern region of China is during a civil war split into the Eastern Wei and the Western Wei. The first ruler is Wen Di, he creates his son Fei Di crown prince.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "535/04/30", "description": "Significant to the history of agriculture, Chinese author Jia Sixia writes the treatise ''ampquotChimin Yaoshuampquot'' in this year, and although it quotes 160 previous Chinese agronomy books, it is the oldest existent Chinese agriculture treatise. In over 100,000 written Chinese characters, the book covers land preparation, seeding, cultivation, orchard management, forestry, animal husbandry, trade, and culinary uses for crops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "535/04/30", "description": "Reports of the eruption of Krakatoa (Java), which possibly lead to several years of climate change (see Climate changes of 535\u2013536), are recorded in the Javanese ''Book of Kings''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "535/05/08", "description": " Pope John II dies in Rome after a 2-year reign and is succeeded by Agapetus I as the 57th pope. He is send on an embassy to Constantinople.''Breviarium S. Liberati'', ap. Mansi, ''Concilia'', Vol. IX, p. 695", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "535/05/08", "description": "Byzantine troops drive the extremist Monophysite party out of Alexandria and establish Theodosius I as patriarch of the Eastern Orthodox Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "535/05/08", "description": "Anthimus I becomes patriarch of Constantinople from (535\u2013536).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "535/05/08", "description": "A Christian basilica is completed at Leptis Magna in North Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "535/05/08", "description": "The weather is reported to be unusually cold and dark in multiple parts of the world see climate changes of 535\u2013536.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Meteorology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "535/12/31", "description": " Belisarius completes the conquest of Sicily, defeating the Gothic garrison of Palermo (Panormos), and ending his consulship for the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "536", "description": "Spring ampampndash Emperor Justinian I appoints his cousin Germanus as ''magister militum'' to deal with the crisis in Africa. He sends a mobile force of ''comitatenses'', (mostly cavalry) and a elite guard. Solomon returns to Constantinople.ampamp{{harvnb|Bury|1958|p. 143\u2013144}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "536", "description": "Summer ampampndash Gothic War: Belisarius crosses the Strait of Messina and invades Italy. He conquers the city of Rhegium and advances to Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "536", "description": "October ampampndash Siege of Naples: Belisarius captures Naples after a month's siege by sending troops into the city through an abandoned aqueduct.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "536/04/22", "description": " Pope Agapetus I dies in Constantinople after a reign of just ten months. He is succeeded by Silverius as the 58th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "536/04/22", "description": "Anthimus I is deposed as patriarch of Constantinople in favour of Menas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "536/04/22", "description": "The Little Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (begun in 527) is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "536/04/22", "description": "Extreme weather events, thought to have been caused by an extensive veil of dust in the atmosphere, begin in the Northern Hemisphere. They continue until the following year, causing unseasonal weather and crop faillure worldwide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Meteorology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "536/12/09", "description": " Belisarius enters Rome through the Asinarian Gate, the Gothic garrison (4,000 men) flee the capital. He sends an urgent request for reinforcements to Justinian I, meanwhile preparing Rome for a siege by bringing in great quantities of food and other supplies.Bury (1923), Ch. XVIII, p. 180", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "536/12/09", "description": "Winter ampampndash Belisarius set up his headquarters on the Pincian Hill and repairs the neglected city walls of Rome. He stations a 5,000 men garrison, of whom half are his personal bodyguard (''bucellarii''). To hold parts of the city, he recruits 20,000 young Romans to man the walls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "536/12/09", "description": "March ampampndash King Theodahad cede Provence and upper Alamannia to the Franks for gaining their support in the war. He sends an large Gothic army into Dalmatia. They defeat the Byzantines, Mundus is killed during the fightings at Salona, and the Byzantine army withdraws.ampampBury (1923), Vol. II, Ch. XVIII, p. 174ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "536/12/09", "description": "Summer ampampndash Constantinianus, ''magister militum per Illyricum'', retakes Dalmatia. The Goths abandon Salona and withdraw to the north. The Byzantines rebuild its walls and reclaim the province.ampampProcopius, ''De Bello Gothico'' I.VIIampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "536/12/09", "description": "Vitiges deposes his rival Theodahad at Ravenna and marries Matasuntha (daughter of queen Amalasuntha). He becomes king of the Ostrogoths and assembles an army against Belisarius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "536/12/09", "description": "March ampampndash Belisarius sails to Carthage with 1,000 men to suppress a mutiny against Solomon. Meanwhile the capital is besieged by 9,000 rebels, including many Vandals, under Stotzas. Belisarius defeats the muntineers and hurries back to Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "536/12/09", "description": "Senka succeeds his brother Ankan as the 28th emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "537/03/02", "description": " Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army (45,000 men) under king Vitiges begin the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate, he and a detachment of his ''bucellarii'' are almost cut off.Bury (1923), Ch. XIX, p. 182\u2013183", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "537/03/02", "description": "Vitiges set up seven camps, overlooking the main gates and access routes to the city, in order to starve it out. He blocks the aqueducts that are supplying Rome with water, necessary both for drinking and for operating the corn mills.ampampBury (1923), Ch. XIX, p. 185ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "537/03/21", "description": " Vitiges attemps to assault the northern and eastern city walls with four siege towers, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the ''Vivarium'', by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas and Peranius.Procopius, ''De Bello Gothico'' I.XXIII", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "537/03/21", "description": "April ampampndash The Goths capture the ''Portus Claudii'' at Ostia, the harbour is left unguarded by the Romans. Belisarius is forced to unload his supplies at Antium (modern Anzio), he sends urgent messages for reinforcements to Constantinople.ampampProcopius, ''De Bello Gothico'' I.XXVIIampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "537/03/29", "description": " Pope Vigilius succeeds Silverius as the 59th pope, when the latter is deposed by Belisarius at the order emperor Justinian I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "537/12/27", "description": " The construction of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (begun in 532) is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "537/12/27", "description": "Battle of Camlann: King Arthur figths his last battle against the forces of his rebellious son (or nephew) Mordred and is mortally wounded  (This according to the 10th-century ''Annales Cambriae'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Britain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "537/12/27", "description": "Spring ampampndash At the Battle of Scalas Veteres in Africa, Byzantine troops under Germanus, defeat a large-scale mutiny. Stotzas, leader of the rebellion, flees with a handful of followers to Mauretania.ampamp{{harvnb|Bury|1958|p. 144\u2013145}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "538/03/12", "description": " Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths, ends his siege of Rome, leaving the city in the hands of the victorious Byzantine general Belisarius.  The king lays siege to the city of Rimini but is forced to end the siege and retreat to Ravenna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "538/03/12", "description": "Gabr\u00e1n mac Domangairt becomes king of D\u00e1l Riata.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "538/03/12", "description": "Arthur, war leader of the Britons, is mortally wounded at the Battle of Camlann. According to legend he is carried to Avalon where he dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "538/03/12", "description": "The Third Council of Orl\u00e9ans takes place and prohibits rural labor on Sunday.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "538/03/12", "description": "The Persians led by Khosrau I sack the city of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "538/03/12", "description": "The Kofun era ends and the Asuka period, the second part of the Yamato period in Japan, begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "538/03/12", "description": "Buddhism is introduced formally into Japan (by some accounts see also 552).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "539", "description": "Ravenna becomes an exarchate of the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Eastern Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "539/11/29", "description": " Antioch is struck by an earthquake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Eastern Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "539/11/29", "description": "Waltari kills his uncle Wacho and becomes king of the Lombards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "539/11/29", "description": "Emperor Kimmei ascends the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Japan", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "540", "description": "Global environmental cooling probably due to a comet impact, evidenced by global tree ring growth diminution. ampamp{{cite web|title=In 1986 I discovered that a series of Irish oaks exhibited their narrowest rings in the immediate vicinity of..|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.aryabhata.de\/illig\/baillie2.doc}}\">http:\/\/www.aryabhata.de\/illig\/baillie2.doc}}<\/a> 080205 aryabhata.deampampampampBaillie, M.G.L. (2007). Tree-Rings Indicate Global Environmental Downturns that could have been Caused by Comet Debris, Chap. 5 in Bobrowsky, Peter T. and Hans Rickman (eds.), ''Comet\/Asteroid Impacts and Human Society: An Interdisciplinary Approach'', Springer-Verlag, Berlin. ISBN 3-540-32709-6, pp. 105\u2013122.ampamp ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/uknews\/1354622\/Comet-caused-Dark-Ages-says-tree-ring-expert.html|title=Comet\">http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/uknews\/1354622\/Comet-caused-Dark-Ages-says-tree-ring-expert.html|title=Comet<\/a> caused Dark Ages, says tree ring expert|last=Highfield|first=Roger|coauthors=Robert Uhlig and David Derbyshire|date=09 Sep 2000|work=Daily Telegraph|accessdate=6 November 2011}}ampamp Historical evidence records this earlier as the Extreme weather events of 535\u2013536.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "World", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "540", "description": "General Belisarius conquers Milan and the Ostrogothic capital Ravenna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Eastern Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "540", "description": "The Sassanids attack Dara and capture Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Eastern Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "540", "description": "The Huns and Bulgars raid Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Eastern Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "540", "description": "General Solomon captures the Aur\u00e8s Mountains from the Moors and extends Byzantine authority over Numidia and Mauretania Sitifensis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Eastern Roman Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "540", "description": "Ostrogoth king Witiges is succeeded by Ildibad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "540", "description": "High King Custennin ap Cado of Britain is deposed and returns to Dumnonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "540", "description": "Pope Vigilius rejects Monophysitism in letters to Emperor Justinian I and Patriarch Mennas of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "540", "description": "The former Roman senator Cassiodorus establishes a monastery, the Vivarium, on his estate in Italy. He enlists highly educated and sophisticated men to copy both sacred and secular manuscripts, intending this to be their sole occupation (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "540", "description": "Benedict of Nursia writes his monastic Rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "541/01/01", "description": " Anicius Faustus Albinus Basilius is appointed as consul in Constantinople, the last person to hold this office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "541/01/01", "description": "ampquotPlague of Justinianampquot: Bubonic plague appears suddenly in the Egyptian port of Pelusium, spreading to Alexandria and, the following year, to Constantinople. This is the beginning of a 200-year long pandemic that will devastate Europe, the Middle East, and northern Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "541/01/01", "description": "John the Cappadocian is dismissed by Theodora for treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Eastern Roman/Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "541/01/01", "description": "Totila becomes king of the Ostrogoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "541/01/01", "description": "The Uyghurs come under the rule of the Hephthalites.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "541/01/01", "description": "Jacob Baradaeus becomes bishop of Edessa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "542", "description": "Plague of Justinian: Bubonic plague, spread from Egypt, kills at least 230,000 in Constantinople (before counting stops) and perhaps two million or more in the rest of the Empire. The Emperor Justinian, renewer of the greatness of Rome's empire and patron of the world's greatest religious building, the Hagia Sophia, contracts the disease but recovers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "542", "description": "Ostrogoth king Totila reconquers Naples, Benevento, and other parts of Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "542", "description": "Childebert I captures Pamplona and besieges Zaragoza.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "543", "description": "The doctrine of apocatastasis is condemned by the Synod of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "544", "description": "Belisarius is sent back to Italy to once more fight the Ostrogoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "544", "description": "Pope Vigilius is ordered to Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "544", "description": "Khosrau I of Persia unsuccessfully attacks the Byzantine fortress of Dara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "544", "description": "Battle of Cillium in Africa, and death of Solomon", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "544", "description": "Ly Bi establish the Kingdom of Van Xuan (Vietnam) and the Ly dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Southeast Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "544", "description": "Jacob Baradaeus consecrates Sergius of Tella as Patriarch of Antioch. By this act, he creates a permanent schism between the Syrian Orthodox Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "545", "description": "The Ostrogoths besiege Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "545", "description": "The monastery of Clonmacnoise is built on the River Shannon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Ireland", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "546/12/17", "description": " The Ostrogoths under Totila retake Rome, bribing the Byzantine garrison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "546/12/17", "description": "Pope Vigilius arrives in Constantinople to meet with Justinian I future pope Pelagius is sent by Totila to negotiate with Justinian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "546/12/17", "description": "The Byzantines ally with the Lombards against the Gepids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "546/12/17", "description": "Audoin succeeds Waltari as king of the Lombards", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "546/12/17", "description": "c. 546ampampndash548 (approximate date) ampampndash Mosaics of Basilica of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, are made", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "546/12/17", "description": "c. 545ampampndash546 (approximate date) ampampndash The Diocese of Bangor is established in the Welsh Kingdom of Gwynedd with Deiniol consecrated as first Bishop", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "547", "description": "Battle of Marta - 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Byzantines under John Troglita crush Moorish revolt", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "549", "description": "The Ostrogoths under Totila recapture Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "549", "description": "Last circus races in Rome.ampamp{{cite book |title=The Ruin of the Roman Empire |last=O'Donnell |first=James |year=2008 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York |isbn=978006078370 {{Please check ISBN|reason=Invalid length.}} |page=266}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "549", "description": "c. 549ampampndash564 ampampndash Transfiguration of Christ, mosaic in the apse, Church of the Virgin, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai, Egypt, is made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "549", "description": "Agila succeeds Theudigisel as king of the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "549", "description": "The Roman Catholic Diocese of Ossory (which still exists) is founded in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "549", "description": "Archbishop Maximianus of Ravenna consecrates the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "549", "description": "Emperor Jinwen succeeds Emperor Wu as ruler of the Liang Dynasty in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "550/01/16", "description": " Gothic War (535\u2013552): The Ostrogoths, under King Totila, conquer Rome after a long siege, by bribing the Isaurian garrison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "550/01/16", "description": "Silk-producing technology reaches Constantinople (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "550/01/16", "description": "The Eastern Wei Dynasty ends and the Northern Qi Dynasty begins in northern China. Wen Xuan Di is the first ruler of the Northern Qi Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "550/01/16", "description": "Two Christian missionaries smuggle a few silkworm larvae to Constantinople from China (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "550/01/16", "description": "Gupta Empire falls (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "550/01/16", "description": "Construction of Quirigu\u00e1 (in modern Guatemala) begins (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "550/01/16", "description": "Last known eruption of Chimborazo (volcano) (in modern Ecuador)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "550/01/16", "description": "Hindu mathematicians give zero a numeral representation in a positional notation system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "550/01/16", "description": "Procopius writes ''Secret History'' (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "550/01/16", "description": "The main redaction of the Babylonian Talmud is completed under Rabbis Ravina and Ashi (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "550/01/16", "description": "Carriaric, king of the Suevi, converts to Catholicism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "550/01/16", "description": "In Ireland, the Diocese of Tuam is erected.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "551", "description": "Beirut is destroyed by an earthquake and tsunami.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "551", "description": "The Byzantine Empire captures part of southern Spain from the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "551", "description": "Liang Yu Zhang Wang succeeds Liang Jian Wen Di as ruler of the Chinese Liang Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "551", "description": "Jordanes publishes ''The Origin and Deeds of the Goths''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "552", "description": "Battle of Asfeld: Longobards under king Audoin defeat the Gepids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", 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"description": "G\u00f6kt\u00fcrks establish the first known Turkic state under the leadership of Bumin Khan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "552", "description": "Eutychius becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "553", "description": "The Ostrogoth Kingdom is conquered by the Byzantines after the Battle of Mons Lactarius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "553", "description": "King Seong of Baekje attacks Goguryeo and Silla.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "553", "description": "In Turkish Empire Istemi is appointed as a yabgu in the west of the empire (present day Turkistan) and Kara Khan  succeeds Bumin Khan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "553", "description": "The Fifth Ecumenical Council is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "554", "description": "General Narses reconquers all of Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "554", "description": "Byzantine forces seize Granada and Andalusia from the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "554", "description": "Athanagild succeeds Agila as king of the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "554", "description": "Gong Di succeeds Fei Di as ruler of the Chinese Western Wei Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "554", "description": "Muhan Khan succeeds Kara Khan as the khagan of Turks (G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Empire).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "554", "description": "Jiangling is captured 100,000 inhabitants are enslaved and distributed to generals and officials.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "554", "description": "Baekje and Gaya ally and wage war upon Silla in the Korean peninsula, but are defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "554", "description": "The second and larger of the two Buddhas of Bamyan is erected in central Afghanistan.ampampCohen, Roger. ampquotReturn to Bamiyanampquot, ''The New York Times'', October 29, 2007. Accessed October 29, 2007.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "555", "description": "An earthquake devastates Latakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "555", "description": "The Nan Liang Dynasty begins the first ruler is Nan Liang Xuan Di.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "555", "description": "Chinese Liang Dynasty: Liang Yuan Di is succeeded by Liang Zheng Yang Hou, then Liang Jing Di.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "555", "description": "The Mongolic Rouran Khaganate (330\u2013555), of Xianbei provenance, ruled a massive empire before being defeated by the G\u00f6kt\u00fcrks (555\u2013745) whose empire was even bigger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "555", "description": "Taliesin becomes court bard to King Brochfael of Powys (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "555", "description": "Around this time, the historian Jordanes writes several books, among them ''De origine actibusque Getarum'' (''The origin and deeds of the Goths'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "556", "description": "Cynric and Ceawlin of Wessex fight against the Britons at Beranburh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "556", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "556", "description": "The Western Wei Dynasty ends in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "556", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "556/04/16", "description": " Pope Pelagius I succeeds Pope Vigilius as the 60th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "557", "description": "The Northern Zhou Dynasty begins in northern China its first ruler is Northern Zhou Xiao Min Di.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "557", "description": "The Liang Dynasty ends and the Chen Dynasty begins in southern China its first ruler is Chen Wu Di.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "558/05/07", "description": " In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses. Justinian I orders the dome rebuilt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "558/05/07", "description": "Clotaire I reunites the Frankish kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "558/05/07", "description": "Conall mac Comgaill becomes king of D\u00e1l Riata.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "558/05/07", "description": "The Guanghua Temple is built.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fzu.edu.cn\/fujian\/eput.html\">http:\/\/www.fzu.edu.cn\/fujian\/eput.html<\/a> Litchi City Putianampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "558/05/07", "description": "Istemi of the Western Turks, in alliance with Sassanid Persia, defeats the Hephthalites.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "559", "description": "The Kutrigurs and Huns under Zabergan invade and raid Byzantine territory, but are driven back near Constantinople by Belisarius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "559", "description": "Glappa succeeds his father Ida as king of Bernicia (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "559", "description": "First successful human flight: a manned kite lands in the proximity of Ye, China.ampampampsmallamp\uff08\u6c38\u5b9a\u4e09\u5e74\uff09\u4f7f\u5143\u9ec4\u5934\u4e0e\u8bf8\u56da\u81ea\u91d1\u51e4\u53f0\u5404\u4e58\u7eb8\u9e31\u4ee5\u98de\uff0c\u9ec4\u5934\u72ec\u80fd\u81f3\u7d2b\u964c\u4e43\u5815\uff0c\u4ecd\u4ed8\u5fa1\u53f2\u4e2d\u4e1e\u6bd5\u4e49\u4e91\u997f\u6740\u4e4b\u3002amp\/smallamp (Rendering: In the 3rd year of Yongding, 559, Gao Yang conducted an experiment by having Yuan Huangtou and a few prisoners launch themselves from a tower in Ye, capital of the Northern Qi. Yuan Huangtou was the only one who survived from this flight, as he glided over the city-wall and fell at Zimo western segment of Ye safely, but he was later executed.) Zizhi Tongjian 167.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "559", "description": "Ara Gaya, a member of the Gaya confederacy, surrenders to Silla in the Korean peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "560", "description": "Ceawlin of Wessex becomes King of Wessex (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "560", "description": "\u00c6thelbert succeeds his father Eormenric as king of Kent (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "560", "description": "Adda succeeds his brother Glappa as king of Bernicia (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "560", "description": "Aella becomes king of Deira (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "560", "description": "Custennin ap Cado abdicates as King of Dumnonia, and retires to a monastery where he is eventually murdered. He is succeeded by his son Gerren II rac Dehau.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "560", "description": "Saint Columba quarrels with Saint Finnian over authorship of a psalter, leading to a pitched battle the next year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "561", "description": "Clotaire I dies, and the Frankish kingdom is divided Sigebert I becomes king of Austrasia, Chilperic I becomes king of Neustria, Charibert becomes king of Paris, and Guntram becomes king of Burgundy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "561", "description": "The Battle of C\u00fal Drebene is fought between the Northern and Southern U\u00ed N\u00e9ill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "561", "description": "Wu Cheng Di succeeds Xiao Zhao Di as ruler of the Chinese Northern Qi Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "561/07/17", "description": " Pope John III succeeds Pope Pelagius I as the 61st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "561/07/17", "description": "Jnanagupta begins translating Buddhist texts into Chinese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "562", "description": "Belisarius stands trial for corruption in Constantinople, possibly with Procopius acting as urban prefect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "562", "description": "A peace treaty is signed between the Byzantine and the Persian empires.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "562", "description": "Sigebert I repels an attack on Austrasia by the Avars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "562", "description": "Nan Xiao Ming Di succeeds Nan Liang Xuan Di as ruler of the Chinese Nan Liang Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "562", "description": "The city of Taiyuan is rebuilt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "562", "description": "Silla, by order of King Jinheung, wages war upon Gaya and conquers it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "562", "description": "The Maya state of Caracol defeats Tikal in battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "563", "description": "Justinian I re-consecrates Hagia Sophia after its dome is rebuilt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "563", "description": "Saint Columba, the Irish missionary, founds his mission to the Picts and his monastery on Iona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "563", "description": "The synod of Braga declares Priscillianism a heresy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "564", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "565/01/22", "description": " Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "565/01/22", "description": "Columba begins preaching in the Orkney Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "565/08/22", "description": " St. Columba reports seeing a monster in Loch Ness, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "565/08/22", "description": "Alboin succeeds his father Audoin as king of the Lombards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "565/08/22", "description": "Hou Zhu succeeds Wu Cheng Di as ruler of the Chinese Northern Qi Dynasty", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "565/08/22", "description": "The Uyghurs are conquered by the G\u00f6kt\u00fcrks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "565/08/22", "description": "Agathias begins to write a history beginning where Procopius finished his work.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and 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Constantinople, organizes a compromise between the Chalcedonians and Monophysites.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "567", "description": "The Second Council of Tours is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "568/04/01", "description": " King Alboin leads the Lombards into Italy refugees fleeing from them go on to found Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "568/04/01", "description": "Leovigild succeeds his brother Liuva I as king of the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "568/04/01", "description": "\u00c6thelric succeeds his brother Adda as king of Bernicia (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "568/04/01", "description": "Ceawlin of Wessex defeats Ethelbert of Kent at the Battle of Wibbandun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "568/04/01", "description": "Sigebert I of Austrasia repels an attack from the Avars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "568/04/01", "description": "Fredegund becomes the mistress of Chilperic I after the murder of Galswintha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "568/04/01", "description": "The Turks and Sassanids succeed in destroying the Hepthalite empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "568/04/01", "description": "A Turkish khan sends emissaries to Byzantium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "569", "description": "The King of the Garamantes signs a peace treaty with Byzantium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "569", "description": "Invasion by the Lombards of northern Italy under Alboin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "569", "description": "Ascension to the throne of Liuvigild.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Hispania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "569", "description": "The Nubian kingdom of Alodia is converted to Christianity, according to John of Ephesus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "569", "description": "John of Ephesus completes his ''Biographies of Eastern Saints''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "570", "description": "Spoleto becomes the capital of an independent duchy under the Lombard chieftain Faroald.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "570", "description": "Estimation: Ctesiphon, capital of the Sassanid Empire, becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm<\/a> Geography at about.comampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "570", "description": "Abraha failed attack on the Kaaba in Mecca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "570", "description": "First mention of the Spear of Destiny (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", 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"year"}, "event": {"date": "572", "description": "Cleph succeeds Alboin as king of the Lombards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "572", "description": "Theodric succeeds his brother \u00c6thelric as king of Bernicia (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "572", "description": "Emperor Bidatsu ascends the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "572", "description": "In Turkish Empire Taspar Khan succeeds Muhan Khan", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "573", "description": "The Battle of Arfderydd is fought between Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio and the sons of Eliffer, Gwrgi and Peredur. The forces of Gwenddolau are killed, and Myrddin Wyllt goes mad watching this defeat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "573", "description": "Dara is captured by Khosrau I of Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "574", "description": "Emperor Justin II retires, choosing Tiberius II Constantine as his heir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "574", "description": "\u00c1ed\u00e1n mac Gabr\u00e1in becomes king of D\u00e1l Riata.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "574", "description": "After the death of King Cleph, the Lombards are without a king for the next ten years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "574", "description": "Cantabria is conquered by Visigothic King Liuvigild.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "575", "description": "Tardu succeeds Istemi in Western Turkic Khaganate", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "575", "description": "The Kingdom of East Anglia is founded by the Angle groups ampquotNorth Folkampquot and ampquotSouth Folkampquot, naming the places of Norfolk and Suffolk, respectively.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "575", "description": "Childebert II becomes king of Austrasia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "575", "description": "Alexander of Tralles writes ''De re medica''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia Minor", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "575/06/02", "description": " Pope Benedict I succeeds Pope John III as  the 62nd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "576", "description": "The Gokturks besiege Panticapaeum in the Crimea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Crimea", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "576", "description": "The Visigoths establish the capital of their kingdom in Toledo (present-day Spain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "576", "description": "The Byzantines under general Justinian inflict a heavy defeat on Persian shah Khosrau I at Melitene.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "577", "description": "Battle of Deorham: The Anglo-Saxons under Ceawlin of Wessex defeat the British Celts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "577", "description": "Hou Zhu is succeeded by You Zhu, then by Fan Yang Wang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "577", "description": "Eutychius is restored as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "578/10/05", "description": " Tiberius II Constantine succeeds Justin II as Byzantine Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "578/10/05", "description": "Reccopolis founded by king Liuvigild.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Visigothic kingdom", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "578/10/05", "description": "Kongo Gumi, the world's oldest continuously operating company (578\u20132006), is founded in Osaka, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "579", "description": "The Slavs begin to migrate into the Balkans and Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "579", "description": "Frithuwald succeeds his brother Theodric as king of Bernicia (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "579", "description": "A rebellion breaks out in Limoges against Chilperic I of Neustria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "579", "description": "Hormizd IV succeeds Khosrau I as king of Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "579", "description": "The Northern Qi Dynasty ends in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "579", "description": "Wu Di is succeeded by Xuan Di, then Jing Di.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "579/11/26", "description": " Pope Pelagius II succeeds Pope Benedict I as the 63rd pope.  While November 26 is the official date, theologically, the pontificate began in August when he was ordained as Bishop of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "580", "description": "Ethelbert becomes king of Kent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "580", "description": "The Roman Senate sends an embassy to Constantinople this is its last recorded act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "580", "description": "The Siege of Sirmium by the Avars begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "580", "description": "The ancient Chinese city of Ye is razed to the ground by Yang Jian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "581", "description": "Tauric Chersonesus is besieged by the Gokturks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "581", "description": "The Sui Dynasty replaces the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the last of the Northern Dynasties in China. First ruler of the Sui Dynasty is Sui Wen Di.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "581", "description": "The ampquotGreat City of Heluampquot is renamed Suzhou under the Sui dynasty in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "581", "description": "In Turkish Empire interregnum begins. Because there are several candidates to throne Talopien (Late khagan's candidate), Ishbara (Kurultay's choice) and Tardu (the western yabgu).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "582", "description": "The Avars take over the city of Sirmium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "582", "description": "Maurice succeeds Tiberius II Constantine as Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "582", "description": "Daxing, the new capital of the Sui Dynasty, is constructed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "582", "description": "John Nesteutes becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "583", "description": "April ampampndash Fire devastates Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "583", "description": "May ampampndash An earthquake strikes Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "583", "description": "The Eurasian Avars, a mounted people who have swept across Russia and southeastern Europe, seize Byzantine forts along the Danube and reach the walls of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "583", "description": "Eborico (also called Eurico) succeeds his father Miro as King of the Suevi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "583", "description": "Yohl Iknal succeeds K'an B'alam as queen of the Mayan city of Palenque (in present-day Chiapas).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "584", "description": "Fourth Turkic khagan Taspar dies. Interregnum. Tardu interferes and declares independence from the east. Period of dual khaganates. From now on the west khaganate is also called Onok.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "584", "description": "Andeca deposes and kills Eboric to become king of Galicia and of the Suevi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "584", "description": "After a ten year interregnum, the Lombards elect Authari as their king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "584", "description": "The Lombards sack Monte Cassino.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "584", "description": "The Avars sack Singidunum and Slavs raid near Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "584", "description": "Kubrat becomes king of the Bulgars (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "584", "description": "The Visigoths take Cordoba from Byzantium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "585", "description": "The Suebi kingdom on the Iberian peninsula is conquered by the Visigoths under King Leovigild.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "585", "description": "Hussa succeeds his brother Frithuwald as king of Bernicia (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "585", "description": "Creoda becomes king of Mercia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "585", "description": "Famine strikes Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "585", "description": "Emperor Y\u014dmei ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "585", "description": "In China, Emperor Xiaojing succeeds Emperor Xiaoming as ruler of the Nan Liang Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "586", "description": "The Vlachs are first mentioned in a Byzantine chronicle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "586", "description": "The Byzantines defeat the Persians at Battle of Solachon, near Daraa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "586", "description": "The Avars besiege Thessaloniki, failing to take it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "586", "description": "Reccared succeeds his father Leovigild as king of the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "586", "description": "February ampampndash Page with Crucifixion, from the ampquotRabbula Gospelsampquot, from Monastery of Saint John the Evangelist in Beth Zagba, Syria, is completed. It is now kept at Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "586", "description": "Saint Comgall founds an abbey in Bangor, Northern Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "586", "description": "Constantine of Kernyw converts to Christianity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "587", "description": "Sledda becomes king of Essex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "587", "description": "Guntram, king of Paris, adopts Childebert II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "587", "description": "The Nan Liang Dynasty of Ancient China ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "587", "description": "Emperor Sushun ascends to the throne of Ancient Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "587", "description": "Members of the pro-Buddhist group defeat their opponents in Ancient Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "587", "description": "Soga no Umako defeats Mononobe no Moriya at the Battle of Shigisan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "587", "description": "Reccared, king of the Visigoths, renounces Arianism and adopts Catholicism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "587", "description": "The filioque clause is first used in the Nicene Creed, against the Arians in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "588", "description": "Guaram becomes prince of Iberia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "588", "description": "\u00c6thelric becomes first King of Northumbria, after the kingdom is formed from the union of the two small Anglian kingdoms of Bernicia and Deira.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "588", "description": "The First Perso-Turkic War is fought.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "588", "description": "Shivadeva ascends the throne of the Lichchhavi dynasty in Nepal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "588", "description": "A large meteorite impact kills 10 people in rural China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "588", "description": "The Lombards are converted to Christianity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "588", "description": "The Skellig Michael monastery is founded on a steep rocky island off the coast of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "589/10/17", "description": " The Adige River overflows its banks, flooding the church of St. Zeno and damaging the walls of Verona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "589/10/17", "description": "The plague hits Rome, and its victims included Pope Pelagius II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "589/10/17", "description": "The Chen Dynasty ends Jiankang (Nanjing), the last of the Southern dynasties, is completely destroyed China is reunited under the Sui Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "589/10/17", "description": "The Chinese scholar-official Yan Zhitui makes the first reference to the use of toilet paper in human history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "589/10/17", "description": "The Third Council of Toledo, called by King Reccared of the Visigoths, renounces Arianism and embraces Catholicism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "589/10/17", "description": "The Council of Narbonne is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "590", "description": "Summer ampampndash Emperor Maurice agrees to Khosrau's entreaties, and agrees to restart the war with Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "590", "description": "Owain mab Urien becomes king of Rheged (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "590/01/06", "description": " Hormizd IV deposed as Persian king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "590/02/15", "description": " Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "590/02/20", "description": " Bahr\u0101m Chobin and Khosrau confront each other near Ctesiphon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "590/02/28", "description": " Bahr\u0101m attacks Khosrau at night Khosrau flees for Circesium the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "590/03/09", "description": " Bahr\u0101m Chobin is crowned as King Bahr\u0101m VI of Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "590/03/09", "description": "Kadungon succeeds Avani Culamani as ruler of the Pandyan kingdom in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "590/09/03", "description": " Pope Gregory I succeeds Pope Pelagius II as the 64th pope, the first from a monastic background.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "590/09/03", "description": "Columbanus arrives in Gaul where he founds Luxeuil Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "591", "description": "Agilulf marries Theodelinda and becomes king of the Lombards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "591", "description": "A locust swarm destroys the harvest in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "591", "description": "The Persian usurper Bahram VI is defeated by Khosrau II. Bistam then claims the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "591", "description": "The first city wall of Hangzhou is constructed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "591/05/21", "description": " A Mesoamerican ballgame court is dedicated at the Mayan city of Chinkultic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "591/05/21", "description": "Jnanagupta translates the Vimalakirti Sutra into Chinese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "592", "description": "The Byzantine Empire regains Singidunum from the Avars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "592", "description": "After the mass killing at Woddesbeorg, Ceawlin is deposed as both king of Wessex and Bretwalda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "592", "description": "The Persian usurper Bahram Chobin is defeated by Khosrau II at the Battle of Blarathon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "593", "description": "Aethelfrith succeeds Hussa as king of Bernicia (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "593", "description": "Pybba becomes king of Mercia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "593", "description": "The Byzantine commander-in-chief Priscus defeats the Slavs, Avars and Gepids on Roman territory south of the Danube, before he crosses the Danube into modern-day Wallachia to continue his series of victories.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "593", "description": "Empress Suiko ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "593", "description": "The Persian usurper Hormizd V is defeated by Khosrau II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "593", "description": "Altar to Amitabha Buddha is made. Sui dynasty. It is now kept at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "593", "description": "Anastasius is restored as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "594", "description": "Byzantine Emperor Maurice disposes of Priscos and installs his own brother Peter as commander-in-chief in charge of the war against the Avars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "594", "description": "Amos succeeds John as Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "594", "description": "Empress Suiko issues the Flourishing Three Treasures Edict, officially recognizing the practice of Buddhism in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "595", "description": "Theudebert II becomes king of Austrasia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "595", "description": "The Lombards sack Terracina in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "595", "description": "Supratisthitavarman succeeds Susthitavarman as king of the Varman dynasty in Assam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "595", "description": "Construction begins on Zhaozhou Bridge in Hebei Province, China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "595", "description": "Augustine of Canterbury is sent on a mission to Kent by Pope Gregory I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "595", "description": "Muhammad marries Khadija (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "596", "description": "King Ethelbert of Kent asks for missionaries to visit his kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "596", "description": "Pope Gregory I sends Augustine of Canterbury to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "597", "description": "The King's School is founded in Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "597", "description": "Pope Gregory I sends a delegation of monks under the Roman Augustine to England to convert the English. Augustine becomes first Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "598", "description": "Battle of Catraeth at Catterick, North Yorkshire:  The Celtic British (Brythonic) people are defeated by the Anglo-Saxon Bernicians (approximate date.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "British Isles", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "599", "description": "Raedwald becomes king of East Anglia (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "599", "description": "The Chinese win the war at Ordos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "599", "description": "Yemen is finally conquered by Sassanian Iran (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "599", "description": "The Maya city of Palenque is defeated by Kalakmul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "The population of the Earth rises to about 208 million people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "World", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "Smallpox arrives in Europe for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "King Ingvar of Sweden invades Estonia but is killed by the locals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "The Persians begin to use windmills for irrigation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "Chaturanga is played in its current form in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "Loma Caldera in El Salvador erupts, burying the Maya village of Joya de Cer\u00e9n.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "The Hopewell tradition of North America ceases to be the dominant culture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "The city of Teotihuac\u00e1n in what is now central Mexico begins to grow unstable, as they exhaust their resources until their inevitable collapse (possibly caused by the Toltec) circa 700.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "Nazca culture ends in the Andes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "Moche culture ends in the Andes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "Middle Horizon period starts in the Andes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "The moldboard plow is invented in eastern Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "The earliest references to chess are found in the Persian work ''Karnamak-i-Artakhshatr-i-Papakan'', and the Indian works of Subandhu's ''Vasavadatta'' and Banabhatta's ''Harsha Charitha''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "600-750 - Maguey Bloodletting Ritual, fragment of a fresco from Teotihuacan, Mexico, is made. Teotihuacan culture. It is now kept at The Cleveland Museum of Art.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "Pope Gregory I codifies what comes to be known as Gregorian chant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "Construction on the monastery of St. Catherine is begun on Mount Sinai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "Irish missionaries preach in Scotland and Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "Chinese-influenced sculptures of Buddha begin to be created in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "Sumatra, Java, and the surrounding islands are converted to Buddhism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "Augustine of Canterbury converts Ethelbert of Kent to Christianity (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "600", "description": "Nubian rulers become Christian (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "601", "description": "Peter (Byzantine general) defeats the Eurasian Avars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "601", "description": "Liuva II succeeds his brother Reccared as King of the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "601", "description": "The earliest dated English words are 'Town' and 'Priest', both recorded in the Laws of \u00c6thelberht of Kent. {{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "601", "description": "The Qieyun, a Chinese character rhyme dictionary, is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "601", "description": "The future Archbishops of Canterbury, Mellitus, Justus, and Honorius, and the future Archbishop of York Paulinus, are sent to England by Pope Gregory I to aid Augustine in his missionary work.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "602", "description": "Maurice, at war with the Avars and always dealing with the lack of money, decrees that the army should stay for winter beyond the Danube, which proves to be a serious mistake. The exhausted troops mutiny against the Emperor. Maurice and his family flee to Chalcedon, and Phocas is proclaimed emperor. Maurice and his sons are executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "602", "description": "A series of wars begin between the Byzantine Empire and the Sassanid Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "603", "description": "Battle of Degsastan: \u00c6thelfrith of Bernicia defeats \u00c1ed\u00e1n mac Gabr\u00e1in of D\u00e1l Riata.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "603", "description": "Witteric overthrows and defeats Liuva II, becoming king of the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "603", "description": "Last mention of the Roman Senate in Gregorian Register. It mentions that the senate acclaimed the statues of emperor Phocas and empress Leontia.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.ru\/books?id=tsE9AAAAIAAJampamppg=PA246ampamplpg=PA246ampampsource=webampampots=M8dNV2lx_zampampsig=P3PwGDB5ELF_rvkl28CBB5aiTQgampamphl=ru\">http:\/\/books.google.ru\/books?id=tsE9AAAAIAAJampamppg=PA246ampamplpg=PA246ampampsource=webampampots=M8dNV2lx_zampampsig=P3PwGDB5ELF_rvkl28CBB5aiTQgampamphl=ru<\/a> Jeffrey Richards. The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476\u2013752ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "603", "description": "Rebellious G\u00f6kt\u00fcrks depose and kill the khan Tardu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "603", "description": "Japan's Prince Shotoku establishes a twelve level cap and rank system and is said to have authored a seventeen-article constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "603", "description": "The future Pope Boniface III is appointed papal legate to Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "604", "description": "Prince Shotoku issues a Seventeen-article constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Ancient Japan", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "604", "description": "The Sassanids destroy the Byzantine fortress of Dara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "604", "description": "Saebert succeeds Sledda as King of Essex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "604", "description": "Theudebert II and Theuderic II defeat Clotaire II in battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "604", "description": "Aethelfrith of Northumbria unites Deira and Bernicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "604/09/13", "description": " Pope Sabinian succeeds Pope Gregory I as the 65th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "604/09/13", "description": "Saint Laurence becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "604/09/13", "description": "Mellitus becomes Bishop of London and founds the first St. Paul's Cathedral.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "604/09/13", "description": "Justus founds a cathedral in Rochester, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "605", "description": "As a result of a quarrel between Numan III, the Lakhmid ruler, and the Persian Chosroes, the Persian border with Arabia is no longer guarded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "605", "description": "Emperor Yang Guang of the Sui Dynasty orders the capital to be transferred from Chang'an to Luoyang, and orders the Grand Canal to be built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "605", "description": "Amshuvarma becomes king of Licchavi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "605", "description": "The Chinese Zhaozhou Bridge is completed under the Sui Dynasty, the earliest known fully stone open-spandrel segmental arch bridge in the world. Although the earlier Roman era Trajan's Bridge featured segmental arches, they were built of wood on top of stone piers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "605", "description": "Aj Ne' Yohl Mat becomes ruler of Palenque.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "606", "description": "Cearl becomes king of Mercia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "606", "description": "Shashanka is the first recorded independent king of Bengal (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "606", "description": "The diocese of Aquileia becomes a patriarchate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "607", "description": "Ceolwulf of Wessex fights the South Saxons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "607/02/19", "description": " Pope Boniface III succeeds Pope Sabinian as the 66th pope, but dies the same year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "607/08/01", "description": " Prince Shotoku of Japan appoints Ono no Imoko as official envoy to Sui and sends him to pay tribute to the Sui court (Traditional Japanese date: July 3, 607).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "607/10/11", "description": " Thomas I is appointed Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "607/10/11", "description": "The Pantheon in Rome is converted into a church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "607/10/11", "description": "Construction begins on the H\u014dry\u016b-ji Buddhist temple in Ikaruga, near Nara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "608", "description": "Eochaid Buide succeeds \u00c1ed\u00e1n mac Gabr\u00e1in as king of D\u00e1l Riata.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "608", "description": "Khosrau II of Persia attacks Chalcedon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "608", "description": "Prince Shotoku of Japan appoints Ono no Imoko as official envoy to Sui for a second time and sends him to pay tribute to the Sui court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "608/08/25", "description": " Pope Boniface IV succeeds Pope Boniface III as the 67th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "608/08/25", "description": "The observance of Halloween in the Roman Catholic Church is first recorded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "608/08/25", "description": "Georgian Orthodox Church returns to Chalcedonism", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "609", "description": "Edessa is taken by the Sassanids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "609", "description": "The tax census of the Sui Dynasty government in China records roughly 9 million registered households in the empire, a population size of roughly 50 million people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "609", "description": "After the completion of the Grand Canal of China, Emperor Yang of Sui led a recorded {{convert|105|km|mi|abbr=on}} long naval flotilla of ships from the north down to his southern capital at Yangzhou.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "609", "description": "Shibi Khan becomes the khagan in the Eastern Turkish Empire", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "609", "description": "Arab victory in Battle of Dhi Qar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "609", "description": "The Pantheon is consecrated to the Virgin Mary and all saints by Pope Boniface IV (or 610).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "610/10/04", "description": " Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows East Roman Emperor Phocas and becomes Emperor. His first major act is to change the official language of the East Roman Empire from Latin to Greek (already the language of the vast majority of the population).  Because of this, after AD 610 the East Roman Empire is customarily referred to as the Byzantine Empire (the term Byzantine is a modern term invented by historians in the 18th century the people of the Empire itself always referred to themselves as quot\u03a1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2quot \u2013 in English, Romious).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "610/10/04", "description": "The Avars try to invade Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "610/10/04", "description": "Gundemar succeeds Witteric as king of the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "610/10/04", "description": "Paper technology is imported into Japan from China by the Korean Buddhist priest, Dam Jing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "610/10/04", "description": "According to Islamic belief, the archangel Gabriel first appears to Muhammad, reciting to him the first verses of surat Iqra (al-`Alaq), thus beginning the revelation of the Qur'an (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "610/10/04", "description": "St. Columbanus and St. Gall begin missionary work in Bregenz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "610/10/04", "description": "St. John the Merciful becomes Patriarch of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "611", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "612", "description": "Sisebut succeeds Gundemar as king of the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "612", "description": "Theuderic II becomes king of Austrasia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "612", "description": "Rowar ampquotKing of Serpentsampquot is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "612", "description": "Battle of Salsu River: A Sui force attacks Goguryeo with a much larger force of over 300,000, but is thwarted by General Ulji Moonduk and only 2,700 Sui troops survive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "612", "description": "Sak K'uk' succeeds Aj Ne' Yohl Mat as ruler of Palenque.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "612", "description": "Saint Columbanus moves to Italy to establish the monastery of Bobbio (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "612", "description": "The Holy Sponge is brought to Constantinople from Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "613", "description": "The Byzantine emperor Heraclius marries his niece Martina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "613", "description": "Clotaire II reunites the Frankish kingdoms by ordering the murder of Sigebert II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "613", "description": "Aethelfrith of Northumbria defeats the Welsh and their allies at Chester.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "613", "description": "Shahrbaraz of Persia captures Damascus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "613", "description": "Isanapura becomes the capital of the Cambodian kingdom of Chenla.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "613", "description": "The Abbey of St. Gall is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "613", "description": "Muhammad begins preaching Islam in public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "614", "description": "The Palace of Diocletian is damaged by the Avars, who sack nearby Salona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "614", "description": "Cynegils of Wessex invades Dumnonia (now known as Devon).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "614", "description": "The Persian Empire under general Shahrbaraz captures and sacks Jerusalem the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is damaged by fire and the True Cross is captured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "614", "description": "The Persians destroy the Ghassanid kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "614", "description": "The Sudarium of Oviedo is taken from Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "615", "description": "The Edict of Paris grants extensive rights to the Frankish nobility.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "615", "description": "Pippin of Landen becomes Mayor of the Austrasian Palace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "615", "description": "Edwin of Northumbria takes refuge in East Anglia he marries Cwenburga, daughter of Cearl of Mercia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "615", "description": "The Turks invade China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "615", "description": "Sak K'uk' is succeeded by Pacal the Great as ruler of Palenque.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "615/10/19", "description": " Pope Adeodatus I (also known as Deusdedit) succeeds Pope Boniface IV as the 68th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "615/10/19", "description": "Muslims begin to emigrate to Abyssinia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "616", "description": "Eadbald succeeds Ethelbert as king of Kent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "616", "description": "Aethelfrith of Northumbria defeats the army of Powys.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "616", "description": "Aethelfrith meets R\u00e6dwald and the army of East Anglia in the Battle of the River Idle, and is slain by Raedwald, which establishes his claim as Bretwalda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "616", "description": "Edwin becomes king of Northumbria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "616", "description": "Oswald of Northumbria flees to Iona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "616", "description": "Adaloald succeeds his father Agilulf as king of the Lombards (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "616", "description": "The Battle of Chester (Old Welsh: '''Guaith Caer Legion''' Welsh: '''Brwydr Caer''') which separated the (West) Welsh from the 'North' Welsh of Cumbria - marking the formation of Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "616", "description": "Alexandria is captured by Khosrau II of Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "616", "description": "Persians destroy the Asia Minor city of Sardis, including its synagogue.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "616", "description": "The Banu Hashim clan begins to boycott Muhammad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "616", "description": "A shrine on the site of the future Westminster Abbey is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "617", "description": "Heathens revolt in Kent under king Eadbald. Justus, Bishop of Rochester, flees to Gaul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "617", "description": "Sigehbert I becomes king of Essex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "617", "description": "Sui Gong Di succeeds Sui Yang Di as emperor of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "617", "description": "The Persian Army, under the command of General Spahbodh Shaahin, conquers Chalcedon after a long siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "617", "description": "Meccans begin a boycott of the Banu Hashim clan to which Islamic Prophet Muhammad belongs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "618", "description": "June 18 ampampndash The Sui Dynasty ends and three centuries of the Tang Dynasty begin in China with the assumption of Emperor Gaozu of Tang to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "618", "description": "A civil war begins in Medina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "618", "description": "Tong Yabghu Qaghan becomes the khagan of the Western Turkic Khaganate, founding the Khazar Khaganate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "618", "description": "Songts\u00e4n Gampo is enthroned as first emperor of the Tibetan Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "619", "description": "The Avars attack Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "619", "description": "The Second Perso-Turkic War is fought and ended with Decisive Sassanid victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "619", "description": "The Meccan boycott of Hashemites and Muhammad ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "619", "description": "The calculation of the Chinese calendar begins to use true motions of the sun and moon modeled using two offset opposing parabolas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "619", "description": "The Chinese begin using large orchestras.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "619/12/23", "description": " Pope Boniface V succeeds Pope Adeodatus I as the 69th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "619/12/23", "description": "Mellitus becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "619/12/23", "description": "Kubrat, ruler of the Bulgars, is baptised in Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "620", "description": "The Slavs attack Thessaloniki.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "620", "description": "Pulakesi II defeats the Harsha army on the Banks of the River Narmada. A truce establishes Narmada as the southern boundary of Harsha's kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "India", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "620", "description": "Medina is converted to Islam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "621/05/28", "description": " Battle of Hulao: Li Shimin defeats the numerically superior army of Dou Jiande.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "621/06/04", "description": " Wang Shichong surrenders to Li Shimin following Dou Jiande's defeat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "621/06/04", "description": "Muhammad is said to have visited heaven aboard the steed\/unicorn with wings or Buraq, in the ''Isra wal-Miraj'', (the Night Journey), from Mecca and then to heaven from Jerusalem's Temple Mount, then back to Mecca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "622", "description": "\u03a4he Byzantine Emperor Heraclius campaigns to Cappadocia and defeats the Sassanid army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "622/06/04", "description": " Wang Shichong surrenders to Li Shimin following Dou Jiande's defeat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "622/07/16", "description": " Year one of the Islamic calendar begins, during which the Hijra occurs ampndash Muhammad and his followers emigrate from Mecca to Medina in September.{{cite journal|last=Sardar|first=Ziauddin|title=The astronomy of Ramadan|journal=New Scientist|date=24 June 1982|volume=94|issue=1311|page=854|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=ts4HDr_n_rQCamppg=PA854ampdq=islamic+calendar+begins+16+July+622#v=onepageampq=islamic%20calendar%20begins%2016%20July%20622ampf=false|ISSN=0262-4079}}\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=ts4HDr_n_rQCamppg=PA854ampdq=islamic+calendar+begins+16+July+622#v=onepageampq=islamic%20calendar%20begins%2016%20July%20622ampf=false|ISSN=0262-4079}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "622/07/16", "description": "Xuanzang is fully ordained as a monk at the age of 20.ampamp{{cite book|last=Howgego|first=Raymond John|title=Encyclopedia of exploration to 1800|year=2003|publisher=Hordern House|isbn=978-1-875567-36-2|page=522|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?ct=resultampampid=nFIRAQAAMAAJampampdq=Xuanzang+ordained+as+a+monk+622ampampq=c.622#search_anchor}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?ct=resultampampid=nFIRAQAAMAAJampampdq=Xuanzang+ordained+as+a+monk+622ampampq=c.622#search_anchor}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "623", "description": "Clotaire II, king of the Franks, makes his son Dagobert I king of Austrasia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "623", "description": "Samo, reputedly a Frankish merchant, is elected King of the Slavs in Moravia, Slovakia and Lower Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "623", "description": "Tori Busshi makes ampquotShaka Triadampquot, in the kon-d\u014d, Horyu-ji. Asuka period (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "624", "description": "After 70 years of Byzantine rule, the Visigoths recapture Andalusia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "624/03/17", "description": " The Battle of Badr is fought: Led by Muhammad, the Muslims of Medina defeat the Quraysh of Mecca in Badr, present-day Saudi Arabia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "624/03/17", "description": "Justus becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "625/03/23", "description": " Battle of Uhud (Muhammad retreats against the inhabitants of Mecca), which they consider a victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "625/10/27", "description": " Pope Honorius I succeeds Pope Boniface V as the 70th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "626/07/02", "description": " In the early morning, Li Shimin, the future Emperor Tang Taizong of China, eliminates two of his brothers, Li Yuanji and the crown prince Li Jiancheng, in a coup d'\u00e9tat at the Xuanwu Gate in Chang'an.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "626/08/07", "description": " The Byzantines defeat the Avars, Slavs and Persians who were besieging Constantinople for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "626/08/07", "description": "Arioald succeeds his brother-in-law Adaloald as king of the Lombards (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "626/08/07", "description": "Edinburgh is founded by King Edwin of Northumbria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "626/08/07", "description": "Penda becomes king of Mercia (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "626/09/03", "description": " Emperor Gaozu of Tang China abdicates in favor of his son Li Shimin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "627/04/11", "description": " Paulinus, a Roman missionary, baptizes King Edwin of Deira.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "627/04/11", "description": "St Peter's School, York, founded by Paulinus", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "627/12/12", "description": " Battle of Nineveh: Emperor Heraclius defeats the Persians, ending the Roman-Persian Wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "627/12/12", "description": "Yathrib (Medina): Battle of the Trench: Muhammad successfully withstands a siege by Meccan forces, whose allies, the Jewish tribe of Banu Qurayza, ultimately surrender to Muhammad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "627/12/12", "description": "Third Perso-Turkic War: Tong Yabghu of the Western Gokturks storms and sacks the Caspian Gates at Derbent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "628", "description": "Pippin of Landen becomes Mayor of the Palace in Austrasia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "628", "description": "January ampampndash Third Perso-Turkic War: Emperor Heraclius ravages the environs of Ctesiphon Tong Yabghu of the Western Gokturks storms and sacks Tbilisi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "628/02/23", "description": " Khosrau II of Persia is overthrown. His son Kavadh II rules as his successor until October.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "628/02/23", "description": "Brahmagupta writes the Brahmasphutasiddhanta, an early, yet very advanced, math book.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "629", "description": "September ampampndash Jerusalem is reconquered by the Byzantine Empire from the Persian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persian and Byzantine Empires", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "629", "description": "The Battle of Mu'tah, the first Muslim expedition outside Arabia, fails to take the lands east of the Jordan River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persian and Byzantine Empires", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "629", "description": "Poet Al-Khansa meets Muhammad and converts to Islam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Persian and Byzantine Empires", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "629", "description": "Dagobert I becomes king of all of the Frankish territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "629", "description": "Battle of Fid Eoin: The king of D\u00e1l Riata, Connad Cerr, is defeated by the D\u00e1l nAraidi, led by M\u00e1el Ca\u00edch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "629", "description": "Emperor Jomei ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "629", "description": "The Chinese Tang Dynasty launches Emperor Taizong's campaign against Eastern Tujue, a G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk khanate. The campaign is led in late winter by military commander Li Jing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "629", "description": "Arabia: Battle of Khaybar ampampndash Muslim attack and capture of this fortified Jewish oasis, 150 kilometers from Medina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "629", "description": "The Maya military outpost of Dos Pilas is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "630", "description": "Croats and Serbs settle in the Balkans, having been invited by the Byzantine emperor Heraclius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "630", "description": "The Byzantine-Arab Wars begin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "630", "description": "Muhammad sets out to capture Mecca by force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "630", "description": "Armenia is invaded by Chorpan Tarkhan", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "630", "description": "The Chinese Buddhist monk Xuan Zang reaches India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "630", "description": "Ardashir is assassinated, and succeeded by Shahrbaraz as king of Persia Sharbaraz is assassinated and succeeded by Boran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "630", "description": "The Tang Dynasty Chinese general Li Jing captures the Jiali Khan Ashina Duobi, which leads to success in Emperor Taizong's campaign against Eastern Tujue launched at the end of the previous year, and results in the disintegration of the G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Khanate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "631", "description": "The Battle of Wogastisburg is fought between the Slavs led by Samo, and the Franks led by their king, Dagobert I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "631", "description": "Chinese Emperor Taizong of Tang establishes a new Daoist abbey, out of gratitude for Daoist priests who had apparently cured the crown prince of an illness.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "632", "description": "Khan Kubrat starts to rule in Great Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "632/01/27", "description": " Annular eclipse of the sun.<a href=\"http:\/\/eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov\/SEhistory\/SEhistory.html\">http:\/\/eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov\/SEhistory\/SEhistory.html<\/a> NASA Solar Eclipse history", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "632/01/27", "description": "December ampampndash Abu Bakr defeats Mosailima in the Battle of Akraba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "632/01/27", "description": "Queen Seondeok is crowned in Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "632/01/27", "description": "Yazdgird III starts to rule in Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "632/01/27", "description": "Ridda Wars begins", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "632/03/09", "description": " The Last Sermon (Khutbah, Khutbatul Wada') of Prophet Muhammad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "632/03/09", "description": "After the death of Muhammad, Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph and the Rashidun Caliphate (632\u2013661) is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "633", "description": "Oswald of Bernicia becomes Bretwalda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "633", "description": "Osric becomes king of Deira.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "633", "description": "Battle of Hatfield Chase: Penda of Mercia and Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd defeat and kill Edwin of Northumbria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "633", "description": "Arab armies invade Syria and Iraq.ampampRoberts, J: ampquotHistory of the World.ampquot. Penguin, 1994.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "633", "description": "Li Chung Feng builds a celestial globe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "633", "description": "The Fourth Council of Toledo is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "634", "description": "Oswald of Northumbria defeats Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd in the Battle of Heavenfield and reunites Northumbria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "British Isles", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "634", "description": "The Rashidun Caliphate starts the Islamic conquest of the Byzantine empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "634/09/20", "description": " Khalid Ibn Walid captures Damascus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "634/09/20", "description": "The Xianbei\/Tibetan state of Tuyuhun is invaded by Tang Dynasty China during Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tuyuhun, led by commander Li Jing, resulting in the assassination of their leader (Busabuo Khan Murong Fuyun) in 635 and the dissolving of their state in 672.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "634/09/20", "description": "Umar ibn al-Khattab succeeds Abu Bakr as Sunni Caliph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "635", "description": "Kubrat conquers the Avars and founds Old Great Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "635", "description": "Saint Aidan founds Lindisfarne in Northumbria, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "635", "description": "Nestorian Christianity reaches China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "635", "description": "The Chinese historian Yao Silian completes the ''Book of Liang''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "636", "description": "Rothari marries Queen Gundeparga, and succeeds Arioald as king of the Lombards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "636/08/15", "description": "20 ampndash Battle of Yarmouk: In engagements along the Yarmouk River, Muslim forces of the Rashidun Caliphate led by Khalid ibn al-Walid decisively defeat the armies of the Eastern Roman-Byzantine Empire, effectively completing the Muslim conquest of Syria. It will be regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history,{{cite book|title=Islam at War|year=2003|first1=George F.|last1=Nafziger|first2=Mark W.|last2=Walton|location=Westport, CT|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|isbn=0-275-98101-0|pages=30}}{{cite book|title=Yarmuk 636 A.D.: The Muslim Conquest of Syria|first=David|last=Nicolle|location=London|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=1994|authorlink=David Nicolle|isbn=1-85532-414-8|pages=6, 19}} marking the first great wave of Muslim conquests after the death of Muhammad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Near East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "636/11/16", "description": "November 19 ampndash Battle of al-Q\u0101disiyyah: Muslim Arab victory against the army of the Sassanid Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Near East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "636/11/16", "description": "The city of Basra, Iraq, is founded on a canal by Caliph Umar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Near East", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "636/11/16", "description": "The Xumi Pagoda of Zhengding, China, is built during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Near East", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "636/11/16", "description": "The historical texts of the ''Book of Northern Qi'', ''Book of Chen'', and ''Book of Sui'' are compiled in China during the Tang Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "637", "description": "Battle of Mag Rath: D\u00e1l Riata influence in Ulster is greatly reduced or ended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "637", "description": "Following the victory in the Battle of al-Q\u0101disiyyah, the Rashidun Caliphate takes the Persian capital of Ctesiphon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "637", "description": "Muslim forces under the Rashidun Caliphate conquer Jerusalem, Aleppo and Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "637", "description": "Chang'an, capital of China, becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Ctesiphon, capital of the Sassanid Empire.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm<\/a> Geography at about.comampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "637", "description": "Songtsen Gampo builds the first palace on the site of the Potala Palace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "638", "description": "In Central Asia, Emperor Taizong's campaign against Tufan results in the marriage alliance between the Tang Dynasty and the Tibetan Empire, as the Chinese Princess Wencheng is wed to Tibetan ruler Songts\u00e4n Gampo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "638", "description": "Abu-Musa al-Asha'ari establishes Hafar Al-Batin City while digging out new wells.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "638", "description": "The Islamic calendar is introduced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "638", "description": "Year 0 of the Burmese calendar, based on Chulasakarat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "639", "description": "Clovis II succeeds Dagobert I as king of the Franks in Neustria and Burgundy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "639", "description": "During the Islamic conquest of Persia, the city of Susa is destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "639", "description": "The Xueyantuo assaults the Chinese-conquered vassal of Eastern Tujue. Although simultaneously fighting in Korea against Goguryeo, the Chinese Tang Dynasty nonetheless initiates Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo, where the famous general Li Shiji is deployed to fend off attacks in Tujue. By 646 the Xueyantuo state is destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "639", "description": "An unsuccessful revolt of Prince K\u00fcr\u015fat of Eastern Turks in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "639", "description": "The Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab initiates the Islamic invasion of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "639", "description": "The Plague of Emmaus breaks out.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "640", "description": "Tulga succeeds his father Suinthila as king of the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "640", "description": "The French city of Lille is founded by Lyderic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "640", "description": "At request of Porga of Croatia, one of the first known princes ({{lang-hr|knez}}) of Dalmatian Croatia to Emperor Heraclius for Christian teachers, Pope John IV (640\u2013642) sent Christian teachers and missionaries to the Croatian Provinces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "640", "description": "July ampampndash The Battle of Heliopolis is fought between Arab Muslim armies and the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "640", "description": "Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xiyu states, or the Western Regions in the Tarim Basin, commences in this year, as the Tang Dynasty Chinese commander Hou Junji captures Gaochang to solidify Chinese rule in Central Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "640/05/28", "description": " Pope Severinus succeeds Pope Honorius I as the 71st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "640/12/24", "description": " Pope John IV succeeds Pope Severinus as the 72nd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "641", "description": "Chindaswinth deposes Tulga, and becomes king of the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "641/02/11", "description": " Byzantine Emperor Heraclius dies. He is succeeded by his sons Constantine III and Heracleonas, but Constantine III dies after few months. The Byzantine people suspected that he has been poisoned by Heracleonas, and deposes him. Constans II, son of Constantine III, becomes emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "641/11/08", "description": " Alexandria is formally surrendered to Amr ibn al-As by a treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "641/11/08", "description": "Caesarea surrenders to the Arabs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "641/11/08", "description": "The city of Fostat (later Cairo) is founded in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "642/08/05", "description": " In the Battle of Maserfield, Penda, king of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald, king of Bernicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "642/08/05", "description": "Batbayan succeeds Kubrat as ruler of the Bulgars (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "642/08/05", "description": "Arabs conquer Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "642/08/05", "description": "Battle of Nehawand: Arabs conquer Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "642/08/05", "description": "Empress K\u014dgyoku ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "642/08/05", "description": "Yeon Gaesomun seizes power over the Goguryeo kingdom and places King Bojang on the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "642/08/05", "description": "Emperor Taizong of Tang issues a decree throughout China that increases the punishment for men who deliberately inflict injuries upon themselves (most commonly breaking their own legs) in order to avoid military conscription. This decree is an effort to eradicate this practice that has grown as a trend since the time of the rebellion against the Sui Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "642/08/05", "description": "The earliest surviving dated Arabic papyrus, PERF 558, and the earliest known Arabic text with diacritical marks is written.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "642/11/24", "description": " Pope Theodore I succeeds Pope John IV as the 73rd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "642/11/24", "description": "A monastic settlement is founded in Hampshire, England, which later becomes Winchester Cathedral.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "643", "description": "Rothari, King of the Lombards, issues the Lombard law code.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "643", "description": "Arab armies win their first North African victory in Tripoli.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "643", "description": "Pirooz, the son of the last Sassanid king of Persia, flees to Tang Dynasty China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "643", "description": "A Chinese Tang ambassador is sent to the North Indian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "643", "description": "When the Chinese prefectural government officials travel to the Tang Dynasty's capital of Chang'an in this year to give the annual report of the affairs in their districts, Emperor Taizong of Tang discovers that many have no proper quarters to rest in, and are renting rooms with merchants. Therefore, Emperor Taizong orders the government agencies in charge of municipal construction to build every visiting official his own private mansion in the capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "644", "description": "The Tang dynasty of China begins the invasion of Goguryo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "644", "description": "Uthman Ibn Affan succeeds Umar as caliph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "645", "description": "The Byzantines recapture Alexandria from the Arabs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "645", "description": "In Japan, Naka no \u014ce no \u014cji and Nakatomi no Kamatari assassinate Soga no Iruka and his father, Soga no Emishi (Isshi Incident).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "645", "description": "The reign of Empress K\u014dgyoku of Ancient Japan ends. Emperor K\u014dtoku ascends to the throne. Naka no \u014ce no \u014cji is made Crown Prince.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "645", "description": "Supporters of Prince Sh\u014dtoku gain supremacy in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "645", "description": "Furubito no \u014ce no \u014cji plots rebellion, and is killed by Naka no \u014ce no \u014cji in Yoshino.{{dn|date=July 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "645", "description": "Goguryeo general Yang Manchun resists the Emperor Taizong of Tang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "645", "description": "Giant Wild Goose Pagoda at Ci'en Temple, Xi'an, Shanxi, is first erected. Tang Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "646", "description": "Alexandria is recaptured by the Arabs after a Byzantine attempt to retake Egypt fails, ending nearly 1,000 year of Greaco-Roman civilization in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "646", "description": "The Xueyantuo state is destroyed by the Chinese Tang Dynasty, ending Emperor Taizong's campaign against Xueyantuo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "646", "description": "An edict of the Taika Reforms is promulgated in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Japan", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "646", "description": "Emperor K\u014dtoku makes a decree about the policies of building tombs. He discontinues the old customs of sacrificing people in honor of a dead man. He forbids ill-considered rituals about purgation. He also issues an edict about the abolishment of laborers, the foundation of ranks and local government policies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Japan", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "647", "description": "A stone tower astronomical observatory named Cheomseongdae is constructed in Silla (southern Korea) around this time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "647", "description": "The first Muslim invasion of the Exarchate of Carthage led by Abdallah ibn Sa'ad of the Rashidun Caliphate. Muslims defeat and kill the local Byzantine governor Gregory the Patrician at the Battle of Sufetula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "North Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "648", "description": "Pope Theodore I excommunicates patriarch Paul II of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "648", "description": "The ''Book of Jin'' is compiled in China during the Tang Dynasty. Its chief editor is the Chancellor Fang Xuanling, who dies in this year as well.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "649", "description": "Reccaswinth succeeds his father Chindaswinth as king of the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "649", "description": "Arabs conquer Cyprus", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "649", "description": "Soga no Kurayamada no Ishikawa Maro is killed by Naka no \u014ce no \u014cji.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "649/07/05", "description": " Pope Martin I succeeds Pope Theodore I as the 74th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "649/07/05", "description": "The Lateran Council of 649, convoked by Pope Martin I, strongly condemns Monothelitism", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "650", "description": "Khazars conquer the Great Bulgarian Empire in southern Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "650", "description": "Khazars defeat Abd ar-Rahman ibn Rabiah of Rashidun Arabs in Caucasus", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "650", "description": "The first Chinese paper money is issued,ampampRoberts,  J: ampquotHistory of the World.ampquot. Penguin, 1994.ampamp yet these banknotes will not become government-issued until the Song Dynasty era Sichuan province issues them in the year 1024, with the central government of China following suit in the 12th century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "650", "description": "A white pheasant is presented to the Emperor of Japan, who is pleased and begins a new ''nengo'' to be called Hakuchi, meaning the white pheasant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "650", "description": "St. Martin's Church is built in Canterbury, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "650", "description": "Hungry Tigress Jataka, panel of the Tamamushi Shrine, Horyu-ji, is made. Asuka period. It is now kept at Horyu-ji Treasure House (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and sciences", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "651", "description": "Clovis II, king of Neustria and Burgundy, marries the future Saint Bathilde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "651", "description": "Yazdegerd III of Persia is killed in Merv by his followers, ending both Persian resistance to Arab conquest, and the Sassanid dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "651", "description": "Arabs invade Afghanistan and capture Herat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "651", "description": "The Qur'an is compiled by Caliph Uthman in its present form.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "652", "description": "Rodoald succeeds his father Rothari as king of the Lombards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "652", "description": "Second Battle of Dongola between Makuria and Arab Egypt. Establishes the Baqt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "652", "description": "A new palace of Japan is moved to Naniwa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "652", "description": "The registers of population are prepared in Japan. Fifty houses are made a township, and for each township there is appointed an elder. The houses are all associated in groups of five for mutual protection, with one elder to supervise them one with another. This system prevails until the era of World War II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "652", "description": "Khazaria becomes an independent state (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "652", "description": "Construction of the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda in Chang'an (modern Xi'an), Tang Dynasty China, is completed in this year during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "652", "description": "'Abd al Rahman bin 'Awf frees 30,000 slaves at his death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "653", "description": "Sigeberht II the Good succeeds Sigeberht I the Little as king of Essex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "653", "description": "Aripert, nephew of Theodelinda, succeeds Rodoald as king of the Lombards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "653", "description": "Japanese ambassadors, student priests and students sail for Tang, but they are drowned by sinking of the ship on their way to Tang. Only five men survive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "653", "description": "Naka no \u014ce no \u014cji changes his residence to Asuka with Empress Hashibito and other Imperial family members and ministers. Only the Emperor stays in the Naniwa Palace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "653", "description": "Pope Martin I is arrested on orders of Byzantine Emperor Constans II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "654", "description": "Rhodes is invaded by an Arab force remains of the Colossus of Rhodes are sold off.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "654", "description": "King Reccaswinth issues a Visigothic law code.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "654", "description": "Nakatomi no Kamatari of Japan is granted the Shikwan (the Purple Cap).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "654", "description": "A Japanese ambassador is sent to Tang again. The Controlling Envoy, Takamuku no Kuromaro, reaches the capital of Tang, where he has an audience of the Chinese Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "654/09/17", "description": " Martin I arrives in Constantinople, where he is eventually deposed as pope by the emperor Constans II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "655/11/15", "description": " Northumbrian king Oswiu defeats Mercian king Penda in the Battle of Winwaed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "655/11/15", "description": "Peada succeeds his father Penda as king of Mercia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "655/11/15", "description": "Clovis II is succeeded by Clotaire III as king of the Franks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "655/11/15", "description": "Constans II's fleet is defeated by the Abdullah bin Sa'ad bin Abi Sarh the Arab at Finike at the Battle of the Masts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire and Arab Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "655/11/15", "description": "Empress Saimei ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "655/11/15", "description": "Arab armies conquer Khurasan.ampampRoberts,  J: ampquotHistory of the World.ampquot. Penguin, 1994.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "656", "description": "Oswiu of Northumbria annexes Mercia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "656", "description": "The Battle of the Camel between Ali and Aisha, part of the first civil war in Islam, takes place in modern-day Basra, Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "656", "description": "Empress Saimei of Japan builds a new palace at Asuka, because her former residences took fire. This canal is called ampquotthe Mad Canalampquot by the people of that day, wasting the labor of tens of thousand workers and a large amount of money.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "656", "description": "Ali succeeds Uthman as Caliph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "656", "description": "When a Chinese prince (later to be Emperor Zhongzong of Tang) is made crown prince, his lavish palatial mansion in Chang'an is converted into a Daoist abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "657", "description": "The Chinese Tang Dynasty under Emperor Gaozong of Tang defeats a Turkish army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "657", "description": "Emperor Gaozong of Tang commissions the pharmacology publication of an official materia medica, which documents 833 different substances taken from various stones, minerals, metals, plants, herbs, animals, vegetables, fruits, and cereal crops used for medicinal purposes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "657/06/02", "description": " Pope Eugene I dies and is subsequently canonized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "657/07/26", "description": " Battle of Siffin: Ali Ben Abu Talib fights Muawiyah over the Caliphate of Islam and captures Anbar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "657/07/30", "description": " Pope Vitalian succeeds Pope Eugene I as the 76th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "657/07/30", "description": "Saint Hilda founds an abbey on the Yorkshire coast at Whitby.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "658", "description": "The Union of Slavic Tribes falls apart after King Samo's death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "658", "description": "Cadwaladr launches the last Welsh offensive against the Saxons in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "658", "description": "As recorded in the ''Nihon Shoki'' of 720, the Tang Dynasty Chinese Buddhist monks and engineers Zhi Yu and Zhi You recreate several South Pointing Chariots for the Japanese Emperor Tenji. This is a 3rd century device originally made by Ma Jun that acts as a mechanical-driven directional-compass vehicle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "658", "description": "Tang China defeats Western Turkic Kaganate. West kaganate becomes vassal of China. During power vacuum, Turgesh tribe emerges as the leading power of Onok", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "659", "description": "Ealdormen in Mercia rebel against Northumbrian rule and proclaim Wulfhere king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "659", "description": "Japanese envoys are sent on a mission to the Tang empire and have an audience with the Emperor. However, as the Tang Government determined that in the next year they will take administrative measures in regard to Japan, the envoys are detained.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "660", "description": "Slavic principality of Carantania is first mentioned in historical sources.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "660", "description": "Childeric II is proclaimed king of Austrasia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "660", "description": "Swithelm succeeds Sigeberht II as king of Essex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "660", "description": "Felix assumes the titles of Duke of Vasconia and Aquitaine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "660", "description": "Baekje in southwestern Korea is overthrown by the alliance of the Tang and Silla, led by General Su Dingfang, General Kim Yu-shin and Kim Beopmin. The Japanese envoys detained in Tang are paroled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "660", "description": "Empress Saimei of Japan makes an order to dispatch a force to the Korean Peninsula to save Baekje.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "660", "description": "Emperor Gaozong of Tang suffers a stroke his wife Wu Zetian starts to rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "660", "description": "Naka no \u014ce no \u014cji of Japan for the first time makes a clepsydra at Asuka, by which he causes the people to know the hours.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "661", "description": "Perctarit and Godepert become co-rulers of the Lombards, following the death of their father Aripert.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "661", "description": "The Imperial fleet of Japan invades Ky\u016bsh\u016b by the order of Empress Saimei. On its way, Princess Nukata composes a famous poem at Nikitatsu in the province of Iyo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "661", "description": "Empress Saimei builds the palace of Asakura in Ky\u016bsh\u016b from trees cut down from the shrines. Two months later she died. People say it is because the gods are angry for destroying the shrines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "661", "description": "Emperor Tenji ascends to the throne of Japan after Empress Saimei's death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "661", "description": "King Munmu becomes the 30th ruler of the Silla dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "661", "description": "Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib is assassinated with his assassination the Rashidun Caliphate ends and Muawiyah I founds the Umayyad caliphate.ampampRoberts,  J: ampquotHistory of the World.ampquot. Penguin, 1994.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "662", "description": "The regent Grimuald usurps the kingship of the Lombards, driving Perctarit into exile and killing Godepert.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "662", "description": "The Emperor of Japan orders Abe no Hirafu to escort Buyeo Pung to Baekje, where he is made to take up the succession to the dignity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "663", "description": "Byzantine Emperor Constans II invades south Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "663", "description": "Part of the city wall of Benevento is reconstructed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "663", "description": "A brief outbreak of plague hits Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "663", "description": "Battle of Baekgang: Korean Baekje forces and their Japanese allies are defeated in this naval battle by Korean and Chinese armies in a joint Silla\u2013Tang victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "663", "description": "An anonymous monk reaches the summit of mount Fuji.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "664", "description": "Arab armies conquer Kabul.ampampRoberts,  J: ampquotHistory of the World.ampquot. Penguin, 1994.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "664", "description": "Kuo Wu Tsung of Tang comes to Japan and spends 7 months there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "664", "description": "September ampampndash The Synod of Whitby is held in Northumbria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "665", "description": "Swithelm is succeeded by Sighere and Sebbi as kings of Essex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "665", "description": "Batbayan succeeds Kubrat in Onoguria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "665", "description": "The city of Seongnam is renamed Hansanju.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "665", "description": "According to the ''Annales Cambriae'', the Anglo-Saxons convert to Christianity after the Second Battle of Badon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "665", "description": "Sighere of Essex encourages his subjects to reject Christianity and return to their indigenous religion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "666", "description": "Chertsey Abbey is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "666", "description": "Barking Abbey is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "666", "description": "Wilfrid returns from France newly consecrated as Bishop of York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "666", "description": "Chinese Buddhist monks Zhi Yu and Zhi You craft more South Pointing Chariot vehicles for Emperor Tenji of Japan, as recorded in the ''Nihon Shoki'' (the South Pointing Chariot is a non-magnetic, mechanical-driven directional-compass vehicle that incorporates the use of a differential gear).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "667", "description": "The city of Oderzo is destroyed by the Lombards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "667", "description": "The Daysan River floods Edessa in Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "668", "description": "Childeric II succeeds Clotaire III as King of the Franks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "668", "description": "Kotrag leads Khazars in overthrowing his brother Batbayan who moves south into caucasus with his Balkars, Asparukh moves into Moesia, while the remaining two sons of Kubrat move into Pannonian and ultimately also Keramissian plains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "668/09/15", "description": " Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "668/09/15", "description": "Mezezius is proclaimed Emperor by the army in Syracuse in the absence of the sons of Constans II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "668/09/15", "description": "Constantine IV, son of Constans II, becomes Byzantine Emperor, succeeding Constans II. He organizes an expedition to kill the usurper Mezezius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "668/09/15", "description": "Arab forces conquer the Garamantes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "668/09/15", "description": "The ancient Korean kingdom of Goguryeo, in southern Manchuria and northern Korea, is overthrown by the alliance of Tang China and Silla. Unified Silla period starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "668/09/15", "description": "The Emperor of Japan hunts on the Moor of \u014cmi-Gam\u014dno. The letters exchanged between Prince \u014cama and Princess Nukata are recorded in Man'y\u014dsh\u016b.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "668/09/15", "description": "Theodore of Tarsus is made archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "669", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "670", "description": "On the death of his brother Clotaire, Childeric II becomes king of all of the Frankish kingdoms (Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "670", "description": "The city of Kairouan is founded in what is now Tunisia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "670", "description": "The Kingdom of Khotan is conquered by Tibet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "670", "description": "A Goguryeo restoration movement, led by Geom Mojam in northern Korea, places Anseung on the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "670", "description": "A family register, ''Kogo-nenjaku'', is prepared in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "670", "description": "H\u014dry\u016b-ji, the Buddhist temple in Japan, burns down its reconstruction is immediately begun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "670", "description": "The diocese of Dorchester-on-Thames in England is replaced by the Diocese of Winchester.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "671", "description": "Perctarit returns from exile to become king of the Lombards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "671", "description": "Battle of Two Rivers: King Ecgfrith of Northumbria defeats the Picts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "671", "description": "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reports ampquotThis year happened that great destruction among the fowls.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "671/06/10", "description": " A clepsydra is placed in the capital of Japan.ref name=Seiko{{cite web|title = Why is June 10 known as Time Memorial Day?|publisher = Seiko Institute of Horology |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.seiko.co.jp\/en\/horology\/knowledge\/index.html\">http:\/\/www.seiko.co.jp\/en\/horology\/knowledge\/index.html<\/a> |accessdate = 2012-04-17}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "671/06/10", "description": "Chinese Buddhist pilgrim I-Ching visits the capital of the partly Buddhist kingdom of Srivijaya, Palembang, Indonesia, and stays for 6 months to study Sanskrit grammar. He reports over 1,000 buddhist monks in residence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "671/06/10", "description": "Silla seizes control of the former Baekje capital of Sabi from the Tang Protectorate General to Pacify the East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "672", "description": "Wamba succeeds Reccaswinth as king of the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "672", "description": "Emperor K\u014dbun reigns briefly as emperor of Japan, followed by his uncle Emperor Temmu who overthrew his nephew in a brief but violent battle called The Jinshin War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "672/04/11", "description": " Pope Adeodatus II succeeds Pope Vitalian as the 77th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "673", "description": "Hlothhere becomes king of Kent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "673", "description": "The city of Ely, England is founded. The Monastery is founded by (Saint) \u00c6thelthryth. At about this time a small nunnery is also founded in her name in Stow Green.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "673/03/20", "description": " Emperor Temmu assumes the Chrysanthemum throne of Japan at the Palace of Kiyomihara in Asuka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "673/05/05", "description": " Princess Oku is made to dwell in the Abstinence-palace of Hatsuse by the Emperor's order.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "674", "description": "In Korea, Anapji was constructed by order of King Munmu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "674/01/29", "description": " In Japan, Prince Mino is appointed Commissioners for the erection of the great Temple of Takechi (''\u014cmiya no \u014cdera'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "674/02/08", "description": " Japanese Buddhist Priest ''Gisei'' is made the rank of Junior S\u014dzu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "674/11/12", "description": " In Japan, Princess Oku proceeds to the Ise Jingu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "674/11/12", "description": "Dagobert II and Theuderic I succeed Childeric II as king(s) of the Franks", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "674/11/12", "description": "The first glass windows are placed in English churches.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "674/11/12", "description": "Cenfus and then Aescwine succeed to the throne of Wessex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "674/11/12", "description": "Monkwearmouth monastery founded by Benedict Biscop in the Kingdom of Northumbria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "674/11/12", "description": "The first Arab siege of Constantinople begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "675", "description": "\u00c6thelred succeeds his brother Wulfhere as king of Mercia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "675", "description": "Frithuwold of Surrey is baptised and so is his son Surrey becomes Christian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "675", "description": "Arabs raid Crete", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "675", "description": "The First Arab Siege of Constantinople (674\u2013678) continues.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "675", "description": "The twenty-five-year-old Wang Bo (\u738b\u52c3) writes ''Tengwang Ge Xu'' to celebrate the Tengwang Pavilion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "675/01/05", "description": " In Japan, a platform to observe the stars for astrologers is erected for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "675/03/14", "description": " Princess T\u014dchi and Princess Abe of Japan proceed to Ise Jingu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "675/03/16", "description": " Emperor Temmu, Japan's current emperor, decrees the end of serfdom. He also orders an end to granting lands to Princes of the Blood, to Princes and to Ministers and Temples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "675/05/08", "description": " The Japanese Emperor issues a decree to distribute the tax-rice for peasants in poverty, as well as a decree regulating of fishing and hunting, ordering a halt to eating the flesh of cattle, horses, dogs, monkeys or barn-yard fowls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "675/05/08", "description": "Some Japanese ministers who oppose the Emperor are banished to an isolated island. A man climbs the hill east of the Palace, curses the Emperor and kills himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "675/09/16", "description": " A typhoon strikes Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "675/09/16", "description": "The abbeys of Abingdon, England and Bath are founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "675/09/16", "description": "Aldhelm is made abbot of Malmesbury Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "676", "description": "\u00c6thelred invades Kent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "676", "description": "Yazid ibn Muawiya is sent with Arab reinforcements for the First Arab Siege of Constantinople (674\u2013678).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "676", "description": "In Japan, Emperor Temmu promulgate a decree about taxes from fiefs and the employment of persons for the service from the outer provinces. Men of distinguished ability are allowed to enter the service, even though they are of the common people, regardless of their ranks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "676/11/02", "description": " Pope Donus succeeds Pope Adeodatus as the 78th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "676/11/02", "description": "Cuthbert of Lindisfarne withdraws to a hermitage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "677", "description": "According to the Chronicon Pictum, the last of the Onogur tribes fleeing Khazars in the Ukraine come to Hrpad in Pannonia and the area becomes known as Hungary (but not yet Magyarorszag).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "677", "description": "The First Arab Siege of Constantinople (674\u2013678) continues.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "677", "description": "Tang China declares the deposed Bojang of Goguryeo ampquotKing of Joseon,ampquot placing him in charge of the Liaodong area under the Protectorate General to Pacify the East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "678", "description": "The first Arab siege of Constantinople (674\u2013678) ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "678/04/27", "description": " Japanese Emperor Temmu holds divination for the purpose of proceeding to the Abstinence-palace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "678/05/03", "description": " When the Japanese Emperor and the officers are about to leave for the Abstinence-palace at the hour of sunrise, Princess T\u014dchi suddenly takes ill and dies within the Palace. For this reason the Emperor is unable to proceed. No Sacrifice to the Gods of Heaven and Earth results in take place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "678/05/10", "description": " Princess T\u014dchi is buried at a place named ''Ak\u014d''. The Emperor, her father, is graciously pleased to raise lament for her.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "678/06/27", "description": " Pope Agatho succeeds Pope Donus as the 79th pope. He is the first to stop paying tribute to the Byzantine Emperor upon election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "678/06/27", "description": "In Japan, the national worshiping to the Gods of Heaven and Earth is planned, and the Emperor tries to select a woman as a Sai\u014d to make her serve the Gods. However, the plan is not successful because the woman, Princess T\u014dchi, suddenly dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "679", "description": "Adamnan becomes abbot of the monastery on Iona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "680", "description": "The Bulgars subjugate the country of current-day Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "680", "description": "Pippin of Herstal becomes Mayor of the Palace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "680", "description": "Erwig deposes Wamba to become king of the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "680", "description": "Perctarit, king of the Lombards, makes his son Cunincpert co-ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "680/10/10", "description": " The Battle of Karbala results in the martyrdom of Imam Hussein.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "680/10/10", "description": "Umayyad caliph Muawiyah I is succeeded by Yazid I ibn Muawiyah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "680/10/10", "description": "In Japan, Empress-consort Uno Sarara is unwell and her husband begins the erection of the Temple of Yakushiji in Asuka, Yamato, and makes 100 persons enter religion as priests, wishing her recovering her health.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "680/10/10", "description": "Husain ibn 'Ali, Shi'i religious leader and grandson of the prophet of Islam, enters martyrdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "680/11/12", "description": " The Sixth Ecumenical Council opens in Constantinople and ends September 16, 681.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "681", "description": "The Bulgars under Asparukh win the war with the Byzantine Empire the latter signs a peace treaty, which is considered as the birth-date of Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "681", "description": "Armenians, Albanians, and Iberians rise in rebellion against the Caliphate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Caucasus and the Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "681", "description": "Wilfrid of York is expelled from Northumbria by Ecgfrith, and retires into Sussex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "681", "description": "In Japan, Asuka Kiyomihara Regulations are enacted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "681", "description": "Prince Kusakabe is made Prince Imperial of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "681", "description": "Kutluk Khan revolts and reestablishes the Turkish khaganate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "681/09/16", "description": " The Sixth Ecumenical Council (opened on November 12, 680 in Constantinople) concludes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "682", "description": "Jarrow Priory is established by Benedict Biscop in the Kingdom of Northumbria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "682", "description": "The first entry is made in the Welsh chronicle ''Brut y Tywysogion''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "682", "description": "Due to a culmination of major droughts, floods, locust plagues, and epidemics, a widespread famine breaks out in the dual Chinese capital cities of Chang'an (primary capital) and Luoyang (secondary capital). The scarcity of food drives the price of grain to unprecedented heights, ending a once prosperous era under emperors Taizong and Gaozong on a sad note.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "682", "description": "Emperor Temmu of Japan issues a decree forbidding the Japanese-style cap of ranks and garments, and changing them into Chinese ones. He also makes a decree forbidding men to wear leggings and women to let down their hair on their backs. It is from this time that the practice begins of women riding on horseback like men. He issues an edict prescribing the character of ceremonies and language to be used on occasions of ceremony. Ceremonial kneeling and crawling are both abolished, and the ceremonial custom of standing of the Tang Court is practiced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "682/01/03", "description": " Venus occults Jupiter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "682/08/17", "description": " Pope Leo II succeeds Pope Agatho as the 80th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "682/08/17", "description": "The venerable Bede goes to Jarrow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "683", "description": "The reign of Pacal the Great, ruler of Maya state of Palenque, comes to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "683", "description": "The Umayyad caliph Yazid I (680\u2013683) is  succeeded by Muawiya II ibn Yazid (683\u2013684).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "683", "description": "In Japan, Prince \u014ctsu attends to matters of State for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "683", "description": "Emperor Temmu of Japan decrees that copper coins must be used instead of silver coins. Three days later a decree is issued to allow the continued use of silver.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "684", "description": "Wu Ze Tian takes power in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "684", "description": "The Ummayad caliph Muawiya II is succeeded by Marwan I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "684/01/10", "description": " K'inich Kan B'alam II accedes to the rulership of the Maya polity of Palenque.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "684/06/26", "description": " Pope Benedict II succeeds Pope Leo II as the 81st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "684/09/07", "description": " A large comet is observed in Japan (it's Japan's oldest observation record of the Halley's Comet).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "684/11/13", "description": " Emperor Temmu institutes eight titles of eight classes (''Yakusa-no-kabane'') in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "684/11/26", "description": " A great earthquake strikes Japan. The people, houses, temples, shrines and domestic animals are greatly damaged.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "685", "description": "September ampampndash Justinian II succeeds Constantine IV as emperor of the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "685", "description": "Having defeated Avars in Syrmia, Tervel's uncle leads Hungarian Bulgar Sermisianoi migrating to Keramissian plain in Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "685", "description": "Sussex attacks Kent, supporting Eadric's claim to the throne held by Hlothhere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "685", "description": "Surrey takes Wessex as its overlord.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "685/05/20", "description": " Battle of Dun Nechtain: Picts defeat Northumbrians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "685/05/20", "description": "Plague kills almost all the monks in a Northumbrian monastery, aside from the abbot and one small boy \u2013 future scholar Bede.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "685/05/20", "description": "The Umayyad caliph Marwan I (684\u2013685) is succeeded by Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685\u2013705).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "685/05/20", "description": "In Japan, the styles of official ranks are reformed so that there are in all 48 grades.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "685/05/20", "description": "Wu Zetian gives two giant pandas to Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "685/07/23", "description": " Pope John V succeeds Pope Benedict II as the 82nd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "685/07/23", "description": "Cuthbert is consecrated bishop of Lindisfarne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "685/07/23", "description": "John Maroun is elected as the first patriarch in the Maronite Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "685/07/23", "description": "The Al-Aqsa Mosque is established by early Islam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "686", "description": "The Kingdom of Kent is attacked and conquered by West Saxons under Caedwalla.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "686", "description": "Caedwalla exterminates the Jutes of the Isle of Wight and kills King Arwald.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "686/10/01", "description": " Emperor Temmu of Japan dies. Empress Jito ascends the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "686/10/01", "description": "Emperor Temmu's son, Prince \u014ctsu, is falsely accused of treason by Jito and forced to commit suicide along with his wife, Princess Yamanobe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "687", "description": "King Theuderic III of Neustria is defeated by Pepin of Herstal, Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia, at the Battle of Tertry near P\u00e9ronne in modern France. Austrasia and Neustria are combined again Pepin becomes ''de facto'' ruler of both areas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "687", "description": "Egica succeeds Erwig as king of the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "687", "description": "Adamnan visits the Northumbrian court of Ecgfrith to ransom Irish captives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "687/12/15", "description": " Pope Sergius I succeeds Pope Conon as the 84th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "687/12/15", "description": "Construction of the Dome of the Rock is started in Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "688", "description": "Emperor Justinian II of the Byzantine Empire defeats the Bulgarians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "688", "description": "King Caedwalla of Wessex abdicates the throne and goes on a pilgrimage to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "689", "description": "Battle of Coronate: The army of Cunincpert, king of the Lombards, defeats the followers of the usurper Alahis on the Adda River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "689", "description": "Battle of Dorestad: The Frisians of king Radbod are defeated by the Frankish mayor of the palace, Pippin of Herstal. The Rhine delta becomes Frankish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "690", "description": "Beginning of Wu Zetian's Zhou Dynasty in China. She was China's first and only female emperor, ruling on her own accord.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "690", "description": "The approximate date of the earliest known blindfold chess, played by Sa'id ibn Jubayrampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.recordholders.org\/en\/list\/memory.html#chess\">http:\/\/www.recordholders.org\/en\/list\/memory.html#chess<\/a> Recordholders.orgampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "690", "description": "Building of the Dome of the Rock", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "691", "description": "Theuderic III is succeeded by Clovis IV as king of Austrasia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "691", "description": "Wilfrid, Bishop of Northumbria, is expelled to Mercia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "691", "description": "The building of the Dome of the Rock is completed in Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "692", "description": "Leontios leading a substantial Byzantine army, was defeated at the Battle of Sebastopolis by an Arab army led by Muhammad ibn Marwan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "692", "description": "Empress Wu conquers the Kingdom of Khotan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "692", "description": "The Quinisext Council, held in Constantinople, lays the foundation for Orthodox Canon Law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "693", "description": "Wulfram of Sens attends the assembly of bishops at Valenciennes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "694", "description": "The Maronites defeat Justinian II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "694/11/09", "description": " Hispano-Visigothic king Egica accuses the Jews of aiding the Muslims, and sentences all Jews to slavery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "694/11/09", "description": "Ine of Wessex makes peace with Kent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "694/11/09", "description": "Japan's capital is moved from Asuka to Fujiwara-ky\u014d.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "694/11/09", "description": "In Turkish Empire Kapagan Khan succeeds Kutluk Khan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "695", "description": "The people of Byzantium revolt against Justinian II. Leontius is made emperor, and Justinian II is banished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "695", "description": "Childebert III succeeds Clovis IV as king of the Franks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "695", "description": "Sigeheard and Swafred succeed Sebbi as kings of Essex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "695", "description": "Willibrordus is appointed archbishop of the Frisians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "696", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "697", "description": "Emperor Mommu succeeds Empress Jit\u014d on the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "697", "description": "Paolo Lucio Anafesto is elected the first Doge of Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "697", "description": "Approximate date of the Council of Birr, where the northern part of Ireland accepts the Roman calculations for celebrating Easter. At this synod, Adamnan promulgates his ''C\u00e1in Adom\u00e1in'' (ampquotLaw of the Innocentsampquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "697", "description": "A festival for the opening of the eyes of Buddhist images is held in Yakushiji Temple in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "698", "description": "Springampampndashsummer ampampndash Arabs under Hassan ibn al-Nu'man capture Carthage from the Byzantine Empire, and destroy it completely. The defeated Byzantine fleet revolts and proclaims Tiberius III, who deposes Leontius after a brief siege of Constantinople and becomes Byzantine Emperor.ampamp{{cite book | editor-last=Venning | editor-first = Timothy | title = A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire | year = 2006 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | isbn = 1-4039-1774-4 | page = 187}}ampampampamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 0-8047-2630-2 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | pages=337\u2013339}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "698", "description": "Autumnampampndashwinter ampampndash The Byzantine general Heraclius, brother of Tiberius III, launches a campaign into Syria, defeats an army from Antioch and raids as far as Samosata.ampamp{{cite book | editor-last=Venning | editor-first = Timothy | title = A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire | year = 2006 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | isbn = 1-4039-1774-4 | page = 188}}ampampampamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 0-8047-2630-2 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | page=339}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "698", "description": "Dae Jo-young establishes the Balhae Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "698", "description": "Khun Lo, a Thai prince, conquers Muang Sua, an early Laotian kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "698", "description": "The festival of first-fruits (''daijosai'') is held in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "698", "description": "Kapagan of G\u00f6kt\u00fcrks conquers part of Transoxiana", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "698", "description": "At the Synod of Aquileia (also referred to as the Synod of Pavia), the bishops of the diocese of Aquileia decide to end the Schism of the Three Chapters and return to communion with Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "698", "description": "Probable date of Cuthbert's burial behind the altar at Lindisfarne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "698", "description": "Princess Taki is sent to the Saik\u016b as a Sai\u014d of the Ise Shrine, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "699", "description": "Umayyad troops invade Armenia and secure submission of Smbat VI Bagratuni.ampamp{{cite book | editor-last=Venning | editor-first = Timothy | title = A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire | year = 2006 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | isbn = 1-4039-1774-4 | page = 188}}ampampampamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 0-8047-2630-2 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | page=339}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "699/06/26", "description": " In Japan, En no Ozuno, an ascetic who will later be regarded as the founder of a folk religion Shugend\u014d, is accused of confusing the mind of the people with his magic and banished to Izu \u014cshima.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "700", "description": "The Mount Edziza volcanic complex erupts in northern British Columbia, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "North America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "700", "description": "Diquis culture starts in Central America (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "North America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "700", "description": "The Beverley Grammar School is founded by St. John of Beverley (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "700", "description": "Italy: Death of Cunipert, King of the Lombards, leaves his son Liutpert, still a child, as king. Rebellion led by Count Raginpert of Turin and his son Aripert succeeds in capturing Liutpert and seizing the throne (late 700\/early 701).ampref name=ampquotByz700ampquotamp{{cite book | editor-last=Venning | editor-first = Timothy | title = A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire | year = 2006 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | isbn = 1-4039-1774-4 | page = 187}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "700", "description": "Famous Catholic Eucharistic Miracle occurs in Lanciano, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "700", "description": "Musa bin Nusair defeats the Berber army in Algeria, ending resistance against the Arabs there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "700", "description": "Mohammad ibn Alashath revolts against Abdul Malik ibn Marwan in the Sistan and Balochistan regions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "700", "description": "Rebellion of the Umayyad general Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath in Iraq.ampref name=ampquotByz700ampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "700", "description": "The Umayyad prince Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik captures the Byzantine stronghold of Theodosiopolis.ampref name=ampquotByz700ampquot\/ampampamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 0-8047-2630-2 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | page=339}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "700", "description": "Amida Buddha, fresco in the kon-d\u014d, Horyu-ji, is made. Nara period (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "700", "description": "Saint Adamnan convinces 51 kings to adopt the C\u00e1in Adomn\u00e1in, which defines the relationship between women and priests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "701", "description": "Wittiza succeeds his grandfather Ergica as king of the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "701", "description": "Liutpert succeeds his father Perctarit as king of the Lombards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "701", "description": "Raginpert overthrows Liutpert and becomes king of the Lombards. He dies soon after, and his son Aripert succeeds him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "701", "description": "The Code of Taih\u014d is issued in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "701", "description": "January ampampndash Iraq: The rebel Umayyad general Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath takes Basra, but is subsequently defeated by Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf and his rebellion fails.ampref name=ampquotByz701ampquotamp{{cite book | editor-last=Venning | editor-first = Timothy | title = A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire | year = 2006 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | isbn = 1-4039-1774-4 | page = 188}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "701", "description": "Mesopotamia: Muhammad ibn Marwan invades the Byzantine Armenian provinces east of the Euphrates the local commander Baanes surrenders before the large Arab army and the population accepts a Muslim governor.ampref name=ampquotByz701ampquot\/ampampamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 0-8047-2630-2 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | page=339}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "701", "description": "Muslims from the Arabian Peninsula destroy the then-Axum-controlled port of Adulis, thus causing the decline of Ethiopian cristianity on the African Red Sea coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "701/10/30", "description": " Pope John VI succeeds Pope Sergius I (died on 8\/9 September) as the 85th Pope.{{cite book | editor-last=Venning | editor-first = Timothy | title = A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire | year = 2006 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | isbn = 1-4039-1774-4 | page = 189}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "702", "description": "Franconian Duke Hetan II completes the circular Marienkirche in Fortress Marienberg near W\u00fcrzburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "702", "description": "Ethiopian (Axumite) raiders occupy the port of Jeddah in modern-day Saudi Arabia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "702", "description": "Armenia: Large-scale Armenian rebellion against Muslim rule breaks out with Byzantine support.ampamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 0-8047-2630-2 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | page=339}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "702", "description": "The Umayyad Mosque at Damascus is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "703", "description": "Byzantine Empire: Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik captures Mopsuestia in Cilicia from the Byzantines and refortifies it, making it the first Muslim base in the area that will later become the ''Thughur''.ampamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 0-8047-2630-2 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | pages=337\u2013339}}ampampampref name=ampquotByz703ampquotamp{{cite book | editor-last=Venning | editor-first = Timothy | title = A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire | year = 2006 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | isbn = 1-4039-1774-4 | page = 189}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "703", "description": "Elias I becomes Catholicos of Armenia.ampref name=ampquotByz703ampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "704", "description": "Armenia: Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik invades Armenia to suppress the anti-Arab revolt.ampref name=ampquotByz704ampquotamp{{cite book | editor-last=Venning | editor-first = Timothy | title = A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire | year = 2006 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | isbn = 1-4039-1774-4 | page = 189}}ampampampref name=ampquotTreadgold339ampquotamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 0-8047-2630-2 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | page=339}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "704", "description": "Byzantine Empire: The Byzantine general Heraclius defeats and destroys an Umayyad army at Sisium.ampref name=ampquotByz704ampquot\/ampampref name=ampquotTreadgold339ampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "704", "description": "Britain: Cenred succeeds to the throne of Mercia, after his uncle \u00c6thelred abdicates to become abbot of Bardney.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "704", "description": "Byzantine Empire: The deposed Byzantine emperor Justinian II flees from his exile at Cherson to the Khazars. The Khazar ''khagan'' marries him to his daughter. The reigning Byzantine emperor Leontios bribes the ''khagan'' to surrender Justinian, but the latter is warned by his wife and flees to the Bulgar Khanate, securing the assistance of the Bulgarian ruler Tervel (autumn).ampref name=ampquotByz704ampquot\/ampampamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 0-8047-2630-2 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | pages=339\u2013340}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "705", "description": "Armenia: The Umayyad general Muhammad ibn Marwan suppresses the Armenian revolt, captures and deports Smbat VI Bagratuni and other leading princes. Many of the captured ''nakharar'' are gathered into churches and burned alive at Nakhchevan.ampref name=ampquotByz705ampquotamp{{cite book | editor-last=Venning | editor-first = Timothy | title = A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire | year = 2006 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | isbn = 1-4039-1774-4 | page = 190}}ampampampref name=ampquotTreadgold341ampquotamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 0-8047-2630-2 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | page=341}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "705/02/20", "description": " China: In a coup d'\u00e9tat, Chinese Chancellor Zhang Jianzhi executes the Zhang brothers and restores Emperor Zhongzong. This marks the end of the short-lived Zhou Dynasty in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "705/02/20", "description": "Umayyad Caliphate: Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan dies and is succeeded by his son al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik.ampref name=ampquotByz705ampquot\/ampampref name=ampquotTreadgold341ampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "705/02/20", "description": "Byzantine Empire: August ampampndash Justinian II and his ally, the Bulgar khan Tervel, by-pass the Byzantine forces under Heraclius awaiting them and reach Constantinople. After three days, Justinian's men enter through the disused Valens Aqueduct. Tiberius III flees the city to his brother's army in Thrace, but when the soldiers begin to desert, he surrenders. Tervel is rewarded by Justinian for his assistance with rich gifts and the title of ''Caesar''.ampref name=ampquotByz705ampquot\/ampampamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 0-8047-2630-2 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | page=340}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "705/03/01", "description": " Pope John VII succeeds Pope John VI (died on 11 January) as the 86th Pope.ref name=quotByz705quot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "705/03/01", "description": "Work begins on the Grand Mosque of Damascus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "706/07/02", "description": " Emperor Zhongzong of Tang had the remains of his mother and recently deceased ruling empress Wu Zetian, her son Li Xian, her grandson Li Chongrun, and granddaughter Li Xianhui all interred in at the same tomb complex as his father and Wu Zetian's husband Emperor Gaozong (d. 683) outside Chang'an known as the Qianling Mausoleum, located on Mount Liang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By region", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "706/07/02", "description": "15 February ampampndash The restored Byzantine emperor Justinian II presides over the public humiliation of his predecessors Leontius and Tiberius III and their chief associates in the Hippodrome of Constantinople, after which they are executed. Patriarch Callinicus I is also deposed, blinded and exiled, and succeeded by Cyrus.ampamp{{cite book | editor-last=Venning | editor-first = Timothy | title = A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire | year = 2006 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | isbn = 1-4039-1774-4 | page = 190}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By region", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "706/07/02", "description": "Umayyad Caliph al-Walid I begins the Great Mosque of Damascus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "707", "description": "Empress Gemmei succeeds to the Japanese throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "707", "description": "The first bimaristan (Islamic hospital) is founded in Damascus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "707", "description": "The Byzantines lose the Balearic Islands to the Moors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "707", "description": "A large Umayyad army under Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik invades Asia Minor and lays siege to Tyana. The city resists, dragging the siege through the winter and into 708.ampamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 0-8047-2630-2 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | page=341}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "707/10/18", "description": " Death of Pope John VII. Prolonged ''sede vacante'' until the ratification of the election of Pope Sisinnius by the Exarch of Ravenna in early 708.{{cite book | editor-last=Venning | editor-first = Timothy | title = A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire | year = 2006 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | isbn = 1-4039-1774-4 | page = 191}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "708", "description": "Byzantine Empire: March ampampndash The Umayyads under Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik capture and sack the Byzantine city of Tyana after a prolonged siege, and following a victory over a Byzantine relief army. Maslamah also leads another expedition in the summer, and defeats a Byzantine force near Amorium.ampref name=ampquotTreadgold341ampquotamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 0-8047-2630-2 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | page=341}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "708/01/15", "description": " Pope Sisinnius succeeds Pope John VII as the 87th pope.ref name=quotByz708quot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "708/03/25", "description": " Pope Constantine succeeds Pope Sisinnius as the 88th pope.ref name=quotByz708quot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "708/08/29", "description": " Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "708/08/29", "description": "The Japanese court is moved from Heian to Nara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "708/08/29", "description": "Nazaktar Khan, a Turk Shahi prince in alliance with the Tibetan Kingdom, captures Bactria from the Umayyads.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "708/08/29", "description": "Bulgaria: The Byzantine emperor Justinian II is defeated by a Bulgar army at the Battle of Anchialus.ampref name=ampquotTreadgold341ampquot\/ampampref name=ampquotByz708ampquotamp{{cite book | editor-last=Venning | editor-first = Timothy | title = A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire | year = 2006 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | isbn = 1-4039-1774-4 | page = 191}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "708/10/16", "description": " After a report of the apparition of the archangel, the island Mont Tombe is dedicated to Michael and renamed Mont Saint-Michel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "709", "description": "Saelred becomes king of Essex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "709", "description": "Ceolred becomes king of Mercia, after his cousin Cenred abdicates to become a monk in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "709", "description": "Byzantine Empire: An Umayyad army under Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik raids Isauria.ampamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 0-8047-2630-2 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | page=341}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "709", "description": "A storm separates the Channel Islands of Jethou and Herm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Environmental change", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "709", "description": "Byzantine emperor Justinian II sends a fleet to Italy under the ''patrikios'' Theodore, to intervene in the dispute between Pope Constantine and the archbishop Felix of Ravenna, who claimed to be independent of the pope's authority. Theodore arrests Felix and other Italian leaders and deports them to Constantinople, from where they were exiled to Cherson.ampamp{{cite book | editor-last=Venning | editor-first = Timothy | title = A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire | year = 2006 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | isbn = 1-4039-1774-4 | pages = 191\u2013192}}ampampampamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 0-8047-2630-2 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | page=938}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "710", "description": "The Asuka period, the second and last part of the Yamato period, ends, and the Nara period begins in Japan Heij\u014d-ky\u014d (Nara) becomes the capital of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "710/04/05", "description": " During the Cold Food Festival, Chinese Emperor Zhongzong of Tang has his chief ministers of court, sons-in-law, and high-ranking military officers engage in the festive game of tug of war within a palace of Chang'an City. The Emperor purportedly laughs when two older ministers fall over during the game.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "710/04/05", "description": "The Byzantine general Leo (the future emperor Leo III) recovers Abasgia for the Byzantine Empire from the Arabs.ampamp{{cite book | editor-last=Venning | editor-first = Timothy | title = A Chronology of the Byzantine Empire | year = 2006 | publisher = Palgrave Macmillan | isbn = 1-4039-1774-4 | page = 192}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "710/04/05", "description": "The Muslim Kingdom of Nekor is founded in Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "710/04/05", "description": "A Muslim army is invited into Ceuta by its governor, Count Julian, who, being an opponent of Roderick, encourages them to invade the Iberian peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "710/04/05", "description": "Roderic deposes Achila to become king of the Visigoths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "710/04/05", "description": "The isolated Byzantine outpost of Cherson in the Crimea rebels with Khazar assistance, against Justinian II. The emperor sends a fleet under the ''patrikios'' Stephen, which retakes the city and restores imperial control. The fleet however is struck by a storm on its way back and loses many ships, while the Chersonites, again with the aid of the Khazars, rebel anew.ampamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 0-8047-2630-2 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | page=341}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "710/04/05", "description": "The first (wooden) Al-Aqsa Mosque is finished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "711/04/30", "description": " Umayyad troops led by Tariq ibn Ziyad land at Gibraltar, and begin their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula and conquest of the Visigothic Kingdom (See Moors, Al-Andalus, and Umayyad conquest of Hispania).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "711/07/19", "description": " Battle of Guadalete: Umayyad Moors' victory over the Visigothic army. Visigothic king Roderic (Rodrigo in Spanish and Portuguese) dies in the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "711/07/19", "description": "Childebert III died and is succeeded by Dagobert III as king of Austrasia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "711/07/19", "description": "Philippicus incites a revolt against Justinian II, and upon the latter's death declares himself Byzantine Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "711/07/19", "description": "After pirates plunder an Arab ship near the mouth of the Indus River, Arabs led by Muhammad bin Qasim invade India with 6,000 horses, establishing a sultanate in Sindh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "711/07/19", "description": "Reconstruction of the H\u014dry\u016b-ji Temple in Japan ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "712", "description": "Ansprand succeeds Aripert as king of the Lombards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "712", "description": "From North Africa, Musa bin Nusair reinforces last year's Muslim invasion of Iberia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "712/06/12", "description": " Liutprand succeeds his father Ansprand as king of the Lombards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "712/06/12", "description": "Emperor Xuanzong of Tang China succeeds Emperor Ruizong of Tang China as emperor of China. Princess Taiping's coup fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "712/06/12", "description": "The ''Kojiki'', a history of Japan, is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "713", "description": "Byzantine Emperor Philippicus is deposed Anastasius II is made emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "713", "description": "The Arabs under al-Abbas ibn al-Walid sack Antioch in Pisidia, which never recovers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "713", "description": "Construction begins on the Leshan Giant Buddha near Leshan, Sichuan province, China. Upon its completion in 803, it will become the largest stone carved Buddha in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "713", "description": "Emperor Xuanzong of Tang starts to rule in Ancient China. He liquidates the highly lucrative Inexhaustible Treasury, which is run by a prominent Buddhist monastery in Chang'an. This monastery collects vast amounts of money, silk, and treasures through multitudes of rich people's repentances, left on the premises anonymously. Although the monastery is generous in donations, Emperor Xuanzong issues a decree abolishing their treasury on the grounds that their banking practices were fraudulent, collects their riches, and distributes the wealth to various other Buddhist monasteries, Daoist abbeys, and to repair statues, halls, and bridges in the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "713", "description": "Chinese Emperor Xuanzong of Tang allots the money of 20 million copper coins and assigns about 1,000 craftsmen to construct a hall at a Buddhist monastery with tons of painted portraits of himself, and of deities, ghosts, etc.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "713", "description": "In the Chinese capital of Chang'an, for the annual Lantern Festival of this year, recently abdicated Emperor Ruizong of Tang erects an enormous lantern wheel at a city gate, with a recorded height of 200ampampnbspft. The frame is draped in brocades and silk gauze, adorned with gold and jade jewelry, and when its total of some 50,000 oil cups is lit the radiance of it can be seen for miles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "713", "description": "The Islamic community at Multan is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "713", "description": "Seville and M\u00e9rida fall to the Arab armies of Musa bin Nusair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "714/02/28", "description": " An earthquake strikes Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "714/02/28", "description": "The Tibetan invasion of China's Tang Dynasty is defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "714/02/28", "description": "Emperor Xuanzong of Tang forbids all commercial vendors and shops in the Chinese capital city of Chang'an to copy and sell Buddhist sutras, so that the emperor can give the clergy of the Buddhist monasteries the sole right to distribute written sutras to the laity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "714/02/28", "description": "King Radbod of the Frisians defeats Charles Martel Frisia becomes independent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "714/02/28", "description": "Zaragoza falls to the Arab armies of Musa bin Nusair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "714/02/28", "description": "On the death of Pepin II, his illegitimate son Charles Martel becomes mayor of the Austrasian palace and effective power behind the Frankish throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "715/05/19", "description": " Pope Gregory II succeeds Pope Constantine as the 89th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "715/08/11", "description": " Germanus is translated from the bishopric of Cyzicus to the Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "715/08/11", "description": "Nechtan mac Der-Ilei, King of the Picts invites the Northumbrian clergy to establish Christianity amongst the Picts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "715/08/11", "description": "Winfrid (later Saint Boniface), a Wessex-born monk, sets out on a missionary expedition to the Frisians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "715/08/11", "description": "Saint Winnin, an Irish monk, lands at the mouth of the River Garnock, where he establishes a community or cell of monks, termed cella or ampquotKilampquot in Gaelic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "715/08/11", "description": "The Umayyad Mosque is built over the Basilica of Saint John the Baptist in Damascus.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.frontpagemag.com\/Articles\/Printable.asp?ID=20581|work=Frontpagemag.com|title=Islam\u2019s\">http:\/\/www.frontpagemag.com\/Articles\/Printable.asp?ID=20581|work=Frontpagemag.com|title=Islam\u2019s<\/a> Religious Intolerance|first=Rachel|last=Ehrenfeld|date=2005-12-19|accessdate=2012-08-15}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "715/09/26", "description": " Battle of Compi\u00e8gne: Ragenfrid defeats Theudoald, becoming Mayor of the Palace of Neustria and Burgundy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "715/09/26", "description": "Empress Gemmei of Japan is succeeded by Empress Gensh\u014d.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "715/09/26", "description": "A major earthquake hits Turkey.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.aonline-aon.com\/public\/topics\/aon_intelligence\/report02.asp\">http:\/\/www.aonline-aon.com\/public\/topics\/aon_intelligence\/report02.asp<\/a> A-online{{dead link|date=August 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "715/09/26", "description": "Umayyad Caliph al-Walid I is succeeded by Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "716", "description": "Inal Khan succeeds Kapagan Khan and Bilge Khan succeeds Inal Khan in the Turkish Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "716", "description": "Theodosius III leads a revolt against Anastasius II and is proclaimed Byzantine Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "716", "description": "The Ummayads conquer Lisbon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "716", "description": "\u00c6thelbald returns from exile to succeed Ceolred as king of Mercia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "716", "description": "Battle of Ambl\u00e8ve: Charles Martel defeats the Neustrians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "716/04/19", "description": " The monastery on the Island of Iona celebrates Easter on the Roman date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "716/04/19", "description": "Boniface begins missions to the Germans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "717/03/21", "description": " Battle of Vincy: Charles Martel, with his Austrasian forces, defeats Chilperic II, King of Neustria, and his Mayor of the Palace, Ragenfrid, and proclaims Clotaire IV King of Austrasia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "717/03/25", "description": " Leo III the Isaurian usurps the throne of Byzantium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "717/08/15", "description": " Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik begins the Second Arab siege of Constantinople, which will last for nearly a year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "717/12/24", "description": " An earthquake shakes many places in northern Syria, and destroys the Old Church of Edessa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "717/12/24", "description": "Hoshi Ryokan, the world's second-longest surviving hotel, is established in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "717/12/24", "description": "Nechtan mac Der-Ilei, King of the Picts, expels the monks from the Scottish island of Iona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "718", "description": "718 or 722 ampampndash Battle of Covadonga, marking the start of the ''Reconquista'' by a Christian military force (under Pelagius of Asturias) of the Iberian Peninsula following the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "718", "description": "The Wessex-born missionary Saint Boniface sets out for Frisia a second time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "718", "description": "August 15 ampampndash Byzantine Emperor Leo III the Isaurian and Khan Tervel of Bulgaria force the troops of the Umayyad Caliphate to abandon the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople (717\u2013718), preventing a major Arab incursion into the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "718", "description": "The world's oldest hotel, Hoshi Ryokan, is founded in Ishikawa Prefecture, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "719", "description": "Charles Martel defeats king Radbod of the Frisians. Frisia to the banks of the river Vlie become  part of the Frankish Empire.ampamp{{aut|Halbertsma, H.}} (1982), ''Frieslands Oudheid'' <a href=\"http:\/\/dissertations.ub.rug.nl\/FILES\/faculties\/arts\/1982\/h.halbertsma\/Halbertsma.PDF\">http:\/\/dissertations.ub.rug.nl\/FILES\/faculties\/arts\/1982\/h.halbertsma\/Halbertsma.PDF<\/a> (pdf-file), page 795.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "719", "description": "The West Saxon monk Winifrid is sent by Pope Gregory II, who gives him the name Boniface, to evangelize in Germany and reorganize the church there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "719", "description": "The church of Nubia transfers its allegiance from the Eastern Orthodox Church to the Coptic Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "720", "description": "The Nihon Shoki (\u65e5\u672c\u66f8\u7d00), one of the oldest history books in Japan, is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "720", "description": "Umayyad caliph Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz is succeeded by Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "720/07/30", "description": " In the Tang Dynasty Chinese capital of Chang'an, the walls of a gated city ward collapse during the night, which unexpectedly form a large pool out in the open. This is most likely caused by a sinkhole created when ground water eroded the limestone bedrock beneath. As a consequence of this, more than 500 homes are destroyed (Benn, 50).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "720/07/30", "description": "The former governor of Iraq, Yazid ibn al-Muhallab, rebels and is defeated and killed by the Caliph's forces under Al-Abbas ibn al-Walid and Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "720/07/30", "description": "The Byzantine emperor Leo III the Isaurian orders the execution of the ex-emperor Anastasius II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "721", "description": "Former Byzantine emperor Anastasios II leads a revolt against emperor Leo III the Isaurian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "721/02/13", "description": " Theuderic IV succeeds Chilperic II as Merovingian King of the Franks, under the control of the Mayor of the Palace, Charles Martel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "721/06/09", "description": " Battle of Toulouse: after besieging Toulouse for three months, Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani, the W\u0101li (governor) of Al-Andalus (Muslim Spain), is defeated (and dies of his injuries) by Odo the Great, Duke of Aquitaine, preventing the spread of Umayyad control westward from Narbonne into Aquitaine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "721/06/09", "description": "Anbasa ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi is appointed governor of Al-Andalus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "721/06/09", "description": "Prague is founded (according to legend) by the Princess Libu\u0161e and her husband P\u0159emysl, founder of the eponymous dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "721/06/09", "description": "Rains and heavy storms around the southern seaport of Yangzhou destroy over 1,000 ships and boats in the usual congested waterway traffic of the Tang Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "722/01/03", "description": " K'inich Ahkal Mo' Naab III takes the throne of the Maya state of Palenque.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "722/01/03", "description": "718 or 722 ampampndash Battle of Covadonga, marking the start of the ''Reconquista'' by a Christian military force (under Pelagius of Asturias) of the Iberian Peninsula following the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "722/01/03", "description": "War breaks out between the Kingdoms of Wessex and Sussex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "722/01/03", "description": "A combined Viking and Cornish army defeat an army of Wessex at the Battle of Hehil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "722/01/03", "description": "The Battle of Allen is fought close by the Hill of Allen between the Laigin, led by Murchad mac Brain Mut, and the forces of Fergal mac M\u00e1ele D\u00fain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "722/11/30", "description": " Wessex-born Boniface is ordained as bishop of Germany by the pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "723", "description": "Saint Boniface fells Thor's Oak near Fritzlar, marking the decisive event in the Christianization of the northern Germanic tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "723", "description": "The world's first mechanical clock is allegedly built in China (See celestial globe).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "724", "description": "Emperor Sh\u014dmu succeeds Empress Gensh\u014d on the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "724", "description": "Umayyad caliph Yazid II ibn Abd al-Malik (720ampampndash724) is succeeded by Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (724ampampndash743).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "724", "description": "K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat becomes king of the Maya city of Quirigu\u00e1.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Mesoamerica", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "725", "description": "Bede writes ''On the reckoning of time'' (''De temporum ratione'') explaining how to calculate medieval Easter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "725", "description": "In Egypt, resentment of the Copts against taxation leads to a revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "725", "description": "In China, the Tang Dynasty Buddhist monk, astronomer, and mechanical engineer Yi Xing applies a clockwork escapement mechanism to provide rotating motion to his astronomical armillary sphere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "726", "description": "Seismic activity in the Mediterranean: The volcanic island of Thera erupts, while the city of Jerash (in present-day Jordan) suffers a major earthquake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "726", "description": "King Ine of Wessex resigns his crown and leaves for Rome. He is succeeded by \u00c6thelheard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "726", "description": "King \u00c6thelbald becomes King of Mercia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "726", "description": "Orso Ipato is elected Doge of Venice and appointed Roman consul by Emperor Leo III the Isaurian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "726", "description": "D\u00fangal mac Selbaig is deposed as king of D\u00e1l Riata Eochaid mac Echdach becomes king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "726", "description": "The first annual Sumo tournament in Japan is held by Emperor Sh\u014dmu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "726", "description": "Umayyad forces under Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik sack the Byzantine city of Caesarea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "726", "description": "Leo III the Isaurian bans the worship of religious images, beginning the  iconoclastic controversies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "727", "description": "Umayyad troops under Abdallah al-Battal and Mu'awiyah ibn Hisham raze Gangra and unsuccessfully besiege Nicaea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "727", "description": "Pope Gregory II condemns iconoclasm, causing Byzantine Italy to break with the Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "728", "description": "Liutprand, King of the Lombards occupies all of the exarchate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "729", "description": "The Battle of Ravenna is fought between the troops of Byzantine Emperor Leo III the Isaurian, and a force of Italians, raised by Pope Gregory II in defence of image worship, which Leo had outlawed. After a severe struggle, the Greeks are routed thousands are killed in flight to their ships. The waters of the Po River are so infected with blood, it is said, that for six years the inhabitants of Ravenna will not eat fish from the river.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "730", "description": "Charles Martel defeats the last independent dukedom of the Alamanni, and launches raids on the Saxons beyond the Rhine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "730", "description": "Chinese Emperor Xuanzong of Tang has four palace walls in the northeast sector of the capital city Chang'an torn down and reassembled to construct a new Daoist abbey, the grounds of which were formerly a large garden for the governmental Bureau of Agriculture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "730", "description": "September\/October ampampndash Umayyad troops sack the Byzantine fortress of Charsianon", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "730/12/09", "description": " Battle of Marj Ardabil: the Khazars defeat and destroy an Umayyad army of some 25,000 men under al-Djarrah ibn Abdullah", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "730/12/09", "description": "Emperor Leo III of the Byzantine Empire orders the destruction of all icons, beginning the First Iconoclastic Period.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "731", "description": "Battle of the Defile between the Umayyads and the Turgesh results in heavy casualties for the Umayyad army, halting Muslim expansion in Central Asia for almost two decades.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "731", "description": "Bede completes his ''Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "731", "description": "Pope Gregory III elected by acclamation as the 90th pope during the funeral procession for Pope Gregory II he is consecrated bishop a month later.ampamp{{CathEncy|wstitle=Pope St. Gregory III}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "731", "description": "Pope Gregory III condemns Iconoclasm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "732/06/26", "description": " Venus occults Jupiter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "732/06/26", "description": "Egbert becomes bishop of York. He founds a library and makes the city a renowned centre of learning.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "732/10/10", "description": " Battle of Tours: Near Poitiers, France, leader of the Franks  Charles Martel and his men, defeat a large army of Moors under the governor of Cordoba, Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, who is killed during the battle.  The Battle of Tours halts the advance of Islam into Western Europe and establishes a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "733", "description": "Leo III the Isaurian withdraws the Balkans, Sicily and Calabria from the jurisdiction of the pope, in response to Gregory III's support of a revolt in Italy against iconoclasm. The break between the papacy and the Byzantine Empire is almost complete.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "734", "description": "The Franks defeat the Frisians in the Battle of the Boarn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "735", "description": "A smallpox epidemic starts in Ancient Japan, which reduces the population by 30%.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "735", "description": "In Tang Dynasty China, by this year there is 149,685,400ampampnbspkg (165,000 short tons) of grain shipped annually along the Grand Canal of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "735", "description": "Kh\u00f6sh\u00f6\u00f6 Tsaidam Monuments of Bilge Khan of Turkish Khanate his brother K\u00fcl Tigin. (Bilge's has already erected K\u00fcl Tigin's monument and Bilge's son erects Bilge's monument.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "736", "description": "The scholar-priest R\u014dben invites Shinsh\u014d to give lectures on the ''Avatamsaka Sutra'' at Kinsh\u014dsen-ji (later T\u014ddai-ji) this event is considered to be the roots of the Kegon school of Buddhism founded in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "736", "description": "The first instance is documented of hop cultivation in the Hallertau region of present-day Germany (which is today the most important production centre with about 25% of the worldwide production).{{Fact|date=February 2007}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "736", "description": "Yik'in Chan K'awiil, ruler of the leading Maya city state of Tikal, conquers rival power Calakmul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mesoamerica", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "737", "description": "Battle of Avignon ampampndash The Frankish army under Charles Martel expels Umayyad forces from the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "737", "description": "Battle of Narbonne ampampndash The Frankish army under Charles Martel defeats the Umayyad forces but fails to retake the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "737", "description": "Battle of N\u00eemes ampampndash The Frankish army under Charles Martel expels Umayyad forces from the city and destroys it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "737", "description": "Favila becomes King of Asturias after the death of Pelagius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "737", "description": "Following the death of Theuderic IV, Merovingian King of the Franks, the throne is left vacant for seven years, with Charles Martel, Mayor of the Palace, continuing as effective ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "737", "description": "The Danevirke fortification system is started in Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "737", "description": "Domenico Leone appointed Doge of Venice and Hypatos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "737", "description": "Egypt: Christians invade from the south with the aim of protecting the Patriarch of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "737", "description": "In Ancient China, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang discards the policy of conscripting men into the army to be replaced every three years, replacing them with long-service soldiers who are more battle-hardened and efficient.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "737", "description": "The smallpox epidemic ends in Ancient Japan, after reducing the population by 30%.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "737", "description": "The Turgesh drive back an Umayyad invasion of Khuttal, pursue them south of the Oxus and capture their baggage train. In the winter, the Turgesh and their Transoxianian allies launch a major invasion of the lands south of the Oxus, but are stopped at the Battle of Kharistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "738", "description": "Felice Cornicola appointed Roman consul and magister militum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "738", "description": "The powerful Mayan city-state Xukpi (Cop\u00e1n) is defeated by a rival city-state, Quirigu\u00e1. Xukpi leader Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil (Eighteen Rabbit) is deposed thereafter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "738", "description": "Saint Boniface visits Rome, and goes on to establish bishoprics in Bavaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "739", "description": "Charles Martel drives the Moorish invaders out of Gauls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "739", "description": "The reign of the House of Ukil starts in Bulgaria with King Kormisosh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "739", "description": "Alfonso I becomes king of Asturias.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "739", "description": "Theodatus Ursus appointed Consul of the Roman Empire and Magister militum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "739", "description": "Thawra revolt in Tanger against the Umayyad rulers. The movement is led by a humble water carrier, Maysara, against the decision to levy the same taxes upon the newly converted Muslims and the non-Muslims. Maysara declares himself caliph and rules the city brutally. He is soon replaced by a rival, Kh\u00e2lid al-Zan\u00e2ti. The revolt spreads rapidly to the region and the rebellious areas adopt the Kharijite movement of Islam against the Umeyyad Sunnis.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp .25.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "739", "description": "Boniface founds the Bishopric of Regensburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "739", "description": "Pope Gregory III appeals in vain to Charles Martel for help against the expansionist policies of Liutprand, King of the Lombards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "740/10/26", "description": " An earthquake strikes Constantinople and the surrounding countryside, causing destruction to the city's land walls and buildings, and many deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "740/10/26", "description": "The reign of King Sevar, and thus of the House of Dulo, ends in Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "740/10/26", "description": "Pippin III marries Bertrada of Laon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "740/10/26", "description": "September ampampndash The Daysan River floods Edessa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "740/10/26", "description": "Battle of Akroinon in Anatolia, a significant Byzantine victory over the Umayyads, halts the impetus of Arab attacks into Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "740/10/26", "description": "Much to the delight of the citizens of Chang'an City, the Chinese Tang Dynasty government orders fruit trees to be planted along every main avenue of the city, which enriches not only the diets of the people but also the surroundings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "740/10/26", "description": "After two unsuccessful attempts to crush the quickly spreading revolt of Tanger, the Umayyad suffer a humiliating defeat at the ampquotbattle of the Noblesampquot near the Chelif river.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.25.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "740/10/26", "description": "The Khazars, a nation of the Black Sea steppe, though not ethnically Jewish, voluntarily convert to Judaism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "740/10/26", "description": "St. Cuthbert becomes archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "741", "description": "Carloman, Pippin the Short and Grifo succeed their father Charles Martel as Mayor of the Palace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "741", "description": "The York Minster Church is burned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "741", "description": "John Fabriaco is appointed Roman consul and magister militum", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "741/06/18", "description": " Constantine V succeeds Leo III as emperor of the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "741/06/18", "description": "In 741 and 744, documents in the archives of St. Gallen Abbey describe the village of Kempraten as ''Centoprato'', another document in 863 as ''Centiprata'', inspired by the Latin name ''Centum Prata''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "= Switzerland", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "741/06/18", "description": "A nunnery given by the Alamannic noblewoman Beata on L\u00fctzelau island is first mentioned. In 744, the nunnery was sold to Einsiedeln Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "= Switzerland", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "741/06/18", "description": "Ufenau island in Switzerland is first mentioned in 741 as ampquotHupinauiaampquot, and in 744 as ampquotUbinauviaampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "= Switzerland", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "741/06/18", "description": "A fourth expedition sent from Syria by the Umayyad caliphate to crush the rebellion in the Atlas region is defeated in the plain of the Ghrab (nowadays Morocco). The counter-attack of the Kharijite rebels to the East is successful but fails to conquer Kairouan from the loyalists. A more radical branch of the Tunisian Kharijites, the Sofrists, however manages to take the city soon after.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.25.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "741/06/18", "description": "Japanese authorities decree that Buddhist temples should be established throughout the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "741/12/10", "description": " Pope Zachary succeeds Pope Gregory III as the 91st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "742", "description": "Chinese poet Li Po is presented before the emperor and given a position in the Imperial court (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "742", "description": "Artabasdus is Byzantine Emperor until the capital is stormed by Constantine V, who regains control and resumes the suppression of image-worship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "742", "description": "Emperor Xuanzong of Tang begins to favor Taoism over Buddhism, adopting the new reign title ''Tianbao'' ('Heavenly Treasures') to indicate his divine mandate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "742", "description": "For the municipal census of the Chinese capital city Chang'an and its metropolitan area of Jingzhou Fu (including small towns in the vicinity), the New Book of Tang records that in this year there are 362,921 registered families with 1,960,188 persons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "742", "description": "In China, the total number of enlisted troops in the Tang armies has risen to about half a million due to Emperor Xuanzong's earlier reforms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "742", "description": "China's population reaches approximately 50 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "742", "description": "The Arabs suppress a revolt of the Kharajites and the Berbers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "742", "description": "Liutprand, King of the Lombards, absorbs the independent duchies of Spoleto and Benevento into his kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "742", "description": "Saint Sturm establishes the abbey of Fulda (or 744?).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "742", "description": "After a forty-year vacancy, Stephen becomes Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch at the suggestion of Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "742", "description": "Chrodegang, chancellor of Charles Martel, is appointed bishop of Metz and embarks on a reorganisation of the Frankish church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "742", "description": "The Holy Face of Lucca is transferred to Lucca from Luni (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "743", "description": "After an interregnum of seven years, Childeric III re-succeeds to the throne of the Frankish Empire as the last king (till 751) of the figurehead Merovingian dynasty.  Power remains firmly in the hands of the ''major domus'', currently Pepin the Short.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "743", "description": "The Concilium Germanicum, organized by Carloman and Saint Boniface, is the first major synod held in the Frankish church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "743", "description": "Constantine V re-ascends the throne of the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "743", "description": "Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik (724\u2013743) is succeeded by al-Walid II ibn Abd al-Malik (743\u2013744).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "744", "description": "February ampampndash Hildeprand succeeds Liutprand as king of the Lombards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "744", "description": "October ampampndash Ratchis succeeds Hildeprand as king of the Lombards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "744", "description": "In 741 and 744, documents in the archives of St. Gallen Abbey describe the village of Kempraten as ''Centoprato'', another document in 863 as ''Centiprata'', inspired by the Latin name ''Centum Prata''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "= Switzerland", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "744", "description": "A nunnery given by the Alamannic noblewoman Beata on L\u00fctzelau island is first mentioned in 741. In 744, the nunnery was sold to Einsiedeln Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "= Switzerland", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "744", "description": "Ufenau island in Switzerland is first mentioned in 741 as ampquotHupinauiaampquot, and in 744 as ampquotUbinauviaampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "= Switzerland", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "744", "description": "Chinese poet Li Po meets Du Fu for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "744", "description": "Umayyad caliph al-Walid II dies and is succeeded by his brother Yazid III, who dies shortly after. Rebellion of Marwan II against Yazid's designated successor Ibrahim, defeat of the loyalist forces under Sulayman ibn Hisham and accession of Marwan in December.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "744", "description": "Turkish subjects like Uyghur, Karluk{{dn|date=April 2012}} and Basmyl who are not the members of Ashina clan stage a coup. End of Turkish Empire and Ashina clan. (except in Khazaria)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "744", "description": "The Synod of Soissons meets at the instigation of Pippin, and Boniface, the Pope's missionary to pagan Germany, secures the condemnation of Frankish bishop Adalbert and Irish missionary Clement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "744/03/03", "description": " Abel becomes archbishop of Reims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "744/03/03", "description": "Theophylact succeeds Stephen IV{{dn|date=April 2012}} as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "744/03/03", "description": "Saint Sturm establishes the monastery of Fulda. (or 742?)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "744/03/03", "description": "Salih ibn Tarif proclaims himself a prophet among the Berghouata of Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "745", "description": "Newly founded Uighur Empire control most of the former Turkish Empire territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "745", "description": "Bubonic plague in Constantinople subsequently sweeps through Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "746", "description": "Byzantine forces regain Cyprus from the Arabs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "746", "description": "Swithred succeeds Saelred as king of Essex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "746", "description": "The nobility of the Alamanni is killed at the blood court at Cannstatt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "746", "description": "The monastery at Tegernsee in Bavaria began brewing its own beer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "746", "description": "Jayshikhari Chavda establishes the Chavda Dynasty in Gujarat, India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "746", "description": "Guru Rinpoche, an Indian saint, traveled to Bhutan  to cure the king of Bumthang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "746", "description": "Hida-Kokubunji Temple in Japan was built to pray for peace and prosperity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "746", "description": "August or September ampampndash Battle of Kafartuta in northern Mesopotamia: Marwan II defeats and kills Dahhak ibn Qays, leader of the Kharijites.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "747", "description": "Abu Muslim unites the Abbasid Empire against the Umayyads.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "747", "description": "Ibrahim the Imam, leader of an Abbasid revolt against the Umayyads, is captured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "747", "description": "Emperor Xuanzong of Tang China abolishes the death penalty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "747", "description": "The ''Shin-Yakushi-ji'' Buddhist temple is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "747", "description": "Carloman retires into a monastery. Pippin the Short remains sole ruler of the Franks as Mayor of the Palace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "747", "description": "Plague breaks out in Sicily, Calabria, and Momenvasia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "748", "description": "January ampampndash An earthquake strikes the Middle East from northern Egypt to northwestern Mesopotamia, destroying many remnants of Byzantine culture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "748/02/14", "description": " The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim take Marv, the capital of the province of Khurasan, marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt. Abbasid forces under Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i take Nishapur and Rayy, defeating an Ummayad army at Gurgan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "748/02/14", "description": "The city of Baalbek is sacked.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "748/02/14", "description": "The plague breaks out in Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "749", "description": "June ampampndash Aistulf succeeds his brother, Ratchis as king of the Lombards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "749", "description": "Abbasid forces under Qahtaba ibn Shabib al-Ta'i defeat a large Ummayad army at Isfahan and move into Iraq, taking Kufa in September", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "749", "description": "Empress K\u014dken succeeds Emperor Sh\u014dmu on the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "750", "description": "Gopala is proclaimed as the first ruler of the Pala Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "750", "description": "After the defeat of his army in the Battle of the Zab the last Umayyad Caliph, Marwan II, is overthrown and killed. Al-Saffah is proclaimed the first Abbasid Caliph. The capital of the Caliphate will later moved from Damascus to Baghdad, within the territory of the former Persian Empire this transfer will prove to be a momentous event for Baghdad, which develops into a centre of international trade and culture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "750", "description": "The Ghana Empire begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "750", "description": "Native Americans, in the area now known as the Four Corners, begin constructing and occupying pueblos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "750", "description": "Teotihuacan in Mexico is destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "750", "description": "Slan\u00fd is founded at the site of a salt spring.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "750", "description": "The Western Paradise of Amitabha Buddha, detail of a wall painting in Cave 217, Dunhuang, Gansu, is made. Tang dynasty (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "751", "description": "Pepin the Short is elected as king of the Franks by the Frankish nobility, marking the end of the Merovingian and beginning of the Carolingian dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "751", "description": "The Lombard king Aistulf captures Ravenna and the Romagna, ending the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "751", "description": "Arabian armies defeat Chinese Tang troops in the Battle of Talas near Samarkand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "751", "description": "The Japanese poetry anthology ''Kaif\u016bs\u014d'' is assembled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "751", "description": "Like the storm of 721, the storm of this year at the southern Chinese seaport of Yangzhou reportedly destroys over 1,000 ships engaged in canal and river traffic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "751", "description": "The oldest surviving printed document, a Buddhist scripture, is printed in Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "751", "description": "Theodore succeeds Theophylact as Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "751", "description": "Silla minister Gim Daeseong orders construction to begin on the Bulguksa and Seokguram temples at Gyeongju.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "752", "description": "Cuthred of Wessex leads a successful rebellion against Aethelbald of Mercia at Battle Edge, Burford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "752", "description": "First Muslim assault on Sardegna under Abd al-Rahman b. Habib. It may be the beginning of the occupation of the island by the Saracens that lasted until 1005.ampamp{{cite book|last=Benvenuti|first=Gino|title=Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia|year=1985|publisher=Newton ampamp Compton Editori|location=Rome|isbn=88-8289-529-7|page=42}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "752", "description": "Yaxun B'alam IV becomes king of Yaxchilan after a ten year struggle for the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Central America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "752/03/23", "description": " Stephen is elected pope, but dies three days after and is not considered legitimate because he was not consecrated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "752/03/26", "description": " Pope Stephen II (sometimes referred to as Stephen III) succeeds Pope Zachary as the 92nd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "752/03/26", "description": "Retired Emperor Sh\u014dmu takes part in the dedication ceremony of the great statue of Vairocana Buddha at the T\u014ddai-ji, and declares himself a Buddhist.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "753", "description": "Samarkand is conquered by Arabs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "753", "description": "The town of Staraja Ladoga is founded in Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "753", "description": "The Synod of Constantinople is called by Emperor Constantine V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "754", "description": "al-Mansur, the second Abbasid caliph, starts to rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "754", "description": "Pope Stephen II crowns Pepin the short King of the Franks at Saint-Denis outside Paris also dedicates the foundations of the new abbey church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "754", "description": "Fire breaks out in Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "754", "description": "The oldest document mentioning the city of Ferrara is from this year (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "754", "description": "The Iconoclast Council of Hieria meets.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "755", "description": "Pepin the Short sends his armies into Italy to aid the pope against the Lombards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "755", "description": "Abd-ar-Rahman I lands in Spain, where the next year he will establish a new Umayyad dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "755", "description": "Cynewulf deposes King Sebright of Wessex and takes the kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "755", "description": "The ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' suddenly changes in style, from short descriptions to true short stories.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "755/12/16", "description": " An Lushan begins the Anshi Rebellion against the Tang Dynasty state of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "755/12/16", "description": "Trisong Detsen becomes King of Tibet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "756", "description": "Pepin the Short defeats the Lombards of northern Italy, who have threatened Pope Stephen II.  The Donation of Pepin is a cession of lands including Ravenna that will become the basis of the Papal States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "756", "description": "Abd-ar-rahman I conquers Iberia and re-establishes the Umayyad dynasty at Cordoba in modern Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "756", "description": "Desiderius succeeds Aistulf as king of the Lombards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "756", "description": "Vinekh succeeds Kormisosh as king of Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "756", "description": "The army of An Lushan captures Chang'an in rebellion against the Tang Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "756", "description": "Yang Guozhong is killed by the angry soldiers, Yang Guifei and most people in the family of Yang are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "756", "description": "Emperor Suzong of Tang China ascends to the throne, after his father Emperor Xuanzong abdicates while fleeing to Sichuan during the An Lushan rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "756", "description": "The Tang army, led by Zhang Xun, wins the Battle of Yongqiu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "757", "description": "Foundation of the city of  Sijilmasa by the Meknasids, a Kharijite Berber tribe.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.26.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "757/03/09", "description": " A major earthquake strikes Palestine and Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "757/03/09", "description": "The Battle of Suiyang is fought.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "757/03/09", "description": "Offa becomes king of Mercia (to 796). He is noted for Offa's Dyke, built as a defence against Welsh marauders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "757/03/09", "description": "Fruela I becomes king of Asturias.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "757/03/09", "description": "Tassilo III, duke of the Bavarians, recognizes the supremacy of Frankish king Pepin the Short.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "757/05/29", "description": " Pope Paul I succeeds Pope Stephen II as the 93rd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "758", "description": "Emperor Junnin succeeds Empress K\u014dken on the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "758", "description": "During the turmoil of the An Shi Rebellion, the Chinese seaport Guangzhou is sacked by Arab and Persian raiders. The port is shut down for the next five decades while foreign vessels dock at Hanoi instead, yet Guangzhou thrives again once it is reopened to foreign trade in the early 9th century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "758/06/11", "description": " Abbasid Arabs and Uyghur Turks arrive simultaneously at Chang'an, the Tang Chinese capital, in order to offer tribute to the imperial court. The Arabs and Turks bicker and fight over diplomatic prominence at the gate, in order to present tribute before the other. A settlement was reached when both were allowed to enter at the same time, but through two different gates to the palace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "758/06/11", "description": "King Desiderius of the Lombards captures Spoleto and Benevento.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "758/06/11", "description": "Swithred is succeeded by Sigeric as King of Essex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "758/06/11", "description": "The moderate Ibadites under the Persian 'Abd al-Rahman Iban Rustam conquer Kairouan and massacre the Sofrites Kharijites.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.25.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "759", "description": "The Franks capture Narbonne the Saracens are completely driven out of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "759", "description": "Battle of the Rishki Pass: Byzantine Emperor Constantine V invades Bulgaria again, but this time his army is ambushed in the mountain passes of the Stara Planina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "759", "description": "Exceptional winter in England. Frost begins October 1 and ends February 26 760.ampamp{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "759", "description": "Japanese poet Otomo no Yakamochi compiles the first Japanese poetry anthology, ''Man'y\u014dsh\u016b''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "759", "description": "Saint Bregwin is appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "759", "description": "The T\u014dsh\u014ddai-ji Buddhist Temple is founded in Nara, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "760", "description": "The Maya city of Dos Pilas is abandoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "760", "description": "Emperor Xuanzong is placed under house arrest by Li Fuguo with the support of Emperor Suzong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "760", "description": "The church of Santa Sophia in Benevento is built (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "760", "description": "The Kailash Temple is built on the orders of Krishna I of the Rashtrakutas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "761", "description": "Telets succeeds Vinekh as king of Bulgaria, ending the reign of the House of Uki and beginning the reign of the House of Ugain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "761", "description": "Bridei V succeeds Onuist as king of the Picts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "761", "description": "The city of Oviedo is founded by M\u00e1ximo and Fromestano.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "761", "description": "Construction is completed on the 108-room Castello di Lunghezza outside of Rome, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "761", "description": "An Abbasid army reconquers Kairouan from 'Abd al-Rahman Ibn Rustam. The latter is forced west where he creates an autonomous state around Tihert (Tiaret).ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.25.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "762/07/30", "description": " Abbasid caliph al-Mansur founds a new capital at Baghdad, Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "762/07/30", "description": "Seeptember\u2013December ampampndash Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya raises the banner of a revolt against the Abbasids at Medina, followed by his brother Ibrahim at Basra. Muhammad's rebellion is suppressed and he is killed by Abbasid troops under Isa ibn Musa in December.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "762/07/30", "description": "Tang military leader Li Fuguo kills the wife of Suzong, Empress Zhang,and shortly afterward Suzong dies of a heart attack Daizong kills Li.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "763", "description": "Ciniod succeeds Bridei V as king of the Picts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "763", "description": "January\/February ampampndash The Battle of Bakhamra and the subsequent death of Ibrahim ibn Abdallah put an end to an Alid revolt against the Abbasids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "763", "description": "Chinese General Guo Ziyi quells the long Anshi Rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "763/11/18", "description": " Tibetan forces occupy the Chinese capital Chang'an of the Tang Dynasty for 16 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "764", "description": "Empress Sh\u014dtoku succeeds Emperor Junnin on the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "764", "description": "Near the end of the An Shi rebellion, Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "764", "description": "Mauricius Galba becomes Doge of Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "764", "description": "According to the historian Theophanes, the Black Sea melts and ice bergs float past Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "764", "description": "Offa of Mercia conquers Kent, and installs Egbert II on the Kentish throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "765", "description": "The Zenete Berber tribe of Ban\u00fb Ifr\u00e2n rebels against the Abbasids and creates an independent state centered around Tlemcen.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.27.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "765", "description": "Papal privileges are restored in Beneventino and Tuscany (and partly in Spoleto).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "765", "description": "Kasuga Shrine, Nara, founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "766", "description": "Karluks, defeat Turgesh. Most of Turkestan (former Onak territory) under Karluk rule except west of Lake Aral where a loose confederation named Oguz is about to emerge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "766", "description": "Unsuccessfull Abbasid siege of the Byzantine fortress of Kamacha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "766/11/16", "description": " Nicetas is appointed Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "767", "description": "The Kharijite Berbers of Tlemcen and Tiaret try to conquer Ifriqiya (Tunisia) from the Abbasid caliphate but fail to conquer the capital, Kairouan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "767", "description": "A period of anarchy begins in Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "767", "description": "Constantine II becomes antipope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "768", "description": "Pepin the Short (714\u2013768), king of the Franks since 751, dies he is succeeded by his sons Carloman (eastern Franks) and Charles, ''aka'' Charlemagne (western Franks).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "768", "description": "Deventer (in the present day Netherlands) is founded (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "768", "description": "Aurelio succeeds Fruela I as king of Asturias.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "768", "description": "The date, according to the ''Annales Cambriae'', when Wales begins to celebrate Easter on the Roman date, at the teaching of Elbodugus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "768/08/07", "description": " Pope Stephen III succeeds Pope Paul I as the 94th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "769", "description": "Pope Stephen III holds a council papal election procedure is changed and the devotion to icons is confirmed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "769", "description": "The Monastery of Tallaght is founded by M\u00e1el Ruain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "770", "description": "Emperor K\u014dnin ascends to the throne of Japan, succeeding Empress Sh\u014dtoku.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "770", "description": "Hedeby is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "770", "description": "Telerig becomes king of Bulgaria, ending a period of anarchy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "771/12/04", "description": " Carloman I, King of the Franks, dies, leaving his brother Charlemagne king of the now complete Frankish kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "771/12/04", "description": "Gerberga, the widow of Carloman, flees to Desiderius, the king of the Lombards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "772", "description": "Frankish king Charlemagne starts fighting the Saxons and the Frisians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "772", "description": "Offa of Mercia conquers Sussex (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "772/02/09", "description": " Pope Adrian I (also referred to as Hadrian) succeeds Pope Stephen III as the 95th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "772/02/09", "description": "Caliph Al-Mansur orders Christians and Jews in Jerusalem to be stamped on their hands with a distinctive symbol.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.frontpagemag.com\/Articles\/ReadArticle.asp?ID=24506\">http:\/\/www.frontpagemag.com\/Articles\/ReadArticle.asp?ID=24506<\/a> FrontPage Magazineampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "773", "description": "At request of the Pope Adrian I, Charlemagne crosses the Alps and invades the kingdom of the Lombards headed by the king Desiderius", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "773", "description": "The concept of the number zero is introduced to the city of Baghdad.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/yaleglobal.yale.edu\/about\/zero.jsp\">http:\/\/yaleglobal.yale.edu\/about\/zero.jsp<\/a> Yale Globalampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "773", "description": "King Khongtekcha's reign ends during his reign, the Manipuri language script first appeared.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.iitg.ernet.in\/rcilts\/meitei.htm\">http:\/\/www.iitg.ernet.in\/rcilts\/meitei.htm<\/a> Indian Institute of Techonology Guwahatiampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "775", "description": "A very strong radiation burst hit the earth and was recorded in tree rings, visible in a growth of 1.2% carbon-14 concentration.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/mysterious-radiation-burst-recorded-in-tree-rings-1.10768ampamp\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/mysterious-radiation-burst-recorded-in-tree-rings-1.10768ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Global", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "775", "description": "Andalusian merchants set up an emporium on the Maghribi coast at T\u00e9n\u00e8s. It is an early evidence of the revival of the maritime trade in the Western Mediterranean after the chaos of the 8th century.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.26.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "775", "description": "Estimation: Baghdad, capital of the Abbasid Empire, becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Chang'an, capital of China.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm<\/a> Geography at about.comampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "775", "description": "Dharampala begins his reign of Bengal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "775", "description": "Al-Mahdi becomes the third Abbasid Caliph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "775", "description": "Leo IV succeeds Constantine V as Byzantine Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "775", "description": "Alpin II succeeds Ciniod I as king of the Picts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "775", "description": "Charlemagne begins his campaign into Westphalia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "775", "description": "The German city of Gie\u00dfen is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "776/04/14", "description": " Charlemagne spends Easter in Treviso after putting down a revolt by Friuli and Spoleto, removing Hrodgaud, the Duke of Friuli, from power, and signing a treaty with Hildeprand, the Duke of Spoleto.  Co-conspirators in the revolt are Arechis, Duke of Benevento, and Adelchis, the son of Desiderius.  Charlemagne had defeated Desiderius two years earlier, and Adelchis had fled to Byzantium.  Arechis was not defeated in this action by Charlemagne, and Adelchis never left Byzantium to provide any support to the revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "776/04/14", "description": "The Battle of Otford is fought between Mercia and Kent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "777", "description": "Ibn Rustam is recognized imam of the Ibadis in Maghrib.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "777", "description": "Charlemagne defeats the Saxons their leader Widukind flees to Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "778/08/15", "description": " Battle of Roncevaux Pass (Roncesvalles): Charlemagne's army suffers a terrible defeat at the hand of the Basques.  Among those killed is Roland, lord of the Breton March the 11th-century ''Song of Roland'' is loosely based on the events of this battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "778/08/15", "description": "Charlemagne fights the Moors in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "778/08/15", "description": "Widukind returns to Saxony from Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "779", "description": "June 12 - In China, Li Kuo succeeds as Emperor Dezong of Tang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "779", "description": "Offa of Mercia defeats Cynewulf of Wessex and takes Bensington.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "779", "description": "Offa's Dyke is constructed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "780", "description": "September - Constantine VI becomes Byzantine Emperor with Irene as guardian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "780", "description": "Borobudur, a Buddhist temple complex, is begun (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "780", "description": "The king of Silla is killed in a revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "780", "description": "Drest III succeeds Alpin II as king of the Picts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "780", "description": "The city of Osnabr\u00fcck is founded by Charlemagne (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "781/07/31", "description": " The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (Traditional Japanese date: July 6, 781).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "781/07/31", "description": "Emperor Kammu succeeds Emperor K\u014dnin as Emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "781/07/31", "description": "New city of Bian (\u6c74) constructed on the site of Kaifeng in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "781/07/31", "description": "Charlemagne defines the Papal territory (see Papal States).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "781/07/31", "description": "Talorcan II succeeds Drest III as king of the Picts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "781/07/31", "description": "Alcuin becomes Charlemagne's chief adviser on religious and educational matters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "782", "description": "Charlemagne summons the monk and scholar Alcuin of York to head the palace school at Aachen in order to inspire the revival of education in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "782", "description": "The Massacre of Verden is ordered by Charlemagne against the Saxons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "782", "description": "Harun al-Rashid invades Byzantine Anatolia and advances to within sight of Constantinople. Trapped on his return march, he is rescued by the defection of the Byzantine general Tatzates, which allows him to impose a harsh truce on Empress Irene of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "782", "description": "Nanchan Temple, Wutaishan, Shanxi, is built. Tang dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "783", "description": "Campaigns of the Byzantine general Staurakios against the ''Sclaviniae'' of Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "784", "description": "The Japanese capital moves away from Nara, ending the Nara period.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "784", "description": "The Chinese engineer and prince Li Gao invents a successful model of a paddle-wheel ship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "784/08/31", "description": " Paul IV abdicates as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "784/12/25", "description": " Tarasius is elected Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "785", "description": "Widukind and many other Saxons are baptized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "785", "description": "The Frankish empire conquers Girona from the Moors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "785", "description": "Talorgen succeeds Talorcan II as king of the Picts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "785", "description": "Vi\u0161eslav becomes ruler of Croatian Dalmatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "785", "description": "al-Hadi becomes caliph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "785", "description": "785\u2013786 ampampndash The construction of the Prayer hall, Great Mosque of C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain, is started.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "785", "description": "Cologne becomes an archbishopric.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "785", "description": "Council of Paderborn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "786", "description": "A council is organized in Constantinople, but is disturbed by soldiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "786/09/14", "description": " Harun al-Rashid becomes the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad upon the death of his brother al-Hadi, and appoints Salim Yunisi as the Abbasid governor of Sindh and the Indus Valley. Harun al-Rashid rules until 809.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "786/09/14", "description": "Beatus of Li\u00e9bana, Spanish monk, publishes his ''Commentary on the Apocalypse''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "787", "description": "Conall succeeds Drest as king of the Picts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "787", "description": "After over 25 years of bloody conflict, the Abbasid army reconquers the whole of Maghrib.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.25.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "787", "description": "The Second Council of Nicaea ends the first iconoclastic period in the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "788", "description": "Charlemagne conquers Bavaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "788", "description": "Bermudo I succeeds Mauregato as king of Asturias.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "788", "description": "September ampampndash The Byzantines are defeated by an Abbasid army in the Battle of Kopidnados.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "788", "description": "Start of the period covered in Adam of Bremen's history of the archbishopry of Hamburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "789", "description": "An uprising in Japan leads to a major defeat for Emperor Kammu, alongside a severe drought and famine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "789", "description": "Fes, Morocco is founded by Idris I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "789", "description": "Al-Khayzuran dies, leaving more of the effective power in the hands of Harun al-Rashid, the caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "789", "description": "Caustant\u00edn becomes king of the Picts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "789", "description": "Herford is founded by Charlemagne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "789", "description": "The ''Admonitio Generalis'' is passed by Charlemagne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "789", "description": "Eadburh marries Beorhtric of Wessex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "789", "description": "The ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' records the first appearance of Vikings in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "790", "description": "A revolt against Empress Irene leads to Constantine VI being declared sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "790", "description": "Alcuin returns to England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "790", "description": "Angilbert is made abbot of Saint-Riquier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "791", "description": "The Avars invade Europe again, but are defeated by Charlemagne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "791", "description": "Alfonso II becomes king of Asturias.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "792", "description": "Irene is confirmed empress of the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "792", "description": "The Westphalians rise up against the Saxons (see Charlemagne).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "792", "description": "Hisham I calls for a jihad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "793/06/08", "description": " Vikings sack the monastery of Lindisfarne, Northumbria, their first major viking attack in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "793/06/08", "description": "The Frisian\u2013Frankish wars came to an end with the last uprising of the Frisians in 793.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "793/06/08", "description": "A jihad under Hisham I takes place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "793/06/08", "description": "Offa of Mercia founds an abbey at St Albans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "794", "description": "Kyoto becomes the Japanese capital, ending the Nara period, and beginning the Heian period.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "794", "description": "Council of Frankfurt: oldest known mentioning of Frankfurt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "794", "description": "Vikings sack the Monkwearmouth-Jarrow Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "795", "description": "In the earliest recorded Viking raid on Ireland, they attack Iona, Inisbofin and Inismurray.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "795", "description": "City of Paderborn founded by Charlemagne in Westphalia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "795/12/26", "description": " Pope Leo III succeeds Pope Adrian I as the 96th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "796", "description": "December ampampndash Coenwulf becomes king of Mercia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "796", "description": "Charlemagne defeats the Avars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "796", "description": "T\u014d-ji is established in Kyoto, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "797/07/17", "description": " Irene of Athens orders her son, Byzantine Emperor Constantine VI, captured and deposed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "797/08/15", "description": " Irene of Athens's orders are carried out her son is blinded, and she is declared empress the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "798", "description": "Coenwulf of Mercia invades Kent, deposes and imprisons King Eadbert Praen, and makes his own brother Cuthred king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "798", "description": "Sigered succeeds Sigeric as king of Essex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "798", "description": "In the Battle of Bornh\u00f6ved Slavic Obodrites led by Dro\u017cko defeated the Nordalbingian Saxons. In the coming years they were granted areas of nowadays Hamburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "798", "description": "Bahlul Ibn Marzuq revolted in Zaragoza against the central government of Muslim Al-Andalus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "798", "description": "High water mark of Alfonso II of Asturias's campaigns against al-Andalus, the Christians sack Lisbon.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle0. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=109}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "798", "description": "Theodulf becomes bishop of Orl\u00e9ans (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "799", "description": "29 November ampampndash Pope Leo III, aided by Charles the Great, returns to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "800", "description": "December 25 - Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire in Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "800", "description": "Itza culture starts in Mesoamerica (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Mesoamerica", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "801/12/25", "description": " Charlemagne is coronated emperor in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "801/12/28", "description": " Louis the Pious occupies Barcelona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "802/10/31", "description": " Irene is deposed as Empress of Byzantium, replaced by Nicephorus I, and banished to Lesbos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "802/10/31", "description": "Al-Andalus: The city of Saragossa rises against the Umayyad rule.ampref name=rucquoi1993amp{{cite book|last=Rucquoi|first=Adeline|title=Histoire m\u00e9di\u00e9vale de la P\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique|year=1993|publisher=Seuil|location=Paris|isbn=2-02-012935-3|pages=443|page=87}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "802/10/31", "description": "Krum becomes Khan of Bulgaria (until 814).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "802/10/31", "description": "Egbert becomes king of Wessex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "802/10/31", "description": "The Vikings sack Iona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "802/10/31", "description": "Jayavarman II declares the Khmer Empire independent and establishes the kingdom of Angkor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "802/10/31", "description": "The Haeinsa Temple is established in Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "803", "description": "Nikephoros I of the Byzantine Empire and Charlemagne of the Holy Roman Empire settle their imperial boundaries and sign Pax Nicephori.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "803", "description": "Venice is recognized as independent by the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "803", "description": "Stiftskeller St. Peter, possibly Central Europe's oldest restaurant is founded.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mytravelguide.com\/restaurants\/profile-79557805-Austria_Salzburg_Stiftskeller_St_Peter.html\">http:\/\/www.mytravelguide.com\/restaurants\/profile-79557805-Austria_Salzburg_Stiftskeller_St_Peter.html<\/a> MYTravelGuide Stifskeller St Peterampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "803", "description": "Unsuccessful rebellion of the Byzantine general Bardanes Tourkos against Nikephoros in western Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "803", "description": "Fall of the Barmakids from power in the Abbasid Caliphate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "804", "description": "Japanese monk Kukai visits China, from which he brings back texts of Shingon (Esoteric Buddhism).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "804", "description": "804ampampndash805 ampampndash Priest Saicho, patriarch of Tendai Buddhism, visits China and reportedly brings back tea seeds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "804", "description": "Emperor Nikephoros I of Byzantium suffers a major defeat against the Saracens at the Battle of Krasos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "804/03/25", "description": " The Inscription of Sukabumi from Eastern Java marks the beginning of the Javanese language.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Oceania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "804/03/25", "description": "Charlemagne finishes the conquest of Saxony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "804/03/30", "description": " Saint Ludger becomes the first Bishop of Munster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "805", "description": "Tang Shunzong succeeds Tang Dezong as emperor of China, but does not last till the end of the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "805", "description": "Oldest known mention of Magdeburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "805", "description": "The Battle of Canburg is fought between Charlemagne and the Slavs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "805", "description": "Khan Krum of Bulgaria conquers the Eastern part of the Avar Khaganate and destroys it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "806", "description": "Emperor Heizei succeeds Emperor Kammu as Emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "806", "description": "H\u014dzen-ji is founded in Wakakusa, Nakakoma District, Japan (now Minami-Alps, Yamanashi Prefecture).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "806", "description": "Harun al-Rashid leads a huge invasion of Byzantine Anatolia, and raids Cappadocia sacking several fortresses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "806", "description": "November ampampndash al-Andalus: the Umayyad emir, al-Hakam I, reasserts his control over the city of Toledo, autonomous since 797 to this effect the emir has over 700 locals killed in what came to be known as the ampquotday of the trenchampquot.ampref name=rucquoi1993amp{{cite book|last=Rucquoi|first=Adeline|title=Histoire m\u00e9di\u00e9vale de la P\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique|year=1993|publisher=Seuil|location=Paris|isbn=2-02-012935-3|pages=443|page=85}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "806", "description": "For a short time, Dalmatia is part of the Frankish rather than the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "806", "description": "The Saracens sack Nola, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "806", "description": "Vikings kill all the inhabitants on the religious island of Iona, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "806/04/12", "description": " Nicephorus is elected patriarch of Constantinople, succeeding Tarasius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "806/04/12", "description": "Wulfred is consecrated as archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "807", "description": "After the death of Cuthred, king Coenwulf of Mercia takes control over Kent himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "807", "description": "The Christianized Vikings (Danes) land on the Cornish coast, and form an alliance with the Cornish to fight against the 'heathen' West Saxons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "807", "description": "Al-Andalus: uprising in M\u00e9rida against the Umayyad emirate.ampref name=rucquoi1993amp{{cite book|last=Rucquoi|first=Adeline|title=Histoire m\u00e9di\u00e9vale de la P\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique|year=1993|publisher=Seuil|location=Paris|isbn=2-02-012935-3|pages=443|page=85}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "807", "description": "Li Ji Pu  becomes Prime Minister to Emperor Xian Zong in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "807", "description": "Dhappula III becomes king of Sri Lanka, making Anuradhapura the capital city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "807", "description": "The Jame' Atiq Mosque of Qazvin is constructed in Qazvin by the orders of Harun al-Rashid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "807", "description": "The great ''Book of Armagh'' is written by Ferdomnach, a scribe at the School of Armagh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "807", "description": "The temple of Motoyamaji is built in Toyonaka, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "807", "description": "The first record of sun spots appears in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "808", "description": "The Abbasid capital is moved north from Baghdad to Samarra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "808", "description": "King Eardwulf is driven out of North-East England and succeeded by Alfwold II, but Eardwulf is restored following Alfwold\u2019s death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "809", "description": "Emperor Saga succeeds Emperor Heizei as emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "809", "description": "Nagabhatta is defeated in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "809", "description": "The Bulgars capture Sofia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "810/10/01", "description": " A man with a sword makes an attempt on emperor Nicephorus I's life. In the following trial, the assassin claims insanity as his defense.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "810/10/01", "description": "China demands the return of territory by Tibet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "810/10/01", "description": "Bulgars, under king Krum, destroy the Avars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "810/10/01", "description": "Al-Andalus: uprising of the city of M\u00e9rida against the Umayyad ruler.ampref name=rucquoi1993amp{{cite book|last=Rucquoi|first=Adeline|title=Histoire m\u00e9di\u00e9vale de la P\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique|year=1993|publisher=Seuil|location=Paris|isbn=2-02-012935-3|pages=443|page=86}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "810/10/01", "description": "The Temple of the Jaguar Priest is constructed in Tikal National Park, Guatemala.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "810/10/01", "description": "''Book of Kells'' is completed by the Celts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "811", "description": "January: Caliph al-Amin appoints Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan as governor of Khurasan, and sends him with an army against his brother al-Ma'mun, thereby beginning the Abbasid Civil War or Fourth Fitna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Abbasid Caliphate", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "811/07/26", "description": " Battle of Pliska: Nicephorus I is defeated by the Bulgar khan Krum, and is succeeded by Stauracius as Byzantine emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "811/10/01", "description": " Michael I Rangabe is declared Byzantine emperor Stauracius retires to a monastery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "812", "description": "The second Battle of Roncevaux Pass is fought between the Basques and the Franks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "812", "description": "The Republic of Amalfi sends galleys to support the byzantine strategos of Sicily, Gregorio, against the Aghlabid invaders. It is one of the earliest evidence of the independence of the city.ampamp{{cite book|last=Benvenuti|first=Gino|title=Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia|year=1985|publisher=Newton ampamp Compton Editori|location=Rome|isbn=88-8289-529-7|page=13}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "812", "description": "The Chinese government takes over the issuing of paper bank drafts, the ancestor of paper money.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "China", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "813/06/22", "description": " Byzantine Emperor Michael I Rangabe is defeated in a war against the Bulgarians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "813/07/12", "description": " A revolt puts Leo V on the throne of the Byzantine Empire former emperor Michael I Rangabe becomes a monk, beginning the Second Iconoclastic Period.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "813/07/12", "description": "Ashot I becomes the first Georgian Bagratid prince of Iberia under the Byzantine protection.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "813/07/12", "description": "Louis the Pious is crowned co-emperor of the Franks with his father Charlemagne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "813/07/12", "description": "The Bulgars capture Adrianople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "813/07/12", "description": "Forces from today's Denmark attack today's Vestfold due to insubordination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "813/07/12", "description": "Fourth Fitna: The Siege of Baghdad ends with the fall of the city and the death of al-Amin, making al-Mamun the undisputed Abbasid caliph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "813/07/12", "description": "The Baghdad School of Astronomy is opened by al-Mamun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "813/07/12", "description": "Third Council of Tours: Priests are ordered to preach in the vernacular (either Vulgar Latin or German).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "814", "description": "Charlemagne dies in Aachen, aged 67 or 72 (depending on source)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "814", "description": "Louis the Pious succeeds Charlemagne as king of the Franks and Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "814", "description": "The Bulgarians lay siege before Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "814", "description": "The iconoclasts regain power in the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "814", "description": "Conflict erupts between Emperor Leo V and Patriarch Nicephorus on the subject of iconoclasm Leo deposes Nicephorus, Nicephorus excommunicates Leo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "815", "description": "Egbert of Wessex ravages the territories of the west Welsh (Cornwall).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "815", "description": "In South Central Chang'an, the capital city of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, assassins murder Chancellor Wu Yuanheng at a city ward gate on a day just before dawn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "816", "description": "Frankish king Louis the Pious is crowned emperor by Pope Stephen IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "816/06/22", "description": " Pope Stephen IV (sometimes referred to as Stephen V) succeeds Pope Leo III as the 97th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "817", "description": "Louis the Pious divides his empire among his sons Louis the German becomes king of East Francia, Lothar I becomes co-emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "817", "description": "The Bulgarian siege of Constantinople ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "817", "description": "The Council of Aachen is held.", "lang": "en", 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L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=40}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "818", "description": "Bishop Theodulf of Orl\u00e9ans is deposed and imprisoned, after becoming involved in a conspiracy of King Bernard of Italy against Louis the Pious.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "819", "description": "August: Caliph al-Ma'mun returns to Baghdad, securing the city's place as the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "819", "description": "Louis the Pious marries Judith, daughter of Welf.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "819", "description": "Nominoe becomes earl of Vannes, Brittany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "820", "description": "Tahir, the son of a slave, is rewarded with the governorship of Khurasan for supporting the caliphate. He rules independently of Baghdad, not even mentioning the caliph's name in Friday prayers in recognition of caliphal authority.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "820", "description": "Michael II succeeds Leo V as Byzantine Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "820", "description": "The ''Historia Brittonum'' is written (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "820", "description": "Fedelmid mac Crimthainn assumes the kingship of Munster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "820", "description": "Muslim mathematician Mu\u1e25ammad ibn M\u016bs\u0101 al-\u1e34w\u0101rizm\u012b founds algebra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science and technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "821", "description": "Tang Mu Zong becomes emperor of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "821", "description": "First recorded session of the Parliament of Croatia", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "821", "description": "The Byzantine general Thomas the Slav secures control over most of Byzantine Anatolia as well as recognition from the Abbasid Caliphate, and crosses over into Europe. 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Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex submit to Wessex and East Anglia acknowledges Egbert as overlord.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "825", "description": "Emperor Louis the Pious of the Franks wars against the Wends and Sorbs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "825", "description": "Teaching begins at Oxford, England, according to documents held by University College, Oxford and All Souls College, Oxford", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "826", "description": "Tang Wen Zong succeeds Tang Jing Zong as emperor of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "826/06/24", "description": " The Danish king Harald Klak accepts Christianity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "827", "description": "Beginning of the invasion of Sicily by the Aghlabid dynasty of Ifriqiya (Tunisia). The campaign in the island against Byzantium will take 51 years.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.23.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "827", "description": "Agnellus Iustinianus Particiacus appointed Roman consul and duke of Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "827", "description": "Possible year of the conquest of Crete by Andalusian exiles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "827", "description": "The royal ceremonial centre at Cop\u00e1n is abandoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "827", "description": "August ampampndash Pope Valentine succeeds Pope Eugene II as the 100th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "827", "description": "Pope Gregory IV succeeds Pope Valentine as the 101st pope (date unclear).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "827", "description": "Chalid Ben Abdulmelik and Ali Ben Isa measure the size of the Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "828", "description": "Al-Andalus: The city of Merida rises twice in one year against the Umayyad emirate.ampref name=rucquoi1993amp{{cite book|last=Rucquoi|first=Adeline|title=Histoire m\u00e9di\u00e9vale de la P\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique|year=1993|publisher=Seuil|location=Paris|isbn=2-02-012935-3|pages=443|page=86}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "828", "description": "Egbert of Wessex becomes the first King of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "828", "description": "Alcamo is founded by the Muslim commander al-Kamuk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "828", "description": "Relics of Saint Mark are brought to Venice from Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "828", "description": "In the Tang Dynasty Chinese capital of Chang'an, a powerful court eunuch orders 50 wrestlers to arrest 300 commoners over a land property dispute in Northwest Chang'an, whereupon a riot breaks out in the streets between the grapplers and the citizens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "828", "description": "The first Christian church in central and eastern Europe is built in Nitra (present-day Slovakia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "828", "description": "A Coptic revolt breaks out in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "828", "description": "Saint Meinrad starts to live in Einsiedeln, Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "829", "description": "Egbert of Wessex conquers Mercia and is recognized as Bretwalda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "829", "description": "The Saracens ravage the coast of Dalmatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "829", "description": "Oldest known mention of the city of Wiesbaden (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "829", "description": "The synod of Mainz is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "829", "description": "The Bulgarians conquer Slavonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "829", "description": "The Croats are not under Frankish rule anymore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "829", "description": "Theophilus succeeds Michael II as emperor of Byzantium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "829", "description": "The Cretan Saracens annihilate a Byzantine fleet at the Battle of Thasos, and raid freely across the Aegean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "829", "description": "The Nile freezes over.ampampLamb, H. H. (1977) Climate: Present, Past and Future: Climatic History and the Future.  Vol 2, Methuen and Co. Ltd., London.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "829", "description": "The Bai kingdom of Nanzhao captures the city of Chengdu in Sichuan province, China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "829", "description": "Ansgar is appointed missionary to Sweden by Louis the Pious, at the request of the Swedish king Bj\u00f6rn at Hauge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "830", "description": "Creation of the Ad-dimnah hospital in al-Qayrawan by the Aghlabid ruler Ziyadat Allah I.ampamp{{cite web|title=Al-Qayrawan hospital, Tunisia in 830|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.shininghistory.com\/2009\/06\/al-qayrawan-hospital-tunisia-in-830-ad.html|accessdate=8\">http:\/\/www.shininghistory.com\/2009\/06\/al-qayrawan-hospital-tunisia-in-830-ad.html|accessdate=8<\/a> November 2011}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "830", "description": "Borobodur is completed as a Buddhist monument, after about 50 years of work.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "830", "description": "Earliest date of composition for the ''Historia Brittonum'', attributed to Nennius, and known for its list of 12 battles of King Arthur.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "830", "description": "Egbert of Wessex defeats the Welsh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "830", "description": "Christian missionary Ansgar visits Birka, trade city of the Swedes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "831", "description": "In this year, an Uyghur Turk sues the son of a Chinese Tang Dynasty grand general who had failed to repay a debt of 11 million government-issued copper coins. Emperor Wenzong of Tang soon hears the news, and is so upset that he not only banishes the general, but attempts to ban all trade between Chinese and foreigners except for goods and livestock. This ban is unsuccessful, and trade with foreigners resumes, especially in maritime affairs overseas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "831", "description": "Large-scale Abbasid raid under Caliph al-Ma'mun into Cappadocia. Heraclea Cybistra and Tyana fall to the Arabs, and the Byzantine emperor Theophilos is defeated by Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "831", "description": "Malamir succeeds Omurtag as Khan of Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "831", "description": "The Saracens capture Palermo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "831", "description": "Louis the Pious is reinstated following the end of the first civil war of his reign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "831", "description": "Nominoe is designed ''missus imperatoris'' by Louis the Pious and ''ducatus ipsius gentis'' of the Bretons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "831", "description": "Saint Ansgar founds the first church in Sweden, at Birka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "832", "description": "The strategically important Byzantine fortress of Loulon falls to the Abbasids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "832", "description": "Pepin I of Aquitaine and Louis the German revolt against Louis the Pious, Emperor of the Franks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "832", "description": "The legendary genesis of the Flag of Scotland, appearing to \u00d3engus (II) of Fortriu the night before a battle between his Pictish and Scottish forces against the Angles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "832", "description": "Clondalkin, Ireland is sacked by Vikings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "832", "description": "Theophilus forbids the usage of icons, establishing strict punishments.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "832", "description": "The second St Mark's Basilica in Venice (replacing an older church at a different location) is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "833", "description": "al-Mu'tasim succeeds his brother Al-Ma'mun as Abbasid caliph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "833", "description": "Emperor Nimmy\u014d succeeds Emperor Junna as emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "833", "description": "A biography of Muhammad by Ibn Ishaq is edited.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "833", "description": "Mojm\u00edr I unifies Great Moravia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "834", "description": "The Vikings first raid Dorestad (present-day Netherlands).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "834", "description": "Summer ampampndash The Viking ship of Oseberg is buried in a mound.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "834", "description": "Unuist is succeeded by Drest IV as king of the Picts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "834", "description": "First known mention of Binsdorf, oldest part of Geislingen, and of Werne in Westphalia, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By 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troops under the eunuchs' command slaughter many court officials and Li Xun's associates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "836", "description": "Abbasid caliph al-Mutasim establishes a new capital at Samarra, Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "836", "description": "Egbert of Wessex is defeated by the Danes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "836", "description": "Presian succeeds Malamir as Khan of Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "836", "description": "Oldest known mentioning of the city of Soest, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "836", "description": "Petrus Tradonicus Pola appointed Roman consul and duke of Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "836", "description": "The construction of Mosque of Uqba, Kairouan, Tunisia, begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "836", "description": "John VII Grammaticus succeeds Antony I as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "837", "description": "Pietro Tradonico is elected Doge of Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "837", "description": "Uen succeeds Drest IV as king of the Picts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "837", "description": "Saracens from Egypt attack the Italian city of Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "837", "description": "Vikings from Scandinavia attack Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "837/04/10", "description": " Comet Halley passes approximately 5 million km from Earth ampndash its closest ever approach to Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "838", "description": "The Byzantine emperor Theophilos is heavily defeated at the Battle of Anzen by the Abbasids. Caliph al-Mu'tasim then proceeds to capture and raze Amorium, the native city of the Byzantine Empire's reigning Amorian dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "838", "description": "Discovery of a conspiracy to assassinate Caliph Mu'tasim and place his nephew Al-Abbas ibn al-Ma'mun on the throne. A widespread purge of the army follows, which cements the leading role of the Turkish ''ghilman'' in the Abbasid military establishment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "838", "description": "At Hingston Down, Egbert of Wessex beats the Danish and the West Welsh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "838", "description": "The Stone of Destiny is placed at Scone Palace, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "838", "description": "Rheine is founded on the Ems River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "838", "description": "According to the ''Annals of Inisfallen'', a royal meeting between Feidlimid mac Cremthanin, King of Cashel and Niall, King of the Southern U\u00ed Neill and Tara at Cluain-Conaire-Tommain, results in Feidlimid becoming High-King of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "838", "description": "The Khazars convert to Judaism (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "839", "description": "Louis the Pious attempts to divide his empire among his sons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "839", "description": "Ethelwulf succeeds Egbert as king of Wessex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "839", "description": "Uen is succeeded by Uurad as king of the Picts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "839", "description": "The reign of Alpin II of Dalriada begins (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "839", "description": "The Balaton principality is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "839", "description": "The Saracen troops established in the South pillage Ancona in Central Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "840", "description": "After the death of Louis the Pious, his sons Lothar, Charles the Bald and Louis the German fight over the division of the Holy Roman Empire, with Lothar succeeding as Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "840", "description": "Tang Wu Zong succeeds Tang Wen Zong as emperor of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "840", "description": "Kyrgyz in Yenisey region (north) defeat Uyghurs. End of the Uyghur khaganate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "841/06/25", "description": " Battle of Fontenay: Louis the German and Charles the Bald defeat Lothar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "841/06/25", "description": "Battle of Magh-Ochtar (Kildare, Ireland): Feidlimid mac Cremthanin is defeated by the Southern U\u00ed Neill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "841/06/25", "description": "The Norse town of ''Dyflinn'' or Dublin is founded in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "841/06/25", "description": "In the Chinese capital of Chang'an, the West Market and East Market are closed every night 1 hour and three quarters before dusk (by government-ordered curfew), yet night markets thrive in residential areas. The local government attempt to shut the night markets down in this year, but with the decline of the government's authority by the mid 9th century, this edict (like many others) is largely ignored as urban dwellers keep attending the night markets regardless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "841/06/25", "description": "Byzantine general Constantine Kontomytes defeats the Cretan Saracens near Mount Latros.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "842/02/14", "description": " Charles the Bald and Louis the German sign a treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "842/02/14", "description": "Cerball mac D\u00fanlainge becomes king of Osraige", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "842/02/14", "description": "The Oaths of Strasbourg, an alliance of Louis the German and Charles the Bald against emperor Lothar, are sworn and recorded in the vernacular languages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "842/02/14", "description": "Ramiro I succeeds Alfonso II as king of Asturias.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "842/02/14", "description": "Uurad is succeeded by Bred, then Ciniod as King of the Picts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "842/02/14", "description": "Charles the Bald marries Ermentrude.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "842/02/14", "description": "Three year old Michael III succeeds Theophilus (emperor) as emperor of Byzantium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "842/02/14", "description": "The reign of caliph Al-Mu'tasim ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "842/02/14", "description": "The Uyghurs leave the Mongolian plateau.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "843", "description": "The Treaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian Empire between the 3 sons of Louis the Pious (Charles the Bald, Lothar and Louis the German).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "843", "description": "Kenneth I (Cin\u00e1ed mac Ailp\u00edn), King of the Scots, also becomes King of the Picts, thus becoming the first monarch of the new nation of Scotland. The Alpin dynasty of Scottish kings begins to reign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "843", "description": "The Battle of Messac is won by Erispoe, son of Nominoe, Count of Vannes, against Renaud d'Herbauges who is prefet of the Marks of Brittany. Renaud d'Herbauges had tried an attack while Nominoe was ill. This battle marks the beginning of the hostilities between Charles the Bald and Nominoe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "843", "description": "Al-Andalus: The city of Saragossa rises against the Umayyad emir.ampref name=rucquoi1993amp{{cite book|last=Rucquoi|first=Adeline|title=Histoire m\u00e9di\u00e9vale de la P\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique|year=1993|publisher=Seuil|location=Paris|isbn=2-02-012935-3|pages=443|page=87}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "843", "description": "Byzantine Empire: Official end of Iconoclasm and a return to images in all Orthodox churches of the Empire. To commemorate this, on the first Sunday in Lent the Feast of Orthodoxy is celebrated every year since then.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "843", "description": "Crete: A major Byzantine attempt at recovering the island from the Saracens is launched. After initial success, the Byzantine army is overwhelmed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "843", "description": "In the Tang Dynasty Chinese capital of Chang'an, a large fire consumes 4,000 homes, warehouses, and other buildings in the East Market, yet the rest of the city is at a safe distance from the blaze (which is largely quarantined in East Central Chang'an thanks to the large width of roads in Chang'an that produce fire breaks).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "843", "description": "The iconoclastic controversies end in Byzantium with the widow of Emperor Theophilus, Theodora II, acting as regent for her son, the future Michael III. Theodora II restored the veneration of icons in the Eastern Church, thus ending Iconoclasm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "844", "description": "The Abbasids defeat the Byzantine regent Theoktistos at the Battle of Mauropotamos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "844", "description": "Rhodri ''Mawr'' ('the Great') becomes king of Gwynedd.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "844/06/15", "description": " Louis II is crowned King of Lombardy by Pope Sergius II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "844/06/15", "description": "Nominoe, Count of Vannes, raids into Maine and plunders the territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "844/06/15", "description": "According to the Annales Bertiniani, Nominoe makes war on the Vikings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "844/06/15", "description": "Dorestad is raided by the Vikings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "844/06/15", "description": "First Viking attacks on the Muslim possessions of the Iberian peninsula. The Scandinavian raiders sack Sevilla, Niebla, Beja and Lisbon.ampref name=rucquoi1993amp{{cite book|last=Rucquoi|first=Adeline|title=Histoire m\u00e9di\u00e9vale de la P\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique|year=1993|publisher=Seuil|location=Paris|isbn=2-02-012935-3|pages=443|page=85}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "844/06/15", "description": "January ampampndash Pope Sergius II succeeds Pope Gregory IV as the 102nd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "845/03/28", "description": " Paris is sacked by Viking raiders, probably under Ragnar Lodbrok, who collect a huge ransom in exchange for leaving.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "845/03/28", "description": "The Vikings also sack Hamburg and Melun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "845/11/22", "description": " Count of Vannes, Nominoe, defeats the king of Francia Charles the Bald at the battle of Ballon near Redon. No more toll is taken on Brittany, and it becomes an independent state lasting for seven centuries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "845/11/22", "description": "Persecution of Buddhists is started in China. More than 4,600 monasteries and 40,000 temples and shrines are destroyed. More than 260,000 Buddhist monks and nuns are forced to return to secular life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "845/11/22", "description": "September 16: Prisoner exchange between the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate at the river Lamos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "846", "description": "Nominoe occupies Nantes and Rennes, he makes raids in Anjou and threatens Bayeux. Charles the Bald recognizes him as Duke of Brittany after being defeated three times.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "846", "description": "The Moors recapture Le\u00f3n.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "846", "description": "M\u00e1el Sechnaill mac M\u00e1ele Ruanaid becomes the first High King of Ireland", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "846", "description": "Pribina established Blatnohrad, capital of Balaton Principality and build there several churches", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "846", "description": "Xuanzong II succeeds Wuzong as emperor of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "846", "description": "Jang Bogo, a powerful maritime hegemon of Silla, is assassinated by aristocratic elements.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "847", "description": "Bari is captured by the Saracens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "847", "description": "According to the Annales Bertiniani, Nominoe, king of Brittany, makes war on the Vikings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "847", "description": "January ampampndash Pope Leo IV succeeds Pope Sergius II as the 103rd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "847", "description": "Rabanus Maurus becomes Archbishop of Mainz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "848", "description": "Chola Dynasty starts to rule (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "848", "description": "The Saracens destroy Leontini.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "848", "description": "Charles the Bald, Louis the German and Lothar meet in Koblenz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "848", "description": "M\u00e1el Sechnaill mac Ma\u00edl Ruanaid, King of Mide, defeats a Norse army at Sciath Nechtain, in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "848", "description": "The Borobudur is completed (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "849", "description": "In the Tang Dynasty Chinese capital city of Chang'an, an imperial prince was impeached from his position by officials at court for erecting a building that obstructed a street in the northwesternmost ward in South Central Chang'an.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "849", "description": "At the battle of Ostia, the Italian fleets of Naples, Amalfi and Gaeta repel the Saracen pirates and save Rome from plunder.ampamp{{cite book|last=Benvenuti|first=Gino|title=Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia|year=1985|publisher=Newton ampamp Compton Editori|location=Rome|isbn=88-8289-529-7|page=15}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "850", "description": "Emperor Montoku succeeds Emperor Nimmy\u014d as Emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "850", "description": "Louis II is crowned co-emperor with his father Lothair I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "850", "description": "First recorded Viking attack on the Welsh coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "850", "description": "Vikings of Rorik conquer Utrecht and keep the city for 70 years. The bishop of Utrecht takes refuge in Deventer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "850/04/20", "description": " Guntherus becomes Bishop of Cologne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "851", "description": "Vikings plunder London and Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "851", "description": "Charles the Bald, Louis the German and Lothar meet in Meersen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "851", "description": "Garcia I\u00f1iguez succeeds his father I\u00f1igo Arista as king of Navarra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "851/08/22", "description": " Battle of Jengland. Erispoe, king of Brittany and son of Nominoe, defeats the Franc king Charles the Bald in Jengland-Besl\u00e9 near Grand-Fougeray in Brittany. This is considered as the birth of the Breton state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "851/08/22", "description": "September ampampndash Treaty of Angers. Charles the Bald acknowledges Erispo\u00eb as king of Brittany. He lets him have the County of Nantes, the County of Rennes and the County of Retz which become part of the Breton nation. The King of Brittany takes the oath to the King of France (but not an ''hommage lige'' which would be an allegiance). To mark the sovereignty of the Breton state, the Dukes of Brittany are since then crowned as ampquotDuke, king in their landsampquot.ampampAnnales Bertinianiampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "851/08/22", "description": "Oldest known mention of the Andaman Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "851/08/22", "description": "The Arab merchant Suleiman al-Tajir visits Tang Dynasty China, observing the manufacturing of Chinese porcelain at Guangzhou and writes of his admiration for its transparent quality. He also describes the mosque at Guangzhou, its granaries, its local government administration, some of its written records, and the treatment of travellers, along with the use of ceramics, rice-wine, and tea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "852", "description": "Saint Swithun becomes Bishop of Winchester, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "852", "description": "Boris I Michael succeeds the duumvirate of Malamir and Presian as monarch of Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "852", "description": "Duke Trpimir I, successor to prince Mislav and founder of the Trpimirovi\u0107 dynasty issues the first exactly dated state document of all Slavonic peoples. In this Latin document duke Trpimir refers to himself as the duke of the Croats (dux Chroatorum) and to his country as the state of the Croats (regnum Chroatorum).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "853/05/22", "description": "May 23 ampndash A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys Damietta in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Egypt", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "853/05/22", "description": "Tuan Ch'eng-Shih publishes ''Miscellaneous Offerings from Yu-yang'' in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "854", "description": "Charles the Bald, Louis the German and Lothar meet at Attigny.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "854", "description": "Horik II succeeds Horik I as king of Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "854", "description": "Cyngen of Powys makes the first known pilgrimage to Rome of a Welsh ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "854", "description": "Viking Chieftain Hubba winters in Milford Haven with 23 ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "854", "description": "First written record of Novgorod.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "854", "description": "Jayavarman III succeeds his father Jayavarman II as ruler of the Khmer Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "855", "description": "Louis II succeeds Lothar as Western Emperor. Two other sons, Lothar II and Charles, also get parts of the kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "855", "description": "The Slavic alphabet is created by Saints Cyril and Methodius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "855", "description": "\u00c6thelwulf, king of Wessex and Bretwalda, abdicates in favor of his son \u00c6thelbald.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "855", "description": "Edmund becomes king of East Anglia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "855/09/29", "description": " Pope Benedict III succeeds Pope Leo IV as the 104th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "855/09/29", "description": "Anastasius is made anti-pope by Lothair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "855/09/29", "description": "\u00c6thelwulf of Wessex grants churches in the kingdom of Wessex the right to receive tithes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "856/12/22", "description": " Another deadly earthquake strikes Damghan, Iran, killing 200,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "856/12/22", "description": "Ethelbald usurps the throne of Wessex from his father Ethelwulf.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "856/12/22", "description": "Ordo\u00f1o I of Asturias is said to have begun the repopulation of the town of Le\u00f3n.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "856/12/22", "description": "Bardas becomes regent for the Byzantine Emperor Michael III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "856/12/22", "description": "November ampampndash An earthquake in Corinth, Greece, kills an estimated 45,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "857", "description": "The Vikings raid Dorestad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "857", "description": "Michael III of Byzantium, under the influence of his uncle Bardas, banishes his mother Theodora. Bardas becomes the most powerful person in the empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "858", "description": "Louis the German invades West Francia, hoping to secure Aquitaine from his brother Charles the Bald, but fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "858", "description": "Donald I succeeds the throne of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "858", "description": "Emperor Seiwa ascends the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "858", "description": "An enormous flood along the Grand Canal of China inundates large tracts of the North China Plain, killing tens of thousands of people and adding to the further decline of the Tang Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "858/04/24", "description": " Pope Nicholas I succeeds Pope Benedict III as the 105th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "859/01/15", "description": " Battle of Saint-Quentin, Aisne: Humfrid defeats Louis the German.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "859/01/15", "description": "Iberian peninsula: Battle of Abelda: the Asturians defeat the Muslims. {{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}. The same year, Viking raiders attack the region and burn the mosques of Sevilla and Algesiras, they also sack the western coasts of Spain (known as al-Sharq al-Andalus) and the Balearic Islands.ampref name=rucquoi1993amp{{cite book|last=Rucquoi|first=Adeline|title=Histoire m\u00e9di\u00e9vale de la P\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique|year=1993|publisher=Seuil|location=Paris|isbn=2-02-012935-3|pages=443|page=85}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "859/01/15", "description": "The Russian city of Novgorod is first mentioned in the chronicles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "859/01/15", "description": "The University of Al Karaouine is founded in Fes, Morocco (recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records as the oldest university in the world).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "860", "description": "First siege of Constantinople by the Rus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "860", "description": "Ethelbert succeeds as king of Wessex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "860", "description": "The later Harald I of Norway becomes king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "860", "description": "Lusterware tiles, decorated the mihrab of the Mosque of Uqba at Kairouan, are made (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "860", "description": "Michael I succeeds Sophronius I as Patriarch of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "860", "description": "Byzantine missionaries Cyril and Methodius arrive in Khazaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "861", "description": "Carloman revolts against his father Louis the German.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "861", "description": "Michael III and Bardas invade Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "861/05/28", "description": " Paris burnt by Vikings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "861/05/28", "description": "Pisa taken by Vikings,", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "862", "description": "Fan Chuo finishes his ''Manchu'' (''Book of the Southern Tribes'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "862", "description": "Ashot I becomes the first king of Armenia's Bagratuni dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "862", "description": "Aed Finliath is crowned High King of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "862", "description": "First written record of Murom, Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "862", "description": "Rurik gains control of Novgorod.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "863", "description": "Constantine I succeeds as king of Scotland (or 862).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "863", "description": "After the death of Charles, Lothair takes part of the Jura and Louis II takes the Provence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "863", "description": "Carloman revolts against his father Louis the German a second time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "863", "description": "The first written record of Smolensk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "863", "description": "The Tang Dynasty Chinese author Duan Chengshi writes about Chinese maritime trade in East Africa, and the Arab-run slave trade there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "863", "description": "At the Battle of Lalakaon, the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire annihilates an Arab force led by Omar, emir of Melitene. In conjunction with another victory over the Arabs in Armenia, it marks the beginning of the Empire's resurgence, and its counteroffensive against the forces of Islam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "863", "description": "Byzantine missionaries Saints Cyril and Methodius come to Great Moravia upon a request of Prince Rastislav.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "863", "description": "Pope Nicholas I excommunicates Patriarch Photius I of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "864/07/25", "description": " Edict of Pistres: Charles the Bald orders defensive measures against the Vikings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "864/07/25", "description": "Louis II marches against Rome but, getting ill, decides to make peace with the Pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "864/07/25", "description": "Orso I Participazio becomes Doge of Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "864/07/25", "description": "Alfonso III of Leon conquers Porto from the diminished Umayyads. This is the final act of the direct Muslim domination of the Douro region.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle0. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=109}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "864/07/25", "description": "First written reference to Dev\u00edn Castle, when Louis the German besieges Great Moravian prince Rastislav there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "864/07/25", "description": "The Christianization of Bulgaria begins: Khan Boris I of Bulgaria is baptized an Orthodox Christian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "865", "description": "Ethelred succeeds as king of Wessex (or 866).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "865", "description": "Louis the German divides his kingdom among his sons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "865", "description": "Lothair, threatened with excommunication, takes back his first wife, Theutberga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "865", "description": "Bulgaria under Boris I converts to Orthodox Christianity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "865", "description": "A Russian expedition for the first time threatens Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "866", "description": "Fujiwara no Yoshifusa becomes regent of Japan, starting the Fujiwara regentship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "866", "description": "Alfonso III succeeds as king of Asturias.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "866", "description": "Louis II beats the Saracen invaders in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "866", "description": "Ivar the Boneless crosses over to England and beats and captures king Aella of Northumbria, thus avenging his father Ragnar Lodbrok.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "866", "description": "Ethelred succeeds as king of Wessex (or 865).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "866", "description": "A ampquotgreat Viking armyampquot captures York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "866", "description": "Harold Fairhair (850\u2013933) wins a decisive battle in his quest to become king of all of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "866", "description": "Pope Nicholas I forbids the use of torture in prosecutions for witchcraft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "867", "description": "September ampampndash Basil I becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "867", "description": "Macedonian dynasty is started.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "867", "description": "September ampampndash Patriarch Photius I of Constantinople is removed from office and banished Ignatius is patriarch of Constantinople once again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "867/12/14", "description": " Pope Adrian II (also referred to as Hadrian II) succeeds Pope Nicholas I as the 106th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "868", "description": "Ahmad ibn Tulun, a Turkish mameluk general in Arab army founds Tulunid dynasty in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "868", "description": "The Aghlabid dynasty of Tunisia takes Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "868/05/11", "description": " The ''Diamond S\u016btra'', the oldest known surviving dated book, is printed in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "868/05/11", "description": "In Metz, Charles the Bald and Louis the German decide on a division of the lands of former emperor Lothar (now in possession of Lothar II and Louis II).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "868/05/11", "description": "In England, Alfred the Great marries Ealhswith and goes to the aid of Burgred of Mercia, who is attacked by Danes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "868/05/11", "description": "The First County of Portugal is established by V\u00edmara Peres, after the reconquest from the Moors of the region north of the Douro River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "868/05/11", "description": "Aed Finliath drives the invading Danes and Norwegians out of Ireland, after defeating them at the Battle of Killineery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "868/05/11", "description": "Al-Andalus: The city of M\u00e9rida rises against the Umayyad rule. The emir Muhammad regains control, have the walls of the city destroyed and supports the rival creation of the city of Badajoz as a retaliation.ampref name=rucquoi1993amp{{cite book|last=Rucquoi|first=Adeline|title=Histoire m\u00e9di\u00e9vale de la P\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique|year=1993|publisher=Seuil|location=Paris|isbn=2-02-012935-3|pages=443|page=86}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "868/05/11", "description": "Ratramnus writes ''Contra Graecorum Opposita''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "869/05/26", "description": " An earthquake and tsunami devastate a large part of the Sanriku coast near Sendai, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "869/05/26", "description": "The Zanj (Black slaves from East Africa), provoked by mercilessly harsh labor conditions in the salt flats and on the sugar and cotton plantations of southwestern Persia, revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "869/05/26", "description": "Western Emperor Louis II allies with eastern Emperor Basil I against the Saracens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "869/05/26", "description": "Charles the Bald tries to take the kingdom of Lothair II of Lotharingia after the latter's death, but is resisted by Louis the German.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "869/05/26", "description": "Stela 11, the last monument ever erected at Tikal, was dedicated by Jasaw Chan K'awiil II.ampamp{{cite book|author={{aut|Martin, Simon}} |authorlink=Simon Martin (Mayanist)|coauthors=and {{aut|Nikolai Grube}} |year=2000 |title=Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens: Deciphering the Dynasties of the Ancient Maya |location=London and New York |publisher=Thames ampamp Hudson |isbn=0-500-05103-8 |oclc=47358325}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "North America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "869/05/26", "description": "Repairs are made in Hagia Sophia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "869/05/26", "description": "The Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic) (October 5 869\u2013February 28 870) is called to decide action regarding Patriarch Photius of Constantinople.  This council is now recognised as Ecumenical by the Catholic Church but rejected by the Eastern Churches.  The council of 879-880 rejected the decisions of this council.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "870", "description": "June: Murder of Caliph al-Muhtadi and accession of al-Mu'tamid. End of the ampquotAnarchy at Samarraampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Abbasid Caliphate", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "870", "description": "Prague Castle is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "870", "description": "The Great Summer Army invades England led by Bagsecg and conquers East Anglia the buildings destroyed by the Danish invaders include the abbey of Ely and the monastery of Peterborough.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "870/02/28", "description": " The Fourth Council of Constantinople ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "870/08/08", "description": " Treaty of Meerssen: Charles the Bald and Louis the German divide Lotharingia among themselves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "870/12/31", "description": " The Danes are defeated by a Saxon army at Englefield, Berkshire. It is the first of a series of battles between Wessex and the Danes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "870/12/31", "description": "Malta is conquered by Arabs from Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "870/12/31", "description": "Borivoj becomes duke of Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "870/12/31", "description": "Charles the Bald marries Richilde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "870/12/31", "description": "Michael II succeeds Michael I as Patriarch of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "870/12/31", "description": "The Autonomous Bulgarian Archbishopric is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "871", "description": "Nine battles are fought between the Danes and Wessex. Of two of them the place and date are not recorded, the others are:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "871", "description": "December 31, 870 ampampndash Englefield", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "871", "description": "January 4 ampampndash Reading", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "871", "description": "January 8 ampampndash Ashdown", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "871", "description": "January 22 ampampndash Basing", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "871", "description": "March 22 ampampndash Merton", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "871", "description": "May ampampndash Wilton", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "871", "description": "Alfred the Great succeeds as king of Wessex after Ethelred's death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "871", "description": "Reading, England is occupied by the Norse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "871", "description": "After the battle at Wilton, peace is made, with the Danes and Alfred each governing part of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "871", "description": "Rhodri ''Mawr'' ('the Great') of Gwynedd inherits Seisyllwig, thus uniting most of Wales under his rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "871", "description": "Louis II captures Bari, the headquarters of the Saracens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "871", "description": "Alfred makes Winchester his capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "871", "description": "An incomplete marriage contract, dated to October 6 of this year, is the earliest dated document in the Cairo Geniza.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "871", "description": "T\u00f8nsberg, the oldest surviving town in the Nordic countries, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "871", "description": "Svatopluk I becomes king of Great Moravia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "872", "description": "Battle of Hafrsfjord: Harald Fairhair becomes the first king of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "872", "description": "Gascony becomes an independent kingdom, with Sancho I Mitarra as its first king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "872", "description": "Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned for the second time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "872", "description": "Al-Andalus: uprising of the city of Toledo against the Umayyad ruler due to ethnic tensions between recent converts, the ''muwalladun'', and the Arab elite .ampref name=rucquoi1993amp{{cite book|last=Rucquoi|first=Adeline|title=Histoire m\u00e9di\u00e9vale de la P\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique|year=1993|publisher=Seuil|location=Paris|isbn=2-02-012935-3|pages=443|page=85}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "872", "description": "Establishment of the first hospital of the Muslim world, in Cairo, by the Abbasid governor, Ahmad ibn Tulun.ampamp{{cite web|title=Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts _ Hospitals|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/islamic_medical\/islamic_12.html|accessdate=8\">http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/islamic_medical\/islamic_12.html|accessdate=8<\/a> November 2011}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "872/12/14", "description": " Pope John VIII succeeds Pope Adrian II as the 107th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "873", "description": "The Vikings raid Dorestad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "873", "description": "Al-Andalus: Second uprising of Toledo due to ethnic tensions in two years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "873", "description": "A widespread failure of the agricultural harvest in Tang Dynasty China leads to a widespread famine in the previous century the central government was able to curb famine with large grain stores, but this time the central government is already in decline and too weak to properly face the disaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "874", "description": "Ing\u00f3lfur Arnarson arrives as the first permanent Viking settler in Iceland, settling in Reykjav\u00edk (probable date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "874", "description": "The Danes invade Mercia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "874", "description": "The territory of the Vistulans is conquered by King Svatopluk I of Great Moravia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "874", "description": "November ampampndash Frost begins in Scotland and lasts until April 875.ampamp{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "874", "description": "The rebellion of Huang Chao in China begins, weakening the strength of the already declining Tang Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "874/03/13", "description": " The bones of Saint Nicephorus are interred in the Church of the Apostles, Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "875/12/29", "description": " Charles the Bald, king of West Francia, is crowned emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "875/12/29", "description": "The Danes capture Lindisfarne and arrive in Cambridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "875/12/29", "description": "Harald Fairhair subdues the rovers on Orkney and Shetland and adds them to his kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "875/12/29", "description": "In Champa, in the central region of what is now Vietnam, King Indravarman II founds a new dynasty at Indrapura (Quang Nam) and initiates a building program featuring the Dong Duong Style of Cham art.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "875/12/29", "description": "The construction of Mosque of Uqba, Kairouan, Tunisia, is ended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "876", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "877", "description": "Indravarman II succeeds Jayavarman III as ruler of the Khmer Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "877", "description": "The Danes take Exeter, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "877", "description": "A flotilla of 120 Danish ships is lost in a storm off Swanage.ampamp{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "877", "description": "\u00c1ed Whitefoot succeeds Constantine I of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "877", "description": "Pope John VIII requests the help of Charles the Bald, King of West Francia, against attacks by the Saracens in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "877", "description": "June ampampndash Charles sets out for Italy, accompanied by his wife Richilda and only a small number of his chief vassals. Orders are issued for an army to be assembled to join him a little later. Pope John VIII receives Charles at Vercelli. But at the same time Carloman, king of Bavaria and the East Mark, has also crossed the Alps into eastern Lombardy at the head of a powerful army. Charles hurries on the coronation of Richilda as Empress and sends her back to Gaul with orders for the reinforcements to hurry. However, the Frankish aristocracy is more concerned with the attacks by the Northmen in their country than the war with the Saracens in southern Italy. When the reinforcements do not arrive, Charles the Bald is compelled to return to West Francia. But on the road he dies in a poor hovel. It is said that he was poisoned by his Jewish doctor Zedekiah. Carloman of Bavaria, forced by an epidemic which broke out in his army, returns to Germany. When Louis the Stammerer receives news of the death of his father, Charles the Bald, he makes plans to go into West Francia to receive the oath of fidelity from his new subjects. On his way he learns that the magnates are refusing him obedience by rallying around Boso and the Abbot Hugh. The rebels are supported by his stepmother, the widowed Empress Richilda, and, as a sign of their displeasure, ravage the country. Boso is the brother of Richilda and duke of Provence. Hugh had been given the Abbey of Saint-Bertin by Louis\u2019 father. Hincmar, Archbishop of Rheims, intercedes and the rebels agree to a settlement. The magnates, whose rights the king promises to recognize, all make their submissions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "877/12/08", "description": " Hincmar crowns Louis the Stammerer King of the West Franks in the church of Compiegne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "878", "description": "Between May 6 and May 12 ampampndash Battle of Ethandun (probably either at Edington, Somerset, or Edington, Wiltshire): Alfred the Great of Wessex defeats the Danes of the Danelaw under Guthrum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "878/05/21", "description": " After a siege of eight months, Syracuse is captured by the Aghlabids of Ifriqiya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "878/05/21", "description": "The Treaty of Wedmore divides England between the Anglo-Saxons and the Danes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "878/05/21", "description": "Rhodri, the first King of Wales to be known as ampquotthe Greatampquot, is killed in battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "878/05/21", "description": "Alfonso III of Leon conquers Coimbra from the Umayyads.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle0. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=109}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "878/05/21", "description": "The city of Belgrade is first mentioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "878/05/21", "description": "Eochu MacRunn and Girig MacDungal jointly succeed Aed I of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "878/05/21", "description": "The excommunication of the later Pope Formosus is lifted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "879", "description": "Pope John VIII recognizes the Duchy of Croatia as an independent state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "879", "description": "Louis the Stammerer, king of West Francia dies, and is succeeded by his sons Louis III and Carloman II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "879", "description": "The Chinese rebel Huang Chao besieges the southern Chinese seaport at Guangzhou and slaughters much of its inhabitants of native Chinese and foreigners from around the world. His rebellion is suppressed by 884.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "879", "description": "A synod convened at Constantinople (often considered by Eastern churches as the Fourth Council of Constantinople) reinstates Patriarch Photius I of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "879", "description": "Wilfred the Hairy, Count of Barcelona, founds the Benedictine monastery at Ripoll.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "880/05/01", "description": " The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "880/05/01", "description": "Oldest known mention of the city of Dortmund.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "880/05/01", "description": "Pope John VIII issues the bull ''Industriae Tuae'', creating an independent ecclesiastical province in Great Moravia with Archbishop Saint Methodius as its head. The Old Church Slavonic is recognized as the fourth liturgical language, besides Latin, Greek and Hebrew.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "880/05/01", "description": "A bishopric is established in Nitra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "881", "description": "Charles the Fat is crowned Western Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "881", "description": "Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu: Louis III of France routs Norman pirates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "881", "description": "St. C\u00e4cilien, C\u00e4cilienstra\u00dfe, Cologne is founded as a college for women. It is now kept at the Schn\u00fctgen Museum.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.museenkoeln.de\/museum-schnuetgen\/index.html\">http:\/\/www.museenkoeln.de\/museum-schnuetgen\/index.html<\/a> Unbenanntes Dokumentampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "881", "description": "Anarawd ap Rhodri defeats the Mercians in a battle described as ampquotGod's vengeance for Rhodriampquot, who had been killed in battle a few years earlier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "881", "description": "Bakong (Harihara-Laya) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "882", "description": "Carloman, King of the West Franks, becomes sole king upon the death of his brother.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "882", "description": "Louis the Younger, king of Saxony dies, leaving his territory to his brother, the emperor Charles the Fat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "882", "description": "Oleg of Novgorod takes Kiev and makes it his capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "882/12/16", "description": " Pope Marinus I succeeds Pope John VIII as the 108th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "882/12/16", "description": "Most of Afghanistan people are forcefully converted to Islam.{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "883", "description": "The Zanj of East Africa are crushed.{{citation needed|date=November 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "883", "description": "Oldest known mention of the city of Duisburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "883", "description": "Monte Cassino is sacked and burned down by the Saracens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "883", "description": "The Balaton Principality is conquered by King Svatopluk I of Great Moravia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "884/03/01", "description": " Diego Rodr\u00edguez Porcelos founds and repopulates Burgos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "884/05/17", "description": " Pope Adrian III (also referred to as Hadrian III) succeeds Pope Marinus I as the 109th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "884/12/12", "description": " Charles the Fat becomes King of Western Francia, thus for the last time reuniting the Frankish kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "884/12/12", "description": "Frodo becomes King of Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "884/12/12", "description": "The Huang Chao rebellion is suppressed by the Tang Dynasty of China, with the help of the Shatuo Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "884/12/12", "description": "Emperor Yozei of Japan is deposed, and succeeded by his paternal great-uncle Emperor K\u014dk\u014d.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "885", "description": "The Vikings besiege Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "885", "description": "Godfrith, the Sea King is killed in Lobith. The Vikings lose control of most of the modern Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "885", "description": "Oldest known mention of Baky, Azerbaijan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "885", "description": "September ampampndash Pope Stephen V (also referred to as Stephen VI) succeeds Pope Adrian III as the 110th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "886", "description": "The Glagolitic alphabet, devised by Cyril and Methodius, missionaries from Constantinople, is  adopted in the Bulgarian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "886", "description": "Alfred the Great captures London and renames it Lundenburgh. Slightly upstream from London Bridge he builds a small harbour called Queenhythe. Control of London is given to Earl Aethelred who marries Alfred's daughter Ethelfleda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "886", "description": "Alfred the Great mints the first halfpenny. (Previous halfpennies had been pennies cut in half)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "886", "description": "Khan Boris I of Bulgaria establishes the Preslav and Ohrid Literary Schools.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "886", "description": "Charles II of France purchases peace with Vikings. Rollo of Normandy then lifts his siege of Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "886", "description": "Odo, Count of Paris becomes Count of Anjou on the death of Hugh the Abbot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "886", "description": "Leo VI succeeds his stepfather Basil I as Byzantine emperor and replaces patriarch Photius with his brother Stephen I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "887", "description": "Emperor Uda ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "887", "description": "The city of Toledo rises against the Umayyad leader.ampref name=rucquoi1993amp{{cite book|last=Rucquoi|first=Adeline|title=Histoire m\u00e9di\u00e9vale de la P\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique|year=1993|publisher=Seuil|location=Paris|isbn=2-02-012935-3|pages=443|page=85}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "887", "description": "Charles the Fat is deposed from the entire Carolingian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "887", "description": "Odo, Count of Paris ascends to the throne of Western Francia (modern France).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "887", "description": "Berengar of Friuli ascends to the throne of Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "887", "description": "Arnulf of Carinthia ascends to the throne of Eastern Francia (modern Germany).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "888/01/13", "description": " With the death of Charles the Fat, the Frankish kingdom is split again, and this time permanently. Odo, Count of Paris becomes King of the Western Franks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "888/01/13", "description": "'Abdullah ibn Muhammad succeeds al-Mundhir as emir of C\u00f3rdoba, Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "888/01/13", "description": "Shaftesbury Abbey is founded in Dorset, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "889", "description": "Yasovarman I succeeds Indravarman I as ruler of the Khmer empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "889", "description": "The Unified Silla kingdom seeks to collect taxes by force directly from peasants, setting off massive peasant rebellions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "889", "description": "Bongwon Temple is founded in present-day Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "889", "description": "The Japanese era Ninna ends and Kanpy\u014d begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "889", "description": "Emperor Zhaozong of Tang begins his reign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "889", "description": "Vladimir succeeds Boris I Michael as king of Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "889", "description": "Prince Svatopluk I of Great Moravia occupies the territory of the Lusatian Serbs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "889", "description": "Donald II succeeds Eochaid I as king of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "889", "description": "Arnulf of Carinthia grants Osnabr\u00fcck trade privileges.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "889", "description": "In Italy, Forl\u00ec becomes a republic for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "889", "description": "Bagrat Mampali begins his reign of Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "889", "description": "In Portugal, the count of Coimbra, Hermenegildo Gutteres reconquers Coimbra temporarily lost after the first conquest of 878.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle0. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=109}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "890", "description": "The sovereignty of Great Moravian king Svatopluk I in Bohemia is confirmed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "890", "description": "Lusatia becomes a part of Great Moravia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "890", "description": "The Welsh king Anarawd, King of Gwynedd, makes the first ceremonial visit to an English court (that of Alfred the Great).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "890", "description": "Kirby Muxloe is founded (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "890", "description": "Ottar from H\u00e5logaland meets King Alfred the Great, who writes down his story.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "890", "description": "The Maya Indians write the first book in the Americas", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "891", "description": "Arnulf of Carinthia defeats the Normans at the Battle of Leuven.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "891", "description": "April ampampndash Duke Guy of Spoleto is crowned Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "891", "description": "The forces of Abdullah ibn Muhammad, Emir of C\u00f3rdoba, defeat those of the rebel Umar ibn Hafsun at Poley in southern Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "891/10/06", "description": " Pope Formosus succeeds Pope Stephen V as the 111th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "892", "description": "Poppo of Thuringia, count of the march in Thuringia, is deposed by the German Carolingian king Arnulf of Carinthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "892", "description": "Arnulf of Carinthia and his Magyar (Hungarian) allies invade Great Moravia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "892", "description": "The former Silla general Gyeonhwon attacks the city of Gwangju and declares himself king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "893", "description": "Council of Preslav: Simeon I succeeds Vladimir as prince of Bulgaria the capital is moved from Pliska to Preslav.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "893", "description": "Galindo II Azn\u00e1rez succeeds Aznar II Gal\u00edndez as Count of Aragon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "893", "description": "Asser writes his ''Life of King Alfred''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "893", "description": "Battle of Benfleet: The Saxons defeat the Vikings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "893", "description": "In Spain, the king Alfonso III of Leon repopulates the city of Zamora with Mozarabs from Toledo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "893", "description": "Council of Preslav: The Byzantine clergy is expelled from Bulgaria, and the Greek language is replaced with Old Bulgarian (also known as Old Church Slavonic) as an official language.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "894", "description": "Northumbrians and East Angles swear allegiance to Alfred the Great, but promptly break their truce by attacking the south-west of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "894", "description": "Mojm\u00edr II becomes King of Great Moravia after the death of his father Svatopluk I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "894", "description": "A Byzantine-Hungarian alliance forces Bulgar invaders to agree to a peace settlement. The Byzantines then break the peace settlement with the Hungarians and realign with the Bulgars this substantially weakens both the Hungarians and Bulgars to the Byzantines' benefit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "894", "description": "Japan ceases commercial relations (called Imperial Japanese embassies to China) with China on the orders of the Japanese emperor Uda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "895", "description": "The seven tribes of the Magyars settle in the Carpathian Basin under the leadership of \u00c1rp\u00e1d (The traditional date of 896 held during the 20th century has proved to be erroneous). People think of them as returning Huns, thus the Magyars come to be known as Hungarians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "895", "description": "Bohemia breaks away from Great Moravia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "895", "description": "Arnulf of Carinthia undertakes his second Italian campaign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "895", "description": "The Danes begin raids on Sussex, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "895", "description": "Approximate date of composition of the ''Musica enchiriadis'', the beginnings of western polyphonic music.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Music", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "896", "description": "Decisive Bulgarian victory over Magyars in the Battle of Southern Buh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "896", "description": "The Bulgarians, under Simeon I, defeat the Byzantine Empire at Bulgarophygon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "896", "description": "The Eastern Franks invade and conquer Italy under the leadership of Arnulf of Carinthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "896", "description": "Alfred the Great restores the city walls of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "896", "description": "April ampampndash Pope Boniface VI succeeds Pope Formosus as the 112th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "896", "description": "May ampampndash Pope Stephen VI (also referred to as Stephen VII) succeeds Pope Boniface VI as the 113th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "897", "description": "Emperor Uda of Japan is succeeded by Emperor Daigo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "897", "description": "Yahya al-Hadi ila'l Haqq founds the rule of Zaidi Shiite Imams in Yemen, which will endure until the second half of the 20th century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "897", "description": "January ampampndash The Cadaver Synod is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "897", "description": "August ampampndash Pope Romanus succeeds Pope Stephen VI as the 114th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "897", "description": "November ampampndash Pope Romanus is deposed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "897", "description": "December ampampndash Pope Theodore II succeeds Pope Romanus as the 115th pope, but dies twenty days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "898", "description": "A Magyar army headed by \u00c1lmos besieges Kiev.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "898", "description": "Magyar tribes found the state of Szekesfehervar in Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "898", "description": "Bologna joins the Italian Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "898", "description": "King Odo of West Francia dies, and is succeeded by his rival claimant to the throne, Charles the Simple.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "898", "description": "Lambert II of Spoleto, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor, is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "898", "description": "King Kasyapa IV accedes to the throne of Sri Lanka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "898", "description": "Bhaktapur is founded in Nepal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "898", "description": "The Yodit Era ends in Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "898", "description": "January ampampndash Pope John IX succeeds Theodore II as the 116th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "899", "description": "Edward the Elder becomes King of Wessex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "899", "description": "Regino of Pr\u00fcm is expelled from Pr\u00fcm and becomes abbot of St. Martin's in Trier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "899", "description": "The Magyars heavily damage Reggio Emilia, killing Bishop Azzo II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900", "description": "The Postclassic period starts in Mesoamerica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/02/04", "description": " the rule of Louis IV the Child upon Western Francia.ref name=quotFlachquotJacques Flach <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=Jslot7Tpi9ICamppg=PA271\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=Jslot7Tpi9ICamppg=PA271<\/a> ''Les Origines de l'ancienne France. Volume 4'' Ayer Publishing ISBN 978-0-8337-1147-2", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/04/06", "description": " Pope Benedict IV succeeds Pope John IX as the 117th pope.Artaud de Montor <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=-JwAAAAAcAAJamppg=PT62\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=-JwAAAAAcAAJamppg=PT62<\/a> ''Histoire des souverains pontifes romains'' Didot, 1846", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/04/06", "description": "The Persian scientist Rhazes distinguishes smallpox from measles in the course of his writings. Holding against any sort of orthodoxy, particularly Aristotle's physics, he maintains ampquotthe conception of an 'absolute' time, regarded by him as a never-ending flowampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Medicine", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/04/21", "description": " Namwaran and his children, Lady Angkatan and Bukah, are granted pardon by the Datu of Tondo, as represented Jayadewa, Lord Minister of Pila, which released them of all their debts as inscribed in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/05/28", "description": " victory of the Transoxania amir Ismail Samani at Balkh over Amr Saffari, the latter is captured and sent to the Abassid caliph in Baghdad.{{cite book|author=Par \u1e6cabar\u012b (translated by Franz Rosenthal) |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=GcKhwo8SmlMCamppg=PA84\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=GcKhwo8SmlMCamppg=PA84<\/a> |title=The return of the Caliphate to Baghdad |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1985|isbn=978-0-87395-876-9}} The Samanid dynasty now rules over Khorasan as well as Transoxiana.ref name=quotGroussetquot{{cite book|url= <a href=\"http:\/\/classiques.uqac.ca\/classiques\/grousset_rene\/empire_des_steppes\/grousset_steppes.pdf|title=L\">http:\/\/classiques.uqac.ca\/classiques\/grousset_rene\/empire_des_steppes\/grousset_steppes.pdf|title=L<\/a>'empire des steppes, Attila, Gengis-Khan, Tamerlan|author=Ren\u00e9 Grousset (1885-1952)|publisher=Payot |location=Paris|edition=4|year=1965|origyear=1938}} It marks also the beginning of the dispersion of the local Shi'ites by the new Sunni power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/05/28", "description": "Gyeonhwon formally establishes the kingdom of Hubaekje in southwestern Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/05/28", "description": "In India, beginning of the rule of Maravarman Rajasimha II, king of Pandya.ampamp{{cite book|author=N. Jayapalan |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=tU1yDpYlu38Campamppg=PA176\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=tU1yDpYlu38Campamppg=PA176<\/a> |title=History of India |publisher=Atlantic Publishers ampamp Distri |year=2001|isbn=978-81-7156-928-1}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/05/28", "description": "The Byzantine offensive against the Muslim troops starts anew in Cilicia, Mesopotamia and Armenia.ampref name=ampquotBr\u00e9hierampquotamp{{cite book|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/classiques.uqac.ca\/classiques\/brehier_louis\/monde_byzantin\/brehier_vie_et_mort_byzance.pdf|author=Louis\">http:\/\/classiques.uqac.ca\/classiques\/brehier_louis\/monde_byzantin\/brehier_vie_et_mort_byzance.pdf|author=Louis<\/a> Br\u00e9hier|title=Vie et mort de Byzance|site=<a href=\"http:\/\/bibliotheque.uqac.ca\">http:\/\/bibliotheque.uqac.ca<\/a> |publisher=Albin Michel|location=Paris |year=1946|page=596}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/05/28", "description": "The Qarmatians of Al-Bahrayn, under Ab\u016b-Sa\u02bf\u012bd Jann\u0101b\u012b, score a major victory over the Abbasid army led by Al-'Abbas ibn 'Amr al-Ghanawi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/05/28", "description": "January ampampndash the count of Capua Atenulf I conquers the principality of Benevento.ampampBarbara M. Kreutz <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=qamIQbPLMqgCampamppg=PA67\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=qamIQbPLMqgCampamppg=PA67<\/a> ''Before the Normans'' University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996 ISBN 978-0-8122-1587-8ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/06/08", "description": " Edward the Elder is crowned king of England at Kingston-upon-Thames.N. J. Higham, David Hill <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=OBb4DrSm4NwCamppg=PA48\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=OBb4DrSm4NwCamppg=PA48<\/a> ''Edward the Elder, 899-924'' Routledge, 2001 ISBN 978-0-415-21497-1", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/06/17", "description": " Baldwin II of Flanders has Fulk the Venerable, bishop of Reims, assassinated.Heinrich Joseph Wetzer <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=WBMPAAAAIAAJamppg=PA64\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=WBMPAAAAIAAJamppg=PA64<\/a> ''Dictionnaire encyclop\u00e9dique de la th\u00e9ologie catholique'' Gaume fr\u00e8res et J. Duprey, 1864", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/06/29", "description": " the Venetians repel the Magyar raiders at Rialto.Enrico Guidoni  <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=wSXgb7zADYoCamppg=PA104\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=wSXgb7zADYoCamppg=PA104<\/a> ''La ville europ\u00e9enne: formation et signification du quatri\u00e8me au onzi\u00e8me si\u00e8cle'' Editions Mardaga, 1981 ISBN 978-2-87009-133-3", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/06/29", "description": "July ampampndash soon after the death of his wife Zoe Zaoutzaina,  the Byzantine emperor Leo VI the Wise marries Eudokia Ba\u00efana.ampampTheodora Antonopoulou <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=U9SzVoeMgpMCampamppg=PA6\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=U9SzVoeMgpMCampamppg=PA6<\/a> ''The Homilies of the Emperor Leo VI'' BRILL, 1997 ISBN 978-90-04-10814-1ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/06/29", "description": "August ampampndash Abdallah, son of the Aghlabid emir Ibrahim II, represses a revolt of his Muslim subjects and then initiates a campaign against the last Byzantine strongholds in Sicily.ampref name=ampquotBr\u00e9hierampquot \/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/08/13", "description": " Zwentibold, king of Lotharingia is killed in battle on the Meuse river while fighting against his rebellious subjects subsequently they recognize the emperor Louis IV as their rightful suzerain.A. Chargu\u00e9raud <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=NqADAAAAYAAJamppg=RA5-PA589\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=NqADAAAAYAAJamppg=RA5-PA589<\/a> ''Les batards c\u00e9l\u00e8bres'' M. L\u00e9vy, 1859", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/10/12", "description": " following Magyars raids in Lombardia, Louis the Blind, king of Provence, is called into the peninsula by the grandees, takes Pavia, forces Berengar of Friuli to flee, and replaces him as crowned king of Italy.Charles Albert Cingria <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=fqBUzh3pQgUCamppg=PA72\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=fqBUzh3pQgUCamppg=PA72<\/a> ''La reine Berthe'' L'AGE D'HOMME, 1992 ISBN 978-2-8251-0347-0", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/10/12", "description": "The rule of Constantine II, king of Scotland.ampampFiona Somerset Fry <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=gCfx0bD0ZNsCampamppg=PA47#v=onepageampampq=ampampf=false\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=gCfx0bD0ZNsCampamppg=PA47#v=onepageampampq=ampampf=false<\/a> ''The history of Scotland'' Routledge, 1985 ISBN 978-0-415-06601-3ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/10/12", "description": "Docibilis I of Gaeta and his Saracen mercenaries attack Capua, in vain.ampampCaravale, Mario (ed). Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani XL Di Fausto \u2013 Donadoni. Rome, 1991.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "900/10/12", "description": "c. 900 ampampndash1230 ampampndash Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, is built. Anasazi culture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "901", "description": "The Mesoamerican ballgame court is dedicated at Uxmal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "901", "description": "Abu 'Abdullah al-Shi'i leads the rebellion of the Kutama Berbers against the Aghlabid emirate in Ifriqiya (today Tunisia).ampampT.W. Arnold <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJampamppg=PA74\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=zJU3AAAAIAAJampamppg=PA74<\/a> ''E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 9'' BRILL, 1987  ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "901", "description": "The Kingdom of Hu Goguryeo (later called Taebong) is established by Gung Ye in the Korean peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "901", "description": "Fuzhou City is expanded with construction of a new city wall (ampquotLuo Cityampquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "901", "description": "Zhu Wen seizes the imperial Tang Dynasty capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "901", "description": "Abaoji is elected chieftain of the Yila Tribe of the Khitan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "901/01/06", "description": " Speech of Arethas of Caesarea at the occasion of the Epiphany. He becomes the official rhetor at the court of Leo VI the Wise at Constantinople and is nominated the bishop of Cesarae of Cappadocia.Michael Gr\u00fcnbart <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=AKPl51JMLssCamppg=PA259\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=AKPl51JMLssCamppg=PA259<\/a> ''Theatron : rhetorische Kultur in Sp\u00e4tantike und Mittelalter''  Walter de Gruyter, 2007 ISBN 978-3-11-019476-0", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "901/02/15", "description": "r February 22 ampndash Louis the Blind (c.833-928) is crowned Emperor of Occident at Rome.Charles Albert Cingria <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=fqBUzh3pQgUCamppg=PA72\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=fqBUzh3pQgUCamppg=PA72<\/a> ''La reine Berthe'' L'AGE D'HOMME, 1992 ISBN 978-2-8251-0347-0 Berenger of Friuli is defeated and has to seek refuge in Bavaria at the court of Louis the Child.Marie Nicolas Bouillet <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=fOgOAAAAQAAJamppg=PA158\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=fOgOAAAAQAAJamppg=PA158<\/a> ''Atlas universel d'histoire et de g\u00e9ographie, Volume 1'' L. Hachette, 1865", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "901/03/01", "description": " Nicholas Mystikos, a layman close to Photios, become patriarch of Constantinople.Theodora Antonopoulou <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=U9SzVoeMgpMCamppg=PA7\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=U9SzVoeMgpMCamppg=PA7<\/a> ''The Homilies of the Emperor Leo VI'' BRILL, 1997 ISBN 978-90-04-10814-1", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "901/06/10", "description": " the Aghlabids sack Reggio Calabria.Giovanni Fiore <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=OEfiHj0umRYCamppg=PA536\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=OEfiHj0umRYCamppg=PA536<\/a> ''Della Calabria illustrata, Volume 3 '' Rubbettino Editore srl, 1999 ISBN 978-88-498-0196-5", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "901/07/10", "description": " In al-Andalus Ibn al-Qitt and Abu Ali al-Sarraj,  call for the small jihad but are defeated by Alfonso III of Leon at the battle of Zamora.Jean-Michel Poisson <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=HZQi4XRQE2ICamppg=PA91\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=HZQi4XRQE2ICamppg=PA91<\/a> ''Fronti\u00e8re et peuplement dans le monde m\u00e9diterran\u00e9en au Moyen \u00c2ge: actes du colloque d'Erice, Trapani (Italie), tenu du 18 au 25 septembre 1988, Volume 4'' Casa de Vel\u00e1zquez, 1992 ISBN 978-2-7283-0256-7", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "901/07/10", "description": "Fallampref name=ampquotanglo-saxons.netampquotamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.anglo-saxons.net\/hwaet\/?do=getampamptype=personampampid=EdwardtheElder#5\">http:\/\/www.anglo-saxons.net\/hwaet\/?do=getampamptype=personampampid=EdwardtheElder#5<\/a> Anglo-Saxons.net : Edward the Elderampamp ampampndash \u00c6thelwold of Wessex, rebels against his cousin Edward the Elder and comes with a fleet to Essex, and encouraged the Danes of East Anglia to rise up.ampampN. J. Higham, David Hill <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=OBb4DrSm4NwCampamppg=PA189#v=onepageampampq=ampampf=false\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=OBb4DrSm4NwCampamppg=PA189#v=onepageampampq=ampampf=false<\/a> ''Edward the Elder, 899-924'' Routledge, 2001 ISBN 978-0-415-21497-1ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "901/07/10", "description": "The first written mention yet found of Shrewsbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "902", "description": "Andalousian merchants set up an emporium in Oran.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.26.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "902/08/01", "description": " Taormina, the last Byzantine stronghold in Sicily, is captured by the Aghlabid army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "902/08/01", "description": "The island of Majorca is conquered by the Caliph of C\u00f3rdoba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "902/12/13", "description": " the Anglo-Saxon men of Kent defeat the Vikings of East Anglia at the Battle of the Holme.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "902/12/13", "description": "The Nanzhao dynasty in East Asia is overthrown, followed by three dynasties in quick succession before the establishment of the Kingdom of Dali in 937.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "902/12/13", "description": "The Wu State is founded in southern China by Yang Xingmi in present-day Yangzhou.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "903", "description": "The Vikings invade England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "903", "description": "Abaoji is named commander of all Khitan military forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "903", "description": "July or August ampampndash Leo V succeeds Benedict IV as the 118th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "904", "description": "The Byzantines under Andronikos Doukas defeat the Arabs near Germanikeia", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "904", "description": "Chang'an, the capital of Tang Dynasty China and the largest city in the ancient world, is destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "904", "description": "The Abbasids invade the Tulunid emirate of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "904/01/29", "description": " Pope Sergius III succeeds Pope Leo V as the 119th pope he begins the era of the Pornocracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "904/07/29", "description": " Sack of Thessalonica: Saracen raiders under Leo of Tripoli sack Thessalonica, the Byzantine Empire's second-largest city, after a short siege, and plunder it for a week.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "904/07/29", "description": "In Portugal, for the third time in less than 30 years, the Christians take control of Coimbra, this time for almost a century.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle0. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=109}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "905", "description": "The Abbasid Caliphate re-establishes control of Egypt from the Tulunids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "905", "description": "Under the imperial order of Emperor Daigo, four poets are selected to compile the ''Kokin Wakash\u016b'', an anthology of poetry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "905", "description": "Himerius, the Logothete of the Drome, wins a victory over the Arab fleet in the Aegean Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "905", "description": "Zhu Wen kills most of the Tang Dynasty imperial family.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "905", "description": "Abaoji of the Khitan swears brotherhood with Shatuo Turk Li Keyong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "905", "description": "Berengar of Friuli succeeds Louis the Blind as King of Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "905", "description": "Naum of Preslav founds a monastery at Lake Ohrid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "905", "description": "Sancho I succeeds Fortun I as King of Pamplona and creates a Basque kingdom centered in Navarre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "906", "description": "Battle of Fritzlar: The Conradines defeat the Babenberg counts to establish themselves as dukes of Franconia.  Conrad the Elder is killed in the battle. His son Conrad the Younger is elected king Conrad I of the East Franconian Empire in 911.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "906", "description": "Synod at Scone: Scottish Christian pastors unite for gospel reformation without the interference or authority of Pope Sergius III in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "907", "description": "Oleg leads the Kievan Rus' in a campaign against Constantinople (see Rus'-Byzantine War (907)).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "907", "description": "Abaoji is named Great Khan of the Khitan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "907", "description": "Yel\u00fc Abaoji establishes the Liao (Khitan) Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "907", "description": "The Tang Dynasty ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "907", "description": "The Later Liang Dynasty is founded by Zhu Wen, the first of northern China's Five Dynasties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "907", "description": "The Former Shu Kingdom is founded by Wang Jian in Chengdu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "907", "description": "The Wuyue State is founded by Qian Liu in Hangzhou.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "907", "description": "The short-lived Qi State is founded in northwest China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "907", "description": "Bratislava, the present-day capital of Slovakia, is mentioned for the first time in written sources, in reference to the Battle of Bratislava.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "907", "description": "Chernihiv is founded in the Ukraine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "908", "description": "The Battle of Belach Mugna is fought.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "908", "description": "Zhu Wen kills the last Tang Dynasty emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "908", "description": "Snow falls in the city of Baghdad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "909", "description": "The Aghlabid dynasty in North Africa is overthrown by the Fatimids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "909", "description": "The Berber Kutama tribesmen, allied to the Fatimid, take and destroy the capital city of the Rustamid imamate, Tihert. The remaining Ibadi are forced into the desert.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "909", "description": "The Min Kingdom is established in today's Fujian Province, with Fuzhou (then known as Changle) as its capital, by Wang Shenzhi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "910/08/05", "description": " The allied forces of Mercia and Wessex defeat an army of Northumbrian Vikings in the Battle of Tettenhall", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "910/08/05", "description": "The caliphate of Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi Billah (of the Fatimid dynasty) is established after he enters the former Aghlabid capital of Raqqada, in modern Tunisia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "910/08/05", "description": "The Benedictine monastery of Cluny is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "910/08/05", "description": "Gabriel I of Alexandria becomes Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "911", "description": "Rebellion of the Kutama Berbers against the Fatimid Caliphate. The Kutama tribesmen have previously been the main supportera of the new Shi'ite regime.ampref name=Meynieramp{{cite book|first=Gilbert|last=Meynier|year=2010|title=L'Alg\u00e9rie, c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique: De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)|location=Paris|publisher=La D\u00e9couverte|page=38}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "911", "description": "September ampampndash Following the death of Louis the Child, last Carolingian ruler of the East Franks, Charles the Simple, King of France, is elected King of Lotharingia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "911", "description": "The Treaty of Saint Clair-sur-Epte is signed between Charles the Simple of France and Rollo, leader of the Vikings, allowing the latter to settle in Neustria, the origin of the Normans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "911", "description": "The Fatimids begin the conquest of Sicily over their Aghlabid arch-rivals.ampref name=Meynier\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "911", "description": "April ampampndash Pope Anastasius III succeeds Pope Sergius III as the 120th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "912", "description": "Second rebellion of the Kutama tribesmen against the Fatimid Caliphate in two years.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.39.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "912", "description": "Orso II Participazio becomes the Doge of Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "912", "description": "Ordo\u00f1o of Galicia sacks Evora.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=109}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "912", "description": "Al-Andalus: Abd al-Rahman III becomes the Umayyad emir.ampref name=rucquoi1993amp{{cite book|last=Rucquoi|first=Adeline|title=Histoire m\u00e9di\u00e9vale de la P\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique|year=1993|publisher=Seuil|location=Paris|isbn=2-02-012935-3|pages=443|page=87}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "912", "description": "Nicholas I Mysticus becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "913", "description": "The Shiite Fatimid state in modern day Tunisia launches a failed military campaign against Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "913", "description": "The rebellious governor of Sicily, Ahmed ibn-Kohrob, thrusts out the Fatimids from the island and launches a successful assaults against the North African cities of Sfax and Tripoli.ampref name=ampquotespace libyebampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Bresc|first=Henri|title=La Sicile et l'espace libyen au Moyen Age|year=2003|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17\">http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17<\/a> January 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "913", "description": "The Yan State at present-day Beijing falls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "913", "description": "July ampampndash Pope Lando succeeds Pope Anastasius III as the 121st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "913", "description": "San Miguel de Escalada is built in Le\u00f3n, Spain by King Garcia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "914/01/02", "description": " Ordo\u00f1o II, king of Galicia, becomes king of Leon after the death of his brother, Garc\u00eda. He settles his court in Le\u00f3n.Ch Paquis, Louis Dochez <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=P7sCAAAAYAAJamppg=PA414\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=P7sCAAAAYAAJamppg=PA414<\/a> ''Histoire d'Espagne'' B\u00e9thune et Plon, 1844", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "914/01/02", "description": "February beginning of the regency of Zoe Karbonopsina, mother of the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII, for which she was competing with the patriarch Nicolas Mystikos (end of the regency in 920).ampref name=ampquotBr\u00e9hierampquotamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/classiques.uqac.ca\/classiques\/brehier_louis\/monde_byzantin\/brehier_vie_et_mort_byzance.pdf|author=Louis\">http:\/\/classiques.uqac.ca\/classiques\/brehier_louis\/monde_byzantin\/brehier_vie_et_mort_byzance.pdf|author=Louis<\/a> Br\u00e9hier|title=Vie et mort de Byzance|publisher=bibliotheque.uqac.ca |editor=Albin Michel|location=Paris |year=1946|pages=596}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "914/01/02", "description": "The town of Warwick, England is founded on the River Avon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "914/01/02", "description": "The Vikings conquer much of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "914/01/02", "description": "Ireland's first city,{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} Waterford, is founded on the River Suir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "914/01/02", "description": "The Byzantine Empire battles with Bulgaria over the city of Adrianople, which changes hands several times.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "914/01/02", "description": "In al-Andalus: a drought episod leads to a terrible famine in the Iberian peninsula which continues in 915.ampref name=rucquoi1993amp{{cite book|last=Rucquoi|first=Adeline|title=Histoire m\u00e9di\u00e9vale de la P\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique|year=1993|publisher=Seuil|location=Paris|isbn=2-02-012935-3|pages=443|page=85}}ampamp In his centralization effort, the Umayyad caliph, Abd al-Rahman III reconquers Sevilla from the Banu Hajjaj clan.ampref name =ampquotportugalmedievalampquotampPicard, C. (2000)'' Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle). L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique''. Paris: Maisonneuve ampamp Larose pp.54.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "914/01/02", "description": "March or April ampampndash Pope John X succeeds Pope Lando as the 122nd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "914/01/15", "description": " The Samanid prince of  Bukhara Ahmad II Samani is murdered.  His son,  Nasr ibn Ahmad, succeeds him at the age of 8, under the regency of vizir Abu \u2019Abd-Allah al-Jaihani. The Abbassids try to benefit from the turmoil of the interregnum to reconquer  Sistan, in vain.Joel L. Kraemer <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=O9QUAAAAIAAJamppg=PA8\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=O9QUAAAAIAAJamppg=PA8<\/a> ''Philosophy in the renaissance of Islam : Ab\u016b Sulaym\u0101n Al-Sijist\u0101n\u012b and his circle''  Brill Archive, 1986 ISBN 978-90-04-07258-9", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "914/01/15", "description": "In India, beginning of the rule of Indra III, kingRashtrakuta of Malkhed.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgCampamppg=PA368\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgCampamppg=PA368<\/a> ''Ancient India Par R.C. Majumdar'' Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1994 ISBN 978-81-208-0436-4ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "914/01/15", "description": "Nanjing is reconstructed after a long desertion, marking the beginning of contemporary Nanjing City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "914/02/06", "description": " the Fatimid general, Husaba of the Kutama Berber tribe, takes Barqah (Benghazi).ref name=quotHalmquotHeinz Halm <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=usUjj9OV9l0Camppg=PA199\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=usUjj9OV9l0Camppg=PA199<\/a> ''The empire of the Mahdi, Partie 1, Volume 26'' BRILL, 1996 ISBN 978-90-04-10056-5", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "914/07/11", "description": " al-Qa'im, son of the Fatimid caliph Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi leaves Raqqada in an attempt to conquer Egypt.ref name=quotHalmquot \/", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "914/08/27", "description": " Hubasa takes Alexandria after his victory on the Egyptian troops near al-Hanniyya yet Tekin, the Abbassid governor refuses to surrender and asks for reenforcements which reach him in September.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "914/11/06", "description": " Al-Qaim enters in Alexandria with the rest of his army.ref name=quotHalmquot \/", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "914/11/06", "description": "December ampampndash the Fatimid army leaves Alexandria under Husaba, followed from afar by Al-Qaim. The Abbassid troops hold to Fustat and Berber cavalry suffers heavy loses to the Turkish archers.ampref name=ampquotHalmampquot \/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "915", "description": "Battle of Garigliano: The Christian League defeats the Saracens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "915", "description": "Berengar I of Italy is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "915", "description": "The kings of Goryeo and Silla send emissaries to Abaoji of the Khitan while he is encamped on the banks of the Yalu River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "916", "description": "The city of Mahdia is founded in Tunisia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "916", "description": "Abaoji of the Khitan empire adopts Chinese court rituals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "916", "description": "Abaoji names Prince Bei as heir apparent, a first in the history of the Khitan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "916", "description": "Abaoji leads campaigns in the west, conquering much of the Mongolian Plains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "917", "description": "The Great Yue Kingdom, later renamed Southern Han, is founded by Liu Yan in Guangdong and Guangxi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "917/08/20", "description": " Battle of Achelous:  A large-scale Byzantine expedition against Bulgaria is routed by Tsar Simeon I of Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "918", "description": "Taebong has been overthrown, and Goryeo established in the Korean peninsula, when Wang Kon ascends the throne at Cheorwon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "918", "description": "The Khitan empire's government occupies a newly walled capital city called Shangjing, meaning ampquotSupreme Capitalampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "919", "description": "Edward the Elder of England conquers Bedford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "919", "description": "Henry the Fowler is elected King of the Germans at the Reichstag of Fritzlar, and quickly fortifies Magdeburg against the Magyars and Slavs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "919", "description": "October ampampndash High King of Ireland Niall Gl\u00fandub is killed while campaigning against the Northmen at the Battle of Kilmashoge (near Rothfarham).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "919", "description": "Romanos Lekapenos becomes regent for Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII. Failed revolt of Leo Phokas the Elder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "919", "description": "Wang Kon moves the Korean capital from Ch'orwon to Songdo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "919", "description": "The Great Yue Kingdom changes its name to the Southern Han.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "919", "description": "Following his death, Mara Takla Haymanot is succeeded by Tatadim as the ruler of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "919", "description": "The Fatimids of Ifriqiya (modern days Tunisia) try to seize Egypt from its Abbasid rulers. The expedition fails and the Maghribi have to retreat two years later.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.38.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "919", "description": "The Pueblo Bonito is built by the Anasazi in present day New Mexico's Chaco Canyon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "919", "description": "The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is proclaimed autocephalous with the rank of Patriarchate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "920", "description": "The golden age of the Ghana Empire begins in Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "920", "description": "The Icelandic volcano Katla erupts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "920", "description": "The Saxons retake East Anglia from the Danes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "920", "description": "The Welsh ruler Hywel Dda (ampquotHywel the Goodampquot) merges Dyfed and Seisyllwg, establishing a new kingdom known as Deheubarth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "920", "description": "German king Henry the Fowler conquers Utrecht, which had been in possession of the Vikings for 70 years. The Bishop of Utrecht moves his seat back from Deventer to Utrecht.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "920", "description": "Abaoji orders the adoption of a written script by the Khitan, resulting in the creation of Khitan ampquotLarge Script.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "920", "description": "Chroniclers in Baghdad record an unusually cold summer ampampDom\u00ednguez-Castro, Fernando Vaquero, Jos\u00e9 Manuel Mar\u00edn, Manuela Gallego, Mar\u00eda Cruz Garc\u00eda-Herrera, Ricardo. ampquotHow useful could Arabic documentary sources be for reconstructing past climate?ampquot Weather 67(3): 76-82 DOI: 10.1002\/wea.835 march 2012ampamp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "921", "description": "Crushing defeat of the Idrisid dynasty against their Fatimid rivals. The Fatimids take Tlemcen and F\u00e8s.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.28.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "921", "description": "The Fatimids create a new capital in Ifriqiya, Mahdiya.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.38.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "921", "description": "Ahmad ibn Fadlan is sent from Baghdad to the king of the Volga Bulgars, on behalf of the Abbasid Caliph al-Muqtadir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "921", "description": "The Later Liang Dynasty of China reports that all ampquotbarbarianampquot tribes have been pacified by the Khitan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "921", "description": "Treaty of Bonn East France and West France recognize each other.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "921", "description": "Ludmilla of Bohemia is murdered at the command of her daughter-in-law at Tetin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "921", "description": "Henry the Fowler invades Bavaria and obtains fealty from Arnulf the Bad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "922", "description": "The Khitan Empire, led by Abaoji, raids  Hebei, China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "923/06/15", "description": " Battle of Soissons: King Robert I of France is killed, and King Charles the Simple is arrested by the supporters of  Duke Rudolph of Burgundy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "923/06/15", "description": "Topiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl becomes ruler of the Toltecs (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "923/06/15", "description": "The Later Liang Dynasty falls to the Later Tang Dynasty (founded by Li Cunxu) in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "924", "description": "King Athelstan succeeds to the throne of Mercia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "924", "description": "Emperor Taizu of Liao leads another campaign to the west, reaching the former Uyghur capital on the Orkhon River. The Zubu begin to offer tribute to the Khitans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "924", "description": "Goryeo sends a second mission to Abaoji of the Khitan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "924", "description": "The Nanping State is founded by Gao Jichang in central China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "924", "description": "The Qi State in northwest China falls to the Later Tang Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "924", "description": "Battle of Sevan, Armenians force back Arab invaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "925", "description": "Alfonso IV the Monk becomes king of Leon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "925", "description": "Tomislav, duke of the Croatian duchies of Pannonia and Dalmatia, is supposedly crowned as King of Croatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "925", "description": "Simeon I of Bulgaria proclaims himself emperor of all Bulgarians and Greeks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "925", "description": "Ha-Mim proclaims himself a prophet among the Ghomara of Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "925", "description": "The Former Shu Kingdom surrenders when invaded by the Later Tang Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "925", "description": "A visiting Uyghur delegation spurs the development of Khitan ''Small Script'', based on alphabetic principles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "926", "description": "Balhae is conquered by the Khitan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "926", "description": "An historic meeting takes place between Later Tang Dynasty envoy Yao Kun and Abaoji of the Khitan Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "927", "description": "The Chu State is founded by Ma Yin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "927", "description": "Korea: Hubaekje sacks the Silla capital of Gyeongju and places King Gyeongsun on the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "927", "description": "Hubaekje and Goryeo forces fight near Daegu the Goryeo army is routed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "927", "description": "Peter I succeeds Simeon the Great on the throne of Bulgaria, and is recognised as Tsar by the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "927/07/12", "description": " After a long process of annexations, the various small kingdoms within what is now England are unified by King Aethelstan, creating the Kingdom of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "927/08/15", "description": " The ancient city of Taranto, in southern Italy, is destroyed by the Saracens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "927/08/15", "description": "The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is recognised as autocephalous by the Patriarchate of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "928", "description": "Dao Kang Di succeeds Gong Hui Di and is followed in the same year by Tai Zu, all of the Dali Gu Dynasty in southeast China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "928", "description": "Jayavarman IV succeeds Isanavarman II in the Khmer Empire, and moves the capital north from Angkor to Koh Ker.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "928", "description": "Henry the Fowler conquers Brandenburg from the Slavs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "928", "description": "Marozia and Guy of Tuscany seize power in Rome, imprisoning and then killing Pope John X.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "928", "description": "During reign of Croatian king Trpimir II, Pope Leo VI abolished the Nin Bishopric and transferred Bishop Gregory ({{lang-hr|Grgur Ninski}}) to Skradin. That was the end of the long running dispute between the Split and Nin Bishoprics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "928", "description": "Tryphon succeeds Stephanus II as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "928", "description": "May ampampndash Pope Leo VI succeeds Pope John X as the 123rd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "928", "description": "December ampampndash Pope Stephen VII succeeds Pope Leo VI as the 124th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "929", "description": "Mpu Sindok, ruler of the Mataram Kingdom, moves his court from Central Java to East Java in Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "929/01/16", "description": " Emir Abd-ar-Rahman III of Cordoba creates the Caliphate of Cordoba to compete with his Fatimid rivals who had assumed the title in 910.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "929/01/16", "description": "Pope Stephen VII succeeds Pope Leo VI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "930", "description": "With the establishment of the Althing, now one of the world's oldest parliaments, the Icelandic Commonwealth is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "930", "description": "Mardavij Ibn Ziyar was sent by Asfar together with the latter's brother Shirzad to conquer the fortress of Shamiran in Tarum from the Sallarid Muhammad Ibn Musafir. During the siege he was persuaded to revolt against Asfar by letters from Makan and the Sallarid who both promised him aid. With the help of the sons of the Sallarid he took Shirzad by surprise and killed him together with twenty-nine chiefs of the Varudavand, the tribe of Asfar. As he approached Asfar in Qazvin, the army of the latter went over to him. Asfar fled, and Mardavij inherited his territories, Ray, Qazvin, Zanjan, Abhar, Qum and Karaj.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "930", "description": "Emperor Suzaku ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "930", "description": "The independent Korean island state of Usanguk becomes a protectorate of Goryeo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "930", "description": "Battle of Gochang: Goryeo armies defeat Hubaekje.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "930", "description": "Prince Bei, elder brother of the Khitan Emperor, leaves for China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "931", "description": "Mardavij captured and killed Asfar and in rapid succession conquered Hamadan, Dinavar and Isfahan from the governors of the caliph. Then he turned against Makan with whom he had at first concluded a treaty after having received his support against Asfar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "931", "description": "Ramiro II of Le\u00f3n becomes king of Kingdom of Le\u00f3n.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "931", "description": "Eric Bloodaxe becomes the second king of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "931", "description": "N\u00f3mina Leonesa published (also 929 given), an account of the kings of Asturias and Leon", "lang": "en", "category1": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "931", "description": "March ampampndash Pope John XI succeeds Pope Stephen VII as the 125th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Literature", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "932", "description": "After an initial defeat, Mardavij took Tabaristan and Gurgan. Makan, whose attempts to recover his territories failed, entered the service of the Samanids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "932", "description": "St. Ursenstift is founded by the Burgundian Queen Bertha in Solothurn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "932", "description": "Wildeck Castle is built by King Henry I in Zschopau, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "933", "description": "Failed attempt by the Fatimid dynasty to seize the Maghreb al-Aqsa (nowadays Morocco) from the local rulers allied to the Spain-based Umayyad Caliphate.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.41.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "933", "description": "15 March  ampampndash Henry the Fowler defeats the Magyars in the Battle of Riade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "933", "description": "Cotentin and Jersey are seized by William Longsword, Duke of Normandy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "933", "description": "The Kingdom of Lower Burgundy is given to King Rudolph II of Upper Burgundy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "933", "description": "Shiragi Arabs from Persia settle on the Comoros.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "934", "description": "The Ziyarid army occupies Ahvaz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "934", "description": "The Goryeo army defeats Hubaekje forces in present-day Hongseong County.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "934", "description": "The German king Henry I, the Fowler and his Christian forces defeat a heathen army under King Gnupa and conquer Hedeby.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "934", "description": "The Eldgj\u00e1 volcanic eruption is the largest basalt flood in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "934", "description": "Einsiedeln Abbey is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "935", "description": "A third attempt to conquer Egypt by the Tunisia-based Shi'ite Fatimid dynasty fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "935", "description": "Ziri ibn Manad initiates the construction of the fortress of Ashir, near M\u00e9d\u00e9a. It symbolizes the rise of the Zirid dynasty in the Western Mediterranean region.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.43.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "935", "description": "Estimation: C\u00f3rdoba, capital of Al-Andalus, becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Baghdad, capital of Abbasid caliph Ar-Radi.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm<\/a> Geography at about.comampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "935", "description": "V\u00e1clav (Saint Wenceslas), Duke of the Bohemians, is murdered by his brother, Boleslav, who succeeds him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "935", "description": "Haakon the Good, son of Harald Fairhair, once again reunites the Norwegian lands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "935", "description": "Genoa sacked by Saracens under Yakub ibn Ishaq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "935", "description": "Mardavij was murdered in Isfahan by his Turkish troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "935", "description": "Gyeon Hwon, the king of Hubaekje, is overthrown by his eldest son Singeom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "935", "description": "King Gyeongsun, the last king of Unified Silla, formally surrenders to Wang Geon, bringing to an end the Silla kingdom. The Goryeo Dynasty starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "935", "description": "The Later Shu Kingdom is founded by Meng Zhixiang in Chengdu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "935", "description": "Ki no Tsurayuki returns to Kyoto from Tosa province, a journey that becomes the basis of the earliest surviving Japanese poetic diary, the ''Tosa nikki''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "936", "description": "King Taejo of Goryeo (Wanggeon) defeats Hubaekje.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "936", "description": "The Later Tang Dynasty falls to the Later Jin Dynasty, founded by Shi Jingtang (posthumously known as Gaozu of Later Jin) in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "936", "description": "The Sixteen Prefectures, which includes the area around modern-day Beijing, are absorbed by the Khitan Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "936", "description": "Prince Bei, elder brother of the Liao Dynasty emperor, is murdered by the Later Tang Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "936", "description": "Ibn Muqlah, Islamic calligrapher, is disgraced and imprisoned in Baghdad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "936", "description": "Otto I is the first German king to be crowned in Aachen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "936", "description": "\u00c6thelstan sets the border between the Kingdom of England and Cornwall as the east bank of the River Tamar.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornwall.gov.uk\/index.cfm?articleid=5042|title=Cornwall\">http:\/\/www.cornwall.gov.uk\/index.cfm?articleid=5042|title=Cornwall<\/a> timeline 936|publisher=Cornwall Council}}{{Dead link|March 2012|date=March 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "936/01/03", "description": " Pope Leo VII succeeds Pope John XI as the 126th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "937", "description": "Battle of Brunanburh: King Athelstan of England defeats the Viking king of Dublin, the Scots, and Strathclyde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "937/09/21", "description": " Magdeburg is now the capital of the Holy Roman Empire, after a Diet held by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "937/09/21", "description": "The Wu State is taken from within by Li Bian, who then founds the Southern Tang Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "938", "description": "The Liao Dynasty takes over Peking they name Nanjing as their South Palace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "938", "description": "Battle of Bach Dang: Vietnam wins its independence from China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "939", "description": "Vietnam, under the name Dai Co Viet, gains independence from China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "939", "description": "Edmund I of England succeeds to the throne of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "939", "description": "The Arabs lose Madrid to the Kingdom of Leon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "939", "description": "The Battle of Andernach: Otto I crushes the rebellion against his rule by a coalition of Eberhard of Franconia and other princes opposed to his rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "939/07/08", "description": " The Major Occultation, or ''Ghaybat el-Kubra'' of Muhammad al-Mahdi", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "939/07/14", "description": " Pope Stephen VIII succeeds Pope Leo VII as the 127th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "940", "description": "Saadia Gaon compiles his siddur (Jewish prayer book) in Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "940", "description": "Narita-san Temple is founded in Chiba, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "940", "description": "The Liao Dynasty abolishes the requirement that a younger sister replace an older sister who died in marriage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "940", "description": "Oldest known Danish King, Gorm the Old", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "940", "description": "Beginning of construction of the main forts in Greater Poland: Giecz, Bnin, Lad, Gniezno, Poznan, Grzybowo. All the forts were constructed rapidly between 939 and 942.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "941", "description": "The Rus'-Byzantine War is fought.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "941", "description": "Oda the Severe becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "942", "description": "Kaminarimon, the eight-pillared gate to Japan's Kinryuzan Sensouji Temple, is erected.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "942", "description": "The Chavda Kingdom is overthrown in Gujarat, India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "942", "description": "Hywel Dda, king of Deheubarth, annexes Gwynedd and Powys to become ruler of most of Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "942/10/30", "description": " Pope Marinus II succeeds Pope Stephen VIII as the 128th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "943", "description": "Rebellion of the Zenete Berber tribe of the Ban\u00fb Ifr\u00e2n under Abu Yazid against the Fatimid dynasty (lasts until 947).ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.28.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "943", "description": "King Constantin II of Scotland retires and becomes a monk, succeeded by his cousin Malcolm I of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "943", "description": "Caspian expeditions of the Rus: The city of Barda, Azerbaijan is captured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "943", "description": "Description of the triangular bridge at Croyland, in the Charter of Eadred.ampref name=wheeleramp Quoted in {{cite book|first=W.H.|last=Wheeler|title=A history of the fens of South Lincolnshire|edition=2|year=1896|publisher=J.M.Newcomb|location=Boston|page= 313}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "944", "description": "The city of Algiers is (re)founded by the Zirid king Buluggin ibn Ziri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "944", "description": "Abu Yazid launches a rebellion against the Fatimids in the Aures Mountains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "944", "description": "The Al-Askari Mosque is built in Samarra (present-day Iraq).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "944", "description": "The Later J\u00ecn Dynasty in China Sovereign Kaiyun ascends to power", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "944", "description": "The Byzantines under Pantherios are defeated by Sayf al-Daula in northern Syria.ampref name=ampquotTreadgoldampquotamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 978-0-8047-2630-6 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | page = 486}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "944", "description": "Snow falls in the city of Baghdad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "944", "description": "Great storm sweeps England.  Many houses destroyed, 1500 in London alone (a significant proportion of the town).ampamp{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "944", "description": "King Edmund I of England takes Northumbria from the Vikings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "944", "description": "Emperor Romanos I Lekapenos is deposed as Byzantine emperor by his own sons, Stephen Lekapenos and Constantine Lekapenos.ampref name=ampquotTreadgoldampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "945", "description": "The Buwayhid Dynasty takes control of Baghdad (it does not supplant the local caliphate).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "945", "description": "The Min Kingdom is taken over by the Southern Tang Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "945", "description": "Edmund I of England conquers Strathclyde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "945", "description": "Howell the Good convenes a conference at Whitland, which reforms the laws of Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "945", "description": "Lothair II of Italy takes control of Italy (until 950).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "945", "description": "Romanos I is overthrown, and Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII reigns alone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "945", "description": "Cumberland and Westmorland are annexed by the Scots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By Place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "945", "description": "Saint Dunstan becomes the abbot at Glastonbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "946", "description": "Eadred I succeeds his brother as king of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "946", "description": "Emperor Murakami succeeds Emperor Suzaku as Emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "946", "description": "Battle of Baghdad (946).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "946/05/10", "description": " Pope Agapitus II succeeds Pope Marinus II as the 129th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "947", "description": "The Later Jin Dynasty falls to the Later Han Dynasty (founded by Gaozu of Later Han) in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "947", "description": "The Khitan Empire adopts the dynastic name ampquotGreat Liaoampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "947", "description": "Masudi completes first version of ''The Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems'', an important history book.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "947", "description": "Horsham in West Sussex gets its first mention in ''King Eadred's Charter''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "948", "description": "The Nri Kingdom in what is now Southeastern Nigeria is started by Eri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "948", "description": "The Nallur Kandaswamy temple, one of the most significant Hindu temples in the Jaffna district of Sri Lanka, is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "948", "description": "The Byzantines raid into Syria, but are defeated by Sayf al-Daula. Leo Phokas however sacks and razes Adata.ampamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 0-8047-2630-2 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | pages = 487\u2013489}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "948", "description": "Otto I the Great founds the missionary dioceses of Brandenburg, Havelberg, Ribe, Aarhus, and Schleswig.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "948", "description": "St Albans School in St Albans, England is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "949", "description": "Sayf al-Daula raids into the Byzantine theme of Lykandos but is defeated. The Byzantines counter-attack and seize Germanikeia, defeating an army from Tarsus, and the raiding as far south as Antioch. Theophilos Kourkouas captures Theodosiopolis for Byzantium.ampref name=ampquotTreadgoldampquotamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 0-8047-2630-2 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | page = 489}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "949", "description": "The Byzantine Empire launches another expedition against the Emirate of Crete. The overconfident Byzantine troops, under Constantine Gongyles, are defeated in a surprise attack by the Arabs and flee.ampref name=ampquotTreadgoldampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "949/02/01", "description": " Belgian astronomer Jean Meeus (b. 1928) asserts that the orbits of all the planets of the Solar system were within the same 90\u00b0 arc of the solar system on this date. The next time it is thought this will occur is on May 6, 2492.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "950", "description": "World population is estimated to be 250 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "World", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "950", "description": "Duke Boleslav I of Bohemia makes peace with Otto I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "950", "description": "Page with Joshua Leading the Israelites, from the Joshua Roll, is made in Constantinople. It is now kept at Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Rome (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "950", "description": "The Tu'i Tonga Empire begins to form in the Pacific Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "950", "description": "The Later Han Dynasty in China falls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "950", "description": "Sayf al-Daula leads 30,000 men in a raid into Byzantine Anatolia. He defeats Bardas Phokas, but is then ambushed on his return and heavily defeated by Leo Phokas.ampref name=ampquotTreadgoldampquotamp{{citation | title = A History of the Byzantine State and Society | last = Treadgold | first = Warren T. | year = 1997 | publisher = Stanford University Press | location = Stanford, CA | isbn = 0-8047-2630-2 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/?id=nYbnr5XVbzUC<\/a> | pages = 489}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "951", "description": "The king of Italy dies and his widow, Adelaide of Italy, is overthrown by an usurper, Berengar of Ivrea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "951", "description": "Allat the Maharana of Mewar comes to power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "951", "description": "The Later Zhou Dynasty is founded by Guo Wei in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "951", "description": "The Chu State is absorbed by the Southern Tang Kingdom in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "951", "description": "The Northern Han Kingdom is founded by Liu Min in northern China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "951", "description": "Emperor Shizong of the Liao Dynasty successfully repels a Chinese advance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "952", "description": "Kalbid forces defeat the Byzantines in Calabria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "952", "description": "Hugh Capet marries Adelaide of Aquitaine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "953", "description": "Battle of Marash \u2013 Sayf al-Dawla scores a major victory over the Byzantines under Bardas Phokas the Elder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "953", "description": "Liudolf, Duke of Swabia and Conrad the Red rebel against German King Otto I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "953", "description": "P\u00f3voa de Varzim, Portugal appears, for the first time, as a Portuguese town under the name Villa Euracini.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "954", "description": "King M\u00e1el Coluim I of Scotland is killed in battle against the Highlanders. He is succeeded by Indulf I of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "954", "description": "Chateau Chinon is built by Theobald I of Blois.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "954", "description": "On the death of Eric Bloodaxe, Edred becomes the first king of all England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "954", "description": "Principality of Seborga claims its independence", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "955", "description": "The Banu Ya'la tribesmen destroy Oran.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.28.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "955/08/10", "description": " Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I the Great defeats the Magyars, halting their westward expansion and ending the threat to Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "955/08/10", "description": "Eadwig becomes King of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "955/12/16", "description": " Pope John XII succeeds Pope Agapetus II as the 130th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "956", "description": "An earthquake badly damages the Lighthouse of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "957", "description": "The Chandra Hindu Dynasty ends, thus beginning a time of chaos in areas belonging to modern-day India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "957", "description": "Japan: The Tenryaku Era ends, and the Tentoku Era begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "957", "description": "Olga of Kiev converts to the Eastern Orthodox Church from paganism beliefs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "958", "description": "The Fatimid general Gawhar al-Siqilli takes the capital of the rebellious Kharijite Banu Ya'la tribesmen, Ifgan. Gawhar in the following two years conquers most of the North of modern Morocco and Algeria. In particular, he conquers the cities of Tanger, Sijilmasa and Tlemcen.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.42.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "958", "description": "King Kshemgupta of Kashmir dies, and is succeeded by his young son Abhimanyu. Didda, widow of the former and mother of the latter, becomes de facto ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "958", "description": "The Later Zhou Dynasty strikes at Liao Dynasty positions in the Sixteen Prefectures, but is defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "958", "description": "October\/November - Battle of Raban: Byzantines under John Tzimiskes defeat Sayf al-Dawla", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "958", "description": "Probable date of the foundation of the Marche dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "959/10/01", "description": " King Eadwig of England dies, and is succeeded by his brother Edgar, who effectively completes the unification of England when Northumbria finally submits to his rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "959/10/01", "description": "Dunstan becomes bishop of Worcester, England and London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "959/10/01", "description": "Bruno I, Archbishop of Cologne divides the Duchy of Lorraine with his nephew Frederic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "960", "description": "Edgar the Peaceable is crowned King of England. Dunstan becomes Archbishop of Canterbury and Edgar's chief adviser. He reforms monasteries and enforces the rule of Saint Benedict: Poverty, Chastity and Obedience for monks. He attempts to impose celibacy on the secular clergy without noticeable success. Dunstan actively encourages the Danes to integrate with the English.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "960", "description": "Mieszko I becomes ruler in Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "960", "description": "St Dunstan's, Mayfield is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "960", "description": "Richard I of Normandy marries Emma of Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "960", "description": "Sviatoslav I of Kiev conquers the Khazars' imperial power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "960", "description": "The Aksumite Empire is destroyed by pagan invaders under the leadership of Queen Gudit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "960/11/08", "description": "Battle of Andrassos: Byzantines under Leo Phokas the Younger score a crushing victory over the Hamdanid Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "960/11/08", "description": "The Song Dynasty comes to power in China when Zhao Kuangyin usurps the Later Zhou Dynasty throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "960/11/08", "description": "The amount of registered soldiers in the Song Chinese army is some 378,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "961", "description": "Ani (present-day Turkey) becomes the capital of Armenia under the Bagratuni Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "961", "description": "The Huqiu Tower is built in China (often called the Chinese Leaning Tower of Pisa).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "961", "description": "March 6 \u2013 Byzantine conquest of Chandax by Nikephoros Phokas, end of the Emirate of Crete", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "961", "description": "Battle of Fitje: Haakon I of Norway squashes the rebelling forces of Eric Bloodaxe's sons, but is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "961", "description": "Harald II of Norway becomes ruler of the western part of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "961", "description": "St Paul's Cathedral in London is destroyed by fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "961", "description": "Al-Hakam II starts to rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "961", "description": "Before this year ampampndash Textile with elephants and camels, known today as the Suaire de St-Josse, from Khurasan or Central Asia, is made. It was preserved in the Church of Saint-Josse-sur-Mer, near Caen in Normandy. It is now kept at Mus\u00e9e du Louvre, Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "962/02/02", "description": " Pope John XII crowns Otto I the Great Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "962/02/03", "description": " Pope John XII and Otto co-sign the ''Diploma Ottonianum''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "962/02/03", "description": "December ampampndash A Byzantine army under Nikephoros Phokas captures and plunders Aleppo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "962/02/03", "description": "Indulf, King of the Scots and Picts, dies and is  succeeded by Dubh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "963", "description": "Turkish Khan Seb\u00fck Tigin establishes his empire in modern day Afghanistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "963", "description": "The Nanping State is forced to surrender when invaded by Song Dynasty armies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "963", "description": "The Song Dynasty Chinese government attempts to ban the practice of cremation despite this decree, the lower and middle classes continue to cremate their dead, until the government resolves the problem in the 12th century by establishing public graveyards for paupers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "963", "description": "Nikephoros II Phokas is proclaimed emperor by his troops in Caesarea on 2 July. After street fighting in Constantinople between his supporters and the men of the chief minister Joseph Bringas, he enters the city and is crowned emperor on 16 August. In September, he marries the empress Theophano, widow of Romanos II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "963", "description": "The Monastery of Great Lavra at Mount Athos is founded by Athanasius the Athonite.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "963", "description": "Holy Roman Emperor Otto I defeats Mieszko I of Poland, compelling him to pay tribute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "963", "description": "Luxembourg is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "963/12/06", "description": " Pope Leo VIII begins papacy as the 131st pope, a reign which initially runs concurrently with Pope John XII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "964", "description": "Nicephorus II begins a campaign to recapture Cilicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "964/05/22", "description": " Pope Benedict V begins his pontificate as the 132nd pope, chosen by the people of Rome over Pope Leo VIII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "964/06/23", "description": " Pope Benedict V is deposed and ecclesiastically degraded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "964/06/23", "description": "Al-Sufi's ''Book of Fixed Stars'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "965", "description": "The Khazar fortress of Sarkel falls to the Kievan Rus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "965", "description": "Byzantine-Arab Wars: Nikephoros sacks Tarsus and destroys the Emirate in Cilicia. Arab raids into Anatolia permanently cease. That same year, Byzantine troops under Niketas Chalkoutzes occupy Cyprus, liberating the Greek population from Arab control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "965", "description": "Northern Song armies invade the Later Shu Kingdom and force it to surrender.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "965", "description": "Dome in front of the mihrab, Great Mosque of C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain, is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "965/03/01", "description": " Pope Leo VIII is restored in place of Pope Benedict V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "965/10/01", "description": " Pope John XIII succeeds Pope Leo VIII as the 133rd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "966/04/14", "description": "r April 30 ampndash Mieszko I, the first duke of Poland, is baptized a Christian. This is usually considered the beginning of the Polish state (see Baptism of Poland).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "967", "description": "The Fatimid general Gawhar al-Siqilli launches a new victorious campaign in the West of the Magrib.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "967", "description": "The Bishopric of Merseburg is formed in Saxony, with Boso of Merseburg as its first bishop.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "967", "description": "Conchobar mac Tadg (Connor MacTeague) becomes King of Connacht.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "967", "description": "Pandulf Ironhead becomes duke of Spoleto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "967", "description": "Otto II is crowned co-emperor by Pope John XIII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "967", "description": "Olaf Tryggvason flees Norway with his mother, only to be attacked by Estonian Vikings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "967", "description": "Dado becomes count of Pombia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "967", "description": "The Khazar capital of Atil falls to the Kievan Rus (approximate date)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "967", "description": "Emperor Reizei ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "967", "description": "The Cambodian temple of Banteay Srei is consecrated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "967", "description": "Li Yixing becomes jiedushi of Dingnan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "967", "description": "Amber, India is founded as a settlement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "967", "description": "'Izz al-Daula becomes the Buyid emir of Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "967", "description": "Bisutun ascends to the Ziyarid throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "968", "description": "The Pechenegs begin the Siege of Kiev.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "968", "description": "The Battle near Silistra occurs in the spring near the Bulgarian town of Silistra, but most probably on the modern territory of Romania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "968", "description": "The Archbishopric of Magdeburg is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "968", "description": "The first Polish bishopric is founded in Pozna\u0144. Jordan becomes the first bishop.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "969/10/28", "description": " Byzantine general Michael Bourtzes seizes part of Antioch's fortifications. The capture of the city from the Arabs is completed three days later, when reinforcements under Peter Phokas arrive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "969/10/28", "description": "Uththama Chola becomes the Chola Emperor after the mysterious death of Aditya Karikalan (also known as Aditya Chola II). He rules for 16 years. Arulmolivarman becomes the heir apparent, and later the great Rajaraja Chola I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "969/12/11", "description": " John I Tzimiskes becomes Byzantine Emperor after assassinating Nikephoros II Phokas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "969/12/11", "description": "Peter I abdicates and retires to a monastery and is succeeded by Boris II as Tsar of Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "969/12/11", "description": "Conquest of Bulgaria by Sviatoslav I of Kiev.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "969/12/11", "description": "The Fatimids conquer Egypt and move their capital from Kairouan (in modern Tunisia) to Fustat, subsequently founding a new capital city just north of Fustat, and naming it Cairo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "969/12/11", "description": "Emperor En'y\u016b succeeds Emperor Reizei on the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "969/12/11", "description": "Jing Zong succeeds Mu Zong in the Khitan Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "970", "description": "A major volcano erupts in Mashu, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "970", "description": "A devastating decade-long famine begins in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "970", "description": "Oldest preserved document (by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor) mentioning Leibnitz in Styria (Austria)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "970", "description": "Byzantine Emperor John I successfully defends the Eastern Roman Empire from a massive barbarian invasion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "970", "description": "Eric the Victorious becomes the first king of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "970", "description": "Construction is completed on Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo (the world's oldest Islamic university).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "971", "description": "Kenneth II of Scotland succeeds Culen as King, though he will not be sole king until 977.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "971", "description": "Saint Swithun's body is moved into an indoor shrine (he was previously buried outside). The ceremony is said to have been marred by 40 days of torrential rain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "971", "description": "Basileus John Tzimisces defeats Sviatoslav I of Kiev in the Fifth Rus'-Byzantine War (see Battle of Dorostolon).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "971", "description": "The Bulgarian emperor Boris II abdicates in Constantinople and John Tzimisces announces the annexation of Bulgaria. That event leads to an almost 50-year Byzantine-Bulgarian war until the fall of Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "971/01/23", "description": " In China, the war elephant corps of the Southern Han are soundly defeated at Shao by crossbow fire from Song Dynasty troops. The Southern Han state is forced to submit to the Song Dynasty, ending not only Southern Han rule, but also the first regular war elephant corps employed in a Chinese army that had gained the Southern Han victories throughout the 10th century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "972", "description": "The city of Satu Mare, Romania is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "972", "description": "Otto II marries Theophanu, Byzantine princess.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "972", "description": "Battle of Cedynia: Polish duke Mieszko I defeats the Germans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "972", "description": "Boleslaus II the Pious succeeds Boleslav I in Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "972", "description": "The monastery at the site of Peterborough Cathedral is rebuilt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "972", "description": "Emperor John Tzimisces makes eastern Bulgaria a Byzantine dependency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "972", "description": "A battle between Estonian and Icelandic Vikings in Saaremaa is described in ''Nj\u00e1l's saga''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "972", "description": "Yaropolk of Kiev succeeds Sviatoslav I in Kiev.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "972", "description": "Buluggin ibn Ziri is appointed viceroy in Ifriqiya, starting the Zirid Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "972", "description": "Pope Benedict VI succeeds Pope John XIII as pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "972", "description": "Saint Eadburga is canonized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "973", "description": "The Fatimids move their capital to Cairo.ampampRoberts,  J: ampquotHistory of the World.ampquot. Penguin, 1994.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "973", "description": "Edgar of England is crowned king by Saint Dunstan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "973", "description": "Otto II becomes Holy Roman Emperor and King of Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "973/01/19", "description": " Pope Benedict VI succeeds Pope John XIII as the 134th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "974", "description": "A great earthquake in England.ampamp{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "974", "description": "The Carmathians are defeated in Egypt by Jawhar as-Siqilli Fatimid rule is consolidated there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "974", "description": "An offensive by the Spain-based Umayyads, brings the Maghribi Idrissid dynasty to an end.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.42.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "974", "description": "The Byzantine Empire retakes Syria (including Aleppo) from the Abbasids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "974", "description": "Al-Ta'i succeeds Al-Muti as Abbasid caliph of Baghdad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "974", "description": "Fuzhou builds new city walls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "974", "description": "The Liao Dynasty exchanges ambassadors with the Song Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "974", "description": "In their offensive against the Southern Tang state, the Song Dynasty Chinese create and defend a long floating pontoon bridge across the Yangzi River, to secure military supply lines traveling to the other side.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "974", "description": "October ampampndash Pope Benedict VII succeeds Pope Benedict VI as the 135th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "974", "description": "Antipope Boniface VII is declared pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "974", "description": "Benedictine Abbey in England is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "974", "description": "An abbey is founded at the site of M\u00f6nchengladbach.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "975", "description": "Al-Azhar University is founded in Cairo, Egypt (the second oldest university in the world).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "975", "description": "King Edward the Martyr is crowned in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "975", "description": "Emperor Taizu of Song China conquers Hunan Province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "975", "description": "The Southern Tang Kingdom is conquered by the Song Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "975", "description": "Al-Aziz becomes Fatimid Caliph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "976/01/10", "description": " Basil II becomes Eastern Roman Emperor (see Byzantine Emperors).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "976/01/10", "description": "Brian Boru is inaugurated as King of Munster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "976/01/10", "description": "Samuil of Bulgaria starts his reign as Tsar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "976/01/10", "description": "Leopold of Babenberg is appointed as Margrave of Austria. The Babenberg family rules Austria until 1246.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "976/01/10", "description": "The Yuelu Academy is founded during the early Song Dynasty of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "976/01/10", "description": "Zhang Sixun, a Chinese astronomer and engineer, employs the use of liquid mercury in order for the escapement mechanism of his astronomical clock to function and for metal parts not to rust by using hydraulics (water) or to freeze in winter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "977", "description": "Saint \u00c6thelwold of Winchester, Bishop of Winchester, rebuilds the western end of the Old Minster, Winchester, with twin towers and no apses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "977", "description": "German emperor Otto II grants Lower Lorraine, where modern-day Brussels is located, to Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine, illegitimate son of King Louis IV of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "977", "description": "King Kenneth II of Scotland kills Amla\u00edb, brother of King Culen, to establish himself as Culen's successor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "977", "description": "The original Imam Ali Mosque is built at Najaf, Iraq by the Daylamite Iranian ruler Fannakhosraw Azod ad Dowleh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "978", "description": "Bad\u00eca Fiorentina, an abbey in Florence, Italy, is founded by Willa, Margravine of Tuscany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "978", "description": "Ethelred II becomes king of England at age 10, following the assassination of his half-brother King Edward the Martyr.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "978", "description": "The revolt of Henry II, Duke of Bavaria against Otto II ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "978", "description": "England's royal mint is located at Guildford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "978", "description": "The Wu-Yue State is forced to surrender to the Chinese Song Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "978", "description": "One of the Four Great Books of Song, the ''T\u00e0ip\u00edng gu\u01cengj\u00ec'' is a Chinese encyclopedia documenting various stories of Chinese myths and subjects of theology. Divided into 500 volumes, it consists of over 3 million written Chinese characters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "979", "description": "Foundation of the city of Brussels: a 'castrum' on an island on the river Senne (Brabant, Belgium).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "979", "description": "Jawhar as-Siqilli is dismissed as Vizir of Egypt, and replaced by Yaqub ibn Killis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "979/03/24", "description": " The Battle of Pankalia: a combined Byzantine\u2013Georgian force defeats Bardas Sklerus, an organizer of the large-scale rebellion in the Byzantine Empire's Asian provinces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "979/03/24", "description": "The Song Dynasty destroys the Northern Han State.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "979/08/01", "description": " Battle of Gaoliang River: The Liao Dynasty defeats Song Dynasty forces near present-day Beijing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "980", "description": "Otto II renounces his claim to Lorraine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "980", "description": "The Viking ring castle of Trelleborg is constructed in Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "980", "description": "Foundation by Notger of the Prince-Bishopric of Li\u00e8ge which will remain an independent state inside the Holy Roman Empire for more than 800 years, and where the Walloon language will develop.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "980", "description": "Vladimir I of Kiev starts to rule in Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "980", "description": "Development of Dari dialect during the royal courts of the Samanids in Central Asia which became the major language of Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "980", "description": "Kamboja rule in Bengal is deposed by resurgent Palas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "980", "description": "The Zanj Empire is founded by Ali ibn Hasan, succeeding the Kilwa Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "980", "description": "Topiltzin starts to rule (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "980", "description": "Tula, Hidalgo becomes the Toltec capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "981", "description": "The Viking explorer Eric the Red-haired leaves Norway to survey west of Iceland. He finds land and calls it Greenland. Hundreds of land-starved Vikings board longships and head west for this so-called ampquotGreenlandampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "981", "description": "The ''de facto'' ruler of Al-Andalus, al-Mansur, conquers and razes to the ground the city of Zamora, as part of his effort to seize the Christian-dominated north of the Iberian Peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "981", "description": "The first ever Mahamasthakabhisheka ceremony of the sacred {{convert|57|ft|m}} high monolithic statue of Lord Bahubali, is performed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "981", "description": "The Gommateshwara statue is built by Chavundaraya of the Western Ganga Dynasty in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "981", "description": "The Bulgarians invade the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "981", "description": "The first commercially made soap for shaving sells for 3 dirhams (0.3 dinars).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "982", "description": "Greenland is discovered by Erik the Red (the first known European contact with North America).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "982/07/13", "description": " The Kalbids troops of the emir of Sicily defeat the imperial German army of Otto II near Crotone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "982/07/13", "description": "Yelu Longxu becomes the sixth emperor of the Liao Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "982/07/13", "description": "The Buyid ruler, 'Adud al-Dawla, establishes what was soon to become the most important hospital of Bagdad.ampamp{{cite web|title=Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts _ Hospitals|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/islamic_medical\/islamic_12.html|accessdate=8\">http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/islamic_medical\/islamic_12.html|accessdate=8<\/a> November 2011}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "982/07/13", "description": "Adalbert becomes Bishop of Prague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "983", "description": "Wood carvers commissioned by China's Song Dynasty complete a carving of the entire Buddhist canon for printing (130,000 total blocks are produced).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "983", "description": "The reign of Amir Adhad ad-Dowleh of Buwayhid ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "983", "description": "Sharaf ad-Dawla becomes Amir Buwayhid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "983", "description": "The Khazar Empire ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "983", "description": "Emperor Shengzong leads a Liao Dynasty expeditionary force against the Zubu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "983", "description": "One of the Four Great Books of Song, the encyclopedia ''Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era'' is completed in 1,000 volumes of 4.7 million written Chinese characters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "983", "description": "Otto III becomes King of Germany following the death of Otto II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "983", "description": "''Veronese donation'' during the diet of Verona. Otto gifted the Rheingau to the archbishopric of Mainz", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "983", "description": "December ampampndash Pope John XIV succeeds Pope Benedict VII as the 136th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "984", "description": "Emperor Kazan succeeds Emperor En'y\u016b on the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "984", "description": "The Song Dynasty Chinese engineer Qiao Wei innovates the first known use of the double-gated canal pound lock for adjusting different water levels in segments of the Grand Canal of China. This dramatically helps the passage of ships in segments with rougher waters leading slightly downhill. Qiao also has roof hangers built over the segments where double gates are installed, increasing the amount of safety for passing ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "984", "description": "Henry II, Duke of Bavaria abducts the child king Otto III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "984", "description": "The settlement of Greenland is begun by the Norse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "984/08/20", "description": " Antipope Boniface VII murders Pope John XIV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "985/07/06", "description": " Barcelona is sacked by troops of Almanzor.ref name=quotfrench crusadesquot{{cite journal|last=Boissonade|first=B.|title=Les premi\u00e8res croisades fran\u00e7aises en Espagne. Normands, Gascons, Aquitains et Bourguignons (1018-1032)|journal=Bulletin Hispanique|volume=36|issue=1|pages=5\u201328|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.persee.fr\/web\/revues\/home\/prescript\/article\/hispa_0007-4640_1934_num_36_1_2607}}\">http:\/\/www.persee.fr\/web\/revues\/home\/prescript\/article\/hispa_0007-4640_1934_num_36_1_2607}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "985/07/06", "description": "Greenland is colonized by Icelandic Viking Erik the Red (the date is according to legend but has been established as at least approximately correct ampampndash see History of Greenland).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "985/07/06", "description": "Lady Wulfruna founds the town that later becomes the city of Wolverhampton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "985/07/06", "description": "Henry the Wrangler is restored as Duke of Bavaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "985/07/06", "description": "Rajaraja Chola I (considered by many as the greatest Emperor of the Chola Empire) becomes the Chola Emperor and brings in another golden era of Tamils and of the Chola dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "985/07/06", "description": "August ampampndash Pope John XV succeeds Pope John XIV as the 137th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "986/03/02", "description": " Louis V becomes King of the Franks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "986/03/02", "description": "The ''de facto'' ruler of al-Andalus, al-Mansur, continues his effort in the north of the Iberian peninsula, he takes and sacks Coimbra (following this episod the city is said to have remained deserted for six years).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "986/03/02", "description": "Sweyn Forkbeard becomes King of Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "986/03/02", "description": "H\u00e5kon Sigurdsson of Norway defeats the Danish invasion force at Hj\u00f8rungav\u00e5g.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "986/03/02", "description": "Emperor Ichij\u014d succeeds Emperor Kazan on the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "986/03/02", "description": "MarchampampndashJuly ampampndash The Song Dynasty sends armies on three fronts against the Liao Dynasty in the Sixteen Prefectures, but are defeated on all fronts.(Chi go Pass Compaign)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "986/03/02", "description": "One of the Four Great Books of Song, the Chinese encyclopedia ''Finest Blossoms in the Garden of Literature'' is finished in this year, with a total of 1,000 volumes representing the work of some 2,200 authors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "986/03/02", "description": "Explorer Bjarni Herj\u00f3lfsson becomes the first inhabitant of the Old World to sight North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "987", "description": "Kukulcan conquers Chichen Itza.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "987", "description": "The Zirids fail to reconquer the western part of the Maghrib which they have recently lost to the Umayyads.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.45.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "987", "description": "Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, is crowned King of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "987", "description": "In Portugal, al-Mansur takes Coimbra, lost to the Christians in 904.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle0. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=109}}ampamp The renewed domination of the central andalusian authorities on the north of the Gharb al-Andalus, leads to the submission of the Christian counts of Portugal to Cordoba. But it also illustrate the limited ability of the Muslims to repopulate or at least govern directly these remote areas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "987", "description": "The population of Bari revolts against the Byzantines.ampref name=ampquotoccasion of the normansampquotamp{{cite journal|last=France|first=John|title=The occasion of the coming of the Normans to southern Italy|journal=Journal of Medieval History|year=1991|volume=17|issue=1|pages=183\u2013203|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/030441819190033H}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/030441819190033H}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "987", "description": "Extension of the Prayer hall, Great Mosque of C\u00f3rdoba, C\u00f3rdoba, Spain, is made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "988", "description": "The offensive of al-Mansur against the Christian kingdoms continues. He attacks the heart of the kingdom of Le\u00f3n. The king Bermudo II has to escape to Zamora, the city of Le\u00f3n resists four days but is taken, sacked and burned, Zamora has to surrender and the king must flee to Galicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "988", "description": "Dublin, Ireland is founded", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "988", "description": "The city of Odense, Denmark is founded", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "988", "description": "Kievan Rus' accepts Christianity", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "988", "description": "Rus'\u2013Byzantine War", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "988", "description": "The Liao Dynasty adopts civil service examinations in the Southern Chancellery based on Tang Dynasty models.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "988", "description": "Baptism of Kievan Rus': Vladimir I, Prince of Kiev marries Anna, sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II and converts to Christianity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "988", "description": "Abbo becomes abbot at Fleury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "988", "description": "Foundation of the Mezhyhirskyi Monastery by Michael of Kiev", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "989", "description": "Repairs are made on the Hagia Sophia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "989", "description": "Sankore University is founded in Timbuktu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "989", "description": "September ampampndash Halley's Comet is at perihelion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "990", "description": "Construction of the Al-Hakim Mosque begins in Cairo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "990", "description": "The city of Lund, Denmark (now Sweden) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "990", "description": "The ''Pax Ecclesiae'', an edict by the church in southern France attempting to outlaw acts of war against non-combatants and the clergy, is promulgated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "991", "description": "Battle of Maldon: The Anglo-Saxons are defeated by Viking invaders led by Olaf Tryggvason, later Olaf I of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "991", "description": "Sweyn I of Denmark recovers his throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "992", "description": "The Ghana Empire captures the Berber town of Awdaghost.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "992", "description": "Boleslaus I becomes Duke of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "992", "description": "Battle of Conquereuil: Fulk Nerra defeats Conan I of Rennes, who is killed in the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "992", "description": "Viking settlers establish a mint in Dublin to produce silver pennies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "993/07/04", "description": " Saint Ulrich of Augsburg is canonized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "994", "description": "Sweyn Forkbeard marries Sigrid the Haughty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "994", "description": "Otto III reaches his majority and begins to rule Germany in his own right.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "994", "description": "Aethelred II pays \u00a316,000 of Danegeld to Olaf Trygvasson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "994/09/15", "description": " Battle of the Orontes: Fatimid victory over a Byzantine army led by Michael Bourtzes", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "995", "description": "Upon the death of Eric the Victorious, he is succeeded by his son Olof Sk\u00f6tkonung as the first baptized king of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "995", "description": "Basil II lifts the siege of Aleppo by mounting his entire army and transferring it across Anatolia in sixteen days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "995", "description": "Constantine III becomes king of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "995", "description": "Boleslaus II of Bohemia massacres the Slavnik's dynasty at Libice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "995", "description": "Olaf Tryggvason is crowned king of Norway and builds the country's first church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "995", "description": "The Liao Dynasty sends a patent of investiture to the new Goryeo king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "996", "description": "March or April ampampndash Pope John XV dies before being able to crown Otto III, King of Germany as Holy Roman Emperor. Otto resides in Pavia while waiting for the election of the next Pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "996/05/03", "description": " Pope Gregory V succeeds Pope John XV as the 138th pope.  He was 24-year-old Bruno of Carinthia, grandson of Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor and first cousin of Otto III. He is the first German Pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "996/05/21", "description": " Sixteen-year-old Otto III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by his cousin Pope Gregory V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "996/10/24", "description": " Hugh Capet, King of France dies and is succeeded by his son Robert II of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "996/11/01", "description": " Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, which is the oldest known document using the name ''Ostarr\u00eechi'' (Austria in Old High German).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "996/11/01", "description": "In a continuing effort to expend northward, the ''de facto'' ruler of al-Andalus, al-Mansur captures the city of Astorga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "996/11/01", "description": "In the duchy of Normandy, peasant revolt against the Scandinavian aristocracy.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Arnoux|first=Mathieu|coauthors=Christophe Maneuvrier|title=Le pays normand. Paysages et peuplement  (IXe-XIIIe si\u00e8cles)|journal=Tabularia|year=2003|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unicaen.fr\/mrsh\/craham\/revue\/tabularia\/print.php?dossier=dossier2ampampfile=09arnouxmaneuvrier.xml}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.unicaen.fr\/mrsh\/craham\/revue\/tabularia\/print.php?dossier=dossier2ampampfile=09arnouxmaneuvrier.xml}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "996/11/01", "description": "Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah, fifth Fatimid Caliph in Egypt, dies and is succeeded by his son Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "996/11/01", "description": "The Niujie Mosque is constructed in Beijing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "997", "description": "First documented reference to the City of Gda\u0144sk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "997", "description": "Saint Adalbert of Prague is sent to Prussia by Boleslaus I of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "997", "description": "Samuil of Bulgaria is crowned Tsar by Pope Gregory V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "997", "description": "Trondheim, Norway is founded by the king Olav Tryggvason. This will function as the main city and capital of Norway, until Bergen is founded in 1070.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "997", "description": "In Spain, the muslim ''de facto'' ruler of al-Andalus, al-Mansur, with the support of the Christians Portuguese knights, sacks one of Christendom's holiest sites of pilgrimage, Santiago de Compostella. On their way they sack the cities of Zamora and Leon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "997", "description": "In Southern Italy, rebellion of against the Byzantine rule led by Smaragdos and Peter.ampref name=ampquotoccasion of the normansampquotamp{{cite journal|last=France|first=John|title=The occasion of the coming of the Normans to southern Italy|journal=Journal of Medieval History|year=1991|volume=17|issue=1|pages=183\u2013203|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/030441819190033H}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/030441819190033H}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "998", "description": "Otto III retakes the city of Rome and reinstates his cousin, Pope Gregory V, after mutilating and blinding his rival, Antipope John XVI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "998", "description": "St. Volodimir of Rus founds (or, according to some documents, gives his name to) the city of Volodimir of Wolyn, future capital of the kingdom of Ruthenia Minor (Halych-Wolyn Rus)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "998", "description": "A Benedictine abbey is founded at Sherborne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "998", "description": "St. Volodimir, Prince of Kiev Rus (modern Ukraine, Russia and Belarus), baptizes his country", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "999", "description": "Silesia is incorporated into territory ruled by Boleslaus I of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "999", "description": "The Orsay commune is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "999", "description": "The Samanid Dynasty ends with the invasion of the Karakhanids from north of the river Sir-Darya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "999/04/02", "description": " Gerbert of Aurillac becomes Pope Silvester II and succeeds Pope Gregory V as the 139th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "999/04/02", "description": "Sigmundur Brestisson introduces Christianity in the Faroe Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "999/04/02", "description": "Christianity is adopted in Iceland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000", "description": "The Hutu arrive in present-day Rwanda and Burundi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000", "description": "Leif Ericson lands in North America, setting foot on ''Helluland'', ''Markland'' and ''Vinland''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000", "description": "Middle Horizon period ends in the Andes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000", "description": "Mississippian culture flourishes in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000", "description": "Aztec civilization migrates to Tenochtitlan in Mexico and begins to flourish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000", "description": "Dhaka, Bangladesh, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/09/09", "description": " Battle of Svolder: King Olaf Tryggvason is defeated by an alliance of his enemies, in this notable naval battle of the Viking Age.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": " Stephen I becomes King of Hungary, which is established as a Christian kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": "Sancho III of Navarre becomes King of Aragon and Navarre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": "Sweyn I establishes Danish control over part of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": "Oslo, Norway is founded (the exact year is debatable, but the 1,000 year anniversary was held in the year 2000).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": "Emperor Otto III makes a pilgrimage from Rome to Aachen and Gniezno (Gnesen), stopping at Regensburg, Meissen, Magdeburg, and Gniezno. The Congress of Gniezno (with Boles\u0142aw I Chrobry) is part of his pilgrimage. In Rome, he builds the basilica of San Bartolomeo all'Isola, to host the relics of St. Bartholomew.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": "The Ch\u00e2teau de Goulaine vineyard is founded in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": "Kingdom of England annexes Kingdom of Cornwall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": "Kandariya Mahadeva temple, Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India, is built. Chandela dynasty, Early Medieval period (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": "The Diocese of Ko\u0142obrzeg is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": "The archdiocese in Gniezno is founded the first archbishop is Gaudentius (Radim), from Slavn\u00edk's dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": "Iceland adopts Christianity as its official religion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": "Scientific achievements in the Arab civilization reach their zenith.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science and technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": "Arab Muslim scientist, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), writes his influential ''Book of Optics''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science and technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": "Persian Muslim scientist, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni publishes his influential ''The Canon of Medicine'' and  ''The Book of Healing''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science and technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": "Arab Muslim physician, Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) publishes his influential 30-volume medical encyclopedia the ''Al-Tasrif''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science and technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": "Arab Muslim mathematician and astronomer, Ibn Yunus, publishes his astronomical treatise ''Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir'' in Cairo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science and technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": "Persian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, invents the astronomical sextant and first states a special case of Fermat's last theorem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science and technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": "The Bell foundry is founded in Italy by Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science and technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": "Gunpowder is invented in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science and technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1000/12/25", "description": "Paper has largely replaced vellum and parchment in Islamic realm, encouraging the proliferation of increasingly elaborate and decorative cursive 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"event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Byzantine Emperor Basil II attempts to reconquer Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Robert II, King of France marries for the third time, with Constance Taillefer d'Arles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor has Charlemagne's vault opened (see Aachen Cathedral).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "The First Battle of Alton: Danish invaders defeat the English.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Battle of Pinhoe: Vikings defeat Anglo-Saxons in Devon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Boleslaw I of Poland begins ruling parts of Slovakia", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Vseslav Izyaslavich of Polotsk begins ruling Polotsk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Werner I, Bishop of Strasbourg begins ruling Archbishopric of Strasbourg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Second voyage of Ermengol I of Urgell to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "\u00deorgeirr Lj\u00f3svetningago\u00f0i ends being a lawspeaker in Iceland's Althing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "\u00c6lfgar, bishop of Elmham, is consecrated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "\u00c6thelric, bishop of Shepborne, is consecrated (other date is 1002).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "\u00c6thelred is a bishop of Cornwall and dies shortly after that.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Founding of Lloret de Mar, Catalonian town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "First reference to Khotyn, Ukrainian town ampref name=ampquotkievanticoampquotamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.kievantico.com.ua\/service\/travel_ukraine\/hotin\/|title=Khotyn|accessdate=2007-05-28|work=Antychnyi\">http:\/\/www.kievantico.com.ua\/service\/travel_ukraine\/hotin\/|title=Khotyn|accessdate=2007-05-28|work=Antychnyi<\/a> Kyiv|language=Russian| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070513003343\/http:\/\/www.kievantico.com.ua\/service\/travel_ukraine\/hotin\/|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070513003343\/http:\/\/www.kievantico.com.ua\/service\/travel_ukraine\/hotin\/|<\/a> archivedate= 13 May 2007 amp!--Added by DASHBot--amp}}ampamp and to Nyalka, Hungarian village, as to ''Chimudi''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Baitoushan volcano on what would be the Chinese-Korean border, erupts with a force of 6.5, the fourth largest Holocene blast (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Tao\/Tayk region is annexed by the Byzantines as the theme of Iberia", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Mahmud of Ghazni, Muslim leader of Ghazni, begins a series of raids into Northern India. He will finish his conquest in 1027 with the destruction of Somnath.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Jayapala suffers defeat from Ghaznavid Empire near Peshawar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Rebellion C\u1eedu Long in Thanh Hoa province", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Khmer King Jayavarman V is succeeded by Udayadityavarman I and\/or Suryavarman I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Construction begins on the Liaodi Pagoda, the tallest pagoda in Chinese history (completed in 1055).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "The Buddhist ruler of Butuan in the Philippines (''P\u2019u-tuan'' in the Sung Dynasty records), ''Sari Bata Shaja'', makes the first tributary mission to China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Oqropiri (Ioane I), Svimeon III and Melkisedek I are Catholicoi of Iberia within one year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Khazrun ben Falful from Maghrawa family Banu Khazrun begins ruling Tripoli.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Al-Muizz begins ruling Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "Vikings, led by Leif Eriksson, establish small settlements in and around Vinland in North America (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "North America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "King Edward the Martyr of England is canonized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1001/07/31", "description": "A tomb of saint Ivo (possibly) is uncovered in Huntingdonshire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1002/01/23", "description": " Henry II succeeds Otto III as king of Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1002/01/23", "description": "June ampampndash Frederick is sent as an imperial legate to the Synod of P\u00f6hlde to mediate between the claims of Bernard, Bishop of Hildesheim, and Willigis, Archbishop of Mainz, concerning the control of the abbey of Gandersheim.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1002/01/23", "description": "July ampampndash Battle of Calata\u00f1azor: superior Christian armies of Castille led by Count Sancho Garc\u00eda and Le\u00f3n led by Alfonso V defeat invading Muslim forces under Almanzor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1002/08/08", "description": " Abd al-Malik succeeds Al-Mansur, chief minister of the Umayyad Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba, Spain", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1002/11/13", "description": " St. Brice's Day massacre: English king \u00c6thelred the Unready orders all Danes in England killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1002/11/13", "description": "November ampampndash Frederick is elected Archbishop of Ravenna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1002/11/13", "description": "Vladivoj succeeds Boleslaus III, Duke of Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1002/11/13", "description": "Otto of Worms withdraws his nomination for the title of Holy Roman Emperor and receives Duchy of Carinthia in return.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1002/11/13", "description": "\u00c6thelred the Unready married Emma of Normandy, Richard's I the fearless, duke of Normandy's daughter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1002/11/13", "description": "Brian Boru, King of Leinster and Munster, becomes High King of Ireland, breaking the U\u00ed N\u00e9ill monopoly on the title. Not satisfied with the submission of M\u00e1el Sechnaill mac Domnaill, Brian Boru makes an expedition to the north to take hostages from the northern states.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1002/11/13", "description": "John IV of Naples is probably released from German captivity by Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1002/11/13", "description": "With a new group of colonists, an epidemic hits the Viking colony in Greenland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1002/11/13", "description": "Danegeld is paid by \u00c6thelred the Unready to prevent Viking raids against England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1002/11/13", "description": "December ampampndash Khalaf I of Sistan surrenders to Ghaznavids in Taq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1002/11/13", "description": "Rafael of Makuria constructs a red brick building in Old Dongola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Sub-Saharan Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/01/25", "description": " Werner, Margrave of the Nordmark succeeds Lothair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/02/09", "description": " Boleslaus III of Bohemia is restored to authority with armed support from Boles\u0142aw I the Brave of Poland. In the following months Boleslav's brothers Jaromir and Oldrich flee to Germany and place themselves under the protection of Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor, while Boleslaus III of Bohemia orders massacre of his leading nobles at Vy\u0161ehrad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/05/04", "description": " Herman III, Duke of Swabia succeeds Herman II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/05/04", "description": "Vladivoj of Bohemia succeeds Boleslaus III", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/05/04", "description": "Boleslaus IV succeeds Vladivoj of Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/05/04", "description": "Boles\u0142aw I of Poland annexes parts of present-day Slovakia (possible date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/05/04", "description": "Wilfred succeeds Abbot Oliva as count of Berga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/05/04", "description": "Sweyn I of Denmark begins his first invasion of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/05/04", "description": "Humbert I becomes the first count of Savoy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/05/04", "description": "King Robert II of France invades Burgundy, but fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/05/04", "description": "Robert II of France marries Constance of Arles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/05/04", "description": "Boleslaus I of Poland becomes duke of Bohemia and Moravia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/05/04", "description": "Stephen I of Hungary invades Transylvania and organises the Diocese of Transylvania (possible date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/05/04", "description": "Deutz Abbey is founded at Deutz by Heribert of Cologne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/05/04", "description": "The troops of the Caliphate of Cordoba defeats the northern Christian armies at the battle of Albesa.ampref name=ampquotfrench crusadesampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Boissonade|first=B.|title=Les premi\u00e8res croisades fran\u00e7aises en Espagne. Normands, Gascons, Aquitains et Bourguignons (1018-1032)|journal=Bulletin Hispanique|volume=36|issue=1|pages=5\u201328|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.persee.fr\/web\/revues\/home\/prescript\/article\/hispa_0007-4640_1934_num_36_1_2607}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.persee.fr\/web\/revues\/home\/prescript\/article\/hispa_0007-4640_1934_num_36_1_2607}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/05/04", "description": "Zacharias succeeds Philotheos as Patriarch of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/05/04", "description": "The Zubu khan surrenders to the Liao Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Eastern Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/05/16", "description": " Pope John XVII succeeds Pope Silvester II as the 140th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/10/09", "description": " Leif Erikson lands in L'Anse aux Meadows, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/10/09", "description": "The construction of Brihadeeswarar temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India, starts. Chola Dynasty, Early Medieval period.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1003/12/25", "description": " Pope John XVIII succeeds Pope John XVII as the 141st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1004", "description": "Plague and famine episode in North Africa.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.47.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1004", "description": "December ampampndash The Samanid dynasty ends in Bokhara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1004", "description": "The Liao Dynasty launches a major offensive against the Song Dynasty.  They meet near Shanyang, north of the Song capital of Kaifeng.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1004", "description": "Battle of Shanzhou: The Liao Dynasty general Xiao Talin is picked off by an elite Song Chinese crossbow sniper.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1004/05/14", "description": " Henry II  is crowned Holy Roman Emperor at Pavia. A quarrel between his German companions and the Pavese erupts into a full-scale battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1004/05/14", "description": "Henry II launches war against Boleslav of Poland. It lasts until 1018.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1004/05/14", "description": "Boleslaus I of Poland loses Bohemia after having become duke the previous year. He is succeeded as duke of Bohemia by Jaromir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1004/05/14", "description": "Sancho III becomes king of Navarre, Aragon and Castille.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1004/05/14", "description": "Sweyn I of Denmark destroys Norwich.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1004/05/14", "description": "Aberdeen becomes a bishopric.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1004/05/14", "description": "Arabs sack Pisa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1004/05/14", "description": "The troops of the vizir Al-Mansur sack the Catalan city of Manresa.ampref name=ampquotfrench crusadesampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Boissonade|first=B.|title=Les premi\u00e8res croisades fran\u00e7aises en Espagne. Normands, Gascons, Aquitains et Bourguignons (1018-1032)|journal=Bulletin Hispanique|volume=36|issue=1|pages=5\u201328|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.persee.fr\/web\/revues\/home\/prescript\/article\/hispa_0007-4640_1934_num_36_1_2607}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.persee.fr\/web\/revues\/home\/prescript\/article\/hispa_0007-4640_1934_num_36_1_2607}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1004/05/14", "description": "Pope John XVIII (1004\u20131009).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1005/01/13", "description": "January 18 ampndash The Shanyuan Treaty is negotiated between the Liao Dynasty and the Song Dynasty.  The Song agrees to pay an annual tribute to the Liao.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Eastern Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1005/01/13", "description": "L\u00ea Trung T\u00f4ng succeeds L\u00ea Ho\u00e0n as the emperor of Vietnam, preceding anarchy and 8 months succession war with Long Ng\u00e2n and other princes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Eastern Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1005/01/13", "description": "October ampampndash Defeat of Long Ng\u00e2n and his death in Th\u1ea1ch H\u00e0 by hands of natives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Eastern Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1005/01/13", "description": "L\u00ea Ngo\u1ea1 Tri\u1ec1u succeeds L\u00ea Trung T\u00f4ng, killing him after just three days of reign, beginning tyrannical executions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Eastern Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1005/01/13", "description": "Sh\u016bi Wakash\u016b is compiled (earliest possible date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Eastern Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1005/03/25", "description": " Malcolm II succeeds Cin\u00e1ed III as king of Scotland, killing him and his son Giric II of Scotland in the battle of Monzievard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1005/03/25", "description": "Brian Boru makes a second expedition to the north to take hostages from the northern states: during this expeidion, he visited Armagh, making an offering of twenty ounces of gold to the church and confirming to the apostolic see of Saint Patrick, ecclesiastical supremacy over the whole of Ireland (as recorded in the Book of Armagh).ampref name=Moody113amp{{cite book | last=Moody, TW ampamp Martin, FX (eds)| year=1967 |title=The Course of Irish History | publisher=The Mercier Press | location=Cork, Ireland | page=113}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1005/03/25", "description": "Continued Danish raids on southern England.ampref name=CBHamp{{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Alan ampamp Veronica |year=1992 |title= The Chronology of British History|publisher= Century Ltd|location=London|pages= 47\u201348|isbn= 0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1005/03/25", "description": "\u00c6lfric of Abingdon leaves ships to the people of Wiltshire and Kent in his will, with his best one, equipped for sixty men, going to King \u00c6thelred II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1005/03/25", "description": "Aeddan ap Blegywryd, prince of Gwynedd succeeds Cynan ap Hywel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1005/03/25", "description": "Pomerania revolts against the church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1005/03/25", "description": "Schaffhausen starts minting its own coins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1005/03/25", "description": "Pisan offensive against the Muslim strongholds on the coast of Calabria.ampamp{{cite book|last=Benvenuti|first=Gino|title=Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia|year=1985|publisher=Newton ampamp Compton Editori|location=Rome|isbn=88-8289-529-7|page=41}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1006", "description": "A major eruption of Mount Merapi volcano covers all of central Java with volcanic ash, caused devastation throughout central Java, and destroyed a Hindu kingdom on the island of Java.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/volcano.und.edu\/vwdocs\/current_volcs\/merapi\/\">http:\/\/volcano.und.edu\/vwdocs\/current_volcs\/merapi\/<\/a> |title=A history of Merapi |accessdate=2007-02-20}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Oceania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1006", "description": "Holmgang (dueling) is declared illegal in Iceland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1006", "description": "Granaries for famine relief are set up across China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1006", "description": "Aelfheah (St. Alphege) goes to Pope John XVIII at Rome for his pallium and becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1006/05/01", "description": " The brightest supernova ever recorded, SN 1006, occurs in the constellation of Lupus.  It is observed and described in China, Japan, the Middle East, Europe, and elsewhere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Astronomy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1007", "description": "Aethelred buys two years of peace with the Danes for 36,000 pounds of silver.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1007", "description": "One of Mt. Vesuvius's many eruptions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1007", "description": "Songjiang County, the later city of Shanghai, is founded (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1007", "description": "King Sharaban is killed by his vizier", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1007", "description": "Prince Kacalukia becomes king of Persia", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1007", "description": "The vizier and his army invaded Babylon, Persia", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1007", "description": "Snow falls in the city of Baghdad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1007", "description": "Henry II of Germany founds the Diocese of Bamberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1008", "description": "Oldest known mention of the city of Gundelfingen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1008", "description": "Olav Haraldsson, the future king of Norway, lands on Saaremaa Island in Estonia, wins a battle there and forces the inhabitants to pay tribute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1008", "description": "Georgia is unified under King Bagrat III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1008", "description": "Mohammed II succeeds Hisham II as Caliph of Cordoba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1008", "description": "The Egyptian Fatimid Empire under Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah sends the sea captain Domiyat on a tributary mission to Emperor Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, in order to reestablish trade relations between Egypt and China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1008", "description": "Battle of Peshawar: The Turkic Ghaznavid armies defeat a Hindu confederacy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1008", "description": "Olof, king of Sweden, is baptized by Saint Sigfrid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1008", "description": "Bruno of Querfurt and others try to establish a mission among the Prussians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1009/02/14", "description": "r March 9 ampndash First known mention of the name of Lithuania in connection with the murder of Saint Bruno of Querfurt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1009/07/31", "description": " Pope Sergius IV succeeds Pope John XVIII as the 142nd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1009/08/29", "description": " Mainz Cathedral suffers extensive damage from a fire on the day of its inauguration.{{cite book|first=Ian|last=Sutton|title=Architecture, from Ancient Greece to the Present|location=London|publisher=Thames amp Hudson|year=1999|isbn=978-0-500-20316-3}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1009/08/29", "description": "Suleiman II succeeds Mohammed II as Caliph of C\u00f3rdoba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1009/08/29", "description": "The Vikings repeatedly attack England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1009/08/29", "description": "The L\u00fd Dynasty, Vietnam's first independent dynasty, is proclaimed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1009/08/29", "description": "The provinces of Goryeo (modern-day Korea) are redistributed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1009/10/18", "description": " The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is destroyed by Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1010", "description": "The city of Yaroslavl is said to have been founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1010", "description": "Hisham II ''the Nephast'' is restored as Umayyad caliph of C\u00f3rdoba, succeeding Muhammad II al-Mahdi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1010", "description": "Allied to Muslim rebels, the count of Barcelona sacks the Cordoba.ampref name=ampquotfrench crusadesampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Boissonade|first=B.|title=Les premi\u00e8res croisades fran\u00e7aises en Espagne. Normands, Gascons, Aquitains et Bourguignons (1018-1032)|journal=Bulletin Hispanique|volume=36|issue=1|pages=5\u201328|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.persee.fr\/web\/revues\/home\/prescript\/article\/hispa_0007-4640_1934_num_36_1_2607}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.persee.fr\/web\/revues\/home\/prescript\/article\/hispa_0007-4640_1934_num_36_1_2607}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1010", "description": "The L\u00fd Dynasty is established in Vietnam (or 1009) and moves the capital to Hanoi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1010", "description": "Persian poet Ferdowsi finishes writing ''The Shahnameh'' (Book of Kings).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1010", "description": "The Goryeo king is unseated in a revolt, resulting in an invasion by the Liao Dynasty and the burning of the Korean capital Gaegyeong in the Second Goryeo-Khitan War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1010", "description": "Song Zhun of Song Dynasty China completes the work of the earlier geographer Lu Duosun, an enormous atlas of China that is written and illustrated in 1,556 chapters, showing maps of each region, city, town, and village. The atlas took 39 years to complete.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1010", "description": "Viking explorer Thorfinn Karlsefni attempts to found a settlement in North America (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1010", "description": "The construction of Brihadeeswarar temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India, ends. Chola Dynasty, Early Medieval period.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1010", "description": "Rajaraja I and His Teacher, detail of a wall painting in the Brihadeeswarar temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India, is made. Chola Dynasty. Early Medieval period (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1010", "description": "Lady Murasaki writes ''The Tale of Genji'' in Japanese (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1010", "description": "''Beowulf'' is written anonymously (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Literature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1010", "description": "Eilmer of Malmesbury attempts flight in a glider of his own construction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1011/06/11", "description": " the Byzantine army under the ''catapan'' Basil Mesardonites takes Bari from the rebellious Lombard lord Melus.{{cite book|last=Norwich|first=John Julius|title=The Normans in the South 1016-1130|year=1967|publisher=Longmans|location=London}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1011/06/11", "description": "Danes capture Canterbury, taking Alphege, the Archbishop of Canterbury as a prisoner.ampref name=CBH\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1011/06/11", "description": "Byrhtferth of Ramsey writes his ''Manual'', on the subject of time.ampref name=CBHamp{{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Alan ampamp Veronica |year=1992 |title= The Chronology of British History|publisher= Century Ltd|location=London|pages= 48\u201349|isbn= 0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1011/06/11", "description": "The German king Henry II enfeoffes Adalbero, Duke of Carinthia with the Carinthian duchy, including the rule over the March of Verona (or in 1012).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1011/06/11", "description": "Ermengol II succeeds Ermengol I as Count of Urgell", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1011/06/11", "description": "Albert II, Count of Namur succeeds Albert I", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1011/06/11", "description": "Baghdad Manifesto: Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah's descent from Ali ibn Abi Talib is disputed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1011/06/11", "description": "Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), a famous Persian scientist working in Egypt, feigns madness in fear of angering Al-Hakim, and is kept under house arrest until 1021. 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King Ethelred flees to Normandy, and Sweyn becomes King of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1013", "description": "The Poles withdraw from Pomerania (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1013", "description": "The Jews are expelled from the caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1013", "description": "German King Henry II conducts his second Italian military campaign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1013", "description": "Estimation: Kaifeng, capital of China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from C\u00f3rdoba in Al-Andalus.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm<\/a> Geography at about.comampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1013", "description": "The largest of the ''Four Great Books of Song'', the Song Dynasty Chinese encyclopedia ''Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau'' (which had been compiled since 1005), is completed in 1,000 volumes of 9.4 million written Chinese characters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1013", "description": "Lyfing is appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1013", "description": "Beauvais changes from a county to a bishopric (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1013", "description": "The Al-Hakim Mosque is completed in Cairo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1014/02/14", "description": " Pope Benedict VIII recognizes and crowns Henry of Bavaria (who has ruled since 1003) as King of Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1014/04/23", "description": " Battle of Clontarf: Gaelic Irish forces under Brian Boru defeat several allied Viking forces in Ireland, ending their power there but losing Brian in the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1014/04/23", "description": "July ampampndash Battle of Salonica fought in Greece between First Bulgarian Empire and Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1014/07/29", "description": " Battle of Kleidion: Basil II inflicts not only a decisive defeat on the Bulgarian army, but his subsequent blinding of 15,000 prisoners reportedly causes Tsar Samuil of Bulgaria to die of shock, and earns Basil II the sobriquet 'Boulgaroktonos' (Bulgar-slayer).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1014/07/29", "description": "Following the death of Sweyn I, Ethelred II returns to England and reclaims the English crown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1014/07/29", "description": "Cnut the Great returns to Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1014/07/29", "description": "Holmgang is declared illegal in Norway.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1014/07/29", "description": "In Kashmir, Abhinavagupta, the teacher of the poet Ksemendra, circulates his Greater commentary on the ''Pratyabhijna Darshana''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1014/07/29", "description": "Hammad ibn Buluggin recognises the Abbasid Caliphate, beginning the split of the Hammadids from the Zirids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1014/07/29", "description": "The Nicene-Constantinopolitan Symbol of the Faith is used for the first time during the Roman Mass after Henry II, the newly crowned Holy Roman Emperor, asks the Pope to add it together with the filioque clause. 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Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia|year=1985|publisher=Newton ampamp Compton Editori|location=Rome|isbn=88-8289-529-7|page=33}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1016/11/30", "description": "Edmund II is king of England after Ethelred's death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1016/11/30", "description": "Battle of Brentford: Edmund II gains a temporary victory over Canute the Great.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1016/11/30", "description": "Canute of Denmark and Edmund II divide England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1016/11/30", "description": "Battle of Nesjar (Norway): Olaf Haraldsson is victorious over Sveinn Hakonarson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1017", "description": "Canute the Great is acclaimed king of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1017", "description": "England is divided into the earldoms of Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia and Northumbria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1017", "description": "Canute marries Emma of Normandy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1017", "description": "Melus of Bari rebels, supported by Norman mercenaries. He is victorious in three pitched battles against the Byzantines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1017", "description": "Kiev burns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1017", "description": "The construction of Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev is started (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1017", "description": "Abd-ar-Rahman IV succeeds Suleiman II as Umayyad caliph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1017", "description": "Hamza ibn-'Ali ibn-Ahmad publicly declares the founding of the Druze religion. During the reign of the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1017", "description": "Sunni revolt of Kairouan against the Shi'ite Zirid dynasty. The city is quickly retaken and sacked.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.48.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1018", "description": "The Liao Dynasty invades Goryeo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1018", "description": "Largest Amphibious Invasion Force in History at the time. Chola army that invaded Lanka (Sri Lanka) with a massive manpower of 150,000 troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1018", "description": "Battle of Kwiju: Korean General Gang Gam-chan gains a decisive victory over Liao Dynasty forces during the Third Goryeo-Khitan War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1018", "description": "In Southern Italy, at the second battle of Cannae, the Lombard adventurer Melus of Bari and his Norman mercenaries are defeated by the Byzantine army led by the ''kapetan'' Basil Boioannes.ampref name=encyclopediaamp{{cite book|last=Kleinhenz|first=Christopher|title=Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=0-415-93930-5|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=1piMMqjAf1MCampampdq=gran+tavola+bonsignoriampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=95}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=1piMMqjAf1MCampampdq=gran+tavola+bonsignoriampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=95}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1018", "description": "The last Bulgarian leader, Ibatzes, is captured. Bulgaria becomes part of the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1018", "description": "The Peace of Bautzen is signed between Poland and Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1018", "description": "Boleslaus I of Poland takes Kiev and conquers Red Ruthenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1018", "description": "Battle of Carham: The Scots conquer Lothian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1018", "description": "Canute the Great becomes king of Denmark (or 1019), succeeding Harald II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1018", "description": "Battle of Vlaardingen: Count Dirk III defeats an army sent by Emperor Henry II at Vlaardingen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1018", "description": "Buckfast Abbey is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1018", "description": "The city of Koblenz is given to the archbishop of Trier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1019", "description": "The Azd\u00e2ji conquest puts an end to the Kingdom of Nekor in Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1019", "description": "Toi invasion: Jurchen pirates from the Khitan Liao Dynasty in Manchuria invade Ky\u016bsh\u016b of Heian-era Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1019", "description": "The last Goryeo-Khitan War ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1019", "description": "Japanese regent and statesman Fujiwara no Michinaga retires from public life, installing his son Yorimichi as regent. Michinaga, however, continues to direct affairs of state from his retirement, and remains the de facto ruler of Japan until his death in 1028.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1019", "description": "Mahmud founds the Great Mosque at Ghazni, capital of the Ghaznavid Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1019", "description": "Moravia becomes part of Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1019", "description": "Yaroslav the Wise becomes prince of Kievan Rus', succeeding Sviatopolk I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1019", "description": "A treaty between Sweden and Norway is conducted at Kung\u00e4lv.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1019", "description": "Saracens attack the French port of Narbonne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1020", "description": "Goryeo and the Liao Dynasty exchange embassies following a seven-year territorial dispute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1020", "description": "The massive Kandariya Mahadeva Hindu Temple is completed in the Chandela capital of Khajuraho.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1020", "description": "The city of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1020", "description": "Henry II of Germany conducts his third Italian military campaign .", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1020", "description": "Canute the Great codifies the laws of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1021", "description": "Last evidence of indigenous Christian and non-arabophone culture in Tripolitania, Libya.ampref name=ampquotespace libyebampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Bresc|first=Henri|title=La Sicile et l'espace libyen au Moyen Age|year=2003|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17\">http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17<\/a> January 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1021", "description": "The Moorish kingdom of Valencia becomes independent from the Ummayyad Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1021", "description": "Seneqerim-Hovhannes of Vaspurakan surrenders his kingdom to the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1021", "description": "Mahmud appoints Ayaz to the throne, making Lahore the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1021", "description": "A Khitan princess is sent to marry into the Goryeo royal family, securing ties between the Koreans and the Liao Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1021", "description": "The Song Dynasty Chinese capital city of Kaifeng has some half a million residents by this year including all those present in the nine designated suburbs, the population is over a million people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1021", "description": "The Chola Empire invades Bengal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1022", "description": "Upon the death of Olof Sk\u00f6tkonung, he is succeeded by his son Anund Jakob as king of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1022", "description": "Al-Muizz ibn Badis begins to rule Ifriqiya in his own right.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1022", "description": "The Song Dynasty Chinese military has one million registered soldiers, an increase since the turn of the 11th century when the Song military only had nine hundred thousand soldiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1022", "description": "Aethelnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury, is received at Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1022", "description": "Several Catharists are killed in Toulouse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1022", "description": "The Synod of Pavia issues decrees against non-celibate clergy and against simony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1022", "description": "Robert II the Pious burns some canons of St. Croix in Orl\u00e9ans, for holding that the world is inherently evil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1023", "description": "The Judge-Governor of Seville takes advantage of the disintegration of the Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba, and seizes power as Abbad I, thus founding the Abbadid dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1023", "description": "Abd ar-Rahman V is proclaimed Caliph at C\u00f3rdoba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1023", "description": "The Ghaznavid Empire occupies Transoxiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1023", "description": "Soon after returning from Mecca, the Tarsina king of Zanata, a mountain kingdom between Algeria and Morocco, is killed in battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1024", "description": "The Salian Dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire is founded by Conrad II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1024/04/19", "description": " Pope John XIX succeeds Pope Benedict VIII (his brother) as the 144th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1024/04/19", "description": "After several years in the Peninsula, Roger of Toeni, a Norman knight, leaves the battlefields of the Ebro Vally and heads back to France. It ends what historians have described as a early crusade.ampref name=ampquotfrench crusadesampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Boissonade|first=B.|title=Les premi\u00e8res croisades fran\u00e7aises en Espagne. Normands, Gascons, Aquitains et Bourguignons (1018-1032)|journal=Bulletin Hispanique|volume=36|issue=1|pages=5\u201328|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.persee.fr\/web\/revues\/home\/prescript\/article\/hispa_0007-4640_1934_num_36_1_2607}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.persee.fr\/web\/revues\/home\/prescript\/article\/hispa_0007-4640_1934_num_36_1_2607}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1024/04/19", "description": "The world's first paper-printed money, which later greatly benefits the economy of the Song Dynasty, originates in the Sichuan province of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1024/04/19", "description": "Emperor Mahmud of Ghazni sacks the Hindu religious center of Somnath, slaughtering over 50,000 people and carrying off vast amounts of treasure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1025/04/18", "description": " Boles\u0142aw I Chrobry is crowned as the first king of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1025/04/18", "description": "Failure of the North African Zirid dynasty's attempts to retake Sicily.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.50.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1025/04/18", "description": "Srivijaya, a partly Buddhist kingdom based in Sumatra, is attacked by the Chola Empire of southern India in a dispute over trading rights in South-east Asia. It survives, but declines in importance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1025/04/18", "description": "Constantine VIII succeeds his brother Basil II as Byzantine Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1026", "description": "Archbishop Ariberto crowns Conrad II King of Italy in Milan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1026", "description": "Pietro Barbolano becomes Doge of Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1026", "description": "Henry VI becomes king of Bavaria (later Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1026", "description": "The Battle of the Helge\u00e5 is fought in Scandinavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1026", "description": "A Zubu revolt against the Liao Dynasty is suppressed, with the Zubu forced to pay an annual tribute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1027/03/26", "description": " Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1027/05/14", "description": " Henry I is crowned king of France at Reims Cathedral.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1027/05/14", "description": "''approx. date'' ampampndash Ealdred becomes abbot of Tavistock in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1027/08/16", "description": " Bagrat IV becomes king of Georgia on the death of his father. He will hold the throne until his own death in 1072.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1027/08/16", "description": "Civil war begins in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1027/08/16", "description": "This is the first year of the first ''rabqung'' (60-year) cycle started in the Tibetan calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1027/08/16", "description": "As recorded in the ''Song Shi'', the Song Dynasty Chinese engineer Yan Su reinvents the 3rd-century South Pointing Chariot, a mechanical-driven compass vehicle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1027/08/16", "description": "Publication of ''The Book of Healing'' (Arabic: \u06a9\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0621  ''Kitab Al-Shifa\u02be'', Latin: ''Sufficientia''), a comprehensive scientific and philosophical encyclopedia written by the Persian polymath Avicenna (Ab\u016b \u02bfAl\u012b ibn S\u012bn\u0101).ampamp{{cite book|first=Lenn Evan|last=Goodman|year=1992|title=Avicenna|page=31|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=0-415-01929-X}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1028/04/14", "description": " Henry III, son of Conrad II, is elected king of the Germans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1028/04/14", "description": "King Sancho III of Navarre conquers Castile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1028/04/14", "description": "Cnut becomes King of Norway", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1028/11/12", "description": " Dying Emperor Constantine VIII of the Byzantine Empire marries his daughter Zoe of Byzantium to his chosen heir Romanus Argyrus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1028/11/15", "description": " Romanus Argyrus becomes Eastern Roman Emperor as Romanus III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1029", "description": "", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1030/07/29", "description": " Battle of Stiklestad (Norway): Olaf II of Norway loses to his pagan vassals and is killed in the battle. He is later canonized and becomes the patron saint of Norway and ''Rex perpetuum Norvegiae'' ('the eternal king of Norway').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1030/07/29", "description": "The cities of Kaunas in Lithuania and Tartu in Estonia are founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1030/07/29", "description": "Earliest mention of Thalwil, Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1030/07/29", "description": "Henry I of France revolts against his father Robert.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1030/07/29", "description": "The Song Dynasty Chinese historian and scholar Ouyang Xiu obtains his ''jinshi'' degree at the age of only 22 by passing the highest level examinations in the country (his third attempt), leading him into a distinguished path as a scholar-official.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1030/07/29", "description": "Byzantine Emperor Romanus III invades Syria and is defeated at the Battle of Azaz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1030/07/29", "description": "Masud seizes the throne of the Ghaznavid Empire after the death of his father Mahmud.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1031", "description": "The Moorish Caliphate of C\u00f3rdoba collapses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1031", "description": "Byzantine general George Maniaces captures Edessa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1031", "description": "Henry I becomes King of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1031", "description": "Bezprym seizes the throne of Poland from Mieszko II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1032/10/21", "description": " Benedict IX succeeds John XIX, as the 145th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1032/10/21", "description": "The first mention of the city of Kursk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1033/02/02", "description": " Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes King of Burgundy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1033/02/02", "description": "Panic spreads throughout Europe that the end of the universe may be near, on the supposed 1,000th anniversary of the crucifixion of Christ, due to some unusually harsh spring weather. The Book of Revelation predicts the end of the earth after a 1000 year period.ampampRevelation Chapter 20ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1034/04/11", "description": " Empress Zoe of Byzantium marries her chamberlain and elevates him to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1034/04/11", "description": "Franche-Comt\u00e9 becomes subject to the Holy Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1034/04/11", "description": "In al-Andalus, benefiting from the weakening of the Muslim central authority, the count of Portugal, Gon\u00e7alo Maia, conquers Montemor o Velho.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1034/04/11", "description": "The heir to the displaced Balhae kings revolts against the Liao Dynasty, and flees to Goryeo when defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1035", "description": "Pisa launches a naval assault against the Saracen pirates strongholds in the Lipari Islands.ampamp{{cite book|last=Benvenuti|first=Gino|title=Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia|year=1985|publisher=Newton ampamp Compton Editori|location=Rome|isbn=88-8289-529-7|page=42}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1035", "description": "Harald I becomes king of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1035", "description": "Harthacanute becomes king of Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1035", "description": "Magnus I becomes king of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1035", "description": "William II (the future William I of England) becomes duke of Normandy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1035", "description": "Construction on the cathedral of Saint Sabino begins in Bari.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1035", "description": "Koper is awarded town rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1035", "description": "The first Freimarkt festival is held in Bremen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1036", "description": "A Zirid attack in Sicily takes Palermo from the Normans but fails to fully reconquer the island.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.50.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1036/02/05", "description": " Edward the Confessor's younger brother Alfred Aetheling is blinded and murdered in an apparent attempt to seize the throne of England from Harold I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1036/02/05", "description": "Emperor Go-Suzaku ascends the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Japan", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1036/02/05", "description": "First appearance of the Flower Sermon in Buddhist literature", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1037", "description": "Construction of the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev is ended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1037", "description": "Ferdinand I becomes the king of Castile and Leon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1037", "description": "Harold I seizes the crown of England from his half-brother Harthacanute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1037", "description": "George Maniaces begins a campaign against the Arabs in Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1037", "description": "The Song Dynasty Chinese rime dictionary of the ''Jiyun'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1037", "description": "Seljuq dynasty starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1038", "description": "The name of Versailles, then a small village, appears for the first time in a Medieval charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1038", "description": "In the Muslim kingdom of Zaragoza, the ruling Banu Tujibi clan is deposed by Suleiman Al-Mustain I ibn Hud who starts the Huddid dynasty which rules over the region for a century (possibly 1039).ampref name=ampquotpossessing the landampquotamp{{cite book|last=Stalls|first=Clay|title=Possessing the land: Aragon's expansion into Islam's Ebro frontier under Alfonso the Battler, 1104-1134|year=1995|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-10367-8|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=p3YicOpi9esCampampprintsec=frontcoverampampsource=gbs_ge_summary_rampampcad=0#v=onepageampampqampampf=false|page=viii}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=p3YicOpi9esCampampprintsec=frontcoverampampsource=gbs_ge_summary_rampampcad=0#v=onepageampampqampampf=false|page=viii}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1038", "description": "The Western Xia declare their independence from Liao China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1039/06/04", "description": " Henry III becomes King of Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1039/06/04", "description": "The Abbey of Bec is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1039/06/04", "description": "Bretislav I of Bohemia invades Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1040/05/23", "description": " Battle of Dandanaqan: Seljuk Turks defeat the Ghaznavids.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1040/06/17", "description": " Harthacanute lands at Sandwich and reclaims the English Throne.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1040/08/15", "description": " King Duncan I is killed in battle against his first cousin and rival Macbeth, who succeeds him as King of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1040/08/15", "description": "The oldest brewery still active is founded at Weihenstephan.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1040/08/15", "description": "The Shalu Monastery is founded in Tibet.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1040/08/15", "description": "Printing using woodblocks is invented in China (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1041", "description": "The Zirid dynasty rejects the Shi'ite obedience and the Fatimid domination and recognizes the Abbasids as their overlords.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.50.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1041/12/10", "description": " Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1041/12/10", "description": "Worcester rebels against the naval taxes of Harthacanute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1041/12/10", "description": "Edward the Confessor returns from exile to become the heir of Harthacanute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1041/12/10", "description": "The number of enlisted soldiers in the Song Dynasty Chinese military reaches well over 1,250,000 troops, an increase since 1022 when there were a million soldiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1042/04/18", "description": "r April 19 ampndash Emperor Michael V of the Byzantine Empire attempts to remain sole Emperor by sending his adoptive mother and co-ruler Zoe of Byzantium to a monastery.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1042/04/19", "description": " Michael V of the Byzantine Empire is deposed by popular revolt. Zoe, Empress of the Byzantine Empire with co-rulers since 1028, becomes reigning Empress with her sister Theodora.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1042/06/08", "description": " Edward the Confessor becomes King of England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1042/06/11", "description": " Empress Zoe marries for the third time and elevates her husband to the throne as Constantine IX.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1042/06/11", "description": "George Maniaces, Byzantine general in Sicily, revolts against Constantine IX.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1042/06/11", "description": "Harald III of Norway, at this time leader of the Varangian Guard in the Byzantine Empire, returns to Norway, possibly because of his involvement in Maniaces' revolt.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1042/06/11", "description": "Magnus I of Norway becomes King of Denmark.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1042/06/11", "description": "The Normans in Italy move their capital to Melfi.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1042/06/11", "description": "Abad II succeeds his father to the throne of Sevilla.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1042/06/11", "description": "Incursions by the Western Xia and the threat of further Liao Dynasty military actions against the Song Dynasty force an increase in tribute payments to the Liao.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1042/06/11", "description": "The Almoravids, led by Abdullah Ibn Yasin, invade Morocco.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1042/06/11", "description": "Byzantine-Arab Wars: The Byzantines conquer Edessa, returning to Christian hands after 400 years of Islamic rule.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1043/10/31", "description": " Venus occults Jupiter", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1043/10/31", "description": "Rus'-Byzantine War (1043).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1043/10/31", "description": "Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England at Winchester Cathedral.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1043/10/31", "description": "Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor marries Agnes de Poitou.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1043/10/31", "description": "The revolt of George Maniaces against Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX ends when Maniaces is killed in battle near Thessalonica.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1043/10/31", "description": "The Ziyarid dynasty of Persia is  crushed by the Seljuks.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1043/10/31", "description": "In Song Dynasty China, the statesmen Ouyang Xiu and Fan Zhongyan put forth the Qingli Reforms, which are halted by 1045.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1043/10/31", "description": "The Norman brothers, William Iron Arm and Drogo de Hauteville, assume power in Apulia.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1043/10/31", "description": "The first king of the Kingdom of Nri, Eze Nri \u00ccfiku\u00e1nim is installed in West Africa.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1044", "description": "King Anawrahta seizes the throne of Pagan, Myanmar.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1044", "description": "Benedict IX abdicates as pope. Sylvester III succeeds him.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1044", "description": "The Chinese military treatise of the ''Wujing Zongyao'' is written and compiled by scholars Zeng Gongliang (\u66fe\u516c\u4eae), Ding Du (\u4e01\u5ea6), and Yang Weide (\u694a\u60df\u5fb7) during the Song Dynasty. It is the first book in history to include formulas for gunpowder and its use for various bombs (thrown by sling or trebuchet catapult). It also describes the double-piston pump flamethrower and a thermoremanence compass, a few decades before Shen Kuo wrote of the first known magnetic mariners compass. Although emphasizing the importance of many weapons, it reserves high respect for the crossbow and ability of crossbowmen to fell charging units of nomadic cavalrymen.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1045", "description": "Emperor Go-Reizei ascends the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1045", "description": "Edward the Confessor marries Edith of Wessex and begins construction of Westminster Abbey.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1045/01/20", "description": " Pope Sylvester III becomes the 146th pope, succeeding former pope Benedict IX, who abdicated the previous year.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1045/01/20", "description": "April ampampndash Pope Sylvester III is deposed (election deemed invalid) Pope Benedict IX is elected once more, becoming the 147th pope.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1045/05/05", "description": " Pope Gregory VI becomes the 148th pope, following the deposition of Pope Benedict IX.  There are growing allegations that simony is taking place during Gregory VI's reign.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1045/05/05", "description": "Movable type printing is invented by Bi Sheng in China.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1045/05/05", "description": "The Lingxiao Pagoda of China is built during the Song Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1045/05/05", "description": "The Qingli Reforms, put forth by the Chinese statesmen Ouyang Xiu and Fan Zhongyan in 1043, are halted by their conservative ministerial peers, but would later influence reform efforts under Wang Anshi.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1046/03/05", "description": " Naser Khosrow begins the seven-year Middle Eastern journey which he  later describes in his book ''Safarnameh''.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1046/12/20", "description": " Pope Gregory VI is accused of simony at the Council of Sutri,  and abdicates as pope.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1046/12/25", "description": " Pope Clement II succeeds Pope Gregory VI as the 149th pope.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1046/12/25", "description": "The first contact occurs between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuks.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1046/12/25", "description": "Vatha Pagan Revolt in Hungary: Gerard Sagredo is martyred in Budapest.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1046/12/25", "description": "Henry III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Clement II.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1046/12/25", "description": "Song Dynasty Chinese judge and magistrate Bao Qingtian writes a memorial to the throne, warning about governmental corruption and a foreseeable bankruptcy of the Chinese iron industry, if increasingly poorer families continued to be listed on the register for iron-smelting households (while more rich households avoid being listed for fear of financial calamity). Apparently the government heeds the warning, and produces more iron product by the year 1078 than China ever had before.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1046/12/25", "description": "Munjong of Goryeo, crowned 11th King of Kory\u014f (Korea).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1046/12/25", "description": "Ealdred, Bishop of Worcester, leads troops from England on an unsuccessful punitive raid against Welsh leaders Gruffydd ap Rhydderch, Rhys ap Rhydderch and Gruffydd ap Llywelyn.ampamp{{cite book|last=Huscroft|first=Richard|title=Ruling England 1042\u20131217|publisher=Pearson Longman|location=London|year=2005|isbn=0-582-84882-2|page=49}}ampampampamp{{cite book|last=Maund|first=Kari L.|title=The Welsh Kings: Warriors, Warlords and Princes|publisher=Tempus|location=Stroud|year=2006|isbn=0-7524-2973-6|pages=89-90}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1047", "description": "Battle of Val-\u00e8s-Dunes: William the Conqueror, with assistance from King Henry I of France,  secures control of Normandy by defeating the rebel Norman barons at Caen.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1047", "description": "Harald III becomes sole king of Norway.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1047", "description": "Sweyn II is crowned king of Denmark.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1047", "description": "Pope Clement II is succeeded by Pope Benedict IX as the 150th pope.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1047", "description": "Revolt of Leo Tornikios in the Byzantine Empire", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1048/07/16", "description": " Pope Benedict IX is driven from Rome, ending his third and final pontificate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1048/07/17", "description": " Pope Damasus II succeeds Pope Benedict IX as the 151st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1048/09/10", "description": "r September 18 ampndash Battle of Kapetrou: Seljuks defeat a force of Byzantines and Georgians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1048/09/10", "description": "The city of Oslo is founded by Harald Hardr\u00e5de of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1048/09/10", "description": "Failed Byzantine attempt to reconquer Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1048/09/10", "description": "Last Viking raid on the Kingdom of England unsuccessful raiders flee to Flanders.ampref name=CBHamp{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=50\u201351|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1048/09/10", "description": "King Edward the Confessor of England goes to war against Flanders, blockading the English Channel with a fleet based at Sandwich, Kent.ampref name=CBH\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1049", "description": "Beginning of the Banu Hilal invasions in the Maghrib. They are organized by the Egyptian Fatimid dynasty to punish their former Zirid vassals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1049", "description": "A truce is declared between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1049", "description": "Construction of the large Iron Pagoda in Kaifeng, China, is completed in this year during the Song Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1049", "description": "The Pisans successfully complete the conquest of Sardegna upon the Andalusian occupiers.ampamp{{cite book|last=Benvenuti|first=Gino|title=Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia|year=1985|publisher=Newton ampamp Compton Editori|location=Rome|isbn=88-8289-529-7|page=42}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1049", "description": "Viking Irish raiders ally with Gruffydd ap Rhydderch of Gwent in raiding along the River Usk. Ealdred, Bishop of Worcester, is unsuccessful in driving them off.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1049/02/12", "description": " Pope Leo IX succeeds Pope Damasus II as the 152nd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1050", "description": "Leofric becomes Bishop of Exeter.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1050", "description": "Hedeby is sacked by King Harald Hardr\u00e5de of Norway during the course of a conflict with Sweyn II of Denmark.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1050", "description": "Swedish forces attack Finland.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1050", "description": "Upon the death of Anund Jacob, he is succeeded by his brother Emund the Old as king of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1050", "description": "King Macbeth of Scotland makes a pilgrimage to Rome.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1050", "description": "The brewery of Weltenburg Abbey is first mentioned, thus making it one of the oldest still operating breweries in the world.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1051", "description": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex, is exiled from England by King Edward the Confessor for refusing to take action against the townspeople of Dover. He returns the following year.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1051", "description": "Hilarion of Kiev becomes the first native metropolitan of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Kievan Rus.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1051/05/19", "description": " Henry I of France marries Anne of Kiev at the cathedral of Reims.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1051/05/19", "description": "William of Normandy fights for his life and crown in Normandy.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1052", "description": "Defeat of the Zirid dynasty against the Hilalian invaders at the battle of the jabal Haydaran.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.53.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1052", "description": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex returns to England from exile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1052", "description": "The Seljuk Turks conquer Isfahan, Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1053/06/18", "description": " Battle of Civitate: 3,000 horsemen of Norman Count Humphrey rout the troops of Pope Leo IX.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1053/06/18", "description": "Byodo-in, Uji, Kyoto Prefecture, is built. Heian period (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1053/06/18", "description": "J\u014dch\u014d makes Amida Buddha, Byodo-in. Heian period (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1054", "description": "Chinese astronomers observe a supernova in the Crab Nebula ampamp <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/multimedia\/imagegallery\/image_feature_567.htmlampamp\">http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/multimedia\/imagegallery\/image_feature_567.htmlampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1054", "description": "February ampampndash Battle of Mortemer: The Normans defeat a French army as it is caught pillaging and plundering. King Henry I of France withdraws his main army from Normandy as a result.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1054/04/30", "description": " Rosdalla, Kilbeggan Ireland: Earliest known European tornado.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1054/07/04", "description": " The SN 1054 supernova is recorded by the Chinese, Arab and possibly Native Americans near the star \u03b6 Tauri. For 23 days it remains bright enough to be seen in daylight. Its remnants form the Crab Nebula (NGC 1952).Journal of Astronomy, part 9, chapter 56 of ''Sung History (Sung Shih)'' first printing, 1340. facsimile on the frontispiece of Misner, Thorne, Wheeler ''Gravitation'', 1973.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1054/07/16", "description": " Cardinal Humbertus, a representative of Pope Leo IX, and Michael Cerularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, decree each other's excommunication. Most historians look to this act as the final step in the initiation of the Great Schism between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christian Churches.  In 1965, those excommunications are rescinded by Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras when they meet in the Second Vatican Council.  However, to this day each church claims to be the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church and each denies the other's right to that name. (See East-West Schism)", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1054/07/27", "description": " Siward, Earl of Northumbria invades Scotland to support Malcolm Canmore against Macbeth, who usurped the Scottish throne from Malcolm's father, King Duncan. Macbeth is defeated at Dunsinane.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1054/07/27", "description": "L\u00fd Nh\u1eadt T\u00f4n, third king of the L\u00fd Dynasty, begins to rule in Vietnam and changes the country's official name to \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1054/07/27", "description": "East-West Schism in the Christian church, where the churches got separated and became the Catholic and the Orthodox christian churches.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1055", "description": "The Almoravids conquer Aoudaghost (present-day Mauritania).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1055/01/11", "description": " Theodora becomes reigning empress of the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1055/04/13", "description": " Pope Victor II succeeds Pope Leo IX as the 153rd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1055/04/13", "description": "An abbey was set up at Tihany, Hungary by Andr\u00e1s (Andrew) I. The foundation charter was drawn up on the northern shore of Lake Balaton. This is the earliest written record extant in the Hungarian language.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1055/10/24", "description": " Ralph the Timid is defeated by the Welsh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1055/10/24", "description": "Beginning of the campaign of Ferdinand I of Castile against al-Andalus. The king conquers Seia from the Christian allies of the muslim taifas.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=109}}ampamp In a drive to consolidate his southern border, he repopulates the city of Zamora with some of his Cantabrian (''monta\u00f1eses'') subjects.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1055/10/24", "description": "Construction on the Liaodi Pagoda in Hebei is complete, the tallest pagoda in Chinese history standing at a height of 84 m (275 ft) tall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1055/12/18", "description": " The Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad Al-Malik al-Rahim is taken prisoner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1056", "description": "Anselm leaves Italy.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1056", "description": "Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes King of Germany.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1056", "description": "Ottokar, Count of Steyr, becomes Margrave of the Karantanian March, later known as Styria.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1056", "description": "The Pagoda of Fugong Temple of Shanxi in northern China is built during the Liao Dynasty. Work begins on the Pizhi Pagoda of Lingyan Temple, Shandong, China, under the opposing Song Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1056", "description": "The Muslims expel 300 Christians from Jerusalem, and European Christians are forbidden to enter the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1056", "description": "Macedonian dynasty ends in Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1057", "description": "The Banu Hilal take Kairouan. The Zirid dynasty has to resettle to Mahdiya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1057", "description": "King Anawrahta of Burma captures Thanton in northern Thailand, strengthening Theravada Buddhism in the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1057", "description": "King Macbeth of Scotland is killed in battle against Malcolm III of Scotland. He is succeeded as King of Scotland by his stepson Lulach.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1057", "description": "William the Conqueror defeats a Franco-Angevin army at the mouth of the Dives River, Normandy in the Battle of Varaville.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1057", "description": "Ferdinand I of Castile takes Lamego and Viseu from Christian lords allied to the Muslim taifas.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=109}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1057/08/02", "description": " Pope Stephen IX (sometimes referred to as Stephen X) succeeds Pope Victor II as the 154th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1058/03/17", "description": " King Lulach of Scotland is killed in battle against his cousin and rival M\u00e1el Coluim mac Donnchada, who later becomes King as M\u00e1el Coluim III.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1058/09/20", "description": "  Agnes de Poitou and Andrew I of Hungary met to negotiate about the border-zone in present-day Burgenland.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1058/09/20", "description": "Antipope Benedict X is crowned pope, but later deposed.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1058/09/20", "description": "Pope Nicholas II is elected pope in December and installed in the following year.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1058/09/20", "description": "Boleslaus II takes office as duke of Poland.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1058/09/20", "description": "Construction begins on the Cathedral of Parma, Italy.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1058/09/20", "description": "Aldred becomes the first English bishop to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1058/09/20", "description": "The Almoravids conquer the Berghouata.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1059/01/24", "description": " Pope Nicholas II succeeds Pope Stephen IX as the 155th Pope, installed in opposition to Antipope Benedict X.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1059/01/24", "description": "August ampampndash Robert Guiscard signs the Treaty of Melfi with Pope Nicholas II.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1059/01/24", "description": "Anselm settles at the Benedictine monastery of Le Bec in Normandy.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1059/01/24", "description": "The Lateran Council makes the College of Cardinals the sole voters in the election of popes.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1059/01/24", "description": "Muhammed ben Da'ud, known as Alp Arslan, becomes second sultan of the Seljuk Turks.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1059/01/24", "description": "Peter Kre\u0161imir IV is crowned King of Croatia and Dalmatia", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1059/01/24", "description": "Isaac I Comnenus resigns as Byzantine Emperor, appointing Constantine Ducas as his successor.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1060", "description": "May ampampndash The Norman leader Robert Guiscard conquers Taranto.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1060", "description": "October ampampndash The Byzantine army defeats the Normans and enters Taranto.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1060/12/06", "description": " B\u00e9la I the Champion is crowned king of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1060/12/06", "description": "The compilation of the ''New Book of Tang'' is completed under a team of scholars led by Ouyang Xiu.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1060/12/06", "description": "Chinese poet, calligrapher, and official Cai Xiang publishes his ''Cha Lu'' (Record of Tea).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1060/12/06", "description": "Spanish Jew Benjamin of Tudela reports that Constantinople has merchant communities from Babylon, Canaan, Egypt, Hungary, Persia, Russia, Sennar, and Spain as well as 2,000 Jews (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1060/12/06", "description": "Philip I of France begins his reign.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1060/12/06", "description": "Upon the death of Emund the Old, he is succeeded by his son-in-law Stenkil as King of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1061", "description": "January ampampndash Robert de Grantmesnil, his nephew Berengar, half-sister Judith (future wife of Roger I of Sicily), and eleven monks of Saint-Evroul-sur-Ouche are banished from Normandy and head to the Mezzogiorno.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1061/10/01", "description": " Pope Alexander II succeeds Pope Nicholas II as the 156th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1061/10/01", "description": "The Normans conquer Messina in Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1061/10/01", "description": "Erection of the Speyer Cathedral in Speyer, Germany, begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1061/10/01", "description": "Vratislav II becomes duke of Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1061/10/01", "description": "Most of West Frisia (later known as Holland) is conquered by imperial German armies and given to the Bishop of Utrecht.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1061/10/01", "description": "Estonians destroy the castle of Yuryev in Tartu and carry out raids in the Pskov region in Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1061/10/01", "description": "Yusuf ben Tashfin succeeds to the throne of Morocco, following the Almoravid conquest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1062", "description": "Marrakech is founded by the Almoravid dynasty.ampamp{{cite book|last=Al-Idrissi|first=Abdallah|title=Book of Roger|year=1154|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_of_roger|chapter=III\/1}}ampamp\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_of_roger|chapter=III\/1}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1062", "description": "The Almoravids overrun Morocco and establish a kingdom stretching from Spain to Senegal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1062", "description": "The Banu Khurasan, vassal of the Hammadid dynasty, begin to rule the north of Ifriqiya.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.55.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1062", "description": "Affligem Abbey, of the Order of St. Benedict, is founded in Affligem, Belgium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1063", "description": "Successful Pisan naval assault upon Muslim-ruled Palermo led by Giovanni Orlandi to support the ambitions of Roger of Hauteville.ampamp{{cite book|last=Benvenuti|first=Gino|title=Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia|year=1985|publisher=Newton ampamp Compton Editori|location=Rome|isbn=88-8289-529-7|page=13}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1063/05/08", "description": " The allied Muslim and Christian troops of the king of Castile and the emir of Zaragoza, maybe led by El Cid, defeat the Aragonese army at the battle of Graus. The king of Aragon, Ramiro I, is killed, his son succeeds him.ref name=quotFletcher Reconquistaquot{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=R. A.|title=Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|year=1987|volume=37|series=5|pages=31\u201347|jstor=3679149|page=35}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1063/05/08", "description": "The River Thames is frozen for 14 weeks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1063/05/08", "description": "The Pizhi Pagoda of Lingyan Temple, Shandong, China is completed, standing at a height of 54 m (177 ft) tall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Architecture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1063/05/08", "description": "The construction of present building of St Mark's Basilica is begun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Architecture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1063/05/08", "description": "Anselm, later to become Archbishop of Canterbury, becomes prior at the Abbey of Bec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1063/05/08", "description": "The Bishopric of Olomouc is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1064", "description": "Sunset Crater Volcano (present-day Arizona) first erupts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1064", "description": "The Seljuk Turks storm Anatolia, taking Caesarea and Ani, marking the beginning of Turkish incursions into Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1064/06/09", "description": " Coimbra is taken by King Ferdinand of Castile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1064/06/09", "description": "European warriors go to Spain to participate to the siege of Barbastro. This expedition is sanctioned by the Pope and is now regarded as an early form of Crusade.ampamp{{cite journal|last=McGrank|first=Lawrence|title=Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55|journal=Journal of Medieval History|year=1981|volume=7|issue=1|pages=67\u201382|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1064/06/09", "description": "Harold II is shipwrecked at Ponthieu, Normandy and taken captive by Count Guy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1064/06/09", "description": "Construction of the Duomo at Pisa in Tuscany begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1065/12/28", "description": " Westminster Abbey is consecrated.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1065/12/28", "description": "The kingdoms of Galicia and Portugal become independent under the rule of Garcia.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1065/12/28", "description": "Sima Guang, high chancellor of the Chinese Song Dynasty, heads a team of scholars in initiating the compilation of an enormous written universal history of China, known as the ''Zizhi Tongjian''.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1066", "description": "Shen Kuo receives a post in the capital of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1066", "description": "Norman conquest of England:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1066", "description": "January 4 ampampndash Edward the Confessor dies. The Witan proclaims Harold Godwinson King of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1066", "description": "January 8 ampampndash Harold II is crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1066", "description": "January ampampndash Harold II marries Edith, daughter of \u00c6lfg\u0101r, Earl of Mercia, and widow of Welsh ruler Gruffydd ap Llywelyn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1066", "description": "March 20 ampampndash Halley's Comet reaches perihelion. Its appearance is subsequently recorded in the Bayeux Tapestry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1066", "description": "September 20 ampampndash Battle of Fulford: Harald Hardrada, King of Norway, defeats the northern English earls Edwin and Morcar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1066", "description": "September 25 ampampndash Battle of Stamford Bridge: King Harold II of England defeats the Vikings under Harald Hardrada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1066", "description": "September 28 ampampndash Duke William of Normandy lands in England at Pevensey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1066", "description": "October 14 ampampndash Battle of Hastings, fought between King Harold II of England and Duke William of Normandy: Harold is killed and William is apautlly victorious. In England this is the traditional end of the Dark Ages and the start of the Middle Ages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1066", "description": "December 25 ampampndash Duke William of Normandy is crowned King William I of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1066/12/30", "description": " Granada massacre: A Muslim mob storms the royal palace in Granada, crucifies Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and massacres most of the Jewish population of the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1066/12/30", "description": "The Genoese, jealous of the recent successes of their former allies, launch a naval assault on the Republic of Pisa.ampamp{{cite book|last=Benvenuti|first=Gino|title=Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia|year=1985|publisher=Newton ampamp Compton Editori|location=Rome|isbn=88-8289-529-7|page=44}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1066/12/30", "description": "Magnus II Haraldsson is crowned King of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1066/12/30", "description": "Upon the death of Stenkil, King of Sweden, his son Eric Stenkilsson and his rival Eric the Pagan battle for power in Sweden, both claiming the throne, until the next year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1066/12/30", "description": "Hedeby is destroyed by a Slavic army and permanently abandoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1066/12/30", "description": "Sima Guang completes the compilation of a large dictionary, an important work of Chinese lexicography.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By  topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1067", "description": "On the death of her husband Constantine X, Eudocia Macrembolitissa becomes regent of the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1067", "description": "The Seljuk Turks take Caesarea in Cappadocia.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1067", "description": "Construction begins on the Tower of London.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1067", "description": "Olav III and Magnus II become joint Kings of Norway.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1067", "description": "The two pretenders to the Swedish throne, Eric Stenkilsson and Eric the Pagan, are both killed during the struggle for power in Sweden. Halsten, son of king Stenkil, who died the year before, becomes the new king of the country.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1067", "description": "The Trencavel family takes over in Carcassonne.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1067", "description": "The Wartburg castle, according to legend, is built in Thuringia.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1067", "description": "Winchester Castle is built.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1067", "description": "Minsk and Orsha  are first mentioned in the chronicles.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1067", "description": "Shenzong of Song starts to rule.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1067", "description": "Namgyeong is split from Yangju, Goryeo.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1067", "description": "The poet Wang Anshi campaigns against corruption in China.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1068/01/01", "description": " Eudocia Macrembolitissa marries the general Romanus Diogenes, who becomes Byzantine Emperor.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1068/01/01", "description": "Emperor Go-Sanj\u014d ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1068/01/01", "description": "William the Conqueror takes Exeter after a brief siege.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1069", "description": "William the Conqueror founds the Norman Selby Abbey.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1069", "description": "Abbad III al-Mu'tamid succeeds his father on the throne of Sevilla.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1069", "description": "Shenzong appoints Wang Anshi as his chief counsellor.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1069", "description": "Wang Anshi, chancellor of the Chinese Song Dynasty, implements the New Policies, which include financial reforms, raising the salaries of officials to reduce corruption, institution of the baojia system, etc.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1069", "description": "Start of Nam ti\u1ebfn, the southward expansion of the territory of Vietnam.ampamp{{cite book|author=Nguyen The Anh|chapter=Le Nam tien dans les textes Vietnamiens|editor=Lafont, P. B. (ed)|title=Les frontieres du Vietnam|publisher=Edition l\u2019Harmattan|location=Paris|year=1989}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1069", "description": "Magnus II of Norway dies and Olav III becomes sole King of Norway.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1069", "description": "The Seljuk Turks fail to capture Iconium, following a Byzantine counter-attack launched from Syria.amp\/onlyincludeamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1070", "description": "Hereward the Wake begins a Saxon revolt in the Fens of eastern England, which later collapses.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1070", "description": "Lanfranc, an Italian lawyer, becomes William's formidable Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1070", "description": "Central Asian poet Yusuf Balasagun completes the ''Kutadgu Bilig''.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1070", "description": "Bergen, Norway is founded by the king Olav Kyrre. This will function as the main city and capital of Norway, until it is replaced by Oslo in 1314.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1070", "description": "King Halsten of Sweden is deposed, with H\u00e5kan the Red becoming king in Gothenland and Anund G\u00e5rdske being chosen as king of Svealand.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1070", "description": "Abu Bakr Ibn-Umar founds Marrakesh.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1070", "description": "Chinese Chancellor Wang Anshi starts the Xining Reforms (which last until 1085).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1070", "description": "The Temple of Literature is established in the capital of Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1070", "description": "A successful Byzantine counter-attack drives the Seljuk Turks across the Euphrates.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1070", "description": "Song Dynasty Chinese astronomer, engineer, and statesman Su Song completes the compilation of the ''Ben Cao Tu Jing'', a pharmaceutical treatise with related subjects of botany, zoology, mineralogy, and metallurgy.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1071/02/22", "description": " A succession struggle erupts in Flanders between Richilde, widow of Baldwin VI and her brother-in-law Robert the Frisian, son of Baldwin V. Robert defeats Richilde and her nephew Arnulf III in the Battle of Cassel and is appointed count by King Philip.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1071/04/15", "description": " The last Byzantine-controlled city in southern Italy, Bari, is captured by Robert Guiscard.ref name=encyclopedia{{cite book|last=Kleinhenz|first=Christopher|title=Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=0-415-93930-5|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=1piMMqjAf1MCampdq=gran+tavola+bonsignoriampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=95}}\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=1piMMqjAf1MCampdq=gran+tavola+bonsignoriampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=95}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1071/08/26", "description": " Battle of Manzikert: The Byzantine Empire loses to a Turkish army led by Alp Arslan. Byzantine civil war results in Turkish invasions.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1071/08/26", "description": "Construction of Richmond Castle in North Yorkshire, England begins.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1071/08/26", "description": "Edwin, Earl of Mercia rebels against William I and is killed, leading to the re-distribution of land within Mercia to William's subjects.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1072/01/10", "description": " The Normans conquer Palermo in Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1072/05/27", "description": " The Accord of Winchester establishes the primacy of the Archbishop of Canterbury over the Archbishop of York in the Church of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1072/05/27", "description": "William I of England invades Scotland, and also receives the submission of Hereward the Wake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1072/05/27", "description": "Osbern FitzOsbern becomes Bishop of Exeter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1072/05/27", "description": "Dunfermline Abbey is founded \u2013 later to become the burial place of several Kings of Scots, including Robert the Bruce. The associated royal palace will be the birth place of King Charles I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1072/05/27", "description": "Alfonso VI becomes king of Leon and Castile following the assassination of his brother Sancho.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1072/05/27", "description": "''Divan'\u0131 L\u00fcgat'\u0131 T\u00fcrk''. An informative book written by Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut of Karakhanids to be presented to Caliph, about Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1072/05/27", "description": "The Song Dynasty Chinese polymath scientist and statesman Shen Kuo is appointed as the head official for the Bureau of Astronomy, where he begins his groundbreaking work with the colleague Wei Pu on accurately plotting the orbital paths of the stars, planets, and moon three times a night for a continuum of five years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1072/05/27", "description": "Shen Kuo is sent to supervise Chancellor Wang Anshi's program of surveying the building of silt deposits in the Bian Canal outside the capital city of Kaifeng. Using an original technique, Shen successfully dredges the canal and demonstrates the formidable value of the silt gathered as a fertilizer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1073", "description": "Emperor Shirakawa ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1073", "description": "Chancellor Wang Anshi of Song Dynasty China creates a new bureau of the central government called the Directorate of Weapons, which supervises the manufacture of military armaments and ensures quality control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1073", "description": "The Seljuk Turks conquer Ankara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1073", "description": "Sviatoslav II begins his reign as ruler of Kievan Rus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1073", "description": "Renewal of the treaty between the Christian king of Navarre, Sancho IV, and the Muslim ruler of the taifa of Zaragoza, al-Muqtadir.ampref name=ampquotFletcher Reconquistaampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=R. A.|title=Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|year=1987|volume=37|series=5|pages=31\u201347|jstor=3679149|page=35}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1073", "description": "Ebles II of Roucy leads a Frankish troop in Spain to support the king of Aragon in his struggle against his southern Muslim neighbors.ampref name=ampquotcruzadas aragonampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Canellas|first=Angel|title=Las Cruzadas de Aragon en el Siglo XI|year=1951|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/dialnet.unirioja.es\/servlet\/fichero_articulo?codigo=2110493ampamporden=81753|accessdate=22\">http:\/\/dialnet.unirioja.es\/servlet\/fichero_articulo?codigo=2110493ampamporden=81753|accessdate=22<\/a> February 2012|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/65ijblCS4|archivedate=2012-02-25|deadurl=no}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/65ijblCS4|archivedate=2012-02-25|deadurl=no}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1073", "description": "Rabbi Yitchaki Alfassi finishes writing the ''Rif'', an important work of Jewish law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1073/04/22", "description": " Pope Gregory VII (Cardinal Hildebrand) succeeds Pope Alexander II as the 157th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1073/04/22", "description": "John IX bar Shushan ends his term as Syrian Patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1074/02/07", "description": " Battle of Montesarchio: Prince Pandulf IV of Benevento is killed battling the encroaching Normans.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1074/02/07", "description": "The Liao Dynasty emperor rejects a proposal for all Khitan people to adopt surnames.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1074/02/07", "description": "William the Conqueror orders the White Tower to be built.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1074/11/25", "description": " Magreb unites the Tengizi islands, and becomes the first king of the Kingdom of Tengiz.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}}", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1075", "description": "February ampampndash Pope Gregory VII holds a council that publishes a decree against lay investiture.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1075", "description": "April ampampndash Pope Gregory VII publishes the ''Dictatus Papae'' (Sayings of the Pope, aka the Dictates of Hildebrand), in which he asserts papal authority over earthly as well as spiritual rulers.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1075", "description": "Revolt of the Earls: Three earls rebel against William I of England (William the Conqueror), in the last serious act of resistance to the Norman Conquest.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1075", "description": "First Battle of Langensalza: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Saxon nobles and subjugates Saxony.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1075", "description": "The Liao Dynasty version of the Buddhist Tripitaka is completed (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1075", "description": "Anund G\u00e5rdske is deposed as king of Svealand and king H\u00e5kan the Red of Gothenland proclaims himself king of all Sweden.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1075", "description": "The Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem from the Fatimids.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1075", "description": "L\u00fd dynasty forces under L\u00fd Th\u01b0\u1eddng Ki\u1ec7t defend Vietnam against invasion by Song Dynasty China.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1075", "description": "The Song Dynasty Chinese polymath scientist and statesman Shen Kuo solves a heated border dispute with the Liao Dynasty by dredging up old diplomatic records he refutes Emperor Daozong of Liao's bluffs point for point during a meeting at Mt. Yongan (near modern Pingquan in Hebei), and reestablishes the Song's rightful borders.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1076", "description": "January ampampndash The German bishops who have been invested by Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor withdraw their allegiance from Pope Gregory VII.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1076/02/14", "description": " Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1076/10/08", "description": " King Dmitar Zvonimir of Croatia was crowned in Solin near Split, by a representative of Pope Gregory VII.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1076/10/08", "description": "1 November ampampndash In England a frost begins that lasts until April 1077.ampamp{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1076/12/25", "description": " Polish King Boles\u0142aw II the Bold (Polish: ''Boles\u0142aw \u015amia\u0142y'') is crowned in Gniezno.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1076/12/25", "description": "Anselm of Canterbury completes ''Monologion''.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1076/12/25", "description": "The Almoravids capture the Ghanaian capital of Kumbi.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1076/12/25", "description": "Count Dirk V reconquers most of West Frisia (historical) from the bishop of Utrecht.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1076/12/25", "description": "The Trial of Penenden Heath is thought to have been held, with an important ruling regarding land rights subsequent to the Norman Conquest of England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1076/12/25", "description": "Dmitar Zvonimir of Croatia donated the town of Vrana and Benedictine monastery of St. Gregory, as a sign of loyalty to Pope Gregory VII.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1076/12/25", "description": "Vikramaditya VI deposes his older brother Somesvara II, and becomes king of the Western Chalukya.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1076/12/25", "description": "L\u00fd dynasty Vietnamese troops hold invading Song Dynasty Chinese forces at the Battle of Nh\u01b0 Nguy\u1ec7t River and a truce is concluded.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077", "description": "The Almoravids complete the conquest of the Ghana Empire, and reach Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077", "description": "The Seljuk Turks capture Nicaea and Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077", "description": "Suleyman I of R\u00fbm becomes the leader of the Seljuk Sultanate of R\u00fbm in modern Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077", "description": "Anush Tigin Gharchai becomes, as a Seljuk vassal, leader of the Khwarezmid Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077/01/26", "description": " Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor visits Pope Gregory VII as a penitent, asking him remove sentence of excommunication.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077/01/28", "description": " Walk to Canossa: The excommunication of Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor is lifted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077/04/03", "description": "The first Parliament of Friuli is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077/04/03", "description": " Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor granted the county of Friuli, with ducal status, to Sigaerd, Patriarch of Aquileia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077/04/03", "description": "Robert Curthose instigates his first insurrection against his father, William the Conqueror.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077/04/03", "description": "The kingdom of Duklja is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077/04/03", "description": "The first recorded Trial by combat is held in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077/04/03", "description": "Vsevolod of Kiev becomes the prince of Kievan Rus'.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077/04/03", "description": "Alfonso VI of Castile conquers Coria.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=109}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077/04/03", "description": "The pope, Gregory VII, places the island of Corsica under the secular rule of the archbishop of Pisa.ampamp{{cite book|last=Colombani|first=Philippe|title=H\u00e9ros corses du Moyen Age|year=2010|publisher=Albiana|location=Ajaccio|isbn=978-2-84698-338-9|page=173}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077/04/03", "description": "Hugh of Burgundy supports the king of Aragon in his conquest of the castle of Mu\u00f1ones from the emir of Zaragossa.ampref name=ampquotcruzadas aragonampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Canellas|first=Angel|title=Las Cruzadas de Aragon en el Siglo XI|year=1951|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/dialnet.unirioja.es\/servlet\/fichero_articulo?codigo=2110493ampamporden=81753|accessdate=22\">http:\/\/dialnet.unirioja.es\/servlet\/fichero_articulo?codigo=2110493ampamporden=81753|accessdate=22<\/a> February 2012|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/query?id=1330189700857268|archivedate=2012-02-25|deadurl=no}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/query?id=1330189700857268|archivedate=2012-02-25|deadurl=no}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077/04/03", "description": "The ''Bayeux Tapestry'' is made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077/04/03", "description": "The first English Cluniac Benedictine priory is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077/04/03", "description": "Paul of Caen is installed as Abbot of St Albans the building of St Albans Abbey Church commences.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077/04/03", "description": "Pope Christodolos of Alexandria ends his reign as Coptic Pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1077/04/03", "description": "Dionysius V Lazaros becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1078", "description": "The Romanesque church is finished", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1078", "description": "Anselm of Canterbury becomes abbot of the Abbey of Bec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1078", "description": "The Battle of Kalaura is fought.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1078", "description": "The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia is founded (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1078", "description": "By this year, the iron industry in Song  Dynasty China is producing a total weight of 127,000,000 kg (125,000 t) of iron product per year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1079", "description": "Persian astronomer, Omar Khayy\u00e1m, computed the length of the year as 365.24219858156 days which has been the most accurate calculation of old times. Khayyam also, in Treatise on Demonstrations of Problems in Algebra, produced a complete classification of cubic equations and their geometric solutions.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1079", "description": "Murder of Saint Stanislaus of Szczepan\u00f3w ''(pol. Stanis\u0142aw ze Szczepanowa)'' by Polish King Boles\u0142aw II the Bold", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1079", "description": "Upon the death of H\u00e5kan the Red, Halsten returns as king of Sweden, jointly with his brother Inge the Elder.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1079", "description": "Ladislaus Herman succeeds Boleslaus II in Poland.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1079", "description": "William I of England establishes the New Forest.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1079", "description": "Constance of Burgundy founds a monastery in Burgos.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1080/07/05", "description": " \u00cdsleifur Gissurarson, the first bishop in Iceland, dies while giving mass in Sk\u00e1lholt church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1080/10/14", "description": " The Battle on the Elster:ref name=quotCrusadeshistorianquot{{cite book|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Exxeto51p3cCamppg=PA27amplpg=PA27ampdq=%22Battle+of+Elster%22|title=Victory\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Exxeto51p3cCamppg=PA27amplpg=PA27ampdq=%22Battle+of+Elster%22|title=Victory<\/a> in the East (Book extract)|author=John France|quote=Godfrey was almost certainly present in support of Henry IV at the battle of Elster in 1080 (sic 1085... an error or typo), when the forces of the anti-king Rudolf triumphed on the field only to see their victory nullified because Rudolf was killed}} between the armies of the two rival brothers-in-law kings of the German states, Henry IV and Rudolf of Rheinfelden met at the Weisse-Elster River in the Great Saxon Revolt civil war of the Holy Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1080/10/14", "description": "William I of England, in a letter, protests to the Pope that the King of England owes him no allegiance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1080/10/14", "description": "King Alfonso VI of Le\u00f3n and Castile establishes Latin liturgy in the Catholic Church in place of the Mozarabic Rite.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1080/10/14", "description": "Osmund, Bishop of Salisbury, builds Devizes Castle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1080/10/14", "description": "c. 1080ampampndash1100 ampampndash Christ Pantokrator, mosaic in the central dome, church of the Dormition, Daphni, Greece, is made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1080/10/14", "description": "The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia gains independence after its founder, Prince Ruben, succeeds in establishing his authority in the mountainous regions of Cilicia (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1080/10/14", "description": "The Seljuq-led Turkish tribes began a massive attack against the Kingdom of Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1080/10/14", "description": "The Song Dynasty Chinese polymath scientist and statesman Shen Kuo begins his defensive military campaign against the Tanguts of the Western Xia Kingdom,  successfully defending the invasion route to Yan'an.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1080/10/14", "description": "The Almoravid emir, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, conquers Tanger, Badis and Hunayn.ampampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1081/05/08", "description": " Alfonso VI of Castile marries Constance of Burgundy.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1081/10/18", "description": " Alexius I helps defend Albania from the Normans (the first recorded mention of Albania), but is defeated at the Battle of Dyrrhachium (Durazzo). The Normans govern Albania from Italy until around 1100.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1081/10/18", "description": "Corfu is taken from the Byzantine Empire by Robert Guiscard, Norman King of Southern Italy.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1081/10/18", "description": "Byzantine emperor Nicephorus III is overthrown by Alexius I Comnenus, ending the Middle Byzantine period and beginning the Comnenan dynasty.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1081/10/18", "description": "Turkish emir Tzachas conquers \u0130zmir and founds a short lived principality and emerges as the first sea power in Turkish history.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1081/10/18", "description": "Construction begins on Saint Canute's Cathedral in Odense.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1082", "description": "The Rochester Cathedral is completed.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1082", "description": "The German Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor besieges Rome and gains entry a synod is agreed upon by the Romans to rule on the dispute between Henry and Pope Gregory VII.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1082", "description": "Ottokar II succeeds his brother Adalbero (died 1086 or 1087) as margrave of Styria.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1082", "description": "The Korean printing of the entire Buddhist Tripitaka is completed.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1082", "description": "A military campaign advised by Shen Kuo fails.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1082", "description": "The first mention of the German town of Hofgeismar is recorded.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1083", "description": "Sancho I of Aragon conquers Graus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1083", "description": "Alfonso VI of Castile conquers Talavera de la Reina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1083", "description": "Bosnia is conquered by Duklja.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1083", "description": "June ampampndash Pope Gregory VII is besieged in Castel Sant'Angelo by Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1083", "description": "Fall of Ceuta to the Almoravids after five years of siege.ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1084", "description": "Saint Bruno founds the Carthusian Order of monks.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1084", "description": "Kyanzittha begins his reign in Burma.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1084", "description": "Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned Emperor by Antipope Clement III.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1084", "description": "Rome is besieged by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV, and is then sacked by the Normans of Robert Guiscard, who intended to restore papal authority over the city.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1084", "description": "Pope Gregory VII, who had been imprisoned by Henry IV at the Castel Sant'Angelo, Rome, is freed by Robert Guiscard.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1084", "description": "During the struggle for power in Sweden, King Halsten is killed and his brother Inge the Elder is deposed in Svealand, only ruling Gothenland for the next three years. The Svears take Blot-Sweyn as their king.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1084", "description": "Antioch is captured by the Seljuk Turks from the Byzantines.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1084", "description": "Chancellor Sima Guang and a group of scholars of the Chinese Song Dynasty complete the compilation of the ''Zizhi Tongjian'', an enormous written universal history of China in 294 volumes of 3 million written Chinese characters.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1085/04/02", "description": " Emperor Zhezong becomes emperor of Song Dynasty. Empress Dowager Gao cancells all the reforms packages and dismisses pro-reform Wang Anshi.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1085/05/25", "description": " Alfonso VI of Castile enters the Islamic city of Toledo, Spain, and invites French knights to settle the central plateau of Spain.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1085/05/25", "description": "The Domesday survey is commissioned by William I of England, apparently prompted by the abortive invasion of Canute IV of Denmark, to ensure proper taxation and levies.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1085/05/25", "description": "Henry IV extends the ampquotPeace of Godampquot over his entire empire.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1085/05/25", "description": "Katedralskolan, Lund, the oldest school in Scandinavia, is founded.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1085/05/25", "description": "Vratislav, Duke of Bohemia, is crowned King.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1085/05/25", "description": "By this year, the annual output of copper currency for the Chinese Song Dynasty reaches 6 billion coins a year, prompting the Chinese government to adopt the world's first paper-printed money later in the 1120s.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1086", "description": "Emperor Shirakawa of Japan starts his cloistered rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1086", "description": "The Imam Ali Mosque in Najaf is rebuilt by the Seljuk Malik Shah I after being destroyed by fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1086/05/24", "description": " Pope Victor III succeeds Pope Gregory VII as the 158th pope, though he does not accept election until May 9, 1087.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1086/10/23", "description": " Battle of az-Zallaqah: Alfonso VI of Le\u00f3n and Castile is defeated by the Almoravids, who had been called into Spain by Abbad III of Sevilla.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1086/10/23", "description": "The Domesday Book is completed in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1086/10/23", "description": "Syracuse, the last Muslim stronghold in Sicily, is conquered by the Normans.ampamp{{cite book|last=Dobson|first=R. B.|title=Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=1-57958-282-6|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=om4olQhrE84Campampdq=gran+tavola+bonsignoriampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=1349}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=om4olQhrE84Campampdq=gran+tavola+bonsignoriampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=1349}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1087", "description": "Mahdia campaign: The navies of Genoa and Pisa take the capital of the Zirids and occupy it for a year. Subsequently both republics obtain trading privileges.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.56.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1087", "description": "Emperor Horikawa ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1087", "description": "End of the formal reign of Emperor Shirakawa, but not of his cloistered rule", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1087/05/09", "description": " The remains of Saint Nicholas are brought to Bari, Italy by local sailors.ref name=encyclopedia{{cite book|last=Kleinhenz|first=Christopher|title=Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=0-415-93930-5|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=1piMMqjAf1MCampdq=gran+tavola+bonsignoriampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=95}}\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=1piMMqjAf1MCampdq=gran+tavola+bonsignoriampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=95}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1087/05/09", "description": " Pope Victor III formally accepts elevation as the 158th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1087/09/09", "description": " William II becomes King of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1087/09/09", "description": "Inge the Elder returns to Svealand, kills Blot-Sweyn and anew proclaims himself King of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1087/09/09", "description": "A fire in London destroys St Paul's Cathedral.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1087/09/09", "description": "The ''Sharq al-Andalus'' falls under the domination of El Cid supported by the ''malik'' of Tortosa.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.83.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1088", "description": "Mansur ibn Nasir succeeds Nasir ibn Alnas as ruler of the Hammadid Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1088", "description": "The Rebellion of 1088 against William II of England is led by Odo of Bayeux.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1088", "description": "An earthquake affects the Kingdom of Georgia and causes large damages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1088", "description": "Almoravid campaign in al-Andalus. Yusuf ibn Tashfin besieges Aledo but is forced to retreat by the arrival on the scene of the troops of King Alfonso of Leon and Castile.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.83.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1088", "description": "The troops of the count of Barcelona reconquer the ancient archiepiscopal see of Tarragona (lost again in 1108). Berenguer de Llu\u00e7an\u00e9s becomes the city's new archbishopampamp{{cite journal|last=McGrank|first=Lawrence|title=Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55|journal=Journal of Medieval History|year=1981|volume=7|issue=1|pages=67\u201382|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1088", "description": "The ''Dream Pool Essays'' is published in this year by the polymath Chinese scientist and statesman Shen Kuo. His book represents the earliest known writing about the magnetic compass, movable type printing, experimentation with the camera obscura only decades after Ibn al-Haytham, and includes many different fields of study in essay and encyclopedic form, including geology, astronomy, botany, zoology, mineralogy, anatomy, pharmacology, geography, optics, economics, military strategy, philosophy, etc. Some of Shen's most advanced theories include geomorphology and gradual climate change, while he improves Chinese astronomy by fixing the position of the pole star and correcting the lunar error by plotting its orbital course every night for a continuum of five years. Shen's book is also the first to describe the drydock in China, and discusses the advantages of the relatively recent invention of the canal pound lock over the old flash lock.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1088", "description": "The Chinese polymath statesman and scientist Su Song has the successful pilot model for his astronomical clock tower constructed in Kaifeng, China. It features an escapement mechanism and the world's oldest known endless power-transmitting chain drive to operate the armillary sphere, opening doors, and mechanical-driven manikins that would rotate in shifts to announce the time on plaques.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1088", "description": "The oldest extant university, the University of Bologna, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1088/03/12", "description": " Pope Urban II succeeds Pope Victor III as the 159th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1088/03/12", "description": "Work begins on the third and largest church at Cluny.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1089", "description": "Rama Varma Kulashekhara is crowned in Kerala.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1089", "description": "Palmyra is destroyed by an earthquake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1089", "description": "Northumbria is divided by the Normans into the counties of Northumberland, County Palatine of Durham, Yorkshire, Westmorland and Lancashire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1089/06/22", "description": " Gaston IV of Bearn and the Frankish crusaders take the Aragonese city of Monz\u00f3n from the emir of Zaragoza.ref name=quotcruzadas aragonquot{{cite journal|last=Canellas|first=Angel|title=Las Cruzadas de Aragon en el Siglo XI|year=1951|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/dialnet.unirioja.es\/servlet\/fichero_articulo?codigo=2110493amporden=81753|accessdate=22\">http:\/\/dialnet.unirioja.es\/servlet\/fichero_articulo?codigo=2110493amporden=81753|accessdate=22<\/a> February 2012|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/query?id=1330189700857268|archivedate=2012-02-25|deadurl=no}}\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/query?id=1330189700857268|archivedate=2012-02-25|deadurl=no}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1089/06/22", "description": "C\u00eeteaux Abbey, the first Cistercian monastery, is founded in southern France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1089/06/22", "description": "The Synod of Melfi under Pope Urban II imposes slavery on the wives of priests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1089/08/11", "description": " A powerful earthquake is recorded in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1090", "description": "B\u00e9ja\u00efa becomes the capital of the Hammadid Dynasty in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1090", "description": "Third expedition of the Almoravid army in al-Andalus destined to definitely subdue the taifas kingdoms. C\u00f3rdoba, Seville, Grenada, M\u00e1laga, Almer\u00eda and Ronda fall to the troops of Yusuf ibn Tashfin.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.83.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1090", "description": "Troubadours begin playing in Provence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1090", "description": "Song Dynasty Chinese author Qin Guan writes the ''Can Shu'' (Book of Sericulture), which describes a silk-reeling machine that has the world's oldest known mechanical belt drive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1091", "description": "William Rufus of France invades Normandy and gains a foothold in it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1091", "description": "Ladislaus I of Hungary occupies Slavonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1091/04/29", "description": " Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs besiege Constantinople, but are defeated so decisively by Emperor Alexius I that they fade into oblivion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Mediterranean", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1091/04/29", "description": "February With the taking of Noto, the Normans complete the 30 year long conquest of Sicily from the Islamic rulers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Mediterranean", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1091/04/29", "description": "The Islamic Abbadid dynasty ruling in Spain falls when the Almoravids storm Seville. Confronted with this new threat, the king of Badajoz, al-Mutawakkil ibn al-Aftas, obtains the support of Castile in exchange for the Muslim positions on the Tagus river \u2014 Sintra, Santar\u00e9m and Lisbon.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=109}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Mediterranean", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1091/04/29", "description": "Roger Guiscard takes Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Mediterranean", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1091/04/29", "description": "Athanasius VI bar Khamoro becomes Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1091/10/23", "description": " London Tornado of 1091: A T8\/F4 tornado is recorded in St Mary-le-Bow of London, England, which destroys London Bridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=British Isles", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1091/10/23", "description": "Henry, son of William I, attempts a coup against his brothers but fails to seize the English throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=British Isles", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1091/10/23", "description": "Cardiff Castle is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=British Isles", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1092/05/09", "description": " Lincoln Cathedral is consecrated.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1092/05/09", "description": "High tides cause great flooding in England and Scotland.  The Kentish lands of Earl Godwin inundated and are now known as the Goodwin Sandsampamp{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1092/05/09", "description": "The Song Dynasty Chinese scientist and statesman Su Song publishes his ''Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao'', a treatise outlining the construction and operation of his complex astronomical clocktower built in Kaifeng, China. It also includes a celestial atlas of five star maps.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1092/05/09", "description": "Kingdom of England annexes Cumbria from the celtic kingdom of Strathclyde.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1093/05/26", "description": " Battle of the Stugna River: The Polovtsy defeat the princes of Kievan Rus.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1093/11/13", "description": " Battle of Alnwick: Malcolm III of Scotland is defeated and killed by the forces of William II of England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1093/11/13", "description": "King Donald III of Scotland comes to the throne.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1093/11/13", "description": "Magnus III (Magnus Barefoot) is crowned king of Norway.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1093/11/13", "description": "Sviatopolk II become Grand Prince of Kiev and ruler of Kievan Rus.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1093/11/13", "description": "Henry of Burgundy becomes Count of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1093/11/13", "description": "Saint Anselm of Canterbury, a medieval philosopher and theologian, becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1093/11/13", "description": "The building of Durham Cathedral begins in Durham, England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1093/11/13", "description": "Construction begins on Carlisle Castle, England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1093/11/13", "description": "Saint Canute's Cathedral is built in Odense, Denmark.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1094", "description": "May ampampndash El Cid completes his conquest of Valencia, Spain, and begins his rule of Valencia. The Almoravid campaign to regain the city fails.ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1094/05/15", "description": " The Cathedral of Saint Agatha in Catania is consecrated by the Breton Abbot Ansger of Saint Euphemia.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1094/10/08", "description": " St Mark's Basilica is consecrated in Venice.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1094/11/12", "description": " Donald III succeeds Duncan II as King of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1094/11/12", "description": "The city of Zagreb, Croatia, is first mentioned as a bishopric see.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1094/11/12", "description": "Raymond IV of Toulouse becomes Count of Toulouse.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1094/11/12", "description": "The antipope Clement III is deposed, and Urban II becomes pope.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1095", "description": "March ampampndash Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus sends ambassadors to Pope Urban II, at the Council of Piacenza, to discuss sending mercenaries against the Seljuk Turks.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1095", "description": "July ampampndash Coloman begins to establish himself as King of Hungary, following the death of his father.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1095/11/19", "description": " The Council of Clermont begins. The council is called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1095/11/27", "description": " Pope Urban II preaches the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont Peter the Hermit begins to preach throughout France.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1095/11/27", "description": "Overpopulation in France, according to Pope Urban II.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1095/11/28", "description": " On the last day of the Council of Clermont, Pope Urban II appoints Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy and Count Raymond IV of Toulouse to lead the First Crusade to the Holy Land.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1095/11/28", "description": "The County of Portugal is established for the second time by Count Henry of Burgundy. The same year, the Almoravids start pushing back the Christians to the positions they occupied a decade earlier. This offensive begins with the reconquest of Lisbon which had been given away to Castile four years before.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=109}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1095/11/28", "description": "Pembroke Castle is built in Wales.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1095/11/28", "description": "The Valence Cathedral is consecrated in Valence, France.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1096", "description": "Bernard becomes Bishop of Brandenburg.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1096", "description": "In Ireland, the Diocese of Waterford is erected.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1096", "description": "The first documented teaching at the University of Oxford occurs.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1096", "description": "In England, Norwich School is founded as an episcopal Grammar School.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1096", "description": "The People's Crusade, the German Crusade, and the First Crusade begins. Kilij Arslan I of the Turks defeats a band of Crusaders near \u0130znik", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1096", "description": "Vital I Michele becomes Doge of Venice.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1096", "description": "Peter I, King of Aragon, conquers Huesca.ampref name=victoramp{{cite book|last=Catlos|first=Brian A.|title=The victors and the vanquished: Christians and Muslims of Catalonia and Aragon, 1050-1300|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-82234-3|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=EoDuA8fv9rECampampdq=christian+mercenaries+maghribampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=13}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=EoDuA8fv9rECampampdq=christian+mercenaries+maghribampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=13}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1096", "description": "Phayao, now a province of Thailand, is founded as a kingdom.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1096", "description": "Late April ampampndash A large band of Crusaders approaches Speyer and massacres the Jewish population.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1096", "description": "The University of Salerno is founded.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1097", "description": "Edgar deposes Donald III and Edmund to become king of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1097", "description": "The First Crusade proceeds towards Palestine:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1097", "description": "June 3 ampampndash the Norman crusaders join the rest of the army during the siege of Nicaea.ampref name=ampquotnorman adversariesampquotamp{{cite book|last=Abels|first=Richard Philip|title=The Normans and their adversaries at war|year=2001|publisher=Boydell ampamp Brewer|location=Woodbridge|isbn=0-85115-847-1|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=jOic9EEo3PICampampdq=The+occasion+of+the+coming+of+the+Normans+to+southern+Italyampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|coauthors=Bernard\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=jOic9EEo3PICampampdq=The+occasion+of+the+coming+of+the+Normans+to+southern+Italyampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|coauthors=Bernard<\/a> S. Bachrach|page=92}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1097", "description": "June 19 ampampndash the city of Nicaea falls to the Crusaders after a month siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1097", "description": "July 1 ampampndash Crusaders win the Battle of Dorylaeum and capture Latakia from the Seljuk Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1097", "description": "October 21 ampampndash the siege of Antioch by the crusaders begins.ampref name=antiochamp{{cite web|last=Rickart|first=J.|title=Antioch, crusader siege of, 21 October 1097-3 June 1098|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwar.org\/articles\/battles_antioch_crusader.html|accessdate=4\">http:\/\/www.historyofwar.org\/articles\/battles_antioch_crusader.html|accessdate=4<\/a> January 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1097", "description": "December 31 ampampndash at the battle of Harenc, the crusaders defeat the troops from Aleppo trying to come to the relief of besieged Antioch.ampamp{{cite web|last=Rickart|first=J.|title=Battle of Harenc, 9 February 1098|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwar.org\/articles\/battles_harenc1097.html|accessdate=4\">http:\/\/www.historyofwar.org\/articles\/battles_harenc1097.html|accessdate=4<\/a> January 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1097", "description": "Croatian King Petar Sva\u010di\u0107 dies as the last Croatian king in the Battle of Gvozd Mountain against the army of the King Coloman of Hungary", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1097", "description": "New Almoravid campaign in al-Andalus.ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1098", "description": "The first Crusade proceeds towards Palestine", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1098", "description": "February 9 ampampndash the crusaders defeat Ridwan of Aleppo.ampref name=ampquotnorman adversariesampquotamp{{cite book|last=Abels|first=Richard Philip|title=The Normans and their adversaries at war|year=2001|publisher=Boydell ampamp Brewer|location=Woodbridge|isbn=0-85115-847-1|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=jOic9EEo3PICampampdq=The+occasion+of+the+coming+of+the+Normans+to+southern+Italyampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|coauthors=Bernard\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=jOic9EEo3PICampampdq=The+occasion+of+the+coming+of+the+Normans+to+southern+Italyampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|coauthors=Bernard<\/a> S. Bachrach|page=92}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1098", "description": "June 3 ampampndash after eight months of siege, the crusaders take Antioch.ampref name=antiochamp{{cite web|last=Rickard|first=J.|title=Antioch, crusader siege of, 21 October 1097-3 June 1098|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwar.org\/articles\/battles_antioch_crusader.html|accessdate=4\">http:\/\/www.historyofwar.org\/articles\/battles_antioch_crusader.html|accessdate=4<\/a> January 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1098", "description": "June 28 ampampndash the emir Kerbogha of Mossul is defeated by the crusaders at the battle of Orontes.ampamp{{cite web|last=Rickard|first=J.|title=Battle of the Orontes, 28 June 1098 (First Crusade)|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwar.org\/articles\/battles_orontes.html|accessdate=4\">http:\/\/www.historyofwar.org\/articles\/battles_orontes.html|accessdate=4<\/a> January 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1098", "description": "December 12 ampampndash after a month siege, the crusaders take Maarat and massacre part of the population.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1098", "description": "August ampampndash The Fatimids retake Jerusalem from the Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1098", "description": "The Byzantine Empire retakes Smyrna, Ephesus and Sardis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1098", "description": "King Magnus III of Norway (Magnus Barefoot) conquers the Orkney Islands, the Hebrides and the Isle of Man.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1098/03/21", "description": " C\u00eeteaux Abbey is founded by the Cistercian Order.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1099", "description": "Siege of Jerusalem during the First Crusade:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1099", "description": "January 13 ampampndash Crusaders set fire to Mara, Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1099", "description": "June 7 ampampndash The First Crusade: The Siege of Jerusalem begins.ampref name=ampquotsiege jerusalemampquotamp{{cite web|last=Rickard|first=J.|title=Siege of Jerusalem, 9 June-18 July 1099|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwar.org\/articles\/battles_jerusalem1099.html|accessdate=4\">http:\/\/www.historyofwar.org\/articles\/battles_jerusalem1099.html|accessdate=4<\/a> January 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1099", "description": "July 8 ampampndash 15,000 starving Christian soldiers march around Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1099", "description": "July 15 ampampndash Christian soldiers under Godfrey of Bouillon, Robert II of Flanders, Raymond IV of Toulouse and Tancred take Jerusalem after a difficult siege.ampref name=ampquotsiege jerusalemampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1099/07/22", "description": " The Kingdom of Jerusalem is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1099/08/12", "description": " The Crusaders defeat the Fatimids at the  Battle of Ascalon.{{cite web|last=Rickard|first=J.|title=Ascalon, battle of, 12 August 1099|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwar.org\/articles\/battles_ascalon.html|accessdate=4\">http:\/\/www.historyofwar.org\/articles\/battles_ascalon.html|accessdate=4<\/a> January 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1099/08/12", "description": "Supposed founding of the Priory of Sion", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1099/08/14", "description": " Pope Paschal II succeeds Pope Urban II as the 160th pope.\/onlyinclude", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100", "description": "The Ancient Pueblo Peoples culture rises (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100", "description": "Oraibi becomes and remains the first and oldest populated settlement in the USA and what is now Arizona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100", "description": "The city of Cusco, Peru is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100", "description": "The Liao Dynasty crushes the Zubu and takes their khan prisoner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Eastern Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100", "description": "Song Dynasty China's population reaches roughly 100 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Eastern Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100", "description": "In the Song Dynasty capital of Kaifeng, the number of registered people within the walls is 1,050,000 the army stationed there boosts the overall populace to some 1.4 million people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Eastern Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100", "description": "Emperor Huizong of Song starts to rule in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Eastern Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100", "description": "January ampampndash The Saljukid ruler Mahmud I is expelled from Bagdad by his brother, Barkiyaruq but Mahmud I manages to retake the city during his Spring offensive.ampamp{{cite book|last=Maalouf|first=Amid|title=La Croisade vue par les Arabes|year=1983|publisher=Latt\u00e8s|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7096-0547-2|page=74}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=South West Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100", "description": "Mai or June ampampndash Raymond de Saint-Gilles sails to Byzantium to obtain the support of the emperor Alexios in his attempt to seize Tripoli.ampamp{{cite book|last=Hill|first=John Hugh|title=Raymond IV de Saint-Gilles, 1041 (ou 1042)-1105|year=1959|publisher=Privat|coauthors=Hill, Laurita Lyttleton}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=South West Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/08/01", "description": " A Genoese fleets leaves Italy to support the Crusaders' effort to conquer the coastal cities, the ships reach Latakia on September 25.{{cite book|last=Hagenmeyer|first=Hendrich|title=Chronologie de la premi\u00e8re croisade, 1094-1100|year=1973|publisher=Olms|isbn=978-3-487-04756-0}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=South West Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/08/01", "description": "August ampampndash Bohemond I of Antioch is captured by the Danishmends at the Battle of Melitene, leaving Tancred as regent of the Principality of Antioch for two years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=South West Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/08/05", "description": " at the death of his brother, William II, Henry I Beauclerc becomes King of England. The power of the new monarch is ill-assured and to mollify the barons he has to grant them the Charter of Liberties, one of the first examples of written constitution in Europe.{{cite web |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/vi.uh.edu\/pages\/bob\/elhone\/comcrts.html\">http:\/\/vi.uh.edu\/pages\/bob\/elhone\/comcrts.html<\/a> |title=Communal Courts |accessdate=August 5, 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/08/20", "description": " with the support of the Venetian fleet, the Crusaders under Tancred of Hauteville captures the coastal city of Haifa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=South West Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/08/20", "description": "After a success over the Armenians of Cilicia and the emirate of Aleppo, Baldwin of Bourcq becomes Count of Edessa with the support of the patriarch Dagobert of Pisa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=South West Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/08/20", "description": "Genoa, Venice and Pisa gain trading privileges from the Crusader states in return for their service during the conquest of the coastal cities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=South West Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/08/30", "description": " after the failure of the Council of Liubech in 1097, the Congress of Vytechev establishes the peace and the feudal system in Kievan Rus, the princes come to an agreement to share the country between them and Sviatopolk II of Kiev becomes the first Grand Prince.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/09/16", "description": " the Almoravid army defeats the Castellan troops at the battle of Malag\u00f3n (near today's Ciudad Real).{{cite book|last=Buresi|first=Pascal|title=La fronti\u00e8re entre chr\u00e9tient\u00e9 et islam dans la p\u00e9ninsule Ib\u00e9rique|year=2004|publisher=Publibook|isbn=978-2-7483-0644-6}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/09/23", "description": " at the death of William II, his adversary in the investiture controversy, Anselm, the exiled archbishop of Canterbury returns to England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/10/18", "description": " Peter I of Aragon conquers Barbastro (North) from the hands of the Almoravids.{{cite book|last=S\u00e9nac|first=Philippe|title=La fronti\u00e8re et les hommes, VIIIe-XIIe si\u00e8cle|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve et Larose|isbn=978-2-7068-1421-1}}ref name=victor{{cite book|last=Catlos|first=Brian A.|title=The victors and the vanquished: Christians and Muslims of Catalonia and Aragon, 1050-1300|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-82234-3|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=EoDuA8fv9rECampdq=christian+mercenaries+maghribampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=13}}\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=EoDuA8fv9rECampdq=christian+mercenaries+maghribampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=13}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/11/18", "description": " opening of the council of Poitier which is soon forcibly closed by the duke of Aquitaine, William IX, as the bishops were about to excommunicate once more the king of France, Philip I.{{cite book|last=O'Reilly|first=Patrice-John|title=Histoire compl\u00e8te de Bordeaux, Volume 1,Parties 1 \u00e0 2|year=1857|publisher=Delmas}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/12/25", "description": " Baldwin I becomes King of Jerusalem in replacement of his late brother Godefroy de Bouillon.{{cite web |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/historymedren.about.com\/od\/bentries\/a\/11_baldwini.htm\">http:\/\/historymedren.about.com\/od\/bentries\/a\/11_baldwini.htm<\/a> |title=Baldwin I of Edessa |accessdate=August 5, 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=South West Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/12/25", "description": " Philip I of France associate his son to the government of the realm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/12/25", "description": "In Iceland, the Althing decides that the laws should be transferred to a written form.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/12/25", "description": "Intense urbanistic activity in north and central Europe:  Kalmar (Kung\u00e4lv) and Varberg (Sweden) are chartered creation of the cities of Aach (southern Germany) and Nakl\u00e9\u0159ov (in Bohemia, German: Nollendorf) and construction of the castle of Burgg Eppstein (central Germany).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/12/25", "description": "Philip I of France conquers the Vexin area and adds the city of Bourges and the province of Berry to his estate.ampamp{{cite book|last=Hoefer|first=Jean|title=Nouvelle biographie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale|year=1862|publisher=Firmin Didot fr\u00e8res}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/12/25", "description": "Dagobert of Pisa becomes Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/12/25", "description": "At the death of antipope Clement III, the supporters of the Holy Roman Emperor in Rome choose Theodoric as his successor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/12/25", "description": "Frederick I of Schwarzburg becomes archbishop of Cologne and begins the construction of the castle of Volmarstein.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/12/25", "description": "Foundation of the abbey near Sankt Georgen am L\u00e4ngsee (Austria).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/12/25", "description": "Foundation of the Diocese of Faroe (approx.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1100/12/25", "description": "Checkers is invented (approximate date).ampamp{{cite web |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.essortment.com\/hobbies\/historycheckers_smap.htm\">http:\/\/www.essortment.com\/hobbies\/historycheckers_smap.htm<\/a> |title=The history of checkers |accessdate=5 Aug 2010 }}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1101", "description": "April ampampndash King Baldwin I of Jerusalem captures Arsuf and Caesarea (in May).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By location", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1101", "description": "Second wave of European crusaders who attempted to cross Anatolia to reachJerusalem. They are heavily defeated by the Seljuq troops of Kilij Arslan I at Heraclea Cybistra and just a handful of knights manage to reach Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By location", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1101/04/19", "description": " Canute II of Denmark is canonized.{{cite book|last=Klaniczay|first=G\u00e1bor|title=Holy Rulers and Blessed Princesses|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-42018-1|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=tz12J0Eb9eUCamppg=RA1-PA152#v=onepageampqampf=false|coauthors=Eva\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=tz12J0Eb9eUCamppg=RA1-PA152#v=onepageampqampf=false|coauthors=Eva<\/a> P\u00e1lmai}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1101/04/19", "description": "At the death of antipope Theodoric, the partisan of the Holy Roman Emperor choose Albert as the new antipope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1101/04/19", "description": "Establishment of the Fontevraud Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1101/06/20", "description": " Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, lands in Portsmouth to try to take the throne from his brother, Henry. Later that year (July), he signs the Treaty of Alton, giving up his claim to the Anglo-Norman throne and establishing Henry I as King of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By location", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1101/06/22", "description": " At birth, Roger II becomes count of Sicily and duke of Calabria. His mother becomes regent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By location", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1101/06/22", "description": "August ampampndash The troops of the Almoravid ruler, Yusuf ibn Tashfin, besiege Valencia, which is defended by Jimena D\u00edaz, widow of El Cid. The city holds until May 1102.ampamp{{cite book|last=Lagard\u00e8re|first=Vincent|title=Les Almoravides jusqu'au r\u00e8gne de Y\u016bsuf b. T\u0101\u0161f\u012bn (1039-1106)|year=1989|publisher=L'Harmattan|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7384-0467-1}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By location", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1101/06/22", "description": "Fall ampampndash Countess Mathilda takes Ferrara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By location", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1101/06/22", "description": "November ampampndash At the death of his father, Welf I, Duke of Bavaria, Welf II, Duke of Bavaria becomes duke of Bavaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By location", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1101/06/22", "description": "The County of Berg, Germany is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By location", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1101/06/22", "description": "A vast compilation of Liao, Korean, and Song Buddhist writings is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1102", "description": "The Crusaders capture Caesarea Maritima.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1102", "description": "The Crusaders defeat a large Fatimid counter-attack of the Kingdom of Jerusalem near Ascalon and capture the city after 3 years of siedge.ampamp{{cite book|last=Gaier|first=Claude|title=Armes et combats dans l'univers m\u00e9di\u00e9val|year=2004|publisher=De Boeck Sup\u00e9rieur|location=Paris|isbn=2-8041-4543-3}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1102", "description": "Dagobert of Pisa is briefly deposed as Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem (and restored later in the year).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1102", "description": "Raymond IV of Toulouse begins to besiege Tripoli, and takes the nominal title of Count of Tripoli.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1102", "description": "Raymond IV of Toulouse is imprisoned by Tancred, regent of the Principality of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1102", "description": "The Venetians establish a new trade emporium in Sidon.ampamp{{cite book|last=Touba|first=Keltoum|title=Le travail dans les cultures monoth\u00e9istes: juda\u00efsme, christianisme, islam de l'Antiquit\u00e9 au XVIIIe si\u00e8cle|year=2006|publisher=L'Harmattan|location=Paris|isbn=2-296-00923-9}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1102/05/05", "description": " End of the short-lived principality created by El Cid. Valencia is captured by the Almoravids under Yusuf ibn Tashfin. It is later recaptured, evacuated and burned by Alfonso VI of Castile.{{cite book|last=Dozy|first=R. P. A.|title=Recherches sur l'histoire et la litt\u00e9rature de l'Espagne pendant le moyen \u00e2ge|year=1860|publisher=E. J. Brill|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=MhM7AAAAcAAJamppg=PA27#v=onepageampqampf=false|page=27}}\">http:\/\/books.google.fr\/books?id=MhM7AAAAcAAJamppg=PA27#v=onepageampqampf=false|page=27}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1102/06/04", "description": "Following the Croatian military defeat of 1096, by the Pacta Conventa (contested) the Croatian nobles recognize Coloman of Hungary as their overlord, initiating the personal union between the two kingdoms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1102/06/04", "description": "Henry I of England takes possession of Arundel Castle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1102/06/04", "description": "The Hohenbaden castle is built in Baden-Baden, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1102/06/04", "description": "At the Council of London, the Roman Catholic Church bans sodomy and the sale of Christian slaves to non-Christian countries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1102/06/04", "description": "Henry I of England orders the tomb of Edward the Confessor opened the body is found undecayed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1103/04/27", "description": " Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, goes into exile after a dispute with Henry I of England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1103/08/24", "description": " Magnus III of Norway is killed in battle with the Ulaid in Ulster. Sigurd Jorsalfare, \u00d8ystein Magnusson and Olaf Magnusson succeed him as joint kings of Norway.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1103/08/24", "description": "Amadeus III becomes Count of Savoy.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1103/08/24", "description": "Bohemund I of Antioch is released from Turkish imprisonment.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1103/08/24", "description": "The Scandinavian city of Lund becomes a see of the Roman Catholic Church.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1103/08/24", "description": "Chinese architect and government minister Li Jie (1065\u20131110) publishes his ''Yingzao Fashi'' technical treatise on Chinese architecture during the reign of Emperor Huizong of Song.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1103/08/24", "description": "The great flood of Goa leaves thousands cut off from the war-torn city of Ohpen Bheta.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1104/05/07", "description": " Battle of Harran: Baldwin II, count of Edessa, is taken prisoner by the Seljuk Turks Tancred becomes regent.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1104/09/03", "description": " St. Cuthbert is reburied in Durham Cathedral.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1104/09/03", "description": "The Venice Arsenal is founded in Venice.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1104/09/03", "description": "Alfonso I of Aragon becomes King of Aragon and Navarre.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1104/09/03", "description": "Historian Guibert of Nogent becomes abbot of Notre Dame de Nogent.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1104/09/03", "description": "Baldwin I of Jerusalem captures Acre.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1104/09/03", "description": "Georgians under king David IV (the builder) defeat 100 000 Seljuks with only 1,500 warriors.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1104/09/03", "description": "Sultan Kilij Arslan I of Sultanate of R\u00fcm starts a war with the Danishmends.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1104/09/03", "description": "Tu\u011ftekin, atabeg of Damascus founds a short lived principality in Syria. First example of a series of Seljukid atabeg dynasties.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1104/09/03", "description": "The volcano Hekla erupts in Iceland, destroying settlements.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1105", "description": "The Tamna Kingdom is annexed by the Korean Goryeo Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1105", "description": "The crusaders attack Mahdia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1105/12/31", "description": " Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor is deposed by his son, Henry V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1105/12/31", "description": "The Almoravid emir, Yusuf ibn Tashfin,  sends a maritime expedition to Palestine from Sevilla to ward off the Crusaders and maybe to reconquer Jerusalem.  The fleet of more or less seventy ships rusn into a storm in the Mediterranean and is never seen again.ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1105/12/31", "description": "Roger II of Sicily becomes the Count of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1105/12/31", "description": "Upon the death of Inge the Elder, he is succeeded by his nephew Philip as king of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1105/12/31", "description": "First mention of the consuls of Pavia indicating that the city has become an independent commune.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1105/12/31", "description": "Sylvester II is elected antipope in Rome by the supporters of the Holy Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1106/02/02", "description": " Great Comet of 1106 first sighted.<a href=\"http:\/\/cometography.com\/lcomets\/1106c1.html\">http:\/\/cometography.com\/lcomets\/1106c1.html<\/a> Cometography.com", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1106/09/28", "description": " Henry I of England defeats his older brother Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, at the Battle of Tinchebrai, and imprisons him in Devizes Castle Edgar Atheling and William Clito are also taken prisoner.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1106/09/28", "description": "Balaguer, Spain, is captured from the Moors by the count of Urgell.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1106/09/28", "description": "Boleslaus III of Poland begins a war against his brother Zbigniew for control of Poland.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1107", "description": "Emperor Toba ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1107", "description": "Chinese money is printed in 3 colours to stymie counterfeiting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1107", "description": "The highly cultivated emperor of China, Emperor Huizong of Song, writes his ''Treatise on Tea''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1107", "description": "October ampampndash The army of Bohemond of Tarente lands in Dyrrachium to try to conquer the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1107", "description": "William Warelwast becomes Bishop of Exeter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1107", "description": "Alexander I inherits the Scottish crown with the death of Edgar of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1107", "description": "The Norwegian king Sigurd sails off from England to Palestine to support the Crusaders. He repels a Muslim fleet near the Tagus river, he then attacks Sintra Lisbon and Alc\u00e1cer do Sal and finally defeats a second Muslim fleet further south.ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1107", "description": "Saracen pirates raid the benedictine monastery of Saint Honorat on the L\u00e9rins Islands .ampamp{{cite book|title=Pays d'Islam et monde latin, Xe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle: textes et documents|publisher=Presses Universitaires de Lyon|location=Lyon|author=Unit\u00e9 mixte de recherche 5648--Histoire et arch\u00e9ologie des mondes chr\u00e9tiens et musulmans m\u00e9di\u00e9vaux}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1107", "description": "The city of Florence starts expanding its control over the surrounding countryside and takes the city of Monte Orlandi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1108", "description": "The Taira and Minamoto clans join forces to rule Japan after defeating the warrior monks of the Enryakuji Temple near Kyoto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1108", "description": "Alexius I Comnenus and Bohemund I of Antioch negotiate the Treaty of Devol.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1108", "description": "May ampampndash Battle of Ucl\u00e9s: The Almoravids decisively defeat the Kingdom of Castile and roll back the advances of Reconquista several towns recently captured by Christians are lost to the conquering Berbers such as Tarragona.ampamp{{cite journal|last=McGrank|first=Lawrence|title=Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55|journal=Journal of Medieval History|year=1981|volume=7|issue=1|pages=67\u201382|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1108", "description": "Saint Magnus becomes the first Earl of Orkney.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1108", "description": "In Pistoia, Italy, the Cathedral of San Zeno burns to the ground.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1108", "description": "Louis VI of France starts to rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1108", "description": "First mention of the consuls of Bergamo indicating that the city has become an independent republic.ampamp{{cite book|last=Kleinhenz|first=Christopher|title=Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia, Volume 1|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=0-415-93930-5|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=1piMMqjAf1MCampampvq=1102ampampdq=1101+sicileampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=1piMMqjAf1MCampampvq=1102ampampdq=1101+sicileampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1108", "description": "Chichester Cathedral is consecrated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1109", "description": "The Almoravid Ali ibn Yusuf organizes an auto-da-f\u00e9 of the works of Al-Ghazali in front of the great mosque of Cordoba.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.86.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1109", "description": "The Crusaders capture Tripoli and Beirut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1109", "description": "Fulk V becomes Count of Anjou.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1109/08/10", "description": " Battle of Nak\u0142o: The Poles, led by Boles\u0142aw III Wrymouth, defeat the Pomeranians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1109/08/24", "description": " Battle of G\u0142og\u00f3w: The Poles defeats the Holy Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1109/08/24", "description": " Battle of Hundsfeld: The Poles again defeat the Holy Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1109/08/24", "description": "Alfonso I of Aragon marries Urraca of Castile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1109/08/24", "description": "The Almoravid army led by Ali ibn Yusuf fails to reconquer Toledo (lost in 1085).ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.84.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1109/08/24", "description": "The Principality of Nitra ceases to exist, after the Coloman of Hungary deposes its last ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1109/08/24", "description": "Anselm of Laon becomes chancellor of Laon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1110/12/04", "description": " First Crusade: The Crusaders conquer Sidon.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1110/12/04", "description": "Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor invades Italy.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1110/12/04", "description": "Inge the Younger becomes joint king of Sweden with his brother Philip.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1110/12/04", "description": "The Russian ''Primary Chronicle'' ends.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1110/12/04", "description": "Construction begins on Fontevraud Abbey in France.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1110/12/04", "description": "Beirut and Sidon are captured by the Crusaders.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1110/12/04", "description": "Mawdud of Mosul captures all land belonging to the Crusader County of Edessa east of the Euphrates.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1110/12/04", "description": "Byzantine Emperor Alexius I Comnenus renews his war with the Seljuk Turks.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1111", "description": "Crusaders and Seljuk Turks fought the Battle of Shaizar in Syria to a draw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1111", "description": "The Song Dynasty, Chinese Donglin Academy is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1111/05/24", "description": " The commune of Laus is destroyed by the Milanese troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1111/05/24", "description": "Baldwin VII becomes Count of Flanders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1111/05/24", "description": "Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Paschal II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1111/05/24", "description": "Santar\u00e9m and Sintra are captured by the Almoravid troops of the general Sir ibn Abi Bakr. The efforts of the Berbers to reconquer lost ground lead to the sack of Coimbra.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=109}}ampamp The same year, the city had experienced the sole urban rebellion against their lord to take place in Portugal.ampamp{{cite book|last=de Oliveira Marques|first=Ant\u00f3nio Henrique|title=Histoire du Portugal et de son empire colonial|year=1998|publisher=Karthala|location=Paris|isbn=2-86537-844-6|pages=615|page=44}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1111/05/24", "description": "Alfonso VII becomes King of Galicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1111/05/24", "description": "The Synod of Rathbreasail marks the transition of the Irish church from a monastic to a diocesan structure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1112", "description": "The count of Barcelona, Ramon Berenguer III, obtains the county of Provence due to his marriage with the heiress, Douce.ampamp{{cite book|last=Dell'Umbria|first=Al\u00e8ssi|title=Histoire universelle de Marseille. De l'an mil \u00e0 l'an deux mille|year=2006|publisher=Agone|location=Marseille|isbn=2-7489-0061-8|page=19}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1112", "description": "The people of Laon, France, proclaim a commune and murder their bishop.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1112", "description": "Salzwedel, Germany is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1112", "description": "The German state of Baden is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1112", "description": "Afonso I becomes Count of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1112", "description": "Otto of Ballenstedt is made Duke of Saxony by Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1112", "description": "Anonymus Gallus begins to write Gesta principium Polonorum to Boleslaw III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1113", "description": "Pierre Ab\u00e9lard opens his school in Paris.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1113", "description": "Alaungsithu succeeds Kyanzittha as king of Burma.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1113", "description": "Suryavarman I's reign begins in the Khmer Empire.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1113", "description": "Bridlington Priory is founded.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1113", "description": "The Order of the Knights of the Hospital of Saint John, founded to protect pilgrims to the Holy Land, vows to fight in its defense.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1113", "description": "A riot erupts in Kiev.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1113", "description": "The Republic of Florence conquers the neighboring city of Montecascioli as part of its effort to extend its domination over the contado.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1113", "description": "Unsuccessful attempt of Queen Urraca to seize Burgos defended by her ex-husband King Alfonso.ampref name=victoramp{{cite book|last=Catlos|first=Brian A.|title=The victors and the vanquished: Christians and Muslims of Catalonia and Aragon, 1050-1300|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-82234-3|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=EoDuA8fv9rECampampdq=christian+mercenaries+maghribampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=79}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=EoDuA8fv9rECampampdq=christian+mercenaries+maghribampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=79}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1114", "description": "The Song Dynasty emperor Huizong sends a gift of Chinese musical instruments for use in royal banquets to the Goryeo court of Korea, by request from the Goryeo king Yejong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1114/01/07", "description": " Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England, marries Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1114/01/07", "description": "Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and his Pisan allies, conquers Ibiza and Mallorca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1114/01/07", "description": "The Almoravid governor of Zaragoza, Muh\u00e0mmad ibn al-Hajj,  launches an offensive against the County of Barcelona but is defeated at the Battle of Martorell by Ramon Berenguer III.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.86.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1114/01/07", "description": "As part of the Norman expansion southward, the count Routrou II of Perche enters the service of the king of Castille, Alfonso the Battler.ampamp{{cite journal|last=McGrank|first=Lawrence|title=Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55|journal=Journal of Medieval History|year=1981|volume=7|issue=1|pages=67\u201382|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1114/01/07", "description": "The Polovtsy attack the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1115", "description": "Clairvaux Abbey is founded by St. Bernard.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1115", "description": "Anselm of Laon becomes archdeacon of Laon.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1115", "description": "Hugh of St. Victor joins the Victorines in Paris.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1115", "description": "Pierre Ab\u00e9lard becomes canon of Notre Dame de Paris.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1115", "description": "Stephen of England becomes count of Mortain.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1115", "description": "Battle of Welfesholz: Lothair I of Supplinburg defeats Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1115", "description": "Arnulf of Chocques is accused of sexual relations with a Muslim woman, and is briefly removed from his position as Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1115", "description": "The Jurchen establish the Jin Dynasty of China.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1115", "description": "The Crusader castle of Montreal is built by Baldwin I of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1115", "description": "Roger of Salerno's Crusaders rout the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Sarmin in Syria.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1115", "description": "The Mixtec lord Eight Deer Jaguar Claw is defeated in battle and sacrificed by a coalition of city-states led by his brother-in-law 4 Wind.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1116", "description": "Baldwin I of Jerusalem undertakes an invasion of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1116", "description": "The Zirid ruler of Ifriqiya, Ali ibn Yahya, conquers the independent island of Jerba, then acting as an independent piratical republic.ampref name=ampquotespace libyebampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Bresc|first=Henri|title=La Sicile et l'espace libyen au Moyen Age|year=2003|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17\">http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17<\/a> January 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1116", "description": "The Aztecs leave Aztl\u00e1n, searching for the site of what will eventually become Tenochtitl\u00e1n (later Mexico City).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1116", "description": "The Portuguese, under the leadership of countess Theresa take two Galician cities, Tui and Ourense. In reply, the sister of Countess Theresa, Queen Urraca of Leon and Castile, attacks Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1116", "description": "The Almoravid troops conquer the Balearic islands whose Muslim king had been severely weakened by Pisan and Catalan raiders.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.83.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1116", "description": "The modern book of separate pages stitched together is invented in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1116", "description": "Construction starts on the Chennakesava Temple in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1116", "description": "Aak music is introduced to the Korean court by Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1117", "description": "Conflict between the de facto independent republics of Mahdia and Gabes in Ifriqiya.ampref name=ampquotespace libyebampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Bresc|first=Henri|title=La Sicile et l'espace libyen au Moyen Age|year=2003|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17\">http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17<\/a> January 2012}}ampamp Madhia is supported by the Zirid dynasty while Gabes receives the aid of the Roger I of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1117", "description": "Pelusium is razed by Baldwin I of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1117", "description": "Miidera and the sohei of Enryakuji attack Nara, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1117", "description": "Borivoj II of Bohemia becomes prince in place of Vladislav I of Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1117", "description": "The people of Santiago de Compostela (present-day Spain) try to burn their prelate in his palace, along with the queen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1117", "description": "Iceland ends slavery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1117", "description": "Short-lived Almoravid reconquest of Coimbra (Portugal).ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.84.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1117/05/03", "description": " Merton Priory (Thomas Becket School) is consecrated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1117/05/03", "description": "The earliest use of a compass for navigational purposes is recorded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "Enna mac Donnchada mac Murchada becomes King of Dublin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=British isles", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "Cu Faifne mac Congalaig becomes King of Ui Failghe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=British isles", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "Maelsechlainn Ua Faelain becomes King of the D\u00e9isi Muman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=British isles", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "The cantrefs of Rhos and Rhufoniog are annexed by Gruffydd ap Cynan, King of Gwynedd.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=British isles", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "The Archbishop of York is no longer required to be crowned by the Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=British isles", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "Reconstruction begins on Peterborough Cathedral, destroyed by fire in 1116.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=British isles", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "John II Comnenus succeeds Alexius I as Byzantine emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Byzantine Empire", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "\u0110or\u0111e, Vojislavljevi\u0107 ruler of Serbia, is overthrown by Uro\u0161 I of Ra\u0161ka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "George of Duklja is overthrown by his cousin Grube\u0161a.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "Radostl becomes Bishop of Krakow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "Zbraslav, now part of Prague, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "Sylvestr becomes bishop of Pereyaslavl Yuzhniy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "A rebellion against Henry I of England breaks out in Normandy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=France", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "Alberich of Rheims becomes Master at the school of Rheims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=France", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "Charles I, Count of Flanders marries Margaret of Clermont.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=France", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "Amaury IV of Montfort divorces his wife Richilde, daughter of Baldwin II, Count of Hainaut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=France", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "Wulgrin III becomes Count of Angoul\u00eame.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=France", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "Gervais becomes Count of Rethel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=France", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "Montlh\u00e9ry Castle is dismantled by Louis VI of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=France", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "Magdeburg is almost destroyed by fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Germany", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "Reichenbach Abbey is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Germany", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "Zwickau, Eisenstadt, Kirchgandern, and Wolfenb\u00fcttel are first mentioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Germany", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118", "description": "Otto of Bamberg is suspended by the Pope, and Norbert of Xanten defends himself against charges of heresy at the Synod of Fritzlar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Germany", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/01/24", "description": " Pope Gelasius II succeeds Pope Paschal II as the 161st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Italy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/03/10", "description": " Gregory VIII is elected antipope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Italy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/03/10", "description": "The cathedral of Ferentino is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Italy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/03/10", "description": "The restoration of Santa Maria in Cosmedin begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Italy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/03/10", "description": "The economic competition between Milan and Como drives the two cities to war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Italy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/03/10", "description": "Upon the death of his brother Philip, Inge the Younger becomes sole king of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Scandinavia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/03/10", "description": "\u00deorl\u00e1kur Run\u00f3lfsson becomes Bishop of Sk\u00e1lholt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Scandinavia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/03/10", "description": "The Almoravids loose their control of the Ebro valley:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Spain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/03/10", "description": "Pope Pelagius II grants the status of Crusade to the Christian effort in the Ebro valley attracting numerous Gascon, Occitan and Norman knights.ampref name=ampquotpossessing the landampquotamp{{cite book|last=Stalls|first=Clay|title=Possessing the land: Aragon's expansion into Islam's Ebro frontier under Alfonso the Battler, 1104-1134|year=1995|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-10367-8|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=p3YicOpi9esCampampprintsec=frontcoverampampsource=gbs_ge_summary_rampampcad=0#v=onepageampampqampampf=false|page=viii}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=p3YicOpi9esCampampprintsec=frontcoverampampsource=gbs_ge_summary_rampampcad=0#v=onepageampampqampampf=false|page=viii}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Spain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/03/10", "description": "December 18 ampampndash Alfonso the Battler expels the Moors from Zaragoza.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.86.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Spain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/03/10", "description": "The troops of Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona led by archbishop Oleguer Bonestruga capture Tarragona from the Moors.ampamp{{cite journal|last=McGrank|first=Lawrence|title=Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55|journal=Journal of Medieval History|year=1981|volume=7|issue=1|pages=67\u201382|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Spain", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/03/10", "description": "The Genei era begins in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=East Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/03/10", "description": "The Zenghe era of Emperor Huizong of Song China ends, and the Chonghe era begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=East Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/03/10", "description": "The Yongning era of Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=East Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/03/10", "description": "David IV of Georgia captures Lori from the Seljuk Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Caucasus", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/03/10", "description": "David IV of Georgia settles a number of Kipchaks in Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Caucasus", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/06/11", "description": " Roger of Salerno, Prince of Antioch, captures Azaz from the Seljuk Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Western Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/06/11", "description": "The Byzantine general Philocales captures Sardis from the Seljuk Sultanate of R\u00fbm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Western Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/06/11", "description": "Baldwin I of Jerusalem invades Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Western Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/06/11", "description": "Baldwin of Le Bourg succeeds his cousin Baldwin I as king of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Western Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/06/11", "description": "Roman of Le Puy becomes lord of Oultrejordain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Western Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/06/11", "description": "Joscelin I succeeds Baldwin of Le Bourg as Count of Edessa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Western Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/06/11", "description": "Garmond of Picquigny becomes Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Western Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/06/11", "description": "Suleyman I ibn al-Ghazi becomes emir of Aleppo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Western Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/06/11", "description": "Ahmed Sanjar and Mahmud II proclaim themselves rival Seljuk sultans upon the death of Mehmed I of Great Seljuk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Western Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/06/11", "description": "Al-Mustarshid becomes Abbasid caliph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Western Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/06/11", "description": "Bahram Shah becomes Ghaznavid Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Western Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/06/29", "description": " Vikram Chola becomes regent of the Chola kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=South Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1118/06/29", "description": "Battle of Kennagal: The Hoysala Empire defeats the Chalukya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=South Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1119/02/02", "description": " Pope Callixtus II succeeds Pope Gelasius II as the 162nd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1119/02/02", "description": "Knights Templar Founded by Hugh de Payns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1119/02/02", "description": "Councils of Toulouse and Reims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1119/02/02", "description": "The archbishop of Tarragona, Oleguer Bonestruga, very successfully preaches the Crusade in against the Moors in Catalonia.ampamp{{cite journal|last=McGrank|first=Lawrence|title=Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55|journal=Journal of Medieval History|year=1981|volume=7|issue=1|pages=67\u201382|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1119/02/02", "description": "In Toulouse, condemnation by the Church of the Petrobrusian heresy.ampamp{{cite web|last=Weber|first=N.|title=Petrobrusians|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/11781a.htm|work=Catholic\">http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/11781a.htm|work=Catholic<\/a> Encyclopedia|accessdate=2 January 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1119/02/02", "description": "In his ''Pingzhou Table Talks'' published in this year, the Song Dynasty Chinese author Zhu Yu writes of the earliest known use of separate hull compartments in ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1119/02/02", "description": "Zhu Yu's book is the first to report the use of a magnetic compass for navigation at sea, although the first actual description of the magnetic compass is by another Chinese writer Shen Kuo in his ''Dream Pool Essays'' published in 1088.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1119/06/28", "description": " Battle of Ager Sanguinis: Ilghazi, the ruler of Aleppo, wipes out a Crusader army from the Principality of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1119/08/14", "description": " Battle of Hab: Baldwin II of Jerusalem's Crusaders defeat Ilghazi's army, saving Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1119/08/20", "description": " Battle of Bremule: Henry I of England routs Louis VI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1119/09/19", "description": " Severe Earthquake in Gloucestershire amp Warwickshire, England.{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1119/09/19", "description": "Robert Bruce, 1st Lord of Cleveland and Annandale, grants and confirms the church of St. Hilda of Middleburg (Middlesbrough) to Whitby.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1120", "description": "The Song Dynasty governor of the bustling seaport of Quanzhou, Fujian, China, reports that the population of his city has reached 500,000 residents.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1120", "description": "AugustampampndashSeptember (the eighth month of the Chinese calendar) ampampndash Wanyan Xiyin completes the design of the first version of the Jurchen script", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1120/01/16", "description": " The Council of Nablus is held in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1120/06/17", "description": " at the Battle of Cutanda, the Aragonese troops of Alfonso I crush the Almoravid army.Gilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.86.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1120/11/25", "description": " The White Ship is wrecked in the English Channel, resulting in the death of the son of King Henry I of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1120/11/25", "description": "Walcher of Malvern creates a system of measurement for the earth using degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude and longitude.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1120/11/25", "description": "Construction begins on Llandaff Cathedral in Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1120/11/25", "description": "Foundation of Freiburg in Breisgau.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1120/11/25", "description": "Under admirals Abu Abd Allah ibn Maymum of Almeria and Isa ibn Mayum of Sevilla, the Almoravid fleet attacks the Christian kingdom of Galicia.ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1121/08/12", "description": " Battle of Didgori: King David the Builder of Georgia, with 55,600 troops, defeats the 300,000-strong Muslim coalition troops at Didgori, in eastern Georgia.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1121/08/12", "description": "The Concordat of Worms condemns Pierre Ab\u00e9lard's writings on the Holy Trinity.  Later in the year, Canon Fulbert (not to be confused with Fulbert of Chartres), uncle of Heloise, has Ab\u00e9lard castrated.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1121/08/12", "description": "Reading Abbey is founded in England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1121/08/12", "description": "Completion of the third and largest church at Cluny Abbey.ampamp{{cite book|first=Ian|last=Sutton|title=Architecture, from Ancient Greece to the Present|location=London|publisher=Thames ampamp Hudson|year=1999|isbn=978-0-500-20316-3}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1121/08/12", "description": "A large rebellion takes place in Cordoba against the ruling Almoravids.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.87.ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1121/08/12", "description": "The Praemonstratensian Order (Norbertines) was formed when a group of canons made solemn vows at Pr\u00e9montr\u00e9 on Christmas Day.ampamp{{cite web|title= <a href=\"http:\/\/www.stmichaelsabbey.com\/abbey\/index.php?option=com_contentampampview=articleampampid=54ampampItemid=63|url=http:\/\/www.stmichaelsabbey.com\/abbey\/index.php?option=com_contentampampview=articleampampid=54ampampItemid=63}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.stmichaelsabbey.com\/abbey\/index.php?option=com_contentampampview=articleampampid=54ampampItemid=63|url=http:\/\/www.stmichaelsabbey.com\/abbey\/index.php?option=com_contentampampview=articleampampid=54ampampItemid=63}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1122", "description": "Battle of Beroia: Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos defeats and destroys the Pechenegs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1122", "description": "To contain the attacks of the Norman raiders, the Almoravid fleet attacks Sicily.ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.ampamp The same year (related?), the Muslim population of Malta rebels against the Normans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1122", "description": "The king of Aragon, Alfonso the Battler, creates the lay community of knights known as the confraternity of Belchite. It is the first local attempt to imitate the type of structure created in Palestine (end in 1136).ampref name=ampquotFletcher Reconquistaampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=R. A.|title=Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|year=1987|volume=37|series=5|pages=31\u201347|jstor=3679149|page=45}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1122", "description": "Pierre Ab\u00e9lard writes ''Sic et Non''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1122", "description": "The Concordat of Worms resolves the Investiture Controversy, thus bringing to an end the first phase of the power struggle between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Emperors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1123/08/09", "description": " Failure of a Norman campaign in North Africa, the Norman troops are massacred near Mahdia at the battle of al-Dimas.Gilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.56.ref name=quotadmin of sicilyquot{{cite book|last=Johns|first=Jeremy|title=Arabic administration in Norman Sicily: the royal d\u012bw\u0101n|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-81692-0|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=pXXYfJ9woRwCampdq=%22ali+ibn+yahya%22+zirid|page=85}}\">http:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=pXXYfJ9woRwCampdq=%22ali+ibn+yahya%22+zirid|page=85}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1123/08/09", "description": "The Venetian fleet defeats the Egyptian fleet off Ascalon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1123/08/09", "description": "The Pactum Warmundi is established between the Republic of Venice and the Kingdom of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1123/08/09", "description": "Emperor Sutoku succeeds Emperor Toba on the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1123/08/09", "description": "Battle of Yibneh, a Crusader force led by Eustace Grenier crushed a Fatimid army at Yibna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1123/08/09", "description": "First mention of the consuls of Bologna indicating that the city of has become an independent commune.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1123/08/09", "description": "Siege of Deventer, conflict between Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor and Lotharius of Supplinburg, duke of Saxony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1123/08/09", "description": "In accordance with the decision of the First Council of the Lateran, the archbishop of Compostela, Diego Gelmirez, declares the Crusade in Iberia against the Andalusians.ampref name=ampquotFletcher Reconquistaampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=R. A.|title=Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|year=1987|volume=37|series=5|pages=31\u201347|jstor=3679149|page=43}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1123/08/09", "description": "The First Council of the Lateran confirms the Concordat of Worms and demands that priests remain celibate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1123/08/09", "description": "St Bartholomew's Hospital (Barts) is founded in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1123/08/09", "description": "Furness Abbey founded in England, once the second wealthiest and most powerful monastery in the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1124/03/26", "description": " Henry I of England's forces defeat Norman rebels at Bourgtheroulde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1124/04/27", "description": " David I succeeds Alexander I to become King of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1124/07/07", "description": " Tyre falls to the Crusaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1124/12/21", "description": " Pope Honorius II succeeds Pope Calixtus II as the 163rd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1124/12/21", "description": "Gaufrid is consecrated as the first Abbot of Dunfermline Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1124/12/21", "description": "The Dun Beal Gallimhe is erected by King Tairrdelbach mac Ruaidri Ua Conchobair of Connacht.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1124/12/21", "description": "In Ireland, St. Malachy, the great reformer of the Church, is made a bishop.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1124/12/21", "description": "Arnald becomes the first Bishop of Greenland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "North America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1125/05/23", "description": " Lothair of Saxony becomes Holy Roman Emperor on the death of Henry V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1125/05/23", "description": "War ends between Toulouse and Provence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1125/05/23", "description": "Nassau Castle is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1125/05/23", "description": "Florence conquers the neighboring independent republic of Fiesole.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1125/05/23", "description": "King Inge the Younger is murdered in Vreta, \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland, instigated by his wife Ulfhild. Her cousin Magnus the Strong proclaims himself ruler of Gothenland, whereas Ragnvald Knaph\u00f6vde, in opposition to him, proclaims himself king of Sweden in Svealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1125/05/23", "description": "First mention of the consuls of Siena indicating that the city has become an independent commune.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1125/05/23", "description": "The Venetians pillage Rhodes, ravage Samos and Lesbos, and occupy Chios.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1125/05/23", "description": "Saracen pirates raid the city of Antibes in Provence and the benedictine monastery of Saint Honorat on the L\u00e9rins Islands.ampamp{{cite book|title=Pays d'Islam et monde latin, Xe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle: textes et documents|publisher=Presses Universitaires de Lyon|location=Lyon|author=Unit\u00e9 mixte de recherche 5648--Histoire et arch\u00e9ologie des mondes chr\u00e9tiens et musulmans m\u00e9di\u00e9vaux}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1125/05/23", "description": "Creation of the first fair in Portugal in Ponte de Lima, it is an early sign of the commercialization and economic development of a still backwardish and self-contained region.ampamp{{cite book|last=de Oliveira Marques|first=Ant\u00f3nio Henrique|title=Histoire du Portugal et de son empire colonial|year=1998|publisher=Karthala|location=Paris|isbn=2-86537-844-6|pages=615|page=44}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1125/05/23", "description": "Castellan raid in Andalusia led by king Alfonso the Battler.ampamp{{cite journal|last=McGrank|first=Lawrence|title=Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55|journal=Journal of Medieval History|year=1981|volume=7|issue=1|pages=67\u201382|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1125/05/23", "description": "Albert of Aix begins his ''Historia Hierosolymitanae expeditionis''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1125/05/23", "description": "Reading School founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1125/05/23", "description": "A collection of Zen Buddhist koans is compiled in the Chinese ''Blue Cliff Record''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1125/06/11", "description": " Battle of Azaz: The Crusaders defeat the Seljuk Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1126", "description": "JanuaryampampndashMarch ampampndash In Song Dynasty China, scholars and farmers demonstrate around Kaifeng for the restoration of a probity military official, Li Gang (\u674e\u7db1). Small conflicts erupt between the protestors and the Government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1126", "description": "Two previously written Chinese pharmaceutical works, one by Shen Kuo and another by Su Shi, are combined into one written work.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1126", "description": "The rule of Emperor Huizong of Song ends in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1126", "description": "The Jin Dynasty is established in the north of China, following the Song Dynasty's loss at the Huang He River valley. Remnants of the court flee south, including much of the populace and communities such as the Kaifeng Jews.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1126", "description": "Rutherglen becomes one of the first Royal Burghs in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1126", "description": "Ragnvald Knaph\u00f6vde, pretender to the Swedish throne, is killed by upset peasants at a local thing. Sweden is without ruler, but Magnus the Strong claims sovereignty over Gothenland for the time being.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1126", "description": "Alfonso VII is crowned king of Castile and Le\u00f3n in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1126", "description": "King Alfonso the Battler of Navarre and Aragon launches a raid into Granada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1126", "description": "The Venetians occupy Cephalonia. Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos restores their trading privileges.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1126", "description": "Olegarius creates the community of knights known as the confraternity of Tarragona to combat the Andalusians in Catalonia.ampref name=ampquotFletcher Reconquistaampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=R. A.|title=Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|year=1987|volume=37|series=5|pages=31\u201347|jstor=3679149|page=46}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1126", "description": "Adelard of Bath translates Mu\u1e25ammad ibn M\u016bs\u0101 al-\u1e34w\u0101rizm\u012b's arithmetic and astronomical tables into Latin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1127", "description": "Estimation: Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Kaifeng, capital of China.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1127/01/09", "description": " Jurchen forces sack the Song Chinese capital of Kaifeng (the Jingkang Incident, \u9756\u5eb7\u4e8b\u8b8a), and begin more than a century of political division between northern and southern China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1127/01/09", "description": "Conrad III establishes the Hohenstaufen dynasty  when he is crowned antiking to the Holy Roman Emperor, Lothair II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1127/01/09", "description": "The first coalition of the Norman princes against Roger II of Sicily is formed. The same year, Roger regains control over Malta after a rebellion.ampamp{{cite book|last=Abulafia|first=David|title=The Norman kingdom of Africa and the Norman expeditions to Majorca and the Muslim Mediterranean|year=1985|publisher=Boydell Press|location=Woodbridge|isbn=0-85115-416-6|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=4DZf-RBtZ7ICampamppg=PA32ampamplpg=PA32ampampdq=Norman+crusaders+and+the+Catalan+reconquest:+Robert+Burdet+and+the+principality+of+Tarragona+1129-55ampampsource=blampampots=cZMDAs578xampampsig=Zqnswn_kjGEIjfxLYW1Ouhchr3Yampamphl=enampampsa=Xampampei=BwEAT_OKJtKg8gPMwI3MAQampampved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=4DZf-RBtZ7ICampamppg=PA32ampamplpg=PA32ampampdq=Norman+crusaders+and+the+Catalan+reconquest:+Robert+Burdet+and+the+principality+of+Tarragona+1129-55ampampsource=blampampots=cZMDAs578xampampsig=Zqnswn_kjGEIjfxLYW1Ouhchr3Yampamphl=enampampsa=Xampampei=BwEAT_OKJtKg8gPMwI3MAQampampved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a> To guaranty the security of the seas, the king also establishes a pact with the maritime republic of Savona,ampref name=ampquotespace libyebampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Bresc|first=Henri|title=La Sicile et l'espace libyen au Moyen Age|year=2003|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17\">http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17<\/a> January 2012}}ampamp probably following an Almoravid raid against his realm.ampref name=ampquotadmin of sicilyampquotamp{{cite book|last=Johns|first=Jeremy|title=Arabic administration in Norman Sicily: the royal d\u012bw\u0101n|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-81692-0|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=pXXYfJ9woRwCampampdq=%22ali+ibn+yahya%22+ziridampamphl=nlampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=85}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=pXXYfJ9woRwCampampdq=%22ali+ibn+yahya%22+ziridampamphl=nlampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=85}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1127/01/09", "description": "Count Charles the Good of Flanders is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1127/01/09", "description": "First mention of the consuls in Brescia, indicating that the city has become an independent commune.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1127/01/09", "description": "The commune of Milan conquers the neighboring city of Como.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1127/01/09", "description": "The minaret of Kalyan is completed in Bukhara (present day Uzbekistan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1128", "description": "Champa invades Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1128/06/17", "description": " Geoffrey of Anjou marries Matilda, daughter of Henry I of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1128/06/24", "description": " Battle of S\u00e3o Mamede:  King Afonso I of Portugal (then Count of Portugal) defeats his mother, Teresa of Le\u00f3n, and gains control of the county, which thus becomes ''de facto'' independent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1128/07/27", "description": " The city of Bruges is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1128/07/27", "description": "King Louis VI of France agrees to the accession of Thierry of Alsace as Count of Flanders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1128/07/27", "description": "Byzantine Emperor John II Komnenos defeats the Magyars near Haram on the Danube River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1128/07/27", "description": "Pope Honorius II recognizes and confirms the Order of the Knights Templar. Bernard of Clairvaux codifies the rule of the order.ampref name=ampquotFletcher Reconquistaampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=R. A.|title=Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|year=1987|volume=37|series=5|pages=31\u201347|jstor=3679149|page=45}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1128/07/27", "description": "Holyrood Abbey is founded in Edinburgh by David I, King of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1129/01/13", "description": " Council of Troyes: The Order of the Knights Templars is ordained by the Pope.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1129/01/13", "description": "Emperor Toba begins his cloistered rule, sharing power with Sutuku, ex-Emperor Shirakawa's son.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1129/01/13", "description": "Burgsteinfurt Castle is built in what is now Steinfurt, Germany.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1129/01/13", "description": "Henry of Blois becomes bishop of Winchester.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1130/02/14", "description": " Pope Innocent II succeeds Pope Honorius II as the 164th pope.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1130/02/14", "description": "An antipope schism occurs when Roger II of Sicily supports Anacletus II as pope instead of Innocent II, who flees to France.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1130/12/25", "description": " Antipope Anacletus crowns Roger II of Sicily king.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1130/12/25", "description": "Magnus the Blind and Harald Gille become joint kings of Norway, starting the civil war era in Norway.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1130/12/25", "description": "Magnus the Strong is deposed as king of Gothenland, when Sverker the Elder proclaims himself king of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1131", "description": "Fulk of Anjou and Melisende become King and Queen of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1131", "description": "Ramon Berenguer IV becomes Count of Barcelona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1131", "description": "Between 1131 and 1136 ampampndash Theotokos of Vladimir arrives in Kiev.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1131", "description": "The knights Templar found their first stronghold in the kingdom of Aragon.ampref name=ampquotFletcher Reconquistaampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=R. A.|title=Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|year=1987|volume=37|series=5|pages=31\u201347|jstor=3679149|page=45}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1131", "description": "Construction begins on the Beisi Pagoda in China (completed in 1162).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1131/05/09", "description": " Tintern Abbey is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1131/05/09", "description": "Council of Rheims.ampref name=ampquotFletcher Reconquistaampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=R. A.|title=Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|year=1987|volume=37|series=5|pages=31\u201347|jstor=3679149|page=43}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1131/05/09", "description": "Alberich becomes Archdeacon of Reims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1132", "description": "June ampampndash A fire breaks out in the Song Dynasty Chinese capital of Hangzhou, destroying 13,000 homes and forcing many to flee to nearby hills. Due to large fires such as this, the government installs an effective fire fighting force for the city. Items such as bamboo, planks, and rush-matting are temporarily exempted from taxation, 120 tons of rice are distributed to the poor, and the government temporarily suspends the housing rent requirement of the city's residents.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1132/07/24", "description": " Battle of Nocera: Ranulf II of Alife defeats Roger II of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1132/07/24", "description": "Dermot MacMurrough has the abbey of Kildare in Ireland burned and the abbess raped.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} He becomes king of the province of Leinster.ampamp{{cite web | title= True Origins | url= <a href=\"http:\/\/deskeenan.com\/3Trchapter_seventeen.htm#Events\">http:\/\/deskeenan.com\/3Trchapter_seventeen.htm#Events<\/a> |accessdate=2007-11-14 }}ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1132/07/24", "description": "St. Malachy is made bishop of Armagh in Ireland, to impose the Roman liturgy on the independent Irish Church.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1132/07/24", "description": "Fountains Abbey and Rievaulx Abbey are founded in Yorkshire, Basingwerk Abbey is founded in Wales.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1132/07/24", "description": "Barnwell Castle is erected in Northamptonshire, England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1132/07/24", "description": "The Japanese era \u9577\u627f (Choushou) begins.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1132/07/24", "description": "Tughril II starts his rule of Iraq.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1132/07/24", "description": "Champa again invades Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1132/07/24", "description": "Under the Song Dynasty, China's first permanent standing navy is established in this year, with the headquarters of the admiral stationed at Dinghai.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1132/07/24", "description": "Abd al-Mu'min becomes Almohad caliph in North Africa.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1133", "description": "Geoffrey of Monmouth and Jeff de Hosson produce the ''Historia Regum Britanniae''.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1133", "description": "Durham Cathedral is completed.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1133", "description": "Construction of Exeter Cathedral is begun.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1133/06/04", "description": " Lothair III is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Innocent II.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1133/06/04", "description": "A papal bull grants Sardegna and half of Corsica to Pisa.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1133/06/04", "description": "At the battle of Fraga, the Castellan troops led by king Alfonso the Battler defeat the Almoravid army thanks to a timely intervention of a Norman crusader army from Tarragona led by Robert Burdet.ampamp{{cite journal|last=McGrank|first=Lawrence|title=Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55|journal=Journal of Medieval History|year=1981|volume=7|issue=1|pages=67\u201382|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1133/06/04", "description": "Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona launches a raid against Almoravid-held territories in al-Andalus and pilages the country all the way to Cadiz.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.86.ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Hugh II of Le Puiset, Count of Jaffa, revolts against King Fulk of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Mas'ud becomes sultan of the Seljuk Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "The Kangguo Era begins in the Kara-Khitan Khanate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Wu Ge, the Chinese Song Dynasty Deputy Transport Commissioner of Zhejiang, has paddle wheel warships constructed with a total of nine wheels and others with thirteen wheels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Vsevolod Mstislavich of Novgorod defeats the Chuds and captures Tartu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Yuri Dolgoruki founds the town of Skniatino.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Iziaslav II of Kiev becomes Prince of Vladimir and Volyn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Viacheslav of Kiev becomes Prince of Turov.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Ermengarde becomes viscountess of Narbonne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Mediterranean", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Narbonne is seized by Alphonse I of Toulouse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Mediterranean", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Castillan defeat at the battle of Fraga against Muslim troops: Alfonso I of Aragon is killed, and succeeded by Ramiro II in Aragon and Garcia VI in Navarre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Mediterranean", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Roger II of Sicily defeats a revolt in Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Mediterranean", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Called by Olegarius, the bishop of Tarragona, the knights Templar establish their first stronghold in Catalonia.ampref name=ampquotFletcher Reconquistaampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=R. A.|title=Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|year=1987|volume=37|series=5|pages=31\u201347|jstor=3679149|page=35}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Mediterranean", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Battle of F\u00e4rlev: Magnus IV of Norway defeats Harald IV of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Scandinavia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Harald Kesja and Magnus the Strong are defeated at the Battle of Fotevik.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Scandinavia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Eric II becomes King of Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Scandinavia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "The House of Brandenburg is founded when Albrecht the Bear is made head of the Nordmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Scandinavia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Aed mac Domnaill becomes King of Ui Failghe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Western Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Much of Chartres, France, is destroyed by fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Western Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Henry of Lausanne is sentenced to imprisonment by Pope Innocent II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Western Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "The Zeeland archipelago is created by a massive storm in the North Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Western Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Hermann III of Baden marries Bertha of Lorraine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Western Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134", "description": "Ulrich I becomes Duke of Carinthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Western Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134/05/13", "description": " the Saint-Denis basilica, near Paris, is damaged by a fire. This will give the opportunity to the abbot Suger to rebuild it in a new style, which will open the Gothic period of architecture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134/05/13", "description": "Abdul Qadir Jilani becomes principal of the Hanbali school in Baghdad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134/05/13", "description": "The Japanese classic text ''Uchigikishu'' is written.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134/05/13", "description": "Robert of Ketton and Herman of Carinthia travel throughout France, the Byzantine Empire, and the Crusader States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134/05/13", "description": "Cormac's Chapel is consecrated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134/05/13", "description": "Saint Malachy becomes Archbishop of Armagh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134/05/13", "description": "The Church of St. James is dedicated in Glasgow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134/05/13", "description": "The Augustinian Runcorn Priory is transferred to Norton Priory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134/05/13", "description": "Buckfastleigh Abbey is refounded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134/05/13", "description": "Aelred of Hexham enters the monastery at Rievaulx Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134/05/13", "description": "St. Stephen Harding becomes abbott of C\u00eeteaux Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134/05/13", "description": "Saint Hugh of Grenoble is canonized by Innocent II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134/05/13", "description": "The Cathedral of St. Petri in Schleswig is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134/05/13", "description": "The Abbey of St. Jacob is founded in W\u00fcrzburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134/05/13", "description": "Evermode of Ratzeburg becomes Abbot of Gottesgnaden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134/05/13", "description": "The Humiliati retreat to a monastery in Milan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1134/05/13", "description": "Leo Styppes becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1135", "description": "The troops of Roger II of Sicily take Djerba.ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, pp.73ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1135", "description": "The Hammadid emirate launches an assault against Mahdia in Ifriqiya.ampref name=ampquotadmin of sicilyampquotamp{{cite book|last=Johns|first=Jeremy|title=Arabic administration in Norman Sicily: the royal d\u012bw\u0101n|year=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-81692-0|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=pXXYfJ9woRwCampampdq=%22ali+ibn+yahya%22+ziridampamphl=nlampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=85}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=pXXYfJ9woRwCampampdq=%22ali+ibn+yahya%22+ziridampamphl=nlampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=85}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1135", "description": "Song Dynasty Chinese general Yue Fei defeats the rebel forces of Yang Yao by entangling his swift paddle-wheel ships with rotten logs and other debris precariously placed in the river. Yue Fei's forces easily board their ships and win a victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1135", "description": "The domination of Baghdad by the Seljuk Turks ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1135/05/26", "description": "  Alfonso VII of Le\u00f3n and Castile is crowned in the Cathedral of Leon as Imperator totius Hispaniae, quotEmperor of All the Spainsquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1135/05/26", "description": "10 August - Battle at Konungahella", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1135/12/01", "description": " Stephen succeeds his uncle Henry I as king of England. Matilda, daughter of Henry I and widow of Holy Roman Emperor Henry V, opposes Stephen and claims the throne as her own.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1135/12/01", "description": "The first records of the Manor of Cramlington come into existence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1135/12/01", "description": "A fire in London seriously damages St Paul's Cathedral and London Bridge on Pentecost (Sunday, May 26).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1135/12/01", "description": "The Pisans, in the service of the Holy See, sack the city of Amalfi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1135/12/01", "description": "The Republic of Florence keeps expending its control over its surrounding countryside and conquers the neighboring city of Montebuoni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1135/12/01", "description": "A Moorish fleet raids the Catalan port-town of Elna.ampamp{{cite journal|last=McGrank|first=Lawrence|title=Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55|journal=Journal of Medieval History|year=1981|volume=7|issue=1|pages=67\u201382|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1135/12/01", "description": "January ampampndash Byland Abbey is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1135/12/01", "description": "The Cistercian Abbey of St. Mary and St. Chad is founded by Roger de Clinton, bishop of Coventry (1129\u201348).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1136", "description": "B\u00e9ja\u00efa repeals a Genoan naval assault.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.56.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1136/02/05", "description": " Treaty of Durham: Stephen I of England concedes Cumberland to David I of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1136/02/05", "description": "The people of Novgorod rebel against the hereditary prince Vsevolod of Pskov and depose him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1136/02/05", "description": "Battle of Crug Mawr: Owain Gwynedd of Wales defeats the Normans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1136/02/05", "description": "Grimoald, duke of Bari, supported by the emperor, rebels against the king of Sicily Roger II.ampref name=encyclopediaamp{{cite book|last=Kleinhenz|first=Christopher|title=Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=0-415-93930-5|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=1piMMqjAf1MCampampdq=gran+tavola+bonsignoriampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=95}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=1piMMqjAf1MCampampdq=gran+tavola+bonsignoriampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=95}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1136/02/05", "description": "The Saint Denis Basilica is completed in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1136/02/05", "description": "Peter Abelard writes the ''Historia Calamitatum'', detailing his relationship with Heloise.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1137", "description": "The Ethiopian Empire is established under the Zagwe dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1137", "description": "First commercial treaty between the Almohads and a Christian power. Genoa obtains trading rights in the ports of North Africa.ampref name=Picard1997amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1137", "description": "In Song Dynasty China, a fire breaks out in the new capital of Hangzhou the government suspends the requirement of rent payments, alms of 108,840ampampnbspkg (120 tons) of rice are distributed to the poor, and items such as bamboo, planks, and rush-matting are exempt from government taxation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1137", "description": "A fleet of thirty-seven Almoravid ships attacks the coasts of Southern Italy under Norman rule.ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1137", "description": "Louis VII is crowned King of France. He subsequently marries Eleanor of Aquitaine, daughter of William X.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1137", "description": "Rochester Cathedral is severely damaged by a fire, but is soon rebuilt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1138", "description": "Robert Warelwast becomes Bishop of Exeter.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1138/03/13", "description": " Cardinal Gregory is elected anti-pope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1138/08/22", "description": " Battle of the Standard: David I of Scotland is defeated by the English.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1138/10/11", "description": " A deadly earthquake in Aleppo, Syria kills about 230,000 people. See 1138 Aleppo earthquake.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1138/10/11", "description": "Conrad III of Germany becomes Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1138/10/11", "description": "Bavaria is taken away from the Welfen Duke Henry the Proud and given to the Austrian Margrave Leopold IV.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1138/10/11", "description": "A castle in Scotland successfully defeats a siege despite being held by only nine knights.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1138/10/11", "description": "The earldom of Pembroke, created for Gilbert de Clare, is the first earldom created by the Norman kings within the borders of Wales.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1138/10/11", "description": "First mention of the consuls of Florence, indicating that the city has become an independent and self-govern commune.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1139/01/25", "description": " Godfrey II, Count of Louvain becomes Duke of Brabant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1139/04/09", "description": " The Treaty of Durham is signed between King Stephen of England and David I of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1139/07/25", "description": " Battle of Ourique: The independence of Portugal from the Kingdom of Le\u00f3n declared after the Almoravids, led by Ali ibn Yusuf, are defeated by Prince Afonso Henriques. He then becomes Afonso I, King of Portugal, after calling the first assembly of the estates-general of Portugal at Lamego, where he is given the Crown from the Bishop of Bragan\u00e7a, to confirm the independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1139/07/25", "description": "Second Council of the Lateran: The Anacletus schism is settled, and priestly celibacy is made mandatory in the Catholic Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1140/06/03", "description": " Pierre Abelard is condemned for heresy by a church court in Sens, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1140/09/08", "description": " Sephardi Jewish philosopher Judah Halevi, having completed the ''Kuzari'', arrives in Alexandria on a pilgrimage to Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1140/09/08", "description": "The first Cistercian monastery in Spain is founded in Fitero.ampref name=ampquotFletcher Reconquistaampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=R. A.|title=Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|year=1987|volume=37|series=5|pages=31\u201347|jstor=3679149|page=45}}ampamp The order enjoys a rapid expansion in the region in the following 15 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1140/09/08", "description": "Camaldolite monk Gratian founds the science of Canon law with the publication of the ''Decretum Gratiani''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1140/12/21", "description": " Conrad III of Germany besieged Weinsberg, the stronghold of Welfs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1140/12/21", "description": "Henry Jasomirgott is made count palatine of the Rhine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1140/12/21", "description": "The town of Lanark in Scotland is made a Royal Burgh by David I of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1140/12/21", "description": "Marburg becomes a town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1140/12/21", "description": "The Assizes of Ariano are enacted by Roger II of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1140/12/21", "description": "Roger II of Sicily places the practice of medicine under royal control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1141/02/02", "description": " Battle of Lincoln: Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester and Empress Matilda wrest control of the English throne from King Stephen.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1141/05/14", "description": " Sephardi Jewish philosopher Judah Halevi sets off from Alexandria on a pilgrimage to Palestine.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1141/09/14", "description": " Rout of Winchester: Empress Matilda returns to the throne after Robert is captured by loyalist forces.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1141/11/01", "description": " Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester is exchanged by Empress Matilda for King Stephen, who reassumes the throne of England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1141/11/01", "description": "November ampampndash The Jin Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty sign the Treaty of Shaoxing and peace lasts for the next twenty years.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1141/11/01", "description": "The Italian winemaking company ''Ricasoli'' is founded.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1141/11/01", "description": "The first German colonists (the future Transylvanian Saxon community) arrive in Transylvania, following grants by Andrew II of Hungary. The colonization process is completed in 1162.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1142", "description": "Unable to feed its population during a famine, the emir of the great commercial center of Mahdia has to recognize the de facto protectorate of Roger II of Sicily.ampamp{{cite book|last=Abulafia|first=David|title=The Norman kingdom of Africa and the Norman expeditions to Majorca and the Muslim Mediterranean|year=1985|publisher=Boydell Press|location=Woodbridge|isbn=0-85115-416-6|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=4DZf-RBtZ7ICampamppg=PA32ampamplpg=PA32ampampdq=Norman+crusaders+and+the+Catalan+reconquest:+Robert+Burdet+and+the+principality+of+Tarragona+1129-55ampampsource=blampampots=cZMDAs578xampampsig=Zqnswn_kjGEIjfxLYW1Ouhchr3Yampamphl=enampampsa=Xampampei=BwEAT_OKJtKg8gPMwI3MAQampampved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=4DZf-RBtZ7ICampamppg=PA32ampamplpg=PA32ampampdq=Norman+crusaders+and+the+Catalan+reconquest:+Robert+Burdet+and+the+principality+of+Tarragona+1129-55ampampsource=blampampots=cZMDAs578xampampsig=Zqnswn_kjGEIjfxLYW1Ouhchr3Yampamphl=enampampsa=Xampampei=BwEAT_OKJtKg8gPMwI3MAQampampved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1142", "description": "Failed Norman raid against the city of Tripoli.ampref name=ampquotespace libyebampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Bresc|first=Henri|title=La Sicile et l'espace libyen au Moyen Age|year=2003|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17\">http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17<\/a> January 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1142", "description": "Emperor Konoe succeeds Emperor Sutoku on the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1142", "description": "Henry the Lion becomes Duke of Saxony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1142", "description": "The Empress Maud grants Oakley, Buckinghamshire Church, with its chapels of Brill, Boarstall and Addingrove, to the monks of St. Frideswide's Priory, in Oxford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1143", "description": "Jijel taken by the Normans.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.71.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1143", "description": "Failure of a Norman raid on Ceuta,ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.ampamp but at the same time the Normans lead a successful assault against Sfax.ampref name=ampquotespace libyebampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Bresc|first=Henri|title=La Sicile et l'espace libyen au Moyen Age|year=2003|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17\">http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17<\/a> January 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1143/04/05", "description": " Manuel I Comnenus becomes Byzantine Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1143/07/01", "description": " Battle of Wilton in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1143/09/26", "description": " Pope Celestine II succeeds Pope Innocent II as the 165th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1143/10/05", "description": " Treaty of Zamora: Portugal is recognized by the Kingdom of Leon as an independent kingdom, although it has functioned as one since the Battle of S\u00e3o Mamede.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1143/10/05", "description": "Robert of Ketton makes the first European translation of the Qur'an into Latin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1143/10/05", "description": "The exploration of the uncharted eastern parts of Germany begins, and results in the founding of cities such as L\u00fcbeck.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1143/10/05", "description": "During the summer the people of Rome revolt against the authority of the Pope and create a republican city-state comparable to that of the other Italian cities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1143/12/25", "description": " Baldwin III is crowned King of Jerusalem, succeeding his father Fulk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1144", "description": "Death of the Catalan mercenary Reverter de La Guardia, main Almoravid commander in the Maghrid al-Aqsa. His elimination opens the regions to the troops of the Almohads.ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, pp.76ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1144/03/12", "description": " Pope Lucius II succeeds Pope Celestine II as the 166th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1144/03/22", "description": " The first example of an anti-Semitic blood libel is recorded in England, in connection with the murder of William of Norwich.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1144/03/22", "description": "The Priory in Lesmahagow is founded by Benedictine monks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1144/03/22", "description": "First Templars stronghold is established in the kingdom of Le\u00f3n and Castile.ampref name=ampquotFletcher Reconquistaampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Fletcher|first=R. A.|title=Reconquest and Crusade in Spain c. 1050-1150|journal=Transactions of the Royal Historical Society|year=1987|volume=37|series=5|pages=31\u201347|jstor=3679149|page=45}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1144/12/24", "description": " The County of Edessa falls to Zengi of Mosul (see Siege of Edessa).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1144/12/24", "description": "Manuel I Comnenus brings Raymond, Prince of Antioch, under Byzantine influence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1144/12/24", "description": "Louis VII capitulates to Pope Celestine II and so earns the pope's absolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1144/12/24", "description": "Normandy comes under Angevin control under Geoffrey of Anjou.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1144/12/24", "description": "The city of Montauban, France, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1144/12/24", "description": "The city of Ljubljana, Slovenia, is first mentioned in historical records.ampref name=ampquotArtisampquotampDaniel Mallinus, ''La Yougoslavie'', \u00c9d. Artis-Historia, Brussels, 1988, D\/1988\/0832\/27, p. 37\u201339.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1144/12/24", "description": "Giordano Pierleoni founds the revolutionary Commune of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1144/12/24", "description": "Failed Byzantine attempt to reconquer Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1145", "description": "Conquest of North Africa by the Almohads", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1145", "description": "The Banu Zayan of Tlemcen submit to the arriving Almohad armies.ampref name=Maghrebclassique \/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1145", "description": "The Merinids of Maghrib al-Aqsa attempt to resist the Almohads but are forced into the desert areas around the Tafilalt.ampref name=Maghrebclassiqueamp{{cite book|last=Meynier|first=Gilbert|title=L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)|year=2010|publisher=La D\u00e9couverte|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7071-5231-2|page=171}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1145", "description": "Oran falls to the Almohads.ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, pp.64ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1145", "description": "Successful Norman raid against the Tripolitania region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1145", "description": "Estimation: Merv in the Seljuk Empire becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm<\/a> Geography at about.comampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1145/02/15", "description": " Pietro Bernardo Paganelli of Montemagno, Calci is elected as Pope Eugene III, and succeeds Pope Lucius II as the 167th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1145/02/15", "description": "Arnold of Brescia joins the revolutionary Commune of Rome, where he becomes its intellectual leader for the next decade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1145/02/15", "description": "Kim Pusik and his team of historians finish the compilation of the Korean historical text ''Samguk Sagi''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1145/02/15", "description": "Construction begins on Notre-Dame de Chartres Cathedral in Chartres, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1145/02/15", "description": "Woburn Abbey is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1145/02/15", "description": "Pope Eugene III issues the bull ''Quantum praedecessores'', calling for the Second Crusade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1146/06/18", "description": "George of Antioch conquers Tripoli, Libya for the king of Sicily.ref name=quotespace libyebquot{{cite journal|last=Bresc|first=Henri|title=La Sicile et l'espace libyen au Moyen Age|year=2003|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17\">http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17<\/a> January 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1146/06/18", "description": "The Almohad caliph Abd al-Mu'min conquers most of Morocco from the Almoravids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1146/06/18", "description": "Saint Bernard of Clairvaux preaches the Second Crusade at Vezelay, Burgundy. In a repeat of the events of 1096, Crusaders attack and massacre Jewish communities along the Rhine. Bernard de Clairvaux condemns these pogroms in strong terms, reminding the Crusaders that those who attacked the Jewish people during the previous Crusade came to a sorry end and were massacred to the last man by the Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1146/06/18", "description": "Ildeniz, atabeg of Azerbaijan founds a dynasty, being the first independent Turkish dynasty of Azerbaijan", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1146/06/18", "description": "The city of Bryansk is first mentioned in written records.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1146/06/18", "description": "Genoese raid against the Muslim-held Balearic islands.ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.ampamp The Republic of Pisa protests officially, seeing the islands as rightfully theirs.ampamp{{cite book|last=Abulafia|first=David|title=The Norman kingdom of Africa and the Norman expeditions to Majorca and the Muslim Mediterranean|year=1985|publisher=Boydell Press|location=Woodbridge|isbn=0-85115-416-6|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=4DZf-RBtZ7ICampamppg=PA32ampamplpg=PA32ampampdq=Norman+crusaders+and+the+Catalan+reconquest:+Robert+Burdet+and+the+principality+of+Tarragona+1129-55ampampsource=blampampots=cZMDAs578xampampsig=Zqnswn_kjGEIjfxLYW1Ouhchr3Yampamphl=enampampsa=Xampampei=BwEAT_OKJtKg8gPMwI3MAQampampved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=4DZf-RBtZ7ICampamppg=PA32ampamplpg=PA32ampampdq=Norman+crusaders+and+the+Catalan+reconquest:+Robert+Burdet+and+the+principality+of+Tarragona+1129-55ampampsource=blampampots=cZMDAs578xampampsig=Zqnswn_kjGEIjfxLYW1Ouhchr3Yampamphl=enampampsa=Xampampei=BwEAT_OKJtKg8gPMwI3MAQampampved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a> The Genoese then proceed to lay siege to Almeria, in vain.ampref name=ampquotgenoese crusadeampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Williams|first=John B.|title=The making of a crusade: the Genoese anti-Muslim attacks in Spain 1146-1148|journal=Journal of Medieval History|year=1997|volume=23|issue=1|pages=29\u201353|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/els\/03044181\/1997\/00000023\/00000001\/art00022}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/els\/03044181\/1997\/00000023\/00000001\/art00022}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1146/06/18", "description": "While discussing the details of a military expedition against the Almoravids for the following year, the representative of the Republic of Genoa and the count of Barcelona reach a commercial agreement granting privileges to merchants of both nation in the Catalan and Ligurian ports.ampref name=ampquotgenoese crusadeampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1146/06/18", "description": "The city of Quona is conquered by the Republic of Florence in a drive to expend its control over the surrounding countryside.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1146/06/18", "description": "A rainy year causes the harvest to fail in Europe, one of the worse famines of the century ensues.ampamp{{cite book|last=Chester Jordan|first=William|title=The great famine: northern Europe in the early fourteenth century|year=1997|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=0-691-05891-1}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1147", "description": "April ampampndash Abd al-Mu'min destroys the Almoravid Empire after capturing Marrakech and killing the last emir, Ishaq ibn Ali.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1147", "description": "The Siculo-NormanNormans take control of Gabes.ampref name=ampquotespace libyebampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Bresc|first=Henri|title=La Sicile et l'espace libyen au Moyen Age|year=2003|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17\">http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17<\/a> January 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1147/07/01", "description": "October 25 ampndash with the support of English and Flemish Crusaders, Afonso I of Portugal besieges and conquers  Lisbon (Siege of Lisbon).''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 67 The same year, the troops of the young Portuguese kingdom take Sintra and Santar\u00e9m and sack Palmela.ref name=picard2000{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve amp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=109}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Southern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1147/07/01", "description": "Roger II of Sicily takes Corfu from the Byzantine Empire, and pillages Corinth, Athens and Thebes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Southern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1147/10/07", "description": " Almer\u00eda, one of the most important maritime and commercial centers of al-Andalus, falls into Christian hands after two months of siege.ref name=quotlameretlesmusulmansquotPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, pp.66", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Southern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1147/10/07", "description": "The Almohad general Mohammad al-Masufi conquers Seville.ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, pp.64ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Southern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1147/10/07", "description": "Consecration of the church of San Frediano in Lucca", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Southern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1147/10/07", "description": "Dore Abbey is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1147/10/07", "description": "Hildegard of Bingen founds the convent of Rupertsberg near Bingen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1147/10/25", "description": " Battle of Dorylaeum, the Seljuq Turks defeat German crusaders under Conrad III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1147/10/25", "description": "The beginning of the Second Crusade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1147/10/25", "description": "June ampampndash The Wendish Crusade fail to convert most of the Polabian Slavs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1147/10/25", "description": "The cities of Moscow and Vologda are first mentioned in written records.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1148", "description": "Taking advantage of internal strife and of a famine episod, George of Antioch takes Mahdiya (June 22), Susa (July 1) and Sfax (July 12) in Tunisia in the name of Roger II of Sicily.ampamp{{cite book|last=Abulafia|first=David|title=The Norman kingdom of Africa and the Norman expeditions to Majorca and the Muslim Mediterranean|year=1985|publisher=Boydell Press|location=Woodbridge|isbn=0-85115-416-6|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=4DZf-RBtZ7ICampamppg=PA32ampamplpg=PA32ampampdq=Norman+crusaders+and+the+Catalan+reconquest:+Robert+Burdet+and+the+principality+of+Tarragona+1129-55ampampsource=blampampots=cZMDAs578xampampsig=Zqnswn_kjGEIjfxLYW1Ouhchr3Yampamphl=enampampsa=Xampampei=BwEAT_OKJtKg8gPMwI3MAQampampved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=4DZf-RBtZ7ICampamppg=PA32ampamplpg=PA32ampampdq=Norman+crusaders+and+the+Catalan+reconquest:+Robert+Burdet+and+the+principality+of+Tarragona+1129-55ampampsource=blampampots=cZMDAs578xampampsig=Zqnswn_kjGEIjfxLYW1Ouhchr3Yampamphl=enampampsa=Xampampei=BwEAT_OKJtKg8gPMwI3MAQampampved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1148", "description": "The Anglo-Flemish crusader fleet takes Oran.ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, pp.73ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1148", "description": "Following the uprising of other cities of the region (Meknes, Sijilmassa) under al-Massati, the population of Ceuta rebels against the Almohads.ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, pp.77ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1148", "description": "Siege of Damascus by the Second Crusade:", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1148", "description": "June ampampndash The Second Crusade reaches Jerusalem. They meet at the Council of Acre and decide to attack Damascus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1148", "description": "July ampampndash The Siege of Damascus ends in failure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1148", "description": "Anna Comnena writes the ''Alexiad'', which is a biography of her father, Emperor Alexius I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1148", "description": "King Afonso I of Portugal takes Abrantes from the Moors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1148/12/30", "description": " Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona conquers Tortosa from the Moors.{{cite journal|last=McGrank|first=Lawrence|title=Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55|journal=Journal of Medieval History|year=1981|volume=7|issue=1|pages=67\u201382|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1149/06/29", "description": " Battle of Inab: Nur ad-Din Zangi defeats the Principality of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1149/07/28", "description": " The leaders of the Second Crusade take the decision to retreat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1149/10/24", "description": " Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona conquers L\u00e9rida from the Almoravids after a siege of seven months as well as Fraga.{{cite journal|last=McGrank|first=Lawrence|title=Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55|journal=Journal of Medieval History|year=1981|volume=7|issue=1|pages=67\u201382|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1149/10/24", "description": "The Castle of Carimate is destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1149/10/24", "description": "\u00c5hus, in present days Denmark, gains city right.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1149/10/24", "description": "Genoa grants the benefits of a part of the city's fiscal revenues to a consortium of creditor called ''compera''. It is the first example of the consolidation of public debt in medieval Europe.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506\u2013562}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "Eric Jedvardsson proclaims himself king of V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland, aiming at taking over as king of Sweden from Sverker the Elder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "The city of Airdrie, Scotland is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "Cubbie Roo's Castle is built on Wyre, Orkney.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "A Benedictine priory is founded at Birkenhead, England, resulting in the first recorded Mersey Ferry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "Christchurch Priory is founded in Dorset, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "Castle Rising is built in Norfolk, England by William d'Aubigny, 1st Earl of Arundel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "The University of Paris, now known as the Sorbonne, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "The Tuam is promoted to a Metropolitan Archdiocese in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "The Bishopric of Aberdeen is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "Christian Malone writes his ''Irish Chronology'' ''(Chronicum Scotorum)''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "The city of Neuruppin is founded in Brandenburg, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "The city of Rinteln is founded in Lower Saxony, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "Albrecht the Bear inhabits Brandenburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "Middle Dutch begins to be spoken in what is now Benelux.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "Peter the Lombard publishes ''Sentences''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "Garcia IV Ramirez ends his reign as King of Navarre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "Joscelin II of Edessa is taken prisoner during the Second Crusade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "The city of Ashkelon is fortified with 53 towers by Fatimid rulers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "The earliest textual reference is made to Gypsies working as musicians in Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1150", "description": "The temple at Angkor Wat is completed in Khmer (present-day Cambodia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1151/09/07", "description": " Geoffrey of Anjou dies, and is succeeded by his son Henry, aged 18.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1151/09/07", "description": "Ghazni is burned by the princes of Ghur.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1151/09/07", "description": "The first plague and fire insurance policy is issued in Iceland.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1151/09/07", "description": "Bolton Abbey is founded in North Yorkshire, England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1151/09/07", "description": "Anping Bridge is completed in China's Fujian province. Its total length will not be exceeded until 1846.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1151/09/07", "description": "Confronted with internal strife, the commune of Bologna is the first Italian republic to turn to the rule of a podest\u00e0, Guido di Ranieri da Sasso (ends in 1155).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1152", "description": "The Almohad Dynasty conquers the Maghrib al-Awsat, nowadays Algeria. B\u00e9ja\u00efa becomes one of the main naval bases of the dynasty.ampref name=Picard1997amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1152", "description": "The Normans control most of the coast of Ifriqiya, nowadays Tunisia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1152", "description": "Aladdin of Ghur sacks Ghazni and destroys the Ghaznavid Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1152/03/04", "description": " Frederick I Barbarossa is elected King of the Germans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1152/03/31", "description": " King Baldwin III of Jerusalem exiles his mother Melisende, with whom he has been jointly reigning, to Nablus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1152/05/18", "description": " Eleanor of Aquitaine marries Henry of Anjou after getting her previous marriage to Louis VII annulled.  Henry had claimed the County of Anjou, the County of Maine, and the province of Touraine upon the death of his protector Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, the previous year.  With the addition of Eleanor's lands, he now controls territory stretching unbroken from Cherbourg to Bayonne.''King John'' by Warren.  Published by the University of California Press in 1961.  p. 21", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1152/05/18", "description": "The Church of Ireland acknowledges the Pope's authority.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1152/05/18", "description": "The archbishopric of Nidaros (Trondheim), Norway is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1152/05/18", "description": "The town of Gorodets (modern Russia) is founded by Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1152/05/18", "description": "The Synod of Kells-Mellifont established the present diocesan system of Ireland (with later modifications) and recognized the primacy of Armagh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1153", "description": "With the support of Muslim troops, the Normans suppress a rebellion in Sicilian-controlled island of Jerbaampamp{{cite book|last=Abulafia|first=David|title=The Norman kingdom of Africa and the Norman expeditions to Majorca and the Muslim Mediterranean|year=1985|publisher=Boydell Press|location=Woodbridge|isbn=0-85115-416-6|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=4DZf-RBtZ7ICampamppg=PA32ampamplpg=PA32ampampdq=Norman+crusaders+and+the+Catalan+reconquest:+Robert+Burdet+and+the+principality+of+Tarragona+1129-55ampampsource=blampampots=cZMDAs578xampampsig=Zqnswn_kjGEIjfxLYW1Ouhchr3Yampamphl=enampampsa=Xampampei=BwEAT_OKJtKg8gPMwI3MAQampampved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=4DZf-RBtZ7ICampamppg=PA32ampamplpg=PA32ampampdq=Norman+crusaders+and+the+Catalan+reconquest:+Robert+Burdet+and+the+principality+of+Tarragona+1129-55ampampsource=blampampots=cZMDAs578xampampsig=Zqnswn_kjGEIjfxLYW1Ouhchr3Yampamphl=enampampsa=Xampampei=BwEAT_OKJtKg8gPMwI3MAQampampved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepageampampqampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a> and invade the island of Kerkenna.ampref name=ampquotbook of rogerampquotamp{{cite book|last=Al Idrissi|first=Abdallah|title=Book of Roger|year=1154|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tabula_Rogeriana}}ampamp\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tabula_Rogeriana}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1153", "description": "Taira no Kiyomori assumes control of the Taira clan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1153", "description": "Islam is introduced to the Maldives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1153/01/06", "description": " Henry of Anjou arrives in England hoping to dethrone the reigning monarch, Stephen of England, and replace him with Henry's mother, Empress Maud.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1153/05/24", "description": " Malcolm IV becomes King of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1153/07/12", "description": " Pope Anastasius IV succeeds Pope Eugene III as the 168th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1153/08/19", "description": " Baldwin III of Jerusalem takes control of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from his mother Melisende, and also captures Ascalon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1153/08/19", "description": "Andronicus Comnenus is imprisoned for conspiring against Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1153/08/19", "description": "Raynald of Chatillon marries Constance of Antioch and becomes Prince of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1153/11/06", "description": " The Treaty of Walingford, under the direction of  Theobald of Bec, reconciles Stephen of England and Matilda, ending quotThe Anarchyquot which had occurred during their fight for the throne of England.  The treaty grants the throne to Stephen for the duration of his life, but makes Matilda's son, Henry of Anjou, the heir apparent.''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 21", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1153/11/06", "description": "The city of Oberglatt (present-day Switzerland) is first mentioned in written literature.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1153/11/06", "description": "Confronted with important financial difficulty due to the expenses of its Spanish crusade, the Republic of Genoa has to sell the city of Tortosa to the count of Barcelona, which had been conquered in 1148 during that same crusade.ampref name=ampquotgenoese crusadeampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Williams|first=John B.|title=The making of a crusade: the Genoese anti-Muslim attacks in Spain 1146-1148|journal=Journal of Medieval History|year=1997|volume=23|issue=1|pages=29\u201353|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/els\/03044181\/1997\/00000023\/00000001\/art00022}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.ingentaconnect.com\/content\/els\/03044181\/1997\/00000023\/00000001\/art00022}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1153/11/06", "description": "Estimation: Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Merv in the Seljuk Empire.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm<\/a> Geography at about.comampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Demography", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1154", "description": "Series of Norman raids in North Africa, including Annaba (Algeria)ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.71.ampamp and the Nile Delta.ampref name=ampquotnorman adversariesampquotamp{{cite book|last=Abels|first=Richard Philip|title=The Normans and their adversaries at war|year=2001|publisher=Boydell ampamp Brewer|location=Woodbridge|isbn=0-85115-847-1|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=jOic9EEo3PICampampdq=The+occasion+of+the+coming+of+the+Normans+to+southern+Italyampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|coauthors=Bernard\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=jOic9EEo3PICampampdq=The+occasion+of+the+coming+of+the+Normans+to+southern+Italyampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|coauthors=Bernard<\/a> S. Bachrach|page=100}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1154/02/26", "description": "Roger II of Sicily dies at Palermo . He is succeded by his youngest son, William I of Sicily", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1154/02/26", "description": "A chateau is built at Chinon by Theobald I, count of Blois.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1154/02/26", "description": "The Almohad army conquers the last independent Muslim stronghold in Spain, Grenada, after six years of siege.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.88.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1154/02/26", "description": "Birmingham, England, and the Birmingham Bull Ring are founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1154/02/26", "description": "Bosnia becomes an autonomous duchy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1154/02/26", "description": "Belgrade is rebuilt by Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1154/02/26", "description": "Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, is first marked on the world map by Al Idrisi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1154/04/23", "description": " Nur ad-Din Zangi gains control of Damascus, uniting Syria under one ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1154/04/23", "description": "(around): Nur ad-Din Zangi establishes the al-Nuri hospital in Damascus.ampamp{{cite web|title=Al-Nuri hospital, in Damascus 1154|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.shininghistory.com\/2009\/06\/al-nuri-hospitaldamascus-in-1154.html|accessdate=8\">http:\/\/www.shininghistory.com\/2009\/06\/al-nuri-hospitaldamascus-in-1154.html|accessdate=8<\/a> November 2011}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1154/10/25", "description": " King Stephen of England dies at Dover, and is succeeded by Henry Plantagenet, the son of his cousin Matilda. Henry becomes King Henry II of England, aged 21.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1154/12/14", "description": " Pope Adrian IV (also known as Hadrian IV) succeeds Pope Anastasius IV as the 169th pope. Born Nicholas Breakspear, he is the only English pope in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1155", "description": "Emperor Go-Shirakawa ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1155/06/18", "description": " Frederick I Barbarossa is crowned Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1155/06/18", "description": "The city of Bari rebels against the king of Sicily and recognizes the Byzantine emperor, Manuel I, as its overlord.ampref name=encyclopediaamp{{cite book|last=Kleinhenz|first=Christopher|title=Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=0-415-93930-5|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=1piMMqjAf1MCampampdq=gran+tavola+bonsignoriampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=95}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=1piMMqjAf1MCampampdq=gran+tavola+bonsignoriampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=95}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1155/06/18", "description": "The city of Bristol, UK (Brigstow) given a Royal Charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1155/06/18", "description": "The Papal bull ''Laudabiliter'' gives the King of England lordship over Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1155/06/18", "description": "Theotokos of Vladimir is taken to Vladimir from Suzdal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1155/06/18", "description": "Robert of Chichester becomes Bishop of Exeter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1156", "description": "Revolt of Sfax against the Norman occupiers and massacre of the Christians found in the city.ampref name=ampquotespace libyebampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Bresc|first=Henri|title=La Sicile et l'espace libyen au Moyen Age|year=2003|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17\">http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17<\/a> January 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1156", "description": "The H\u014dgen Rebellion erupts in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1156/01/20", "description": " According to legend, freeholder Lalli slays English crusader Bishop Henry with an axe on the ice of lake K\u00f6yli\u00f6nj\u00e4rvi in Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1156/12/25", "description": " King Sverker the Elder is murdered on his way to church and is soon succeeded as king of Sweden by his rival Eric Jedvardsson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1156/12/25", "description": "Prince Yuriy Dolgorukiy founds and fortifies Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1156/12/25", "description": "The ''Privilegium Minus'' elevates Austria to the status of a duchy ruled by the Babenburgs family.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1156/12/25", "description": "Mosan artists create the Stavelot Triptych, a masterpiece of goldsmithing, as a reliquary to house purported pieces of the True Cross.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1156/12/25", "description": "A rebellion breaks out against William II of Sicily, and the Byzantine Empire, encouraged by Pope Adrian IV, invades Apulia.   William II crushes the rebellion, defeats the Byzantine armies at Brindisi, and humbles the Pope at Benevento. The city of Bari is laid to waste for the coming ten years.ampref name=encyclopediaamp{{cite book|last=Kleinhenz|first=Christopher|title=Medieval Italy: an encyclopedia|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=0-415-93930-5|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=1piMMqjAf1MCampampdq=gran+tavola+bonsignoriampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=95}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=1piMMqjAf1MCampampdq=gran+tavola+bonsignoriampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=95}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1156/12/25", "description": "Reginald of Chatillon sacks Cyprus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1156/12/25", "description": "The Carmelite Order is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1157/01/12", "description": "March 16 ampndash Caliph Al-Muqtafi successfully defended Baghdad against the coalition forces of Sultan Muhammad of Hamadan, and Atabeg Qutb-adin of Mosul", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1157/01/12", "description": "Albert I of Brandenburg begins his ruthless program to pacify the Slavic region.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1157/06/11", "description": " Albert I of Brandenburg, also called, The Bear (Ger: Albrecht der B\u00e4r), becomes the founder of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, Germany and the first Margrave.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1157/08/21", "description": " Sancho III and Ferdinand II, the sons of King Alfonso VII of Castile, divide his kingdom between them upon his death.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1157/10/23", "description": " Battle of Grathe Heath: A civil war in Denmark ends with the death of King Sweyn III. Valdemar I of Denmark becomes king of all Denmark and restores and rebuilds the country.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1157/10/23", "description": "Henry II of England grants a charter to the merchants of Lincoln (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1157/10/23", "description": "Henry II of England invades Wales and is defeated at the Battle of Ewloe by Owain Gwynedd.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1158", "description": "Emperor Nij\u014d formally succeeds Emperor Go-Shirakawa on the throne of Japan Go-Shirikawa continues a cloistered rule until his death in 1192.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1158/01/11", "description": " Vladislav II becomes king of Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1158/11/29", "description": " Eleanor of Aquitaine arrives in Salisbury, Wiltshire on royal business.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1158/11/29", "description": "The Diet of Roncaglia is convoked by Frederick Barbarossa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1158/11/29", "description": "The newborn Margaret of France is shipped to England as the future wife of the three year-old Henry the Young King.  The Vexin region is promised as her dowry ampamp is put under the care of the Knights Templar until her future husband is old enough to take control of it.ampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 27ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1158/11/29", "description": "Margrave Ottokar III of Styria inherits the County of Pitten.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1158/11/29", "description": "The Portuguese conquer Palmela, Alc\u00e1cer do Sal and Sesimbra from the diminished Almoravids.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1158/11/29", "description": "Spain: Raymundo, abbot of the Fitero Abbey (Navarra), pledges to defend the fortress of Calatrava from incoming Muslim raiders. It is the founding moment of the Order of Calatrava, the spearhead of the Iberian armies during the Reconquista.ampref name=estow1982amp{{cite journal|last=Estow|first=Clara|title=The Economic Development of the Order of Calatrava, 1158-1366|journal=Speculum|year=1982|volume=57|issue=2|pages=267\u2013291}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1158/11/29", "description": "British Pound Sterling (currency) is introduced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Economy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1158/11/29", "description": "The University of Bologna is granted its first privileges by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1158/11/29", "description": "The Diocese of Derry is founded in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1159", "description": "In the Roman Catholic Church, cardinals are given the right to elect the Pope. Prior to this, the pope was elected by the clergy and congregation of the church.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1159/09/07", "description": " Pope Alexander III succeeds Pope Adrian IV as the 170th pope.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1159/09/07", "description": "The Heiji Rebellion breaks out in Japan.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1159/09/07", "description": "Tunis is reconquered from the Normans by the Almohad caliphs.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1160", "description": "The Almohads conquer Mahdia from the Normans after an important naval success near the city against Christian reenforcement coming from Sicily.ampref name=Picard1997amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1160", "description": "A commercial treaty between the Almohad caliphate and the Republic of Pisa opens the North African ports to Tuscan merchants.ampref name=ampquotPicard1997ampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1160", "description": "The Heiji Rebellion continues in Japan.  Some 500 Minamoto rebels opposed to the retired emperor Go-Shirakawa carry out a daring raid on the Sanjo Palace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1160", "description": "Yasovarman II succeeds his uncle Dharanindravarman as ruler of the Khmer Empire. Dharanindravarman's son Jayavarman acquiesces to his cousin's succession and goes into exile in neighboring Champa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1160", "description": "Reynald of Chatillon is arrested by the Muslims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1160/02/03", "description": " Emperor Frederick Barbarossa takes Crema, Italy following a cruel siege, as part of his campaign against the independent Italian city-states.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1160/05/18", "description": " Erik Jedvardsson is murdered, after which his murderer Magnus Henriksen proclaims himself king of Sweden. He is, however, himself murdered the following year. Eric is soon worshipped as a saint, becoming known as ''Eric the Saint'' or ''Eric the Holy''. Though never formally canonized by the pope, he eventually becomes the patron saint of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1160/05/18", "description": "Richard FitzNeal is named Treasurer of the Exchequer of England, and begins writing a handbook for the division, his Dialogus de Scaccario.  It will describe the organization of personnel, the duties of each, how to audit sheriff's accounts at Easter and Michaelmas, how to value coinage, and how to draw up receipts.ampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 127ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1160/05/18", "description": "The city of Tomar is founded in Portugal by Gualdim Pais.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1160/05/18", "description": "Spital am Semmering is founded by Margrave Ottokar III of Styria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1160/05/18", "description": "Large Portuguese offensive in the Alentejo against the Muslims.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1160/05/18", "description": "Derby School is founded at Derby, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1161", "description": "The Battle of Tangdao and Battle of Caishi, on the Yangtze river between the Jurchen Jin Dynasty and the Chinese Song Dynasty, result in two pivotal Song naval victories.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1161", "description": "Bartholomew Iscanus becomes Bishop of Exeter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1161", "description": "Godfrey Ua Raghallaigh dies his son Cathal succeeds him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1161", "description": "Eric Jedvardsson's murderer Magnus Henriksen is himself murdered by Karl Sverkersson, who then becomes king of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1161", "description": "A Muslim offensive against the young Portuguese kingdom reaches Almada.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1162", "description": "The Almohad emir, Abd al-Mu'min, prepares a gigantic fleet of some four hundred ships to invade Spain. He dies the following year before the fleet is completed.ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, pp.77ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1162/06/03", "description": " Thomas Becket is consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1162/07/15", "description": " Ladislaus II of Hungary is declared King of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1162/07/15", "description": "Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa seizes and destroys Milan, scattering its inhabitants among four villages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1162/07/24", "description": " Emperor Gaozong abdicates to Emperor Xiaozong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1162/07/25", "description": " Emperor Xiaozong announces he will posthumously rehabilitate Yue Fei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1162/07/25", "description": "The Beisi Pagoda of Song Dynasty China is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1163", "description": "Owain Gwynedd is recognized as ruler of Wales.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1163", "description": "Silesian duchies accept the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1163", "description": "The Law of Succession is introduced in Norway.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1163", "description": "Council of Tours: Albigensians are named and condemned as heretics.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1163", "description": "Loccum Abbey in Hanover is founded as a Cistercian house by Cornwall.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1163", "description": "The Egyptian empire is resurrected for 10 days.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1163", "description": "The Guanfuchang salt-fields (\u5b98\u5bcc\u5834) in Hong Kong, nowadays To Kwa Wan, Kowloon Bay, Kwun Tong and Lam Tin districts, are first officially operated by the Song Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1163", "description": "The first stone of Paris's Notre Dame Cathedral is set by Pope Alexander III.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1163", "description": "The Almohads finish driving the Normans out of North Africa.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1164", "description": "Commercial treaty grants access to Almohad-dominated ports to merchants from several European powers including Marseille and Savona.ampref name=Picard1997amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1164", "description": "A council of Nobles and Bishops held at Clarendon Palace passes the Constitution of Clarendon, which creates a compromise between Church and state in the Kingdom of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1164", "description": "Count Henry I of Champagne marries Marie de Champagne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1164", "description": "Henry II of England insists that everyone in the kingdom, including clerics, be subject to the royal courts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1164", "description": "Thomas Becket contends with Henry II, then leaves England to solicit support from the Pope and the King of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1164", "description": "The city of Tver is first mentioned in written records.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1164", "description": "The Republic of Venice imitates the Genoese example and secure its loans against fiscal revenues to obtain lower interest rates. In the first operation of that kind, the Republic obtains 1150 silver ''marci'' for 12 years of the taxes levied on the Rialto market.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506\u2013562}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1164/08/05", "description": " Uppsala is recognized as the seat of the Swedish metropolitan with the coronation of its first archbishop Stefan by the pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1164/08/05", "description": "Antipope Paschal III is elected by cardinals supporting Frederick Barbarossa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1164/08/05", "description": "Olaf II of Norway is canonized as Saint Olaf.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1164/08/05", "description": "Archbishop Rainald of Dassel brings relics of the Magi from Milan to Cologne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1165/11/23", "description": " Pope Alexander III enters Rome.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1165/11/23", "description": "Emperor Rokuj\u014d ascends to the throne of Japan at the age of one.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1165/11/23", "description": "William I becomes King of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1165/11/23", "description": "Byzantine Emperor Andronicus I escapes from prison.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1165/11/23", "description": "Henry II of England begins an affair with Rosamund Clifford.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1165/11/23", "description": "Henry II of England invades Wales but is defeated at the Battle of Crogen and forced to retreat.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1165/11/23", "description": "The Muslims take Caesarea Philippi from the Crusaders.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1165/11/23", "description": "Leipzig gains city and market privileges.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1165/11/23", "description": "The town of Pistoia obtains the appellation of ampquotimperio fidelissimaampquot from Frederick I as faithful of the emperor.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1165/11/23", "description": "Construction of the Liuhe Pagoda of Hangzhou, China, is completed in this year during the Song Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1165/11/23", "description": "The adventurer Gerald the Fearless, vassal of the king of Portugal, seizes the city Evora by surprise. The same year (or soon after), he takes Cac\u00e9res, Trujillo, Mont\u00e1nchez, Lobon, Moura, Monsaraz and Alconchel.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1166/07/05", "description": " Document written that first mentions the town of Bad Kleinkirchheim in Austria.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1166/07/05", "description": "Marko III succeeds Yoannis V as Patriarch of Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1166/07/05", "description": "Henry the Lion erects the first bronze statue north of the Alps.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1166/07/05", "description": "The Assize of Clarendon is enacted in England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1166/07/05", "description": "Tribhuvan\u0101ditya comes to power in the Khmer empire.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1166/07/05", "description": "Stefan Nemanja becomes Grand \u017dupan of the Grand Principality of Serbia", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1167/04/12", "description": " Karl Sverkersson is murdered by Knut Eriksson (son of Eric Jedvardsson), who proclaims himself king of Sweden. However, Karl's half brothers Kol and Boleslaw proclaim themselves kings of \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland, in opposition to Knut, which leads to fights for the power in Sweden until 1173.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1167/05/29", "description": " Battle of Monte Porzio: The  army of the Commune of Rome is defeated by the forces of the Holy Roman Emperor and the local princes Pope Alexander III leaves Rome.{{cite book|first=Jean-Claude Maire|last=Vigueur|year=2010|title=L'autre Rome: Une histoire des Romains \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque communale (XIIe-XIVe si\u00e8cle)|location=Paris|publisher=Tallandier|isbn=978-2-84734-719-7|page=315}}", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1167/05/29", "description": "Peter of Blois becomes the tutor of William II of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1167/05/29", "description": "Absalon, archbishop of Denmark, leads the first Danish synod at Lund.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1167/05/29", "description": "Absalon fortifies Copenhagen.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1167/05/29", "description": "William Marshal, described as ampquotthe greatest knight that ever lived,ampquot is knighted in England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1167/05/29", "description": "Afonso I of Portugal is defeated by the Kingdom of Leon.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1167/05/29", "description": "Amalric I of Jerusalem unsuccessfully invades Egypt.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1167/05/29", "description": "William of Tyre becomes archdeacon of Tyre.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1167/05/29", "description": "Oath of Pontida marks the foundation of the Lombard League", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1167/05/29", "description": "Henry II prohibits English students from attending the University of Paris many settle at the University of Oxford.ampamp{{cite book|last=Sager|first=Peter|year=2005|title=Oxford and Cambridge: An Uncommon History|location=London|publisher=Thames ampamp Hudson|isbn=0500512493|page=36}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1167/05/29", "description": "Taira no Kiyomori becomes the first samurai to be appointed ''Daijo Daijin'', chief minister of the government of Japan.amp\/onlyincludeamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1168/12/22", "description": " Afraid that the Egyptian capital Fustat (in today's Old Cairo) will be captured by the Crusaders, its Fatimid vizier, Shawar, orders the city set afire. The city burns for 54 days.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1168/12/22", "description": "Prince Richard of England becomes duke of Aquitaine. He later becomes King Richard I of England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1168/12/22", "description": "Emperor Takakura ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1168/12/22", "description": "King Valdemar I of Denmark conquers Arkona on the Island of R\u00fcgen, the strongest pagan fortress and temple in Northern Europe.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1168/12/22", "description": "The newly born Commune of Rome conquers and destroys the rival neighboring city of Albano.ampampJean-Claude Maire Vigueur (2010) ''L'autre Rome. Une histoire des Romains \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque communale (XIIe-XIVe si\u00e8cle).'' Paris: Tallandier. pp.314.ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1169", "description": "Nur ad-Din Zangi invades Egypt, and names his nephew Saladin sultan as well as vizier of Cairo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "by area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1169", "description": "January ampampndash Henry II of England ampamp Louis VII of France sign a peace treaty which includes the betrothal of their respective heirs, twelve year-old Richard I of England ampamp nine year-old Alys, Countess of the Vexin.ampamp''King John'' by Warren.  University of California Press, 1961.  p. 37ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "by area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1169", "description": "Siege of Badajoz by Gerald the Fearless. The adventurer receives the support of the Afonso I of Portugal. The Almohad caliph, Abu Yaqub Yusuf, manages to broke an alliance with the king of Le\u00f3n Ferdinand II against Afonso. The allies manage to besiege the Portuguese in Badajoz and finally to take both the king and Gerald prisoners.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "by area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1169", "description": "During the Swedish power struggle, Boleslaw is killed, but his brother Kol continues as king of \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland until 1173, in opposition to king Knut Eriksson of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "by area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1169", "description": "Prince Andrey Bogolyubskiy sacks Kiev and makes Vladimir the capital of Kievan Rus'", "lang": "en", "category1": "by area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1169", "description": "Cambro-Norman Knight, and vassal of Henry II of England, Richard fitzGilbert de Clare makes an alliance with exiled Irish chief Dermot MacMurrough, to help him regain the throne of Leinster.  This begins a period during which Irish politics are dominated by lords based in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "by area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1169", "description": "Eleanor of Aquitaine leaves the English court of Henry II to establish her own court in Poitiers.  It will become known as a center of courtly love.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1170", "description": "November (or December) ampampndash Henry II of England, when word reaches him in France of Thomas Becket's latest actions, utters words that are interpreted by his followers as a wish for the archbishop's death.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1170/12/29", "description": " Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, is assassinated in Canterbury Cathedral.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1170/12/29", "description": "The Danes attack Estonia.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1170/12/29", "description": "The city of Dublin is captured by the Normans.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1170/12/29", "description": "The East Frisian island of Bant is broken up in a North Sea flood.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1170/12/29", "description": "Palace guards massacre the civil officials at the Korean court and place a new king on the throne. The coup leaders abolish the privileges that have kept the aristocrats in power and appoint themselves to senior posts.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1170/12/29", "description": "Earliest dating for the making of Cheddar cheese", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1170/12/29", "description": "According to folklore, the Welsh prince Madoc sailes to North America and founds a colony.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1170/12/29", "description": "Estimation: Fes in the Almohad Empire becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm<\/a> Geography at about.comampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1171", "description": "Saladin abolishes the Fatimid caliphate, restoring Sunni rule in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1171", "description": "Manuel I Comnenus orders all the Venetians in the Byzantine Empire to be arrested and their property confiscated.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1171", "description": "Rhys ap Gruffydd agrees to negotiate with Henry II of England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1171", "description": "Construction of the Cathedral of Saint Sabino in Bari is completed.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1171", "description": "Serbian ruler Stefan Nemanja begins his sole reign.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1171", "description": "Alfonso II of Aragon conquers Caspe and Teruel.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1171", "description": "Henry II of England invades Ireland with the aid of the ousted King of Leinster, Diarmait MacMurrough.  As is usual at this time, Henry commandeers merchant ships as part of his invasion.ampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 121ampamp  Henry claims the ports of Dublin, Waterford, and Wexford for himself and promises the Irish chieftains protection if they will acknowledge him as their overlord.ampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 34ampamp  This begins eight centuries of conflict between Ireland and England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1171", "description": "Alliance of Pisa and Florence against Lucca and Genoa.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1171", "description": "The successors of Robert Burdet leave Catalonia for Majorca, marking the end of the attempts to create a Norman principality in Iberia.ampamp{{cite journal|last=McGrank|first=Lawrence|title=Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55|journal=Journal of Medieval History|year=1981|volume=7|issue=1|pages=67\u201382|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1172", "description": "Duke Richard of Aquitaine becomes Duke of Poitiers (later King Richard I of England).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1172", "description": "Henry II of England ampamp Humbert III, Count of Savoy agree to wed their respective heirs, John of England ampamp Alicia.  The alliance will never happen because Henry's elder heir, Henry the Young King, gets jealous over the castles which the elder Henry promises to the couple and stages a rebellion which will take the elder Henry two years to put down.  By that point, Alicia will have died.ampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by the University of California Press in 1961.  p. 29ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1172", "description": "Alberto di Morra is sent by Pope Alexander III to the Council of Avranches, where Henry II of England is absolved of the sin of murder in the matter of the assassination of Thomas Becket.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1172", "description": "The Synod of Cashel ends the Celtic Christian system and brings them under Rome.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1172", "description": "A Muslim rebellion is quelled at Prades, this event marks the end of the pacification of the lands recently conquered by the Catalans.ampamp{{cite journal|last=McGrank|first=Lawrence|title=Norman crusaders and the Catalan reconquest: Robert Burdet and te principality of Tarragona 1129-55|journal=Journal of Medieval History|year=1981|volume=7|issue=1|pages=67\u201382|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com.proxy.library.uu.nl\/science\/article\/pii\/0304418181900361}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1173", "description": "End of Qiandao era and start of Chunxi era of the Chinese emperor Xiaozong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1173", "description": "Saladin seizes Aden in Arabia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1173", "description": "Abergavenny Castle is seized by the Welsh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1173", "description": "Upon the death of Kol Sverkerson, king Knut Eriksson extends his reign to also include \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland. He is now unopposed as king of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1173", "description": "Casimir II of Poland succeeds Boleslaus IV of Poland on the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1173", "description": "Eleanor of Aquitaine and her sons rebel against her husband Henry II of England in the Revolt of 1173\u20131174.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1173", "description": "The efforts of the Almohad caliph, Abu Yaqub Yusuf, to repopulate the western Andalusian city of Beja begin. They are rapidly abandoned, sign of the quick demographic weakening of the Muslim in the peninsula.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1173/08/08", "description": " The construction of a campanile which will become the Leaning Tower of Pisa begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and leisure", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1173/08/08", "description": "Algebraic chess notation is first recorded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and leisure", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1173/08/08", "description": "Saint Thomas Becket is buried at Canterbury and canonized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1173/08/08", "description": "Peter Waldo is converted to Christianity and founds the Waldensians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1174", "description": "The Sicilian troops lunch a failed attack against Ayyubid-held Alexandria.ampref name=ampquotnorman adversariesampquotamp{{cite book|last=Abels|first=Richard Philip|title=The Normans and their adversaries at war|year=2001|publisher=Boydell ampamp Brewer|location=Woodbridge|isbn=0-85115-847-1|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=jOic9EEo3PICampampdq=The+occasion+of+the+coming+of+the+Normans+to+southern+Italyampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|coauthors=Bernard\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=jOic9EEo3PICampampdq=The+occasion+of+the+coming+of+the+Normans+to+southern+Italyampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|coauthors=Bernard<\/a> S. Bachrach|page=100}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1174", "description": "Henry II of England acknowledges Rosamund Clifford as his mistress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1174", "description": "The Revolt of 1173\u20131174 against Henry II of England ends in defeat for the rebels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1174", "description": "William I of Scotland is captured by Ranulf de Glanvill at the Battle of Alnwick, and Henry II of England occupies part of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1174", "description": "Richard of Dover becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1174", "description": "William de Braose, Third Lord of Bramber becomes sheriff of Hereford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1174", "description": "Fire destroys most of Padua, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1174", "description": "The city of Pombal, Portugal is founded by Gualdim Pais.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1174", "description": "The first known race track of the post-classical era opens at Newmarket in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1174", "description": "Battle of Thurles: Donal M\u00f3r \u00d3 Brian defeats a Norman incursion into Thomond.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1174", "description": "Vietnam is given the official name of Annam by China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1174", "description": "Saladin captures Damascus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "= Western Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1174", "description": "Baldwin IV, 13, becomes King of Jerusalem, with Raymond III of Tripoli as regent and William of Tyre as chancellor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "= Western Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1174", "description": "The last Toltec king commits suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Central America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1175", "description": "A Song Dynasty Chinese written record of this year states that a paper-printed-money factory in the city of Hangzhou alone employs a daily work force of more than 1,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1175", "description": "Ly Cao Ton becomes ruler of Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1175", "description": "The Kingdom of Namayan reaches its peak on Luzon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1175", "description": "Henry II of England begins living openly with his friend Rosamund Clifford, raising suspicions about their relationship ampamp alienating Henry's wife, Eleanor of Aquitaineampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 26ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=British isles", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1175", "description": "Treaty of Windsor: Ruaidri Ua Conchobair (Rory O'Conner), the last High King of Ireland, submits to Henry II as vassal of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=British isles", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1175", "description": "The Massacre of Abergavenny ends with several Welsh noblemen dead at the orders of William de Braose.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=British isles", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1175", "description": "Vordingborg Castle is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=British isles", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1175", "description": "Byzantine Emperor Manuel Comnenus restores the trading privileges of Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Byzantium", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1175", "description": "Under the admirals of the clan Banu Mardanish, an Almohad fleet suffers a large defeat at the hand of the Portuguese, as they were trying to reconquer Lisbon.ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, pp.77ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Iberia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1175", "description": "The high academy of Bosnian religious organization in Mo\u0161tre, Visoko, is first mentioned in Vatican archives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1175", "description": "William of Tyre becomes archbishop of Tyre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1176", "description": "Al-Adil I, the Muslim ruler of Egypt, suppresses a revolt by the Christian Copts in the city of Qift, hanging nearly 3,000 of them on the trees around the city.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1176", "description": "January ampampndash The Assize of Northampton is enacted.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1176/05/22", "description": " The Hashshashin attempt to murder Saladin near Aleppo.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1176/05/22", "description": "Raynald of Chatillon is released from prison in Aleppo.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1176/05/29", "description": " Battle of Legnano: Frederick Barbarossa is defeated by the Lombard League, leading to the ''pactum Anagninum'' (the Agreement of Anagni).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1176/09/17", "description": " Battle of Myriokephalon: The Seljuk Turks defeat Manuel I Comnenus.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1176/09/17", "description": "The Cathedral of Sens installs the first ampquothorologeampquot.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1176/09/17", "description": "Construction begins on the London Bridge.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1176/09/17", "description": "Aberdeen becomes a royal burgh.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1176/09/17", "description": "The Carthusian Order is approved.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1176/09/17", "description": "The first recorded Welsh Eisteddfod is held by Rhys ap Gruffydd at Cardigan.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1176/09/17", "description": "Unkei completes his statue of Dainchi Nyorai (National Treasure)", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1177", "description": "January ampampndash Eystein Meyla, leader of the Birkebeiner in Norway, is killed. Sverre Sigurdson (Later, King Sverre I, of Norway) becomes the new leader.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1177/01/13", "description": "Leopold V becomes Duke of Austria.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1177/01/13", "description": "March ampampndash Treaty of Venice: Frederick I Barbarossa acknowledges Alexander III as Pope.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1177/08/01", "description": " Holy Roman Empire renounces any claims on the territory of Rome.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1177/09/27", "description": " Pope Alexander III sends a letter to Prester John, believing he is real.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1177/11/25", "description": " Battle of Montgisard: Baldwin IV of Jerusalem and Raynald of Chatillon defeat Saladin.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1177/11/25", "description": "During the third year of the Angen era in Japan, a fire devastates Kyoto.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1177/11/25", "description": "Benedictus Abbas becomes abbot of Peterborough.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1177/11/25", "description": "Byland Abbey is founded in Yorkshire by the Cistercians.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1177/11/25", "description": "Casimir II becomes duke of Poland.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1177/11/25", "description": "The Cham sack the Khmer capital of Angkor Wat.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1177/11/25", "description": "Roger de Moulins becomes Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1177/11/25", "description": "Moscow is burned down and its inhabitants are killed.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1177/11/25", "description": "Puigcerd\u00e0 is founded by Alfonso II of Aragon.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1177/11/25", "description": "The Estonians attack Pskov during the winter.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1177/11/25", "description": "A civil war breaks out in Florence between the Uberti family and their consular opponent.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1178", "description": "The Cham sack the Khmer capital near Angkor Wat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1178/06/18", "description": " Five Canterbury monks see what is possibly the Giordano Bruno crater being formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art and science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1178/06/18", "description": "The Sung Document is written, detailing the discovery of ampquotMu-Lan-Piampquot (suggested by some to be California) by Muslim sailors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art and science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1178/06/18", "description": "The Chronicle of Gervase of Canterbury is written.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art and science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1178/06/18", "description": "The Leaning Tower of Pisa begins to lean as the third level is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art and science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1178/07/17", "description": " Provence: Saracen pirates, from the Balearic Islands, raid the benedictine monastery of Saint Honorat on the L\u00e9rins Islands and the city of Toulon killing an estimated 300 and taking captives. The surviving captives are free from the Balearic Islands in 1185.{{cite book|title=Pays d'Islam et monde latin, Xe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle: textes et documents|publisher=Presses Universitaires de Lyon|location=Lyon|author=Unit\u00e9 mixte de recherche 5648--Histoire et arch\u00e9ologie des mondes chr\u00e9tiens et musulmans m\u00e9di\u00e9vaux}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1178/07/17", "description": "George III of Georgia defeats a noble revolt and proclaims his daughter Tamar coregent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1178/07/17", "description": "The Portuguese troops conquer Beja from the Almohads.ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, pp.78ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1179", "description": "The Maya city of Chichen Itza is sacked and burned by Hunac Ceel, the Mayapan king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1179/06/19", "description": " Battle of Kalvskinnet (outside Nidaros, Norway): Earl Erling Skakke is killed, and the battle changes the tide of the civil wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1179/06/19", "description": "Afonso I is recognized as the true King of Portugal by Pope Alexander III, bringing Portugal the protection of the Catholic Church against the Castilian monarchy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1179/11/01", "description": " Philip II is crowned King of France. He assumes his office, however, in the next year, following the death of his father Louis VII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1179/11/01", "description": "The city of Aberdeen is chartered by William the Lion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1179/11/01", "description": "Large offensive by the Almohad army in southern Portugal aiming at the reconquest of the Alentejo.ampref name=lameretlesmusulmansamp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris|pages=77}}ampamp Further north, a fleet led by Abd Allah b. Ishaq b. Jami is sailing to attack Lisbon but is repelled by the Portuguese admiral D. Fuas Roupinho near the Cape Espichel.ampref name = ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquot\/amp The Portuguese admiral later manages to enter in the harbor of Ceuta and destroy a number of Muslim ships. It is the beginning of a four-year naval conflict between Almohads and Portuguese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1179/11/01", "description": "The Third Council of the Lateran condemns Waldensians and Cathars as heretics, institutes a reformation of clerical life, and creates the first ampquotghettosampquot for Jews.  It also rules that the Pope must receive 2\/3 of the cardinals' votes to be elected.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1179/11/01", "description": "Westminster School is founded by the monks of Westminster Abbey (by papal command).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1179/11/01", "description": "The Drigung Kagyu school of Kagyu Buddhism is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1180", "description": "The last major volcanic eruption occurs of Sunset Crater, in Arizona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1180", "description": "During the third year of the Jisho era of Japan, a devastating whirlwind damages Kyoto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1180", "description": "Emperor Antoku succeeds Emperor Takakura as emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1180", "description": "Prince Mochihito amasses a large army and instigates the Genpei War between the Taira and Minamoto clans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1180", "description": "Kilij Arslan II allies with Saladin after the death of Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Comnenus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1180/04/13", "description": " Frederick Barbarossa issues the Gelnhausen Charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1180/09/24", "description": " Alexius II Comnenus becomes Byzantine Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1180/11/18", "description": " Philip II becomes King of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1180/11/18", "description": "Afonso I of Portugal is taken prisoner by Ferdinand II of Le\u00f3n.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1180/11/18", "description": "The Portuguese admiral D. Fuas Roupinho wins a second victory in two years against the Almohad fleet.ampref name=Picard1997amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1180/11/18", "description": "Artois is annexed by France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1180/11/18", "description": "Frederick Barbarossa removes Henry the Lion from the Duchy of Saxony, and creates the Duchies of Westphalia and Styria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1180/11/18", "description": "The Wittelsbach Family takes control of Bavaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1180/11/18", "description": "Alexander Neckam becomes a lecturer in Paris, and writes ''De Natura Rerum'', an early mention of chess (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1180/11/18", "description": "Estimation: Hangzhou, capital of Southern Song China, becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Fes in the Almohad Empire.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm<\/a> Geography at about.comampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Demography", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1181", "description": "Jayavarman VII defeats the Cham and assumes control of the Khmer kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1181", "description": "The Yowa era, marked by famine, begins in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1181", "description": "After a series of defeats, the Almohad navy, under the admiral Ahmad al-Siqilli, crushes the Portuguese fleet and reassert their control over the Atlantic Ocean.ampref name=Picard1997amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1181", "description": "The word Albigensians is first used by chronicler Geoffroy du Breuil of Vigeois to describe the inhabitants of Albi, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1181", "description": "Philip Augustus annuls all loans made by Jews to Christians and takes a percentage for himself. A year later, he confiscates all Jewish property and expels the Jews from Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1181", "description": "Chinese and Japanese astronomers observe what has since come to be understood as a supernova. One of only eight supernovae in the Milky Way observed in recorded history, it appears in the constellation Cassiopeia and is visible in the night sky for about 185 days.  The radio source 3C58 is thought to be the remnant from this event.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1181/09/01", "description": " Pope Lucius III succeeds Pope Alexander III as the 171st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1182", "description": "Raynald of Chatillon has seven ships freighted over the isthmus of Suez, which he then uses to pillage the shores of the Red Sea, as far as the gates of Mecca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1182", "description": "The Yowa era, marked by famine, ends in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1182", "description": "Battle of Palnadu: The Kalachuri civil war ends in victory for the Palanati Kalachuris of India, and their leader, Nalagama Raju.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1182", "description": "Genghis Khan is captured and carried in a cage to a rival's camp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1182", "description": "Canute VI is crowned king of Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1182", "description": "Serbia allies itself with Hungary to gain independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1182", "description": "The first Sejm, or Polish Parliament, convenes at \u0141\u0119czyca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1182", "description": "The Jews are expelled from Paris by Philip II of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1182", "description": "Massacre of the Latins in Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1182", "description": "B\u00e9la III of Hungary sacks the city of Belgrade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1182", "description": "While trying to enter by surprise in the harbor of Ceuta to sink Muslim ships, the Portuguese admiral D. Fuas Roupinho is spotted and killed.ampref name=Picard1997amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1182", "description": "Foiled Sicilian attempt to disloge Moorish fleet from Majorca.ampref name=ampquotnorman adversariesampquotamp{{cite book|last=Abels|first=Richard Philip|title=The Normans and their adversaries at war|year=2001|publisher=Boydell ampamp Brewer|location=Woodbridge|isbn=0-85115-847-1|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=jOic9EEo3PICampampdq=The+occasion+of+the+coming+of+the+Normans+to+southern+Italyampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|coauthors=Bernard\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=jOic9EEo3PICampampdq=The+occasion+of+the+coming+of+the+Normans+to+southern+Italyampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|coauthors=Bernard<\/a> S. Bachrach|page=100}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1182", "description": "The Maronites reestablish their affiliation with the Roman Catholic Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1183/06/25", "description": " The Peace of Constance is signed between Frederick Barbarossa and the Lombard League.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1183/06/25", "description": "Three-year old Emperor Go-Toba ascends to the throne of Japan after the forced abdication of his brother Emperor Antoku during the Genpei War.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1183/08/14", "description": " Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures and flee to western Japan to escape pursuit by the Minamoto clan (traditional Japanese date: Twenty-fifth Day of the Seventh Month of the Second Year of Juei).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1183/08/14", "description": "William of Tyre is excommunicated by the newly appointed Heraclius of Jerusalem, firmly ending their struggle for power.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1183/08/14", "description": "Andronicus I Comnenus becomes Byzantine Emperor.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1183/08/14", "description": "Joseph of Exeter writes the first account of a sport resembling cricket.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1183/08/14", "description": "The Siege of Kerak is waged between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders, in which regent Guy of Lusignan refuses to fight.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1183/08/14", "description": "Saladin conquers Syria and becomes sultan.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1184", "description": "Yaqub al-Mansur becomes the third Almohad Caliph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1184", "description": "The warlord Ali b. Ghaniya and his brother Yahya seize by surprise the Almohad-dominated cities of Constantine, B\u00e9ja\u00efa and Algiers. While they are away from their base in Mallorca, one of their brothers, Muhammad, takes control of the island and calls in the Almohads whom intend to capture Mallorca for themselves. The Banu Ghaniya reenforcement arrives just in time from Africa to defeat the Almohads and reassert their domination of the island.ampref name=Picard1997amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1184/02/19", "description": " Second Battle of Uji: Minamoto no Yoshinaka is defeated by his cousins, Yoshitsune and Yoritomo, for the control of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1184/06/15", "description": " Battle of Fimreite: King Sverre of Norway defeats and kills his rival, Magnus Erlingsson, to take the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1184/06/15", "description": "The Almohads reconquer the Alentejo (except \u00c9vora) and besiege Lisbon on land and blockade the port with their navy. A Portuguese soldier manages to swim to the largest ship of the fleet and to sink it. This ship was so tall, it would have allowed the Muslims to easily reach the walls of the city. The next day, the Almohads have to retreat, taking with them a number of civilian captives.ampref name=ampquotPicard1997ampquot\/amp The Almohad army continues its campaign by the siege of Santar\u00e9m, where the caliph, Abu Yaqub Yusuf is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1184/06/15", "description": "The city of Abbeville receives its commercial charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1184/06/15", "description": "Archbishop Absalon of Lund wins a naval victory over Bogislav, duke of Pomerania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1184/06/15", "description": "The streets of Paris are paved by order of Philip Augustus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1184/06/15", "description": "A great fire at Glastonbury Abbey destroys  several  buildings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1184/06/15", "description": "In England, first royal ordinance demanding that the knights Templar and Hospitaller assist in the collection of taxes.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Ferris|first=Eleanor|title=The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown|journal=American Historical Review|year=1902|volume=8|issue=1}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1184/06/15", "description": "The Papal bull ''Ad Aboldendam'' is issued against several European heretical groups: the Cathars, the Waldensians, the Patarines and the Humiliati. It is created after a landmark meeting in Verona between the Holy Roman Empire under Frederick Barbarossa and the Roman Church under Pope Lucius III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1185", "description": "The Almohads reconquer B\u00e9ja\u00efa and Algiers that had been taken by the Banu Ghaniya, descendants of the Almoravids.ampref name=Picard1997amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1185/04/25", "description": " Genpei War: The naval Battle of Dan-no-ura leads to a Minamoto victory in Japan, and the death of Emperor Antoku.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1185/04/25", "description": "Mohammad of Ghur takes Punjab and Lahore, overthrowing the Ghaznavids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1185/04/25", "description": "The Heian period ends and the Kamakura period begins in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1185/04/25", "description": "Henry II of England knights his heir John of England and sends him to Ireland to enforce English control.  According to Gerald of Wales, the only witness to chronicle the expedition, it is a disaster in which money is wasted on alcohol and the Irish chieftains are scorned into uniting against a common enemy.  By the end of the year, John has returned to England in defeat.  Nonetheless, Henry gets him named King of Ireland by Pope Urban III and procures a golden crown with peacock feathers.ampamp''King John'' by Warren.  University of California Press, 1961.  p. 35ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=British isles", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1185/04/25", "description": "Templars settle in London and begin building the New Temple Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=British isles", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1185/08/15", "description": " The cave city of Vardzia is consecrated by Queen Tamar of Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1185/08/24", "description": " the Byzantine city of Thessalonica is sacked by the Norman Sicilian troops.ref name=quotnorman adversariesquot{{cite book|last=Abels|first=Richard Philip|title=The Normans and their adversaries at war|year=2001|publisher=Boydell amp Brewer|location=Woodbridge|isbn=0-85115-847-1|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=jOic9EEo3PICampdq=The+occasion+of+the+coming+of+the+Normans+to+southern+Italyampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|coauthors=Bernard\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=jOic9EEo3PICampdq=The+occasion+of+the+coming+of+the+Normans+to+southern+Italyampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|coauthors=Bernard<\/a> S. Bachrach|page=100}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1185/09/11", "description": " Isaac II Angelus leads a revolt in the Byzantine Empire which deposes Andronikos I Komnenos and ends the Komnenos dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1185/11/07", "description": " Byzantine general Alexios Branas decisively defeats the Normans at the Battle of Demetritzes, ending the Norman invasion of the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1185/11/07", "description": "Peter and Asen lead a revolt of the Vlachs and Bulgars against the Byzantine Empire, eventually establishing the Second Bulgarian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1185/11/07", "description": "Igor Svyatoslavich's failed campaign against the Cumans, later immortalized in ''The Tale of Igor's Campaign''", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1185/11/07", "description": "First evidence that the king of England is using the safes of the New Temple in London under the guard of the Knights Templar to store part of his treasure.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Ferris|first=Eleanor|title=The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown|journal=American Historical Review|year=1902|volume=8|issue=1}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1185/11/25", "description": " Pope Urban III succeeds Pope Lucius III as the 172nd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1186/01/27", "description": " Constance of Sicily marries Henry (the future Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1186/01/27", "description": "John the Chanter becomes Bishop of Exeter.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1186/01/27", "description": "The Byzantine Empire recognizes the independence of Bulgaria and Serbia.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1186/01/27", "description": "Joscius becomes Archbishop of Tyre.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1186/01/27", "description": "Jayavarman VII, the king of Cambodia, founds the temple of Ta Prohm.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1186/01/27", "description": "After the death of the child-king Baldwin V, his mother succeeds him as Sibylla of Jerusalem and appoints her disfavoured husband Guy de Lusignan king consort. This comes as a shock to Jerusalem's court, who had earlier forced the possible future Queen into promising that should she become so, she would not appoint him the title.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1187", "description": "The Toltecs are deposed at Chichen Itza.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1187", "description": "The Almohad caliph, Yaqub al-Mansur, reconquers the city of Gabes Ifriqiya from the Almoravid pretender, Ali b. Ghaniya.ampref name=Picard1997amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1187/05/01", "description": " Battle of Cresson: Saladin defeats the crusaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1187/07/04", "description": " Battle of Hattin: Saladin defeats Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1187/09/20", "description": "October 2 ampndash Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1187/09/20", "description": "King Jayavarman VII of Ankor Vat defeats the Cham conquerors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1187/09/20", "description": "Ghorin Muhammed conquers Punjab.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1187/09/20", "description": "19 October ampampndash Pope Urban III dies of heart attack on hearing news of the Loss of Jerusalem", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1187/10/21", "description": " Pope Gregory VIII succeeds Pope Urban III as the 173rd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1187/10/21", "description": "The Cathedral of St. Jacob is consecrated in Szczecin, Pomerania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1187/10/21", "description": "Zen Buddhism comes to Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1187/10/29", "description": " Pope Gregory VIII issues the bull ''Audita tremendi'', proposing the Third Crusade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1187/10/29", "description": "Alexius Branas attempts to seize Constantinople in defiance of his master Isaac II Angelus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1187/10/29", "description": "Estonians, Curonians and Karelians destroy Sigtuna and kill the archbishop.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1187/10/29", "description": "Knut Eriksson builds a castle in the island of Stockholm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1187/10/29", "description": "Genoa takes Bonifacio (in Corsica) from Pisa.ampamp{{cite book|last=Colombani|first=Philippe|title=H\u00e9ros corses du Moyen Age|year=2010|publisher=Albiana|location=Ajaccio|isbn=978-2-84698-338-9|page=173}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1187/10/29", "description": "Glanvill, an official of King Henry II, describes how villeins can be free (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1187/10/29", "description": "Florence takes control of the neighboring city of Empoli.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1187/10/29", "description": "To finance the siege of Zara, the Doge of Venice grants the benefits of the revenue from the salt tax to a consortium of creditors. Pledging the income from the Salt Office becomes a staple of the city's finance.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506\u2013562}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1188", "description": "Saladin unsuccessfully besieges the Hospitaller fortress of Krak des Chevaliers in modern Syria.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1188", "description": "Newgate Prison is built in London.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1188", "description": "Richard Lionheart allies with Philip II of France against his father, Henry II of England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1188", "description": "Giraldus Cambrensis and Baldwin of Exeter travel through Wales attempting to recruit men for the Third Crusade.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1188", "description": "The ampquotSaladin titheampquot is levied in England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1188", "description": "Alfonso IX of Leon becomes king of Leon.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1188", "description": "Queen Tamar of Georgia marries David Soslan.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1188", "description": "The legendary Cutting of the elm occurs at Gisors in Normandy.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1188", "description": "Alfonso IX of Le\u00f3n convened at the Basilica of San Isidoro the Cortes of Le\u00f3n with representatives of the nobility, clergy and towns. These Cortes are  considered as the first parliament in Europe.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1189/01/21", "description": " Philip II of France and Henry II of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1189/02/18", "description": " Emperor Xiaozong abdicates to Emperor Guangzong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1189/02/18", "description": "The beginning of the siege of Acre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1189/02/18", "description": "The Crusader castles of Montreal and Kerak are captured by Saladin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1189/08/29", "description": " Ban Kulin writes ''The Charter of Kulin'', which becomes a symbolic quotbirth certificatequot of Bosnian language and  statehood.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1189/08/29", "description": "Henry II of England ends a war against Philip II of France ampamp Richard I of England by agreeing to their terms: he pays Philip 20,000 marks and recognizes Richard as the heir to the English throne.  Henry is brokenhearted to find that his second heir, John of England, had also allied against him in the war.  He dies within a few months.ampref name=ampquotKing John' 1961. p. 38ampquotamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 38ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1189/09/03", "description": " Richard Lionheart is crowned as king of England.  He immediately begins selling castles, lordships, privileges, and towns to fund his long-anticipated crusade against the Middle East.ref name=quotKing John' 1961. p. 38quot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1189/09/03", "description": "The town of Dundalk in the Republic of Ireland gains its charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1189/09/03", "description": "Sancho I of Portugal conquers Silves and Alvor with the help of the troops of the Third Crusade.ampref name=ampquotlameretlesmusulmansampquotampPicard C. (1997) ''La mer et les musulmans d'Occident au Moyen Age''. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, pp.73ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1190/03/16", "description": " A massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews of York, England, led by Richard Malebys, result in the deaths of 150\u2013500 Jews in Clifford's Tower.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1190/06/10", "description": " Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Saleph River while leading an army to Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1190/06/10", "description": "The Teutonic Knights are founded to defend the Latin states in the Levant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1190/10/04", "description": " Richard I of England threatens war against Tancred of Sicily, and captures Messina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1190/10/04", "description": "Battle of Stara Zagora: The Bulgarians defeat Byzantine Emperor Isaac II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1190/10/04", "description": "Henry I becomes Duke of Brabant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1190/10/04", "description": "Richard I of England and Philip II of France meet at V\u00e9zelay, thus beginning the Third Crusade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1190/10/04", "description": "The Almohad caliph, Yaqub al-Mansur, fails to reconquer Silves in Portugal.ampref name=Picard1997amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1190/10/04", "description": "''On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy'' (ar. ''Kitab fasl al-maqal'') is first published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1190/10/04", "description": "''Speculum Virginum'', a German manuscript, is published (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1190/10/04", "description": "Cartmel Priory is founded in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1190/10/04", "description": "Stevan Nemanja founds the Studenica monastery in Serbia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1190/11/24", "description": " Isabella of Jerusalem marries Conrad of Montferrat at Acre, making him ''de jure'' king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1190/11/24", "description": "In Myanmar, Anawrahta's lineage regains control with the assistance of Sri Lanka. Pagan has been in anarchy. The new regime reforms Burmese Buddhism on Sri Lankan Theravada models.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1190/11/24", "description": "The feudal era of Japan begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1190/11/24", "description": "Anti-Jewish riots break out in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1191/04/14", "description": " Pope Celestine III succeeds Pope Clement III as the 175th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1191/04/17", "description": " Tusculum is destroyed by the army of the Commune of Rome. Jean-Claude Maire Vigueur (2010) ''L'autre Rome. Une histoire des Romains \u00e0 l'\u00e9poque communale (XIIe-XIVe si\u00e8cle).'' Paris: Tallandier. pp.316.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1191/05/12", "description": " Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1191/05/12", "description": "Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned by Pope Celestine III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1191/05/12", "description": "Duke Berthold V of Z\u00e4hringen founds the city of Bern (present-day Switzerland).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1191/05/12", "description": "After having failed in their endeavor the year before, the Almohads reconquer the city of Silves in Portugal.ampref name=Picard1997amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}ampamp In the same campaign, the Almohads take also Alc\u00e1cer so Sal while Palmela and Almada are sacked.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1191/05/12", "description": "The monks of Glastonbury Abbey announce that they have found the burial sites of King Arthur and Queen Guinevere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Art", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1191/05/12", "description": "The first reference to the windmill in Europe is made by a Dean Herbert of East Anglia, whose mills are supposedly in competition with the abbey of Bury St Edmunds.  This is probably an invention imported from interaction with the Muslim world, since the first windmills were most likely innovated from the Bana Musa brothers in the Islamic Middle East during the middle 9th century.  The windmill will spread in the other direction, to be introduced to China by as early as 1219.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1191/07/12", "description": " Saladin's garrison surrenders, ending the two-year siege of Acre. Conrad of Montferrat, who has negotiated the surrender, raises the banners of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and of the Third Crusade leaders Richard I of England, Philip II of France, and Leopold V of Austria on the city's walls and towers.  Richard stays to push on to Jerusalem, but Philip returns to France to take possession of a part of Flanders whose count had died at the siege of Acre.  Back in France, Philip also schemes with Richard's brother, John of England, to dispossess Richard of his French lands while he is still away, but the intervention of John's (and Richard's) mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, foils the plan.''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 43", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1191/09/07", "description": " Richard I of England defeats Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf during the Third Crusade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1191/09/07", "description": "Khmer King Jayavarman VII sacks the capital of Champa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1191/11/27", "description": " Reginald fitz Jocelin is elected Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1191/11/27", "description": "Eisai founds the Rinzai Zen sect in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1191/11/27", "description": "The monks of Glastonbury Abbey dig up the remains of a large knight and a blonde woman and announce to have discovered the tomb of king Arthur and Queen Guinevere.ampamp{{cite book|last=Grandsen|first=Antonia|title=Glastonbury Abbey and the Arthurian tradition|year=2001|publisher=Boydell ampamp Brewer|isbn=0-85991-572-7|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=-YZYTTST1YkCampamppg=PA305ampampdq=glastonbury+1191ampamphl=enampampei=mre_TqSjMcSUOrij1L0Bampampsa=Xampampoi=book_resultampampct=resultampampresnum=2ampampved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageampampq=1191ampampf=false|editor=J.\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=-YZYTTST1YkCampamppg=PA305ampampdq=glastonbury+1191ampamphl=enampampei=mre_TqSjMcSUOrij1L0Bampampsa=Xampampoi=book_resultampampct=resultampampresnum=2ampampved=0CDQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageampampq=1191ampampf=false|editor=J.<\/a> P. Carley|page=43|chapter=The Growth of Glastonbury Traditions and Legends in the Twelfth Century}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1192/01/07", "description": " Venus occults Jupiter", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1192/04/28", "description": " Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I), King of Jerusalem, is assassinated in Tyre, only days after his title to the throne is confirmed by election. The killing is carried out by Hashshashin.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1192/08/21", "description": " Minamoto no Yoritomo is granted the title of shogun, thereby officially establishing the first shogunate in the history of Japan.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1192/10/09", "description": " The Third Crusade ends. Richard I of England and Saladin negotiate visiting rights for pilgrims to come to the Holy City of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1192/10/09", "description": "Richard I of England is taken hostage by Leopold V of Austria.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1192/10/09", "description": "Battle of Tarain in India", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1192/10/09", "description": "Marco Polo Bridge, or Lugouqiao, is completed in Beijing.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1192/10/09", "description": "Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich of Novgorod burns down Tartu and Otep\u00e4\u00e4 Castles in Estonia.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1193/01/01", "description": " Enrico Dandolo becomes Doge of Venice.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1193/08/15", "description": " Philip II of France marries Ingeborg, daughter of Valdemar I of Denmark.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1193/08/15", "description": "Following the death of Saladin, the lands of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt and Syria are split among his descendants.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1193/08/15", "description": "On his return from the Third Crusade, Richard the Lionheart is captured by his personal enemy, Leopold V, Duke of Austria.ampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 44ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1193/08/15", "description": "Qutb-ud-din Aybak, a Ghurid slave commander, captures Delhi.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1193/08/15", "description": "Muhammad Khilji, a general under the command of Qutb-ud-Din, sacks and burns Nalanda, India's greatest Buddhist university.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1193/08/15", "description": "Pope Celestine III calls for a crusade against pagans in Northern Europe.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1193/08/15", "description": "The Aztec civilization begins in Mexico.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1194/02/04", "description": " Richard I of England is ransomed from Henry VI, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1194/02/04", "description": "April 1194 - Richard I arrives back in England", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1194/02/04", "description": "May 12 1194 - After settling affairs in England, Richard arrives across the Channel at Barfleur in Normandy to reclaim lands lost to Philip II.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1194/06/10", "description": " A fire at Chartres Cathedral leads to the start of its rebuilding.{{cite book|first=Ian|last=Sutton|title=Architecture, from Ancient Greece to the Present|location=London|publisher=Thames amp Hudson|year=1999|isbn=978-0-500-20316-3}}", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1194/07/03", "description": " Battle of Freteval: Richard I of England reconquers his French fiefdoms from Philip II Augustus.{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=129\u2013131}}", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1194/07/05", "description": " Emperor Guangzong of Song China is forced to give up his throne.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1194/11/20", "description": " Palermo falls to Henry VI.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1194/12/25", "description": " Henry VI is crowned king of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1194/12/25", "description": "The city of Portsmouth is awarded its Royal Charter.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1194/12/25", "description": "Henry Marshal becomes Bishop of Exeter.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1194/12/25", "description": "The Yellow River of China experiences a major course change, taking over the Huai River drainage system for the next 700 years.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1194/12/25", "description": "The Danes attack Estonia.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1194/12/25", "description": "Seljuq dynasty of Hamadan ends.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1195/06/01", "description": " Battle of Shamkor: Georgians defeat the Ildenizids of Azerbaijan.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1195/07/18", "description": " Battle of Alarcos: Almohad ruler Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur decisively defeats Castilian King Alfonso VIII.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1195/07/18", "description": "The Priory of St Mary's is founded in Bushmead.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1195/07/18", "description": "Alexius III Angelus overthrows Isaac II and becomes Byzantine Emperor.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1196", "description": "England is struck by a pestilence and a resulting famineampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 60ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1196", "description": "Spring ampampndash In London, a popular uprising of the poor against the rich is led by William Fitz Osbern.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1196", "description": "Upon the death of Knut Eriksson, he succeeded peacefully as king of Sweden by his rival Sverker the Younger.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1196", "description": "According to a popular legend, Prince Madog of Gwynedd reaches North America in what is present-day Alabama.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1196", "description": "Stefan Prvovencani becomes Grand \u017dupan of Serbia.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1196", "description": "General Ch'oe Ch'ung-hon takes control in Korea.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1196", "description": "First recorded use of ampquotKatherineampquot as a female first name in England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1197", "description": "Genghis Khan defeats the Jurkins. Mukhali's father gives him and his brother to Genghis Khan as personal hereditary slaves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1197", "description": "Amalric II succeeds Henry II of Champagne as King of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1197", "description": "Theobald III becomes Count of Champagne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1197", "description": "Kaloyan becomes Tsar of Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1197", "description": "Corfu is occupied by the Genoese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1197", "description": "Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, negotiates a peace with Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1197", "description": "North Crawley is split into Great Crawley and Little Crawley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1197", "description": "Philip of Swabia marries Irene Angelina, daughter of Byzantine emperor Isaac II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1197", "description": "The Danes attack Estonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1197", "description": "Saracen pirates, from the Balearic Islands, raid the city of Toulon in Provence and the benedictine monastery of Saint Honorat on the L\u00e9rins Islands.ampamp{{cite book|title=Pays d'Islam et monde latin, Xe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle: textes et documents|publisher=Presses Universitaires de Lyon|location=Lyon|author=Unit\u00e9 mixte de recherche 5648--Histoire et arch\u00e9ologie des mondes chr\u00e9tiens et musulmans m\u00e9di\u00e9vaux}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1197", "description": "Rainy weather causes the harvest to fail in western Europe. One of the worse famines of the century ensues.ampamp{{cite book|last=Chester Jordan|first=William|title=The great famine: northern Europe in the early fourteenth century|year=1997|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=0-691-05891-1}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Market", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1197", "description": "Arbroath Abbey is consecrated, and dedicated to St. Thomas Becket.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1198", "description": "Emperor Tsuchimikado succeeds Emperor Go-Toba on the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1198/01/08", "description": " Pope Innocent III succeeds Pope Celestine III as the 176th pope.  He immediately lays an interdict on Laon in an attempt to stamp out independent beliefs there.  This will be followed by interdicts against France in 1199 and Normandy in 1203.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1198/07/14", "description": " donation of Altavilla: Bohemond I, the new crusader ruler of Antioch grants commercial privileges and the right to use warehouses (fondaco) and the church of Saint John to the Republic of Genoa. This marks the beginning of Italian merchant settlements in the Levant.{{cite book|last=Benvenuti|first=Gino|title=Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia|year=1985|publisher=Newton amp Compton Editori|location=Rome|isbn=88-8289-529-7|page=34}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1198/07/14", "description": "March ampampndash Philip of Swabia is elected King of Germany by his supporters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1198/07/14", "description": "July ampampndash Otto of Brunswick is crowned King of Germany by the House of Welf.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1198/07/14", "description": "Frederick II, infant son of German King Henry VI, is crowned King of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1198/07/14", "description": "John of England captures a party of eighteen French knights ampamp many men-at-arms in the ongoing conflict against France.ampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 47ampamp  King Richard I of England introduces a new Great Seal in an attempt to keep the war against France funded.  The government proclaims that charters previously struck with the old seal are no longer valid and must be renewed with a fresh payment.ampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 62ampamp  The office of Lord Warden of the Stannaries is also introduced to tax the produce of tin mines in Cornwall and Devon.ampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 124ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1199/03/25", "description": " King Richard I of England is shot in the left shoulder with a crossbow by French boy Pierre Basile. The war between England amp France has become so brutal that Hugh of Lincoln is warned that quotnothing now is safe, neither the city to dwell in nor the highway for travelquot.''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 63", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1199/04/06", "description": " King Richard I of England dies from gangrene caused by the crossbow wound he received at the siege of Ch\u00e2lus. His younger brother, John Lackland, becomes King of England.  Richard's jewels are left to his nephew, Otto of Saxony.''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 48  As a result of Richard's death, French warrior Mercadier has Pierre Basile flayed alive and hanged.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1199/04/06", "description": "St. Laurence Church in Ludlow is rebuilt on its Norman foundations.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1200/08/24", "description": " After touring an army through Aquitaine to assert his right to it,''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 64 John of England weds 13 year old Isabella of Angoul\u00eame at Bordeaux.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1200/08/24", "description": "The Iroquois invade modern-day Ohio from the north.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1200/08/24", "description": "The Mongols defeat Northern China.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1200/08/24", "description": "The University of Paris receives its charter from Philip II of France.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1200/08/24", "description": "The rebel Ivanko is captured and executed by the Byzantine general Alexios Palaiologos", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1201/07/31", "description": " Attempted usurpation of John Komnenos the Fat.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1201/07/31", "description": "John of England puts an embargo on wheat exported to Flanders in an attempt to force an allegiance between the states.  He also puts a levy of a fifteenth on the value of cargo exported to France, and disallows the export of wool to France without a special license.  The levies are enforced in each port by at least six men, including one churchman and one knight.ampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 122ampamp  John also affirms this year that judgements made by the court of Westminster are as valid as those made ampquotbefore the king himself or his chief justiceampquot.ampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 131ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1201/07/31", "description": "The town of Riga is chartered as a city by Bishop Albert, who landed on the site of the town with 1,500 crusaders earlier that year.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1201/07/31", "description": "Boniface of Montferrat is elected leader of the Fourth Crusade, after the death of Theobald III of Champagne.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1201/07/31", "description": "Innocent III supports Otto IV as Holy Roman Emperor, against Philip of Swabia.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1202/05/20", "description": " An earthquake occurs in Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1202/05/20", "description": "Genghis Khan crushes the Tartars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1202/05/20", "description": "July ampampndash John of England rescues his mother, Eleanor of Aquitaine, from near capture by the rebellious forces of Arthur I, Duke of Brittany.ampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 77-78ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1202/07/27", "description": " Georgians defeat the Seljuqids of R\u00fcm at the Battle of Basian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1202/08/01", "description": " Arthur of Brittany is captured in Mirabeau, north of Poitiers, during a battle with John of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1202/11/10", "description": "November 23 ampndash Fourth Crusade ampndash Siege of Zara: The Crusaders besiege and conquer Zara, Croatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1202/11/10", "description": "The Almohad fleet expels the Banu Ghaniya from the Balearic Islands.ampref name=Picard1997amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1202/11/10", "description": "The Livonian Brothers of the Sword is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1202/11/10", "description": "Pope Innocent III reasserts his right to evaluate and crown the Holy Roman Emperor, in a letter to the duke of Zahringen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1202/11/10", "description": "Leonardo Fibonacci writes ''Liber Abaci'', about the ''modus Indorum'', the numbering method of India it is the first major work in Europe toward moving away from the use of Roman numerals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1202/11/10", "description": "Leonardo Fibonacci publishes Liber Abaci, introducing the Arabian zero to Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1202/11/10", "description": "(circa) The first jesters are hired in European courts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1202/11/10", "description": "The chronicle of Roger of Wendover is of original value as of this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1202/11/10", "description": "The Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda is founded in Aragon Province, Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1203", "description": "Minamoto no Sanetomo becomes shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1203/04/08", "description": " Congress of Bilino Polje: Ban Kulin officially declares his allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church and denounces heresy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1203/04/08", "description": "The Temple of Nataraja is completed at Chidambaram in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1203/04/16", "description": " Philip II of France enters Rouen, leading to the eventual unification of Normandy and France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1203/04/16", "description": "William de Braose, Fourth Lord of Bramber becomes the guardian of Arthur I, Duke of Brittany, and is possibly responsible for his death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1203/04/16", "description": "Battle of Basiani: The Georgians defeat a Muslim coalition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1203/04/16", "description": "The Almohads begin the conquest of the Balearic Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1203/04/16", "description": "The troops of the Fourth Crusade reach the Byzantine heartland:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1203/04/16", "description": "June 23 ampampndash The Fleet of the crusaders enters the Bosphorus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1203/04/16", "description": "July 17 ampampndash The armies of the Fourth Crusade capture Constantinople by assau the Byzantine emperor Alexius III flees from his capital into exile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1203/04/16", "description": "August 1 ampampndash The Fourth Crusade elevates Alexius IV as Byzantine Emperor, after the citizens of Constantinople proclaim as emperor Isaac II Angelus (Alexius IV's father).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1203/04/16", "description": "First evidence that the  Temple in London is extending loans to the king of England. The sums remained relatively small but were often used for critical operations such as the ransoming of the king\u2019s soldiers captured by the French.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Ferris|first=Eleanor|title=The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown|journal=American Historical Review|year=1902|volume=8|issue=1}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1204", "description": "February ampampndash Byzantine emperor Alexius IV is overthrown in a revolution, and Alexius V is proclaimed emperor.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1204/04/13", "description": " Fourth Crusade: The Crusaders take Constantinople by storm, and pillage the city for 3 days.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1204/05/16", "description": " Baldwin, Count of Flanders is crowned emperor of the Latin Empire a week after his election by the members of the Fourth Crusade.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1204/05/16", "description": "Theodore I Lascaris flees to Nicaea after the capture of Constantinople, and establishes the Empire of Nicaea Byzantine successor states are also established in Epirus and Trebizond.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1204/05/16", "description": "Boniface of Montferrat, a leader of the Fourth Crusade, founds the Kingdom of Thessalonica.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1204/05/16", "description": "The writings of French theologian Amalric of Bena are condemned by the University of Paris and Pope Innocent III.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1204/05/16", "description": "Tsar Kaloyan is recognized as king of Bulgaria by Pope Innocent III after the creation of the Bulgarian Uniate church.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1204/05/16", "description": "Valdemar II, King of Denmark, is recognized as king in Norway.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1204/05/16", "description": "Angers and Normandy are captured by Philip II of France.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1204/05/16", "description": "The Cistercian convent of Port-Royal-des-Champs is established.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1204/05/16", "description": "The district of Cham becomes subject to Bavaria.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1204/05/16", "description": "Hermann I of Thuringia submits to Philip of Swabia.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1204/05/16", "description": "Beaulieu Abbey is founded.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1204/05/16", "description": "Guernsey and Jersey decide, after a plebiscite of wealthy land owners, to remain with the English crown after Normandy was recaptured by Philip II of France.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1205", "description": "The general Muhammad al_Inti b. Abi Hafs establishes the Almohad domination over the eastern parts of Ifriqiya and enters in Tripoli.ampref name=Picard1997amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1205/01/06", "description": " Philip of Swabia becomes King of the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1205/04/14", "description": " Battle of Adrianople: The Bulgarians defeat the Latins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1205/07/15", "description": " Pope lays down the principle that Jews are doomed to perpetual servitude because they had crucified Jesus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1205/08/20", "description": " Following certain news of Baldwin I's death, Henry of Flanders is crowned Emperor of the Latin Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1205/08/20", "description": "Anjou is conquered by Philip II of France.  Fearing a French invasion of England itself, John of England requires every English male over 12 to enter an association ampquotfor the general defence of the realm and the preservation of peaceampquot.ampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 111ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1205/08/20", "description": "Othon de la Roche founds the Duchy of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1205/08/20", "description": "William of Wrotham, Lord Warden of the Stannaries of England, oversees a reform of English currency.  In keeping with other high-ranking bureaucrats of his time and place, this is just one of Wrotham's many offices: he is also Keeper of the King's Ports ampamp Galleys, supervisor of the mints of Canterbury and London, ward of the vacant Diocese of Bath and Wells, an archdeacon of Taunton, a canon of Wells, and will serve the following year as a circuit judge.ampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 130ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1206", "description": "Tem\u00fcjin is proclaimed Genghis Khan of the Mongol people, founding the Mongol Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1206", "description": "Mukhali is appointed myriarch of the left wing of the newly reorganized Mongol army, and granted immunity for up to 9 breaches of the law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1206", "description": "Qutb-ud-din Aybak, a Turkish mameluke from Central Asia  proclaims the Mameluk dynasty in India, the first dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1206", "description": "Theodore Lascaris is crowned Byzantine Emperor at Nicaea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1206", "description": "The Livonian Brothers of the Sword, in alliance with the Semigallians, conquer Livs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1206", "description": "King Valdemar II and Archbishop Andreas Sunonis raid Saaremaa Island, Estonia, forcing the islanders to submit. The Danes build a fortress,  but finding no volunteers to man it, they burn it down themselves and leave the island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1206", "description": "Sugar, an import from the Muslim world, is mentioned for the first time in a royal English account.  Almonds, cinnamon, ginger, and nutmeg are also imported for royal banquets.ampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 139ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1206", "description": "Colchester Royal Grammar School founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1206", "description": "Foundation of the Order of the Friars Minor by Francis of Assisi.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506\u2013562}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1206", "description": "A peasant named Thurkhill in England claims that Saint Julian took him on a tour of Purgatory.  Thurkhill includes realistic touches including descriptions of Purgatory\u2019s torture chambers, and is believed by Roger of Wendover, one of his society\u2019s leading historians.ampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 11ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1206", "description": "This year, Dominic de Guzm\u00e1n claims to have received the Holy Rosary from the Virgin Mary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1206", "description": "The Arab engineer al-Jazari describes many mechanical inventions in his book (title translated to English) ''The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Technics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1207", "description": "Before 1207 ampampndash Kosho makes ''Kuya Preaching''. Kamakura period. It is now kept at Rokuhara Mitsu-ji, Kyoto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1207", "description": "H\u014dnen and his followers are exiled to remote parts of Japan, while a few are executed, for what the government considers heretical Buddhist teachings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1207", "description": "November ampampndash Leeds, then a market town, received its first charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1207", "description": "Pope Innocent III declares for Philip of Swabia as Holy Roman Emperor, a reversal of his previous support for Otto IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1207", "description": "King John issues letters patent creating the new Borough of Liverpool.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1207", "description": "First evidence of forced loans in Venice. This technic becomes the staple of public finance in Europe until the 16th century.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506\u2013562}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1207/06/17", "description": " Stephen Langton is consecrated as Archbishop of Canterbury by Pope Innocent III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1208/01/15", "description": " Peter of Castelnau is killed by a vassal of Raymond VI of Toulouse, who is held responsible and excommunicated by Pope Innocent III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1208/01/31", "description": " Battle of Lena: Inferior Swedish forces defeat the invading Danes and king Sverker the Younger is deposed as king of Sweden. He is succeeded by his rival Erik Knutsson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1208/03/24", "description": " Pope Innocent III places England under an interdict as punishment for King John of England rejecting his choice for Archbishop of Canterbury.  Under the interdict, Church sacraments including marriage and consecrated burial are probably stopped, but there is no sign of the popular discontent which interdicts are intended to produce over the next several years.''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 171", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1208/04/15", "description": " A fire breaks out in the Song Chinese capital city of Hangzhou, raging for 4 days and nights, destroying 58,097 houses over an area of more than 3 miles, killing 59 people, and an unrecorded amount of other people who are trampled while attempting to flee. The government provides temporary lodging for 5,345 people in nearby Buddhist and Taoist monasteries. The collective victims of the disaster are given 160,000 strings of cash, along with 400 tons of rice. Some of the government officials who lost their homes take up residence in rented boathouses on the nearby West Lake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1208/06/21", "description": " Philip of Swabia, King of Germany and rival  to Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV, is assassinated in Bamberg by German Count Otto of Wittelsbach, because Philip had refused to give him his daughter in marriage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1208/06/21", "description": "With the help of the newly converted local tribes of Livs and Letts, the Crusaders initiate raids into part of what is present-day Estonia the resulting ancient fight for independence lasts until 1227.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1208/06/21", "description": "Robert of Cour\u00e7on writes his ''Suma''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1209", "description": "Genghis Khan conquers Western Xia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1209", "description": "The army of the Kingdom of Georgia raids the Muslim principalities in north Iran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1209", "description": "The Albigensian Crusade is launched against the Cathars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1209", "description": "July 22 ampampndash Simon de Monfort, leader of the Albigensian Crusade, sacks B\u00e9ziers, killing many Cathars and Catholics alike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1209", "description": "August ampampndash Simon de Monfort takes over Carcassonne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1209", "description": "November ampampndash John of England is excommunicated by Pope Innocent III.  Despite the excommunication, John will continue to make amends to the Church, including giving alms to the poor whenever he defiles a holy day by hunting during it.  This year, he feeds a hundred paupers to make up for when he ampquotwent into the woods on the feast of St. Mary Magdalenampquot and three years from now, he will feast 450 paupers ampquotbecause the king went to take cranes, and he took nine, for each of which he feasted fifty paupers.ampquotampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 141ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1209", "description": "London Bridge is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1209", "description": "Black Monday, Dublin,\u2013 when a group of 500 recently arrived settlers from Bristol were massacred by warriors of the Gaelic O'Byrne clan. The group had left the safety of the walled city of Dublin to celebrate Easter Monday near a wood at Ranelagh, when they were attacked without warning. Although now a relatively obscure event in history, it was commemorated by a mustering of the Mayor, Sheriffs and soldiers on the day as a challenge to the native tribes for centuries afterwards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1209", "description": "Cambridge University is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1209", "description": "Philippe Auguste of France grants a ampquotconduitampquot to merchants going to the Champagne fairs guarantying the safety of their travel as any attempt made against them is now to be considered as a crime of lese-majesty. The decision increases again the appeal of the fairs to merchants from Italy and the Low Countries.ampamp{{cite book|title=Recueils de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Jean Bodin pour l'histoire comparative des institutions|year=1953|publisher=\u00c9ditions de la Librairie encyclopedique|location=Paris}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1209", "description": "Formation of the banking firm known as the Gran Tavola, most of the partners are members of the Bonsignori family. ampref name=biograficoamp{{cite web|last=Catoni|first=Giuliano|title=BONSIGNORI|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)\/|work=Dizionario\">http:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)\/|work=Dizionario<\/a> Biografico degli Italiani|accessdate=20 December 2011}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1209", "description": "The Franciscan Order is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1210", "description": "Emperor Juntoku succeeds Emperor Tsuchimikado on the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1210", "description": "Jochi, eldest son of Genghis Khan, leads a Mongol campaign against the Kyrgyz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1210/07/17", "description": " Former king Sverker the Younger of Sweden is defeated and killed by present king Erik Knutsson of Sweden in the Battle of Gestilren.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1210/07/17", "description": "The Delhi Sultanate begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1210/07/17", "description": "Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor is excommunicated by Pope Innocent III for invading southern Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1210/07/17", "description": "St Helen's Bishopsgate in London is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1210/07/17", "description": "In England, king John raises ''\u00a3'' 100,000 from church property as an extraordinary fiscal levy the operation is described as an \u201cinestimable and incomparable exaction\u201d by contemporary sources.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Ferris|first=Eleanor|title=The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown|journal=American Historical Review|year=1902|volume=8|issue=1}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1210/07/17", "description": "Gottfried von Strassburg writes his epic poem ''Tristan'' (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1210/07/17", "description": "1210ampampndash1211 ampampndash Shazi makes Pen box, from Persia (Iran) or Afghanistan. It is now kept at Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C..", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1210/09/24", "description": " Venus occults Jupiter, the last such occurrence until 1570.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Nature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1210/09/24", "description": "Pope Innocent III gives oral permission to St. Francis to begin the Order of the Friars Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1211", "description": "John of England sends a gift of herrings to nunneries in almost every shire despite his status as an excommunicant.ampamp''King John'' by Warren.  Published by University of California Press in 1961.  p. 172ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1211", "description": "The oldest extant double-entry bookkeeping system record dates from this year.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1211/09/14", "description": " Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross are founded.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1211/10/15", "description": " Battle of the Rhyndacus: the Latin emperor Henry of Flanders defeats the Nicaean emperor Theodore I Lascaris.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1211/10/15", "description": "Troops led by Estonian resistance fighter Lembitu of Lehola destroy a garrison of missionaries in the historical Estonian region of Sakala, and raid the Russian town of Pskov.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1211/10/15", "description": "Mongol forces under Genghis Khan invade Jin China, aiming at this stage simply to loot the countryside. A Chinese army is defeated and slaughtered at the Badger's Mount Campaign near Zhangjiakou and another is beaten at Mukden, where the city is taken. Beijing is also besieged by the Mongol hordes.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1211/10/15", "description": "The church in the French city of Reims burns down soon after, construction begins on the  Notre Dame de Reims Cathedral.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1212/07/10", "description": " The most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground, Over 3,000 people die.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1212/07/17", "description": " Battle of Navas de Tolosa: The Christian kingdoms of Spain decisively defeat the Almohads. This victory leaves however the Kingdom of Castile in a difficult financial position as the numerous soldiers have to be paid by the treasury.ref name=linehan1999{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-36289-X|pages=668\u2013699|first=Peter|last=Linehan|editor=David Abulafia|page=670|chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1212/07/17", "description": "December ampampndash Frederick II of Hohenstaufen is crowned King of Germany with the support of Pope Innocent III.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1212/07/17", "description": "The Children's Crusade for the Holy Land is organised. There are probably two separate movements of young people, both led by shepherd boys, neither of which embark from Europe, but both of which suffer considerable hardship:ampamp{{cite book|last=Bridge|first=Antony|title=The Crusades|location=London|publisher=Granada Publishing|year=1980|isbn=0-531-09872-9}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1212/07/17", "description": "Early spring ampampndash Nicholas leads a group from the Rhineland to Genoa and Rome.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1212/07/17", "description": "June ampampndash 12-year-old Stephen of Cloyes leads a group across France to Marseilles.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1212/07/17", "description": "The contemplative Order of Poor Clares is founded by Clare of Assisi.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1212/07/17", "description": "In Japan, Kamo no Ch\u014dmei writes the ''H\u014dj\u014dki'', one of the great works of classical Japanese prose.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1212/07/17", "description": "Bran Castle is erected by the Teutonic Knights.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1212/07/17", "description": "John of England impounds the revenue of all prelates appointed by bishops who had deserted him at his excommunication. He remains on good terms, however, with churchmen who stood by him, including Abbot Sampson, who this year bequeaths John his jewels.ampamp{{cite book|title=King John|first=W. L.|last=Warren|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|year=1961|pages=169-172}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1212/07/17", "description": "The Banner of Las Navas de Tolosa is begun. It is a trophy of Ferdinand III of Castile, and will end up in the Museo de Telas Medievales.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1212/07/17", "description": "The city of Bergen op Zoom probably gets municipal rights.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1213/05/15", "description": " King John of England submits to Pope Innocent III, who in turn lifts the interdict of 1208.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1213/05/30", "description": " Battle of Damme: The English fleet under William Longesp\u00e9e, 3rd Earl of Salisbury destroys a French fleet off the Belgian port, in the first major victory for the fledgling Royal Navy.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1213/09/12", "description": " Battle of Muret: The Toulousain and Aragonese forces of Raymond VI of Toulouse and Peter II of Aragon are defeated by the Albigensian Crusade under Simon de Montfort.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1213/09/12", "description": "Jin China is overrun by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, who plunder the countryside and cities, until only Beijing remains free, despite two bloody palace coups and a lengthy siege.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1213/09/12", "description": "Pope Innocent III issues a charter, calling for the Fifth Crusade to recapture Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1213/09/12", "description": "Mukhali seizes Mizhou and orders all the inhabitants massacred.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1214", "description": "The Emperor of Jin China surrenders to the Mongols under Genghis Khan, who have besieged Beijing for a year. He pays a huge ransom and then abandons Northern China, heading for Kaifeng.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1214", "description": "In his campaigns in Liaodong, the Mongol general Mukhali commands a newly formed Khitan\u2013Chinese army and a special corps of 12,000 Chinese auxiliary troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1214", "description": "1 November \u2013 The port city of Sinope surrenders to the Seljuq Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1214/04/13", "description": " Simon Apulia becomes Bishop of Exeter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1214/06/20", "description": " The University of Oxford receives its charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1214/07/27", "description": " Battle of Bouvines:  In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1214/07/27", "description": "King Alfonso VIII of Castile, besieges the Almohad troops in Baeza. The famine experienced in the peninsula is such that neither army is able to fight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1214/07/27", "description": "Upon the death of their father, King Alfonso VIII of Castile, in September and of their mother, Eleanor Plantagenet, Bernguela becomes the regent of her young brother, king Henry I.ampref name=linehan1999amp{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-36289-X|pages=668\u2013699|author=Peter Linehan|editor=David Abulafia|page=671|chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1214/07/27", "description": "The German city of Bielefeld is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1214/07/27", "description": "The Roman Catholic Rosary was unveiled to Saint Dominic by the Virgin Mary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1215/03/04", "description": " King John of England makes an oath to the Pope as a crusader to gain the support of Innocent III.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1215/06/15", "description": "  King John of England is forced to put his seal on the Magna Carta, outlining the rights of landowning men (nobles and knights) and restricting the king's power.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1215/06/15", "description": "August ampampndash King John of England rejects the Magna Carta, leading to the First Barons' War.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1215/08/24", "description": " Pope Innocent III declares the Magna Carta invalid.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1215/08/24", "description": "November ampampndash The Fourth Council of the Lateran is held.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1215/08/24", "description": "December ampampndash First Barons' War: Alexander II of Scotland invades northern England.ampref name=CBHamp{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=77\u201379|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1215/08/24", "description": "Beijing is captured and torched by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, initiating the Yuan Dynasty in China. The city burns for more than a month.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1215/08/24", "description": "Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor is excommunicated and forced to abdicate as Emperor and King of Burgundy, replaced by Frederick II (King of the Romans 1212\u20131250).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1215/08/24", "description": "The Dominican Order is founded, according to some sources.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1215/08/24", "description": "Bhiksu Ananda of Kapitanagar completes writing the holy Buddhist book ''Arya Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita'' (sutra) in gold ink in Ranjana script.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1215/08/24", "description": "1215ampampndash1216 ampampndash The Macy Jug, from Iran, is made. It is now kept at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1215/08/24", "description": "Kalinga Magha from Kalinga Province in India lands in Sri Lanka with a force of 24,000 men, to capture the city of Polonnaruwa and depose its King, Parakrama Pandya.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1216", "description": "January ampampndash First Barons' War: The English army sacks Berwick-on-Tweed and raids southern Scotland.ampref name=CBHamp{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=77\u201379|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1216/04/10", "description": " Upon the death of Erik Knutsson, he is succeeded by his rival Johan Sverkersson as king of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1216/04/22", "description": " Battle of Lipitsa: Mstislav the Daring and Konstantin of Rostov defeat their rivals for the rule of the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1216/05/21", "description": " First Barons' War: Prince Louis of France, the future King Louis VIII, invades England in support of the barons, landing in Thanet. Entering London without opposition, he is proclaimed, but not crowned, King of England at Old St Paul's Cathedral.ref name=CBH\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1216/07/24", "description": " The French Albigensian Crusaders of the castle of Beaucaire surrender to Raymond, future count of Toulouse.{{cite book|last=Dell'Umbria|first=Al\u00e8ssi|title=Histoire universelle de Marseille. De l'an mil \u00e0 l'an deux mille|year=2006|publisher=Agone|location=Marseille|isbn=2-7489-0061-8|page=27}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1216/07/24", "description": " Pope Honorius III succeeds Pope Innocent III as the 177th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1216/07/24", "description": "Pope Honorius III officially approves the Order of Preachers (the Dominican Order).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1216/07/24", "description": "Ballintubber Abbey is founded by King Cathal Crovdearg O'Connor of Connaught in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1216/11/12", "description": " William Marshal and the papal legate to England, Guala Bicchieri, issue a Charter of Liberties, based on the Magna Carta, in the new King of England's name.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/{{cite book|last=Powicke|first=Maurice|authorlink=F. M. Powicke|title=The Thirteenth Century 1216\u20131307|series=Oxford History of England, vol. 4|publisher=Oxford University Press|edition=2nd|year=1962|page=5}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1216/11/12", "description": "Dresden receives city rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1217", "description": "Mukhali is back in Genghis Khan's camp in Mongolia and receives the hereditary title of prince, a golden seal, and a white standard with 9 tails and a black crescent in the middle. He is appointed commander in chief of operations in North China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1217", "description": "The Fifth Crusade reaches the Holy Land", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1217/04/09", "description": " Peter of Courtenay is crowned emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople at Rome, by Pope Honorius III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1217/05/20", "description": " First Barons' War in England: Occupying French forces are defeated at the Battle of Lincoln by English royal troops led by William Marshal, Earl of Pembrokeref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=77\u201379|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}} and survivors forced to flee south.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1217/06/06", "description": " King Henry I of Castile dies aged thirteen from the fall of a roof tile in Palencia, an event which his regent, \u00c1lvaro N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Lara, attempts to conceal. Henry's sister Berengaria succeeds to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1217/08/24", "description": " First Barons' War: In the Battle of Sandwich in the English Channel, English forces destroy the French and the French mercenary Eustace the Monk is captured and beheaded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1217/08/31", "description": " Ferdinand becomes King of Castile on abdication of his mother Berengaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1217/09/12", "description": " First Barons' War in England ended by the Treaty of Kingston upon Thames: French and Scots are to leave England, and an amnesty is granted to rebels.ref name=CBH\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1217/09/20", "description": " Treaty of Lambeth signed ratifying the Treaty of Kingston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1217/09/21", "description": " Battle of St. Matthew's Day: The Germans defeat the Estonians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1217/09/21", "description": "November ampampndash In the Kingdom of Castile, former regent \u00c1lvaro N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Lara is captured and forced to relinquish all his castles.ampref name=linehan1999amp{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-36289-X|pages=668\u2013699|author=Peter Linehan|editor=David Abulafia|page=670|chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1217/09/21", "description": "Stefan Nemanji\u0107 is elevated to be first King of the Serbian lands by Pope Honorius III and crowned by Stefan's brother, Archimandrite Sava, in \u017di\u010da.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1217/09/21", "description": "Alc\u00e1cer do Sal is reconquered by the troops of King Afonso II of Portugal.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1217/09/21", "description": "A decree made in England establishes that only Englishman can be clergy of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1218/05/24", "description": " The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1218/05/24", "description": "Damietta is besieged by the knights of the Fifth Crusade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1218/05/24", "description": "Minamoto no Sanetomo becomes ''Udaijin'' of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1218/05/24", "description": "The Kara-Khitan Khanate is destroyed by Genghis Khan's Mongolian cavalry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1218/05/24", "description": "Genghis Khan's Mongols, under the leadership of his eldest son Jochi, conduct a second campaign against the Kyrgyz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1218/05/24", "description": "Genghis Khan proposes to the Khwarazm shah of Persia that he accept Mongol overlordship and establish trade relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1218/05/24", "description": "March ampampndash Treaty of Worcester recognises Llywelyn the Great as regent of south Wales.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/wales\/history\/sites\/nation\/pages\/principality01.shtml|title=BBC\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/wales\/history\/sites\/nation\/pages\/principality01.shtml|title=BBC<\/a> Wales History|accessdate=2007-12-10|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071125170839\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/wales\/history\/sites\/nation\/pages\/principality01.shtml\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071125170839\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/wales\/history\/sites\/nation\/pages\/principality01.shtml<\/a> amp!-- Bot retrieved archive --amp|archivedate=2007-11-25}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1218/05/24", "description": "July ampampndash Spain: In order to facilitate the movement of Reconquista, Pope Honorius III reverses Innocent III\u2019s earlier judgement and declares Ferdinand III of Castile legitimate heir to the Kingdom of Leon.ampref name=linehan1999amp{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-36289-X|pages=668\u2013699|first=Peter|last=Linehan|editor=Abulafia, David (ed)|page=671|chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1218/05/24", "description": "The Livonian Brothers of the Sword begin to conquer Estonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1218/05/24", "description": "Alfonso IX of Castile founds the University of Salamanca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1218/05/24", "description": "The northern French city of Rheims emits the first recorded public life annuity in medieval Europe. Theretofore, this type of instrument had been mostly issued by religious institutions. The emission by Rheims is the first evidence of a consolidation of public debt that is to become common in the Langue d'O\u00efl, the Low Countries and Germany.ampamp{{cite book|last=Zuijderduijn|first=Jaco|title=Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)|year=2009|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden Boston|isbn=18725155}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1218/05/24", "description": "Saint Pedro Nolasco founds the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy in Barcelona, Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1218/08/31", "description": " Al-Kamil becomes the new Egyptian Sultan on the death of his father Al-Adil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1219/06/15", "description": " Battle of Lyndanisse: Danish crusaders led by King Waldemar II conquer Tallinn. The Flag of Denmark allegedly falls from the sky during that battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1219/06/15", "description": "Twenty-four Lithuanian dukes and nobles purportedly sign a peace treaty with Halych-Volhynia, stating common cause against invading Christian Crusaders.ampamp{{lt icon}} {{cite journal |last=Butkevi\u010dien\u0117 |first= Birut\u0117 | coauthors= Vytautas Gricius |year=2003 |month=July |title=Mindaugas \u2014 Lietuvos karalius |journal= Mokslas ir gyvenimas |volume=7 |issue=547 |pages=  |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/ausis.gf.vu.lt\/mg\/nr\/2003\/07\/7mlk.html\">http:\/\/ausis.gf.vu.lt\/mg\/nr\/2003\/07\/7mlk.html<\/a> |accessdate= 2007-05-30}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1219/06/15", "description": "Upon the death of Aymeric of Saint Maur, Alan Marcell becomes master of the Temple in England.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Ferris|first=Eleanor|title=The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown|journal=American Historical Review|year=1902|volume=8|issue=1}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1219/06/15", "description": "The East Frisian island of Burchana is broken up in a North Sea flood.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1219/06/15", "description": "The windmill is first introduced to China with the travels of Yel\u00fc Chucai to Transoxiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1219/11/05", "description": " Damietta, Egypt falls to the Crusaders after a siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1219/11/05", "description": "Saint Francis of Assisi introduces Catholicism into Egypt, during the Fifth Crusade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1219/11/05", "description": "The Egyptian city of Al Mansurah is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1219/11/05", "description": "The Hojo family, vassals of the Shogun, reduce him to a figurehead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/05/26", "description": "German Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor grants bishops sovereign rights", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/05/26", "description": "May ampampndash St. Francis of Assisi resigns from the leadership of the Franciscan Order.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/08/08", "description": " Battle of Lihula: The Estonians defeat the invading Swedes.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/11/22", "description": " Frederick II is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Honorius III.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/11/22", "description": "The Mongols first invade the Abbasid Caliphate Bukhara and Samarkand are taken.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/11/22", "description": "The Dominican Order is approved by Pope Honorius III.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/11/22", "description": "Conrad of Masovia drives out the heathen Prussians from a Masovian territory of Chelmno Land.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/11/22", "description": "Trial by ordeal is abolished in England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/11/22", "description": "The German Hohenstaufen dynasty, which had ruled Sicily since 1194, adopts Palermo as its principal seat.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/11/22", "description": "Dordrecht receives city rights, making it the oldest city in the present-day Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/11/22", "description": "Ljubljana receives its town rights.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/11/22", "description": "The Islamic lands of Central Asia are overrun by the armies of the Mongol invader Genghis Khan (ca. 1155\u20131227), who lays waste to many civilizations and creates an empire that stretches from China to the Caspian Sea.  However, he fails to destroy the strength of Islam in Central Asia.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/11/22", "description": "The Thai Kingdom of Sukhothai is established.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/11/22", "description": "St Benedict of Nursia was Canonized by the Roman Catholic Church.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/11/22", "description": "Gothic architecture becomes increasingly popular in Europe.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/11/22", "description": "The rebuilding of the Cathedral of Chartres, which had been destroyed by a fire in 1194, is completed.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/11/22", "description": "Rebuilding of Amiens Cathedral begins.ampref name=Architectureamp{{cite book|first=Ian|last=Sutton|title=Architecture, from Ancient Greece to the Present|location=London|publisher=Thames ampamp Hudson|year=1999|isbn=978-0-500-20316-3}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/11/22", "description": "Rebuilding of York Minster begins.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/11/22", "description": "Building of the Salisbury Cathedral begins.ampref name=Architecture\/amp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1220/11/22", "description": "Rebuilding of the city of London begins", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1221", "description": "January ampampndash The Mongol Army under Jochi captures the city of Gurganj (now Kunya-Urgench), and massacres the inhabitants, reported by contemporary scholars as being over a million killed, although probably only a fifth or a tenth of that in reality.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1221", "description": "February ampampndash Merv is sacked by the Mongols under Tolui at the orders of Genghis Khan. Contemporary scholars report over a million people are systematically killed in the aftermath.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1221/05/13", "description": " Emperor Juntoku is briefly succeeded by Emperor Ch\u016bky\u014d on the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1221/05/13", "description": "Former Emperor Go-Toba leads an unsuccessful rebellion against the Kamakura Shogunate.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1221/05/13", "description": "Emperor Go-Horikawa ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1221/05/13", "description": "The Maya of the Yucat\u00e1n revolt against the rulers of Chichen Itza.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1221/05/13", "description": "Nizhny Novgorod City (Russia) is founded.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1221/05/13", "description": "A large and highly efficient Mongol army, dispatched under Subutai by Genghis Khan to Georgia, defeats two Georgian armies around Tbilisi, but lacks the will or equipment to besiege the city.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1221/05/13", "description": "Genghis Khan enters the Indus Valley.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1221/05/13", "description": "Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II founds the University of Padua in Italy.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1221/05/13", "description": "Sultan Kamil, Saladin's son and successor, offers Jerusalem to the Crusaders in return for Damietta, which the Crusaders eventually give up in exchange for a safe retreat from the Nile Delta.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1221/05/13", "description": "Majd al Mulk al-Muzaffar, the grand vizier of Greater Khorasan, is killed by Mongol invaders.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1222/04/17", "description": " Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, opens a council at Osney.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1222/05/11", "description": " Cyprus earthquake.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1222/05/11", "description": "August ampampndash After the death of Johan Sverkersson on March 10, Erik Eriksson is elected new king of Sweden sometime between this time and July 1223.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1222/05/11", "description": "The Cistercian convent is completed in Alcoba\u00e7a, Portugal.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1222/05/11", "description": "Eric XI becomes King of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1222/05/11", "description": "Premysl Ottokar I reunites Bohemia and Moravia.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1222/05/11", "description": "John III Ducas Vatatzes becomes Byzantine Emperor (in the Empire of Nicaea).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1222/05/11", "description": "Alexander of Hales enters the Franciscan Order.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1222/05/11", "description": "The Manden Charter is proclaimed in Mali.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1222/05/11", "description": "The Golden Bull of 1222 is issued in Hungary.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1222/05/11", "description": "Royal Standard of Scotland adopted", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1223/03/25", "description": " Sancho II is crowned King of Portugal", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1223/05/31", "description": " Battle of the Kalka River: The Mongol armies of Genghis Khan defeat the Russian warriors.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1223/08/06", "description": " Louis VIII is crowned King of France.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1223/08/06", "description": "The Franciscan Rule is approved by Pope Honorius III.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1223/08/06", "description": "Failure of an attempt by the Sicilian fleet to reconquer Jerba.ampref name=ampquotespace libyebampquotamp{{cite journal|last=Bresc|first=Henri|title=La Sicile et l'espace libyen au Moyen Age|year=2003|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17\">http:\/\/www.storiamediterranea.it\/public\/md1_dir\/b1462.pdf|accessdate=17<\/a> January 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1224", "description": "The Chichimecas capture Tula, Hidalgo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1224", "description": "The Livonian Brothers of the Sword conquer the Latgallians and the stronghold of Tartu from Ugaunian and Russian troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1224", "description": "The last Muslims inhabitants are expelled from Sicily and Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1224", "description": "February ampampndash At Carri\u00f3n the king of Castile, Ferdinand III announces his intention to resume his effort of reconquest against al-Andalus.ampref name=linehan1999amp{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-36289-X|pages=668\u2013699|author=Peter Linehan|editor=David Abulafia|page=672|chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}ampamp That same year, the Almohad caliph, Yusuf II al-Mustansir dies. He is succeeded by Abu Muhammad al-Wahid, but in al-Andalus, two competing pretenders also claim their rights to the throne: Abu Muhammad Ibn al-Mansur al-Adil in Seville, and Abu Muhammad abu Abdallah al-Bayyasi in Cordoba. The chronic political instability on the Muslim side allow the Castillan prince to beginning his campaign victoriously with the capture of Quesada (October).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1224", "description": "The University of Naples is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1224/09/14", "description": " St. Francis of Assisi, while praying on the mountain of Verna, during a 40-day fast, is said to have had a vision, as a result of which he received the stigmata (approximate date). Brother Leo, who had been with Francis at the time, left a clear and simple account of the event, the first definite account of the phenomenon of stigmata.ref name=quotcefaquot{{cite encyclopedia | last = Robinson | first = Paschal | title = St. Francis of Assisi | encyclopedia = The Catholic Encyclopedia | volume = VI | publisher = Robert Appleton Company | place = New York | date = 09\/01\/1909 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/06221a.htm\">http:\/\/www.newadvent.org\/cathen\/06221a.htm<\/a> | accessdate = 2008-01-21}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1225", "description": "The Teutonic Order is expelled from Transylvania because they wanted to separate from Hungary.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1225", "description": "The Magna Carta is reissued for the third time.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1225", "description": "Iltutmish, the sultan of Delhi, repels  a Mongol attack.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1226", "description": "Frederick II calls the Imperial Diet of Cremona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1226/11/08", "description": " Louis IX of France starts to rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1226/11/08", "description": "The king Sancho II of Portugal launches a large offensive against the Muslims and takes the city of Elvas.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1226/11/08", "description": "The king of France, Louis VIII, launches a large southward offensive against the Albigensians and the count of Toulouse. The count of Provence, Ramon Berenguer IV, uses the opportunity to reassert his authority upon the autonomous municipalities of his estates (October). Most cities have to accept the authority of the count but Marseille and Nice rebel.ampamp{{cite book|last=Dell'Umbria|first=Al\u00e8ssi|title=Histoire universelle de Marseille. De l'an mil \u00e0 l'an deux mille|year=2006|publisher=Agone|location=Marseille|isbn=2-7489-0061-8|page=19}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1226/11/08", "description": "Nuneaton is granted a Chartered Market Status by King Henry III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1226/11/08", "description": "In Norway, Brother Robert writes ''Saga Af Tristram ok \u00cdsodd'', one of the rare fully surviving versions of the legend of Tristan and Iseult.ampamp{{cite book|title=Tristan et Iseult|year=1995|publisher=Gallimard|location=Paris|isbn=2-07-011335-3|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.la-pleiade.fr\/Catalogue\/GALLIMARD\/Bibliotheque-de-la-Pleiade\/Tristan-et-Yseut}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.la-pleiade.fr\/Catalogue\/GALLIMARD\/Bibliotheque-de-la-Pleiade\/Tristan-et-Yseut}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1226/11/08", "description": "The Carmelite Order is approved by Pope Honorius III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1227/01/11", "description": " The city of Po\u017eega is first mentioned in a charter of Andrew II of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1227/03/19", "description": " Pope Gregory IX succeeds Pope Honorius III as the 178th pope.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1227/11/23", "description": " Polish Prince Leszek I the White is assassinated at an assembly of Piast dukes at G\u0105sawa.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1227/11/23", "description": "Henry III of England declares himself of age and assumes power.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1227/11/23", "description": "According to Russian chronicles, Novgorod attacks Finland with devastating results.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1227/11/23", "description": "The Estonian ancient fight for independence ends with foreign rule in the country for next 700 years.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1227/11/23", "description": "Dogen introduces Zen Buddhism into Japan.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1228", "description": "Abu Zakariya founds the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiyah (today's Tunisia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1228", "description": "Sukaphaa, the first Ahom king, establishes his rule in Assam. The Ahom kings reign for close to 600 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1228/04/25", "description": " Conrad IV of Germany becomes titular King of Jerusalem, with Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor as regent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1228/06/28", "description": " The Sixth Crusade is launched from Brindisi by Emperor Frederick II, after delays due to sickness and an excommunication from Pope Gregory IX.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1228/06/28", "description": "Baldwin II becomes emperor of the Latin Empire in Constantinople, with John of Brienne as regent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1228/06/28", "description": "The Transylvanian town of Reghin is first mentioned in a charter of Andrew II of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1228/06/28", "description": "Spain: King James I of Aragon launches a major offensive against the Muslims in Majorca. The same year, in Murcia, confronted to increasing Christian pressure, the cadi (soon to be called emir), Ibn Hud al-Yamadi, denounces the Almohads and acknowledges the Abbasids as legitimate caliphs, in effect declaring independence.ampref name=linehan1999amp{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-36289-X|pages=668\u2013699|author=Peter Linehan|editor=David Abulafia|page=672|chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}ampamp Other notable Christian success: Alfonso IX of Leon conquers M\u00e9rida.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1228/06/28", "description": "The city of Tournai emits its first recorded life annuity, thus confirming a trend of consolidation of public debts started ten years earlier in Rheims.ampamp{{cite book|last=Zuijderduijn|first=Jaco|title=Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)|year=2009|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden\/Boston|isbn=18725155}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1228/06/28", "description": "First evidence of the use of the knights Templar as cashiers by the king of England to transfer safely important sums to the continent using letters of exchange. This shows that large transfers could take place across Europe even before the emergence of important networks of Italian merchant-bankers.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Ferris|first=Eleanor|title=The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown|journal=American Historical Review|year=1902|volume=8|issue=1}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1228/07/16", "description": " Saint Francis of Assisi is canonized by Pope Gregory IX.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1229/02/18", "description": " Sixth Crusade: Frederick II signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1229/03/06", "description": " The University of Paris strike of 1229 begins on Shrove Tuesday and lasts 2 years.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1229/03/18", "description": " Sixth Crusade: Frederick II crowns himself King of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1229/04/12", "description": " The Treaty of Paris brings the Albigensian Crusade to an end.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1229/04/23", "description": " Alfonso IX of Le\u00f3n conquers C\u00e1ceres.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1229/09/12", "description": " The Catalan-Aragonese army under the command of James I of Aragon disembarks at Santa Pon\u00e7a, Majorca, with the purpose of conquering the island.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1229/11/28", "description": "Beverston Castle, Gloucestershire, England is founded.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1229/11/28", "description": "Following the deadlock tie in the election of the Venetian Doge, the number of electors is increased from 40 to 41 in order to prevent such future occurrences.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1229/11/28", "description": "The University of Toulouse is founded in France.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1229/11/28", "description": "The city of Turku, Finland is founded.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1229/11/28", "description": "The city of Rapperswil was established by Count Rudolf II of Rapperswil", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1230", "description": "Sundiata starts to rule in Mali (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1230", "description": "In the West African village of Siby, Sundiata Keita, founder of the Mali Empire, forces the Malink\u00e9s to bind themselves to each other by oath.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1230/03/09", "description": " Bulgarian tsar Ivan Asen II defeats Theodore of Epirus near the village of Klokotnitsa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1230/03/09", "description": "Iberian Peninsula: Alphonso IX  defeats Ibn Hud al-Yamani (known as almog\u00e0ver by the Christians) at the battle of Alange. This success opens the road to Badajoz to the Leonese troops.ampref name=linehan1999amp{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-36289-X|pages=668\u2013699|author=Peter Linehan|editor=David Abulafia|page=672|chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}ampamp The Portuguese king Sancho II continues his offensive southward and takes Beja, Juromenha, Serpa and Moura.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1230/09/24", "description": " The Kingdoms of Le\u00f3n and Galicia unite with the Kingdoms of Castile and Toledo under Ferdinand III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1230/09/24", "description": "The Teutonic Knights are invited into Prussia to forcibly convert the Prussians and Yatvags to Christianity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1230/09/24", "description": "The ''Carmina Burana'' poetry and song collection is created (approximate date).ampamp''Carmina Burana. Die Lieder der Benediktbeurer Handschrift. Zweisprachige Ausgabe,'' hg. u. \u00fcbers. v. Carl Fischer und Hugo Kuhn, dtv, M\u00fcnchen 1991 wenn man dagegen z.ampampnbspB. CB 211 und 211a jeweils als zwei Lieder z\u00e4hlt, kommt man auf insgesamt 315 Texte in der Sammlung, so auch Dieter Schaller, ''Carmina Burana'', in: Lexikon des Mittelalters, Bd. 2, Artemis Verlag, M\u00fcnchen und Z\u00fcrich 1983, Sp. 1513ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1231/04/09", "description": " After a bizarre weather phenomena of yellowish clouds and dust chokes the air around Hangzhou, Song Dynasty, China, obscuring the sky and sun, a fire breaks out at night in the southeast of the city, which continues into the next day. Fighting the flames is difficult due to limited visibility. When the fires are extinguished, it is discovered that an entire district of some 10,000 houses in the southeast of the city were consumed by the flames.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1231/04/09", "description": "Mongol troops cross the Yalu River into Korea, then under the Goryeo Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1231/04/09", "description": "Italy: Emperor Frederick II promulgates the Constitutions of Melfi (also known as ''Liber Augustalis''), a collection of laws for Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1231/04/09", "description": "Italy: The Pandorica is donated to the Vatican", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1231/04/09", "description": "Llywelyn the Great launches a campaign against the Norman lordships in Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1231/04/09", "description": "Spain: The Castillans reconquer the city of Quesada.ampref name=linehan1999amp{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-36289-X|pages=668\u2013699|author=Peter Linehan|editor=David Abulafia|page=673|chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1231/04/09", "description": "Ardengus becomes bishop of Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1232", "description": "The Almohad army besieges Ceuta where Abu Musa, the rebellious brother of the caliph, has received shelter and the support of the population. The Genoese rent a part of their fleet to the rebels who successfully resist the forces of the caliph.ampref name=Picard1997amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}ampamp The consequences of this revolt are threefold: the city becomes de facto independent from the Almohads, but its reliance on the Italian maritime powers increases and the trans-Saharan trade routes begin to shift eastward due to the local turmoil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1232", "description": "The first edition of ''Tripitaka Koreana'' is destroyed by Mongol invaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1232", "description": "The Jurchen Jin Dynasty in China defend Kaifeng against Mongol invaders, involving the use of rockets.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1232/06/15", "description": " Battle of Agridi: Henry I of Cyprus defeats the armies of Frederick II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1232/06/15", "description": "Spain: Muhammad Ibn Yusuf Ibn Nasr rebels against the independent ruler of al-Andalus, Ibn Hud al-Yadami and takes control of the city of Arjona. This is the foundation of the Nasrid dynasty.ampref name=linehan1999amp{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-36289-X|pages=668\u2013699|author=Peter Linehan|editor=David Abulafia|page=672|chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1232/06/15", "description": "Italy: Pope Gregory IX, driven from Rome by a revolt, takes refuge at Anagni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1232/06/15", "description": "Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II promulgates the Statutum in favorem principum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1232/06/15", "description": "The northern French city of Troyes issues its first recorded life annuities, confirming the trend of consolidation of local public debts initiated in 1218 by the neighboring city of Reims.ampamp{{cite book|last=Zuijderduijn|first=Jaco|title=Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)|year=2009|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden\/Boston|isbn=18725155}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1232/06/15", "description": "Anthony of Padua, patron saint of lost items, is canonized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1233", "description": "Elburg gets its city-rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1233", "description": "Gendt gets its city-rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1233", "description": "The rebellious city of San Severo is destroyed by Emperor Frederick II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1233", "description": "Amadeus IV becomes count of Savoy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1233", "description": "The Castillan troops besiege the Muslim-held city of Peniscola.ampref name=JMCamp{{cite book|last=Lourie|first=Elena|title=Jews, Muslims, and Christians in and around the Crown of Aragon: essays in honour of Professor Elena Lourie|year=2004|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-12951-0|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=6TdP6b3f-TICampampdq=christian+mercenaries+maghribampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=270}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=6TdP6b3f-TICampampdq=christian+mercenaries+maghribampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=270}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1233", "description": "Winter ampampndash Spain: after the loss of Trujillo and \u00dabeda, Ibn Hud al-Yamadi has to demande a truce to the king of Castile Ferdinand III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1233", "description": "Pope Gregory IX forbids Jews to employ Christian servants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1233", "description": "The Inquisition is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1233", "description": "Mustansiriya School is founded in Baghdad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1234", "description": "The Manden region raises against the Kaniaga kingdom. This is the beginning of a process that will lead to the rise of the Mali empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1234/02/09", "description": " Song Dynasty Chinese and Mongolian armies occupy the Jurchen capital at Caizhou, marking the collapse of the Jin Dynasty (1115\u20131234).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1234/02/09", "description": "Upon the death of Knut L\u00e5nge, the deposed Erik Eriksson returns as king of Sweden, possibly after a small war between the two of them. It is also possible that Knut dies of natural causes and Erik peacefully then returns as king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1234/02/09", "description": "Pope Gregory IX calls for a crusade against Bosnia, and replaces the Bogumil Bosnian Bishop with a Catholic Dominican German, ''Johann''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1234/02/09", "description": "King Andrew II of Hungary proclaims herzeg ''Coloman'' as Ban of Bosnia, who passes it on to Prijezda, a cousin of Ban Matej Ninoslav (''1234'' to 1239), despite Matej being the legitimate Ban of Bosnia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1234/02/09", "description": "Sancho II of Portugal conquers the cities of Aljustrel and M\u00e9rtola over the Muslims.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1234/02/09", "description": "Saint Dominic is canonized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1234/02/09", "description": "Pope Gregory IX releases the ''Nova Compilatio Decretalium''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1235", "description": "The Normans invade Connacht.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1235", "description": "St. Elizabeth of Hungary is canonized by Pope Gregory IX (see 1231).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1235", "description": "A general inquisition begins in France.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1235", "description": "The Byzantine emperor John III Ducas Vatatzes and the Bulgarian tsar Ivan Asen II besiege Constantinople in an attempt to take it from its Latin rulers, John of Brienne and Baldwin II. Angelo Sanudo successfully negotiates a 2-year truce.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1235", "description": "The Lancaster Royal Grammar School is founded.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1235", "description": "A Chinese text of this year records that Hangzhou City, the capital of the Song Dynasty, held various social clubs that included a West Lake Poetry Club, the Buddhist Tea Society, the Physical Fitness Club, the Anglers' Club, the Occult Club, the Young Girls' Chorus, the Exotic Foods Club, the Plants and Fruits Club, the Antique Collectors' Club, the Horse-Lovers' Club, and the Refined Music Society.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1235", "description": "Prince Sogolon Djata leads the Mandinka to victory at the Battle of Kirina against the Susu marking the birth of the Mali Empire.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1235", "description": "Battle of Kirina: Mandinka prince Sundiata Keita defeats Sosso king Soumaoro Kant\u00e9, beginning the Mali Empire.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1236", "description": "Only 4 of 58 districts in Sichuan, China, are captured from the Southern Song by the Mongols under \u00d6gedei. The population of Chengdu, roughly one million inhabitants, is summarily slaughtered after the Mongols take the city with little effort.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1236", "description": "Razia al-Din accedes to the Sultanate of Delhi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1236/01/14", "description": " Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1236/05/06", "description": " Roger of Wendover, Benedictine monk and chronicler of St. Albans Abbey dies. His chronicle is continued by Matthew Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1236/05/06", "description": "A drought causes the harvest to fail and causes one of the rate famines of the 13ampsupampthamp\/supamp century in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1236/06/29", "description": " Spain: C\u00f3rdoba is taken by the Castillan troops from the emir Ibn Hud al-Yamadi as part of the movement of Reconquista.ref name=linehan1999{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-36289-X|pages=668\u2013699|author=Peter Linehan|editor=David Abulafia|page=670|chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1236/09/22", "description": " Battle of Saule: The Lithuanians and Semigallians beat the Livonian Brothers of the Sword.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1236/09/22", "description": "Volga Bulgaria is conquered by Mongol khan Batu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1236/09/22", "description": "A tournament at Tickhill in England turns into a battle between northerners and southerners, but peace is restored by the papal legate.ampampDavid Hey, ''Medieval South Yorkshire''ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1237", "description": "Thomas II of Savoy becomes count of Flanders.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1237", "description": "Elbl\u0105g, Poland is founded.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1237", "description": "After turning aside south for 15 years to invade the Caucasus, Asia Minor and Persia\u2014united now under Batu Khan with representatives of all 4 khanates leading 150,000 Mongol, Turkish and Persian troops into Europe, resume the European invasion with the resumption of Mongol invasion of Rus' foreshadowed by.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1237/12/21", "description": " Mongol invasion of Rus': Sack of Ryazan.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1237/12/21", "description": "Gualdo Tadino, Italy, is destroyed by fire.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1237/12/21", "description": "The County of Artois is founded in France.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1237/12/21", "description": "Baldwin II becomes Latin Emperor of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1237/12/21", "description": "Conrad IV of Germany becomes King of Germany.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1237/12/21", "description": "The Livonian Brothers of the Sword unite with the Teutonic Knights.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1237/12/21", "description": "Battle of Cortenuova: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor defeats the Lombard League.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1237/12/21", "description": "A major fire destroys some 30,000 dwellings in the Chinese capital city of Hangzhou.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1237/12/21", "description": "England and Scotland sign the Treaty of York, establishing the location of their common border.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1238/03/04", "description": " Mongol invasion of Rus ampndash Battle of the Sit River: The Mongol Hordes of Batu Khan defeat the Rus' under Yuri Vsevolodovich of Vladimir-Suzdal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1238/08/21", "description": " Battle of \u00d6rlygssta\u00f0ir: Sighvatur Sturluson and Sturla Sighvatsson defeat Kolbeinn ungi Arnorsson and Gissur Thorvaldsson for control of Iceland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1238/09/28", "description": " James I of Aragon captures the city of Valencia from the Moors, who retreat to Granada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1238/09/28", "description": "The seat of the Patriarch of Aquileia is transferred to Udine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1238/09/28", "description": "Simon de Montfort marries Eleanor, sister of Henry III of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1238/09/28", "description": "The Mongols seize Moscow, at the time a small town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1238/09/28", "description": "Peterborough Cathedral is consecrated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1238/09/28", "description": "Founder of the Nasrid dynasty, Mohammed I ibn Nasr, begins Alhambra complex on the site of a pre-Islamic fortress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1238/09/28", "description": "Thowadra Monastery is founded in Bhutan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1238/09/28", "description": "The Khmers are expelled from Luang Phrabang in Laos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1238/09/28", "description": "The Sukhothai kingdom is founded in Thailand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1239/03/20", "description": " Pope Gregory IX excommunicates Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1239/03/20", "description": "November ampampndash the pope grants the status of Crusade to king of Castile's ongoing invasion of the muslim kingdom of Murcia.ampref name=negotiatingamp{{cite book|last=de Epalza|first=Miguel|title=Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11244-8|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=96}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=96}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1239/03/20", "description": "Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor conducts the Siege of Faenza.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1239/03/20", "description": "The main tower of Lincoln Cathedral in England collapses.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1239/03/20", "description": "Foundation of Netley Abbey in England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1239/03/20", "description": "Mongol invasion of Rus is in progress, bringing with it a pandemic of Rinderpest.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1240", "description": "Batu Khan and the Golden Horde sack the Ruthenian city of Kiev.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1240", "description": "Tuan Mash'ika, an Arab, travels and introduces Islam to Sulu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1240/07/15", "description": " Battle of the Neva: Russian prince Alexander Nevsky defeats the Swedes, saving Russia from a full-scale enemy invasion from the North.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1240/07/15", "description": "The civil war era in Norway ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1240/07/15", "description": "The Flemish village Kaprijke is recognized as a city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1240/07/15", "description": "Sancho II of Portugal conquers the cities of Ayamonte and Cacella over the Muslims as part of the Reconquista.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1240/07/15", "description": "Saint Maurice starts to be portrayed as a Moor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1241/03/18", "description": " Battle of Chmielnick: The Mongols defeat a feudal Polish army.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1241/04/09", "description": " Battle of Liegnitz: The Mongols under the command of Baidar, Kadan and Orda Khan, defeat the feudal Polish nobility, including the Knights Templar.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1241/04/11", "description": " Battle of Mohi: Batu Khan and Subutai defeat B\u00e9la IV of Hungary. The battle is the last major event in the Mongol Invasion of Europe.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1241/04/27", "description": " Battle of Sajo: The Mongols defeat Bela IV of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1241/04/27", "description": "Early summer ampampndash A succession crises or other priorities results in the Mongols withdrawing behind their river barrier into the Ukraine and the Russia's, leaving Central Asian and far Eastern Europe peoples tributary to the Khanates, but leaving Poland and Hungary to begin recovery and reorganization.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1241/05/10", "description": " Battle of Cameirge: The Milesian Irish Septs of the O'Donnells from Donegal, the O'Neills from Armagh and the O'Dohertys of Connacht defeat the last Tuathe de Danaan Sept the MacLochlainns of Tir-owen and Inish-Owen under Domhnall MacLochlainn.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1241/08/29", "description": " after Henry III of England's invasion of Wales, the Treaty of Gwerneigron is signed by him and Dafydd ap Llywelyn, curbing the latter's authority and denying him royal title.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1241/10/25", "description": " Pope Celestine IV succeeds Pope Gregory IX as the 179th pope.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1241/10/25", "description": "Snorri Sturluson, Icelandic saga writer, is murdered by Gissur \u00deorvaldsson, an emissary of King Haakon IV of Norway.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1241/10/25", "description": "Emperor Lizong of Song China accepts the Neo-Confucian teachings of the late Zhu Xi, including his commentary on the Four Books. This will have an impact upon the philosophical schools of surrounding countries as well, including Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1241/10/25", "description": "The Holy Roman Emperor Frederic II issued a decree (''Edict of Salerno'') by which the physician's and the apothecary's professions were separated.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1242", "description": "In Maghrib, after a string of successes against the fast declining Almohads,  Abu Zakariya, the first Hafsid ruler of Ifriqiya conquers Tlemcen.ampampGilbert Meynier (2010) ''L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)''. Paris: La D\u00e9couverte pp.38.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1242", "description": "Emperor Go-Saga ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1242", "description": "Batu Khan establishes the Golden Horde at Sarai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1242", "description": "The Mongols invade the Seljuk sultanate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1242/04/05", "description": "ampampampnbsp\u2013 During a battle on the ice of Lake Peipus, Russian forces, led by Alexander Nevsky, rebuff an invasion attempt by the Teutonic Knights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1242/04/05", "description": "Cleves, Germany is chartered as a city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1242/04/05", "description": "Kiel, Germany is chartered as a town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1242/04/05", "description": "The archbishop of Wiesbaden conquers the city from the Duke of Nassau.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1242/04/05", "description": "The king Sancho II of Portugal conquers the cities of Tavira, Alvor and Paderne in his continuing effort against the Muslims, known as Reconquista.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1242/04/05", "description": "Mongol invasions", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1242/04/05", "description": "German colonists arrive in Bratislava after the Mongols failed to conquer the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1242/04/05", "description": "The Mongols of the Golden Horde devastate Volga Bulgaria, and force the nation to pay tribute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1242/04/05", "description": "A French goldsmith working in Budapest named Guillaume Boucher is captured by the Mongols and taken to Karakorum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1242/04/05", "description": "The golden bull is issued by King B\u00e9la IV to inhabitants of Gradec (today's Zagreb) and Samobor in Croatia, during the Mongol invasion of Europe. By this golden bull King Bela IV proclaim a Free Royal Borough (free and royal city).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1242/04/05", "description": "Croats stop the Mongolian invasion after the battle of Grobnicko Polje", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1242/04/05", "description": "Timeline of medicine and medical technology: Ibn Nafis suggests that the right and left ventricles of the heart are separate and describes the lesser circulation of blood.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1242/04/05", "description": "The diocese of Warmia, Poland is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1243", "description": " Treaty of Alcaraz, the king of Castile turns the independent Muslim kingdom of Murcia into a protectorate and initiates the process of colonization and christianization of the region. The Castillan troops are garnisoned in Murcia to support the Huddite dynasty (May 1).ref name=negotiating{{cite book|last=de Epalza|first=Miguel|title=Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11244-8|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=88}}\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=88}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1243/06/25", "description": " Pope Innocent IV succeeds Pope Celestine IV as the 180th pope.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1243/06/26", "description": " Battle of K\u00f6se Dag: The Mongols defeat the Seljuk Turks of Rum.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1243/06/26", "description": "The city of Brno is founded in what is now Czech Republic.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1244", "description": "The Christian Reconquista in Iberia enjoys a string of successes:", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1244", "description": "March 26 ampampndash By the treaty of Almirra, the king of Aragon and prince of Castile come to an agreement on the attribution of Muslim lands to still to be conquered.ampref name=negotiatingamp{{cite book|last=de Epalza|first=Miguel|title=Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11244-8|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=96}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=96}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1244", "description": "May 22 ampampndash James I of Aragon takes the Muslim-held city of Janita after several months of siege.ampref name=negotiatingamp{{cite book|last=de Epalza|first=Miguel|title=Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11244-8|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=100}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=100}}ampamp<\/a> This success is followed by the capture of Biar later that year.ampref name=negotiatingamp{{cite book|last=de Epalza|first=Miguel|title=Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11244-8|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=102}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=102}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1244", "description": "James I of Aragon reconquers Altea, Spain.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1244", "description": "The heir prince of Castile conduct a  series of military operations to support the Muslim Huddite rulers of Murcia against rebel strongholds.ampref name=negotiatingamp{{cite book|last=de Epalza|first=Miguel|title=Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11244-8|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=88}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=88}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1244", "description": "Dogen Zenji establishes the Eiheiji temple in Japan, thus founding the S\u014dt\u014d sect of Zen Buddhism.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1244", "description": "Sultan Malik al-Muattam razes the city walls of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1244", "description": "The Cathars of Monts\u00e9gur surrender after a 9-month siege.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1244", "description": "Siege and Fall of Jerusalem leading to the Seventh Crusade.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1245", "description": "A rebellion occurs against King Sancho II of Portugal in favour of his brother Afonso.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1245", "description": "Witness of the toll taken by war and fiscal pressure in the kingdom of Castile, the region of Segovia is described this year as depopulated and sterile.ampref name=linehan1999amp{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-36289-X|pages=668\u2013699|author=Peter Linehan|editor=David Abulafia|page=670|chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1245", "description": "The rebuilding of Westminster Abbey is started.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1245", "description": "Pope Innocent IV sends Giovanni da Pian del Carpine to the Mongol court, suggesting (amongst other things) that the Mongols convert to Christianity.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1245", "description": "First Council of Lyon: Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II is excommunicated and deposed, and the Seventh Crusade is proclaimed.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1246", "description": "The Mexicans settle Chapultepec, a former Toltec stronghold.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1246", "description": "Emperor Go-Fukakusa succeeds Emperor Go-Saga on the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1246", "description": "G\u00fcy\u00fck Khan is enthroned as the 3rd Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (an event also witnessed by a papal mission under Giovanni da Pian del Carpine) at Karakorum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1246", "description": "With the death of Duke Frederick II, the Babenberg dynasty ends in Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1246", "description": "Spain: After two unsuccessful sieges, the Castillans manage to take the city of Ja\u00e9n from the Andalucians.ampref name=linehan1999amp{{cite book|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History c.1198-c.1300|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-36289-X|pages=668\u2013699|author=Peter Linehan|editor=David Abulafia|page=670|chapter=Chapter 21: Castile, Portugal and Navarre}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1246", "description": "The Gothic chapel of Sainte-Chapelle is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1246", "description": "Robert Grosseteste translates Aristotle's ''Nichomachean Ethics'' from Greek into Latin, it marks the true start of the rediscovery of the philosopher by Medieval Europe.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506\u2013562}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1246", "description": "The perihelion of the Earth's orbit coincided with the December solstice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Nature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1246", "description": "Beaulieu Abbey is dedicated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1247/12/01", "description": " A rebellion arises among the Muslim subjects of the Crown of Aragon in the region of Valencia. As a punishment, the king issues an order of expulsion of the Muslims from his realm leading numerous people into exile in Andalusia and North Africa in the subsequent year.ref name=negotiating{{cite book|last=de Epalza|first=Miguel|title=Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11244-8|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=108}}\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=108}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1247/12/01", "description": "Shams ad-Din disappears, resulting in Jalal Uddin Rumi writing 30,000 verses of poetry about his disappearance.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1247/12/01", "description": "Romford, London, England is chartered as a market town.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1247/12/01", "description": "Bedlam becomes part of London.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1247/12/01", "description": "The Thuringian War of Succession begins.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1247/12/01", "description": "Qin Jiushao publishes the original form of the Chinese remainder theorem.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1247/12/01", "description": "Egypt takes control of Jerusalem from the Kharezmians.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1247/12/01", "description": "Nijmegen becomes part of Gelderland.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1247/12/01", "description": "The Romanesque cathedral of St. Pierre is begun in Beauvais.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1247/12/01", "description": "Afonso III succeeds Sancho II as King of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1247/12/01", "description": "Saint Louis massacres the last remaining Catharists at Monts\u00e9gur.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1247/12/01", "description": "Song Ci publishes the Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified, a book considered to be the first monographic work on forensic medicine.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1248/04/26", "description": " The Gothic chapel Sainte-Chapelle is consecrated in Paris, France.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1248/08/15", "description": " The foundation stone of the Cologne cathedral is laid after an older cathedral on the site burns down on April 30. Construction is completed 632 years later, in 1880.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1248/08/15", "description": "King Louis IX of France launches the Seventh Crusade, leading an army of 20,000 toward Egypt.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1248/08/15", "description": "Reconquista: King Ferdinand III of Castile recaptures the city of Seville from the Moors and Prince Alfonso X of Castile the city of Alicante.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1248/08/15", "description": "Roger Bacon publishes the formula for black powder in Europe.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1248/08/15", "description": "Pope Innocent IV grants the Croats permission to use their own language and script in liturgy (see Glagolitic alphabet).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1248/08/15", "description": "Construction on the Alhambra palace, in Granada, Spain, is begun by the Nasrids.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1248/08/15", "description": "The University of Piacenza is founded.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1248/08/15", "description": "Tallinn (Reval) receives the L\u00fcbeck Rights.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1248/08/15", "description": "The Dutch city of Ommen receives city rights and fortification rights from Otto III, Archbishop of Utrecht on August 25.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1248/08/15", "description": "The Aztec Empire is established.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1248/08/15", "description": "In the middle of the night on November 24 a mass on the north side of Mont Granier suddenly collapsed, in one of the largest historical rockslope failures known in Europe.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/geomorphologie.revues.org\/7495ampamp\">http:\/\/geomorphologie.revues.org\/7495ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1249", "description": "King Louis IX of France captures Damietta in Egypt, the first major military engagement of the Seventh Crusade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1249", "description": "Pho Khun Si Indrathit becomes the first king of the Sukhothai kingdom, marking the founding of the modern Thai nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1249", "description": "The Hikitsuke, a judicial organ of the Kamakura and Muromachi shogunates of Japan, is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1249", "description": "The Japanese H\u014dji era ends, and the Kench\u014d era begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1249/02/16", "description": " Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by King Louis IX of France as an ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1249/05/26", "description": " The Battle of Fossalta is fought between the Holy Roman Empire and the Lombard League. The Lombards capture the German commander.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Mediterranean", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1249/05/26", "description": "The Moors lose possession of Alicante in Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Mediterranean", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1249/05/26", "description": "King Afonso III of Portugal recaptures Faro and Silves in the Algarve from the Moors, thus ending the Portuguese Reconquista.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Mediterranean", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1249/05/26", "description": "The city of Mystras, Greece is fortified and a palace is constructed there by William II Villehardouin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Mediterranean", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1249/05/26", "description": "University College, the first College at Oxford, is founded with money gifted from the estate of William of Durham.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1249/05/26", "description": "Jean Mouflet makes an agreement with the abbot of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif in the Senonais region in France: in return for an annual payment, the monastery will recognize Jean as a ampquotcitizen of Sensampquot. He is a leather merchant, has a leather shop that he leases for the rent of 50 shillings a year. The agreement is witnessed by Jean's wife, Douce, daughter of a wealthy and prominent citizen of Sens, Felis Charpentier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Microhistory", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1249/05/26", "description": "Roger Bacon publishes a major scientific work, including writings of convex lens spectacles for treating long-sightedness and the first publication of the formula for gunpowder in the western world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1249/06/13", "description": " coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1249/08/15", "description": " The First Battle of Athenry is fought in Galway, Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1249/08/15", "description": "The city of Stralsund (in present-day Germany) is burned to the ground by forces from the rival city of L\u00fcbeck.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1249/08/15", "description": "Swedish statesman Birger Jarl subjugates the province of Tavastia in Finland, securing Swedish power in Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1249/08/15", "description": "Alphonse of Toulouse orders the expulsion of Jews from Poitou, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1249/08/15", "description": "The Hungarian capital is moved from Esztergom to Buda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250", "description": "The world population is estimated at between 400 and 416 million individuals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "World", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250", "description": "Very approximate transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age.ampamp{{cite book|first1=Emmanuel|last1=Le Roy Ladurie|title=Times of Feast, Times of Famine: a History of Climate Since the Year 1000|publisher=Doubleday|location=Garden City, NY|year=1971|oclc=164590|first2=Barbara|last2=Bray|isbn=0-374-52122-0}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "World", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250", "description": "Medieval music: end of the Notre Dame school of polyphony", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "World", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250", "description": "February ampampndash After the death of Erik Eriksson on February 2, Valdemar I, who is the eldest son of Birger jarl, is elected king of Sweden and becomes the first Swedish king of the Folkung house.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/04/30", "description": " King Louis IX of France is released by his Egyptian captors, after paying a ransom of one million dinars and turning over the city of Damietta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/07/03", "description": " Battle of Fariskur: Louis IX of France is captured by Baibars' Mamluk army while he is in Egypt conducting the Seventh Crusade he later has to ransom himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/07/03", "description": "The Bahri dynasty of Mamluks seize power in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/07/03", "description": "The Welayta state is founded in present-day Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/07/03", "description": "In Tunis, a popular rebellion against newly arrived, wealthy and influential Andalusian refugees breaks out and is violently put down.ampref name=negotiatingamp{{cite book|last=de Epalza|first=Miguel|title=Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11244-8|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=106}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=106}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/07/03", "description": "Samoa frees itself from Tongan rule. Beginning of the Malietoa dynasty in Samoa (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Oceania", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/07/03", "description": "The Flemish town of Douai emits the first recorded redeemable annuities in medieval Europe, confirming a trend of consolidation of local public debt stated in 1218 in Rheims.ampamp{{cite book|last=Zuijderduijn|first=Jaco|title=Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)|year=2009|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden\/Boston|isbn=18725155}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/07/03", "description": "The Sienese bankers belonging to the firm known as the Gran Tavola, under the steering of the Bonsignori brothers, become the main financiers of the Papacy. ampref name=biograficoamp{{cite web|last=Catoni|first=Giuliano|title=BONSIGNORI|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)\/|work=Dizionario\">http:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)\/|work=Dizionario<\/a> Biografico degli Italiani|accessdate=20 December 2011}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/10/12", "description": " A great storm shifts the mouth of the River Rother 12 miles (20ampnbspkm) to the west a battering series of strong storms significantly alter other coastal geography as well (''see Romney Marsh'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/12/13", "description": " Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, dies, beginning a 23-year-long interregnum known as the '''Great Interregnum'''.  Frederick II is the last Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty after the interregnum, the empire passes to the Habsburgs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/12/13", "description": "The Lombard League dissolves upon the death of its member states' nemesis, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/12/13", "description": "King Afonso III of Portugal captures the Algarve from the Moors, thus completing the expulsion of the Moors from Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/12/13", "description": "Albertus Magnus isolates the element arsenic as the 8th discovered metal.  He also first uses the word oriole to describe a type of bird (most likely the golden oriole).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/12/13", "description": "The University of Valladolid is founded in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/12/13", "description": "The Rialto Bridge in Venice, Italy is converted from a pontoon bridge to a permanent, raised wooden structure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/12/13", "description": "Vincent of Beauvais completes his proto-encyclopedic work, ''The Greater Mirror''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/12/13", "description": "The Parlement law courts of ''ancien r\u00e9gime'' France are established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/12/13", "description": "A plague breaks out in the city Naples (in present-day Italy), called the Naple's Plague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/12/13", "description": "Villard de Honnecourt draws the first known image of a sawmill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/12/13", "description": "A kurultai is called by Batu Khan in Siberia as part of maneuverings to eventually elect M\u00f6ngke Khan as khan of the Mongol empire in 1251.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1250/12/13", "description": "Starting in this year and ending in 1275, the Muslim Shougeng Pu serves as the Commissioner of Merchant Shipping for the Song Dynasty Chinese seaport at Quanzhou due to his effort on defeating pirates, according to a monograph on the Chinese shipping industry and maritime economy in dynasties of Tang and Sung written by Jitsuzo Kuwabara (\u6851\u539f\u9a2d\u85cf, 1870-1931). Shougeng Pu is likely a Persian or Arabic Muslim.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1251", "description": "April ampampndash The first Shepherds' Crusade, a domestic French uprising in response to events in Egypt during the Seventh Crusade, occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1251/12/26", "description": " King Alexander III of Scotland marries Margaret, daughter of King Henry III of England, precipitating a power struggle between the two monarchs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1251/12/26", "description": "Andrew de Longjumeau, dispatched two years earlier by King Louis IX of France as an ambassador to the Mongols, meets the king in Palestine, with reports from the Mongols and Tartary his mission is considered a failure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1251/12/26", "description": "Mindaugas of Lithuania is baptized, in prelude to his crowning as King of Lithuania in 1253.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1251/12/26", "description": "Alexander Nevsky signs the first peace treaty between Kievan Rus' and Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1251/12/26", "description": "King Conrad IV of Germany invades Italy, but fails to subdue the supporters of Pope Innocent IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1251/12/26", "description": "The German city of Berlin, founded some 50 years earlier, receives its city charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1251/12/26", "description": "Ottokar II of Bohemia, later to become King of Bohemia, is elected Duke of Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1251/12/26", "description": "The earliest known manuscript of ''The Proverbs of Alfred'', a collection of sayings of England's Alfred the Great, is written.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1251/12/26", "description": "M\u00f6ngke Khan is elected as the fourth great Khan of the Mongol Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1251/12/26", "description": "The carving of the ''Tripitaka Koreana'', a collection of Buddhist scriptures recorded on some 81,000 wooden blocks, is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1252/04/06", "description": " Saint Peter of Verona is assassinated by Carino of Balsamo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1252/05/15", "description": " Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull ''Ad exstirpanda'', which authorizes the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition.  Torture quickly gains widespread usage across Catholic Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1252/12/25", "description": " Christopher I of Denmark is crowned King of Denmark in Lund Cathedral", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1252/12/25", "description": "The first European gold coins are minted in the Italian city of Florence, and are known as florins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1252/12/25", "description": "The Polish land of Lebus is incorporated into the German state of Brandenburg, marking the start of Brandenburg's expansion into previously Polish areas (Neumark).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1252/12/25", "description": "The Swedish city of Stockholm is founded by Birger Jarl.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1252/12/25", "description": "The Lithuanian city of Klaip\u0117da (''Memel'') is founded by the Teutonic Knights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1252/12/25", "description": "The town and monastery of Orval Abbey in Belgium burn to the ground rebuilding takes 100 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1252/12/25", "description": "Thomas Aquinas travels to the University of Paris to begin his studies there for a masters degree.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1252/12/25", "description": "In astronomy, work begins on the recording of the Alfonsine tables.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1252/12/25", "description": "The classic Japanese text ''Jikkunsho'' is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1252/12/25", "description": "The Chinese era ''Chunyou'' ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1252/12/25", "description": "The Mongols take the westernmost province of the Song Dynasty empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1253", "description": "July ampampndash William II, Count of Holland defeats the Flemish army at Westkapelle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1253/04/28", "description": " Nichiren, a Japanese Buddhist monk, declares his intent to preach the ''Lotus Sutra'' and ''Nam Myoho Renge Kyo'' as the true Buddhism, thus founding Nichiren Buddhism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1253/04/28", "description": "May ampampndash King Louis IX of France dispatches William of Rubruck from Constantinople on a missionary journey to convert the Tatars of central and eastern Asia. Later that year, William records the first meeting between European Christians and Buddhists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1253/04/28", "description": "The Mongol Empire launches attacks on the Muslim cities of Baghdad and Cairo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1253/04/28", "description": "The Mongol Empire destroys the Kingdom of Dali in modern Yunnan and incorporates the region into their empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1253/04/28", "description": "Kublai Khan introduces the ''baisha xiyue'' song and dance suite to the music of Yunnan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1253/04/28", "description": "The Chinese era ''Baoyou'' begins in the Southern Song Dynasty of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1253/04/28", "description": "The Mongols defeat the Thai confederacy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1253/07/06", "description": " Mindaugas is crowned as King of Lithuania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1253/07/06", "description": "A series of naval wars begins between the Italian city-states of Genoa and Venice, which will continue sporadically until 1371.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1253/07/06", "description": "King Henry III of England meets with English nobles and church leaders to reaffirm the validity of the Magna Carta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1253/07/06", "description": "Pope Innocent IV returns to Rome, having left 9 years earlier in 1244 to depose Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, and being unable to return until after Frederick's death, due to the agitation throughout Europe caused by that action.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1253/07/06", "description": "Having rebuffed the armed forces of Conrad IV of Germany, Pope Innocent IV offers Sicily to Edmund, son of King Henry III of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1253/07/06", "description": "Halych-Volynia becomes a vassal state to the expanding Mongol Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1253/07/06", "description": "Matthew Paris writes ''Historia Anglorum'', a work on English history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1253/07/06", "description": "The Basilica of San Francesco, the earliest important structure in the Italian Gothic style of architecture, is completed in Assisi, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1253/07/06", "description": "Sligo Abbey is built in Sligo, Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1253/07/06", "description": "The Domus Conversorum, a building and institution in London for Jews who had converted to Christianity, is established by King Henry III of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254", "description": "King Louis IX of France, having exhausted his funds and being needed at home, abandons the Seventh Crusade (which he had conducted first in Egypt and then Syria) and returns to France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254", "description": "The classic Japanese text ''Kokin Chomonjo'' is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254", "description": "The Mongols destroy the Kingdom of Dali in modern Yunnan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254", "description": "The Mongols enslave 200,000 Koreans and take them away.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254/06/12", "description": " The city of Alkmaar obtains city rights from the count of Holland, William II.{{cite book|last=Vis|first=G.N.M.|title=Oud en arm. Hervormde bejaardenzorg in Alkmaar, 1744-1994|year=1994|publisher=Verloren|location=Hilversum|isbn=90-6550-502-4|pages=16}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Northern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254/10/10", "description": " Edward Plantagenet marries Eleanor of Castile. His father Henry III had demanded the marriage in exchange for ending the war with her brother Alfonso X of Castile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Northern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254/10/10", "description": "In England, an important step in the evolution of the Parliament and Peerage occurs, as lesser barons are replaced on the King's Council by elected representatives from shires and cities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Northern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254/10/10", "description": "Pope Innocent IV excommunicates Conrad IV of Germany and Rudolph I of Germany (later elected Holy Roman Emperor).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Northern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254/10/10", "description": "The Danish city of Copenhagen receives its city charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Northern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254/10/10", "description": "The Swedish city of Malm\u00f6 is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Northern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254/10/10", "description": "Danylo of Halych, prince of Halych-Wolyn Rus, is crowned a king. The kingdom of Rus (Ruthenia Minor, Halych-Wolyn) is founded", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Northern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254/12/02", "description": " Manfred of Sicily defeats the army of Pope Innocent IV at Foggia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Southern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254/12/02", "description": "King Louis IX of France expels all Jews from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Southern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254/12/02", "description": "King Afonso III of Portugal holds the first session of the ''Cortes'' (Portugal's general assembly composed of nobles, members of the middle class, and representatives from all municipalities) in Leiria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Southern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254/12/02", "description": "The Ghibelline town of Pistoia is taken over by Guelph Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Southern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254/12/02", "description": "The Horses of Saint Mark, once supposed to have adorned the Arch of Trajan in ancient Rome, are installed at Saint Mark's Basilica in Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Southern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254/12/02", "description": "Battle of Adrianople: The Byzantines defeat Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "=Southern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254/12/02", "description": "As part of an offensive against usury in north-western Europe, the pope Innocent IV releves the city of Beauvais from its obligations to its creditors.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506\u2013562}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254/12/12", "description": " Pope Alexander IV succeeds Pope Innocent IV as the 181st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254/12/12", "description": "Construction is begun on the Cathedral of Saint Martin in Utrecht.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1254/12/12", "description": "The Catholic dogma of purgatory is clarified and so named by the Catholic Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1255", "description": "Hulagu Khan is dispatched by his brother M\u00f6ngke Khan to destroy the remaining Muslim states in southwestern Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1255", "description": "May ampampndash William of Rubruck from Constantinople returns to Cyprus from his missionary journey to convert the Tatars of central and eastern Asia, his efforts having been unsuccessful.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1255", "description": "August ampampndash The final Cathar stronghold in southern France falls, eliminating their last refuge since the Roman Catholic Church began the Albigensian Crusade to crush the sect in 1209.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1255", "description": "The death of Little Saint Hugh of Lincoln prompts the persecution of Jews in England, based on the blood libel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1255", "description": "Lisbon becomes the capital of the Kingdom of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1255", "description": "A survey of royal privileges is conducted, which is included in the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086 the Hundred Rolls is later completed with two larger surveys in 1274\/1275 and 1279\/1280.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1255", "description": "K\u00f6nigsberg (now Kaliningrad) is founded by the Teutonic Knights in Prussia and named in honour of king Ottokar II of Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1255", "description": "Theodore II Lascaris, Byzantine Emperor (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea), conducts a military campaign to recover Thrace from the Bulgarians. He concludes the task successfully a year later in 1256.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1255", "description": "The Duchy of Bavaria is split into Upper and Lower Bavaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1255", "description": "The German state of Nassau is divided, not to be reunited until 1806.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1255", "description": "King B\u00e9la IV of Hungary grants Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica the municipal rights of a royal town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1255", "description": "The Gothic cathedral at Bourges, France, is completed. It is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1255", "description": "At the death of Bernardo Bonsignori, his brother, Orlando, is left sole director of the largest banking firm in western Europe, the Gran Tavola of Siena. ampref name=biograficoamp{{cite web|last=Catoni|first=Giuliano|title=BONSIGNORI|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)\/|work=Dizionario\">http:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)\/|work=Dizionario<\/a> Biografico degli Italiani|accessdate=20 December 2011}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1256/05/04", "description": " Pope Alexander IV issues the papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae'', constituting the Order of Saint Augustine at Lecceto Monastery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1256/05/04", "description": "The city of Lviv, in present-day Ukraine, is founded by Danylo King of Rus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1256/05/04", "description": "Theodore II Lascaris, Byzantine Emperor (in exile in the Empire of Nicaea), successfully concludes a military campaign started a year earlier to recover Thrace from the Bulgarians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1256/05/04", "description": "Abingdon School is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1256/05/04", "description": "Roger Bacon becomes a Franciscan Friar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1256/05/04", "description": "Church of Santa Costanza, Rome, is consecrated as a church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1256/05/04", "description": "The ancient Irish Kingdom of Breifne splits into East Breifne and West Breifne after a war between the O'Reillys and the O'Rourkes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1256/05/04", "description": "October ampampndash Mongol commander Baiju (operating under Hulagu Khan's command) leads his forces in a victory over Kay Ka'us II of the Sultanate of R\u00fcm, thereby capturing Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1256/12/15", "description": " Hulagu Khan captures and destroys the Hashshashin stronghold at Alamut in present-day Iran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1256/12/15", "description": "Hulagu Khan establishes the Ilkhanate dynasty of Persia, which will become one of four main divisions of the Mongol Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1256/12/15", "description": "The Japanese Kench\u014d era ends, and the K\u014dgen era begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1257", "description": "Robert de Sorbon founds the ''Coll\u00e8ge de Sorbonne'' at Paris, giving a formal college (and still-common name) to the already existing University of Paris in France.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1257", "description": "Matthew Paris, English historian, personally interviews King Henry III of England for an entire week while compiling his major work of English history, ''Chronica Majora''.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1257", "description": "King Henry III of England orders the production of a twenty pence English coin of pure gold, the first high-denomination coin minted in England and the first to use gold.  Unfortunately for King Henry, the bullion value of the coins is about 20% higher than the nominal face value, leading to poor circulation as coins are melted down by individuals for their gold content.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1257", "description": "The second Genoese War breaks out between Genoa and Venice in Outremer, known as the War of Saint Sabas.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1257", "description": "The city of Krak\u00f3w is rebuilt by Boleslaus V of Poland after being nearly destroyed in the Tatar invasions in 1241.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1257", "description": "The Japanese K\u014dgen era ends, and the Sh\u014dka era begins.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1257", "description": "The Mongols take Dai Viet (northern Vietnam).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1257", "description": "Founding of Aberdeen Grammar School.amp\/onlyincludeamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1258", "description": "January \u2013 One of the largest volcanic eruptions of the Holocene epoch occurs, possibly from a tropical location such as Mount Rinjani, Indonesiaampamp{{cite journal|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/view\/generic\/id\/341497\/description\/13th_century_volcano_mystery_may_be_solved|title=13th\">http:\/\/www.sciencenews.org\/view\/generic\/id\/341497\/description\/13th_century_volcano_mystery_may_be_solved|title=13th<\/a> century volcano mystery may be solved|first=Alexandra|last=Witze|journal=Science News|date=2012-07-14|volume=182|issue=1|page=12|accessdate=2012-07-07}}ampamp El Chich\u00f3n, Mexico or Quilotoa, Ecuador.ampampEmile-Geay, J., Seager, R., Cane, M., Cook, E., Haug, G.H., The volcanic eruption of 1258 A.D. and the subsequent ENSO event, ''Geophysical Research Letters'', 321, XXXX, {{doi|10.1029\/2006JAXYZW}}, Mar 2006. (available <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ldeo.columbia.edu\/~julieneg\/docs\/1258_enso_grl.pdf\">http:\/\/www.ldeo.columbia.edu\/~julieneg\/docs\/1258_enso_grl.pdf<\/a> online, pdf file) {{Wayback|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ldeo.columbia.edu\/~julieneg\/docs\/1258_enso_grl.pdf|date\">http:\/\/www.ldeo.columbia.edu\/~julieneg\/docs\/1258_enso_grl.pdf|date<\/a> =20060924175747}}ampamp  Observed effects of the eruption include the following anecdotal accounts: dry fog in France lunar eclipses in England severe winter in Europe a ampquotharshampquot spring in Northern Iceland famine in England, Western Germany, France, and Northern Italy and pestilence in London, parts of France, Austria, Iraq, Syria, and South-East Turkey.ampampStothers, R.B. (2000) Climatic and Demographic consequences of the Massive Volcanic Eruption of 1258. ''Climatic Change'', 45,  361\u2013374.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Global", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1258/02/10", "description": "Battle of Baghdad (1258) \u2013 Hulagu Khan's Mongol forces overrun Baghdad, then the leading center of Islamic culture and learning and capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. They burn the imperial city to the ground, killing as many as 1,000,000 citizens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1258/02/10", "description": "The Chinese era ''Baoyou'' ends in the Northern Song Dynasty of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1258/02/10", "description": "Korea surrenders to the Mongols, ending the effective resistance of the Choe faction within Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1258/02/10", "description": "Llywelyn the Last declares himself Prince of Wales. He is the final ruler of an independent Wales, before its conquest by the English.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1258/02/10", "description": "King Henry III of England is forced by seven powerful barons to accept the Provisions of Oxford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1258/02/10", "description": "Gissur Thorvaldsson is made Earl of Iceland by King Haakon IV of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1258/02/10", "description": "Mongol Golden Horde attack against Lithuania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1258/02/10", "description": "In Genoa, the Republic starts imposing forced loans, known as ''luoghi'' to its taxpayers, they are a common resource of medieval public finance.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506\u2013562}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1258/02/10", "description": "Civil unrest in northern Italy spawns the medieval musical form of Geisslerlieder, penitential songs sung by wandering bands of Flagellants.amp\/onlyincludeamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1259", "description": "The Oxford Parliament, led by Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, leads to the acceptance by King Henry III of England of the Provisions of Oxford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1259", "description": "September ampampndash Battle of Pelagonia: The Empire of Nicaea defeats the Principality of Achaea, ensuring the eventual reconquest of Constantinople in 1261.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1259/08/11", "description": " While conducting a siege against the Song Dynasty city known as Fishing Town in the province of Chongqing, China, the Mongol Khagan, Mongke Khan, dies in the nearby hills. Persian, Chinese, and Mongol records have different accounts of how he died, including succumbing to an arrow wound received by a Chinese archer in the siege, dysentery, and even a cholera epidemic. His death sparks a succession crisis in the Mongol Empire, while his brothers Ariq B\u00f6ke and Kublai soon convene their own kuriltai to elect themselves as the next Khan of Khans, opening the path to a four\u2013year-long civil war from 1260 to 1264. In the end, Ariq B\u00f6ke surrenders to Kublai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1259/08/11", "description": "While engaged in a war with the Mongols, the Song Chinese official Li Zengbo writes in his ''Kozhai Zagao, Xugaohou'' that the city of Qingzhou is manufacturing one to two thousand strong iron-cased gunpowder bomb shells a month, dispatching to Xiangyang and Yingzhou about ten to twenty thousand such bombs at a time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1259/08/11", "description": "Lannathai, a kingdom in the north of Thailand, is founded by King Mengrai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1259/08/11", "description": "The Goryeo kingdom in Korea surrenders to invading Mongol forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1259/08/11", "description": "The Chinese era ''Kaiqing'' begins and ends in the Northern Song Dynasty of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1259/08/11", "description": "The Japanese Sh\u014dka era ends, and the Sh\u014dgen era begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1259/12/04", "description": " Kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England agree to the Treaty of Paris, in which Henry renounces his claims to French-controlled territory on continental Europe (including Normandy) in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1259/12/04", "description": "The famous frescoes of the Boyana Church in Bulgaria are completed (the church and its murals are now a UNESCO World Heritage Site).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1259/12/04", "description": "The German cities of L\u00fcbeck, Wismar, and Rostock enter into a pact to defend against pirates of the Baltic Sea, laying the groundwork for the Hanseatic League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1259/12/04", "description": "Nogai Khan leads the second Mongol Golden Horde attack against Lithuania and Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/05/05", "description": " Kublai Khan becomes a claimant to the Mongol Empire after the death of Mongke Khan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/05/21", "description": "  Kublai sends his envoy Hao Jing to negotiate with Song Dynasty Chancellor Jia Sidao, after the small force left by Kublai south of the Yangzi River is destroyed by a Chinese army of the Southern Song Dynasty. Chancellor Jia Sidao imprisons the entire embassy of Kublai. This slight will not be forgotten by Kublai, but he is unable to assault the Song due to the civil war with his rival brother Ariq B\u00f6ke.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/09/03", "description": " The Mamluks defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut in Galilee, marking their first decisive defeat and the point of maximum expansion of the Mongol Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/09/03", "description": "The Sena Dynasty of Bengal falls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/09/03", "description": "The Chinese era ''Jingding'' begins and ends in the Southern Song Dynasty of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/09/03", "description": "The Japanese Sh\u014dgen era ends, and the Bun'\u014d era begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/09/03", "description": "The Hindu Silharya Dynasty, which ruled an area around Mumbai, ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/09/04", "description": " The Sienese Ghibellines, supported by the forces of King Manfred of Sicily, defeats the Florentine Guelphs at Montaperti.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/09/04", "description": "Battle of Kressenbrunn: King Otakar II of Bohemia captures Styria from King Bela IV of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/09/04", "description": "Battle of Durbe: The Baltic Samogitians and Curonians defeat the Teutonic Knights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/09/04", "description": "The Duchy of Saxony is divided into Saxony-Lauenberg and Saxony-Wittenberg, marking the end of the first Saxon state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/09/04", "description": "War breaks out in the Valais (today in Switzerland) as the Bishopry of Sion defends against an invasion by the County of Savoy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/09/04", "description": "Croatia is divided into two sub-regions ruled by ban Croatian region on the south and Slavonian region on the north,  by the king Bela IV of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/10/24", "description": " Saif ad-Din Qutuz, Mamluk sultan of Egypt, is assassinated by Baibars, who seizes power for himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/10/24", "description": "The civil servant and bard longing for lost al-Andalus Ibn al-Abbar is burnt to the stakes by the Marinid ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/10/24", "description": " The Cathedral of Chartres is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France (the cathedral is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/10/24", "description": "Jacobus de Voragine compiles his work, the ''Golden Legend'', a late medieval best-seller.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/10/24", "description": "The mosaic ''Christ between the Virgin and St Minias'' is made on the facade of Florence's Basilica di San Miniato al Monte.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/10/24", "description": "German musical theorist Franco of Cologne publishes ''Ars Cantus Mensurabilis'', in which he advances a new theory of musical notation in which the length of a musical note is  denoted by the shape of that note, a system still used today.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/10/24", "description": "Construction on the Dunkeld Cathedral begins in Perthshire, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/10/24", "description": "Beginning of the construction begins on the cathedrals at Mei\u00dfen and Schwerin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/10/24", "description": "Nicola Pisano sculpts the pulpit of the Pisa Baptistery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/10/24", "description": "The newly formed Sukhothai kingdom of Thailand adopts Theravada Buddhism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1260/10/24", "description": "The advent of the Age of the Holy Spirit predicted by Joachim of Fiore, according to his interpretation of the Book of Revelation, chapter 6.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1261", "description": "January ampampndash Pope Alexander IV bans the Flagellants movement.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1261/07/23", "description": " At the Battle of Callann, the Normans, under John FitzGerald, 1st Baron Desmond, are defeated by the Gaelic forces of F\u00ednghin Mac Carthaigh, King of Desmond.''BBC History'', July 2011, p12", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1261/07/25", "description": " The city of Constantinople is recaptured by Nicaean forces under the command of Alexios Strategopoulos, thus re-establishing the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1261/08/15", "description": " Michael VIII Palaeologus is crowned Byzantine emperor in Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1261/08/29", "description": " Pope Urban IV succeeds Pope Alexander IV as the 182nd pope, the last man to do so without being a cardinal first.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1261/08/29", "description": "The population of Greenland accepts the overlordship of the King of Norway.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1261/08/29", "description": "The Japanese Bun'\u014d era ends, and the K\u014dch\u014d era begins.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1261/08/29", "description": "The Convent of Wurmsbach is established in Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1261/08/29", "description": "Baibars establishes a puppet caliphate in Cairo.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1261/08/29", "description": "Bela IV of Hungary repels a Tatar invasion.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1261/08/29", "description": "Kublai Khan, who became a Khagan claimant in the previously year, releases 75 Song Dynasty Chinese merchants from captivity after they had been captured along the border of his Empire and the Southern Song Dynasty of China. This is an act to increase his reputation amongst the Chinese, shore up his legitimacy as a just ruler, and to gain more defectors from the Southern Song Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1261/08/29", "description": "The earliest extant Chinese illustration of 'Pascal's Triangle' is from Yang Hui's book ''Xiangjie Jiuzhang Suanfa'', published in this year, although knowledge of Pascal's Triangle existed in China by at least 1100.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1262", "description": "King Mangrai of the Lanna Kingdom (present day Northern Thailand, Shan State and Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture) founds the city of Chiang Rai as the kingdom's capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1262", "description": "King Mindaugas of Lithuania renounces Christianity, returning to his pagan roots and reverting to Grand Duke of Lithuania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1262", "description": "The Icelandic Commonwealth enters into a treaty establishing a union with Norway and acknowledges Norwegian King Haakon IV as its ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1262", "description": "Strasbourg becomes an Imperial Free City of the Holy Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1262", "description": "King Henry III of England obtains a papal bull releasing him from the Provisions of Oxford, preceding the Second Barons' War, a civil war started in 1263.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1262", "description": "Adam de la Halle writes the first operetta, ''ampquotLe Jeu de la Feuilleeampquot''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1262", "description": "The Venetian Senate starts consolidating all of the city's outstanding debt into a single fund, later known as the ''Monte Vecchio''. The holders of the newly created ''prestiti'' are promised a 5% annual coupon. These claims can be sold and quickly (before 1320) give rise to the first recorded secondary market for financial assets in medieval Europe.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506\u2013562}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1262", "description": "Richard of Chichester is canonized as a saint he is best known for authoring the prayer later adapted into the song ''Day by Day'' in the musical Godspell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1263/10/02", "description": " Battle of Largs: an inclusive battle fought in Scotland, between kings Haakon IV of Norway and Alexander III of Scotland", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Northern and eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1263/10/02", "description": "Mindaugas, the only Christian king of Lithuania, is assassinated by his cousin Treniota.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Northern and eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1263/10/02", "description": "The chieftains of the eastern part of Iceland become the last to pledge fealty to the Norwegian king, bringing a more complete end to the Icelandic Commonwealth and the Icelandic civil war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Northern and eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1263/10/02", "description": "Hulagu Khan is defeated in an attempted invasion north of the Caucasus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Northern and eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1263/10/02", "description": "Based on Magdeburg Law, \u017bnin (Poland) is given city rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Northern and eastern Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1263/10/02", "description": "MayampampndashJuly ampampndash Battle of Settepozzi: a Venetian fleet defeats a superior Genoese-Byzantine fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Mediterranean", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1263/10/02", "description": "King James I of Aragon conquers Crevillente, Spain from the Moors during the Reconquista.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Mediterranean", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1263/10/02", "description": "Alfonso X of Castile conquers Niebla over Ibn Mahfuz, thus terminating any Muslim presence in the western part of the peninsula.ampref name=picard2000amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve ampamp Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Mediterranean", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1263/10/02", "description": "Genoa captures the city of Chania on Crete from the Venetians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "=Mediterranean", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1263/10/02", "description": "The Savoy Palace is constructed in London by Count Peter II of Savoy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1263/10/02", "description": "Balliol College, Oxford is founded by John I de Balliol.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1263/10/02", "description": "Edward, heir to the throne of England, seizes ''\u00a3''10,000 which had been deposited to the trust of the knights Templars in London by foreign merchants and English magnates.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Ferris|first=Eleanor|title=The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown|journal=American Historical Review|year=1902|volume=8|issue=1}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1263/10/02", "description": "The Bonsignori firm gains the full market of the transfer of fiscal revenue from the papal estates to Rome. ampref name=biograficoamp{{cite web|last=Catoni|first=Giuliano|title=BONSIGNORI|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)\/|work=Dizionario\">http:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)\/|work=Dizionario<\/a> Biografico degli Italiani|accessdate=20 December 2011}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1263/10/02", "description": "Nahmanides, chief rabbi of Catalonia, defends the Talmud in an important disputation against Pablo Christiani before King James I of Aragon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1263/10/02", "description": "The doctrines of theologian Joachim of Fiore are condemned as heresy by the Roman Catholic Church at a synod in Arles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1264", "description": "Kublai Khan defeats his brother and pretender to the title of Khagan, or Khan of Khans, Ariq Boke, who surrenders to Kublai and is summarily imprisoned. He dies a year later under mysterious circumstances, possibly by poisoning, but the cause of death is still uncertain. However, this battle essentially marks the end of a unified Mongol Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1264", "description": "Kublai Khan decides to move his capital from Shangdu in Inner Mongolia to the Chinese city of Dadu (now Beijing).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1264", "description": "Kublai Khan publicly reprimands his own officers for executing 2 Song Dynasty Chinese generals without trial or investigation. This act is one of many in order to enhance his reputation amongst the Chinese, to increase his legitimacy as a just ruler, and win over more defectors from the Southern Song.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1264", "description": "The Japanese era K\u014dch\u014d ends, and the Bun'ei era begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1264", "description": "April ampampndash Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford leads a massacre of the Jews at Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1264", "description": "Before May ampampndash The Second Barons' War, a civil war in England, begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1264/05/12", "description": "May 14 ampndash The Battle of Lewes of the Second Barons' War is fought between Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester and King Henry III of England in Sussex. By the end of the battle, de Montfort's forces capture both King Henry and his son, future King Edward I, making de Montfort the quotuncrowned king of Englandquot for 15 months before Edward escapes captivity and recaptures the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1264/06/18", "description": " The Parliament of Ireland meets at Castledermot in County Kildare, the first definitively known meeting of this Irish legislature.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1264/08/05", "description": " Anti-Jewish riots break out in Arnstadt (modern-day Germany). In Spain, King James I of Aragon reconquers the cities of Orihuela in Alicante and Elx in Valencia from the Moors, ending over 500 years of Islamic rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1264/09/14", "description": " Walter de Merton formally completes the foundation of the House of Scholars of Merton (later Merton College, Oxford) to provide education in Malden and the University of Oxford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1264/09/14", "description": "In Barcelona, a commission of Dominicans censors portions of the Talmud for the first time, by ordering the cancellation of passages found reprehensible from a Christian point of view.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1264/09/14", "description": "Thomas Aquinas completes his theological work ''Summa contra Gentiles''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1264/09/14", "description": "Pope Urban IV creates the festivity of Corpus Domini.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1264/10/09", "description": " King Alfonso X quotthe Wisequot recapture the town of Jerez de la Frontera in Spain from the Muslims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1264/10/09", "description": "The War of the Thuringian Succession ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1264/10/09", "description": "The state of Hesse gains its independence from Thuringia and becomes a free state of the Holy Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1264/10/09", "description": "In the Peerage of England, the title Baron de Ros, the oldest continuously held peerage title in England, is created by writ of summons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1264/10/09", "description": "Sinucello della Rocca becomes lord of Corsica and rules the island, benefiting from the rivalry of Pisa and Genoa.ampamp{{cite book|last=Colombani|first=Philippe|title=H\u00e9ros corses du Moyen Age|year=2010|publisher=Albiana|location=Ajaccio|isbn=978-2-84698-338-9|page=173}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1264/10/09", "description": "King Boleslaus V of Poland promulgates legal protection for his Jewish subjects, including protection from the kidnapping and forcible baptism of Jewish children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1265/01/20", "description": " In Westminster, the first elected English parliament (De Montfort's Parliament) conducts its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, now also known as the Houses of Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "War and politics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1265/02/05", "description": " Pope Clement IV succeeds Pope Urban IV as the 183rd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1265/02/05", "description": "The Mamluk Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states in the Middle East, including the cities of Haifa, Arsuf, and Caesarea Maritima these events eventually precipitate the Eighth Crusade in 1267.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa and Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1265/02/05", "description": "Kublai Khan sends a delegation to Japan, which loots islands along the way.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa and Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1265/02/05", "description": "Fire destroys parts of Old Cairo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa and Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1265/02/05", "description": "India, Delhi: Ghiyas-Ud-Din-Balban comes to the throne and introduces Sijdah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa and Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1265/05/28", "description": " Future King Edward I of England escapes the captivity of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "War and politics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1265/08/04", "description": " The Battle of Evesham of the Second Barons' War is fought in Worcestershire, with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort and killing de Montfort and many of his allies.  This is sometimes considered the death of chivalry in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "War and politics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1265/08/04", "description": "Reconquista: King Alfonso X of Castile captures the city of Alicante, Spain from the Moors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "War and politics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1265/08/04", "description": "The Isle of Man comes under Scottish rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "War and politics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1265/08/04", "description": "Mongol armies, led by Nogai Khan, raid Thrace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "War and politics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1265/08/04", "description": "In the first major battle in 5 years since the Song Dynasty Chinese pushed the forces of Kublai Khan back across the Yangzi River after Mongke Khan's failed invasion in 1259, Kublai Khan engages the Chinese in Sichuan province. Kublai gains a preliminary victory and war booty of 146 captured Song Dynasty naval ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "War and politics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1265/08/04", "description": "The ''Book of Aneirin'', a Welsh manuscript of poetry, is penned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1265/08/04", "description": "The brewing of Budweiser Budvar beer begins in Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic) Budweiser Budvar has been produced continuously there to this day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1265/08/04", "description": "Correspondence from Pope Clement IV contains the first known mention of the ring of the Fisherman, an item of papal regalia then used to seal personal correspondence from the pope and later for papal bulls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1266/02/26", "description": " Battle of Benevento: The army of Charles, Count of Anjou, defeats a combined German and Sicilian force led by King Manfred of Sicily.  Manfred is killed in the battle and Pope Clement IV invests Charles as king of Sicily and Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1266/02/26", "description": "July ampampndash Mary de Ferrers is ordered to surrender land and Liverpool Castle to Edmund, second son of Henry III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1266/02/26", "description": "October ampampndash In England, the Second Barons' War winds down as supporters of the slain rebel leader Simon de Montfort make an offer of peace to the king in the Dictum of Kenilworth after slight modifications to the peace settlement, it is agreed to the following year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1266/02/26", "description": "The war between Scotland and Norway ends as King Alexander III of Scotland and King Magnus VI of Norway agree to the Treaty of Perth, which cedes the Western Isles and Isle of Man to Scotland in exchange for a large monetary payment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1266/02/26", "description": "In France, the gold \u00e9cu and silver grosh coins are minted for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1266/02/26", "description": "Niccolo and Maffeo Polo, father and uncle of Marco Polo, reach Kublai Khan's capital Khanbaliq (now Beijing) in China, setting the stage for Marco's famous expedition 5 years later.  Kublai Khan sends the Polos back with a message requesting that the Pope dispatch western scholars to teach in the Mongol Empire however, this request is largely ignored.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1266/02/26", "description": "The Mamluk sultan Baibars expands his domain, capturing the city of Byblos (in present-day Lebanon) and the important castle of Toron from the crusader states, and defeating the Armenians at Cilicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1267/02/16", "description": " King Afonso III of Portugal and King Alfonso X of Castile sign the Badajoz Convention, determining the border between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Kingdom of Leon, and ensuring Portuguese sovereignty over Algarve.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "War and politics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1267/05/27", "description": " Treaty of Viterbo: Emperor Baldwin II of Constantinople gifts the Principality of Achaea to King Charles I of Sicily in the hope that Charles can help him restore the Latin Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "War and politics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1267/05/27", "description": "The Second Barons' War in England ends, as the rebels and King Henry III of England agree to peace terms as laid out in the Dictum of Kenilworth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "War and politics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1267/05/27", "description": "Treaty of Montgomery: King Henry III of England acknowledges Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's title of Prince of Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "War and politics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1267/05/27", "description": "The city of Ostrava is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "War and politics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1267/05/27", "description": "Roger Bacon completes his work ''Opus Majus'' and sends it to Pope Clement IV, who had requested it be written the work contains wide-ranging discussion of mathematics, optics, alchemy, astronomy, astrology, and other topics, and includes what some believe to be the first description of a magnifying glass. Bacon also completes ''Opus Minus'', a summary of ''Opus Majus'', later in the same year. The only source for his date of birth is his statement in the ''Opus Tertium'', written in 1267, that ''ampquotforty years have passed since I first learned the alphabetampquot''. The 1214 birth date assumes he was not being literal, and meant 40 years had passed since he matriculated at Oxford at the age of 13. If he had been literal, his birth date was more likely to have been around 1220.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1267/05/27", "description": "The leadership of Vienna forces Jews to wear ''Pileum cornutum'',a cone-shaped head dress, in addition to the yellow badges Jews are already forced to wear.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1267/05/27", "description": "In England, the Statute of Marlborough is passed, the oldest English law still (partially) in force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1267/05/27", "description": "The ampquotGrand Capitalampquot is constructed in Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing) by Kublai Khan, having moved the capital of the Mongol Empire there three years prior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia and Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1267/05/27", "description": "Malik ul Salih establishes Samudra Pasai, the first Muslim state in Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia and Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1267/05/27", "description": "Spain attempts an invasion of Morocco, but the Marinids successfully defend against the invasion and drive out Spanish forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia and Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1268/02/18", "description": " Battle of Rakvere: The Livonian Order is defeated by Dovmont of Pskov.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "War and politics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1268/05/18", "description": " The Principality of Antioch, a crusader state, falls to the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in the Battle of Antioch Baibars' destruction of the city of Antioch is so great as to permanently negate the city's importance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1268/05/18", "description": "The Battle of Xiangyang, a 6-year battle between the Chinese Song Dynasty and the Mongol forces of Kublai Khan, begins in what is today Hubei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1268/05/18", "description": "Kublai Khan sends an emissary to the Kamakura Shogunate of Japan demanding an acknowledgment of suzerainty and payment of tribute the Japanese refuse, starting a diplomatic back-and-forth lasting until the Mongols attempt to invade in 1274.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1268/05/18", "description": "An earthquake in Cilicia kills an estimated 60,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1268/05/18", "description": "The Tibetan monk Drog\u00f6n Ch\u00f6gyal Phagpa of the Sakya school completes the Phagspa script, which was sponsored by Kublai Khan as a new writing system in his empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1268/10/29", "description": " Conradin, the last legitimate male heir of the Hohenstaufen dynasty of Kings of Germany and Holy Roman Emperors, is executed along with his companion Frederick I, Margrave of Baden by Charles I of Sicily, a political rival and ally to the hostile Roman Catholic church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "War and politics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1268/10/29", "description": "King Stephen V of Hungary launches a war against Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "War and politics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1268/10/29", "description": "The county of Wernigerode becomes a vassal state of the margrave of Brandenburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "War and politics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1268/10/29", "description": "The House of Bourbon first rises to prominence with the marriage of Robert, Count of Clermont to King Louis IX of France's daughter, Beatrice of Burgundy, heiress to the lordship of Bourbon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "War and politics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1268/10/29", "description": "New election procedures for the election of the doge are established in Venice in order to reduce the influence of powerful individual families.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "War and politics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1268/10/29", "description": "Pope Clement IV dies the following papal election fails to choose a new pope for almost 3 years, precipitating the later creation of stringent rules governing the electoral procedures.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "War and politics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1268/10/29", "description": "Nicola Pisano completes the famous octagonal Gothic-style pulpit at the Duomo di Siena.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1268/10/29", "description": "The carnival in Venice is first recorded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1268/10/29", "description": "In France, the use of hops as the exclusive flavoring agent used in the manufacture of beer is made compulsory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1268/10/29", "description": "In Slovakia, Guta is founded (currently Kol\u00e1rovo).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1269", "description": "End of the Almohad dynasty:", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1269", "description": "The Berber Marinid completes the conquest of Morocco, replacing the Almohad dynasty which it defeated in Marrakesh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1269", "description": "The Almohad dynasty of caliphs (not universally accepted), that once ruled most of North Africa and Al-Andalus (Moorish Spain), is extinguished when Idris II is murdered in the dynasty's last remaining possession, Marrakesh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1269/06/19", "description": " King Louis IX of France orders all Jews found in public without an identifying yellow badge to be fined ten livres of silver.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1269/06/19", "description": "King Otakar II of Bohemia inherits Carinthia and part of Carniola, making him the most powerful prince within the Holy Roman Empire the empire lacking an emperor during the ongoing ''great interregnum'', Otakar II is one of the most powerful men in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1269/06/19", "description": "To finance his crusade, Edward I of England obtains the right to levy a twentieth of the value of the Church\u2019s wealth in England. That sum turns out to be insufficient and Edward has to borrow to reach his target.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Ferris|first=Eleanor|title=The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown|journal=American Historical Review|year=1902|volume=8|issue=1}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1269/06/19", "description": "John Comyn begins the construction of Blair Castle in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1269/06/19", "description": "The Eastern Orthodox Patriarchy of Antioch returns to Antioch after a 171-year exile, during which it had been replaced by the Latin Patriarch of Antioch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1269/06/19", "description": "P\u00e9lerin de Maricourt first describes magnetic poles and remarks on the nonexistence of isolated magnetic poles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Science", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1270", "description": "Before August ampampndash King Louis IX of France launches the Eighth Crusade in an attempt to recapture the crusader states from the Mamluk sultan Baibars the opening engagement is a siege of Tunis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Africa", "category2": "The Eighth Crusade", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1270/08/25", "description": " King Louis IX of France dies while besieging the city of Tunis, possibly due to poor quality drinking water.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Africa", "category2": "The Eighth Crusade", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1270/09/01", "description": " King Stephen V of Hungary writes his walk to the ''antiquum castellum'' near Miholjanec, where the Sword of Attila was recently discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1270/09/01", "description": "December ampampndash Crucial aspects of the philosophy of Averroism (itself based on Aristotle's works) are banned by the Roman Catholic church in a condemnation enacted by papal authority at the University of Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1270/09/01", "description": "The ''Summa Theologica'', a work by Thomas Aquinas that is considered within the Roman Catholic Church to be the paramount expression of its theology, is completed (year uncertain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1270/09/01", "description": "Witelo translates Alhazen's 200-year-old treatise on optics, ''Kitab al-Manazir'', from Arabic into Latin, bringing the work to European academic circles for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1270/09/01", "description": "The Sanskrit fables known as the ''Panchatantra'', dating from as early as 200 BCE, are translated into Latin from a Hebrew version by John of Capua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1270/09/01", "description": "Construction of the Old New Synagogue in Prague is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1270/09/01", "description": "The cathedral on the Rock of Cashel in Ireland is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1270/10/30", "description": " The siege of Tunis and the Eighth Crusade end by an agreement between Charles I of Sicily (Louis IX's brother) and the sultan of Tunis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Africa", "category2": "The Eighth Crusade", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1270/10/30", "description": "Yekuno Amlak overthrows the Ethiopian Zagwe dynasty, claims the throne and establishes the Solomonic dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Africa", "category2": "Other events", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1270/10/30", "description": "In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion begins against the Goryeo Dynasty, a puppet government of the Mongol Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1270/10/30", "description": "The ancient city of Ashkelon is captured from the crusader states and utterly destroyed by the Mamluk sultan Baibars, who goes so far as to fill in its important harbor, leaving the site desolate and the city never to be rebuilt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1270/10/30", "description": "The city of Tabriz, in present-day Iran, is made capital of the Mongol Ilkhanate Empire (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1270/10/30", "description": "The independent state of Kutch is founded in present-day India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1270/10/30", "description": "A census of the Chinese city of Hangzhou establishes that some 186,330 families reside within it, not including visitors and soldiers.  (Historian Jacques Gernet argues that this means a population of over 1 million inhabitants, making Hangzhou the most populous city in the world.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1271/04/08", "description": " Mamluk sultan Baibars continues his territorial expansion, capturing the strategically important castle Krak des Chevaliers from the Knights Hospitaller in present-day Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "North Africa and the Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1271/04/08", "description": "Mamluk sultan Baibars conducts an unsuccessful siege of the city of Tripoli, and also fails in an attempted naval invasion of Cyprus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "North Africa and the Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1271/04/08", "description": "Edward I of England and Charles of Anjou arrive in Acre, starting the Ninth Crusade against Baibars however, they are unable to capture any territory and a peace is quickly negotiated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "North Africa and the Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1271/07/02", "description": " Kings Otakar II of Bohemia and Stephen V of Hungary sign the first Peace of Pressburg, settling territorial claims following the failed invasion of Hungary by Otakar II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1271/09/01", "description": " Pope Gregory X succeeds Pope Clement IV as the 184th pope, as the compromise candidate between French and Italian cardinals, ending a 3-year conclave, the longest ever.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1271/09/01", "description": "The County of Toulouse is returned to the crown of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1271/09/01", "description": "Marco Polo departs from Venice with his father and uncle on his famous journey to Kublai Khan's China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1271/09/01", "description": "The construction of Caerphilly Castle, the largest in Wales, is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1271/09/01", "description": "Construction of the Belaya Vezha in Belarus is begun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1271/09/12", "description": " According to the followers of Nichiren Buddhism, the sect's founder, Nichiren, reaches a turning point known as ''hosshaku kempon'', as he discards his identity as a mortal priest and begins to reveal himself as a reincarnation of the Buddha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1271/12/18", "description": " Kublai Khan renames his empire quotYuanquot (\u5143 yu\u00e1n), officially marking the start of the Yuan Dynasty of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1271/12/18", "description": "The Nakhi kingdom of the northern Himalayan foothills is annexed by the Yuan Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1272", "description": "Mamluk sultan Baibars of Egypt invades the weakening kingdom of Makuria to the south.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1272", "description": "Charles I of Anjou, King of Naples, occupies Durr\u00ebs in Albania and establishes an Albanian kingdom.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1272", "description": "Count Floris V of Holland makes an unsuccessful attack on Frisia in an attempt to recover the body of his father, Count William II.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1272/11/21", "description": " Edward I becomes King of England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1272/11/21", "description": "King Alphonso III of Portugal eliminates the last Moorish community in Portugal at Faro.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1272/11/21", "description": "The Worshipful Company of Cordwainers receives the right to regulate the leather trade in London, England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1272/11/21", "description": "In astronomy, the recording of the Alfonsine tables is completed.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1272/11/21", "description": "The first recorded reference is made to the game of cricket.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1273/01/31", "description": " The 6-year-long battle of Xiangyang ends as the commander of the Song Dynasty's forces surrender to Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty.  The battle is the first in which firearms are used in combat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1273/01/31", "description": "In Korea, the Sambyeolcho Rebellion against the Goryeo Dynasty (a puppet government of the Yuan Dynasty) ends as rebel forces are defeated by combined Yuan and Goryeo forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1273/09/29", "description": " Rudolph I of Germany is elected King of Germany over rival candidate King Otakar II of Bohemia, ending the Interregnum Otakar refuses to acknowledge Rudolph as the new king, leading to the outbreak of war in 1276. Rudolph is the first of many Habsburgs to hold the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1273/12/06", "description": " Thomas Aquinas quits his writing of ''Summa Theologica'' ampmdash a master work of Catholic theology ampmdash leaving it unfinished after having a mystical experience during Mass.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1273/12/06", "description": "King Otakar II of Bohemia captures Bratislava from Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1273/12/06", "description": "The ''Congregatio Regni tocius Sclavonie Generalis'' with its decisions ''(statuta et constitutiones)'', is the oldest surviving document written by the Croatian parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1273/12/06", "description": "December ampampndash Followers of the recently deceased Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi establish the Sufi order of the Whirling Dervishes in the city of Konya (in present-day Turkey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "The Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1273/12/06", "description": "The ampquotHoly Redeemerampquot khachkar, believed to be one of the finest examples of the art form, is carved in Haghpat, Armenia, by Vahram.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "The Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1273/12/06", "description": "The Constantinople suburb of Beyo\u011flu (then known as Pera) is given to the Republic of Genoa by the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus, in return for Genoa's support of the Empire after the Fourth Crusade and the sacking of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "The Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1274", "description": "The Marinid amir, Abu Yusuf Yaqub, enters peacefully into Ceuta putting an end to some forty years of independence of the city.ampref name=Picard1997amp{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe si\u00e8cle|year=1997|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|location=Paris}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1274/05/07", "description": " The Second Council of Lyons, held by the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church convenes to consider the liberation of the Holy Land via Crusades and address the East-West Schism with the Byzantine church.  The Council eventually approves a tithe to support efforts to liberate the Holy Land from Muslims, and reaches apparent resolution of the schism which ultimately proves unsuccessful.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1274/05/07", "description": "November ampampndash The diet at Nuremberg orders that all crown estates seized since the death of Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor be restored to Rudolph I of Germany almost all European rulers agree, with the notable exception of King Otakar II of Bohemia, who had benefited greatly by conquering or otherwise coming into possession of many of those lands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1274/05/07", "description": "Pope Gregory X decrees that conclaves (meetings during which the electors have no contact with the outside) should be used for papal elections, reforming the electoral process which had taken over 3 years to elect him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1274/05/07", "description": "Joseph ben Abraham Gikatilla writes ''Ginnat Egoz'' (Garden of Nuts).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1274/05/07", "description": "King Edward I of England finally returns from the Ninth Crusade to England to be crowned king, 2 years after his father King Henry III's death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "= England", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1274/05/07", "description": "His interim chancellor and effective regent, Walter de Merton retires from royal service to make the final revisions to his statutes for the foundation of Merton College, Oxford and take up the post of Bishop of Rochester.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "= England", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1274/05/07", "description": "One of Edward's first acts is to enforce a decree requiring all English Jews to wear yellow badges.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "= England", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1274/05/07", "description": "The first main survey of the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086, is begun it lasts until 1275.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "= England", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1274/05/07", "description": "Bonvesin de la Riva writes the didactic-allegoric poemet ''Libro de le tre scritture'' (Negra, Rubra, Aurea), the first text in ancient Western Lombard language (still similar to other Gallo-Italian languages), and one of the first great literary works in Italy. It tells about Hell, Christ's Passion and Paradise this plot suggests Dante in his ''Comedia''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "= Italy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1274/05/07", "description": "In Florence, the nine-year-old Dante Alighieri first sees the eight-year-old Beatrice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "= Italy", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1274/11/20", "description": " Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty attempts the first of several invasions of Japan (30,000 soldiers and support personnel sails from Korea) after the Mongols capture outlying islands, they are repulsed on the main island at the Battle of Bun'ei by amassed Japanese warriors and a strong storm which batters their forces and fleet.  Credit for the storm ampmdash called a ''kamikaze'', or divine wind ampmdash is given by the Japanese to the god Raiden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1274/11/20", "description": "Nichiren, founder of Nichiren Buddhism, enters a voluntary exile on Mount Minobu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275", "description": "The troops of the  Marinid dynasty takes the city of Algiers, at that time independent.ampamp{{cite book|last=Meynier|first=Gilbert|title=L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)|year=2010|publisher=La D\u00e9couverte|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7071-5231-2|page=158}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275", "description": "March ampampndash The 200,000 multiethnic troops of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty, headed by the Turkish commander Bayan, face a Chinese Song Dynasty army of 130,000 led by the Song Chancellor Jia Sidao. The result is a decisive victory for the Yuan Dynasty, and soon after the much-vilified Jia Sidao is stripped of rank and title, and killed by one of his own guards as he is sent to exile in Fujian by the Song court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/03/04", "description": " Chinese astronomers observe a total eclipse of the Sun in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/03/04", "description": "The invading forces of the Yuan Dynasty capture the Song Dynasty city of Suzhou.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/03/04", "description": "Marco Polo purportedly visits Xanadu, Kublai Khan's summer capital of the Yuan Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/03/04", "description": "The city of Kunming is made capital of the Yunnan province of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/03/04", "description": "Nestorian monk Rabban Bar Sauma begins his pilgrimage from China towards Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/03/04", "description": "The Japanese era Bun'ei ends, and the Kenji era begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/04/22", "description": " The first Statute of Westminster is passed by the English Parliament, establishing a series of laws in its 51 clauses, including equal treatment of rich and poor, free and fair elections, and definition of bailable and non-bailable offenses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/06/14", "description": " King Valdemar I of Sweden is defeated by his brother Magnus in the Battle of Hova, after which Magnus deposes him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/07/22", "description": " Magnus is elected new king of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/10/08", "description": " Battle of Ronaldsway: Scottish forces defeat the Manx of the Isle of Man in a decisive battle, firmly establishing Scottish rule of the island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/10/08", "description": "Eleanor de Montfort is captured by pirates in the employ of Edward I of England to prevent her marriage to Llywelyn the Last, prince of Wales she is used as a bargaining chip over the coming years in Edward's attempts to subjugate Llywelyn and Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/10/27", "description": " Floris V count of holland gave the city of Amsterdam independence of taxes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/10/27", "description": "The Mongol Golden Horde raids Lithuania for the third time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/10/27", "description": "Around Ciney, in present day Wallonia, start of the war of the cow (end in 1278).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/10/27", "description": "The first main survey of the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086, is finished it began in 1274.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/10/27", "description": "Jean de Meun completes the French allegorical work of fiction, ''Roman de la Rose'', with a second section the first section was written by Guillaume de Lorris in 1230.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/10/27", "description": "In Ghent, first recorded instance of emission of life annuities by a town in the Low Countries, this event confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt in north-western Europe initiated in 1218 by Rheims.ampamp{{cite book|last=Zuijderduijn|first=Jaco|title=Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)|year=2009|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden\/Boston|isbn=18725155}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/10/27", "description": "The verge escapement, a simple type of escapement used in clocks, is invented (exact year unknown).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/10/27", "description": "Ramon Llull establishes a school in Majorca to teach Arabic to preachers in an attempt to aid proselytizing to Moors.  He also discovers diethyl ether.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1275/10/27", "description": "The era of the ''tosafot'' (medieval commentators on the Talmud) ends (began 1100).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1276", "description": "Mamluk sultan Baibars conquers Al-Maris, previously part of Makuria, and annexes it into Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1276", "description": "A severe 23-year drought begins to affect the Grand Canyon area, eventually forcing the agriculture-dependent Anasazi culture to migrate out of the region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Americas", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1276", "description": "February ampampndash The court of the Southern Song Dynasty of China and hundreds of thousands of its citizens flee from Hangzhou to Fujian and then Guangdong in an effort to escape an invasion by Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1276/01/21", "description": " Pope Innocent V succeeds Pope Gregory X as the 185th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1276/03/09", "description": " Augsburg becomes an Imperial Free City.  Ravensburg also does in the same year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1276/03/09", "description": "June ampampndash King Rudolph I of Germany declares war on King Otakar II of Bohemia, a political rival by November, Otakar II is forced to cede four important territories as demanded by the diet of Nuremberg in 1274.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1276/03/09", "description": "Stefan Dragutin of Serbia becomes King of Serbia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1276/03/09", "description": "Mudejar rebellion in Valencia (put down in 1278).ampref name=negotiatingamp{{cite book|last=de Epalza|first=Miguel|title=Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11244-8|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=96}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=96}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1276/03/09", "description": "Merton College, Oxford, is first recorded as having a collection of books, making its Library the world's oldest in continuous daily use.ampamp{{cite web|title=Library ampamp Archives - History|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.merton.ox.ac.uk\/aboutmerton\/library8.shtml|publisher=Merton\">http:\/\/www.merton.ox.ac.uk\/aboutmerton\/library8.shtml|publisher=Merton<\/a> College|location=Oxford|accessdate=2012-05-08}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1276/03/09", "description": "Henry of Ghent becomes the last major theologian to openly consider annuities as usurious contract. The end of the debate allows for the expansion of the budding practice of renten emission to become a staple of public finance in north-western Europe.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506\u2013562}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Economics", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1276/06/14", "description": " Remnants of the Song Chinese court in Fuzhou province conduct the coronation ceremony for the Prince Zhao Shi to become Emperor Duanzong of Song.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1276/07/11", "description": " Pope Adrian V (also referred to as Hadrian) succeeds Pope Innocent V as the 186th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1276/09/13", "description": " Pope John XXI succeeds Pope Adrian V as the 187th pope, becoming the fourth man this calendar year to hold the office of pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1276/09/13", "description": "The foundation stone of the Minoritenkirche in Vienna is laid by King Otakar II of Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1277", "description": "Battle of Ngasaunggyan: Burma's Pagan Empire begins to disintegrate after being defeated by Kublai Khan at Yunnan near the Chinese border.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1277", "description": "Some 50,000 leaders and citizens of the Southern Song Dynasty of China become the first recorded inhabitants of Macau, as they seek refuge from the invading armies of the Yuan Dynasty. They also stay for a short period in Kowloon. Some hundred years later the place where they stayed becomes Sung Wong Toi.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1277/04/15", "description": " Battle of Elbistan: Mamluk sultan Baibars invades the Seljuk Sultanate of R\u00fbm and defeats a Mongol army.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1277/04/15", "description": "Llywelyn ap Gruffyd is subdued by King Edward I of England in the First Welsh War.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1277/04/15", "description": "St George's cross is first used as the flag of England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1277/04/15", "description": "A number of philosophical doctrines such as Averroism are banned from Paris at a condemnation at the University of Paris.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1277/04/15", "description": "In Japan, a 20 kilometer stone wall defending the coast of Hakata Bay in Fukuoka is completed it is built in response to the attempted invasion by the Yuan Dynasty in 1274.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1277/11/25", "description": " Pope Nicholas III succeeds Pope John XXI as the 188th pope.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1278/05/08", "description": " Emperor Duanzong of Song China dies of illness and is succeeded by his brother Zhao Bing, who becomes Emperor Huaizong of Song. Meanwhile, armed forces under the control of Mongol leader Kublai Khan draw closer to the remnants of the Song imperial court. A year later at the Battle of Yamen the Song Dynasty will cease to exist, becoming incorporated into the Yuan Dynasty of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1278/05/08", "description": "The Japanese era Kenji ends, and the Koan era begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1278/08/26", "description": "  Battle of Marchfield: Kings Rudolph I of Germany and Ladislaus IV of Hungary defeat King Otakar II of Bohemia in a match of over 80,000 men and the largest battle of knights in the Middle Ages.  The battle ends a power struggle between Rudolph and Otakar over the fate of central Europe, and Rudolph's Habsburg family will continue to rule Austria and other captured territories until the end of World War I in 1918.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1278/09/29", "description": " Peter III of Aragon takes the Muslim stronghold of Montesa putting an end to two years of Mudejar rebellion. The defeated Muslims are expelled from the realm and go into exile.ref name=negotiating{{cite book|last=de Epalza|first=Miguel|title=Negotiating cultures: bilingual surrender treaties in Muslim-Crusader Spain under James the Conqueror|year=1999|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-11244-8|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=120}}\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=IjFacnscoBICampdq=Treaty+of+Alcaraz+1243ampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=120}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1278/09/29", "description": "The independence, boundaries, and political structure of Andorra are agreed to by the catalan Bishop of Urgell and the Count of Foix.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1278/09/29", "description": "End of the so-called War of the Cow in what will become Wallonia (it had begun in 1275).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1278/09/29", "description": "The earliest known written copy of the ''Avesta'', a collection of ancient sacred Persian Zoroastrian texts previously passed down orally, is produced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1278/09/29", "description": "Giles of Lessines writes his ''De usuris''. He estimates that some credit contracts need not to be usurious as ampquotfuture things are not estimated to be of such value as those collected in the instantampquot. The prevalence of this view in the usury debate allows for the development of the financial industry in Catholic Europe.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506\u2013562}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1278/09/29", "description": "An edict by Pope Nicholas III requires all Jews to attend conversion sermons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1279", "description": "Abu Ishaq, uncle of the Hafsid khalif, sides with the Almohad rebels of B\u00e9ja\u00efa and takes Tunis.ampamp{{cite book|last=Meynier|first=Gilbert|title=L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)|year=2010|publisher=La D\u00e9couverte|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7071-5231-2|page=160}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1279/03/05", "description": " Battle of Aizkraukle: Lithuanian forces led by Traidenis defeat the Teutonic Knights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1279/03/05", "description": "The first of the Statutes of Mortmain are passed under King Edward I of England, which prevents land from passing into possession of the church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1279/03/05", "description": "The second of two main surveys of the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086, is begun it lasts until 1280.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1279/03/05", "description": "Al-Razi's important medical writings are translated into Latin by Faraj ben Salim, some 350 years after Al-Razi's death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1279/03/05", "description": "The Royal Mint of England moves into the Tower of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1279/03/05", "description": "The town of Haapsalu, Estonia is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1279/03/19", "description": " Battle of Yamen:  Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty defeats and ends the Song Dynasty, and becomes the emperor of all China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1279/03/19", "description": "The Mongol Empire reaches its largest extent. However, by this time the empire has already partially fragmented.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1279/10/12", "description": " The ''Dai-Gohonzon'', the supreme object of veneration of Nichiren Sh\u014dsh\u016b Buddhism, is inscribed by Nichiren.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1279/10/12", "description": "A Yuan diplomatic party sent by Kublai Khan to Japan is killed by Japan's regent H\u014dj\u014d Tokimune, leading to a second invasion attempt by the Mongols in 1281.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1279/10/12", "description": "The Chola dynasty of South India falls under attacks by the Hoysala Empire and Pandyan Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1279/10/12", "description": "King Ramkhamhaeng's reign commences as the third king of Thailand's Sukhothai Era, a great ampquotGolden Ageampquot foreshadowing modern Thailand", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1279/10/12", "description": "Mamluk sultan Baraka Khan and emir Qalawun of Egypt invade Armenia a revolt in Egypt while they are away forces Baraka to abdicate and allows Qalawun to become sultan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1280", "description": "Construction on the northern section of the Grand Canal of China is begun.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1280", "description": "The final expansion of the Lincoln Cathedral is completed.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1280", "description": "King Magnus III of Sweden founds a Swedish nobility by enacting a law accepting a contribution of a cavalry-member in lieu of ordinary tax payments.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1280", "description": "King Edward I of England forms the Court of King's Bench to hear petitions for justice instead of the king hearing them himself.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1280", "description": "The Wolf minimum of solar activity begins (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1280", "description": "The Asen dynasty of tsars of Bulgaria ends.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1280", "description": "Syria attempts to secede from the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt, but Qalawun defeats the rebels and keeps Syria within the Egyptian sultanate.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1280", "description": "The second of two main surveys of the Hundred Rolls, an English census seen as a follow up to the Domesday Book completed in 1086, is completed it began in 1279.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1280", "description": "Turin is conquered by Thomas III of Savoy, becoming the capital of the House of Savoy.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1280", "description": "Osman{{dn|date=August 2012}} starts to rule.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1281/08/12", "description": " Battle of K\u014dan (Hakata Bay): The second Mongol invasion of Japan is foiled, as a large typhoon ampndash famously called a ''kamikaze'', or divine wind ampndash destroys much of the combined Chinese and Korean fleet and forces, numbering over 140,000 men and 4,000 ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1281/08/12", "description": "Kublai Khan orders the burning of sacred Taoist texts, resulting in the reduction in number of volumes of the ''Daozang'' (Taoist Canon) from 4,565 to 1,120.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1281/08/12", "description": "The Mon kingdom of Haripunchai falls as its capital Lamphun (in present-day Thailand) is captured by King Mengrai's Lannathai kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1281/10/29", "description": " Second Battle of Homs: Mamluk sultan Qalawun defeats an invasion of Syria by Mongol Ilkhan Abaqa Khan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "= Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1281/10/29", "description": "Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire, becomes ''bey'' of the S\u00f6g\u00fct tribe in central Anatolia in 1299 he will declare independence from the Seljuk Turks, marking the birth of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "= Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1281/10/29", "description": "An offensive by the Byzantine Empire significantly reduces the size of the Kingdom of Albania, as it recaptures land seized from the Despotate of Epirus by Charles I of Sicily 10 years earlier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "= Middle East", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1281/10/29", "description": "Pope Martin IV authorizes a Crusade against the newly re-established Byzantine Empire in Constantinople French and Venetian expeditions set out toward Constantinople but are forced to turn back in the following year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1281/10/29", "description": "July ampampndash Niccol\u00f2 Bonsignori heads a hundred of Ghibelline exiles in a failed attempt to topple the Sienese government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1281/10/29", "description": "Guy of Dampierre, count of Flanders, licenses the first Lombards merchants to open a changing business in his realm.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506\u2013562}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1281/10/29", "description": "Pope Martin IV succeeds Pope Nicholas III as the 189th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1282", "description": "March ampampndash Dafydd ap Gruffydd, brother of Prince of Wales Llywelyn the Last, attacks an English castle his brother feels compelled to support him despite being unprepared for war.  Their actions lead to the final English conquest of Wales by King Edward I of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1282/03/30", "description": " The Sicilian rebellion known as the Sicilian Vespers begins against the rule of Angevin King Charles I of Sicily over the next 6 weeks, thousands of French are killed.  The rebellion forces Charles to abandon the Ninth Crusade while still en route to the target city of Constantinople, and allows King Peter III of Aragon to take over rule of the island from Charles (which in turn leads to Peter's excommunication by Pope Martin IV).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1282/05/15", "description": " Battle of Forl\u00ec between Guelphs and Ghibellines: the French army under Pope Martin IV is defeated by Guido I da Montefeltro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1282/05/15", "description": "June ampampndash The army of Peter III of Aragon lands in North Africa in Collo to support the rebellious governor of Constantine, Ibn Wazir. But the uprising has been put down by the Hafsid ruler. Peter, wary of the situation in Sicily, quickly sails off and fails to take advantage of the state of rebellion in North Africa.ampamp{{cite book|last=Meynier|first=Gilbert|title=L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)|year=2010|publisher=La D\u00e9couverte|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7071-5231-2|page=163}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1282/06/26", "description": " King Denis of Portugal marries Elizabeth of Aragon in Trancoso.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1282/12/11", "description": " At the Battle of Orewin Bridge in mid-Wales, Llywelyn the Last is killed and the Welsh suffer their final decisive defeat at the hands of the English.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1282/12/11", "description": "December ampampndash Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph I of Germany invests his sons Albert I of Germany and Rudolph II of Austria as co-rulers of the duchies of Austria and Styria, thus founding the Habsburg dynasty in those territories.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1282/12/11", "description": "Battle of Vronen: Floris V, Count of Holland defeats the Frisians and retrieves the body of his father, some 26 years dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1282/12/11", "description": "King Stefan Dragutin of Serbia breaks his leg while hunting and becomes ill he gives the throne to his younger brother Stefan Milutin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1282/12/11", "description": "The king of Aragon, Peter III, obtains the support of Nasrid Granada in preparation for the incoming Aragonese Crusade led by Philip the Fair of France.ampref name=JMCamp{{cite book|last=Lourie|first=Elena|title=Jews, Muslims, and Christians in and around the Crown of Aragon: essays in honour of Professor Elena Lourie|year=2004|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-12951-0|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=6TdP6b3f-TICampampdq=christian+mercenaries+maghribampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=295}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=6TdP6b3f-TICampampdq=christian+mercenaries+maghribampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=295}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1282/12/11", "description": "Hertford College is founded at the University of Oxford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topics", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1282/12/11", "description": "The form for the Trial of the Pyx, during which it is confirmed that newly minted coins conform to required standards, is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topics", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1282/12/11", "description": "First evidence of the existence of consolidated public debt in Brugges, confirming the expansion of use of life annuities to fund government expendiiture to the Low Countries.ampamp{{cite book|last=Zuijderduijn|first=Jaco|title=Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)|year=2009|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden\/Boston|isbn=18725155}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topics", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1282/12/11", "description": "The most recent eruption of Larderello, a volcano in southern Tuscany, is observed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topics", "category2": "Nature", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1282/12/11", "description": "The technology of watermarks is introduced by paper manufacturers of Bologna, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topics", "category2": "Technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1282/12/11", "description": "The Archbishop of Canterbury orders all synagogues of London to close, and forbids Jewish doctors from practicing on non-Jews.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topics", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1282/12/11", "description": "Construction of Albi Cathedral in Languedoc begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topics", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1283", "description": "The Hafsid ruler, Ibrahim I, is toppled by a Bedouin rebellion led by Abd al-Aziz I.ampamp{{cite book|last=Meynier|first=Gilbert|title=L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)|year=2010|publisher=La D\u00e9couverte|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7071-5231-2|page=161}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1283", "description": "King Ramkhamhaeng the Great of the Sukhothai kingdom creates the Thai alphabet, according to tradition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1283", "description": "Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty invades the Khmer Empire of present-day Cambodia King Jayavarman VIII decides to pay tribute rather than fight the invasion, buying peace and preserving the empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1283", "description": "Construction on the northern section of the Grand Canal of China is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1283", "description": "The city of Guiyang is founded in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1283/06/01", "description": " The young Duke Rudolph II of Austria is forced to yield his claim on the Duchies of Austria and Styria to his elder brother, Albert I of Germany, under the Treaty of Rheinfelden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1283/07/08", "description": " At the naval Battle of Malta at Valletta, an Angevin fleet sent to help put down a rebellion on Malta is defeated by the fleet of Roger of Lauria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1283/10/03", "description": " Death by hanging, drawing and quartering is first used as a form of capital punishment (for the newly created crime of high treason) by King Edward I of England in his execution of Dafydd ap Gruffydd, the last ruler of an independent Wales, at Shrewsbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1283/10/03", "description": "An earthquake destroys two thirds of the cave city of Vardzia, Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1283/10/03", "description": "Construction of Caernarfon Castle, Conwy Castle, and Harlech Castle is begun in Wales by King Edward I of England as a system of defenses against possible future Welsh uprisings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1283/10/03", "description": "King Philip III of France causes a mass migration of Jews when he outlaws their residence in the small villages and rural localities of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1283/10/03", "description": "Daniel of Moscow begins the Russian Colonialism by uniting the west side of Russia, which ends the Tatar Yoke and begins the Grand Duchy of Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1283/10/03", "description": "The E. codex of the ''Cantigas de Santa Maria'', a collection of Portuguese musical manuscripts, is dated to between 1280 and 1283.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1283/10/03", "description": "The ''Libro de los juegos'', an early European treatise on board games (including chess, dice, and a version of backgammon), is commissioned by King Alfonso X of Castile between 1251 and 1283.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1283/10/03", "description": "''approx. date'' ampampndash Ramon Llull writes ''Blanquerna'', the first major work of literature written in Catalan, and perhaps the first European novel.ampamp{{cite book|authorlink=Robert M. Place|first=Robert M.|last=Place|title=Buddha Tarot|publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide|year=2004|page=56}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1283/10/03", "description": "The Saxon city of Goslar starts making efforts to redeem its already issued annuities, a sure indication of financial difficulty and maybe an early sign of the 13th century crisis.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506\u2013562}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1283/10/03", "description": "Jakub Swinka becomes archbishop of Gniezno.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1284", "description": "Putting an end to the bedouin rebellion that had toppled his brother in 1283, Abu Hafs Umar I reconquers Tunis and re-installs the Hafsids as the dominating dynasty in Ifriqiya.ampamp{{cite book|last=Meynier|first=Gilbert|title=L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)|year=2010|publisher=La D\u00e9couverte|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7071-5231-2|page=161}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1284", "description": "Peter III of Aragon takes advantage of the weakness of the Hafsid dynasty and raids the island of Jerba. The Aragonese massacre the population and occupy the island.ampamp{{cite book|last=Meynier|first=Gilbert|title=L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)|year=2010|publisher=La D\u00e9couverte|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7071-5231-2|page=163}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1284", "description": "Mamluk sultan of Egypt Qalawun signs a 10-year truce with the Crusader city of Acre he will violate the truce on pretexts in 1290.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1284", "description": "The Mongol Golden Horde, led by Nogai Khan, attacks Hungary a second time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1284", "description": "The Byzantine city Tralles falls to the Turkish emirate of Menteshe. 20,000 people are led off as slaves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1284", "description": "5 June -- King Charles II of Naples is captured in the Battle of the Gulf of Naples by Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1284", "description": "The Statute of Rhuddlan is created, formally incorporating Wales into England in the entity England and Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1284", "description": "Battle of Meloria: The Italian city-state of Genoa defeats its rival Pisa, ending Pisa's marine power and hastening the city's decline in power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1284", "description": "King Stefan Dragutin of Serbia receives Belgrade, Syrmia, and other territories from Hungary, when his son marries the king of Hungary's cousin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1284", "description": "The Kingdom of Germany imposes a trade embargo on Norway, due to the latter pillaging a German ship. The embargo cuts off vital supplies of grain, flour, vegetables and beer, causing a general famine.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/eh.net\/Clio\/Conferences\/ASSA\/Jan_92\/Greif,%20Milgrom,%20Winegast%20Abstra\">http:\/\/eh.net\/Clio\/Conferences\/ASSA\/Jan_92\/Greif,%20Milgrom,%20Winegast%20Abstra<\/a> Eh.netampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1284", "description": "The German city of Hamburg is destroyed by a fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1284", "description": "Construction on the Cath\u00e9drale Saint-Pierre de Beauvais is interrupted by a partial collapse of the choir the event unnerves French masons working in the Gothic style.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1284", "description": "Jean de Meun translates Vegetius' 4th century military treatise ''De Re Militari'' from Latin into French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1284", "description": "Peterhouse, the oldest college at the University of Cambridge, is founded by Hugo de Balsham.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1284", "description": "Completion of the al-Mansuri hospital in Cairo.ampamp{{cite web|title=Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts _ Hospitals|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/islamic_medical\/islamic_12.html|accessdate=8\">http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/islamic_medical\/islamic_12.html|accessdate=8<\/a> November 2011}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Health", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1284", "description": "The Republic of Venice begins coining the ducat, a gold coin that is to become the standard of European coinage for the following 600 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1285", "description": "Mansa Sakura usurps the throne of the Mali Empire", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1285/01/06", "description": " Archbishop Jakub \u015awinka orders all priests subject to his bishopry in Poland to deliver sermons in Polish rather than German, thus further unifying the Catholic Church in Poland and fostering a national identity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1285/04/02", "description": " Pope Honorius IV succeeds Pope Martin IV as the 190th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1285/04/25", "description": " Mamluk sultan Qalawun begins a siege of the Crusader fortress of Margat (in present-day Syria), a major stronghold of the Knights Hospitaller thought to be impregnable he captures the fortress a month later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1285/04/25", "description": "Tran Hung Dao leads Vietnamese forces in victory over an invading Mongol army of the Yuan dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1285/09/04", "description": " Roger of Lauria defeats King Philip III of France in a naval battle off of Barcelona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1285/09/04", "description": "The writ ''Circumspecte Agatis'', issued by King Edward I of England, defines the jurisdictions of church and state in England, thereby limiting the church's judicial powers to ecclesiastical cases only.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1285/09/04", "description": "The Second Statute of Westminster is passed in England, reforming various laws it includes the famous clause ''de donis conditionalibus'', considered one of the fundamental institutes of medieval law in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1285/09/04", "description": "The English romantic poem ''The Lay of Havelok the Dane'' is written (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1285/09/04", "description": "First record of an emission of life annuities by the city of L\u00fcbeck. It is the first instance of issue of public debt in Germany and it confirms a trend of consolidation of local public debt over north-western Europe (see 1228).ampamp{{cite book|last=Zuijderduijn|first=Jaco|title=Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)|year=2009|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden\/Boston|isbn=18725155}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1285/09/04", "description": "The county of Champagne is integrated into the kingdom of France, the region looses its haven characteristics for foreign merchants and the fairs of Troyes quickly dwindle into economic insignificance.ampamp{{cite book|last=Abu-Lughod|first=Janet L.|title=Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250-1350|year=1991|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=0-19-506774-6}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1286", "description": "Abu Zakariya is successful in setting a principality centered on B\u00e9ja\u00efa, which becomes a rival of the main Hafsid entity based in Tunis.ampamp{{cite book|last=Meynier|first=Gilbert|title=L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)|year=2010|publisher=La D\u00e9couverte|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7071-5231-2|page=158}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1286", "description": "In the Lao kingdom of Muang Sua, King Panya Leng is overthrown in a coup d'\u00e9tat led by his son Panya Khamphong, which is likely to have been supported by the regionally dominant Mongol Yuan Dynasty of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1286", "description": "Kublai Khan plots a final Mongol invasion of Japan, but aborts the plan due to a lack of necessary resources.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1286/03/07", "description": " The ''Catholicon'', a religious Latin dictionary, is completed by John Balbi of Genoa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1286/03/19", "description": " King Alexander III of Scotland dies in a horse accident with only Yolande of Dreux, Queen of Scotland's unborn child and 3-year-old Margaret, Maid of Norway as heirs this sets the stage for the First War of Scottish Independence and increased influence of England over Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1286/03/19", "description": "King Philip IV of France imposes the gabelle ampampndash a tax on salt in the form of a state monopoly ampampndash which would become immensely unpopular and grossly unequal, but persist until 1790.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1286/03/19", "description": "Prussians resettled in Sambia stage a famous uprising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1286/03/19", "description": "King Rudolph I of Germany declares all Jews to be ampquotserfs of the Treasuryampquot, thus negating all their political freedoms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1286/03/19", "description": "The Guelph Republic of Siena allows exiled Ghibelline rebels back into the city.ampref name=biograficoamp{{cite web|last=Catoni|first=Giuliano|title=BONSIGNORI|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)\/|work=Dizionario\">http:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)\/|work=Dizionario<\/a> Biografico degli Italiani|accessdate=20 December 2011}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1287", "description": "The Aragonese navy raids the Tunisian Kerkennah Islands.ampamp{{cite book|last=Meynier|first=Gilbert|title=L'Alg\u00e9rie c\u0153ur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)|year=2010|publisher=La D\u00e9couverte|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7071-5231-2|page=163}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1287", "description": "Mamluk sultan Qalawun captures the port city of Latakia in present-day Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1287", "description": "Mongol Ilkhan Arghun Khan dispatches Rabban Bar Sauma to the leaders of Europe to negotiate an alliance against the Muslim states, specifically the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1287", "description": "Kings Mengrai of the Lanna kingdom and Ramkhamhaeng the Great of the Sukhothai kingdom agree to a peace pact in their region of southeast Asia (present-day Thailand).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1287", "description": "Battle of Pagan: The Theravada Buddhist kingdom at Pagan, Myanmar falls to the invading armies of the Yuan Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1287/01/17", "description": " The Treaty of San Agayz is signed. King Alfonso III of Aragon conquers the island of Minorca from the Moors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1287/06/08", "description": " Rhys ap Maredudd revolts in Wales the revolt will not be suppressed until 1288.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1287/12/14", "description": " A huge storm and associated storm tide in the North Sea and English Channel, known as St. Lucia's flood in the Netherlands, kills thousands and reshapes the coastal line of the Netherlands and England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1287/12/14", "description": "In the Netherlands, a fringing barrier between the North Sea and a shallow lake collapses, causing the fifth largest flood in recorded history which creates the Zuider Zee inlet and kills over 50,000 people it also gives sea access to Amsterdam, allowing its development as an important port city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1287/12/14", "description": "In England, the city of Winchelsea on Romney Marsh is destroyed nearby Broomhill is also destroyed course of the nearby river Rother diverted to Rye cliff collapses at Hastings, blocking the harbour parts of Norfolk are flooded decline of the port of Dunwich in Suffolk is accelerated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1287/12/14", "description": "In the English Fenland through the vehemence of the wind and the violence of the sea, the monastery of Spalding and many churches are overthrown and destroyed ampquotAll the whole country in the parts of Holland was for the most part turned into a standing pool so that an intolerable multitude of men, women and children were overwhelmed with the water, especially in the town of Boston, a great part thereof was destroyed.ampquotampref name=wheeleramp{{Wheeler1896|page=27}}, quoting ''Stow's chronicle'' of 1287ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1287/12/14", "description": "King Edward I of England arrests the heads of Jewish households, and demands their communities pay hefty ransoms for their release.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1287/12/14", "description": "The Mongol Golden Horde, led by khan Talabuga and Nogai Khan, attacks Poland for the third time. Lublin, Mazovia, Sandomierz and Sieradz are ravaged by the invaders, who are defeated in Krak\u00f3w.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1287/12/14", "description": "In Aragon, the ''Uniones'', an aristocratic uprising, forces the Crown to make concessions to the nobility.ampref name=JMCamp{{cite book|last=Lourie|first=Elena|title=Jews, Muslims, and Christians in and around the Crown of Aragon: essays in honour of Professor Elena Lourie|year=2004|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-12951-0|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=6TdP6b3f-TICampampdq=christian+mercenaries+maghribampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=260}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=6TdP6b3f-TICampampdq=christian+mercenaries+maghribampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=260}}ampamp<\/a> In particular, the king grants his barons a bill of rights, known as the ''Privilegium Generale''.ampref name=victoramp{{cite book|last=Catlos|first=Brian A.|title=The victors and the vanquished: Christians and Muslims of Catalonia and Aragon, 1050-1300|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-521-82234-3|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=EoDuA8fv9rECampampdq=christian+mercenaries+maghribampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=16}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=EoDuA8fv9rECampampdq=christian+mercenaries+maghribampampsource=gbs_navlinks_s|page=16}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1287/12/14", "description": "The Altar of St. James at the Cathedral of San Zeno in Pistoia, Italy ampampndash a masterwork of the silversmithing trade containing nearly a ton of silver ampampndash is begun it will not be completed for nearly 200 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1287/12/14", "description": "The Italian city of Sienna exacts a forced loan on its taxpayers for the first time. This is a common fixture of medieval public finance.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506\u2013562}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1287/12/14", "description": "Construction on the Cathedral of Uppsala is begun it will not be completed until 1435.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1287/12/14", "description": "The Bruntal coat of arms makes its first appearance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Trivia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1288", "description": "April ampampndash Battle of B\u1ea1ch \u0110\u1eb1ng: \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t (Vietnamese) general Tr\u1ea7n H\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ea1o sinks the fleet of an invading Mogul army of the Yuan Dynasty by placing steel-tipped bamboo stakes in the Bach Dang River near Ha Long Bay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1288", "description": "The Japanese era Koan ends, and the Sh\u014d\u014d era begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1288", "description": "Japan: Prince Subaru conquers the provinces of Gunma and Tochigi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1288/01/20", "description": " Newcastle Emlyn Castle in Wales is recaptured by English forces, bringing Rhys ap Maredudd's revolt to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1288/02/22", "description": " Pope Nicholas IV succeeds Pope Honorius IV as the 191st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1288/02/22", "description": "The oldest known bronze handgun in the world is dated to this year, a Chinese gun found in Acheng District that was once used to suppress the rebellion of the Christian Mongol Prince Nayan in 1287\u20131288.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1288/06/05", "description": " Battle of Worringen: John I of Brabant defeats the duchy of Guelders in one of the largest battles in Europe of the Middle Ages, thus winning possession of the duchy of Limburg.  The battle also liberates the city of Cologne from rule by the Archbishopric of Cologne it had previously been one of the major ecclesiastical principalities of the Holy Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1288/06/16", "description": " The bishop of V\u00e4ster\u00e5s buys 1\/8 of the Stora Kopparberg copper mine in Falun, Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1288/06/16", "description": "The Flemish city of Ghent seeks rights to start redeeming its already issued annuities. It is a clear indication of financial difficulty and maybe an early sign of the crisis of the 13th century.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Munro|first=John H.|title=The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution|journal=The International History Review|year=2003|volume=15|issue=3|pages=506\u2013562}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1288/08/08", "description": " Pope Nicholas IV proclaims a crusade against King Ladislaus IV of Hungary, who had lost credibility by favoring his semi-pagan Cuman subjects and in general refusing to conform to the social standards of western Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1288/08/08", "description": "The Scots Parliament creates a law allowing women to propose marriage to men during leap years men who refuse such proposals are required to pay a fine to the spurned bride-to-be.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1288/08/08", "description": "The oldest surviving bell in the clocks atop the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1288/08/08", "description": "Work is begun on the construction of Mob Quad in Merton College, Oxford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1289", "description": "The 5,452 meter (17,887 feet) high volcano Popocat\u00e9petl is first ascended by members of the Tecuanipas tribe in present-day Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "America", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1289/04/27", "description": " Fall of Tripoli: Mamluk sultan Qalawun captures the County of Tripoli (in present-day Lebanon) after a month-long siege, thus extinguishing the crusader state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1289/04/27", "description": "Prince Subaru of Japan conquers the province of Saitama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1289/06/11", "description": " The Italian Guelph and Ghibelline factions fight in the Battle of Campaldino the Guelph victory secures their position of power in Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1289/06/11", "description": "Construction of Conwy Castle, ordered by King Edward I of England, is completed in Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1289/06/11", "description": "Jews are expelled from Gascony and Anjou in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1289/06/11", "description": "Construction of the Belaya Vezha tower in Belarus is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1289/06/11", "description": "Pope Nicholas IV formally constitutes the University of Montpellier in France by papal bull, combining various existing schools under the mantle of a single university.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1289/06/11", "description": "In Siena, twenty three partners, including five members of the Bonsignori family, re-create the Gran Tavola, formerly the most successful European bank, which had ceased its operations after the death of its creator and manager Orlando Bonsignori in 1273.ampamp{{cite book|last=Bowsky|first=William|title=A medieval Italian commune: Siena under the Nine, 1287-1355|year=1981|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-04256-5}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1289/06/11", "description": "Franciscan friars begin missionary work in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1290", "description": "''Year without winter'' ampampndash Exceptionally rare instance of uninterrupted transition from autumn 1289 to following spring in Britain and mainland western Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1290/03/01", "description": " The University of Coimbra is founded in Lisbon, Portugal by King Denis of Portugal it moves to Coimbra in 1308.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1290/07/18", "description": " King Edward I of England orders all Jews (then numbering around 16,000) to leave England by November 1 (All Saints Day) on the Hebrew calendar this is Tisha B'Av, a day that commemorates many calamities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1290/08/01", "description": " The country of Wallachia is founded (traditional date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1290/08/01", "description": "December ampampndash The twelve Eleanor crosses are erected between Lincolnshire and London in England as King Edward I mourns the death of his queen consort Eleanor of Castile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1290/09/27", "description": "  An earthquake in the Gulf of Chili, province of Hebei, China, kills an estimated 100,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1290/09/27", "description": "The founding Mamluk dynasty of the Sultanate of Delhi is overthrown by Jalal-ud-din Feroz Khalji of the Khilji dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1290/12/18", "description": " Upon the death of Magnus III, he is succeeded by his 10-year-old son Birger as king of Sweden. Although Sweden is an elective monarchy at this time, Birger has been appointed heir to the throne already in 1284.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1290/12/18", "description": "Construction of Llandaff Cathedral is completed in Cardiff, Wales, 170 years after it was begun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1290/12/18", "description": "The Mongol Golden Horde invades the Bessarabia region of Moldavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1290/12/18", "description": "The second of the Statutes of Mortmain are passed under King Edward I of England, which prevents land from passing into possession of the church. The statute ''Quia Emptores'' is also passed, reforming the feudal system of land leases and allowing the sale of fee simple estates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1290/12/18", "description": "King Denis of Portugal decrees that Portuguese be the official language of Portugal, replacing classical Latin in that capacity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1290/12/18", "description": "Construction on the Akershus Fortress of Oslo, Norway is begun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1291", "description": "Spring ampampndash Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi set sail from Genoa with the goal of reaching India they never return.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1291/05/10", "description": " Scottish nobles recognize the authority of King Edward I of England in mediating resolution of the succession crisis created by the death of King Alexander III of Scotland five years earlier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1291/05/18", "description": " Al-Ashraf Khalil of Egypt captures Acre, thus exterminating the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the final Christian landholding remaining from the Crusades), and ending the Ninth Crusade and effectively all Crusades, by eliminating the possibility of further attacks on the Holy Land (see Siege of Acre (1291)).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1291/05/18", "description": "The artificial Kunming Lake is constructed as a reservoir for Dadu in Yuan Dynasty in China by famous engineer and astronomer Guo Shoujing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1291/05/18", "description": "Emperor Kameyama of Japan establishes the Zen Buddhist temple of Nanzenji in Kyoto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1291/05/18", "description": "Four towns of the county of Holland (Dordrecht, Haarlem, Leiden and Alkmaar) and two of the county of Zeeland (Middelburg and Zierikzee) accept for the first time to collectively secure a loan by their sovereign, Floris V. This system gives important securities to the lenders and allows the ruler to access the same low interest rates as the cities\u2019 governments.ampamp{{cite journal|last= Zuijderduijn|first=Jaco|title= The emergence of provincial debt in the county of Holland (thirteenth-sixteenth centuries)|journal= European Review of Economic History|year=2010|volume=14|issue=2}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1291/08/01", "description": " According to tradition, the Swiss Confederation is formed by Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden, the quotthree forest cantonsquot, at R\u00fctli by the Federal Charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1291/08/01", "description": "Sancho IV of Castile captures Tarifa from the Moors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1291/08/01", "description": "The Habsburgs acquire the Swiss city of Lucerne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1291/08/01", "description": "Pope Nicholas IV confirms the independence of San Marino via papal bull.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1291/08/01", "description": "All glassmakers in Venice are forced to move to the island of Murano in order to contain the risk of fire, thus establishing the glass industry there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1291/08/01", "description": "Klenov\u00e1 Castle is constructed in southern Bohemia as part of a frontier defense system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1291/08/01", "description": "King Andrew III of Hungary gives royal town privileges to Bratislava, the present-day capital of Slovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1292/11/17", "description": " (Julian calendar) John Balliol is selected  by King Edward I of England as King of Scotland from among 13 candidates Edward then treats John as a puppet ruler and Scotland as a vassal state, eventually provoking the Wars of Scottish Independence, commencing in 1296.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1292/11/17", "description": "King Mangrai the Great of Ngoen Yang conquested and annexed the Mon kingdom of Haripunchai, created a political union in the form of the Lanna kingdom.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1292/11/17", "description": "The Vaghela dynasty in Gujarat is subjugated by the Deccan Yadava dynasty of Daulatabad.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1292/11/17", "description": "Mamluk sultan of Egypt Khalil invades the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1292/11/17", "description": "The Jandarid dynasty is founded in the Kastamonu Province.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1292/11/17", "description": "The Mongols land on Java, taking the capital, but it proves impossible to hold.ampampRoberts,  J: ampquotHistory of the World.ampquot. Penguin, 1994.ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1292/11/17", "description": "The ''Taxatio'', compiled in 1291\u201392, is completed under the order of Pope Nicholas IV.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1293", "description": "December ampampndash Mamluk sultan of Egypt Khalil is assassinated by his regent Baydara, who briefly claims the sultanate before being assassinated himself by a rival political faction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Africa", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1293/05/20", "description": " King Sancho IV of Castile creates the ''Studium General'', forerunner to the modern Complutense University of Madrid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Education", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1293/05/26", "description": " An earthquake in Kamakura, Japan kills an estimated 30,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1293/05/26", "description": "The Japanese era Sh\u014d\u014d ends, and the Einin era begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1293/05/26", "description": "Khubilai sends a fleet to the islands of Southeast Asia, including Java.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1293/05/26", "description": "The Hindu Majapahit Empire of the Malay archipelago is founded by Kertarajasa, it benefits from internal conflict and Mongol intervention to defeat the Singhasari kingdom and establish the empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1293/05/26", "description": "Torkel Knutsson leads Sweden in beginning the Third Swedish Crusade against unchristianized Finnish Karelia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1293/05/26", "description": "Enactment of the Ordinances of Justice in the Commune of Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1293/05/26", "description": "The Isle of Wight is sold to King Edward I by Countess Isabella De Fortibus for six thousand marks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1293/05/26", "description": "Dante Alighieri completes the book of verse ''La Vita Nuova''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Arts and culture", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1294/07/05", "description": " Pope Celestine V succeeds Nicholas IV as the 192nd pope.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1294/07/05", "description": "Autumn ampampndash In response to the actions of new royal administrators in north and west Wales, Madog ap Llywelyn leads a revolt against his English overlords.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1294/12/24", "description": " Pope Boniface VIII succeeds Pope Celestine V as the 193rd pope after Celestine V abdicates the papacy on December 13, only five months after reluctantly accepting his surprise election on July 5, wishing to return to his life as an ascetic hermit.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1294/12/24", "description": "The death of Kublai Khan. By this time the separation of the four khanates of the Mongol Empire (the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Golden Horde in Russia, the Ilkhanate in Persia, and the Yuan Dynasty in China) had deepened.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1294/12/24", "description": "John Balliol, King of Scotland, decides to refuse King Edward I of England's demands for support in a planned invasion of France, and instead informs the French of Edward's plans and negotiates the Auld Alliance with France and Norway. These actions play a part in precipitating the Scottish Wars of Independence, which begin in 1296.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1294/12/24", "description": "The Strata Florida Abbey is rebui it had been destroyed some years earlier in King Edward I of England's conquest of Wales.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1294/12/24", "description": "Architect Arnolfo di Cambio designs the Florentine cathedral Santa Maria del Fiore, better known simply as ''Il Duomo''.  He also begins work on the Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze, also in Florence.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1294/12/24", "description": "England and Portugal enter into the first iteration of the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, the oldest alliance in the world still in force.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1294/12/24", "description": "Edward I of England and Philip the Fair of France declare war on each other. To finance this war, both kings lay taxes on the clergy. Pope Boniface VIII insists that kings gain papal consent of taxation of the clergy and forbids churchmen to pay taxes.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1295/06/20", "description": " The Pope proposes the Treaty of Anagni seeks to bring peace to between the house of Anjou and Sicily, in vain.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1295/10/23", "description": " The first treaty forming the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France against England is signed in Paris.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1295/10/23", "description": "Mongol leader Ghazan Khan is converted to Islam, ending a line of Tantric Buddhist leaders.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1295/10/23", "description": "Philip IV of France and Pope Boniface VIII begin having disagreements.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1295/10/23", "description": "Jayavarman VIII of the Khmer Empire in Cambodia abdicates Srindravarman succeeds him.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1295/10/23", "description": "Marco Polo returns to Italy from his travels to China.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1295/10/23", "description": "Edward I summons the Model Parliament.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1295/10/23", "description": "Work begins on construction of Beaumaris Castle on Anglesey, last of the ring of castles built by Edward I of England to subdue Wales.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.beaumaris.com\/|title=Welcome\">http:\/\/www.beaumaris.com\/|title=Welcome<\/a> to Beaumaris|accessdate=2010-11-08}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1296/03/30", "description": " Edward I storms Berwick-upon-Tweed, sacking the then Scottish border town with much bloodshed. He slaughters most residents, including those who flee to the churches.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1296/04/12", "description": " King Mangrai the Great of Ngoenyang established a new capital by founding Chiangmai and founded the Mangrai Dynasty that ruled the Lanna Kingdom of Chiangmai from 1296 to 1578.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1296/04/27", "description": " Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated by Edward I of England.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1296/04/27", "description": "The Chinese diplomat Zhou Daguan spends a year at the court of the Khmer King Indravarman III at Angkor and pens a journal setting forth his observations.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1296/04/27", "description": "Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji dies and Ala-Ud-Din-Khilji comes to the throne of the Delhi Sultanate in Hindustan.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1297/01/08", "description": " The forces of Francesco Grimaldi storm the castle of Monaco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1297/05/03", "description": " Near Rome, Stefano Colonna captures the treasure sent by the Caetani familly to the pope.ref name=quotVigueur 2010quot{{cite book|last=Maire Vigueur|first=Jean-Claude|title=L'autre Rome. Une histoire des Romains a l'\u00e9poque communale (XIIe-XIVe siecle)|year=2010|publisher=Tallandier|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-84734-719-7|pages=560|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/Lautre-Rome-histoire-communes-XIIe-XIVe\/dp\/2847347194|page=241|accessdate=2012-02-29|archiveurl=http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/65tNPeoQ7|archivedate=2012-03-03|deadurl=no}}\">http:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/Lautre-Rome-histoire-communes-XIIe-XIVe\/dp\/2847347194|page=241|accessdate=2012-02-29|archiveurl=http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/65tNPeoQ7|archivedate=2012-03-03|deadurl=no}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1297/08/28", "description": " Edward I of England unsuccessfully invades Flanders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1297/09/11", "description": " Battle of Stirling Bridge: The Scottish armies of Andrew Moray and William Wallace defeat the English.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1297/09/12", "description": " King Denis of Portugal and King Ferdinand IV of Castile sign the Treaty of Alcanizes. The geographic limits of Portugal are fixed permanently, with the exception of S\u00e3o F\u00e9lix de Galegos, lost in 1640 and Olivenza, lost in 1801.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1297/09/12", "description": "King Louis IX of France is canonized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1297/09/12", "description": "A Portuguese Water Dog is first described in a monk\u2019s report of a drowning sailor who had been pulled from the sea by a dog.ampampampquotHistory of the Portuguese Water Dogampquot, Kathryn Braund and Deyanne Farrell Miller, The Complete Portuguese Water Dog, 1986, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.deleao.com\/UserArea\/StaticPages\/HistoryofPWD.asp\">http:\/\/www.deleao.com\/UserArea\/StaticPages\/HistoryofPWD.asp<\/a> DeLeao.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1297/09/12", "description": "As part of the treaty of Anagni, the  king of Aragon is recognized as ruler of the Kingdom of Sardinia and Corsica by the pope but both islands remain in practice under Pisan and Genoese control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1298", "description": "July ampampndash Emperor Go-Fushimi succeeds Emperor Fushimi on the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1298/04/20", "description": " beginning of the Rintfleisch-Pogrom, the Jews of R\u00f6ttingen are burned en masse, other Jewish communities destroyed later in the year", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1298/06/01", "description": " residents of Riga and Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeated the Livonian Order in the Battle of Turaida", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1298/07/02", "description": " Battle of G\u00f6llheim: Albert I of Habsburg defeats and kills Adolf of Nassau-Weilburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1298/07/22", "description": " Battle of Falkirk: King Edward I of England defeats a Scottish army led by William Wallace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1298/09/09", "description": " Battle of Curzola: the Genoese fleet defeats the Venetians.  Marco Polo is one of the prisoners taken, and while in prison in Genoa, he begins dictating his ''Travels'' to a local writer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By area", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1298/09/09", "description": "The foreign creditors of the Sienese Gran Tavola bank start demanding their deposits back thus accelerating the liquidity crisis faced by the firm.ampref name=biograficoamp{{cite web|last=Catoni|first=Giuliano|title=BONSIGNORI|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)\/|work=Dizionario\">http:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/bonsignori_(Dizionario-Biografico)\/|work=Dizionario<\/a> Biografico degli Italiani|accessdate=20 December 2011}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1298/09/09", "description": "Ambrose, Augustine, Jerome, and Pope Gregory I are named the first Doctors of the Church.  They are known collectively as the Great Doctors of the Western Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Religion", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1298/09/09", "description": "The Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen (official) invents ''wooden'' movable type printing (Bi Sheng invented ceramic movable type in the 11th century).", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Technology", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1299", "description": "Osman I declares the independence of the Ottoman Principality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1299", "description": "A Mongol khan launches a campaign into India with 200,000 men, but the sultan of Delhi defeats them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Asia", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1299", "description": "April ampampndash Scots take Stirling Castle from the English after a siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1299/04/01", "description": " Kings Towne on the River Hull (Kingston upon Hull) is granted city status by Royal Charter of King Edward I of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1299/07/31", "description": " Pisa and Genoa agree to a thirty year truce. Part of the treaty includes the end of the Pisan support to Genoa's enemies, in particular Sinucello della Rocca in Corsica.{{cite web|last=Cancelleri|first=J.-A.|title=Sinucello della Rocca|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/sinucello-della-rocca_(Dizionario-Biografico)\/|work=Dizionario\">http:\/\/www.treccani.it\/enciclopedia\/sinucello-della-rocca_(Dizionario-Biografico)\/|work=Dizionario<\/a> biografico|accessdate=20 December 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1299/11/01", "description": " H\u00e5kon V Magnusson becomes king of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1299/12/01", "description": " Battle of Falconaria: Frederick II of Sicily defeats Philip I of Taranto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1299/12/01", "description": "The House of Holland becomes extinct. The County of Holland becomes  part of a personal union with the County of Hainaut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1299/12/01", "description": "A serious fire occurs at Westminster Palace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1299/12/01", "description": "Early evidence of the king of England borrowing from the Italian merchants. Edward I obtains a loan of 2,000 pollard marks from the agents of the Frescobaldi firm in London.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Ferris|first=Eleanor|title=The Financial Relations of the Knights Templars to the English Crown|journal=American Historical Review|year=1902|volume=8|issue=1}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "By place", "category2": "Europe", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1299/12/01", "description": "The city of Florence bans the use of Arabic numerals for commerce, allowing only Roman numerals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "By topic", "category2": "Markets", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1300/02/22", "description": " The Jubilee of Pope Boniface VIII is celebrated. It is at this celebration that Giovanni Villani decides to write his universal history of Florence, the ''Cronica''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1300/03/10", "description": " Wardrobe accounts of King Edward I of England (aka Edward Longshanks) include a reference to a game called ''creag'' being played at the town of Newenden in Kent. It is generally agreed that ''creag'' was an early form of cricket (see also History of cricket to 1696).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1300/06/15", "description": " The city of Bilbao receives a royal foundation charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1300/06/15", "description": "Money from Florence, Italy becomes the first international currency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1300/06/15", "description": "Philip IV of France begins his attempt to annex Flanders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1300/06/15", "description": "Wenceslas II of Bohemia becomes King of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1300/06/15", "description": "A census in Imperial China finds that it has roughly 60 million inhabitants (having lost 20 million after nearly a century of Mongolian conquests).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1300/06/15", "description": "The Tuareg establish a state centered on Agadez.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1300/06/15", "description": "Amsterdam is officially declared a city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1300/06/15", "description": "Jacob ben Machir is appointed dean of the medical school at Montpellier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1300/06/15", "description": "Aztec culture starts in Mesoamerica (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1301/01/14", "description": " Andrew III of Hungary dies, ending the \u00c1rp\u00e1d dynasty in Hungary.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1301/02/07", "description": " Edward of Caernarvon (later King Edward II of England) becomes the first Prince of Wales.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1301/03/03", "description": " Emperor Go-Nij\u014d succeeds Emperor Go-Fushimi on the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1301/11/01", "description": " Charles, Count of Valois, enters Florence with the Black Guelphs, who in the next six days destroy much of the city, kill many of their enemies and install a new government under Cante de' Gabrielli da Gubbio as ''podest\u00e0'', leading to permanent exile of Dante from the city.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1302/05/18", "description": " Bruges Matins, the nocturnal massacre of the French garrison in Bruges by members of the local Flemish militia", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1302/06/12", "description": " Rakvere, Estonia, receives L\u00fcbeck city rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1302/07/11", "description": " Battle of the Golden Spurs (''Guldensporenslag'' in Dutch): Flanders gains a major victory over the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1302/07/27", "description": " The Ottoman Turks defeat the Byzantine Empire in the Battle of Bapheus, heralding the Turkish conquest of Bithynia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1302/09/24", "description": " Charles II of Naples makes peace with Frederick III of Sicily under the Treaty of Caltabellotta, ending the War of Sicilian Vespers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1302/09/26", "description": " The Fall of Ruad, the last Crusader stronghold in the Levant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1302/11/18", "description": " Boniface VIII publishes the Papal bull ''Unam Sanctam''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1302/11/18", "description": "Roger de Flor founds the Catalan Company, with soldiers (Almogavars) jobless after the Treaty of Caltabellotta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1302/11/18", "description": "Castile occupies the harbor of Algiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1302/11/18", "description": "Jicin, Bohemia is chartered as a city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1302/11/18", "description": "Pope Boniface VIII suppresses the Franciscans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1302/11/18", "description": "The French States-General meets for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1302/11/18", "description": "Dante Alighieri is exiled from Florence by the Black Guelphs, as is Petrarch's father (see Guelphs and Ghibellines).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1302/11/18", "description": "Robert I of Scotland reconciles with Edward I of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1302/11/18", "description": "Philip IV of France confiscates Jewish property.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1302/11/18", "description": "Confucian Temple erected in Beijing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1303/02/24", "description": " Battle of Roslin: The Scots defeat the English.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1303/04/20", "description": " Pope Boniface VIII founds the University of Rome La Sapienza.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1303/05/29", "description": " Treaty of Paris restores Gascony to the English.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1303/08/08", "description": " An earthquake destroys the Lighthouse of Alexandria in Egypt, one of the seven wonders of the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1303/10/22", "description": " Pope Benedict XI succeeds Pope Boniface VIII as the 194th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1303/10/22", "description": "Edward I of England reconquers Scotland (see also: William Wallace, Wars of Scottish Independence).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1303/10/22", "description": "Battle of Dimbos between Ottoman Turks and Byzantines", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1303/10/22", "description": "The Khilji Dynasty under Alauddin Khilji conquers Chittorgarh in northern India, after taking the massive Chittorgarh Fort.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1303/10/22", "description": "The Avoirdupois system of weights and measures is introduced to England and Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1304/07/20", "description": " Fall of Stirling Castle: Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold in the Wars of Scottish Independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1304/08/17", "description": " The Battle of Mons-en-P\u00e9v\u00e8le is fought to a draw between the French army and the Flemish militias.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1304/08/17", "description": "James II of Aragon reconquers Villena, Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1304/08/17", "description": "Holland and Zeeland are occupied by John II, Duke of Brabant and Guy of Dampierre. John II, Count of Hainaut recovers the counties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1304/08/17", "description": "Ala-ud-din Khilji, Sultan of Delhi, conquers Gujarat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1304/08/17", "description": "The peace treaty signed between the khanates of the Mongol Empire. The end of the civil war of the Mongols.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1305/06/05", "description": " Pope Clement V, formerly the Archbishop of Bordeaux Bertrand de Got, succeeds Pope Benedict XI as the 195th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1305/08/05", "description": " English troops capture William Wallace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1305/08/05", "description": "Wenceslas III becomes king of Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1305/08/05", "description": "Philip IV of France accuses the Knights Templar of heresy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1306/02/10", "description": " before the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bruce murdered John Comyn, his leading political rival sparking revolution in the Scottish Wars of Independence", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1306/03/25", "description": " Robert the Bruce becomes King of the Scots only five weeks after the murder in Dumfries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1306/03/25", "description": "May ampampndash Hugh the younger Despenser, favourite of King Edward II of England, is married to heiress Eleanor de Clare.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1306/05/15", "description": "  one of the first exchange contracts (cambium) to mention the city of Bruges involved two parties: Giovanni Villani, representing the Peruzzi Company, granting a loan to Tommaso Fini, representing the Gallerani Company of Siena.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1306/06/19", "description": " Battle of Methven: The forces of the Earl of Pembroke defeat Bruce's Scottish rebels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1306/06/19", "description": "Philip IV of France exiles all the Jews from France and confiscates their property.ampamp{{cite book|last=Nirenberg|first=David|title=Communities of violence: persecution of minorities in the Middle Ages|year=1998|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=0-691-05889-X|page=18}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1306/06/19", "description": "In London, a city ordinance decrees that heating with coal is forbidden when parliament is in session (the ordinance is not particularly effective).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1306/06/19", "description": "The Mongols raid India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1307/01/18", "description": " German King Albrecht I makes his son Rudolf King of Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1307/01/18", "description": "July ampampndash The Knights Hospitaller begin their conquest of Rhodes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1307/09/05", "description": " Pope Clement V confirms the Knights Hospitaller possession of Rhodes, although only Feracle had fallen to their attacks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1307/10/13", "description": " ''Friday the 13th'': All Knights Templar in France are simultaneously arrested by agents of Phillip the Fair, to be later tortured into quotconfessingquot  heresy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1307/11/18", "description": "according to legend) ampndash William Tell shoots an apple off his son's head.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1307/11/18", "description": "Edward II becomes King of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1307/11/18", "description": "The Mongol raid of India ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1307/11/18", "description": "The use of The Scottish Maiden is first documented in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1308/01/25", "description": " King Edward II of England marries Isabella of France. They are both crowned a month later (on February 25).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1308/03/08", "description": " P\u00f3voa de Varzim (then Varazim), Portugal gains a foral from Denis of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1308/10/13", "description": " Walter Reynolds, is consecrated Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1308/11/27", "description": " Henry VII, King of Germany, is elected Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1308/12/28", "description": " Emperor Hanazono ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1308/12/28", "description": "The Capet-Anjou family begins to rule Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1308/12/28", "description": "Sultanate of R\u00fbm ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1308/12/28", "description": "''approx. date'' ampampndash Dante Alighieri begins to write the ''Divine Comedy''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1309/03/09", "description": "  Pope Clement V settles the papal seat in Avignon, following a visit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1309/08/15", "description": " The city of Rhodes surrenders to the forces of the Knights of St. John, completing their conquest of Rhodes. The knights establish their headquarters on the island, and rename themselves as the Knights of Rhodes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1309/09/12", "description": " Ferdinand IV of Castile captures the town of Gibraltar in his campaign against the Emirate of Granada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1309/09/12", "description": "The first historical records or village Luk\u00e1\u010dovce, Slovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1309/09/12", "description": "Alnwick Castle, Northumberland, is bought by the Percy family, later Earls of Northumberland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1310", "description": "January ampampndash  Forces of the Kingdom of Castile retreat from the Siege of Algeciras after enduring severe losses and securing a peace treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1310", "description": "March ampampndash Muhammed III, former Sultan of the Emirate of Granada is blinded and found dead in a pool after an attempted coup to retake his throne from his brother Nasr.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1310/05/11", "description": " In France, 54 members of the Knights Templar are burned at the stake for heresy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1310/05/11", "description": "Abu al-Fida becomes governor of Hama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1310/05/11", "description": "The first purpose-built accommodation for students (the Mob Quad) is completed in Merton College, Oxford, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1310/05/11", "description": "Basarab I, after the battle against the Tatars, is named ampquotbig princeampquot of Wallachia by the feudal lords of the region. The country remains under Hungarian domination until the Battle of Posada on 12 October, 1330.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1311/03/15", "description": " Battle of Halmyros: The Catalan Company defeats Walter V of Brienne to take control of the Duchy of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1311/03/15", "description": "A committee of 21 English barons draw up a series of ordinances, which substitute ordainers for the King (Edward II) as the effective government of the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1311/03/15", "description": "Bolingbroke Castle passes to the House of Lancaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1311/03/15", "description": "Completion of Lincoln Cathedral in England. With the spire reaching around 525 feet (160 m)ampamp{{cite web|title=Lincoln Cathedral|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.skyscrapernews.com\/buildings.php?id=384|work=Skyscraper\">http:\/\/www.skyscrapernews.com\/buildings.php?id=384|work=Skyscraper<\/a> News|date=2009-08-25|accessdate=2012-02-22}}ampamp it becomes the world's tallest structure (surpassing the Great Pyramid of Giza, which held the record for almost 4,000 years), a record it holds until the spire is blown down in 1549.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1312", "description": "April ampampndash Pope Clement V forcibly disbands the Knights Templar. This is following years of persecution of the Knights Templar, initially started on Friday, October 13th, 1307 in collusion with King Philip ampquotthe fairampquot Le Bel of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1312/06/15", "description": "The Battle of Rozgony", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1312/06/29", "description": " Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor is crowned in the Lateran Palace due to St Peter's Basilica being occupied by Romans hostile to him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1312/10/31", "description": " Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor is forced to abandon his campaign against Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1312/10/31", "description": "A battle is fought near Thebes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1312/10/31", "description": "The Siege of Rostock begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1312/10/31", "description": "Lancelotto Malocello, a Genoese navigator, sails to the island of Lanzarote, one of the Canary Islands, and remains there for almost two decades.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1312/10/31", "description": "Mansa Musa starts to rule the Mali Empire (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1313/11/09", "description": " Battle of Gamelsdorf: Louis the Bavarian defeats his cousin Frederick I of Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1313/11/09", "description": "The Siege of Rostock ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1313/11/09", "description": "Stefan Uro\u0161 II Milutin of Serbia founds the Banjska monastery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1313/11/09", "description": "Wang Zhen, Chinese agronomist, government official, and inventor of wooden-based movable type printing, publishes the ''Nong Shu'' (Book of Agriculture).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1314/03/18", "description": " Jacques de Molay, the 23rd and the last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, is burned at the stake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1314/06/24", "description": " Battle of Bannockburn: Scottish forces led by Robert the Bruce defeat Edward II of England, regaining Scotland's independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1314/08/31", "description": " King H\u00e5kon V Magnusson moves the capital of Norway from Bergen to Oslo, where he builds Akershus Fortress. Norway is ruled from this fortress the next 500 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1314/08/31", "description": "October ampampndash Louis IV elected Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1314/11/29", "description": " Philip IV of Franceis succeeded by Louis X of France", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1314/11/29", "description": "The ''Hereford Mappa Mundi'' (Map of the World) is made. It shows Jerusalem at the centre, as decreed in the Bible.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1314/11/29", "description": "Exeter College, Oxford is founded by Walter de Stapledon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1314/11/29", "description": "Amda Seyon starts to rule. He defeats the Muslims at Ifat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1315/05/09", "description": " Eudes IV succeeds Hugh V as Duke of Burgundy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1315/05/09", "description": "August ampampndash Louis X is crowned King of France at Reims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1315/08/13", "description": " Louis X of France marries Clemence d'Anjou.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1315/10/25", "description": " Adam Banastre, Henry de Lea and William Bradshaw attack Liverpool Castle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1315/11/15", "description": " Battle of Morgarten: The Swiss defeat Leopold of Austria, ensuring independence for the Swiss Confederation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1315/11/15", "description": "H\u014dj\u014d Mototoki becomes Kamakura shogun of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1315/11/15", "description": "John XIII Glykys becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1315/11/15", "description": "Flushing is granted city rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1315/11/15", "description": "Witzlaw III, prince of R\u00fcgen, builds a castle at Barth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1315/11/15", "description": "Emir Ismael Abu-I-Walid orders the Jews of Granada, Spain to don the yellow badge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1315/11/15", "description": "Dassel of Germany is granted city rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1315/11/15", "description": "The Kos Fortress is erected in Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1315/11/15", "description": "The Arsenian schism ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1315/11/15", "description": "A Muslim prince of Nubian royal blood ascends the throne of Dongola as king (History of Sudan (Coming of Islam to the Turkiyah)).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1315/11/15", "description": "Estimation: Cairo, capital of Mamluk Egypt becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Hangzhou in Mongolian China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1315/11/15", "description": "The Borough of Liverpool, along with Liverpool Castle, is granted to Robert de Holland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1315/11/15", "description": "The Great Famine of 1315-1317 begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1316/01/28", "description": "March 18 ampndash Revolt of Llywelyn Bren against English rule in Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1316/07/05", "description": " Battle of Manolada between the Burgundian and Majorcan claimants of the Principality of Achaea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1316/08/07", "description": " Pope John XXII succeeds Pope Clement V as the 196th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1316/08/10", "description": " Second Battle of Athenry ends with over 5,000 dead, and Norman rule retained in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1316/08/10", "description": "The Great Famine of 1315-1317 is at its peak.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1316/08/10", "description": "The Pound sterling experiences the greatest year of inflation in its history, at 100.04 percent, losing over half its value.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.measuringworth.com\/inflation\/\">http:\/\/www.measuringworth.com\/inflation\/<\/a> Measuring worth.comampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1316/08/10", "description": "Au peninsula in Switzerland is first mentioned as ampquotOweampquot belonging to the commandry of the Knights Hospitaller in Bubikon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1317/12/10", "description": "December 11 ampndash King Birger of Sweden has his brothers, Dukes Eric and Valdemar, captured and thrown into a dungeon during the Nyk\u00f6ping Banquet, as a revenge for their imprisonment of him in the H\u00e5tuna games in 1306. As the dukes soon starve to death in the dungeon, their followers rebel against the king, throwing Sweden into civil war, in which the king is deposed in 1318.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1317/12/10", "description": "The Great Famine of 1315-1317 comes to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1317/12/10", "description": "Pope John XXII erects the dioceses of Lu\u00e7on, Maillezais, and Tulle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1318", "description": "March ampampndash King Birger of Sweden is deposed and is forced to flee to Denmark. (alternative date is April)", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1318/04/01", "description": " Berwick-upon-Tweed is retaken by the Scottish from the English.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1318/04/01", "description": "April ampampndash The inhabitants of Benevento, Italy rise against the pope and demand some political autonomy. The rebellion is crushed by William of Frejus and the archbishop of Naples.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Uginet|first=F.|title=La vie \u00e0 l'abbaye de Sainte-Sophie de B\u00e9n\u00e9vent dans la premi\u00e8re moiti\u00e9 du XIVe si\u00e8cle|journal=M\u00e9langes d'arch\u00e9ologie et d'histoire|year=1968|series=80|issue=2|pages=681\u2013704}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1318/05/11", "description": " Battle of Dysert O'Dea: The Irish armies of Conor O'Dea defeat the Normans under Richard de Clare.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1318/06/27", "description": " Mats Kettilmundsson is appointed regent (''riksh\u00f6vitsman'') of Sweden, in the absence of a Swedish king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1318/06/27", "description": "Emperor Go-Daigo succeeds Emperor Hanazono on the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1318/06/27", "description": "Pope John XXII declares the doctrines of the Franciscans advocating ecclesiastical poverty erroneous.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1318/06/27", "description": "Disease hits cattle and sheep, reducing the herds and flocks in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1318/06/27", "description": "Qala'un Mosque, Cairo, Egypt is founded by Al-Nasr Muhammad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1319/05/08", "description": " Upon the death of his maternal grandfather, King Haakon V, three-year-old Magnus Eriksson becomes King of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1319/07/08", "description": " Three-year-old Magnus Eriksson is elected king of Sweden, thus uniting it with Norway. His mother Ingeborg of Norway is given a place in the regency in both Sweden and Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1320/01/20", "description": " Duke Wladyslaw Lokietek becomes king of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1320/04/06", "description": " The Scots reaffirm their independence by signing the Declaration of Arbroath.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1320/04/06", "description": "Ghiyas al-Din Tughlaq founds the Tughlaq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1320/04/06", "description": "The Venetian Arsenal is rebuilt as the Arsenal Nuovo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1320/04/06", "description": "The Second Shepherds' Crusade begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1320/04/06", "description": "Dante's ''Quaestio de Aqua et Terra'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1320/04/06", "description": "In England many horses die of a disease called ampquotFfarsineampquot.ampamp{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1321", "description": "Battle on the Irpen' River: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats Prince Stanislav of Kiev.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1321", "description": "Stefan Decanski becomes King of Serbia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1321", "description": "A bad harvest brings famine in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1322/02/13", "description": " The central tower of Ely Cathedral falls on the night of 12th-13th.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1322/02/13", "description": "February 13 ampampndash The ''generatio Percal'' is the first time mentioned in a document.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1322/03/10", "description": " Battle of Burton Bridge:Part of the Despenser War", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1322/03/16", "description": " Battle of Boroughbridge: Edward II of England defeats several rebellious barons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1322/06/24", "description": " Jews are expelled from France for third time", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1322/09/28", "description": " Battle of M\u00fchldorf: Bavaria defeats Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1322/10/08", "description": " Mladen II \u0160ubi\u0107 of Bribir, defeated in the battle of Bliska, is arrested by the Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1322/10/14", "description": " Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at Byland", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1323/08/12", "description": " The Treaty of N\u00f6teborg between Sweden and the Novgorod Republic (Russia) is signed, regulating the border for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1323/10/24", "description": "October 30 ampndash Edward II of England stays at Liverpool Castle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1323/10/24", "description": "Thomas Aquinas is canonised.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1323/10/24", "description": "Lithuania: In the  ''Letters of Gediminas'', Vilnius is named as the capital city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1323/10/24", "description": "Remains of the Lighthouse of Alexandria (one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World) are toppled by a series of earthquakes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1323/10/24", "description": "Conflict between Ingeborg of Norway and the regencies of her son in Sweden and Norway, which ends with the deminission of her power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1324", "description": "''Defensor pacis'' is published by Marsilius of Padua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1324", "description": "Emperor Kankan Musa I of the Mali Empire arrives in Cairo on his hajj to Mecca, accompanied by an entourage numbering in the thousands and hundreds of pounds of gold.  This fantastic display of wealth garners Mali a place on European maps in 1395.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1325/01/07", "description": " Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1325/03/13", "description": " Recognized date for the founding of Tenochtitlan on a small island in Lake Texcoco by the Mexica empire at the dawn of the day. The Aztec capital becomes Mexico City in 1521.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1325/11/15", "description": " Battle of Zappolino: Modena defeats Bologna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1325/11/15", "description": "Volodimir of Halych, last king of Rus (Halych-Volyn Rus) of Romanovichi dynasty, is removed from the throne by his boyars. End of 126 years of the Romanovichi rule in Halych-Volyn", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1325/11/15", "description": "Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeds his father Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq as Sultan of Delhi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1325/11/15", "description": "Ibn Battuta begins his travels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1325/11/15", "description": "Mansa Musa completes his pilgrimage to Mecca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1326", "description": "3 June ampampndash The Treaty of Novgorod delineates the border between Russia and Norway in Finnmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1326", "description": "October ampampndash Ibn Battuta reaches Mecca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1326", "description": "Orhan I succeeds Osman I on the throne of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1326", "description": "The use of the word ampquotcannonampquot is first recorded in reference to a firearm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1326", "description": "The foundation of Oriel College, Oxford, the University of Oxford's fifth oldest college, is confirmed by royal charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1326", "description": "Formation of the University of Cambridge's second oldest (still surviving) college, Clare College, Cambridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1326", "description": "Ingeborg of Norway is deposed from political power in Sweden, and the following year also in Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1326", "description": "A peasant revolt breaks out in Flanders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1327/01/20", "description": " Edward II is deposed by his wife Isabella", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1327/02/01", "description": " Edward III becomes King of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1327/04/06", "description": " Petrarch sees a woman he names Laura in the church of Sainte-Claire d'Avignon, which awakes in him a lasting passion. He writes a series of poems dedicated to her, which are collected into his ''Canzoniere'' (quotSong Bookquot). This is generally considered to be the day the Renaissance began.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1327/04/06", "description": "November ampampndash Alfonso IV of Aragon begins his reign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1328/05/01", "description": " Treaty of Edinburgh-Northampton: England recognises Scotland as an independent nation after the Wars of Scottish Independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1328/05/12", "description": " Nicholas V is consecrated at St Peter's Basilica in Rome by the bishop of Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1328/05/26", "description": " William of Ockham secretly leaves Avignon under threat from Pope John XXII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1328/05/29", "description": " King Philip VI of France is crowned, founding the Valois Dynasty after the death of King Charles IV of France, who has no sons to inherit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1328/08/23", "description": " Battle of Cassel: French troops stop an uprising of Flemish farmers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1328/08/23", "description": "The Augustiner brewery in Munich is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1329/02/18", "description": " Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces (possibly in 1332).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1329/03/27", "description": " Pope John XXII condemns some teachings of Meister Eckhart as heretical.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1329/03/27", "description": "April ampampndash Antipope Nicholas V is excommunicated by Pope John XXII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1329/06/07", "description": " David II becomes King of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1329/06/10", "description": " Braganstown massacre, County Louth, Ireland: over 160 killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1329/06/11", "description": " Ottoman Turks defeat Byzantine Empire in the Battle of Maltepe (Pelekanon)", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1329/06/11", "description": "Aimone of Savoy becomes Count of Savoy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1329/06/11", "description": "Construction begins on the cathedral of Frombork, Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1329/06/11", "description": "Amberg, Germany passes to the Wittelsbach family.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1329/06/11", "description": "Michael of Cesena is deposed as General of the Franciscans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1329/06/11", "description": "Stefan Uro\u0161 IV Du\u0161an of Serbia defeats the Bosnian ban Stephen II Kotromani\u0107.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1329/06/11", "description": "Wiesbaden is granted the right of coinage by Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1329/06/11", "description": "Edward III of England pays homage to Philip VI of France for Aquitaine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1330/10/19", "description": " King Edward III of England starts his personal reign, executing his regent Roger Mortimer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1330/11/09", "description": " Battle of Posada: The Wallachians, under Basarab I, defeat the Hungarians, though heavily outnumbered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1330/11/09", "description": "The Bulgarians under Emperor Michael III are beaten by the Serbs in the battle of Velbuzhd, Bulgaria does not lose any territory to Serbia but is powerless to stop the Serbian advance towards the predominately Bulgarian-populated Macedonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1330/11/09", "description": "Vilnius, Lithuania receives its coat-of-arms, granted to the city in the seventh year of its existence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1331/09/08", "description": " Stefan Dusan declares himself king of Serbia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1331/09/24", "description": " Edward Balliol is enthroned as King of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1331/09/27", "description": " Battle of P\u0142owce: The German Teutonic Knights and the Poles battle to a draw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1331/09/27", "description": "Sieges of Cividale del Friuli and Alicante.ampamp{{cite web|title=Cannon Timeline|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.themcs.org\/weaponry\/cannon\/cannon.htm|publisher=The\">http:\/\/www.themcs.org\/weaponry\/cannon\/cannon.htm|publisher=The<\/a> Medieval Combat Society|year=2008|accessdate=2011-12-13}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1331/09/27", "description": "The Genk\u014d War begins in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1331/09/27", "description": "Ibn Battuta visits Kilwa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1332/02/18", "description": " Amda Seyon I, Emperor of Ethiopia begins his campaigns in the southern Muslim provinces (possibly in 1329).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1332/08/10", "description": "August 11 ampndash Battle of Dupplin Moor: The Balliol rebels and the English defeat the loyalists of David II in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1332/11/07", "description": " Lucerne joins the Swiss Confederation with Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1332/12/16", "description": " Battle of Annan: The loyalists of David II defeat Edward Balliol in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1332/12/16", "description": "The city of Marosv\u00e1s\u00e1rhely (Transylvania) is first documented in the papal registry under the name Novum Forum Siculorum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1333/06/06", "description": " William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster is murdered and the Burke Civil War begins in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1333/07/07", "description": " The reign of Emperor Kogon of Japan, first of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders, ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1333/07/19", "description": " Battle of Halidon Hill: Edward III defeats Sir Archibald Douglas, during the last of the Wars of Scottish Independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1333/11/04", "description": " The Arno River floods, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by Giovanni Villani.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1333/11/04", "description": "The Kamakura period ends and the Kemmu restoration begins in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1333/11/04", "description": "John of Drazic, bishop of Prague, founds a friary at Roudnice (Raudnitz).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1333/11/04", "description": "A famine (lasting until 1337) breaks out in China, killing six million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1333/11/04", "description": "A great famine takes place in Southern Europe. It is known by Catalan historians as ampquotthe First Bad Year', equivalent to the Great Famine further North, an early notice of the catastrophes of the second half of the 14th century.ampamp{{cite book|last=Nirenberg|first=David|title=Communities of violence: persecution of minorities in the Middle Ages|year=1998|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton|isbn=0-691-05889-X|page=18}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1334/07/18", "description": " The bishop of Florence blesses the first foundational stone laid for the new ''campanile'' (bell tower) of the Florence Cathedral. The tower was designed by the artist Giotto di Bondone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1334/12/20", "description": " Pope Benedict XII succeeds Pope John XXII as the 197th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1334/12/20", "description": "The first recorded outbreak of the Black Death occurs in the Chinese province of Hubei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1335/05/02", "description": " Otto the Merry, Duke of Austria, becomes Duke of Carinthia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1335/07/30", "description": " Battle of Boroughmuir: Earl of Moray defeats Guy, Count of Namur in Scotland", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1335/11/30", "description": " Battle of Culblean: David Bruce defeats Edward Balliol in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1335/11/30", "description": "Georgians under king George V (the brilliant) finally defeat Mongolians in decisive battle. After that George V returns Grave of Christ from Muslims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1335/11/30", "description": "Abu Said dies and the Ilkhanate disintegrates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1335/11/30", "description": "Slavery is abolished in Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1335/11/30", "description": "Congress of Visegr\u00e1d: The monarchs of Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland form an anti-Habsburg alliance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1335/11/30", "description": "Carinthia and Carniola come under Habsburg rule. After the death of Duke Henry, the duchies are bestowed by Louis the Bavarian on the Dukes of Austria. From that time onwards, what is today Slovenia is ruled jointly with Austria until 1918.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1335/11/30", "description": "Pope Benedict XII begins to reform the Cistercians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1335/11/30", "description": "The excommunication of Frederick III of Sicily and the interdict placed on Sicily end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1335/11/30", "description": "Construction begins on the papal palace in Avignon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1335/11/30", "description": "Aabenraa is chartered as a city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1335/11/30", "description": "The School of Arts in Zaragoza, Spain is founded (later known as the University of Zaragoza in the 16th Century).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1336", "description": "April 26 ampampndash Ascent of Mount Ventoux by the Italian poet Petrarch: he claims to be the first since classical antiquity to climb a mountain for the view.ampamp''Epistolae familiares'' '''IV'''(1) (c.1350).ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1336", "description": "The Kemmu restoration ends and the Muromachi period begins in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1336", "description": "The reign of Emperor K\u014dmy\u014d, second of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders, begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1336", "description": "Vijayanagara is founded on the southern part of the Deccan plateau in India, by the brothers Harihara and Bukka Raya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1336", "description": "Aberdeen is burned by the English.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1336", "description": "Battle of Minatogawa: Ashikaga Takauji defeats Japanese Imperial forces under Kusunoki Masashige and Nitta Yoshisada", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1337/03/16", "description": " Edward, the Black Prince is crowned Duke of Cornwall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1337/03/16", "description": "The Hundred Years' War (c. 1337\u20131453) begins between France and England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1337/03/16", "description": "Philip VI of France confiscates Aquitaine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1337/03/16", "description": "Bisham Priory is founded in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1337/03/16", "description": "The Scaligeri family loses control of Padua Alberto della Scala, music patron of the Italian Trecento, moves to Verona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1337/03/16", "description": "Francesco Petrarca (often considered the first man of the Renaissance) first visits Rome, to wander its mysterious ruins with an eye for aesthetic as well as for history, exciting a renewed interest in Classical civilisation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1337/03/16", "description": "The Sofia Psalter is produced in Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1337/03/16", "description": "The famine in China, which has lasted since 1333 and killed six million, comes to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1338", "description": "Hundred Years' War: Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor appoints Edward III of England as a vicar-general of the Holy Roman Empire. Louis supports Edward's claim to the French throne under the terms of the Treaty of Koblenz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1338", "description": "Philip VI of France besieges Guienne in Southwest France and his navy attacks Portsmouth in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1338", "description": "Ashikaga Takauji is granted the title of Shogun by the emperor of Japan, starting the Ashikaga shogunate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1338", "description": "Nicomedia is captured by the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1339/09/23", "description": " Simone Boccanegra is elected as the first Doge of Genoa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1339/09/23", "description": "Emperor Go-Murakami accedes to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1339/09/23", "description": "Kashmir is conquered by Muslims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1339/09/23", "description": "All streets in the city of Florence are paved, making it the first European city to do so.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1339/09/23", "description": "The Kremlin in Moscow is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1340/01/26", "description": " King Edward III of England is declared King of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1340/04/08", "description": " The Merinid galleys under the command of Muhammad ibn Ali al-Azafi rout the Castellan fleet off the coast of Algesiras.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1340/06/07", "description": " Rotterdam is officially declared a city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1340/06/24", "description": " The Battle of Sluys is fought between the naval fleets of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France. The former is under the command of Edward III of England and the latter under that of Admiral Hugues Qui\u00e9ret and treasurer Nicholas B\u00e9huchet assisted by Genoese mercenary galleys under Egidio Bocanegra. The French fleet is virtually destroyed and both commanders are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1340/10/30", "description": " Spain: At the Battle of Salado, the kings of Castile and Portugal defeat the Nasrid ruler of Granada and his Moroccan allies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1340/10/30", "description": "Europe has about 74 million inhabitants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1340/10/30", "description": "Valdemar IV of Denmark, son of deceased King Christopher II of Denmark is elected to the throne following 8 years of Interregnum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1341", "description": "The Queen's College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1341", "description": "Petrarch is crowned poet laureate in Rome, the first man since antiquity to be given this honor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1341", "description": "September-October: The Byzantine civil war of 1341\u20131347 between John VI Kantakouzenos and the regency for the infant John V Palaiologos breaks out.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1341", "description": "The Breton War of Succession begins over the control of the Duchy of Brittany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1341", "description": "Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, expels her husband John Henry of Bohemia, to whom she had been married as a child. She subsequently marries Louis of Bavaria without having been divorced, which results in the excommunication of the couple.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1341", "description": "Tbilisi becomes a capital of European Christian Cathedra after city Smirna. George V (the brilliant) returns Jerusalem and Grave of Christ from Muslims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1341", "description": "Saluzzo is sacked by Manfred V of Saluzzo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1341", "description": "Casimir III of Poland build a masonry castle in Lublin and encircles the city with defensive walls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1341", "description": "The Chinese poet Zhang Xian writes the ''Iron Cannon Affair'' about the destructive use of gunpowder and the cannon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1341", "description": "The sultan of Delhi chooses Ibn Battuta to lead a diplomatic mission to Yuan Dynasty China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1341", "description": "The great flood in the river Periyar in what is now Kerala India which lead to the river changing its course, closing of the Pattanam (Muziris) harbour, opening up of Cochin (Kochi) harbour submersion of some islands and birth of some new islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1342/05/07", "description": " Pope Clement VI succeeds Pope Benedict XII as the 198th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1342/07/16", "description": " Louis I becomes king of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1342/08/15", "description": " Louis quotthe Childquot becomes king of Sicily and duke of Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1342/09/04", "description": " John III Comnenus becomes emperor of Trebizond.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1342/09/04", "description": "Guy de Lusignan becomes King Gosdantin II of Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1342/09/04", "description": "The Patriarch of Antioch is transferred to Damascus under Ignatius II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1342/09/04", "description": "Kitzb\u00fchel becomes part of Tyrol.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1342/09/04", "description": "The Vijayanagara Empire is established in South India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1342/09/04", "description": "The Zealots seize power in Thessalonica, expelling its aristocrats and declaring themselves in favour of the regency in the ongoing Byzantine civil war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1343/01/27", "description": " Pope Clement VI issues his Bull ''Unigenitus'', defining the doctrine of quotThe Treasury of Meritsquot or quotThe Treasury of the Churchquot as the basis for the issuance of indulgences by the Catholic Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1343/04/23", "description": " The St. George's Night Uprising occurs in Estonia (-1345).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1343/05/04", "description": " The four Estonian kings are murdered at the negotiations with the Livonian Order", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1343/08/15", "description": " Magnus_IV_of_Sweden abdicates from the throne of Norway in favor of his son Haakon VI of Norway. However Haakon is still a minor,  allowing Magnus to remain de facto ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1343/11/25", "description": "  A tsunami, caused by an earthquake, devastates the Maritime Republic of Amalfi, among other places.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1344/12/06", "description": " Five-year-old Erik Magnusson, the eldest son of king Magnus IV of Sweden, is appointed heir to the Swedish throne, even though Sweden, at this time, is an elective monarchy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1344/12/06", "description": "King Edward III of England introduces three new gold coins, the florin, leopard, and helm. Unfortunately the amount of gold in the coins does not match their value of 6 shillings, 3 shillings, and 1 shilling and sixpence, so they have to be withdrawn and mostly melted down by August of this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1344/12/06", "description": "Vesse, the rebel King of Saaremaa Island in Estonia, is hanged.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1344/12/06", "description": "Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec civilization, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1344/12/06", "description": "Bablake School was founded in Coventry, England by Queen Isabella.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1344/12/06", "description": "The Compagnia dei Bardi in Florence goes bankrupt, along with the Peruzzi Bank and the Acciaiuoli Bank.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1344/12/06", "description": "Famine in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1344/12/06", "description": "King Peter IV of Aragon defeats and deposes his cousin, James III of Majorca, thereby absorbing the Balearic Kingdom of Majorca into the Crown of Aragon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1345/01/01", "description": "Louis IV's son, Louis VI the Roman, marries Cunigunde, a Lithuanian princess.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1345/01/17", "description": "Turks attack Smyrna", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1345/03/12", "description": "The Miracle of the Host occurs (as commemorated in Amsterdam).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1345/03/24", "description": "Guy de Chauliac observes the planets Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars conjoined in the sky under the sign of Aquarius and a solar eclipse on the same day. This sign is interpreted as foreboding by many, and Chauliac will later blame it for the Black Plague.ref name=quotpgs. 143-148 ASIN B000K6TDP2quotpgs. 143\u2013148 ASIN B000K6TDP2ref name=quotHorrox, Rosemary 1994. pg.104-105quotHorrox, Rosemary. The Black Death. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994. ISBN 978-0-7190-3498-5 pg.104\u2013105", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1345/03/24", "description": "April \u2013 Edward III offers ampquotdefianceampquot of Philip VI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1345/04/22", "description": "Battle of Gamenario: The Lombards defeat the Angevins in the northwest region of present-day Italy, just southeast of Turin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1345/04/22", "description": "May \u2013 Turks led by Umur Bey sail from Asia Minor to the Balkan Peninsula and raid Bulgarian territory.ampref name=ampquotIoannes Cantacuzenus p.530ampquotampIoannes Cantacuzenus. Historiarum... 2, p.530ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1345/07/07", "description": "Battle of Peritheorion: the forces of Momchil, autonomous ruler of the Rhodope, are defeated by the Turkish allies of John VI Kantakouzenos.ref name=quotNicephorus Gregoras p.729quotNicephorus Gregoras. Byzantina historia. 2, p.729", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1345/07/07", "description": "September \u2013 Holland, Hainaut and Zeeland are inherited by Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor and remain part of the imperial crown domain until 1347.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1345/09/18", "description": "Andrew, Duke of Calabria is assassinated in Naples (d. in Aversa).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1345/09/26", "description": "Battle of Warns: The Frisians defeat the forces of Holland under William IV, Count of Hainaut, in the midst of the Friso-Hollandic Wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1345/10/21", "description": "English victory at the Battle of Auberoche in Gascony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1345/10/21", "description": "December \u2013 English take Aiguillon in Gascony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1346", "description": "Spring ampampndash A severe Black Death epidemic begins in the Crimea.ampref name =ampquotbplampquotampBenedictow, Ole J\u00f8rgen. The Black Death, 1346-1353. Ipswich: Boydell Press, 2004. ISBN 0-85115-943-5 pp. 51ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1346/03/18", "description": " French prepare to defend Channel coasts.ref name = crecyDavid, Dr. Crecy. ''1346: Triumph of the Longbow.'' Osprey Publishing (UK), 2000. p. 85 ISBN 1-85532-966-2", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1346/03/18", "description": "April ampampndash French besiege Aiguillon.ampref name = crecy\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1346/04/16", "description": " The Serbian Empire is proclaimed in Skopje by Dusan Silni, occupying much of South-Eastern Europe.ref name = quotdusanquotEvans, Arthur. Ancient Illyria. London: I. B. Tauris, 2007. ISBN 1-84511-167-2 pg. iv", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1346/04/16", "description": "MayampampndashJune ampampndash An English invasion fleet assembles at Portsmouth.ampref name = crecy\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1346/06/09", "description": " Battle of St Pol de Leon: English army defeats Charles of Blois in Brittany.ref name = crecy\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1346/06/20", "description": " English win small victory at La Roche-Derrien in Brittanny.ref name = crecy\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1346/06/24", "description": " The leaders of Ghent, Bruges and Ypres agree to support Edward III.ref name = crecy\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1346/06/24", "description": "July ampampndash Edward III orders closing of English ports to stop information reaching France.ampref name = crecy\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1346/07/01", "description": " Charles IV of Luxembourg is elected Holy Roman Emperor.ref name = charlesJeep, John. ''Medieval Germany.'' New York: Garland Pub, 2001. p. 108 ISBN 0-8240-7644-3", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1346/07/03", "description": " English fleet attempts to sail from Portsmouth to Normandy but is forced back by contrary winds.ref name = crecy\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1346/07/11", "description": " July 12 ampndash Edward III and the English army cross the English Channel and begin an invasion of France.ref name = battleLynn, John. ''Battle: a History of Combat and Culture.'' Boulder: Westview Press, 2004. pp. 91\u201392 ISBN 0-8133-3372-5", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1346/07/12", "description": " July 18 ampndash The English raid and burn neighboring towns and villages in the Cotentin peninsula.ref name = battle\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1346/08/26", "description": " Battle of Cr\u00e9cy, in which the English defeat the Frenchref name = crecy2David, Dr. Crecy. ''1346: Triumph of the Longbow.'' Osprey Publishing (UK), 2000. p. 86 ISBN 1-85532-966-2", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1346/09/04", "description": " English begin siege of Calais.ref name = crecy2\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1346/10/17", "description": " Battle of Neville's Cross: English army defeats the Scots.Kinross, John. ''Discovering Battlefields of England and Scotland.'' Princes Risborough: Shire, 2008. p. 40 ISBN 0-7478-0370-6", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1346/10/17", "description": "OctoberampampndashNovember ampampndash Several Mongol towns in the Crimea are cleared of inhabitants by the Black Death.ampref name =ampquotbplampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1346/10/17", "description": "Repairs are made in the Hagia Sophia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1347/02/02", "description": " The Byzantine civil war between John VI Kantakouzenos and the regency for John V Palaiologos ends with Kantakouzenos entering Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1347/02/02", "description": "May", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1347/02/02", "description": "The agreement reorganizing the Byzantine Empire's affairs is finalized as Anna of Savoy's son John V Palaiologos marries Kantakouzenos' 15-year-old daughter Helena.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1347/02/02", "description": "Genoese ships fleeing the Black Death plague in Kaffa stop in Constantinople, contaminating the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1347/05/20", "description": " Cola di Rienzo, a Roman commoner, declares himself Emperor of Rome in response to years of baronic power-struggles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1347/08/02", "description": " The Islamic Bahmani Kingdom is established on the Indian subcontinent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1347/08/02", "description": "September ampampndash In the Hundred Years' War, the English win the city of Calais", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1347/09/01", "description": " The Black Death reaches the French city of Marseilles", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1347/09/01", "description": "October ampampndash Ships arrive in southern Italy with the Black Plague", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1347/09/01", "description": "November", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1347/09/01", "description": "Pope Clement VI unites several of Rome's upper-class nobility, who drive Cola di Rienzo out of the city", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1347/09/01", "description": "King Phillip of France meets with the Estates General to ask for funds to further the war effort against the English", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1347/11/01", "description": " Black Death spreads to Aix-en-Provence in France", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1347/11/01", "description": "December ampampndash Plague hits the island of Majorca", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1347/12/25", "description": " First cases of the plague recorded in the city of Split in Croatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1347/12/27", "description": " to fund the military operations in Corsica, the Republic of Genoa had to borrow at 20% from an association of creditors known as the ''Compera nuova acquisitionis Corsic\u00e6''.ref name=quotCanale 1864quot{{cite book|last=Canale|first=Michele Giuseppe|title=Nuova Istoria della repubblica di Genova. Epoca quarta (1339-1528): I dogi popolari|year=1864|publisher=Felice Le Monnier|location=Florence|pages=151|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=W_MNAQAAIAAJampdq=giovanni+valente+1353+genovaamplr=amphl=nlampsource=gbs_navlinks_s}}\">http:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=W_MNAQAAIAAJampdq=giovanni+valente+1353+genovaamplr=amphl=nlampsource=gbs_navlinks_s}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1347/12/27", "description": "The Charles University in Prague is founded (this or the next year).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1348/04/07", "description": " Charles University is founded in Prague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1348/04/07", "description": "June ampampndash Two ships enter the Bristol Channel bringing the bubonic plague to England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1348/06/24", "description": " The Black Death outbreak goes into full swing in Melcombe Regis (modern-day Weymouth, Dorset in England).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1348/07/06", "description": " A Papal bull is issued by Pope Clement VI, protecting Jews against popular aggression during the Black Death epidemic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1348/11/01", "description": " The anti-royalist Union of Valencia attacks the Jews of Murviedro because they are serfs of the King of Valencia and thus quotroyalistsquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1348/11/01", "description": "The Black Death epidemic spreads to central and western Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1348/11/01", "description": "Emperor Suk\u014d succeeds Emperor Komyo of Japan, making them the second and third of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders, respectively.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1348/11/01", "description": "Stefan the Mighty, Emperor of Serbia conquers Thessaly and Epirus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1348/11/01", "description": "Edward III of England creates the first English order of chivalry, the Most Noble Order of the Garter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1348/11/01", "description": "The Pskov Republic gains independence from the Novgorod Republic with the treaty of Bolotovo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1348/11/01", "description": "The Black Death breaks out in Cairo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1348/11/01", "description": "Estimation: Hangzhou in Mongolian China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Cairo, capital of Mamluk Egypt.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm<\/a> Geography at about.comampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1348/11/01", "description": "A de-facto truce is observed between England and France until 1355.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1348/11/01", "description": "Gonville Hall, the forerunner of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1349/01/09", "description": " The Jewish population of Basel, Switzerland is rounded up and incinerated, believed by the residents to be the cause of the ongoing Black Death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1349/02/14", "description": " Roughly 2,000 Jews are burned to death in Strasbourg.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fordham.edu\/halsall\/jewish\/1348-jewsblackdeath.html\">http:\/\/www.fordham.edu\/halsall\/jewish\/1348-jewsblackdeath.html<\/a> Fordham.edu", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1349/03/21", "description": " The bulk of the 900 strong Jewish community of Erfurt (Germany) is murdered by the rest of the population which accuses the minority to be the underlying cause of the Black Death.{{cite news|last=Lema\u00eetre|first=Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric|title=Erfurt, ses juifs et l'UNESCO|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/europe\/article\/2011\/09\/19\/erfurt-ses-juifs-et-l-unesco_1574328_3214.html|accessdate=19\">http:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/europe\/article\/2011\/09\/19\/erfurt-ses-juifs-et-l-unesco_1574328_3214.html|accessdate=19<\/a> September 2011|newspaper=Le Monde|date=19 September 2011|language=French}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1349/03/21", "description": "May ampampndash The Black Death ceases in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1349/08/24", "description": " The Black Death breaks out in Elbing (Poland).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1349/10/20", "description": " Pope Clement VI publishes a papal bull that condemns the Flagellants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1349/10/20", "description": "The Black Death spreads to Norway when an English ship with everyone dead on board floats to Bergen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1349/10/20", "description": "Pope Clement VI annuls the marriage of William Montacute, 2nd Earl of Salisbury, and Joan of Kent, on the grounds of her prior marriage to Thomas Holland, 1st Earl of Kent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1349/10/20", "description": "The Black Death breaks out in Mecca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1349/10/20", "description": "Ibn Battuta arrives in Fez in Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1349/10/20", "description": "An earthquake in Rome causes extensive damage, including the collapse of the southern exterior facade of the Colosseum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1349/10/20", "description": "Earthquake in England strikes Meaux Abbey", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1350/01/09", "description": " Giovanni II Valente becomes Doge of Genoa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1350/05/23", "description": " A number of supporters of William V, Count of Holland, in his power struggle with his mother Margaret I, Countess of Holland, found the Cod league.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1350/08/29", "description": " Battle of Les Espagnols sur Mer off Winchelsea: An English fleet personally commanded by King Edward III defeats a Castilian fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1350/09/05", "description": " Conservative noblemen in the County of Holland found the Hook league.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1350/11/17", "description": " To pay for the expenses of the revived war with Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa has to subscribe a loan at an interest rate of 10% from an association of creditors known as the ''Compera imposita per gerra Venetorum''.{{cite book|last=Canale|first=Michele Giuseppe|title=Nuova Istoria della repubblica di Genova. Epoca quarta (1339-1528): I dogi popolari|year=1864|publisher=Felice Le Monnier|location=Florence|pages=151|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=W_MNAQAAIAAJampdq=giovanni+valente+1353+genovaamplr=amphl=nlampsource=gbs_navlinks_s}}\">http:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=W_MNAQAAIAAJampdq=giovanni+valente+1353+genovaamplr=amphl=nlampsource=gbs_navlinks_s}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1350/11/17", "description": "Hayam Wuruk becomes ruler of the Majapahit Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1350/11/17", "description": "The Black Death first appears in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1350/11/17", "description": "The castle of Rapperswil is largely destroyed by Rudolf Brun, mayor of the city of Z\u00fcrich.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1351/03/27", "description": " Battle of the Thirty: Guillaume de Montauban defeats the English.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1351/05/01", "description": " Z\u00fcrich joins the Swiss Confederation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1351/05/01", "description": "King Ramathibodi I ascends the throne in Ayutthaya (now Thailand).  He begins to propagate Theravada Buddhism as the state religion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1351/05/01", "description": "King Gongmin ascends the throne in Goryeo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1351/05/01", "description": "Emperor Go-K\u014dgon of Japan succeeds Emperor Suk\u014d, making them the third and fourth of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders, respectively.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1351/05/01", "description": "The Statute of Laborers is enacted by the English Parliament, to deal with a labor shortage caused by the Black Death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1351/05/01", "description": "Vantaa, Finland is first mentioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1351/05/01", "description": "Firuz Tughlaq succeeds Mohammad Tughlaq as Sultan of Delhi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1351/05/01", "description": "The Mongolian-run Yuan Dynasty of China is permanently weakened by an uprising known as the Red Turban Rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1351/05/01", "description": "The Samma Dynasty in Sindh (now part of Pakistan) breaks away from the Delhi Sultanate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1351/05/01", "description": "The Turks cross the Dardanelles into Europe for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1352/06/04", "description": " Glarus joins the Swiss Confederation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1352/06/27", "description": " Zug joins the Swiss Confederation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1352/12/18", "description": " Pope Innocent VI succeeds Pope Clement VI as the 199th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1352/12/18", "description": "Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta reports the existence of the ngoni and balafon instruments at the court of Mansa Musa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1352/12/18", "description": "Drago\u015f becomes voivode of Moldova.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1352/12/18", "description": "Corpus Christi College is founded as a College of the University of Cambridge, by the Guilds of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1352/12/18", "description": "Suleyman Pasha, the son of the Ottoman bey crosses the Bosporus and seizes \u00c7impe Castle on the Gallipoli Peninsula, the first European territory held by the Ottoman Empire.ampampNicolle, David and Hook, Adam. ''<a href=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/books?hl=enampamplr=ampampid=C9UVaLyo4UECampampoi=fndampamppg=PA8\">http:\/\/www.google.com\/books?hl=enampamplr=ampampid=C9UVaLyo4UECampampoi=fndampamppg=PA8<\/a> Ottoman Fortifications 1300-1710.'' Osprey Publishing, 2010. Accessed 3 Sept 2011.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1352/12/18", "description": "Lionel of Antwerp marries Elizabeth, daughter of William de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1352/12/18", "description": "William de Ashlee becomes Rector of Maids Moreton, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1352/12/18", "description": "The town of Biel\/Bienne, Switzerland finalizes its alliance with the city of Bern.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1352/12/18", "description": "Reginald de Cobham, 1st Baron Cobham becomes a Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1352/12/18", "description": "The Earldom of Kent becomes extinct.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1352/12/18", "description": "The Metropolitan of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, the Metropolitan of Halych, begins to relocate back to Kiev, after having moved to Halych in 1299.  Thereafter, the Metropolitan will hold the title of Metropolitan of Kiev-Halych and All Rus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1352/12/18", "description": "After years of begging and being a Buddhist monk, the penniless Chinese peasant Zhu Yuanzhang joins the Red Turban Rebellion against the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty of China he will later become the first emperor of the Ming Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1353/03/03", "description": " Bern signs an alliance with the Swiss Confederation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1353/03/03", "description": "''The Decameron'' is finished by Giovanni Boccaccio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1354/02/12", "description": "  The Treaty of Stralsund settles border disputes between the duchies of Mecklenburg and Pomerania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1354/10/08", "description": " Cola di Rienzo, self-proclaimed quottribunequot of Rome, is killed by an angry mob.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1354/10/08", "description": "The reign of John VI Cantacuzenus as Byzantine Emperor is ended, after he loses a battle to John V Palaiologos, who is restored as sole emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1354/10/08", "description": "The Lao kingdom of Lan Xang is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1354/10/08", "description": "Sahab-ud-Din becomes Sultan of Kashmir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1354/10/08", "description": "The Turks capture the cities of Kallipolis and Didymoteicho from the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1354/10/08", "description": "The sultan of Morocco appoints a scribe to write an account of the travels of Ibn Battuta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1354/10/08", "description": "Assassins struck down Sultan Hasan and his body is never returned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1355/01/07", "description": " Portuguese king Afonso IV sends three men to kill Ines de Castro, beloved of his son prince Pedro ampndash Pedro revolts and incites a civil war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1355/02/10", "description": " The St. Scholastica's Day riot broke out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead in two days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1355/02/10", "description": "April ampampndash Philip of Anjou marries Mary of Naples, daughter of Charles of Valois, duke of Calabria, and Mary of Valois.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1355/04/05", "description": " Charles IV is crowned emperor in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1355/04/18", "description": " In Venice, the Council of Ten beheads Doge Marin Falier for conspiring to kill them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1355/09/01", "description": " Tvrtko I writes ''in castro nostro Vizoka vocatum'' from old town Visoki.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1355/09/01", "description": "A small Scottish and French force invades Northumberland, loots the city of Berwick-upon-Tweed and defeats a small English force at the Battle of Nesbit Moor (1355).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1355/09/01", "description": "Ottoman Turks defeat Bulgarian Empire in the Battle of Ihtiman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1356/01/20", "description": " Edward Balliol surrenders his title as King of Scotland to Edward III of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1356/09/19", "description": " Battle of Poitiers: The English, commanded by the Prince of Wales, Edward, otherwise known as quotthe Black Princequot, defeats the French in the Hundred Years' War, capturing the King, John II of France, in the process.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1356/10/17", "description": " Erik Magnusson proclaims himself king of Sweden, in opposition to his father, king Magnus. Thus begins a civil war in Sweden between father and son, which will last until Erik's death in 1359.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1356/10/18", "description": " The Basel earthquake destroys the city of Basel in Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1356/12/25", "description": " Emperor Charles IV promulgates the Golden Bull, a sort of medieval constitution for the Holy Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1356/12/25", "description": "The city of Lw\u00f3w is granted Magdeburg rights by Ricardi Hoganski III of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1356/12/25", "description": "The majority of the Great Pyramid of Giza's limestone casing stones are removed by Bahri Sultan An-Nasir Nasir-ad-Din al-Hasan to build fortresses and mosques in the nearby city of Cairo, leaving the first of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World in the step-stone condition in which it remains today.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1356/12/25", "description": "Burnt Candlemas: Edward III of England burns down every town and village in Lothian, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1356/12/25", "description": "The Hanseatic League, a trading alliance between many cities in northern Europe, is officially founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1356/12/25", "description": "Ghazan II replaces Anusirvan as ruler of the Il-Khanate in Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1356/12/25", "description": "Zhu Yuanzhang, one of the leaders in the Red Turban Rebellion, captures the city of Nanjing from the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty in China from then on it becomes his base of power and the capital of a new dynasty he will establish in 1368, the Ming Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1356/12/25", "description": "Probable completion of Castelvecchio Bridge in Verona its main span of 48.7 m is the world's longest arch at this time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1357/04/28", "description": " Erik Magnusson is recognized as king of most of Sweden, in opposition to his father, king Magnus.{{cite book|last=Schybergson|first=Magnus Gottfrid|title=Finlands historia|year=1903|publisher=G. W. Edlund|page=90|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?ct=resultampid=ju4KAAAAIAAJampdq=Eric+Magnusson+28+April+1357ampq=28+april+1357#search_anchor|language=Swedish|volume=2}}\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?ct=resultampid=ju4KAAAAIAAJampdq=Eric+Magnusson+28+April+1357ampq=28+april+1357#search_anchor|language=Swedish|volume=2}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1357/05/28", "description": " Peter I becomes King of Portugal after the death of his father, Alfonso IV.{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Americana|title=Oporto to Photoengraving|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?ei=4S3uTYHsLIKIuAOxsKDJBgampct=resultampid=eflGAAAAMAAJampdq=Peter+I+of+Portugal+28+May+1357ampq=strengthened+royal+authority+by+vigorously#search_anchor|year=2004|publisher=Scholastic\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?ei=4S3uTYHsLIKIuAOxsKDJBgampct=resultampid=eflGAAAAMAAJampdq=Peter+I+of+Portugal+28+May+1357ampq=strengthened+royal+authority+by+vigorously#search_anchor|year=2004|publisher=Scholastic<\/a> Library Publishing|volume=21|isbn=978-0-7172-0138-9|page=803}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1357/07/09", "description": " Charles Bridge in Prague is founded.{{cite book|last=Burton|first=Richard|title=Prague: a cultural and literary history|year=2003|publisher=Signal Books|isbn=978-1-902669-63-2|page=24|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=G0uaU8M2bosCamppg=PA24ampdq=charles+bridge+9+July+1357#v=onepageampq=charles%20bridge%209%20July%201357ampf=false}}\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=G0uaU8M2bosCamppg=PA24ampdq=charles+bridge+9+July+1357#v=onepageampq=charles%20bridge%209%20July%201357ampf=false}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1357/07/09", "description": "King David II of Scotland is released by the English in return for a ransom.ampamp{{cite book|last=Brown|first=Keith M.|editor-last=Tanner|editor-first=Roland|title=Parliament and politics in Scotland, 1235\u20131560|year=2004|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-1485-1|page=16|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=7SMfrAIkWksCampamppg=PA74ampampdq=david+II+of+scotland+released+1357#v=onepageampampq=David%20-%20after%20his%20release%20in%201357ampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=7SMfrAIkWksCampamppg=PA74ampampdq=david+II+of+scotland+released+1357#v=onepageampampq=David%20-%20after%20his%20release%20in%201357ampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1357/07/09", "description": "Berdibek succeeds Jani Beg as Khan of the Blue Horde.ampamp{{cite book|last=Perrie|first=Maureen|last2=Lieven|first2=D. C. B.|last3=Suny|first3=Ronald Grigor|title=The Cambridge History of Russia: From early Rus' to 1689|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-81227-6|page=154|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=GQcviLmjNm0Campamppg=PA154ampampdq=Berdibek+1357#v=onepageampampq=Berdibek%201357ampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=GQcviLmjNm0Campamppg=PA154ampampdq=Berdibek+1357#v=onepageampampq=Berdibek%201357ampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1357/07/09", "description": "Sikandar I becomes Sultan of Bengal.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1357/07/09", "description": "Rao Kanhadev becomes Rathore ruler of Marwar (now part of India).ampamp{{cite book|last=Bunce|first=Frederick W.|title=Royal palaces, residences, and pavilions of India|year=2006|publisher=D.K. Printworld|isbn=978-81-246-0356-7|page=303|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?ct=resultampampid=VfjVAAAAMAAJampampdq=Rao+Kanhadev+1357ampampq=Kanha+Dev+1357#search_anchor}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?ct=resultampampid=VfjVAAAAMAAJampampdq=Rao+Kanhadev+1357ampampq=Kanha+Dev+1357#search_anchor}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1357/07/09", "description": "Influenza is first identified as a disease.ampamp{{cite book|last=Raoult|first=Didier|last2=Drancourt|first2=Michel|title=Paleomicrobiology: past human infections|year=2008|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-540-75854-9|page=200|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=9P_4EwsZuC0Campamppg=PA200ampampdq=Influenza+first+identified+1357#v=onepageampampq=In%201357%2C%20an%20epidemic%20was%20described%20in%20Florenceampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=9P_4EwsZuC0Campamppg=PA200ampampdq=Influenza+first+identified+1357#v=onepageampampq=In%201357%2C%20an%20epidemic%20was%20described%20in%20Florenceampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1357/07/09", "description": "The first public exhibition of the Shroud of Turin is recorded.ampamp{{cite book|title=The Remarkable Metrological History of Radiocarbon Dating|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4223-1857-7|page=200|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=bKoL_vPa47ECampamppg=PA200ampampdq=Shroud+of+Turin+1357#v=onepageampampq=Shroud%20of%20Turin%201357ampampf=false|volume=2}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=bKoL_vPa47ECampamppg=PA200ampampdq=Shroud+of+Turin+1357#v=onepageampampq=Shroud%20of%20Turin%201357ampampf=false|volume=2}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1357/07/09", "description": "The Blue Horde unseat Ghazan II as the ruler of the Il-Khanate and appoint their own governor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1357/07/09", "description": "The Wat Phra Sri Rattana Mahathat (Famous Wat Yai) Temple is constructed in Phitsanulok, Thailand.ampamp{{cite book|last=Eliot|first=Joshua|last2=Bickersteth|first2=Jane|title=Thailand handbook|year=2003|publisher=Footprint Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-903471-54-8|page=214|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=lg1t7IhJwsECampamppg=PA214ampampdq=Wat+Phra+Sri+Rattana+Mahathat+1357#v=onepageampampqampampf=false2|edition=2nd}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=lg1t7IhJwsECampamppg=PA214ampampdq=Wat+Phra+Sri+Rattana+Mahathat+1357#v=onepageampampqampampf=false2|edition=2nd}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1357/07/09", "description": "In France, the States-General passes \u00c9tienne Marcel's Great Ordinance in an attempt to impose limits on the monarchy, in particular in fiscal and monetary matters.ampamp{{cite book|last=Michelet|first=Jules|last2=Smith|first2=G. H.|title=History of France: from the earliest period to the present time|year=1845|publisher=D. Appleton ampamp Co.|page=442|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=t2Je9tWfiZgCampamppg=PA442ampampdq=Great+Ordinance+of+1357#v=onepageampampq=Great%20Ordinance%20of%201357ampampf=false|volume=1}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=t2Je9tWfiZgCampamppg=PA442ampampdq=Great+Ordinance+of+1357#v=onepageampampq=Great%20Ordinance%20of%201357ampampf=false|volume=1}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1358/03/16", "description": " King Haakon VI of Norway designates the city of Skien as a city with trading privileges, making it the 6th town with city status in the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1358/05/28", "description": " The Jacquerie: A peasant rebellion begins in France during the Hundred Years' War, which consumes the Beauvais and allies with \u00c9tienne Marcel's seizure of Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1358/06/27", "description": " The Republic of Ragusa is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1358/07/10", "description": " Battle of Mello: The Jacquerie rebellion is defeated by a coalition of nobles, led by Charles II of Navarre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1358/07/10", "description": "Estimation: Nanjing in Mongolian China becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Hangzhou in Mongolian China.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm<\/a> Geography at about.comampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1358/07/10", "description": "Mubarazuddin Muhammad, leader of the Arab Muzaffarid tribe, expels the Blue Horde from Ilkhanate territory in Persia. The Muzaffarid then release control of the Il-Khanate after being marched on by the Mongol Jalayirid tribe ruled by Shaikh Uvais. Shaikh Uvais becomes the new Il-Khan. The Ilkhanate is effectively now disbanded and replaced by the Jalayirid dynasty of Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1358/07/10", "description": "Shah Shuja overthrows his father, Mubarazuddin Muhammad, as leader of the Muzaffarid tribe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1358/07/10", "description": "Mohammed Shah I becomes Bahmani Sultan of Deccan (now part of southern India) after the death of Sultan Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1358/07/10", "description": "Muhammad II as Said becomes ruler of the Marinid dynasty in present-day Morocco after the assassination of Abu Inan Faris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1359/05/25", "description": " The French States-General rejects the Second Treaty of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1359/06/21", "description": " Upon the death of Erik Magnusson, his claims to the Swedish throne die with him and power is restored undivided to his father, king Magnus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1359/07/04", "description": " Francesco II Ordelaffi surrenders to the Papal commander Gil de Albornoz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1359/07/04", "description": "Murad I (1359\u20131389) succeeds Orhan I (1326\u20131359) as sultan of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1359/07/04", "description": "Berlin joins the Hanseatic League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1359/07/04", "description": "Margarete Maultasch, Countess of Tyrol, and her husband, Louis of Bavaria, are absolved from excommunication.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1359/07/04", "description": "The Second Treaty of London is signed between England and France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1359/07/04", "description": "Abu Salim Ali II overthrows Muhammad II as Said as ruler of the Merinid Dynasty in present-day Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1359/07/04", "description": "Bogdan I becomes Prince of Moldavia (now Moldova) after freeing it from Hungarian control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1359/07/04", "description": "The Zayanids under Abu Hamuw II recapture Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1359/07/04", "description": "Shah Mahmud overthrows his brother, Shah Shuja, as leader of the Muzaffarid tribe in Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1359/07/04", "description": "Qulpa becomes Khan of the Blue Horde after the death of Berdi Beg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1359/07/04", "description": "Ismail II overthrows his uncle, Muhammed V, as King of Grenada (in present-day Spain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1360/10/24", "description": " The Treaty of Br\u00e9tigny is ratified at Calais, marking the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War. Under its terms, Edward III gives up his claim to the French throne and releases King John II of France in return for French land, including Calais amp Gascony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1360/10/24", "description": "King Valdemar Atterdag of Denmark reconquers Scania, which has been in Swedish possession since 1332.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1360/10/24", "description": "Shah Shuja regains rule of the Muzaffarid tribe in Persia after the death of his brother, Shah Mahmud.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1360/10/24", "description": "Nawruz Beg overthrows his brother Qulpa as Khan of the Blue Horde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1360/10/24", "description": "Muhammed VI overthrows his brother-in-law, Ismail II, as King of Grenada (in present-day Spain) he is in turn overthrown this same year by the former king, Muhammed V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1360/10/24", "description": "Dmitri Konstantinovich is installed as ruler of Vladimir (now in eastern Russia) by the Khan of the White Horde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1361/07/27", "description": " Battle of Visby: King Valdemar IV of Denmark defeats a peasant army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1361/10/10", "description": " Edward, the Black Prince, marries Joan, the 'Fair Maid of Kent'.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1361/10/10", "description": "The University of Pavia is founded in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1361/10/10", "description": "In the Marinid Empire in present-day Morocco, Abu Salim Ibrahim is overthrown by Abu Umar, who is in turn overthrown by Abu Zayyan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1361/10/10", "description": "The Blue Horde descends into anarchy. Between 1361 and 1378, over 20 khans succeed each other in different parts of the Blue Horde's territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1361/10/10", "description": "Chinese rebels capture the Koryo capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1362/01/16", "description": " The quotGrote Mandrenkequot storm tide strikes the Netherlands, England, Germany and Denmark, destroying the city of Rungholt in Nordfriesland, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1362/02/15", "description": " King Magnus Eriksson's son Haakon, who is already king of Norway, proclaims himself king of Sweden, in opposition to his father. However, later during the year, father and son are reconciled and rule Sweden together.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1362/04/06", "description": " At the Battle of Brignais, the Free Companies defeat a French army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1362/04/06", "description": "Junepampampndash Under the terms of the will of Sir John de Wingfield (died 1361), the church of St Andrew and the college of priests are founded in Wingfield, Suffolk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1362/04/06", "description": "April ampampndash Muhammed V, Sultan of Granada, returns to the throne after the murder of the usurper Muhammed VI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1362/09/28", "description": " Pope Urban V succeeds Pope Innocent VI as the 200th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1362/09/28", "description": "November ampampndash Lionel of Antwerp, son of King Edward III of England, is created Duke of Clarence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1362/09/28", "description": "December ampampndash Valeska Grim", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1362/09/28", "description": "The English Hospice of the Most Holy Trinity and St Thomas is founded in Rome. It went on to become the English College, a centre for training English priests in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1362/09/28", "description": "Under Edward III, English begins to replace French as England's official national language, when Parliament is addressed in it for the first time following the Norman Conquest of 1066.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/languageandlaw.org\/TEXTS\/STATS\/PLEADING.HTM\">http:\/\/languageandlaw.org\/TEXTS\/STATS\/PLEADING.HTM<\/a> Language and Law.orgampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1362/09/28", "description": "Louis I of Hungary defeats and captures Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria he conquers northern Bulgaria, extending his control over the Balkans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1362/09/28", "description": "The Ottomans capture Philippopolis and Adrianopole (now the city of Edirne) from the Byzantine Empire, reducing it to the city of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1362/09/28", "description": "Waldemar Atterdag of Denmark defeats the Hanseatic League in a naval battle off Helsingborg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1362/09/28", "description": "Shahabuddin succeeds his brother, Alauddin Ali Sher, as Sultan of Kashmir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1362/09/28", "description": "Constantine VI succeeds his cousin, Constantine V, as King of Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1362/09/28", "description": "Grand Duke of Lithuania Algirdas defeats the Tatars at the Battle of Blue Waters and takes over Kiev.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1362/09/28", "description": "Purported date of the inscription of the Kensington Runestone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1362/09/28", "description": "The East Frisian island of Buise is broken into two by North Sea floods.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1362/09/28", "description": "Eruption of the \u00d6r\u00e6faj\u00f6kull volcano in Iceland, resulting in the destruction of the district of Litlah\u00e9ra\u00f0 by flood and tephra fall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1363/04/09", "description": " Haakon VI of Norway marries Margaret I of Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1363/08/30", "description": "October 4 ampndash the Battle of Lake Poyang is fought between the Dahan rebel forces of Chen Youliang and the Red Turban Rebel forces of Zhu Yuanzhang on Lake Poyang, during the final decade of Yuan Dynasty control over China. Zhu's naval forces of 200,000 are pitted against Chen's naval forces of 650,000 troops in what is not only the largest naval battle of the medieval age, but also one of the largest naval battles in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1363/08/30", "description": "Magnus IV, King of Sweden, is deposed by Albert of Mecklenburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1363/08/30", "description": "Philip the Bold becomes duke of Burgundy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1363/08/30", "description": "The Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan is completed in Cairo, Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1363/08/30", "description": "Al-Afdal al-Abbas succeeds Al-Mujahid Ali as Rasulid Sultan of Yemen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1363/08/30", "description": "The Byzantine Empire wins a naval battle over the Ottoman Empire near Megara, Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1363/08/30", "description": "Bosnian nobles revolt against the occupying Serbs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1363/08/30", "description": "An uprising occurs against the Venetian rulers in Crete.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1363/08/30", "description": "Dmitri Donskoi, ruler of Moscow, dethrones Dmitri Konstantinovich as ruler of Vladimir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1364/02/15", "description": " Joint kings Magnus Eriksson and Haakon Magnusson of Sweden are both deposed by noblemen, who instead elect Magnus's nephew Albrekt of Mecklenburg new king of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1364/04/08", "description": " Charles V becomes King of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1364/05/12", "description": " The Jagiellonian University is founded in Krak\u00f3w.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1364/07/28", "description": " Battle of Cascina", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1364/09/10", "description": " Philip of Anjou becomes Titular Emperor of Constantinople and Prince of Taranto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1364/09/29", "description": " Battle of Auray: The Breton War of Succession ends with the victory of the House of Montfort over Charles of Blois.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1364/09/29", "description": "Rana Kshetra Singh succeeds Rana Hamir Singh as ruler of Mewar (now part of western India).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1364/09/29", "description": "Anavema Reddy succeeds Anavota Reddy as ruler of the Reddy Dynasty in Andhra Pradesh (now part of southern India).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1364/09/29", "description": "The Ava Dynasty establish rule in present-day northern Burma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1365/03/03", "description": " The Battle of Gataskogen in Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1365/06/02", "description": " The Hungarian occupation of Vidin begins with the capture of the city by Louis I of Hungary's forces and the imprisonment of Ivan Sratsimir of Bulgaria", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1365/06/02", "description": "October ampampndash Alexandrian Crusade: The city of Alexandria in Egypt is sacked by an allied force of Peter I of Cyprus and the knights of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1365/06/02", "description": "The University of Vienna is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1365/06/02", "description": "Adrianopole (now Edirne) becomes the capital city of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1365/06/02", "description": "A revolt against the Venetian rulers in Crete fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1365/06/02", "description": "Mpu Prapanca writes the epic poem ''Nagarakretagama'', about the Majapahit Empire in Java.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1365/06/02", "description": "In present-day southern India, Bahmani Sultan Mohammed Shah I invades the Vijayanagara Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1365/06/02", "description": "The Sukhothai Kingdom in northern Thailand becomes a tributary state of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1366", "description": "October 12 -  King Frederick III of Siciliy forbids decorations on synagogues", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1366", "description": "Thomas Fraser of Muchalls obtains lands in Aberdeenshire, upon which he starts the building of a towerhouse that will later be known as Muchalls Castle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1366", "description": "Henry II deposes his half-brother, Pedro of Castile, to become King of Castile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1366", "description": "Muhammed V builds the Granada Hospital in Granada (in present-day Spain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1366", "description": "War continues between the Hindu Vijayanagar Empire and the Muslim Bahmani Sultanate in present-day southern India. Tens of thousands of civilians are massacred by each side.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1366", "description": "Dmitri Donskoi, ruler of Moscow ampamp Vladimir, makes peace with Dmitri Konstantinovich, former ruler of Vladimir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1366", "description": "Abu Faris Abdul Aziz succeeds assassinated Abu Zayyan as Sultan of the Marinid Empire in Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1366", "description": "The Stella Artois brewery is founded in present-day Belgium. They continue to brew their lager the same way to this very day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1366", "description": "The Statutes of Kilkenny are passed in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1366", "description": "Zhu Yuanzhang, leader of the Red Turban Rebellion that will overthrow the Yuan Dynasty and establish the Ming Dynasty 2 years later, begins building the walls for a new capital city at Nanjing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1367/01/18", "description": " Ferdinand I becomes King of Portugal after the death of his father, Peter I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1367/04/03", "description": " Battle of N\u00e1jera: Pedro of Castile is restored as King of Castile (now in Spain) after defeating his half-brother, Henry II. Pedro is aided in the battle by the English and Henry by the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1367/10/16", "description": " Pope Urban V makes the first attempt to move the Papacy back to Rome from Avignon. This move is reversed in 1370 when he is forced to return to Avignon and shortly afterwards dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1367/10/16", "description": "Charles V creates the first royal library in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1367/10/16", "description": "Otto I, ampquotthe Evilampquot, becomes Duke of the independent city of G\u00f6ttingen (now in Germany) after the death of his father, Ernst I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1367/10/16", "description": "A stone Kremlin Wall is built around Moscow to resist invasion by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1367/10/16", "description": "A university is founded in P\u00e9cs Hungary (not to be confused with the present University of P\u00e9cs, which was founded in 1921)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1368/03/29", "description": " Emperor Ch\u014dkei accedes to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1368/03/29", "description": "Timur ascends to the throne of Samarkand (now in Uzbekistan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1368/03/29", "description": "Hongwu (also known as Zhu Yuanzhang) establishes the Ming Dynasty in China after the disintegration of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. He immediately orders every county magistrate to set up four granaries, and halts government taxation on books.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1368/03/29", "description": "Work begins on the current Great Wall of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1368/03/29", "description": "Mikhail Aleksandrovich becomes the sole ruler of Tver (now in eastern Russia) after the death of co-ruler and rival Mikhailovich of Kashin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1368/03/29", "description": "Moscow attacks Tver, which counter-attacks with the aid of Lithuania and the Blue Horde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1368/03/29", "description": "The King of Norway sends the last Royal Ship from Norway to the Greenland Eastern Settlement. This event is part of both the Norse colonization of the Americas and of the History of Greenland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1368/03/29", "description": "The Biblioth\u00e8que nationale de France (National Library of France) is established in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1368/03/29", "description": "Peace treaty between Norway and the Hanseatic League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1369/03/14", "description": " Pedro of Castile loses the Battle of Montiel to an alliance between the French and his half-brother Henry II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1369/03/14", "description": "May ampampndash King Charles V of France renounces the Treaty of Br\u00e9tigny and war is declared between France and England. The French recapture most of Aquitaine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1369/03/14", "description": "December ampampndash Financed by Charles V of France, Welshman Owain Lawgoch launches an invasion fleet against the English in an attempt to claim the throne of Wales. A storm causes Owain to abandon the invasion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1369/03/14", "description": "Venice repels a Hungarian invasion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1369/03/14", "description": "Hugues Aubriot founds the Bastille in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1369/03/14", "description": "Tamerlane names the city of Samarkand as the capital of his empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1369/03/14", "description": "Ko\u0161ice becomes the first town in Europe to be granted its own coat of arms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1369/03/14", "description": "The Turks invade Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1369/03/14", "description": "The Thai Kingdom of Ayutthaya conquers Cambodia for a second time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1369/03/14", "description": "Duong Nhat Le succeeds Tran Hao as King of Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1369/03/14", "description": "The Hongwu Emperor of the Chinese Ming Dynasty issues a decree ordering every country magistrate in the empire to open a Confucian school of learning.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1370/05/24", "description": " The Treaty of Stralsund ends the war between Denmark and the Hanseatic League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1370/10/20", "description": " Philip of Anjou, Titular Emperor of Constantinople, marries Elisabeth of Slavonia, daughter of Stephen, duke of Transylvania and Slavonia, and Margareta of Bavaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1370/12/20", "description": " Pope Gregory XI succeeds Pope Urban V as the 201st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1370/12/20", "description": "The steel crossbow is first used as a weapon of war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1370/12/20", "description": "Carthusian monks build the Charterhouse in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1370/12/20", "description": "Xian City (Chang'an) is fortified against invasion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1370/12/20", "description": "Timur completes his conquest of Central Asia and parts of Persia, establishing the Timurid Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1370/12/20", "description": "Tran Phu deposes Duong Nhat Le as King of Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1370/12/20", "description": "For the second time since 1368, Moscow attacks Tver, which again counter-attacks with the aid of Lithuania and the Blue Horde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1370/12/20", "description": "Casimir III of Poland is succeeded jointly by his sister, Elisabeth of Kujavia, and her son, Louis I of Hungary, beginning the rule of Poland by the Capet-Anjou family.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1370/12/20", "description": "The Siege of Limoges is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1371/02/17", "description": " Rival brothers Ivan Sratsimir and Ivan Shishman become co-Emperors of Bulgaria after the death of their father, Ivan Alexander. Bulgaria is weakened by the split.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1371/02/22", "description": " Robert II becomes the first Stuart king of Scotland after the death of his uncle, David II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1371/04/09", "description": " Emperor Go-En'yu of Japan succeeds Emperor Go-K\u014dgon of Japan, becoming the 5th and  last of the Northern Ashikaga Pretenders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1371/09/21", "description": " John of Gaunt, son of King Edward III of England, marries Constance of Castile, daughter of King Pedro of Castile, giving John of Gaunt a claim to the throne of Castile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1371/09/21", "description": "Charterhouse Carthusian Monastery is founded in Aldersgate, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1371/09/21", "description": "Battle of Baesweiler, Brabant unexpectedly defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1371/09/21", "description": "The first widely accepted historical reference is made to playing cards (in Spain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1371/09/21", "description": "Zhao Bing Fa becomes King of Mong Mao (in present day south China\/north Myanmar) after the death of his father, Si Ke Fa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1371/09/21", "description": "Lazar succeeds his distant cousin, Stefan Uro\u0161 V, as ruler of Serbia after most of the nobility in Serbia are killed by the Ottomans in the Battle of Maritsa. Lazar declines the title of Tsar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1371/09/21", "description": "Edward, the Black Prince, gives up the administration of Aquitaine because of his poor health and heavy debts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1371/09/21", "description": "Kalamegha claims the vacant title of King of Cambodia after the power of the Thai invaders from Ayutthaya begins to weaken. The Ayutthayans are finally expelled in 1375.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1371/09/21", "description": "Byzantine co-emperor John V Palaiologos pledges loyalty to the Ottoman Empire to prevent the Turks from invading Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1371/09/21", "description": "The Hongwu Emperor of the Ming Dynasty in China introduces the census registration system of ''lijia'', or the hundreds-and-tithing system, throughout the Yangzi valley. This system groups households into units of ten and groups of one hundred, whereupon their capacities for paying taxes and providing the state with corv\u00e9e labor service can be assessed. The system becomes fully operational in 1381, when it counts 59,873,305 people living in China (the historian Timothy Brook asserts that the number was much higher, somewhere between 65 million and 75 million).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1372", "description": "May ampampndash Owain Lawgoch makes a second attempt to take the throne of Wales. Whilst attacking the island of Guernsey, he abandons the invasion in order to fight for France at La Rochelle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1372/06/22", "description": " Battle of La Rochelle: The French and the Castilians defeat the English. The French gain control of the English Channel for the first time since 1340.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1372/06/22", "description": "Encounter of Sintra: twenty Portuguese knights rout four hundred Castilian infantrymen of the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1372/06/22", "description": "Peace is declared between the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1372/06/22", "description": "The Kingdom of Ch\u016bzan (now in southern Japan) enters tributary relations with Ming Dynasty China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1372/06/22", "description": "Four-year-old Muhammad as-Said succeeds his father, Abu l-Fariz Abdul Aziz I, as Marinid Sultan of Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1372/06/22", "description": "Newaya Maryam succeeds his father, Newaya Krestos, as ruler of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1372/06/22", "description": "The city of Aachen, Germany, begins adding a Roman numeral Anno Domini date to a few of its coins, the first city in the world to do so.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1373/03/24", "description": " The Treaty of Santar\u00e9m is signed between D. Fernando of Portugal and Henrique II of Castile, ending the second war between the two countries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1373/05/13", "description": " Julian of Norwich receives the sixteen ''Revelations of Divine Love''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1373/05/13", "description": "Bristol is made an independent county.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1373/05/13", "description": "The Anglo-Portuguese alliance is signed (currently the oldest active treaty in the world).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1373/05/13", "description": "The city of Phnom Penh (now the capital city of Cambodia) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1373/05/13", "description": "Philip II of Taranto ampamp Achaea hand over the rule of Achaea (now southern Greece) to his cousin Joan I of Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1373/05/13", "description": "Leo VI succeeds his distant cousin, Constantine VI, as King of Armenian Cilicia (now southern Turkey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1373/05/13", "description": "A city wall is built around Lisbon, Portugal to resist invasion by Castile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1373/05/13", "description": "Tran Kinh succeeds Tran Phu as King of Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1373/05/13", "description": "Byzantine co-emperor Andronikos IV Palaiologos rebels against his father, John V Palaiologos, for agreeing to let Constantinople become a vassal of the Ottoman Empire. After the rebellion fails, Ottoman Emperor Murad I commands John V Palaiologos to blind his son.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1373/05/13", "description": "The death of Sultan Muhammad as-Said begins a period of political instability in Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1373/05/13", "description": "Merton College Library is built in Oxford, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1373/05/13", "description": "The Adina Mosque is built in Bengal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1373/05/13", "description": "The Chinese emperor of the Ming Dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor, suspends the traditional civil service examination system after complaining that the 120 new ''jinshi'' degree-holders are too incompetent to hold office he instead relies solely upon a system of recommendations until the civil service exams are reinstated in 1384.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1374/04/23", "description": " In recognition of his services, Edward III of England grants the English writer Geoffrey Chaucer a gallon of wine a day for the rest of his life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1374/06/24", "description": " The illness dancing mania begins in Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen), possibly due to ergotism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1374/11/25", "description": " James of Baux succeeds his uncle, Philip II, as Prince of Taranto (now eastern Italy) and titular ruler of the Latin Empire (now northern Greece and western Turkey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1374/11/25", "description": "King U of Goryeo ascends to the throne of Goryeo (now in Korea) after the assassination of King Gongmin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1374/11/25", "description": "Leu Thai becomes King of Sukhothai (now in northern Thailand) after the death of King Lithai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1374/11/25", "description": "Rao Biram Dev succeeds Rao Kanhadev as ruler of Marwar (now the Jodhpur district of India).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1374/11/25", "description": "Hasan succeeds his father, Shaikh Uvais, as ruler of the Jalayirid sultanate in present-day Iraq and western Iran. Hasan proves to be an unpopular ruler and is executed in the same year. Hasan's brother, Husain, succeeds him as ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1374/11/25", "description": "Musa II succeeds his father, Mari Djata II, as Mansa of the Mali Empire (now Mali ampamp Senegal).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1374/11/25", "description": "Robert de Juilly succeeds Raymond Berenger as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1374/11/25", "description": "Princes from the Kingdom of Grenada choose Abu al-Abbas Ahmad to succeed Muhammad as-Said as Sultan of the Marinid Empire in Morocco. The Empire is split into the Kingdom of Fez and the Kingdom of Marrakech.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1374/11/25", "description": "The Ch\u00e2teau de Compi\u00e8gne royal residence is built in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1375/04/14", "description": " The Mamluks from Egypt complete their conquest of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. Levon V Lusignan of Armenia is imprisoned for several years in Cairo until a ransom is paid by King John I of Castile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1375/04/14", "description": "October ampampndash Margaret I of Denmark becomes Regent of Denmark after the death of her father Valdemar IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1375/04/14", "description": "Coluccio Salutati is appointed Chancellor of Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1375/04/14", "description": "Heirin-ji Temple is built near Tokyo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1375/04/14", "description": "Hundred Years' War: The English, weakened by the plague, lose so much ground to the French that they agree to sign the Treaty of Bruges, leaving them with only the coastal towns of Calais, Bordeaux and Bayonne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1375/04/14", "description": "Petru I succeeds his father, Costea, as ruler of Moldavia (now Moldova ampamp eastern Romania).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1375/04/14", "description": "The Russian town of Kostroma is destroyed by the ushkuinik pirates from Novgorod.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1375/04/14", "description": "Mujahid Shah succeeds his father, Mohammad Shah I, as Sultan of the Bahmanid Empire in Deccan, southern India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1375/04/14", "description": "Moscow ampamp Tver sign a truce. Tver agrees to help Moscow fight the Blue Horde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1375/04/14", "description": "In Nanjing, capital of the Ming Dynasty of China, a bureau secretary of the Ministry of Justice, Ru Taisu, sends a 17,000 character-long memorial to the throne, to be read aloud to the Hongwu Emperor. By the 16,370th character, the emperor has been offended by several passages, and has Ru Taisu summoned to court and flogged for the perceived insult. The next day, having had the remaining characters read to him, he likes four of Ru's recommendations, and instates these in reforms. Ru is nevertheless castigated for having forced the emperor to hear thousands of characters before getting to the part with true substance. The last 500 characters are elevated in court as the model-type memorial that all officials should aspire to create while writing their own.ampamp{{Citation | title = The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China | first = Timothy | last = Brook | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-520-22154-3 | page = 32 | postscript = . }}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1376", "description": "March ampampndash The peace treaty between England and France is extended until April of 1377.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1376/03/31", "description": " Pope Gregory XI excommunicates all members of the government of Florence and places the city under an interdict.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1376/04/28", "description": " The start of Good Parliament in England, so called because its members attempted to reform the corrupt Royal Council.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1376/05/03", "description": " Olav IV Haakonsson is elected King Oluf II of Denmark, following the death of his grandfather, Valdemar IV, in 1375.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1376/06/07", "description": " The dying Prince Edward summons his father Edward III and brother John of Gaunt and makes them swear to uphold the claim to the throne of his son Richard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1376/06/08", "description": " Edward, the Black Prince dies, becoming the first English Prince of Wales to not rule as king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1376/07/10", "description": " The Good Parliament is dissolved. At that time, it was the longest Parliament to have sat in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1376/08/12", "description": " With the help of the Genoese, Byzantine co-emperor Andronicus IV Palaeologus invades Constantinople and dethrones his father, John V Palaeologus, as co-emperor. John V Palaeologus is taken prisoner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1376/08/12", "description": "September ampampndash John of Gaunt summons religious reformer John Wyclif to appear before the Royal Council.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1376/11/20", "description": " Richard of Bordeaux, son of the Black Prince, is created Prince of Wales in succession to his father.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1376/12/25", "description": " John of Gaunt presents his nephew, Richard of Bordeaux, to the feudatories of the realm and swears to uphold Richard's right to succeed Edward III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1376/12/25", "description": "Catherine of Siena visits Pope Gregory XI in Avignon to attempt to persuade him to make peace with Florence and move the Papacy back to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1376/12/25", "description": "The city of Sredets in Bulgaria is renamed Sofia after the Church of St Sophia", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1376/12/25", "description": "Khan Qamar al-din of Mongolistan unsuccessfully invades Timur\u2019s eastern province of Farghana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1376/12/25", "description": "Timur leads his army against troops of the White Horde which have arrived at Sighnaq. However, winter sets in, preventing an immediate battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1376/12/25", "description": "Dmitri Donskoi of Moscow raids Mongol-ruled Volga Bulgaria (now in Russia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1376/12/25", "description": "Acamapichtli is elected Tlatoani of the Aztec empire after the death of Tenoch, the first Aztec ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1376/12/25", "description": "Mamluk Sultan of Egypt Nasir-ad-Din Shaban II is succeeded by Alah-ad-Din Ali.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1376/12/25", "description": "Qutbuddin succeeds his brother, Shahabuddin, as Sultan of Kashmir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/01/17", "description": " Pope Gregory XI moves the Papacy back from Avignon to Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/01/17", "description": "The Bad Parliament begins sitting in England. Influenced by Prince John of Gaunt, it undoes the work done by the Good Parliament, the previous year, to reduce corruption in the Royal Council. It also introduces a poll tax.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/01/17", "description": "Fourteen-year-old Maria of Sicily succeeds her father, Frederick III the Simple.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/01/17", "description": "February ampampndash The Pope's representative in northern Italy, Robert of Geneva (the future antipope Clement VII), pillages Cesena and 4,000 antipapal rebels are massacred.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/03/02", "description": " The Bad Parliament dissolved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/03/02", "description": "May", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/03/02", "description": "Continuous riots in Rome induce Pope Gregory XI to move temporarily back to Avignon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/03/02", "description": "W\u0142adys\u0142aw II Jagiello succeeds his father, Algirdas, as Grand Duke of Lithuania. Jagiello removes his uncle, K\u0119stutis, as co-ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/05/22", "description": " Pope Gregory XI issues five Bulls condemning the opinion of John Wycliffe that Catholic priests should live in poverty like the twelve disciples of Jesus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/07/16", "description": " Coronation of 10-year-old Richard II, grandson of Edward III. A minority government was established and a series of continual councils ruled on his behalf until 1381.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/07/16", "description": "August ampampndash the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming Dynasty of China scraps the Office of Reports Inspection established in 1370 for a new Office of Transmission, in his efforts to create a more efficient communicatory system in the empire. A month before this he noted that anyone could send petitions to the throne commoners often did, although the only times their petitions were read aloud to the emperor was when they called for the impeachment of local officials that were not up to par with their official duties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/08/02", "description": " Battle on Pyana River. The Russians are defeated, while their commander drowns in the river.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/10/13", "description": " Richard II\u2019s first parliament meets.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/10/26", "description": " Coronation of Tvrtko I of Bosnia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/10/26", "description": "A sermon by a German monk states ampquotthe game of cards has come to us this yearampquot and prohibitions against cards are issued by Prince John of Castile and the cities of Florence and Basel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/10/26", "description": "Radu I succeeds Vladislav I as Prince of Wallachia (now southern Romania).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/10/26", "description": "The Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge is completed, and becomes the longest arch bridge in the world to be built for four centuries", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/10/26", "description": "Sayf ad-Din Berkuk leads a revolt against the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt Alah-ad-Din Ali.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/10/26", "description": "Harihara II succeeds Bukka as ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire (now in southern India).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/10/26", "description": "Informed that Khan Urus of the White Horde has died, Timur of the Timurid Empire sends Tokhtamysh to take the Horde throne, but is defeated by Urus' son, Timur Malik.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/10/26", "description": "King U of Goryeo adopts the Ming calendar and begs to be invested by the Hongwu Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/10/26", "description": "Tran Hien succeeds Tran K\u00ednh as King of Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1377/10/26", "description": "A rebellion against the Majapahit Empire is quashed in Sumatra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378", "description": "March ampampndash In England, John Wycliffe tries to promote his ideas for Catholic reform by laying his theses before parliament and making them public in a tract. He is subsequently summoned before Archbishop of Canterbury, Simon of Sudbury, at the episcopal palace at Lambeth to defend his actions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378/04/09", "description": " Following the death of Pope Gregory XI and riots in Rome calling for a Roman pope, the cardinals, who are mostly French, elect Pope Urban VI (Bartolomeo Prignano, Archbishop of Bari) as the 202nd Pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378/04/09", "description": "July ampampndash Revolt of the Ciompi ampampndash discontent wool carders briefly take over the government of Florence. For the first time, a European government represents all social classes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378/08/04", "description": " Gian Galeazzo Visconti succeeds his father, Galeazzo II Visconti, as ruler of Milan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378/08/04", "description": "September ampampndash A contract is set up between Richard le Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Bolton and the mason Johan Lewyn for the construction of Bolton Castle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378/09/20", "description": " Unhappy with Pope Urban's critical attitude towards them, the majority of the cardinals meet at Fondi and elect Clement VII as antipope and establish a rival papal court at Avignon. This split within the Catholic Church becomes known as the Western Schism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378/11/10", "description": " Estimated appearance date of Halley's Comet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378/11/29", "description": " Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, dies in Prague. He is succeeded by his son, Wenceslaus as King of Bohemia but the office of Holy Roman Emperor falls into abeyance until Charles's son Sigismund is crowned in 1433.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378/11/29", "description": "Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV visits his nephew Charles V of France to publicly celebrate the friendship between their two nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378/11/29", "description": "The Papacy makes a permanent move back from Avignon to Rome, ending the Avignon Papacy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378/11/29", "description": "France, Aragon, Castile and Le\u00f3n, Cyprus, Burgundy, Savoy, Naples and Scotland choose to recognise Antipope Clement VII. Denmark, England, Flanders, the Holy Roman Empire, Hungary, northern Italy, Ireland, Norway, Poland and Sweden continue to recognise Pope Urban VI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378/11/29", "description": "Dmitri Donskoi of Moscow ampamp Vladimir resists a small invasion by the Mongol Blue Horde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378/11/29", "description": "Tokhtamysh dethrones Timur Malik as Khan of the White Horde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378/11/29", "description": "Kara Osman establishes the Turkomans of the White Sheep dynasty at Diyarbak\u0131r in present-day southeast Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378/11/29", "description": "The Turks capture the town of Ihtiman in west Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378/11/29", "description": "Uskhal Khan succeeds his father, Biligt\u00fc Khan, as ruler of the Yuan Dynasty in Mongolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378/11/29", "description": "Bal\u0161a II succeeds his father, Dura\u0111 I, as ruler of Zeta (now Montenegro).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378/11/29", "description": "Tai Bian succeeds Zhao Bing Fa as King of Mong Mao (now northern Myanmar).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378/11/29", "description": "Da'ud Shah succeeds his assassinated nephew, Aladdin Mujahid Shah, as Bahmani Sultan in present-day southern India. Da'ud Shah is assassinated in the same year and is succeeded by Mohammed Shah II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1378/11/29", "description": "Sa'im al-Dahr is hanged for blowing the nose off the Sphinx.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1379/05/29", "description": " John I succeeds his father, Henry II, as King of Castile and King of Le\u00f3n.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1379/09/09", "description": " Treaty of Neuberg signed, splitting the Austrian Habsburg lands between brothers Albert III and Leopold III. Albert III retains the title of Duke of Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1379/09/09", "description": "The Venetians and Ottomans invade Constantinople and restore John V Palaiologos as Byzantine co-emperor. Andronikos IV Palaiologos is allowed to remain as Byzantine co-emperor but is confined to the city of Silivri for the remainder of his life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1379/09/09", "description": "Bairam Khawaja establishes the independent principality of the Turkomans of the Black Sheep Empire in present day Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1379/09/09", "description": "Dmitri Donskoi of Moscow raids Estonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1379/09/09", "description": "Foundation of New College, Oxford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1379/09/09", "description": "Foundation of Wisbech Grammar School in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1380", "description": "February ampampndash Olaf II of Denmark becomes Olaf IV of Norway, with his mother Margaret as regent.  Iceland and the Faroe Islands, as parts of Norway, pass under the Danish crown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1380/05/31", "description": " Grand Duke of Lithuania Jogaila signs the secret Treaty of Dovydi\u0161k\u0117s with the Teutonic Knights. This sparks a civil war with his uncle K\u0119stutis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1380/06/21", "description": " Battle of Chioggia: the Venetian fleet defeats Genoeses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1380/07/27", "description": " Henry Bolingbroke marries Mary de Bohun at Arundel Castle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1380/09/08", "description": " Battle of Kulikovo: Russian forces under Grand Prince Dmitri Donskoi of Moscow resist a large invasion by the Blue Horde, Lithuania and Ryazan, stopping their advance at Kulikovo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1380/09/16", "description": "  Charles V of France is succeeded by his twelve year old son, Charles VI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1380/10/02", "description": " Caterina Visconti marries her first cousin, Gian Galeazzo Visconti, later Duke of Milan, at the Church of San Giovanni in Conca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1380/10/02", "description": "3 November - Charles VI of France, who succeded  his father, Charles V of France, in September is crowned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1380/10/02", "description": "Sir William Walworth, a member of the Fishmongers Guild, becomes Lord Mayor of London for the second time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1380/10/02", "description": "Khan Tokhtamysh of the White Horde dethrones Khan Mamai of the Blue Horde. The two hordes unite to form the Golden Horde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1380/10/02", "description": "Karim Al-Makhdum arrives in Jolo and builds a Mosque.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1380/10/02", "description": "The Hongwu Emperor purges the chancellor of China, Hu Weiyong, and abolishes that office as he imposes direct imperial rule over the six ministries of central government for the Ming Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1380/10/02", "description": "The last islands of Polynesia are discovered and inhabited.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1380/10/02", "description": "The Companhia das Naus is founded by King Ferdinand I of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1381/03/14", "description": " Chioggia concludes an alliance with Zadar and Trogir against Venice, which becomes changed in 1412 in \u0160ibenik.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1381/06/12", "description": " Peasants' Revolt: In England, rebels from Kent and Essex, led by Wat Tyler and Jack Straw, meet at Blackheath. There the rebels are encouraged by a sermon, by renegade priest John Ball.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1381/06/14", "description": " Peasants' Revolt: Rebels destroy John of Gaunt's Savoy Palace and storm the Tower of London, killing the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Lord Chancellor. King Richard II of England meets the leaders of the revolt and agrees to reforms such as fair rents and the abolition of serfdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1381/06/15", "description": " Peasants' Revolt: During further negotiations, Wat Tyler is murdered by the King's entourage. Noble forces subsequently overpower the rebel army. The rebel leaders are eventually captured and executed and Richard II revokes his concessions. The revolt is discussed in John Gower's ''Vox Clamantis'' and ''Froissart's Chronicles''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1381/06/15", "description": "August ampampndash K\u0119stutis overthrows his nephew, Jogaila, as Grand Duke of Lithuania. Jogaila is allowed to remain as governor of eastern Lithuania. This marks the beginning of the Lithuanian Civil War (1381\u20131384).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1381/06/15", "description": "Due to Joan I of Naples' support for Antipope Clement VII, Pope Urban VI bestows Naples upon Charles of Durazzo. With the help of the Hungarians, Charles advances on Naples and captures Joan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1381/06/15", "description": "The Ming Dynasty of China annexes the areas of the old Kingdom of Dali, in what is now modern-day Yunnan and Guizhou provinces, inhabited by the Miao and Yao people. Hundreds of thousands of Chinese (including military colonists) will migrate there from the rest of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1381/06/15", "description": "James of Baux, the ruler of Taranto and the Latin Empire, claims the Principality of Achaea after the imprisonment of Joan I of Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1381/06/15", "description": "Sonam Drakpa deposes Drakpa Changchub as ruler of Tibet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1381/06/15", "description": "Hajji I succeeds Alah-ad-Din Ali as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt. The Egyptian government continues to be controlled by rebel leader Berkuk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1381/06/15", "description": "After a naval battle, Venice wins the three year War of Chioggia against Genoa. The Genoans are permanently weakened by the conflict.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1381/06/15", "description": "Timur conquers east Persia, ending the rule of the Sarbadar Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1381/06/15", "description": "In Ming Dynasty China, the ''lijia'' census registration system begun in 1371 is now universally imposed during the reign of the Hongwu Emperor. The census counts 59,873,305 people living in China in this year. This depicts a drastic drop in population since the Song Dynasty, which counted 100 million people at its height in the early 12th century. The historian Timothy Brook, in his ''The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China'', states that the Ming census was inaccurate, as China in the late 14th century had at least 65,000,000 inhabitants, if not 75,000,000.ampref name=ampquotbrook 28ampquotampBrook, Timothy (1998). ''The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China''. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-22154-3ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/05/12", "description": " Charles of Durazzo executes the imprisoned Joan I of Naples and succeeds her as Charles III of Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/05/12", "description": "August ampampndash The iconic painting The Black Madonna of Czestochowa is brought from Jerusalem to the Jasna G\u00f3ra monastery in Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/05/12", "description": "September ampampndash Following the death of Louis I of Hungary and Poland:", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/05/12", "description": "Louis' daughter Mary becomes Queen of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/05/12", "description": "The Poles, who do not wish to be ruled by Mary's fiancee, the future Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, choose Mary's younger sister, Jadwiga, to become ruler of Poland. After two years of negotiations, Jadwiga is eventually crowned ampquotKingampquot in 1384.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/09/30", "description": " The inhabitants of Trieste (now in northern Italy) donate their city to Duke Leopold III of Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/09/30", "description": "October ampampndash James I succeeds his nephew, Peter II, as King of Cyprus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/11/27", "description": " At the Battle of Roosebeke, a French army under Louis II of Flanders defeats the Flemings led by Philip van Artevelde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/11/27", "description": "Khan Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde overruns Moscow, as punishment for Grand Prince Dmitri Donskoi's resistance to Khan Mamai of the Blue Horde in the 1370s. Dmitri Donskoi pledges his loyalty to Tokhtamysh and is allowed to remain as ruler of Moscow ampamp Vladimir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/11/27", "description": "John Wyclif's teachings are condemned by the Synod of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/11/27", "description": "The Ottomans take Sofia from the Bulgarians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/11/27", "description": "After a five year revolt, Berkuk deposes Hajji II as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt, marking the end of the Bahri dynasty and the start of the Burji dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/11/27", "description": "Ibrahim I is selected to succeed Husheng as Shah of Shirvan (now Azerbaijan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/11/27", "description": "K\u0119stutis, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, is taken prisoner by former Grand Duke Jogaila whilst meeting him to hold negotiations. K\u0119stutis is subsequently murdered and Jogaila regains rule of Lithuania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/11/27", "description": "Ahmad deposes his brother, Husain, as ruler of the Jalayirid dynasty in western Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/11/27", "description": "Rana Lakha succeeds Rana Kshetra Singh as ruler of Mewar (now part of western India).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/11/27", "description": "Konrad III Z\u00f6llner von Rotenstein succeeds Winrich von Kniprode as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/11/27", "description": "Bal\u0161a II of Zeta (now Montenegro) conquers Albania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/11/27", "description": "Dawit I succeeds his brother, Newaya Maryam, as Emperor of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1382/11/27", "description": "Winchester College is founded in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1383/05/17", "description": " King John I of Castile and Leon marries Beatrice of Portugal", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1383/07/07", "description": " The childless James of Baux, ruler of Taranto and Achaea and titular Latin Emperor, dies. As a result:", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1383/07/07", "description": "Charles III of Naples becomes ruler of Achaea (now southern Greece).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1383/07/07", "description": "Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, the widower of Joan I of Naples, becomes ruler of Taranto (now eastern Italy).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1383/07/07", "description": "Duke Louis I of Anjou inherits the claim to the Latin Empire (now western Turkey) but never uses the title of Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1383/10/22", "description": " King Fernando I of Portugal dies and is succeeded by his daughter, Beatrice of Portugal. A period of civil war and anarchy, known as the 1383-1385 Crisis, begins in Portugal due to Beatrice being married to the King John I of Castile and Leon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1383/10/22", "description": "The Teutonic Knights recommence war against pagan Lithuania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1383/10/22", "description": "Rao Chanda succeeds Rao Biram Dev as Rathore ruler of Marwar (now in western India).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1383/10/22", "description": "L\u00f6wenbr\u00e4u beer is first brewed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1383/10/22", "description": "Wat Phrathat Doi Suthep Temple is built in present-day Thailand by King Kuena of Lanna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1383/10/22", "description": "Construction of the Bastille is completed in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1384", "description": "MayampampndashSeptember 3 ampampndash Lisbon is besieged by the Castilian army, during the 1383-1385 Crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1384/08/16", "description": " The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China hears a case of a couple who tore paper money notes while fighting over them.  Under the law, this is considered to destroying stamped government documents, which is to be punished by a caning with a bamboo rod of 100 strokes. However, the Emperor decides to pardon them, on the grounds that it was unintentional.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1384/11/16", "description": " Jadwiga is crowned quotKingquot of Poland following the death of her father, King Louis, in 1382.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1384/11/16", "description": "The Hongwu Emperor of China reinstates the civil service examination system for drafting officials after suspending the examination system since 1373 in favor of a recommendation system to office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1384/11/16", "description": "The Nasrid princes of Granada replace Abu al-Abbas with Abu Faris Musa ibn Faris as ruler of the Marinid dynasty in present day Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1384/11/16", "description": "Zain Al-Abidin succeeds his father, Shah Shuja, as ruler of the Muzaffarids in central Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1384/11/16", "description": "Shortly before his death, John Wycliffe sends out tracts against Pope Urban VI, who had not turned out to be the reformist Wycliffe had hoped.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1384/11/16", "description": "Qara Muhammad succeeds Bairam Khawaja as ruler of the Turkomans of the Black Sheep Empire in present day Armenia and northern Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1384/11/16", "description": "Timur conquers northern territories of the Jalayirid Empire in western Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1384/11/16", "description": "Katharine Lady Berkeley's School is founded in Gloucestershire, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1385/07/17", "description": " Charles VI of France marries Isabeau of Bavaria", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1385/07/17", "description": "Battle of Aljubarrota: John of Aviz defeats John I of Castile in the decisive battle of the 1383-1385 Crisis. John of Aviz is crowned King John I of Portugal, ending Queen Beatrice's rule, and Portugal's independence from Castile is secured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1385/07/17", "description": "The Union of Krewo establishes the Jagiellonian dynasty in Poland and Lithuania through the proposed marriage of Queen Jadwiga of Poland and Grand Duke Jagiello of Lithuania, and sees the acceptance of Roman Catholicism by the Lithuanian elite.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1385/09/18", "description": " Battle of Savra: Serbian forces under Bal\u0161a II and Ivani\u0161 Mrnjav\u010devi\u0107 are defeated by Ottoman commander Hayreddin Pasha near Berat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1385/10/15", "description": " The Battle of Valverde is fought between the armies of Portugal and Castile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1385/10/15", "description": "The marriage of Charles VI of France and Isabella of Bavaria-Straubing is celebrated with France's first court ball.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1385/10/15", "description": "A group of Hungarian nobles help Charles III of Naples to overthrow Queen Mary as ruler of Hungary and Croatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1385/10/15", "description": "Scotland resists a small invasion force from England led by Richard II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1385/10/15", "description": "Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde conquers parts the Jalayirid Empire in western Persia, causing a rift between himself and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who had also wanted to conquer Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1385/10/15", "description": "Olav IV of Norway is elected as King of Sweden, in opposition to the unpopular King Albert.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1385/10/15", "description": "Construction of:", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1385/10/15", "description": "Castello Estense in Ferrara (present-day Italy)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1385/10/15", "description": "Bodiam Castle (East Sussex, England)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1385/10/15", "description": "The Hongwu Emperor of China's Ming Dynasty relents after eighteen tribute missions over the previous eight years and agrees to invest King U of Goryeo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1386/02/24", "description": " Elizabeta Kotromanic, the mother of the overthrown Queen Mary of Hungary and Croatia, arranges the assassination of Charles of Durazzo, the ruler of Hungary, Naples, Achaea and Croatia, with the result that:", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1386/02/24", "description": "Mary is reinstated as Queen of Hungary and Croatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1386/02/24", "description": "Charles' son, Ladislaus, becomes King of Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1386/02/24", "description": "A period of interregnum begins in Achaea, lasting until 1396. The rule of Achaea is sought by numerous pretenders, none of whom can be considered to have reigned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1386/05/09", "description": " King John I of Portugal and King Richard II of England ratify the Treaty of Windsor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1386/05/20", "description": " The city of Pite\u015fti, now in Romania, is first mentioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1386/07/09", "description": " Battle of Sempach: The Swiss safeguard independence from Habsburg rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1386/09/23", "description": " Dan I of Wallachia (now southern Romania) is killed in battle against the Bulgarians and is succeeded by Mircea the Old.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1386/10/18", "description": " Ruprecht Karl University of Heidelberg, the oldest university in Germany, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1386/10/18", "description": "The mother and sister of Queen Jadwiga of Poland are kidnapped by Jadwiga's brother-in-law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1386/10/18", "description": "Abu al-Abbas is reinstated as ruler of the Marinid dynasty in present day Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1386/10/18", "description": "John of Gaunt leaves England to make good his claim to the throne of Castile by right of his second marriage to Constanza of Castile in 1371.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1386/10/18", "description": "The Timurid Empire raids Georgia and takes King Bagrat V prisoner. Bagrat is subsequently freed by an army led by his son, George.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1386/10/18", "description": "Hundred Years War ampampndash Battle of Margate: The English defeat an invading French and Castilian naval force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1386/10/18", "description": "The Venetians take control of the island of Corfu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1386/10/18", "description": "Construction begins on the Brancacci Chapel in Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1386/10/18", "description": "Rozhdestvensky monastery is built in Muscovy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1387", "description": "January ampampndash Sigismund, the future Holy Roman Emperor and husband of Queen Mary of Hungary, orders the murder of his mother-in-law, Elizabeta Kotromanic, and declares himself joint ruler of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1387/01/01", "description": " Charles III ascends to the throne of Navarre after the death of his father, Charles II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1387/01/05", "description": " John I succeeds his father, Peter IV, as King of Aragon and Valencia, and forms an alliance with France and Castile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1387/03/11", "description": " Battle of Castagnaro between the Italian cities of Verona and Padua: Padua, led by John Hawkwood, is victorious over Giovanni Ordelaffi of Verona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1387/06/02", "description": "  John Holland, a maternal half-brother of Richard II of England, is created Earl of Huntingdon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1387/08/22", "description": " Olaf, King of Norway and Denmark and claimant to the throne of Sweden, dies. The vacant thrones come under the regency of his mother Margaret I of Denmark, who will soon become Queen in her own right.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1387/12/19", "description": " Battle of Radcot Bridge: Forces loyal to Richard II of England are defeated by a group of rebellious barons known as the Lords Appellant. Richard II is imprisoned until he agrees to replace all the councillors in his court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1387/12/19", "description": "Timur conquers the Muzaffarid Empire in central Persia and appoints three puppet rulers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1387/12/19", "description": "Khan Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde invades the Timurid Empire but has to soon after withdraw due to heavy snow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1387/12/19", "description": "Magha II succeeds his brother, Musa II, as Mansa of the Mali Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1388", "description": "February ampampndash The entire court of Richard II of England are convicted of treason by the Merciless Parliament, under the influence of the Lords Appellant, and are all either executed or exiled. Richard II effectively becomes a puppet of the Lords Appellant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1388/04/09", "description": " Battle of N\u00e4fels: Glarus in alliance with the Old Swiss Confederation decisively defeat the Habsburgs, despite being outnumbered sixteen to one.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1388/08/05", "description": " Battle of Otterburn: A Scottish army, led by James Douglas, defeats an English army, capturing the their leader, Harry Hotspur. Douglas is killed during the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1388/08/27", "description": " Battle of Bile\u0107a:  Bosnians check Ottoman advance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1388/08/27", "description": "The Wyclif Bible is completed by John Purvey, and Wyclif's followers, known as the Lollards, begin to be persecuted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1388/08/27", "description": "John of Gaunt, the uncle of Richard II of England, makes peace with Castile and gives up his claim to the Castilian throne by allowing his daughter Katherine of Lancaster to marry Prince Henry, the eldest son of John I of Castile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1388/08/27", "description": "Ramesuan is reinstated as King of Ayutthaya (now southern Thailand) after dethroning and executing 17 year-old King Thong Chan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1388/08/27", "description": "Goryeo Revolution: General Yi Seonggye begins a four year revolution in Goryeo (now Korea) after being ordered by King U of Goryeo to attack the superior Chinese army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1388/08/27", "description": "Goryeo Revolution: King U of Goryeo is forced from power and replaced by his son Chang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1388/08/27", "description": "A Chinese invasion force under General Lan Yu defeats a large Mongolian army under Khan Toghus Temur and captures 100 members of the Yuan royal family. Toghus Temur is killed whilst trying to escape and is succeeded as Khan of Mongolia by his rival, Jorightu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1388/08/27", "description": "An invading Chinese army destroys Karakorum, the capital city of the Mongolian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1388/08/27", "description": "Tran Ngung overthrows Tran Hien as King of Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1388/08/27", "description": "Omar I is succeeded by Sa'id as King of the Kanem-Bornu Empire (now east Chad and Nigeria). Sa'id is succeeded in the same year by Kade Alunu. Omar and Sa'id are both killed by Bilala invaders from the west.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1388/08/27", "description": "Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq II succeeds Firuz Shah Tughluq as Sultan of Delhi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1388/08/27", "description": "Charles VI of France takes full control of government, ending the regency of his uncle, Philip the Bold.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1388/08/27", "description": "The University of Cologne is established (now the largest university in Germany).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1388/08/27", "description": "Cozia Monastery is built in Wallacia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1388/08/27", "description": "Ljubostinja Monastery is built in Serbia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1389/02/24", "description": " Queen Margaret of Norway and Denmark defeats Albert of Sweden in battle and becomes ruler of all three kingdoms. Albert is deposed from the Swedish throne and taken prisoner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1389/05/19", "description": " Vasili I becomes Grand Prince of Moscow after the death of his father, Dmitri Donskoi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1389/06/28", "description": " Battle of Kosovo between Serbs and their Christian allies against Ottoman Turks: Both Emperor Murad I and the Serbian Prince Lazar are killed in battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1389/06/28", "description": "Beyazid I (1389\u20131402) succeeds his father Murad I (1359\u20131389) as Ottoman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1389/06/28", "description": "Stefan III succeeds his father as ruler of Serbia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1389/07/18", "description": " Hundred Years' War: The kingdoms of England and France sign the Truce of Leulinghem, ending the second phase of the war and bringing a 13-year peace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1389/11/02", "description": " Pope Boniface IX succeeds Pope Urban VI as the 203rd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1389/11/02", "description": "Goryeo Revolution in Korea (1388\u20131392): King Chang of Goryeo is forced from power and replaced by King Gongyang. The ten year-old Chang and his predecessor, U, are both assassinated later in the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1389/11/02", "description": "Hadji II is restored as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt after overthrowing Sultan Barquq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1389/11/02", "description": "With the backing of Antipope John XXIII, supporters of Louis II overthrow the underage King Ladislaus as King of Naples. The new Pope Boniface IX recognises Ladislaus's claim to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1389/11/02", "description": "Wikramawardhana succeeds Hayam Wuruk as ruler of the Majapahit Empire (now Indonesia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1389/11/02", "description": "The unpopular Sultan Tughluq Khan of Delhi is murdered and succeeded by his brother, Abu Bakr Shah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1389/11/02", "description": "Biri II succeeds Kade Alunu as King of the Kanem-Bornu Empire (now eastern Chad and Nigeria) and the Empire loses its land in present-day Chad to the Bilala.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1389/11/02", "description": "Sandaki overthrows Magha II as Mansa of the Mali Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1389/11/02", "description": "Abd ar-Rahm\u00e2n II succeeds Musa II as ruler of the Ziyanid Dynasty in present-day western Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1389/11/02", "description": "Abu Tashufin II succeeds his nephew, Abu Hammu II, as ruler of the Abdalwadid Dynasty in present-day eastern Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1389/11/02", "description": "Carmo Convent is built in Lisbon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1390/01/19", "description": " Treaty of Lyck confirms an alliance between Vytautas and the Teutonic Knights in the Lithuanian Civil War against Vytautas's cousin, Jogaila.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1390/04/14", "description": " John VII Palaiologos overthrows his grandfather, John V Palaiologos, as Byzantine Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1390/04/19", "description": " Robert III succeeds his father, Robert II, as King of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1390/05/26", "description": " Treaty of K\u00f6nigsberg signed in K\u00f6nigsberg during the Lithuanian Civil War between Samogitian nobles and representatives of the Teutonic Knights.{{lt icon}} {{cite book|first=Zenonas|last=Ivinskis|chapter=Vytauto jaunyst\u0117 ir jo veikimas iki 1392 m|title=Vytautas Didysis|editor=Paulius \u0160le\u017eas|year=1988|origyear=1930|publisher=Vyriausioji enciklopedij\u0173 redakcija|location=Vilnius|oclc=25726071|page=36}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1390/09/11", "description": " In the Lithuanian Civil War, the coalition of Vytautas and the Teutonic Knights begins a 5-week siege of Vilnius. The Duke of Hereford (the future King Henry IV of England) is among the western European knights serving with the coalition.{{lt icon}} {{cite book|last=Gudavi\u010dius|first=Edvardas|authorlink= Edvardas Gudavi\u010dius|title=Lietuvos istorija. Nuo seniausi\u0173 laik\u0173 iki 1569 met\u0173|publisher=Lietuvos ra\u0161ytoj\u0173 s\u0105jungos leidykla|year=1999|location=Vilnius|pages=173\u2013174|isbn=9986-39-112-1}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1390/09/17", "description": " John VII Palaiologos seeks refuge with the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I after John V Palaiologos is restored by his son, Manuel, and the Republic of Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1390/10/09", "description": " Henry III succeeds his father, John I, as King of Castile and Le\u00f3n.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1390/10/09", "description": "The Ottomans take Philadelphia, the last Byzantine enclave of any significance in Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1390/10/09", "description": "Barquq is restored as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt after overthrowing Sultan Hadji II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1390/10/09", "description": "Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III overthrows his brother, Abu Bakr Shah, as Sultan of Delhi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1390/10/09", "description": "Manuel III succeeds his father, Alexios III, as Emperor of Trebizond (now north eastern Turkey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1390/10/09", "description": "Sikandar But-shikan succeeds Sikandar Shah as Sultan of Kashmir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1390/10/09", "description": "Ko Cheng succeeds Che Bong Nga as King of Champa (now eastern Vietnam).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1390/10/09", "description": "Mahmud succeeds Sandaki as Mansa of the Mali Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1390/10/09", "description": "N'Diklam Sare succeeds Sare N'Dyaye as ruler of the Jolof Empire (now part of Senegal).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1390/10/09", "description": "The Kingdom of Kaffa is established in present day Ethiopia (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1390/10/09", "description": "Templo Mayor, the main temple of the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1390/10/09", "description": "The Candi Surawana Temple is built in the Majapahit Kingdom (now Indonesia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1390/10/09", "description": "Construction begins on San Petronio Basilica in Bologna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1391/06/06", "description": " Anti-Jewish riots erupt in Seville, Spain. Many thousands of Jews are massacred and the violence spreads throughout Spain and Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1391/07/18", "description": " Tokhtamysh-Timur War: Battle of the Kondurcha River ampndash Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde in present day southeast Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1391/08/05", "description": " Anti-Jewish riots spread to Toledo, Spain and Barcelona. Many Jews leave Barcelona after the following massacres, though a large number remain in the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1391/08/05", "description": "Manuel II Palaiologos becomes Byzantine Emperor after his father, John V Palaiologos, dies of a nervous breakdown due to his continued humiliation by the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1391/08/05", "description": "Yusuf II  succeeds Muhammed V as Nasrid Sultan of Granada (now southern Spain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1391/08/05", "description": "Stephen Dabi\u0161a succeeds Stephen Tvrtko I as King of Bosnia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1391/08/05", "description": "Shah Mansur becomes leader of the Timurid occupied Muzaffarid Empire in central Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1391/08/05", "description": "A group of Muzaffarids under Zafar Khan Muzaffar establish a new Sultanate at Gujarat in western India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1391/08/05", "description": "Vytautas the Great, claimant to the throne of Lithuania, forms an alliance with Muscovy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1391/08/05", "description": "Roman I succeeds Petru I as Prince of Moldavia (now Moldova and eastern Romania).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1391/08/05", "description": "Konrad von Wallenrode succeeds Konrad Z\u00f6llner von Rotenstein as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1391/08/05", "description": "Bridget of Sweden is canonized by Pope Boniface IX.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1391/08/05", "description": "Ushkuinik pirates from Novgorod sack the Muscovy towns of Zhukotin and Kazan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1391/08/05", "description": "The Chinese invent toilet paper for use by their emperors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1391/08/05", "description": "Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney, takes control of the Shetland Islands and the Faroe Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1391/08/05", "description": "The University of Ferrara is founded in present-day Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1391/08/05", "description": "Ming government orders 50 million trees planted in Nanjing area.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1392/06/13", "description": "Assassination attempt on Pierre de Craon Van Clisson, fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1392/08/05", "description": "Charles VI of France suffers a second serious attack of madness.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1392/12/16", "description": " Emperor Go-Kameyama of Japan abdicates in favor of rival claimant Go-Komatsu, in order to end the ''nanboku-cho'' period of conflict between the Northern and Southern imperial courts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1392/12/16", "description": "Goryeo Revolution 1388\u20131392: In present-day Korea, rebel leader General Yi Seonggye with the support of the Ming overthrows King Gongyang and crowns himself King Taejo, ending the Goryeo Dynasty and establishing the Joseon Dynasty. King Gongyang is exiled and later secretly murdered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1392/12/16", "description": "Taejo of Joseon turns the fortress and trade center at Seoul into capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1392/12/16", "description": "King Jogaila of Poland and Lithuania appoints his cousin Vytautas the Great as regent of Lithuania in return for Vytautas giving up his claim to the Lithuanian throne. Vytautas replaces Jogaila's unpopular brother Skirgaila as regent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1392/12/16", "description": "King Charles VI of France, later known as Charles the Mad, begins experiencing bouts of psychosis which will continue throughout his life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1392/12/16", "description": "Muhammed VII succeeds Yusuf II as Nasrid Sultan of Granada (now southern Spain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1392/12/16", "description": "Franciscan friar James of J\u00fclich is boiled alive for impersonating a bishop and ordaining his own priests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1392/12/16", "description": "Queen Maria of Sicily defeats an army of rebel barons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1392/12/16", "description": "William le Scrope succeeds William II de Montacute as King of Mann.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1392/12/16", "description": "Seoan mac Pilib succeeds Tomas mor mac Mathghamhna as King of East Breifne in present day north-central Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1392/12/16", "description": "The city of Afyonkarahisar (now in western Turkey) is conquered by Sultan Beyazid I of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1392/12/16", "description": "Louis de Valois is created the 1st Duke of Orl\u00e9ans, the second time this title is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1392/12/16", "description": "Erfurt University is founded in Erfurt, central Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1392/12/16", "description": "Penistone Grammar School, later to be one of the first community comprehensive schools in England, is founded near Barnsley, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1393/01/28", "description": " Bal des Ardents: Four members of the court of Charles VI of France die in a fire at a masquerade ball.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1393/01/28", "description": "In central Persia, the Muzzafarid Empire, led by Shah Mansur, rebels against their Timurid occupiers. The rebellion is squashed and the Muzaffarid nobility are executed, ending the Muzaffarid Dynasty in Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1393/01/28", "description": "George VII succeeds his popular father, Bagrat V, as King of Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1393/01/28", "description": "Abdul Aziz II becomes Sultan of the Marinid dynasty in present-day Morocco after the death of Sultan Abu Al-Abbas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1393/01/28", "description": "Raimondo del Balzo Orsini succeeds Otto of Brunswick as Prince of Taranto (now south-eastern Italy).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1393/01/28", "description": "Samsenethai succeeds his father, Fa Ngum, as King of Lan Xang (now Laos).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1393/01/28", "description": "King James I of Cyprus inherits the title of King of Armenia after the death of his distant cousin Leo VI (although the Mamluk conquerors from Egypt remain the true rulers).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1393/01/28", "description": "A Ming Dynasty Chinese record states that 720,000 sheets of toilet paper (two by three ft. in size) alone have been produced for the various members of the imperial court at Beijing, while the Imperial Bureau of Supplies also reports that 15,000 sheets of toilet paper alone have been designated for the royal family (made of fine soft yellow tissue and perfumed).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1393/01/28", "description": "Bosnia resists an invasion by the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1393/01/28", "description": "The Ottoman Turks capture Turnovgrad (now Veliko Tarnovo), the capital city of east Bulgaria. Emperor Ivan Shishman is allowed to remain as puppet ruler of east Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1393/01/28", "description": "Sikander Shah I succeeds Muhammad Shah III as Sultan of Delhi. Sikander Shah I is succeeded two months later by Mahmud II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1393/01/28", "description": "Abu Thabid II succeeds Abu Tashufin II as ruler of the Abdalwadid dynasty in present-day eastern Algeria. Abu Thabid is succeeded in the same year by his brother, Abul Hadjdjadj I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1393/01/28", "description": "Konrad von Jungingen succeeds Konrad von Wallenrode as Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1393/01/28", "description": "Maelruanaidh MacDermot succeeds Aedh MacDermot as King of Moylurg in north-central Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1393/01/28", "description": "King Stjepan Dabi\u0161a of Bosnia signs the Contract of Djakovice, establishing peace with King Sigismund of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1393/01/28", "description": "Byzantium loses Thessaly to the growing Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1394/09/17", "description": " King Charles VI of France orders the expulsion of all Jews from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1394/09/28", "description": " Pope Benedict XIII succeeds Pope Clement VII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1394/10/10", "description": " Battle of Karanovasa ampndash Wallachia (now southern Romania) resists an invasion by the Ottomans and their Serb and Bulgarian vassals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1394/11/29", "description": " The capital city of the Joseon Dynasty in present-day Korea is moved from Gaegyeong (now Gaeseong) to Hanseong (now Seoul).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1394/11/29", "description": "The Ottomans begin an eight-year siege of Constantinople in the Byzantine Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1394/11/29", "description": "The Anadoluhisar\u0131 fortress is built by the Ottomans to defend themselves during the siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1394/11/29", "description": "Ashikaga Yoshimitsu retires as shogun of Japan and is succeeded by his son, Ashikaga Yoshimochi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1394/11/29", "description": "Gyeongbokgung Palace and the Jongmyo royal ancestral shrine are built in Hanseong (now Seoul).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1394/11/29", "description": "After the death of Sultan Mahmud II, civil war breaks out in the Delhi Sultanate, splitting the state between east and west.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1394/11/29", "description": "Battle of Ros-mic-Triuin: The Kingdom of Leinster, led by King Art mac Art MacMurrough-Kavanagh, defeats an invading army from England, led by King Richard II of England and Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1394/11/29", "description": "\u015etefan I succeeds Roman I as Prince of Moldavia (now Moldova and eastern Romania).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1394/11/29", "description": "Abu Zayyan II succeeds his brother, Abul Hadjdjadj I, as ruler of the Abdalwadid dynasty in present-day eastern Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1394/11/29", "description": "Y\u00fbsuf I succeeds Abd ar-Rahm\u00e2n II as ruler of the Ziyanid Dynasty in present-day western Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1394/11/29", "description": "The Ottomans conquer Thessaly (now eastern Greece).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1394/11/29", "description": "Abd al-Aziz II succeeds Abu al-Abbas Ahmad II as ruler of the Hafsid dynasty in present-day Tunisia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1394/11/29", "description": "Richard II of England grants Geoffrey Chaucer 20 pounds a year for life for his services as a diplomat and Clerk of The King's Works.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1394/11/29", "description": "The Allg\u00e4uer Brauhaus brewery is founded in present-day Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1394/11/29", "description": "The Hongwu Emperor of the Ming Dynasty in China orders the Ministry of Public Works to issue a public notice that every 100 households in the ''lijia'' system are to set aside 2 ''mu'' (1,390 mampsupamp2amp\/supamp) of land for planting mulberry and jujube trees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1395/04/15", "description": " Tokhtamysh\u2013Timur war: Battle of the Terek River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde at the Volga. The Golden Horde capital city, Sarai, is razed to the ground and Timur installs a puppet ruler on the Golden Horde throne. Tokhtamysh escapes to Lithuania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1395/04/15", "description": "Battle of Rovine: With the help of the Hungarians, Wallachia resists an invasion by the Ottomans and their Serb and Bulgarian vassals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1395/04/15", "description": "Mary of Hungary dies, ending of the reign of Hungary by the Capet-Anjou family. Her co-reigning estranged husband, King Sigismund, becomes sole ruler of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1395/06/03", "description": " Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire beheads Emperor Ivan Shishman of Ottoman-occupied eastern Bulgaria after Shishman is accused of collaborating with the Wallachians during the 1394 Battle of Karanovasa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1395/06/03", "description": "Jelena Gruba is elected as Queen of Bosnia after the death of her husband, King Stjepan Dabi\u0161a. However, after Stjepan's death most of the Bosnian land is taken by King Sigismund of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1395/06/03", "description": "Albert IV succeeds his father, Albert III, as Duke of Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1395/06/03", "description": "The Principality of Monaco expels its Genoese occupiers and Jean I and Louis are crowned as joint Lords of Monaco. Later in the year, the Genoese regain control and depose the Lords.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1395/06/03", "description": "Rama Ratchathirat succeeds Ramesuan as ruler of the Ayutthaya kingdom in present-day southern Thailand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1395/06/03", "description": "Muhammad II succeeds Y\u00fbsuf I as ruler of the Ziyanid Dynasty in present-day western Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1395/06/03", "description": "The Duchy of Milan is created after Lord Gian Galeazzo Visconti of Milan buys the title of Duke from Wenceslaus, the Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1395/06/03", "description": "Battle of Cruachain: The Kingdom of Ui Falighe in Ireland resists an English invasion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1395/06/03", "description": "The Gwanghwamun gate and the Jogyesa temple are built in present-day Seoul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1395/06/03", "description": "The Theotokos of Vladimir icon is moved to Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1395/06/03", "description": "John Rykener, known also as Johannes Richer and Eleanor, a transvestite prostitute working mainly in London (near Cheapside), but also active in Oxford, is arrested for cross-dressing and interrogated. The records have survived, the only surviving legal records from this age which mention same-sex intercourse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/05/19", "description": " Martin I succeeds his brother, John I, as King of Aragon (now north-east Spain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/07/23", "description": " Queen Margaret of Norway, Denmark and Sweden makes her adopted son Eric of Pomerania joint ruler of Sweden. Eric had already been made joint ruler of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/07/23", "description": "September ampampndash The Battle of the North Inch takes place in Perth, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/09/25", "description": " Battle of Nicopolis: The Ottomans defeat a joint crusade by Hungary, France, the Holy Roman Empire, England and Wallacia, led by King Sigismund of Hungary. This is the last large-scale crusade of the Middle Ages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/11/24", "description": " Transit of Venus ampndash the last not to be part of a pair. Possibly observed by Aztec astronomers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/11/29", "description": " Ralph de Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, marries Joan Beaufort.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/11/29", "description": "The Ottomans capture the Bulgarian fortress of Vidin and Tsar Ivan Sratsimir, ending the Second Bulgarian Empire. The Bulgarian state is reestablished in 1878 as the Principality of Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/11/29", "description": "Temporary peace is declared between England and France with the marriage of Richard II of England and Isabella of Valois, the daughter of Charles VI of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/11/29", "description": "France conquers the Republic of Genoa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/11/29", "description": "After a 14-year period of interregnum, Peter of Saint Superan is declared as ruler of the Principality of Achaea (now southern Greece).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/11/29", "description": "In the ampquotBattle of the Thirtyampquot, a mass trial by combat, the Clan Cameron defeat the Clan Mackintosh on the North Inch of Perth, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/11/29", "description": "Abu Amir succeeds Abdul Aziz II as ruler of the Marinid dynasty in present-day Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/11/29", "description": "Timur appoints his son Miran Shah as Timurid viceroy of present-day Azerbaijan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/11/29", "description": "The Kartid Dynasty is brought to an end in east Persia after its remaining rulers are murdered at a banquet by Miran Shah, son of Timur Lenk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/11/29", "description": "Philibert de Naillac succeeds Juan Fern\u00e1ndez de Heredia as Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/11/29", "description": "Huitzil\u00edhuitl succeeds his father, Acamapichtli, as ruler of the Aztecs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/11/29", "description": "The Ulu Camii mosque is built in Bursa by the Ottomans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/11/29", "description": "The Ming Dynasty court of China sends two envoys, Qian Guxun and Li Sicong, to the Ava Kingdom of Burma and the Tai polity of the Mong Mao in order to resolve a dispute between these two. The travels of the Chinese ambassadors are recorded in the historical text of the ''Bai Yi Zhuan''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/11/29", "description": "Timur orders the construction of a garden in a meadow, House of Flowers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/11/29", "description": "Peasants in the present-day provinces of Hunan and Hupeh in the east plant 84 million fruit trees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/11/29", "description": "Taejo of Joseon ends to rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1396/11/29", "description": "The University of Zadar is founded, the first University in Croatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1397/02/10", "description": " John Beaufort becomes Earl of Somerset.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1397/06/06", "description": " Richard Whittington is nominated as Lord Mayor of London for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1397/07/20", "description": " Queen Margaret forms the Kalmar Union, uniting the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway (with Iceland and Greenland) and Sweden (including Finland).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1397/09/29", "description": " John Holland, Earl of Huntingdon is created Duke of Exeter by his half-brother Richard II of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1397/09/29", "description": "The Ottomans capture the Vidin Empire, the only remaining independent Bulgarian state. Emperor Ivan Sratsimir of Vidin is taken prisoner and later disappears.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1397/09/29", "description": "Constantine II becomes Emperor of Vidin after his father's imprisonment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1397/09/29", "description": "Richard II of England attempts to reassert authority over his kingdom by arresting members of a group of powerful barons known as the Lords Appellant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1397/09/29", "description": "Temur Qutlugh is crowned as the Khan of Golden Horde with the help of general Edigu. Although, Edigu continues to hold the real power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1397/09/29", "description": "Thomas Arundel succeeds William Courtenay as Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1397/09/29", "description": "Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery is founded in north-west Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1397/09/29", "description": "Sretensky Monastery is founded in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1397/09/29", "description": "Thomas Holland, 3rd Earl of Kent, John's brother, is created Duke of Surrey by King Richard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1397/09/29", "description": "Establishment of the Universit\u00e0, a form of local government, in Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1397/09/29", "description": "Creation of the first hospital of al-Andalus, in Granada.ampamp{{cite web|title=Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts _ Hospitals|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/islamic_medical\/islamic_12.html|accessdate=8\">http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/islamic_medical\/islamic_12.html|accessdate=8<\/a> November 2011}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "11 November ampampndash Janus succeeds his father, James I, as King of Cyprus and claimant to the throne of Armenian Cilicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "17 December ampampndash Timur defeats the last ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, which had been weakened after 4 years of civil war. Following his victory, Timur's Islamic troops sack the city of Delhi and proceed to massacre hundreds of thousands of the state's Hindu inhabitants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "Jianwen succeeds his grandfather, Hongwu, as Emperor of Ming Dynasty China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "King Richard II of England exiles his cousin Henry Bolingbroke (the future Henry IV of England) for 10 years in order to end Henry's feud with Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, who is also exiled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "France withdraws its support for Antipope Benedict XIII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "An army led by Geoffrey Boucicaut occupies Avignon and starts a 5-year siege of the papal palace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "The Teutonic Knights recommence their raids of Lithuania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "The Bosnian nobility dethrone Queen Jelena Gruba and replace her with King Stjepan Ostoja.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "Abdullah succeeds Abu Amir as ruler of the Marinid dynasty in present-day Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "The Teutonic Knights conquer the island of Gotland, near Sweden, which had previously been run by a group of pirates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "Martin I of Aragon launches a crusade against the Moors in North Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "Yi Bangsuk, heir to the throne of the Joseon Dynasty in present-day Korea, is murdered during a coup by his older half-brother, Yi Bangwon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "King Taejo of Joseon abdicates in disgust at his sons' rivalry. Taejo's eldest son Jeongjong succeeds to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "Tr\u1ea7n Ngung is forced to abdicate as ruler of the Tran Dynasty in present-day Vietnam. Tr\u1ea7n An succeeds as ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "Bunei succeeds his father, Satto, as King of Ch\u016bzan (present-day central Okinawa, Japan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "The Stecknitz Canal is constructed in present-day north Germany, one of the earliest artificial waterways in the world).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "Glendalough monastery in Wicklow, Ireland is destroyed by English troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "Ferapontov Monastery is built in present-day north-west Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "The Munmyo Confucian shrine and Sungkyunkwan University are built in present-day Seoul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "Mount Grace Priory is established in Yorkshire, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1398", "description": "According to some historians, the Scottish explorer Henry I Sinclair, Earl of Orkney reaches North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1399", "description": "January ampampndash Timur the Lame captures and sacks Haridwar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1399", "description": "John of Gaunt, uncle of King Richard II of England and father of Henry Bolingbroke, dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1399", "description": "Richard II cancels the legal documents allowing the exiled Henry Bolingbroke to inherit his father's land.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1399", "description": "While Richard II is away on a military campaign in Ireland, Henry Bolingbroke, with exiled former Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Arundel as an advisor, returns to England and begins a military campaign to reclaim his confiscated land.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1399", "description": "After regaining his power, Henry Bolingbroke is urged to take the crown from the unpopular Richard II. Richard is taken prisoner upon his returns from Ireland and eventually forced to abdicate. Parliament then charges Richard with committing crimes against his subjects.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1399/08/12", "description": " Battle of the Vorskla River: Mongol Golden Horde forces led by Khan Temur Qutlugh and emir Edigu annihilate a crusading army led by former Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh and Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1399/09/30", "description": " Parliament accepts Henry Bolingbroke as the new king of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1399/10/13", "description": " Henry IV of England is crowned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1399/11/01", "description": " John VI, Duke of Brittany begins his reign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1399/11/01", "description": "Thomas Arundel is restored as Archbishop of Canterbury, replacing Roger Walden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1399/11/01", "description": "Faraj succeeds his father, Barquq, as Mamluk Sultan of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1399/11/01", "description": "Sultan Bayezid I of the Ottoman Empire invades Mamluk-occupied Syria. A rift forms between Sultan Bayezid and Timur of the Timurid Empire, who also wanted to conquer Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1399/11/01", "description": "Ladislaus regains the throne of Naples after overthrowing King Louis II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1399/11/01", "description": "King Jogaila becomes sole ruler of Poland after the death of his co-ruling wife, Queen Jadwiga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1399/11/01", "description": "Abu Said Uthman III succeeds Abdullah as ruler of the Marinid dynasty in present-day Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1399/11/01", "description": "The Principality of Achaea (now southern Greece) resists an invasion by the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400", "description": "January ampampndash Henry IV quells the Epiphany Rising and executes the Earls of Kent, Huntingdon and Salisbury and the Baron le Despencer for their attempt to have Richard II of England restored as King.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400", "description": "February - Henry 'Hotspur' Percy invades and lays waste parts of Scotland.  Their attacks are eventually fought off by the Scots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400/02/14", "description": " Richard II of England dies by means unknown in Pontefract Castle. It is likely that King Henry IV ordered the death of Richard by starvation to prevent further uprisings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400/02/14", "description": "August ampampndash The princes of the German states vote to depose Wenceslaus as Holy Roman Emperor due to his weak leadership and his mental illnesses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400/08/21", "description": " Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, is elected as Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400/09/16", "description": " Owain Glynd\u0175r is proclaimed Prince of Wales by his followers and begins attacking English strongholds in north-east Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400/09/16", "description": "December ampampndash Manuel II Palaiologos becomes the first (and last) Byzantine Emperor to visit England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400/09/16", "description": "Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg is declared as a rival to Holy Roman Emperor Wenceslaus. However, Frederick is murdered shortly after.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400/09/16", "description": "Timur defeats both the Ottoman Empire and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt to capture the city of Damascus in present-day Syria. Much of the city's inhabitants are subsequently massacred by Timur's troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400/09/16", "description": "Timur conquers the Empire of The Black Sheep Turkomans, in present-day Armenia, and the Jalayirid Dynasty in present-day Iraq. Black Sheep ruler Qara Yusuf and Jalayirid Sultan Ahmad flee and take refuge with the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400/09/16", "description": "Newcastle-upon-Tyne created County Corporate by Henry IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400/09/16", "description": "In present-day Korea, King Jeongjong of Joseon abdicates in fear of an attack by his ambitious younger brother, Taejong. Taejong succeeds to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400/09/16", "description": "Prince Parameswara establishes the Malacca Sultanate in present-day western Malaysia and northern Sumatra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400/09/16", "description": "Five year old Tr\u1ea7n An is forced to abdicate as ruler of \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t (now Vietnam) in favour of his maternal grandfather H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly, ending the Tr\u1ea7n Dynasty and starting the H\u1ed3 Dynasty. H\u1ed3 Qu\u00fd Ly subsequently changes the country's name to \u0110\u1ea1i Ngu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400/09/16", "description": "Hananchi succeeds Min as King of Hokuzan in present-day north Okinawa, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400/09/16", "description": "Wallachia (now southern Romania) resists an invasion by the Ottomans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400/09/16", "description": "Jean Froissart completes his ''Chronicles'' detailing the events of the 14th Century in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400/09/16", "description": "The Medici family becomes powerful in Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400/09/16", "description": "Europe is reported to have around 52 million inhabitants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1400/09/16", "description": "The Kingdom of Kongo begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1401", "description": "9 July - Mongol monarch Timur Lenk destroys Baghdad.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1401", "description": "Timur raids the city of Baghdad in the Jalayirid Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1401", "description": "The De heretico comburendo Act is passed in England, as the Archbishop of Canterbury pressures King Henry IV of England into outlawing as heretics the Lollards, followers of John Wycliffe.  Evidence of being a Lollard is having a copy of Wycliffe's translation of the Bible.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1401", "description": "Dilawar Khan establishes the Malwa Sultanate in present-day northern India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1401", "description": "Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania is granted increased autonomy by King Jogaila of the Poland\u2013Lithuania union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1401", "description": "Emperor Ho Quy Ly of Dai Ngu (now Vietnam) passes the throne to his son, Thai Thuong Hoang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1401", "description": "A civil war, lasting four years, breaks out in the Majapahit Empire in present-day Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1401", "description": "The Joseon Dynasty in present-day Korea officially enters into a tributary relationship with Ming Dynasty China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1401", "description": "Japan re-enters into a tributary relationship with Ming Dynasty China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/06/22", "description": " Battle of Bryn Glas: The Welsh rebels defeat the English on the England\/Wales border.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/06/26", "description": " Battle of Casalecchio: Gian Galeazzo Visconti, the Duke of Milan, crushes the forces of Bologna and Florence, but he dies from a fever later this year and is succeeded by his son Gian Maria Visconti.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/07/12", "description": " The rebel army of Zhu Di occupies the Ming Dynasty China capital Fengtian. Emperor Jianwen is either lost or killed and Zhu Di is crowned as Emperor Hongwu. This marked the end of Jingnan campaign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/07/20", "description": " Battle of Ankara: An invading Timurid Dynasty force defeats the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I, who is captured.  A period of interregnum begins in the Ottoman Empire with the future Mehmed I as one of the leading claimants to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/07/20", "description": "September ampampndash Penal Laws against Wales The English Parliament pass the Penal Laws against Wales. The Laws stopped the Welsh from gathering together, obtaining office, carrying arms and living in English towns. Any Englishman who married a Welsh woman also came under the Penal Laws of 1402.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/09/14", "description": " Battle of Homildon Hill:  Northern English nobles led by Sir Henry quotHotspurquot Percy defeat a Scottish raiding army under the Earl of Douglas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/09/14", "description": "After Serbia is freed from Ottoman rule, Stefan Lazarevi\u0107 is crowned as Despot of Serbia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/09/14", "description": "After the Christian Knights of Saint John, who are ruling Smyrna, refuse to convert to Islam or pay tribute, Timur has the entire population massacred. The Knights of Saint John subsequently begin building Bodrum Castle in Bodrum to defend against future attacks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/09/14", "description": "David Stewart, Duke of Rothesay, heir to the throne of Scotland, dies while being held captive by his uncle, Robert Stewart, 1st Duke of Albany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/09/14", "description": "King Henry III of Castile sends French explorer Jean de B\u00e9thencourt to colonize the Canary Islands ( Conquest of the Canary Islands ). B\u00e9thencourt receives the title King of the Canary Islands, but recognizes King Henry III as his overlord. This marked the beginning of the Spanish Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/09/14", "description": "The Genoese regain control of Monaco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/09/14", "description": "King Jogaila of the Poland\u2013Lithuania union answers the rumblings against his rule of Poland by marrying Anna of Celje, a granddaughter of Casimir III of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/09/14", "description": "Maria II Zaccaria succeeds Peter of Saint Superan as ruler of the Principality of Achaea (now southern Greece).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/09/14", "description": "Moldavia becomes a vassal of Poland in order to protect itself from an invasion by Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/09/14", "description": "After the death of Queen Maria of Sicily, her husband Martin I of Sicily becomes sole ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/09/14", "description": "The Kangnido map of the world is completed in Joseon Dynasty Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/09/14", "description": "Conchobar an Abaidh mac Maelsechlainn O Cellaigh succeeds Maelsechlainn mac William Buidhe O Cellaigh as King of Hy-Many in present day County Galway and County Roscommon in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/09/14", "description": "The University of W\u00fcrzburg, Germany is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/09/14", "description": "The White Sheep Turkmen Empire, in present-day northern Iraq and Iran, moves its capital from Amida to Diyarbak\u0131r.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1402/09/14", "description": "The Great Comet of 1402 is sighted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/02/07", "description": " King Henry IV of England marries Joanna of Navarre, the daughter of Charles d'\u00c9vreux, King of Navarre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/03/12", "description": " As King Martin I of Aragon helps to end the siege by the French of the papal palace in Avignon, Antipope Benedict XIII flees to Aragon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/03/12", "description": "April ampampndash Bal\u0161a III succeeds his father \u0110ura\u0111 II as ruler of the Principality of Zeta (now the Republic of Montenegro).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/03/12", "description": "Before July 21 ampampndash Henry 'Hotspur' Percy forms an alliance with Welsh rebel Owain Glynd\u0175r.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/07/21", "description": " Battle of Shrewsbury:  King Henry IV of England defeats a rebel army led by quotHotspurquot Percy, who is killed in the battle by an arrow in his face.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/10/07", "description": " Battle of Modon: French naval forces under Jean Le Maingre (Marshal Boucicaut) defeat the Republic of Venice at Modon in the Peloponnese.{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Tilley|chapter=Medieval Armies and Navies|title=Medieval France: A Companion to French Studies|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1922|pages=154\u2013178|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/xenophongroup.com\/montjoie\/tilley.htm|accessdate=2011-11-23}}\">http:\/\/xenophongroup.com\/montjoie\/tilley.htm|accessdate=2011-11-23}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/10/07", "description": "Jan Hus begins preaching Wycliffite ideas in Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/10/07", "description": "In China, the Ming Emperor Yongle", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/10/07", "description": "moves the capital from Nanjing to Beijing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/10/07", "description": "commissions the ''Yongle Encyclopedia'', one of the world's earliest and largest known general encyclopedias.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/10/07", "description": "orders his coastal provinces to build a vast fleet of ships, with construction centered at Longjiang near Nanjing the inland provinces are to provide wood and float it down the Yangzi River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/10/07", "description": "The Temple of a City God is constructed in Shanghai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/10/07", "description": "The Gur-e Amir Mausoleum is built in Samarkand by Timur after the death of his grandson Muhammad-Sultan, and eventually becomes the family mausoleum of the Timurid dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/10/07", "description": "Georgia makes peace with Timur but has to recognise him as a suzerain and pay him tribute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/10/07", "description": "Ruy Gonzalez de Clavijo, an ambassador from the king of Castile, arrives in Samarkand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/10/07", "description": "While the Ottoman Empire is at war, the Byzantine Empire reclaims the European coast of the Sea of Marmara and Thessalonica. The emperor's son Andronikos Palaiologos is given the title of Lord of Thessalonike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/10/07", "description": "The world's first quarantine station is built in Venice to protect against the Black Death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/10/07", "description": "Grand Duke Vytautas ends his alliance with Muscovy and captures Vyazma and Smolensk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/10/07", "description": "Stefan Lazarevi\u0107 establishes Belgrade as the capital of the Serbian Despotate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/10/07", "description": "The Stationers' Guild is founded, originating one of the Livery Companies of the City of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/10/07", "description": "In Ireland", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/10/07", "description": "Tadgh Ruadh mac Maelsechlainn O Cellaigh succeeds Conchobar an Abaidh mac Maelsechlainn O Cellaigh as King of Hy-Many in present-day Galway and Roscommon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/10/07", "description": "Maolmhordha mac Con Connacht succeeds Giolla Iosa mac Pilib as King of East Breifne in present-day Leitrim and Cavan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1403/10/07", "description": "''probable'' ampampndash Ououso becomes King of Nanzan in present-day south Okinawa, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1404/06/14", "description": " Rebel leader Owain Glynd\u0175r, having declared himself Prince of Wales, allies with the French against the English. He later begins holding parliamentary assemblies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1404/10/17", "description": " Pope Innocent VII succeeds Pope Boniface IX as the 204th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1404/11/19", "description": " St. Elizabeth's flood devastates parts of Flanders, Zeeland and Holland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1404/11/19", "description": "Jean de B\u00e9thencourt becomes the first ruler of the Kingdom of the Canary Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1404/11/19", "description": "Stephan Tvrtko II succeeds Stefan Ostoja as King of Bosnia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1404/11/19", "description": "Peace is declared between Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights after they agree to exchange land and form an alliance against Muscovy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1404/11/19", "description": "The University of Turin is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1404/11/19", "description": "Timur is hit by a fever while preparing to invade China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1404/11/19", "description": "Centurione II Zaccaria succeeds Maria II Zaccaria as ruler of the Principality of Achaea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1404/11/19", "description": "Virupaksha Raya succeeds Harihara Raya II as ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire in  present-day southern India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1404/11/19", "description": "Narayana Ramadhipati succeeds Ponthea Yat as King of Cambodia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1404/11/19", "description": "Ruaidri Caech MacDermot succeeds Conchobair Og MacDermot as King of Moylurg in present-day north-east Connacht, Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1404/11/19", "description": "The city of Vicenza comes under the rule of the Venetians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1405/05/29", "description": " Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland, meets Archbishop Richard le Scrope of York and Earl of Norfolk Thomas Mowbray in Shipton Moor, tricks them to send their rebellious army home and then imprisons them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1405/06/08", "description": " Archbishop Richard le Scrope of York and Thomas Mowbray, Earl of Norfolk, were executed in York on Henry IV's orders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1405/07/11", "description": " Ming Dynasty fleet commander Zheng He sets sail from Suzhou to explore the world for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1405/10/05", "description": " Christine de Pizan writes letter to Queen Isabeau urging her to intervene in political struggle between dukes of Burgundy and Orleans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1405/10/05", "description": "Bath Abbey is built in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1405/10/05", "description": "''Bellifortis'', a book on military techonology, is published by Konrad Kyeser.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1405/10/05", "description": "First written record of whiskey being consumed recorded in Ireland, where it was distilled by Catholic monks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1405/10/05", "description": "Ming Dynasty troops attack the Kindom of Lanna with Sipsongpanna support.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1405/10/05", "description": "Early feminist Christine de Pizan writes ''The Book of the City of Ladies''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1406/10/13", "description": " Richard Whittington is elected Lord Mayor of London for a second full term. He holds this office simultaneously with that of Mayor of the Calais Staple.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1406/11/30", "description": " Pope Gregory XII succeeds Pope Innocent VII as the 205th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1406/12/25", "description": " John II becomes King of Castile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1406/12/25", "description": "Construction of the Forbidden City begins in Beijing during the Chinese Ming Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1406/12/25", "description": "Pisa is subjugated by Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1406/12/25", "description": "Eric of Pomerania marries Philippa, daughter of Henry IV of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1406/12/25", "description": "James I becomes King of Scotland, after having been captured by Henry IV of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1406/12/25", "description": "Richard, Earl of Cambridge, marries Anne Mortimer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1407/04/10", "description": " After several invitations by the Yongle Emperor of China since 1403, the fifth Karmapa of the Karma Kagyu sect of Tibetan Buddhism, the lama Deshin Shekpa, finally visits the Ming Dynasty capital, then at Nanjing. In his twenty-two day visit, he thrills the Ming court with alleged miracles that are recorded in a gigantic scroll translated into five different languages. In a show of mystical prowess, Deshin Shekpa adds legitimacy to a questionable succession to the throne by Yongle, who had killed his nephew the Jianwen Emperor in the culmination of a civil war. For his services to the Ming court, including his handling of the ceremonial rites of Yongle's deceased parents, Deshin Shekpa is awarded the title Great Treasure Prince of Dharma (\u5927\u5bf6\u6cd5\u738b).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1407/11/20", "description": " A solemn truce between John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy and Louis of Valois, Duke of Orl\u00e9ans is agreed under the auspicies of John, Duke of Berry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1407/11/23", "description": " The Duke of Orleans is assassinated war breaks out again between the Burgundians and his followers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1407/11/23", "description": "Rudolfo Belenzani leads a revolt against Bishop Georg von Liechtenstein in Trento, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1407/11/23", "description": "The Ming Dynasty of China under the Yongle Emperor invades and conquers Vietnam, renaming the area Annam, after abandoning its support for reestablishing the Tr\u1ea7n Dynasty over the H\u1ed3 dynasty. The new regime will be ousted in 1428.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1407/11/23", "description": "David Holbache founds Oswestry School, the first independent school in Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1408/02/19", "description": " Battle of Bramham Moor: a royalist army defeats the last remnants of the Percy rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1408/02/19", "description": "September ampampndash Henry, Prince of Wales (later Henry V of England) retakes Aberystwyth from Owain Glynd\u0175r.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1408/09/16", "description": " Thorstein Olafss\u00f8n marries Sigrid Bj\u00f8rnsdatter in Hvalsey Church, in the last recorded event of the Norse history of Greenland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1408/12/13", "description": " The Order of the Dragon is founded under King Sigismund of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1408/12/13", "description": "The Moldavian town of Ia\u015fi is first mentioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1408/12/13", "description": "The ''Yongle Encyclopedia'' is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1408/12/13", "description": "Gotland passes under Danish rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1408/12/13", "description": "Zheng He delivers 300 virgins from Korea to the Chinese emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1409/01/01", "description": " The Welsh surrender Harlech Castle to the English.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1409/03/25", "description": " The Council of Pisa opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1409/03/25", "description": "July ampampndash Martin I of Aragon succeeds his own son as King of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1409/08/07", "description": "Council of Pisa closes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1409/12/02", "description": " The University of Leipzig opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1409/12/09", "description": "Louis II of Anjou founds the University of Aix.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1409/12/09", "description": "Ulugh Beg becomes governor of Samarkand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1409/12/09", "description": "Venice buys the port of Zadar from Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1409/12/09", "description": "Cheng Ho (or Zheng He), admiral of Ming empire fleet, deposes the king of Sri Lanka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1410/03/29", "description": " The Aragonese capture Oristano, capital of the Giudicato di Arborea in Sardinia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1410/07/15", "description": " Battle of Grunwald (also known as Tannenberg or \u017dalgiris):  Polish and Lithuanian forces under cousins Jogaila and Vytautas the Great decisively defeat the forces of the Teutonic Knights, whose power is broken.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1410/07/15", "description": "Jan Hus is excommunicated by the Archbishop of Prague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1410/07/15", "description": "Antipope John XXIII is elected.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1410/07/15", "description": "Construction begins on Castle Woerden in the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1410/07/15", "description": "The Prague Astronomical Clock (also known as Prague Orloj) was built by Mikul\u00e1\u0161 of Kada\u0148 and Jan \u0160indel in Prague, the capital of the Czech Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1411/02/01", "description": " The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn, Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1411/07/24", "description": " The Battle of Harlaw is fought between Donald of Islay, Lord of the Isles and an army commanded by Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1411/09/21", "description": " King Henry IV of England calls his ninth parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1411/11/30", "description": " Henry IV dismisses Prince Henry and his supporters from the government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1411/11/30", "description": "The University of St. Andrews is founded by a papal bull.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1411/11/30", "description": "Under the Yongle Emperor of Ming China, work begins to reinstate the ancient Grand Canal of China, which fell into disuse and dilapidation during the previous Yuan Dynasty. Between 1411 and 1415, a total of 165,000 laborers dredge the canal bed in Shandong, build new channels, embankments, and canal locks. Four large reservoirs in Shandong are also dug in order to regulate water levels instead of resorting to pumping water from local tables. A large dam is also constructed to divert water from the Wen River southwest into the Grand Canal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1412/01/16", "description": " The Medici family are  made official bankers of the Papacy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1412/10/05", "description": " Emperor Go-Komatsu abdicates and Emperor Shoko accedes to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1412/10/28", "description": " Eric of Pomerania becomes sole ruler of the Kalmar Union (Sweden, Denmark and Norway) upon the death of Queen Margaret.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1412/10/28", "description": "December ampampndash Battle of Chalagan - Kara Koyunlu Turkomans defeat Georgians under Constantine I of Georgia and their ally Ibrahim I of Shirvan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1412/10/28", "description": "John II of Castile declares the Valladolid laws that restrict the social rights of Jews. Among many other restrictions the laws force Jews to wear distinctive clothes and denies them administrative positions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1412/10/28", "description": "Years after its publication in the 14th century, the Ming Dynasty Chinese artillery officer Jiao Yu adds the preface to his classic book on gunpowder warfare, the ''Huolongjing''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1413/03/21", "description": " Henry V becomes King of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1413/10/02", "description": " Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania sign the Union of Horod\u0142o", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1413/10/02", "description": "The Annals of Joseon Dynasty is begun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1413/10/02", "description": "The University of St. Andrews is chartered by papal bull.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1413/10/02", "description": "Yishiha builds a Buddhist temple at Tyr, Russia, and puts up a stele describing his expedition to the lower Amur", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1413/10/02", "description": "End of Ottoman interregnum (after 1402). Mehmet I is the new sultan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1414/01/07", "description": " Michael K\u00fcchmeister von Sternberg becomes the 28th Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1414/08/06", "description": " Joan II succeeds her brother Ladislaus as Queen of Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1414/11/16", "description": " The Council of Constance begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1414/11/16", "description": "The Habsburg Duke Ernest the Iron (1377\u20131424) is the last duke to be enthroned according to the ancient Karantanian ritual of installing dukes on the Duke's Stone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1414/11/16", "description": "Alien priory cells are suppressed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1414/11/16", "description": "The Tibetan lama Je Tsongkhapa of the Gelug Buddhist sect declined the offer of the Yongle Emperor of China to appear in the capital at Nanjing, although he sent his disciple Chosrje Sh\u0101kya Yeshes, who was given the title ampquotState Teacherampquot. The later Xuande Emperor granted Yeshes the title of a king upon a return visit to China, only he traveled to the new capital at Beijing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1414/11/16", "description": "Sayyid dynasty starts to rule Delhi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1415/04/30", "description": " Frederick I becomes Elector of Brandenburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1415/06/05", "description": " The Council of Constance condemns the writings of John Wycliffe and asks Jan Hus to recant in public his heresy after his denial, he is tried for heresy, excommunicated, then sentenced to be burned at the stake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1415/07/04", "description": "  Pope Gregory XII officially opens the Council of Constance and then abdicates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1415/07/06", "description": " Jan Hus is burned at the stake in Konstanz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1415/07/31", "description": " Henry V of England is informed of the Southampton Plot against him he has the leaders arrested and executed before invading France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1415/08/14", "description": " Portugal conquers the city of Ceuta from the Moors, initiating the Portuguese Empire and European expansion and colonialism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1415/10/25", "description": " Battle of Agincourt: Archers of Henry V of England are instrumental in defeating a massed army of French knights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1415/10/25", "description": "Avignon Pope Benedict XIII orders all Talmuds to be delivered to the diocese and held until further notice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1415/10/25", "description": "The Swiss Confederation takes the territory of Aargau from the house of Habsburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1415/10/25", "description": "The Grand Canal of China is reinstated by this year after it had fallen out of use restoration began in 1411, and was a response by the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty to improve the grain shipment system of tribute traveling from south to north towards his new capital at Beijing. Hence, the problem with lack of food supply is sufficed by this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1415/10/25", "description": "The Orthodox Church in the lands of the tsardom of Muskovy (actual Russia) separates from the one in Ukraine and Byelorussia, both claiming to be the true Kiev patriarchate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1416/01/27", "description": " The Republic of Ragusa is the first state in Europe to outlaw slavery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1416/05/30", "description": " The Catholic Church burns Jerome of Prague as a heretic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1416/05/30", "description": "The Trezzo sull'Adda Bridge (the longest arch bridge in the world at the time) is destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1416/05/30", "description": "Ottoman\u2013Venetian maritime treaty (1416)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1417/06/24", "description": " The Isle of Man holds the first known Tynwald Day the annual meeting of its parliament (Tynwald) which has continued every year until the present.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1417/07/27", "description": " Avignon Pope Benedict XIII is deposed, bringing to an end the Great Western Schism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1417/08/12", "description": " King Henry V of England begins using English in correspondence (back to England from France whilst on campaign), marking the beginning of this king's continuous usage of English in prose, and the beginning of the restoration of English as an official language for the first time since the Norman Conquest, some 350 years earlier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1417/11/11", "description": " Pope Martin V succeeds Pope Gregory XII (who abdicated in 1415) as the 206th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1417/11/11", "description": "The use of street lighting is first recorded in London, when Sir Henry Barton, the mayor, orders lanterns with lights to be hung out on the winter evenings between Hallowtide and Candlemas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1418/05/19", "description": " Paris is captured by John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1418/05/19", "description": "September ampampndash The English Siege of Rouen begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1418/05/19", "description": "Mircea I of Wallachia is succeeded by Michael I of Wallachia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1418/05/19", "description": "The first Portuguese settlers move to the Madeira Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1418/05/19", "description": "The Council of Constance ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1418/05/19", "description": "The Portuguese lift the Siege of Ceuta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1419/01/19", "description": " Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England, which brings Normandy under the control of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1419/06/20", "description": " The Oei Invasion of Tsushima Island in Japan by Joseon Korea begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1419/07/30", "description": " The first Defenestration of Prague occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1419/09/10", "description": " John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy is assassinated by adherents of the Dauphin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1419/09/10", "description": "Portuguese sea captains Jo\u00e3o Gon\u00e7alves Zarco and Trist\u00e3o Vaz Teixeira, at the service of Prince Henry the Navigator, discover the Madeira islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1419/09/10", "description": "The University of Rostock is established as the oldest university of northern Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1419/09/10", "description": "The Timurid ruler of Persia, Mirza Shahrukh (r. 1404ampampndash1447), sends a large embassy to the Ming Dynasty of China during the reign of the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402ampampndash1424). One of the Persian envoys, Ghiyasu'd-Din Naqqah, keeps a diary of his travels throughout China, some of the contents of which are preserved in court documents thanks to the court historian Hafiz Abru. Naqqah writes about China's wealthy economy and huge urban markets, its efficient courier system as compared to that in Persia, the hospitality of his hosts at the courier stations in providing comfortable lodging and food, and the fine luxurious goods and craftsmenship of the Chinese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1420/05/21", "description": " Treaty of Troyes:  With the Burgundian faction dominant in France, King Charles VI of France acknowledges Henry V of England as his heir and as virtual ruler of most of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1420/05/25", "description": "  Henry the Navigator is appointed governor of the Order of Christ.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1420/06/07", "description": " Troops of the Republic of Venice capture Udine after a long siege, ending the independence of the Patriarchal State of Friuli, run by the Patriarch of Aquileia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1420/10/22", "description": " Ghiyasu'd-Din Naqqah, an envoy of the embassy sent by the Timurid ruler of Persia, Mirza Shahrukh (r. 1404\u20131447), to the Ming Dynasty of China during the reign of the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402\u20131424), records his sight and travel over a large floating pontoon bridge at Lanzhou (constructed earlier in 1372) as he crosses the Yellow River on this day. He writes that it was: quot...composed of twenty three boats, of great excellence and strength attached together by a long chain of iron as thick as a man's thigh, and this was moored on each side to an iron post as thick as a man's waist extending a distance of ten cubits on the land and planted firmly in the ground, the boats being fastened to this chain by means of big hooks. There were placed big wooden planks over the boats so firmly and evenly that all the animals were made to pass over it without difficulty.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1420/10/22", "description": "Hussite Wars: Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor fails at the Battle of Vysehrad and is ejected from  Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1420/10/22", "description": "Catherine of Valois marries Henry V of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1420/10/22", "description": "Henry V of England commences construction of ''Grace Dieu (ship)''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1420/10/22", "description": "Construction begins on the Temple of Heaven in Beijing, China while the palace complex of the Forbidden City is completed. In this year the Yongle Emperor confers the title ampquotBeijingampquot (ampquotNorthern Capitalampquot) for the Ming Dynasty's new capital city, replacing Nanjing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1420/10/22", "description": "The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore's dome construction is started after Filippo Brunelleschi wins the commission for his ampquotdouble shellampquot design.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1421/03/21", "description": " Battle of Baug\u00e9: A small French force surprises and defeats a smaller English force under Thomas, Duke of Clarence, a brother of Henry V of England, in Normandy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1421/05/26", "description": " Mehmed I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, dies and is succeeded by his son Murad II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1421/11/17", "description": "November 19 ampndash St. Elizabeth flood: The coastal area near Dordrecht in the Netherlands is flooded due to the extremely high tide of the North Sea 72 villages are drowned, killing about 10,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1421/11/17", "description": "John III of Dampierre, Marquis of Namur, sells his estates to Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1421/11/17", "description": "The first patent is issued by the Republic of Florence.ampampTerence, Kealey. ''The Economic Laws of Scientific Research.'' 1996.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1421/11/17", "description": "Portuguese sailors sent by Henry the Navigator cross the Cape Non, going as far as the Cape Bojador.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1422/01/10", "description": " Hussite Wars: Battle of Deutschbrod: The Hussites defeat 2,000 Royalist Crusaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1422/03/21", "description": "May 2 ampndash Hundred Years' War: Siege of Meaux: Meaux surrenders to the English.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1422/08/31", "description": " Henry VI becomes King of England aged nine months.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1422/09/27", "description": " The Teutonic Knights sign the Treaty of Melno with the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania after the brief Gollub War. The Prussian\u2013Lithuanian border established by the treaty remains unchanged until World War I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1422/10/21", "description": " With the death of King Charles VI of France, Henry VI of England is proclaimed King of France in Paris, while the Dauphin, Charles, is proclaimed King Charles VII of France in Bourges.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1422/10/21", "description": "Ottoman forces overrun the last domains of Constantine II of Bulgaria, who dies in exile at the Serbian court end of the Bulgarian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1422/10/21", "description": "Siege of Constantinople by the Ottomans is successfully resisted by the Byzantine defenders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1422/10/21", "description": "Venice has a population of 84,000 of which 200 men rule the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1422/10/21", "description": "Florence has a population of 40,000 of which 600 men rule the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1423/04/27", "description": " Hussite Wars ampndash Battle of Horic:  The Taborites decisively beat the Utraquists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1423/04/27", "description": "21\/22 May ampampndash Byzantine-Ottoman Wars ampampndash The Ottoman governor of Thessaly, Turakhan Beg, breaks through the Hexamilion wall and ravages the Peloponnese peninsula.ampamp{{cite encyclopedia | article=Turakh\u0101n Beg| first = Franz | last = Babinger | encyclopedia = E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913\u20131936, Volume VIII | editor-first = Martijn Theodoor | editor-last = Houtsma | publisher = BRILL | location = Leiden | year = 1987 | isbn = 90-04-09796-1 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMCampamplpg=PA615ampamppg=PA876#v=onepageampampqampampf=false\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMCampamplpg=PA615ampamppg=PA876#v=onepageampampqampampf=false<\/a> | pages = 876\u2013878}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1423/07/31", "description": "  Hundred Years' War- Battle of Cravant: The French army is defeated at Cravant on the banks of the river Yonne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1423/07/31", "description": "According to the 1421 theory, Zheng He's fleets return to China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1423/07/31", "description": "The three independent boroughs of Pamplona are united into a single town by royal decree after centuries of feuds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1424/06/02", "description": " Battle of L'Aquila: Jacopo Caldora and Micheletto Attendolo for the Kingdom of Naples defeat Braccio da Montone for Alfonso V of Aragon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1424/08/17", "description": " Battle of Verneuil: An English force under John, Duke of Bedford defeats a larger French army under the Duke of Alen\u00e7on, John Stewart, and Earl Archibald of Douglas.  Alen\u00e7on is captured and Douglas killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1424/08/17", "description": "Dalmatia: Aliota Capenna, lord of Lesina (nowadays Hvar), offers his realm to the Republic of Venice (also said to have occurred in 1409 and 1421).ampamp{{cite book|last=Stephanopoli|first=Dimo|title=Voyage de Dimo et Nicolo Stephanopoli en Gr\u00e8ce,: pendant les ann\u00e9es V et VI|year=1799|publisher=Guilleminet|location=Paris|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=WskGAAAAQAAJampampdq=aliota+capenna}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=WskGAAAAQAAJampampdq=aliota+capenna}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1425", "description": "Beijing, capital of China, becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from Nanjing (estimated date).ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm<\/a> Geography at about.comampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1425", "description": "The Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1425", "description": "By this year, paper currency in China is worth only 0.025% to 0.014% its original value in the 14th century this and counterfeiting of copper coin currency will lead to a dramatic shift to using silver as the common medium of exchange in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1425", "description": "Uprising by the Maltese against Don Gonsalvo Monroy, count of Malta. The insurgents repel  an attempt by the Viceroy of Sicily to bring the island to order. The Maltese do not submit to Catalan-Aragonese rule until the Magna Charta Libertatis granting them their new rights is delivered to them", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1426/03/06", "description": " Battle of St. James (near Avranches):  An English army under John, Duke of Bedford defeats the French under Arthur de Richemont, forcing the Duke of Brittany to recognize English suzerainty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1426/06/16", "description": " Hussite Wars ampndash Battle of Usti nad Labem: The Hussites decisively beat the crusading armies in the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1426/07/07", "description": " The Battle of Chirokitia is fought.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1426/07/07", "description": "''ampquotCastello Orsini-Odescalchiampquot'' is built in Bracciano, Italy by the Orsini family.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1426/07/07", "description": "Eunuch-dominated secret police start to control the palace guards and imperial workshops, infiltrate the civil service and head all foreign missions in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1427/08/04", "description": " Hussite Wars ampndash Battle of Tachov: The Hussites decisively beat the crusader armies, ending the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1427/08/17", "description": " The first band of Gypsies visits Paris, according to an account of the citizen of Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1427/08/17", "description": "Lincoln College, a constituent college of the University of Oxford, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1427/08/17", "description": "The House of Balsic's rule of Montenegro comes to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1427/08/17", "description": "Bhaktapur Royal Palace in Nepal is built by King Yaksa Malla.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1427/08/17", "description": "Gabriel V is elected Patriarch of the Coptic Church for the second time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1427/08/17", "description": "Minrekyansa becomes King of Ava (''ancient Burma'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1427/08/17", "description": "The Conflict of Druimnacour occurs in Sutherland, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1427/08/17", "description": "The first witch hunts begin, in Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1427/08/17", "description": "Celestine Order established in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1427/08/17", "description": "The Celebration of ''Sant Jordi'' (Saint George) begins in Catalonia (he will later become its patron saint).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1427/08/17", "description": "Bremen is expelled from the Hanseatic League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1427/08/17", "description": "Diogo de Silves, Portuguese navigator, discovers seven islands of the Azores archipelago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1427/08/17", "description": "The Battle of the Echinades, between a Byzantine fleet and the fleet of Carlo I Tocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1428/08/30", "description": " Emperor Go-Hanazono accedes to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1428/10/12", "description": " English forces under Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, besiege Orl\u00e9ans. Jean de Dunois, the Bastard of Orl\u00e9ans, commands the defenders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1428/10/24", "description": " Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, is mortally wounded in an unsuccessful assault on Orl\u00e9ans. He is succeeded in command by William de la Pole, 4th Earl of Suffolk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1428/10/24", "description": "Itzc\u00f3atl becomes ruler of the Aztecs. He eventually begins the construction of Tenochtitlan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1428/10/24", "description": "The Aztec Triple Alliance (also known as ''The Aztec Empire'') forms with the alliance of three Aztec city-states\u2014Tenochtitl\u00e1n, Texcoco, and Tlacop\u00e1n\u2014and defeats Azcapotzalco to win control of the Valley of Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1428/10/24", "description": "A serious fire occurs at Baynard's Castle in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1428/10/24", "description": "Voices tell Joan of Arc that Charles VII of France must be crowned and the English expelled from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1428/10/24", "description": "Lam S\u01a1n uprising: L\u00ea L\u1ee3i, founder of the L\u00ea Dynasty in Vietnam, liberates Annam (the territory occupied by Ming Dynasty China in 1407) and restores the kingdom as \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1429/02/12", "description": " battle of Rouvray (or quotof the Herringsquot):  English forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army of William de la Pole, 4th Earl of Suffolk at Orl\u00e9ans from attack by the Comte de Clermont and John Stewart.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1429/04/29", "description": " Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orl\u00e9ans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1429/04/30", "description": " Siege of Orl\u00e9ans: Joan of Arc enters Orl\u00e9ans with a relief expedition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1429/05/07", "description": " The Tourelles, the last English siege fortification at Orl\u00e9ans, falls. Joan of Arc becomes the hero of the battle by returning wounded to lead the final charge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1429/05/08", "description": " The English, weakened by disease and lack of supplies, depart Orl\u00e9ans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1429/06/18", "description": " Battle of Patay: French forces under Joan of Arc smash the English forces under Lord Talbot and Sir John Fastolf, forcing the withdrawal of the English from the Loire Valley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1429/07/17", "description": " Charles VII of France crowned in Rheims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1429/09/08", "description": " Joan of Arc leads an unsuccessful attack on Paris and is wounded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1429/11/24", "description": " Joan besieged La Charit\u00e9.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1429/11/24", "description": "Fire destroys Turku.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1429/11/24", "description": "A series of seven customs offices and barriers are installed along the Grand Canal of China, during the reign of the Ming Dynasty ruler Emperor Yongle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1430/01/10", "description": " Philip the Good marries Isabella of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1430/05/14", "description": " The French first attempt to relieve the Siege of Compi\u00e8gne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1430/05/23", "description": " Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compi\u00e8gne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1430/06/14", "description": " William Waynflete becomes vicar of Skendleby, Lincolnshire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1430/07/11", "description": " The Battle of Trnava, Hussite victory on the Hungarian-Moravian-Serbian army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1430/07/11", "description": "The Ottoman Empire captures Thessalonica from the Venetians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1430/07/11", "description": "The Order of the Golden Fleece is founded by Philip III, Duke of Burgundy to celebrate his marriage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1430/07/11", "description": "Bratislava Castle is converted to a fortress under Sigismund of Luxemburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1430/07/11", "description": "\u0160vitrigaila succeeds his cousin as ruler of Lithuania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1430/07/11", "description": "Optical methods are first used in the creation of art.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1430/07/11", "description": "The Janissaries are created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1430/07/11", "description": "Patras, capital of Achea, finally falls to the Byzantine Despotate of Morea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1431/01/09", "description": " Pretrial investigations for Joan of Arc begin in Rouen, France under English occupation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1431/03/03", "description": " Pope Eugene IV succeeds Pope Martin V as the 207th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1431/03/26", "description": " The trial of Joan of Arc begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1431/05/30", "description": " Nineteen-year-old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1431/06/16", "description": " the Teutonic Knights and \u0160vitrigaila sign the Treaty of Christmemel, creating anti-Polish alliance", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1431/06/16", "description": "September ampampndash Battle of Inverlochy: Donald Balloch defeats the Royalists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1431/10/30", "description": " Treaty of Medina del Campo, consolidating peace between Portugal and Castille.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1431/12/16", "description": " Henry VI of England is crowned King of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1431/12/16", "description": "The University of Poitiers is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1431/12/16", "description": "The Kingdom of Ayutthaya besieges Angkor and sack the Khmer capital, end of the Khmer Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1431/12/16", "description": "Nezahualcoyotl is crowned Tlatoani of the Kingdom of Texcoco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1431/12/16", "description": "Byzantine-Ottoman Wars ampampndash The Ottoman governor of Thessaly Turakhan Beg breaks through the Hexamilion wall for the second time and ravages the Peloponnese peninsula.ampamp{{cite encyclopedia | article=Turakh\u0101n Beg| first = Franz | last = Babinger | encyclopedia = E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913\u20131936, Volume VIII | editor-first = Martijn Theodoor | editor-last = Houtsma | publisher = BRILL | location = Leiden | year = 1987 | isbn = 90-04-09794-5 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMCampamplpg=PA615ampamppg=PA876#v=onepageampampqampampf=false\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ro--tXw_hxMCampamplpg=PA615ampamppg=PA876#v=onepageampampqampampf=false<\/a> | pages = 876\u2013878}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1432", "description": "Spring ampampndash An Albanian revolt, led by Gjergj Arianit Komneni, breaks out against the Ottoman Empire and spreads through most of Albania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1432", "description": "April ampampndash At the end of the Hook and Cod wars, Jacqueline, Countess of Hainaut and Holland is forced by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, to abdicate all her estates in his favour, ending Hainaut and Holland as independent counties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1432/06/01", "description": " Battle of San Romano: Florence defeats Siena.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1432/08/31", "description": " Sigismund K\u0119stutaitis attempts a capture or murder of \u0160vitrigaila, his rival for the throne of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. \u0160vitrigaila manages to escape.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1432/12/08", "description": " the first battle between the forces of \u0160vitrigaila and Sigismund K\u0119stutaitis is fought near the town of Oszmiana (Ashmyany), launching the most active phase of the civil war in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1432/12/08", "description": "The Universit\u00e9 de Caen is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1433", "description": "Winter ampampndash Much of the English town of Alnwick in Northumbria is burnt by a Scottish raiding party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1433", "description": "May 31 ampampndash Sigismund is crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome. There has been no crowned Emperor since the death of his father, Charles IV, in 1378.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1433/08/14", "description": " Edward I becomes King of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1433/08/14", "description": "September ampampndash Cosimo de' Medici, later the ''de facto'' ruler of Florence and patron of Marsilio Ficino, is exiled by the Albizzi\/Strozzi faction. (Cosimo returns a year later, to the day, in 1434).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1433/08/14", "description": "The Ming Dynasty in China disbands their naval fleet after the last great maritime expedition led by Admiral Zheng He, altering the balance of power in the Indian Ocean and making it easier for Portugal and other Western naval powers to gain dominance over the seas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1433/08/14", "description": "In Ming Dynasty China, cotton is listed as a permanent item of trade on the tax registers of Songjiang prefecture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1434/04/14", "description": " The foundation stone of Nantes Cathedral in Nantes, France, is laid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1434/05/30", "description": " Hussite Wars ampndash Battle of Lipany: The Catholics and Ultraquists defeat the Taborites, ending the Hussite Wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1434/05/30", "description": "June 19 or 20 ampampndash Zara Yaqob becomes Emperor of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1434/07/10", "description": "August 9 ampndash Suero de Qui\u00f1ones and his companions stage the ''Passo Honroso'' at the \u00d3rbigo in Le\u00f3n.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1434/07/10", "description": "September ampampndash Cosimo de' Medici returns to Florence one year, to the day, following his exile by the Alberti and Strozzi faction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1434/10/19", "description": " The University of Catania is founded in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1434/10/19", "description": "Jan van Eyck paints the Arnolfini Portrait.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1434/10/19", "description": "Explorer Gil Eanes reaches Cape Bojador in Western Sahara, thus destroying the legends of the ampquotDark Seaampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1434/10/19", "description": "Portuguese traders deliver their first cargo of African slaves to Lisbon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1434/10/19", "description": "In Ming Dynasty China, a long episode of drought, flood, locust infestation, and famine cripple agriculture and commerce in areas throughout the country until 1448.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1435/01/11", "description": " Sweden's first Riksdag of the Estates is summoned under Engelbrekt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1435/08/05", "description": "August 5  - Battle of Ponza Alfonso V of Aragon captured at Genuezen", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1435/09/01", "description": " Battle of Pabaiskas ends a civil war between Grand Dukes \u0160vitrigaila and Sigismund K\u0119stutaitis in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1435/09/21", "description": " The Treaty of Arras between Charles VII of France and Philip III of Burgundy ends the English-Burgundian alliance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1435/09/21", "description": "Francis of Paola founds the Order of the Minims in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1435/09/21", "description": "The Kingdom of Naples passes to Aragon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1435/09/21", "description": "China returns to a policy of isolation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1435/09/21", "description": "Gil Eanes and Afonso Gon\u00e7alves Baldaia explore the coast of Africa as far as the ''Angra dos Ruivos''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1436", "description": "April ampampndash Paris is recaptured by the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1436/06/25", "description": " The Incorporated Guild of Smiths is founded in Newcastle upon Tyne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1436/07/05", "description": " The Hussite Wars effectively end in Bohemia. Sigismund is accepted as King.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1436/08/30", "description": " Brunelleschi's Dome at Florence Cathedral is dedicated.{{cite book|first=Ross|last=King|title=Brunelleschi's Dome|location=London|publisher=Chatto amp Windus|year=2000|isbn=0-7011-6903-6}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1436/08/30", "description": "Alexandru I Aldea is replaced as ruler of Wallachia by Vlad II Dracul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1436/08/30", "description": "The Bosnian language is first mentioned in a document.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1436/08/30", "description": "Date of the Visokom papers, the last direct sources on the old town of Visoki.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1436/08/30", "description": "In Ming Dynasty China, the inauguration of the Zhengtong Emperor takes place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1436/08/30", "description": "In Ming Dynasty China, a significant portion of the southern grain tax is commuted to payments in silver, known as the Gold Floral Silver (''jinhuayin''). This comes about due to officials' and military generals' increasing demands to be paid in silver instead of grain, as commercial transactions draw more silver into nationwide circulation. Some counties have trouble transporting all the required grain to meet their tax quotas, so it makes sense to pay the government in silver, a medium of exchange that is already abundant amongst landowners through their own private commercial affairs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1436/08/30", "description": "The Florentine polymath Leon Battista Alberti begins writing the treatise ''On Painting'', in which he argues for the importance of mathematical perspective in the creation of three-dimensional vision on a two-dimensional plane. This follows the ideas of Massacio and his concepts of linear perspective and vanishing point in artwork.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1436/08/30", "description": "Afonso Gon\u00e7alves Baldaia becomes the first to explore the western coast of Africa past the Tropic of Cancer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1437/02/20", "description": " James I of Scotland is stabbed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1437/03/25", "description": " In a ceremony in Holyrood Abbey, James II of Scotland is crowned at the age of six by Pope Eugene IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1437/04/23", "description": " Malm\u00f6 in Denmark (now Sweden) receives its current coat of arms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1437/09/20", "description": "October 19 ampndash A Portuguese attempt to conquer Tanger fails and Prince Ferdinand is taken hostage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1437/09/20", "description": "Ulugh Beg's ''Zij-i-Sultani'' star catalogue is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1437/09/20", "description": "The Kazan Khanate is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1437/09/20", "description": "Edinburgh is made the capital of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1437/09/20", "description": "Sandside Chase in the north of Scotland: Clan Mackay defeat the Clan Gunn of Caithness.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1438/01/01", "description": " Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1438/03/18", "description": " Albert II of Habsburg becomes King of Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1438/07/07", "description": " Charles VII of France issues the ''Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges'', giving the French church control over the appointment of bishops and depriving the Pope of French ecclesiastical revenues.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1438/09/13", "description": " Afonso V becomes King of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1438/09/13", "description": "Eric of Pomerania, King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway, loses direct control of Sweden. Karl Knutsson Bonde is elected Regent of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1438/09/13", "description": "Council of Florence is moved to Ferrara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1438/09/13", "description": "Pachacuti (who will later create Tahuantinsuyu, or the Inca Empire) becomes the ruler of Cuzco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1438/09/13", "description": "In Italy, the siege of Brescia by the condottieri troops of Niccol\u00f2 Piccinino is raised after the arrival of Scaramuccia da Forl\u00ec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1438/09/13", "description": "Just two years after the Ming Dynasty court of China allowed landowners paying the grain tax to pay their tax in silver instead, the Ming court now decides to close all silver mines and to ban all private silver mining in Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. This is a concerted effort to halt the increase of silver circulating into the market. Illegally mining silver is now an offense punishable by death although illegal mining became a dangerous affair, the high demand for illegal mining also made it very lucrative, and so many chose to defy the government and continued to mine silver.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1438/09/13", "description": "All Souls College, University of Oxford is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1439/05/04", "description": " Battle of Grotnik: The Hussite movement is defeated in Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1439/06/29", "description": " supposed date of Venerable Macarius' Miracle of the Moose, according to Russian hagiographers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1439/09/08", "description": " Cardinal Giovanni Vitelleschi captures Foligno, ending Trinci's signoria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1439/09/29", "description": "r October 1 ampndash Eric of Pomerania, King of Sweden, Denmark and Norway is declared deposed in Sweden. Karl Knutsson Bonde continues to serve as Regent of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1439/11/12", "description": " In England, Plymouth becomes the first town incorporated by the English Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1439/11/12", "description": "Johannes Gutenberg develops printing with movable type at Mainz at about this date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1439/11/12", "description": "Logabirum is mentioned for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1439/11/12", "description": "The Great Ordinance is adopted by the French Estates-General. This measure grants the king the exclusive right to raise troops, and establishes the taxation measure known as the ''taille'' in support of a standing army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1439/11/12", "description": "Council of Florence is moved to Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1439/11/12", "description": "At the Portuguese Cortes, Peter, Duke of Coimbra is appointed Regent of the Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1440/02/21", "description": " The Prussian Confederation is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1440/09/13", "description": " Gilles de Rais is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against him by the Bishop of Nantes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1440/10/22", "description": " Gilles de Rais confesses and is sentenced to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1440/10/22", "description": "Itzc\u00f3atl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Moctezuma I ''(Moctezuma Ilhuicamina)''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1440/10/22", "description": "The term of Regent of Sweden Karl Knutsson Bonde ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1440/10/22", "description": "Murad II lays siege to Belgrade. The city is heavily damaged, but the defenders' use of artillery prevents the Turks from capturing the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1440/10/22", "description": "Eton College is founded by Henry VI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1440/10/22", "description": "Sir Richard Molyneux is appointed constable of Liverpool Castle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1440/10/22", "description": "The Ming Dynasty government of China begins a decade-long series of issuing harsh edicts towards those who illegally mine silver, the latter known as 'miner bandits' (''kuangzei''), a trend begun in 1438. The government wants to cap the amount of silver circulating into the market as more grain taxes are converted into silver taxes. The government establishes community night watches known as 'watches and tithings' (''baojia'') who ensure that illegal mining activities are brought to a halt. However, these are desperate measures, as illegal silver mining continues to thrive as a dangerous but lucrative venture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1441", "description": "King's College, University of Cambridge, is founded by King Henry VI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1441", "description": "Ouagadougou becomes the capital of the Mossi Kingdoms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1441", "description": "Two Ethiopians attend an ecclesiastical council at Florence, as part of the negotiations concerning a possible union of Coptic and Roman Catholic Christianity. This is the earliest recorded contact of the Ethiopian Church with Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1441", "description": "A revolt occurs in the Yucat\u00e1n capital Mayapan the Maya civilization splits into warring city-states.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1441", "description": "Christopher of Bavaria succeeds Karl Knutsson Borde as king of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1441", "description": "Alfonso V of Aragon captures Naples after a five month siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1441", "description": "With the help of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, governor Haci Giray declares his province independent of the Golden Horde and establishes the Crimean Khanate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1441", "description": "The Republic of Venice annexes the seigniory of Ravenna, ending the Da Polenta dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1441", "description": "Nuno Trist\u00e3o reaches the ''Cabo Branco'' in the western coast of Africa. This is probably the first voyage where a caravel is used for maritime exploration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1441", "description": "The first black African slaves are brought to Europe, at Lagos, Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1442/06/12", "description": " Alfonso of Aragon is crowned at Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1442/06/12", "description": "The community of Rauma, Finland is granted its town rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1442/06/12", "description": "The municipality of Juva, Finland was founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1442/06/12", "description": "Vlad II Dracul is temporarily replaced as ruler of Wallachia by his son Mircea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1442/06/12", "description": "A fourth tower is added to Liverpool Castle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1442/06/12", "description": "Battle of Sibiu: John Hunyadi defeats an Ottoman army of 80,000 strong, led by Mezid the Bey of Vidin, near Sibiu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1443/07/22", "description": " Battle of St. Jakob an der Sihl: Z\u00fcrich is barely defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1443/11/03", "description": " Battle of Ni\u0161: John Hunyadi and crusader army, defeated the Ottoman Turks and captured city of Ni\u0161 Skanderbeg left the Turkish camp and went to Albania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1443/11/28", "description": " Skanderbeg and his forces, rebelling against the Ottoman Empire, liberated Kruja, in Middle Albania, and raised the Albanian flag.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1443/11/28", "description": "Nuno Trist\u00e3o penetrates the Arguim Gulf.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1443/11/28", "description": "King Sejong the Great establishes Hangul as the native alphabet of the Korean language.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1443/11/28", "description": "Vlad II Dracul begins his second term as ruler of Wallachia, succeeding Basarab II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1443/11/28", "description": "The Zhihua Si Buddhist Temple (\u667a\u5316\u5bfa) is built in Beijing, China at the order of Wang Zhen, the chief eunuch at the court of the Zhengtong Emperor of the Ming Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1444/03/02", "description": " The Albanian League is established in Lezha George Kastrioti Skanderbeg is proclaimed commander of the Albanian resistance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1444/04/16", "description": " The Truce of Tours is signed between England and France (it lasts 5 years).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1444/06/15", "description": " Cosimo de' Medici founds the Laurentian Library.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1444/06/29", "description": " Skanderbeg defeats an Ottoman army at the battle of Torvioll.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1444/08/15", "description": " Treaty of Szeged between Ottoman (Turkish) Empire and Kingdom of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1444/08/15", "description": "August ampampndash After making peace with Karamanids, Murad II abdicated in favor of his son Mehmed II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1444/08/26", "description": " Old Z\u00fcrich War ampndash Battle of St. Jakob an der Birs: Charles VII of France, seeking to send away troublesome troops made idle by the truce with England, sends his son the Dauphin with a large army into Switzerland to support the claims of Emperor Frederick III. The massively outnumbered Swiss force is destroyed in this battle, but inflict such casualties on the French that they withdraw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1444/11/10", "description": " Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Ladislas of Poland and Hungary are crushed by the Turks under Sultan Murad II.  Ladislas is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1444/11/10", "description": "Forces of the Sultan of Egypt fail to take Rhodes from the Knights of Rhodes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1444/11/10", "description": "The Iguvine Tables are discovered at Gubbio, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1444/11/10", "description": "Portuguese explorers reach the mouth of the rivers Senegal and Gambia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1444/11/10", "description": "Portuguese fleet of caravels led by Lan\u00e7arote de Freitas lands 235 slaves at Algarve, Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1444/11/10", "description": "The first European slave market for the sale of African slaves, the ''Mercado de Escravos'', opens in Lagos, Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1444/11/10", "description": "A serious fire occurs at St Paul's Cathedral in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1444/11/10", "description": "Constantine XI, as despotate of the Morea, invades the Latin Duchy of Athens and forces them to pay tribute, and return Thebes to Byzantium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1445/10/10", "description": " Battle of Mokra: The Albanian forces under Skanderbeg defeated the Ottoman forces. (Pope Eugene IV raised a hymn as a praise that Christendom has been provided with a new defender after he heard of the battle.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1445/10/10", "description": "The Portuguese set up their first trading post (''Feitoria'') in Africa, on the island of Arguin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1445/10/10", "description": "Portuguese explorer Dinis Dias discovers the Cap-Vert in the western coast of Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1445/10/10", "description": "Battle of Gomit: Emperor Zara Yaqob of Ethiopia defeats and kills Sultan Arwe Badlay of Adal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1446/09/27", "description": " The Battle of Otonet\u00eb. Scanderbeg defeats the Ottomans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1446/09/27", "description": "Before October ampampndash Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire is forced to abdicate in favor of his father Murad II by the Janissaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1446/09/27", "description": "October ampampndash Murad II invades Attica, forcing Constantine XI to return Thebes to the duchy of Athens and remove the tribute imposed in 1444. Murad II imposes his own tribute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1446/10/09", "description": " The hangul alphabet is created in Korea by King Sejong the Great of Joseon. The ''Hunmin Jeongeum'' published during the year is considered the start of this brand new scientific writing system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1446/12/10", "description": " After hesitating for several weeks, Murad II, sultan of the Ottoman Empire, destroys the Hexamilion wall in an assault that includes cannons. Murad and the Ottoman governor of Thessaly, Turakhan Beg ravage the Peloponnese peninsula at will, with the Sultan devastating the northern shore until Glarentza and Turakhan raiding in the interior. The Despotate of the Morea is turned into an Ottoman vassal state.{{citation |title=The Papacy and the Levant (1204\u20131571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century |last=Setton |first=Kenneth M. |year=1978 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC<\/a> |isbn=0-87169-127-2 | pages = 96\u201397}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1446/12/10", "description": "Nuno Trist\u00e3o is killed by natives in the coast of Senegal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1446/12/10", "description": "Portuguese navigator \u00c1lvaro Fernandes reaches the mouth of the Casamance River in Senegal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1446/12/10", "description": "The Precious Belt Bridge in China is fully reconstructed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1446/12/10", "description": "In Italy, the siege of Cremona by the condottieri troops of Francesco Piccinino and Luigi dal Verme is raised after the arrival of Scaramuccia da Forl\u00ec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1446/12/10", "description": "The Blarney Stone is set into a tower of Blarney Castle in Blarney, County Cork in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1447/03/06", "description": " Pope Nicholas V succeeds Pope Eugene IV as the 208th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1447/07/15", "description": " The Inquisition is revived in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1447/07/15", "description": "December ampampndash Vlad II Dracul, ruler of Wallachia, and his eldest son Mircea are assassinated. Vladislav II succeeds him with the assistance of John Hunyadi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1447/07/15", "description": "The Albanian-Venetian War of 1447-1448.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1447/07/15", "description": "The Siege of Soest in the course of the ''Soester Fehde''", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1447/07/15", "description": "According to ''Ry\u016b'''s own sources, Iizasa Ienao founds Tenshin Shoden Katori Shinto-ryu, the earliest historically verifiable Japanese ''kory\u016b'' martial art that is still extant today.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1448/01/06", "description": " Christopher of Bavaria, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden dies with no designated heir, leaving all three kingdoms with vacant thrones. Brothers Bengt J\u00f6nsson Oxenstierna and Nils J\u00f6nsson Oxenstierna are selected to serve as co-regents of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1448/05/18", "description": " Battle of Oronichea:  Peace between Albania and Venice is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1448/06/20", "description": " The Regency period of Sweden ends with the election of Karl Knutsson Bonde as King Charles VIII of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1448/06/28", "description": " Charles VIII of Sweden is publicly hailed as king at Mora Stones.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1448/09/28", "description": " Christian of Oldenburg, betrothed to Queen Dowager Dorothea of Brandenburg, becomes King Christian I of Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1448/10/17", "description": " Battle of Kosovo: Hungarian forces under John Hunyadi are defeated by the Turks due to Ottoman superiority", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1448/10/17", "description": "Queens' College, Cambridge is founded by Margaret of Anjou.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1448/10/17", "description": "The Vatican Library is founded by Pope Nicholas V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1448/10/17", "description": "Vlad III the Impaler becomes reigning Prince of Wallachia for two months before being deposed by Vladislav II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1448/10/17", "description": "After a long episode of drought, flood, locust infestation, and famine in Ming Dynasty China since the year 1434, these natural afflictions finally wane and agriculture and commerce return to a state of normality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1449/01/06", "description": " Constantine XI is crowned Byzantine Emperor at Mistra. He will be the last in a line of rulers that can be traced to the founding of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1449/04/07", "description": " The last Antipope, Felix V, abdicates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1449/04/19", "description": " Pope Nicholas V is elected by the Council of Basel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1449/04/25", "description": " The Council of Basel dissolves itself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1449/05/14", "description": " Second Siege of Sfetigrad (1449): Garrison surrenders and Ottomans seize the fortress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1449/05/20", "description": " Tensions between King Afonso V and Peter, Duke of Coimbra erupt at the Battle of Alfarrobeira. Defeat of the Duke's forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1449/08/13", "description": " First Margrave War: Brandenburg Margrave Albrecht Achilles takes Lichtenau Fortress from Nuremberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1449/09/08", "description": " Battle of Tumu Fortress: The Oirat Mongols defeat the  Ming Dynasty army and capture the Zhengtong Emperor of China the latter is officially deposed while his brother ascends as the Jingtai Emperor the next year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1449/10/29", "description": " The French recapture Rouen from the English.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1450/02/07", "description": " John de la Pole, 2nd Duke of Suffolk, marries Lady Margaret Beaufort.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1450/02/07", "description": "March ampampndash French troops under Guy de Richemont besiege the English commander in France, Edmund Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset, in Caen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1450/04/15", "description": " Battle of Formigny: French troops under the Comte de Clermont defeat an English army under Sir Thomas Kyriel and Sir Matthew Gough which was attempting to relieve Caen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1450/05/08", "description": " Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen revolt against King Henry VI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1450/05/09", "description": " 'Abd al-Latif Mirza (a Timurid monarch) is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1450/05/13", "description": " Charles VIII of Sweden (who was also serving as Carl I of Norway) is declared deposed from the later throne in favor of Christian I of Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1450/06/18", "description": " Battle of Seven Oaks: Jack Cade's rebels are driven from London by loyal troops, bringing about the collapse of the rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1450/07/06", "description": " Caen surrenders to the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1450/07/12", "description": " Jack Cade was slain in a revolt against British King Henry VI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1450/08/12", "description": " Cherbourg, the last English territory in Normandy, surrenders to the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1450/10/05", "description": " Jews were expelled from Lower Bavaria by order of Ludwig IX.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1450/11/03", "description": " The University of Barcelona is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1450/11/23", "description": " First Siege of Kruj\u00eb: Albanian victory Ottoman army of approximately 100,000 men retreats from Albania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1450/11/23", "description": "Wolves enter Paris and kill 40 citizens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1450/11/23", "description": "The Age of Discovery begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1450/11/23", "description": "Machu Picchu (Quechua: Machu Pikchu, ampquotOld mountainampquot) a pre-Columbian Inca site located 2,400 meters (7,875 ft) above sea level believed to be under construction.ampamp{{cite web|url= <a href=\"http:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/pg.cfm?cid=31ampampid_site=274\">http:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/pg.cfm?cid=31ampampid_site=274<\/a> |title=Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu \u2014 UNESCO World Heritage Centre |year=2006 |accessdate=9 December 2006 |publisher=UNESCO}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1451/02/03", "description": " Murad II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, dies and is succeeded by his son Mehmed II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1451/02/14", "description": " Louis XI of France marries Charlotte of Savoy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1451/04/11", "description": " Celje acquires market-town status and town rights by orders from Count Frederic II of Celje.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1451/04/19", "description": " In the Delhi Sultanate, the Afghan Lodi dynasty succeeds the Turkish Sayyid dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1451/06/30", "description": " French troops under the Comte de Dunois invade Guyenne and capture Bordeaux.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1451/08/20", "description": " The French capture Bayonne, the last English stronghold in Guyenne", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1451/10/28", "description": " Revolt of Ghent: Ghent takes up arms against Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1451/10/28", "description": "The University of Glasgow is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1451/10/28", "description": "Nicholas of Cusa invents concave lens spectacles to treat myopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1452/02/22", "description": " Murder of William Douglas, 8th Earl of Douglas by James II of Scotland at Stirling Castle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1452/02/22", "description": "March ampampndash Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor becomes the last to be crowned in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1452/06/18", "description": " Pope Nicholas V issues the bull ''Dum Diversas'', legitimising the colonial slave trade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1452/06/18", "description": "October", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1452/06/18", "description": "English troops under John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, land in Guyenne, France, and retake most of the province without a fight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1452/06/18", "description": "Byzantine-Ottoman Wars ampampndash The Ottoman governor of Thessaly, Turakhan Beg, breaks through the Hexamilion wall for the fourth time and ravages the Peloponnese peninsula, to prevent the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea from assisting Constantinople during the final Ottoman siege of the imperial capital.ampamp{{citation |title=The Papacy and the Levant (1204\u20131571), Volume II: The Fifteenth Century |last=Setton |first=Kenneth M. |year=1978 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=0Sz2VYI0l1IC<\/a> |isbn=0-87169-127-2 | page = 146}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1452/06/18", "description": "A major eruption of the South Pacific volcano Kuwae in Vanuatu has a subsequent global cooling effect (the eruption released more sulfate than any other event in the past 700 years).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1452/06/18", "description": "Portuguese navigator Diogo de Teive discovers the islands of Corvo and Flores in the Azores.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1452/06/18", "description": "Battle of Bealach nam Broig, a Scottish clan battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1452/06/18", "description": "Revolt of Ghent: Forces of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, clash multiple times with rebel militia from Ghent in the region around Ghent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1453", "description": "April ampampndash Therapia and Studius are taken by the Ottomans in preparation for the assault on Constantinople, as are the Princes' Islands, by the Ottoman fleet under Admiral Baltaoglu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1453/04/02", "description": "May 29 ampndash Siege and Fall of Constantinople (now Istanbul): The Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II the Conqueror ends the Byzantine Empire by capturing the capital, Constantinople. Mortars are perhaps used in battle for the first time in this action.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1453/05/22", "description": " Partial lunar eclipse takes place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1453/05/22", "description": "MayampampndashJune ampampndash Epibatos and Selymbria also fall to the Turks after the final fall of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1453/05/22", "description": "July ampampndash Revolt of Ghent: Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, crushes the Ghent rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1453/07/17", "description": " Battle of Castillon: The French under Jean Bureau defeat the English under the Earl of Shrewsbury, who is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1453/10/19", "description": " The Hundred Years' War comes to a close with the French recapture of Bordeaux, leaving the English retaining only Calais on French soil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1453/10/19", "description": "Johannes Gutenberg invents the movable type printing press.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1454/02/04", "description": " In the Thirteen Years' War, the Secret Council of the Prussian Confederation sends a formal act of disobedience to the Grand Master.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1454/03/06", "description": " Casimir IV of Poland renounces allegiance to the Teutonic Knights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1454/03/27", "description": " Richard Plantagenet, Duke of York becomes Protector for the insane King Henry VI of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1454/04/09", "description": " Treaty of Lodi: Francesco Sforza forms a triple alliance between the duchy of Milan, the republic of Florence and kingdom of Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1454/09/18", "description": " Battle of Chojnice: The Polish army is defeated by a smaller but more professional Teutonic army during the Thirteen Years' War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1454/09/18", "description": "December ampampndash King Henry having regained his sanity, the Duke of York is dismissed as Protector.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1454/09/18", "description": "The press of Johannes Gutenberg (at Mainz on the Rhine) produces the first printed documents bearing a date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1454/09/18", "description": "Isaac Sarfati sends a circular letter to Rhineland, Swabia, Moravia and Hungary, praising the happy conditions of the Jews under the crescent in contrast to the ampquotgreat torture chamberampquot under the cross and urging them to come to Turkey.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1454/09/18", "description": "Statutes of Nieszawa enacted in Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1455/01/08", "description": " Pope Nicholas V publishes ''Romanus Pontifex'', an encyclical addressed to King Afonso V of Portugal, which sanctions the conquest of non-Christian lands, and the reduction of native non-Christian populations to 'perpetual slavery'.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1455/02/23", "description": " The Gutenberg Bible is the first book printed with movable type.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1455/04/08", "description": " Pope Calixtus III succeeds Pope Nicholas V as the 209th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1455/04/08", "description": "Spring ampampndash The Wars of the Roses begin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1455/05/18", "description": " Battle of Arkinholm: King James II of Scotland defeats the Earl of Douglas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1455/05/22", "description": " First Battle of St Albans: Richard, Duke of York, defeats and captures King Henry VI of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1455/05/22", "description": "July ampampndash Siege of Berat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1456/05/18", "description": " Second Battle of Oronichea (1456): Ottoman forces of 15,000 go to capture Albania but are met and swiftly defeated by Skanderbeg's smaller force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1456/06/09", "description": "June 9  ampndash Halley's Comet makes an appearance, as noted by the humanist scholar Platina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1456/07/07", "description": " A retrial acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1456/07/21", "description": "July 22 ampndash Battle of N\u00e1ndorfeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r (Belgrade):  The Hungarians under John Hunyadi rout the Turkish army of Sultan Mehmed II. The noon bell ordered by Pope Callixtus III commemorates the victory throughout the Christian world (and hence is still rung).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1456/08/20", "description": " Vladislav II, reigning Prince of Wallachia, is killed in battle by Vlad III Dracula, who succeeds him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1456/10/17", "description": " The University of Greifswald is established, making it the second oldest university in northern Europe (also for a period the oldest in Sweden and Prussia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1456/10/17", "description": "Lazar Brankovi\u0107 becomes king of Serbia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1456/10/17", "description": "Alvise Cadamosto discovers some of the Cape Verde Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1456/10/17", "description": "Diogo Gomes reaches the Geba River in Guinea Bissau and explores the Gambia River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1456/10/17", "description": "Emperor Zara Yaqob of Ethiopia founds the city of Debre Berhan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1456/10/17", "description": "Muscovy and Novgorod Republic conclude the Treaty of Yazhelbitsy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1457/02/24", "description": " Charles VIII of Sweden is declared deposed. Archbishop of Sweden J\u00f6ns Bengtsson Oxenstierna and statesman Erik Axelsson Tott become co-regents of Sweden. The throne is then offered to Christian I of Denmark and Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1457/06/23", "description": " Christian I is elected king of Sweden, ending the war between Sweden and Denmark and restoring the Kalmar union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1457/09/02", "description": " Battle of Uj\u00ebbardha: One of Skanderbeg's most important victories against the Ottoman army in the open field.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1457/09/02", "description": "The oldest printed book to carry a date, the Mainz Psalter, is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1457/09/02", "description": "Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1457/09/02", "description": "\u015etefan cel Mare secures the throne of Moldavia, which he retains for the next 47 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1457/09/02", "description": "Edo Castle is built by \u014cta D\u014dkan in what is now Tokyo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1457/09/02", "description": "After years of captivity and absence from the Ming throne, the Zhengtong Emperor of China is reinstated as the Tianshun Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1458/01/24", "description": " Matthias I Corvinus becomes king of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1458/08/19", "description": " Pope Pius II succeeds Pope Callixtus III as the 210th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1458/10/24", "description": " King Afonso V of Portugal conquers Alc\u00e1cer Ceguer in North Africa.{{cite news|last=Vasconcelos e Sousa|first=Bernardo|title=Hist\u00f3ria de Portugal|edition=4th|page=182|language=Portuguese}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1458/10/24", "description": "Magdalen College, University of Oxford is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1458/10/24", "description": "George of Podebrady becomes king of Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1458/10/24", "description": "Luis Cadamosto discovers the first Cape Verde Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1458/10/24", "description": "The Turks issue a decree to protect the Acropolis after they conquer Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1458/10/24", "description": "The Jewish community is expelled from Erfurt (Germany), their houses are sold and the synagogue turned into an arsenal.ampamp{{cite news|last=Lema\u00eetre|first=Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric|title=Erfurt, ses juifs et l'UNESCO|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/europe\/article\/2011\/09\/19\/erfurt-ses-juifs-et-l-unesco_1574328_3214.html|accessdate=19\">http:\/\/www.lemonde.fr\/europe\/article\/2011\/09\/19\/erfurt-ses-juifs-et-l-unesco_1574328_3214.html|accessdate=19<\/a> September 2011|newspaper=Le Monde|date=19 September 2011|language=French}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1459/09/23", "description": " Battle of Blore Heath: Yorkists under the Earl of Salisbury defeat a Lancastrian force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1459/10/12", "description": " Due to the advance of a royal force on his fortress of Ludlow, The Duke of York flees to Ireland, while his ally Warwick goes to Calais.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1459/10/12", "description": "The Wallachian town of Bucharest is first mentioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1459/10/12", "description": "The city of Jodhpur, in western India, is founded by Rao Jodha of Marwar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1460/03/05", "description": " King Christian I of Denmark issues the Treaty of Ribe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1460/03/05", "description": "June ampampndash The Earl of Warwick and Edward, Earl of March, eldest son of the Duke of York, land in England with an army and seize London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1460/07/04", "description": " The cannons of the Tower of London, still in Lancaster hands, are fired on the city of London, which is mostly in Yorkist hands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1460/07/10", "description": " Battle of Northampton: Warwick and March defeat a Lancastrian army and seize King Henry. It is agreed that York will be Henry's heir, disinheriting the King's son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1460/12/30", "description": " Battle of Wakefield: A Lancastrian army under Henry Beaufort, Duke of Somerset and Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland defeats a Yorkist army under the Duke of York and his son, Edmund, Earl of Rutland. Both York and Rutland are killed, the latter murdered after the battle. York's son Edward becomes leader of the Yorkist faction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1460/12/30", "description": "Portuguese navigator Pedro de Sintra reaches the coast of modern Sierra Leone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1460/12/30", "description": "A monk, Leonardo da Pistoia, arrives in Florence from Macedonia with the Corpus Hermeticum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1460/12/30", "description": "University of Basel is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1461/02/02", "description": " Battle of Mortimer's Cross: Yorkist troops led by Edward, Duke of York defeat Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke in Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1461/02/17", "description": " Second Battle of St Albans, England: The Earl of Warwick's army is defeated by a Lancastrian force under Queen Margaret, who recovers control of her husband.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1461/03/04", "description": " The Duke of York seizes London and proclaims himself King Edward IV of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1461/03/04", "description": "5 March - Henry VI of England is desposed by the Duke of York during war of the Roses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1461/03/29", "description": " Battle of Towton: Edward IV defeats Queen Margaret to make good his claim to the English throne (thought to be the bloodiest battle ever fought in England).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1461/06/28", "description": " Edward, Richard of York's son, is crowned as Edward IV, King of England (reigns until 1483).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1461/06/28", "description": "July ampampndash Byzantine general Graitzas Palaiologos honourably surrenders Salmeniko Castle, last garrison of the Despotate of the Morea, to invading forces of the Ottoman Empire after a year-long siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1461/08/07", "description": " The Ming Dynasty Chinese military general Cao Qin stages a coup against the Tianshun Emperor after setting fire to the eastern and western gates of the Imperial City (Beijing) (which are doused by pouring rains during the day-long uprising), Cao Qin finds himself hemmed in on all sides by imperial forces, loses three of his own brothers in the fight, and instead of facing execution he flees to his home in the city and commits suicide by jumping down a well located within his walled compound.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1461/08/15", "description": " The Empire of Trebizond, the last major Romano-Greek outpost, falls to the Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II, after a 21-day siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1461/08/15", "description": "Cirencester Grammar School is founded in south-west England by the Bishop of Durham.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1461/08/15", "description": "Louis XI of France succeeds Charles VII of France as king (reigns until 1483).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1461/08/15", "description": "Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli become students of Verrocchio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1461/08/15", "description": "Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, is founded by the Ottomans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1461/08/15", "description": "Fran\u00e7ois Villon writes ''Le Grand Testament''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1462/03/27", "description": " Vasili II of Russia dies, and is succeeded by his son Ivan III of Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1462/06/17", "description": " Vlad III Dracula attempts to assassinate Mehmed II in The Night Attack, forcing Mehmed to retreat from Wallachia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1462/09/17", "description": " Thirteen Years' War ampndash Battle of \u015awiecino (Battle of \u017barnowiec): The Kingdom of Poland defeats the Teutonic Order.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1462/09/17", "description": "The Jews are expelled from Mainz, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1462/09/17", "description": "Portugal begins to settle the Cape Verde islands with slaves from the coast of Guinea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1463/01/05", "description": " Poet Fran\u00e7ois Villon is banned from Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1463/09/15", "description": " Battle of Zatoka \u015awie\u017ca: The navy of the Prussian Confederation defeats the Teutonic fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1463/09/15", "description": "Bosnia and Herzegovina falls under Turkish power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1463/09/15", "description": "Muhammad Rimfa starts to rule in Kano.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1463/09/15", "description": "Corpus Hermeticum is translated into Latin language by Marsilio Ficino.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1464/04/25", "description": " Battle of Hedgeley Moor: Yorkist forces under Lord Montague defeat Lancastrians under Sir Ralph Percy, who is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1464/05/01", "description": " Edward IV of England secretly marries Elizabeth Woodville, and keeps the marriage a secret for 5 months afterwards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1464/05/15", "description": " Battle of Hexham: Montague defeats another Lancastrian army, this one led by King Henry and Queen Margaret themselves. This marks the end of organized Lancastrian resistance for several years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1464/06/23", "description": " Christian I of Denmark and Norway, who was also serving as King of Sweden, is declared deposed from the latter throne. His deposed predecessor Charles VIII of Sweden is re-elected to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1464/08/21", "description": " Emperor Go-Hanazono of Japan abdicates, and is succeeded by his son, Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1464/08/30", "description": " Pope Paul II succeeds Pope Pius II as the 211th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1464/08/30", "description": "Jehan Lagadeuc writes a Breton-French-Latin dictionary called the ''Catholicon''. It's the first French dictionary as well as the first Breton dictionary of world history, and it will be published in 1499.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1464/08/30", "description": "In China, a small rebellion occurs in the interior province of Huguang, during the Ming Dynasty a subsequent rebellion springs up in Guangxi, where a rebellion of the Miao people and Yao people forces the Ming throne to respond by sending 30,000 troops (including 1,000 Mongol cavalry) to aid the 160,000 local troops stationed in the region to crush the rebellion that will end in 1466.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1464/08/30", "description": "Pope Pius II himself shoulders the cross of the Crusader. Pope Pius II named Skanderbeg general captain of the Holy See. Skanderbeg was given the title Athleta Christi. This plan forced Skanderbeg to break his 10 year peace treaty with the Ottomans signed in 1463, by attacking the Turkish forces near Ohrid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1465/01/29", "description": " Amadeus IX becomes Duke of Savoy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1465/01/30", "description": " Charles VIII of Sweden is deposed. Clergyman Kettil Karlsson Vasa becomes Regent of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1465/07/13", "description": " Battle of Montlh\u00e9ry: Troops of King Louis XI of France fight inconclusively against an army of the great nobles organized as the League of the Public Weal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1465/08/11", "description": " In Sweden, Regent Kettil Karlsson Vasa dies and is succeeded by J\u00f6ns Bengtsson Oxenstierna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1465/10/14", "description": " Wallachian voivode Radu cel Frumos, younger brother of Vlad \u0162epe\u015f, issues a writ from his residence in Bucharest", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1465/10/14", "description": "Former King Henry VI of England is captured by Yorkist forces and imprisoned in the Tower of London. Queen consort Margaret of Anjou and the Prince of Wales Edward of Westminster had fled to France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1465/10/14", "description": "Massive flooding in central and southern China motivates the initial construction of hundreds of new bridges under the Ming Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1465/10/14", "description": "Revolt in Fez, Morocco, ousting the Maranid rulers and killing Jews.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1466", "description": "June ampampndash Second Siege of Kruj\u00eb:  Mehmed II leads an army of 150,000 in an attempt to quash the Albanian resistance by taking Kruj\u00eb. The Albanians repulse him and the Ottoman army retreats from Albania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1466/08/26", "description": " A conspiracy against Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, led by Luca Pitti and Borso d'Este, is discovered and put down in Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1466/10/19", "description": " The Thirteen Years' War ends with the Second Peace of Thorn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1466/10/19", "description": "The Chim\u00fa Empire is conquered by troops of the Inca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1466/10/19", "description": "Erik Axelsson Tott replaces J\u00f6ns Bengtsson Oxenstierna as Regent of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1466/10/19", "description": "The Mentelin Bible, the first printed German language Bible, is produced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1466/10/19", "description": "Louis XI of France introduces silk weaving to Lyon.ampamp{{cite book|authorlink=James Burke (science historian)|first=James|last=Burke|title=Connections|location=London|publisher=Macmillan|year=1978|isbn=0-333-24827-9}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1466/10/19", "description": "Collapse of the Kingdom of Georgia into anarchy and it's subsequent fragmentation into rival states of Kartli, Kakheti, Imereti, Samtskhe-Saatabago and a number of principalities, which is finalised in 1490 when Constantine II of Georgia has to recognize his rival monarchies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1467", "description": "15 June - Philip the Good is succeded as  Duke of Burgundy by Charles the Bold.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1467/07/25", "description": " Battle of Molinella.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1467/10/29", "description": " Battle of Brustem: Charles the Bold defeats Liege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1467/10/29", "description": "Third Siege of Kruj\u00eb (1467): A few months after the failure of the second siege, Mehmed II led an army into Albania in 1467. Albanian victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1467/10/29", "description": "The \u014cnin War (1467ampampndash1477), which initiates the Sengoku Period in Japan, begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1467/10/29", "description": "The polyalphabetic cipher is invented by Leone Battista Alberti (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1467/10/29", "description": "Regent of Sweden Erik Axelsson Tott supports the re-election of deposed Charles VIII of Sweden to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1467/10/29", "description": "Pope Paul II arrests and tortures some of the abbreviators, among them Filip Callimachus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1467/10/29", "description": "King Matthias Corvinus founds the first university in Slovakia, the ''Universitas Istropolitana'' in Bratislava.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1468/08/26", "description": "Baeda Maryam succeeds his father Zara Yaqob as Emperor of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1468/10/14", "description": "The Treaty of P\u00e9ronne is signed by Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, and Louis XI of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1468/12/03", "description": "Lorenzo de' Medici and his brother Giuliano de' Medici succeed their  father, Piero di Cosimo de' Medici.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1468/12/03", "description": "The Lancastrians surrender Harlech Castle to King Edward IV of England after a seven-year siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1468/12/03", "description": "The Great Council of the Republic of Venice attempts to curb the power of the Council of Ten through legislation restricting them to acting on emergency matters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1468/12/03", "description": "Orkney is pledged by Christian I, in his capacity as King of Norway, as security against the payment of the dowry of his daughter Margaret, betrothed to James III of Scotland. As the money is never paid, the connection with the crown of Scotland becomes perpetual.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1468/12/03", "description": "Metz Cathedral is completed.amp\/onlyincludeamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1469/03/20", "description": " The Battle of Nibley Green in England is the last fought between the private armies of feudal magnates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1469/07/26", "description": " Battle of Edgecote Moor: The House of Lancaster defeats the House of York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1469/10/19", "description": " Infante Ferdinand of Aragon marries Infanta Isabella of Castile. This event will lead to a unified Spain in 1492.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1469/10/19", "description": "Sigismund of Austria sells Upper-Elsass (Alsace) to Charles the Bold in exchange for aid in a war against the Swiss.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1469/10/19", "description": "Uzun Hassan wins in Persia and defeats Abu Sa'id.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1469/10/19", "description": "Lorenzo de' Medici takes power in Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1469/10/19", "description": "Moctezuma I, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Axayacatl.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1469/10/19", "description": "James III of Scotland acquires the Orkney and Shetland Islands from Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1469/10/19", "description": "Marsilio Ficino completes his translation of the collected works of Plato.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1469/10/19", "description": "Marsilio Ficino writes ampquotCommentary on Plato's Symposium on Loveampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1469/10/19", "description": "Marsilio Ficino starts to work on ampquotPlatonic Theologyampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1470/03/12", "description": " Wars of the Roses ampndash Battle of Lose-coat Field: The House of York defeats the House of Lancaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1470/05/15", "description": " Charles VIII of Sweden, who had served three terms as King of Sweden, dies. Sten Sture the Elder becomes Regent of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1470/05/15", "description": "October ampampndash A rebellion orchestrated by King Edward's former ally, the Earl of Warwick, forces the King to flee England to seek support from his brother-in-law Charles the Bold of Burgundy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1470/10/30", "description": " Warwick releases Henry VI of England from the Tower and restores him to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1470/10/30", "description": "Start of the Anglo-Hanseatic War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1470/10/30", "description": "The first contact occurs between Europeans and the Fante nation of the Gold Coast, when a party of Portuguese land and meet with the King of Elmina (see also History of Ghana).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1470/10/30", "description": "Johann Heynlin introduces the printing press into France and prints his first book that same year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1470/10/30", "description": "In Tonga, in or around 1470, the Tu'i Tonga dynasty cedes its temporal powers to the Tu'i Ha'atakalaua dynasty, which will remain prominent until about 1600.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1470/10/30", "description": "Between this year and 1700, 8,888 witches are tried in the Swiss Confederation 5,417 of them are executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1470/10/30", "description": "Sir George Ripley (alchemist) dedicates his book ''The Compound of Alchemy'' to the King Edward IV of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1471/03/01", "description": " Emperor Le Thanh Tong captures the Champa Capital, establishing new regions in middle Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1471/03/01", "description": "March ampampndash The Yorkist King Edward IV returns to England to reclaim his throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1471/04/14", "description": " Battle of Barnet: Edward defeats the Lancastrian army under Warwick, who is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1471/05/04", "description": " Battle of Tewkesbury: King Edward defeats a Lancastrian army under Queen Margaret and her son, Edward of Westminster the Prince of Wales, who is killed.  Later in the month, King Henry VI of England is murdered, eliminating all  Lancastrian opposition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1471/07/14", "description": " Battle of Shelon: The forces of Muscovy defeat the Republic of Novgorod.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1471/08/09", "description": " Pope Sixtus IV succeeds Pope Paul II as the 212th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1471/08/24", "description": " King Afonso V of Portugal conquers the Moroccan town of Arzila.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1471/08/29", "description": " The Portuguese occupy Tangiers after its population flees the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1471/10/10", "description": " Battle of Brunkeberg in Stockholm: The forces of Regent of Sweden Sten Sture the Elder, with the help of farmers and miners, repel an attack by Christian I, King of Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1471/10/10", "description": "The Shetland and Orkney islands are ceded to Scotland in lieu of an unpaid dowry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1471/10/10", "description": "Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui of the Inca Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Tupac Inca Yupanqui.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1471/10/10", "description": "Jo\u00e3o de Santar\u00e9m and Pedro Escobar crossed the Equator. The southern hemisphere was discovered and the sailors began to be guided by a new constellation, the Southern Cross.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1471/10/10", "description": "Discovery of the islands of S\u00e3o Tome and Principe attributed to these same sailors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1471/10/10", "description": "Portuguese sailors reach Mina de Ouro on the Gold Coast (present-day Ghana) and explore Cape St. Catherine, two degrees south of the equator. Mina de Ouro becomes the chief center for the gold trade and a major source of revenue for the crown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1471/10/10", "description": "Moorish exiles from Spain, led by Moulay Ali Ben Moussa Ben Rached El Alami, found the city of Chefchaouen in the north of Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1472/02/20", "description": " Orkney and Shetland are returned by Norway to Scotland, due to a defaulted dowry payment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1472/02/20", "description": "Foundation of the Kingdom of Fez.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1472/02/20", "description": "Possible discovery of Bacalao (possibly Newfoundland, North America) by Jo\u00e3o Vaz Corte-Real.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1472/02/20", "description": "An extensive slave trade begins in modern Cameroon, as the Portuguese sail up the Wuori River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1472/02/20", "description": "Fern\u00e3o do Po claims the central-African islands Bioko and Annob\u00f3n for Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1472/02/20", "description": "Banca Monte Dei Paschi Di Siena, the world's oldest surviving bank, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1472/02/20", "description": "Leonardo da Vinci is listed as a master in Florence's ampquotCompany of Artistsampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1472/02/20", "description": "Publication of Johannes de Sacrobosco's ''De sphaera mundi'' (written c.1230) in Ferrara, the first printed astronomical book.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1473/02/12", "description": " First complete printed edition of Avicenna's ''The Canon of Medicine'' (in Latin translation) published in Milan.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1473/02/12", "description": "Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II defeats the White Sheep Turkmens led by Uzun Hasan at Otlukbeli.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1473/02/12", "description": "Axayacatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, invades the territory of the neighboring Aztec city of Tlatelolco. The ruler of Tlatelolco is killed and replaced by a military governor. Tlatelolco loses its independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1473/02/12", "description": "Possible discovery of Bacalao (possibly Newfoundland, North America) by Didrik Pining and Jo\u00e3o Vaz Corte-Real.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1473/02/12", "description": "The ''Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1473/02/12", "description": "The city walls and defensive moat are built in Celje, Slovenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1473/02/12", "description": "Marsilio Ficino becomes a Catholic priest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1474/12/12", "description": " Upon the death of Henry IV of Castile, a civil war ensues between his designated successor Isabella I of Castile and her sister Juana, who is supported by her husband, Alfonso V of Portugal. Isabella wins the civil war after a lengthy struggle when her husband, Ferdinand II of Aragon, the newly crowned king of Aragon, comes to her aid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1474/12/12", "description": "The Treaty of Utrecht put an end to the Anglo-Hanseatic War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1474/12/12", "description": "Marsilio Ficino finishes his work on ampquotPlatonic Theologyampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1474/12/12", "description": "The Republic of Venice enacts a decree that new and inventive devices, once put into practice, have to be communicated to the Republic to obtain the right to prevent others from using them, the first modern patent ''system''.ampamp{{cite book|first= Helmut|last=Schippel|chapter=Die Anf\u00e4nge des Erfinderschutzes in Venedig|editor=Lindgren, Uta (Hrsg.)|title=Europ\u00e4ische Technik im Mittelalter, 800 bis 1400: Tradition und Innovation|edition=4.|location=Berlin|year=2001|pages=539\u2013550|isbn=3-7861-1748-9|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wolfgang-pfaller.de\/venedig.htm|publisher=Wolfgang\">http:\/\/www.wolfgang-pfaller.de\/venedig.htm|publisher=Wolfgang<\/a> Pfaller}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1475/01/10", "description": " Battle of Vaslui: Stephen III of Moldavia defeats the Ottoman Empire, which was led at that time by Mehmed II, the conqueror of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1475/08/29", "description": "ampampampmdash The Treaty of Picquigny ends a brief war between France and England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1475/08/29", "description": "November ampampndash The Battle on the Planta takes place during the Burgundian Wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1475/08/29", "description": "''Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye'' is the first book to be printed in English, by William Caxton in Bruges.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1475/08/29", "description": "Rashi's commentary on the Torah is the first dated book to be printed in Hebrew, in Reggio di Calabria.ampamp{cite web|title=The Earliest Printed Book in Hebrew|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/menachemmendel.net\/blog\/2007\/04\/11\/the-earliest-printed-book-in-hebrew\/|first=Menachem|last=Mendel|year=2007|accessdate=2011-12-09}}ampamp\">http:\/\/menachemmendel.net\/blog\/2007\/04\/11\/the-earliest-printed-book-in-hebrew\/|first=Menachem|last=Mendel|year=2007|accessdate=2011-12-09}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1475/08/29", "description": "The Landshuter hochzeit takes place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1475/08/29", "description": "The oldest recorded game of chess is played, between Francesco di Castellvi and Narciso Vinyoles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1476/03/02", "description": " Battle of Grandson:  A Swiss army defeats the Burgundians under Charles the Bold.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1476/06/02", "description": " Battle of Morat:  The Swiss again defeat Charles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1476/07/26", "description": " Battle of Valea Alb\u0103:  The Moldavians are defeated by the Ottoman army of Mehmed the Conqueror.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1476/11/26", "description": " Vlad III the Impaler manages to become reigning Prince of Wallachia for the third and last time, before later being killed by the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Bucharest. His head is sent to his old enemy Sultan Mehmed II of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1477/01/05", "description": " Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold of Burgundy is again defeated, and this time is killed. This marks the end of the Burgundian Wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1477/02/10", "description": " Mary of Burgundy, the daughter of Charles the Bold, is forced by her disgruntled subjects to sign the Great Privilege, by which the Flemish cities recover all the local and communal rights which had been abolished by the arbitrary decrees of the dukes of Burgundy, in their efforts to create in the Low Countries a centralized state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1477/02/27", "description": " The Swedish University of Uppsala is founded, becoming the first university in Sweden and all of Scandinavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1477/08/18", "description": " Mary of Burgundy marries Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor in Ghent, bringing her Flemish and Burgundian lands into the Holy Roman Empire and detaching them from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1477/08/19", "description": " Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor  marries Mary of Burgundy,", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1477/11/18", "description": " William Caxton produces ''Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres'', the first English book printed on an English printing press.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1477/11/18", "description": "Giovanni Pico della Mirandola starts to study canon law at University of Bologna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1477/11/18", "description": "Thomas Norton (alchemist) writes ''Ordinall of Alchemy''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1477/11/18", "description": "First printed edition of ''The Travels of Marco Polo''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1478/01/14", "description": " Novgorod surrenders to Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1478/01/15", "description": " Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York, aged four, is married to five-year-old Anne de Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1478/02/18", "description": " George, Duke of Clarence, convicted of treason against his older brother Edward IV of England, is privately executed in the Tower of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1478/04/26", "description": " The Pazzi attack Lorenzo de' Medici, and kill his brother Giuliano, during High Mass in the Florence Cathedral.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1478/04/26", "description": "November ampampndash Eskender succeeds his father Baeda Maryam as Emperor of Ethiopia at the age of six.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1478/12/28", "description": " Battle of Giornico: Swiss troops defeat the Milanese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1478/12/28", "description": "Lorenzo de' Medici becomes sole ruler of Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1478/12/28", "description": "Fourth Siege of Kruj\u00eb: The Fourth Siege of Kruj\u00eb by the Ottoman Empire of Kruj\u00eb in Albania occurred in 1478 and resulted in the town's capture after the failure of three prior sieges.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1478/12/28", "description": "Vladislav II of Bohemia makes peace with Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1478/12/28", "description": "Possibly the first reference to cricket, in ampquotcriquetampquot, as discovered in France by Rowland Bowen in the 20th century.  It has been dismissed by some (most notably John Major) and presaged with Edward II's ampquotCreagampquot (1300) by others.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1478/12/28", "description": "First printing (in Padua) of Mondino de Liuzzi's ''Anathomia corporis humani'', the first complete published anatomical text.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1479/01/20", "description": " Ferdinand II ascends the throne of Aragon and rules together with his wife Isabella I, Queen of Castile over most of the Iberian peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1479/01/25", "description": " Treaty of Istanbul between the Ottoman Empire and Republic of Venice according to which Venice will cede Argo, Negroponte, Lemnos and Shkod\u00ebr, and pay an annual tribute of 10,000 golden ducati. The surrender of Shkod\u00ebr, after a fifteen-month siege, brings all of Albania under the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1479/05/13", "description": " Christopher Columbus, an experienced mariner and successful trader in the thriving Genoese expatriate community in Portugal, marries Felipa Perestrelo Moniz (Italian on her father's side) and receives as dowry her late father's maps and papers charting the seas and winds around the Madeira Islands and other Portuguese possessions in the Ocean Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1479/08/07", "description": " Battle of Guinegate: A French army sent to invade the Netherlands is defeated by Maximilian of Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1479/09/04", "description": " The Treaty of Alc\u00e1\u00e7ovas (also known as Treaty or Peace of Alc\u00e1\u00e7ovas-Toledo) is signed between the Catholic monarchs of Castile and Aragon on one side and the King of Portugal on the other side, ending the four-year War of the Castilian Succession.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1479/10/13", "description": " Battle of Keny\u00e9rmez\u0151 ({{lang-tr|Ekmekotlak}}): The Hungarian army, led by P\u00e1l Kinizsi and Istv\u00e1n B\u00e1thori, defeats the Ottoman army in Transylvania, Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1479/10/13", "description": "Plague in Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Ongoing", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1480/03/06", "description": " Treaty of Toledo: Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain recognize the African conquests of Afonso of Africa, and he cedes the Canary Islands to Spain. (?? see Treaty of Alc\u00e1\u00e7ovas )", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1480/07/28", "description": " Mehmed II fails in his attempt to capture Rhodes from the Knights of Rhodes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1480/07/28", "description": " An Ottoman army lands near Otranto, Italy. Pope Sixtus IV calls for a crusade to drive it away.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1480/08/12", "description": "Battle of Otranto - Ottoman troops behead 800 Christians for refusing to convert to Islam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1480/09/27", "description": " Consorts and co-rulers Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile initiate the Spanish Inquisition (looking for heretics and unconverted Jews).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1480/09/27", "description": "October ampampndash Great stand on the Ugra river: Muscovy becomes independent from the Golden Horde. The Theotokos of Vladimir icon is credited with saving Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1480/09/27", "description": "The Lighthouse of Alexandria's final remains disappear when Qaitbay, Sultan of Egypt, builds the Citadel of Qaitbay on its site.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1480/09/27", "description": "Magdalen College School, Oxford, established by William Waynflete.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1481/05/03", "description": " Mehmed II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Bayezid II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1481/05/21", "description": " Christian I, King of Denmark and Norway dies and is succeeded by his son John (1481\u20131513).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1481/06/21", "description": " The papal bull ''Aeterni regis'' grants all land south of the Canary Islands to Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1481/08/29", "description": " John II of Portugal starts to rule in his own right.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1481/09/10", "description": " Alphonso II of Naples recaptures the city of Otranto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1481/12/26", "description": " Battle of Westbroek: Holland defeats the troops of Utrecht.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1481/12/26", "description": "With the death of Duke Charles IV of Anjou, Anjou reverts to the French crown under Louis XI of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1481/12/26", "description": "Symeon I succeeds Maximus III as Patriarch of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1481/12/26", "description": "Ludovico Sforza emerges as Regent of Milan (until 1499).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1481/12/26", "description": "Axayacatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by his brother T\u00edzoc.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1481/12/26", "description": "Fribourg and Solothurn become Cantons of Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1481/12/26", "description": "Fire destroys the roof and the spires of the Cathedral of Notre Dame at Rheims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1481/12/26", "description": "The Aztec Calendar Stone or Sun Stone is carved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1482", "description": "The Portuguese erect the Fort of Sao Jorge de Mina (Fort Elmina) near the mouth of the River Benya on the Gold Coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1482", "description": "Tizoc rules the Aztecs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1482", "description": "Diogo C\u00e3o, a Portuguese navigator, becomes the first European to sail up the Congo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1482", "description": "Ivan III renounces the Mongol Khanate rule over Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1482", "description": "Johann Reuchlin visits Florence and meets Marsilio Ficino.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1482", "description": "Johannes Trithemius becomes a novice at the abbey of St. Martin at Sponheim in the diocese of Mainz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1482", "description": "First printed edition of Euclid's ''Elements'', in Latin translation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1483/01/01", "description": " Jews are expelled from Andalusia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1483/02/11", "description": " Creation of the General Council of Inquisition in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1483/04/09", "description": " Edward V becomes King of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1483/04/29", "description": " Gran Canaria, the main of the Canary Islands is conquered by the Kingdom of Castile, very important step in the expansion of Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1483/04/30", "description": " Orbital calculations suggest that on this day Pluto moved inside Neptune's orbit until July 23, 1503.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1483/04/30", "description": "April ampampndash King Edward V of England and his younger brother Richard, Duke of York reside in the Tower of London. Later this year, rumors of their murders start circulating. By December the rumors have reached France. This is the beginning of the mystery concerning the fates of the two Princes in the Tower.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1483/06/13", "description": " William Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings, is executed, in the first recorded execution at the Tower of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1483/06/20", "description": " The powerful Fernando II, Duke of Braganza is executed in Portugal, followed by more than 80 other noblemen, for his plot against the Royal crown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1483/06/25", "description": " Before his coronation, King Edward V of England is deposed by his uncle, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, who becomes King as Richard III of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1483/07/06", "description": " Richard III is crowned king of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1483/07/20", "description": " John of Denmark is crowned King of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1483/08/09", "description": " The Sistine Chapel opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1483/09/03", "description": " Evidence cited by Alison Weir in quotThe Princes of the Towerquot (p.ampnbsp157) indicate that Edward V and his brother, Richard, Duke of York were murdered this night.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1483/09/03", "description": "October ampampndash A rebellion by the Duke of Buckingham is crushed by Richard III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1483/09/03", "description": "Isaac Abravanel flees Portugal after being implicated in a plot against the king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1483/09/03", "description": "The Prince of Moscow builds the fortress of Ivangorod facing Narva.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1483/09/03", "description": "Giovanni Bellini is named official painter of the Republic of Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1483/09/03", "description": "Flavio Biondo publishes his ''Historiarum ab inclinatione romanorum imperii''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1484/03/26", "description": " William Caxton, the first printer of books in English, prints his translation of ''Aesop's Fables''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1484/05/14", "description": " Charles VIII of France (''Charles l'Affable'') is crowned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1484/07/06", "description": " Portuguese sea captain Diogo C\u00e3o finds the mouth of the Congo River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1484/07/22", "description": " Battle of Lochmaben Fair: A 500-man raiding party led by Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany and James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas is defeated by forces loyal to Albany's brother James III of Scotland Douglas is captured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1484/08/29", "description": " Pope Innocent VIII succeeds Pope Sixtus IV as the 213th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1484/12/05", "description": " Pope Innocent VIII gives the inquisition a mission to hunt heretics and witches in Germany, led by Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1484/12/05", "description": "The first sugar mill becomes operational in the Gran Canaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1484/12/05", "description": "The first cuirassier units (kyrissers) are formed in Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1484/12/05", "description": "The King of Portugal appoints a commission of mathematicians to perfect tables to help seamen find their latitude.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1484/12/05", "description": "Maximilian I, Duke of Burgundy, orders foreign merchants to leave Brugge. Most merchants move to Antwerp, greatly contributing to its growth as an international trading center.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1484/12/05", "description": "The Imperial Army of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor is defeated by the Hungarians in the Battle of Leitzersdorf.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1485", "description": "Spring ampampndash Multiple earthquakes near Taishan, China", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1485/06/01", "description": " Matthias of Hungary takes Vienna in his conquest of Austria (from Frederick III) and makes the city his capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1485/08/05", "description": "August 7 ampndash The first outbreak of sweating sickness in England begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1485/08/22", "description": " The Battle of Bosworth Field is fought between the armies of King Richard III of England and rival claimant to the throne of England Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond. Richard dies in battle and Henry Tudor becomes King Henry VII of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1485/09/12", "description": " Muscovian forces take hold of Tver.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1485/09/15", "description": " Peter Arbues is assaulted while praying in the cathedral at Zaragoza, Spain he dies on September 17.  He had been appointed Inquisitor of Aragon by the Inquisitor General, Tom\u00e1s de Torquemada, in the campaign against heresy and crypto-Judaism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1485/11/02", "description": " The Peace of Bourges freezes the Mad War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1485/11/02", "description": "1485 ampampndash Leon Battista Alberti's ''De Re Aedificatoria'' (written 1443ampampndash52 and published posthumously) becomes the first printed work on architecture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1485/11/02", "description": "Leonardo da Vinci designs the ariel screw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1486/01/18", "description": " King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York are married, uniting the House of Lancaster and the House of York after the Wars of the Roses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1486/02/16", "description": " Archduke Maximilian I of Habsburg is elected King of the Romans at Frankfurt (crowned April 9 at Aachen).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1486/02/16", "description": "T\u00edzoc, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies. Some sources suggest that he was poisoned, others that he was the victim of ampquotsorceryampquot or illness. He is succeeded by his brother Auitzotl.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1486/02/16", "description": "Sigismund, Archduke of Tyrol, issues Europe's first large silver coin, the guldengroschen, which will later become the thaler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1486/02/16", "description": "Giovanni Pico della Mirandola returns to Florence and writes ''Oration on the Dignity of Man''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1486/02/16", "description": "The Medici giraffe arrives in Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1486/02/16", "description": "Johann Reuchlin begins studying the Hebrew language.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1487/01/29", "description": " Richard Foxe becomes Bishop of Exeter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1487/01/29", "description": "March ampampndash Archduke Sigismund of Austria, largely on the poor advice of his counselors, declares war on Venice and seizes silver mines in and around the Valsugana Valley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1487/05/24", "description": " Lambert Simnel is crowned King quotEdward VI of Englandquot in Christchurch Cathedral, Dublin, Ireland. He claims to be Edward, Earl of Warwick and challenges Henry VII for the throne of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1487/06/16", "description": " Battle of Stoke Field: The rebellion of pretender Lambert Simnel, led by John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln, and Francis Lovell, 1st Viscount Lovell, is crushed by troops loyal to Henry VII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1487/06/16", "description": "August ampampndash Bartolomeu Dias leaves Lisbon on his voyage to the Cape of Good Hope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1487/09/09", "description": " Hongzhi becomes Emperor of China (Ming dynasty).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1487/09/09", "description": "Afonso de Paiva and Pero da Covilh\u00e3 travel overland from Lisbon in search of the Kingdom of Prester John (Ethiopia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1487/09/09", "description": "The witch-hunters' manual ''Malleus Maleficarum'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1487/09/09", "description": "Aztec emperor Auitzotl dedicates the Great Temple Pyramid of Tenochtitl\u00e1n with thousands of human sacrifices.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1487/09/09", "description": "The Spanish take M\u00e1laga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1487/09/09", "description": "Italian architects begin to build the Kremlin in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1487/09/09", "description": "Leonardo da Vinci creates his ampquotVitruvian Manampquot drawing (''approximate date'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1487/09/09", "description": "Stockport Grammar School founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1488/01/08", "description": " The present Royal Netherlands Navy is formed by decree of Maximillian of Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1488/02/03", "description": " Bartolomeu Dias of Portugal lands in Mossel Bay after rounding the Cape of Good Hope at the tip of Africa, becoming the first known European to travel this far south and entering the Indian Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1488/02/28", "description": " Ch'oe Pu (1454ampndash1504), the Korean Commissioner of Registers for the island of Cheju, shipwrecks on the southeast coast of China in Taizhou, Zhejiang, during the Ming Dynasty. From then until July 12 he and his crew are hosted by Chinese military courier officers to travel along the Grand Canal of China, all the way to Beijing, and then finally back across the Yalu River into Korea. His written commentary on Chinese customs, foreign and domestic trade, and transport in places such as Hangzhou and Suzhou are valuable records of Ming era culture and commerce.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1488/06/11", "description": " Battle of Sauchieburn leads to James IV of Scotland becoming king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1488/09/09", "description": " Anne of Brittany becomes Duchess of Brittany at the age of 11. Her marriage to King Charles VIII in 1491 effectively ends Breton independence from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1488/09/09", "description": "Jasper Tudor, 1st Duke of Bedford, takes possession of Cardiff Castle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1488/09/09", "description": "Michelangelo Buonarroti becomes apprentice to Domenico Ghirlandaio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1488/09/09", "description": "The city of Bikaner in western India is founded by Rao Bika.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1488/09/09", "description": "Rathbornes Candles established in Dublin the company will still be trading into the 21st century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1489/03/14", "description": " The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1489/03/26", "description": " The Treaty of Medina del Campo between England and Spain includes provision for a marriage between Arthur, the son of King Henry VII of England, and Princess Catherine of Aragon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1489/07/17", "description": " Delhi: Sikander Lodi succeeds Bahlul Khan Lodi as sultan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1489/11/29", "description": " Arthur Tudor is named Prince of Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1489/12/11", "description": " Jeannetto de Tassis is appointed Chief Master of Postal Services in Innsbruck his descendants, the Thurn and Taxis family, later run much of the postal system of Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1489/12/11", "description": "A gold coin equal to one pound sterling, called a ''sovereign'', is issued for Henry VII of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1489/12/11", "description": "Typhus sweeps through Spain, in its first appearance in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1489/12/11", "description": "Nicosia, Cyprus, becomes a possession of Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1489/12/11", "description": "King Henry VII gives a city charter to Southwold.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1489/12/11", "description": "Lucas Watzenrode becomes bishop of Warmia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1490/01/04", "description": " Anne of Brittany announces that all those who would ally with the king of France will be considered as guilty of the crime of lese-majesty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1490/03/13", "description": " Charles II becomes Duke of Savoy at age 1 his mother Blanche of Montferrato is regent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1490/07/13", "description": " John of Kastav finishes a cycle of frescoes in the Holy Trinity Church in Hrastovlje (now southwestern Slovenia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1490/12/19", "description": " Anne of Brittany is married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor by proxy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1490/12/19", "description": "Ashikaga Yoshitane becomes Ashikaga shogun of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1490/12/19", "description": "Perkin Warbeck claims to be the son of King Edward IV of England at the court of Burgundy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1490/12/19", "description": "Catholic missionaries arrive in the African Kingdom of Kongo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1490/12/19", "description": "Pedro de Covilham arrives in Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1490/12/19", "description": "Regular postal service connects the Habsburg residences of Mechelen and Innsbruck, the first in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1490/12/19", "description": "Leonardo da Vinci observes capillary action in small-bore tubes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1490/12/19", "description": "Leonardo da Vinci develops an oil lamp: the flame is enclosed in a glass tube placed inside a water-filled glass globe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1490/12/19", "description": "All Saints' Church, the ''Schlosskirche'' in Wittenberg is begun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1490/12/19", "description": "The Chinese scholar and printer Hua Sui invents bronze-metal movable type printing in China, although the earlier Wang Zhen had experimented with tin movable type in 1298 and the Koreans had separately innovated bronze movable type.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1490/12/19", "description": "''Tirant Lo Blanc'' by Joanot Martorell and Mart\u00ed Joan De Galba is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1490/12/19", "description": "Aldus Manutius moves to Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1490/12/19", "description": "John Colet receives his M.A. from Magdalen College, Oxford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1490/12/19", "description": "Johann Reuchlin meets Giovanni Pico della Mirandola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1490/12/19", "description": "Merchants carry coffee from Yemen to Mecca, Arabia ''(approximate date)''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1491/02/20", "description": " The quotComet of 1491quot comes {{convert|873784|mi|km}} away from earth, the closest ever recorded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1491/05/03", "description": " The ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo, Nkuwu Nzinga, is baptised by Portuguese missionaries, adopting the baptismal name of Jo\u00e3o I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1491/05/03", "description": "November ampampndash Perkin Warbeck begins a campaign to take the English throne with a landing in Ireland.ampref name=CBHamp{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=135\u2013138|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1491/11/16", "description": " An ''auto-da-f\u00e9'' held in Brasero de la Dehesa (outside \u00c1vila) concludes the case of the Holy Child of La Guardia with the execution of several Jewish and converso suspects.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1491/11/25", "description": " The siege of Granada, last stronghold of the Moors in Spain, begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1491/12/06", "description": " King Charles VIII of France marries Anne of Brittany, forcing her to break her marriage with Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, thus incorporating Brittany into the kingdom of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1491/12/21", "description": " Truce of Coldstream secures a 5-year peace between Scotland and England.ref name=CBH\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1491/12/21", "description": "Bread and Cheese Revolt breaks out in North Holland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1491/12/21", "description": "A major fire breaks out in Dresden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1491/12/21", "description": "In the Russian territory of Komi (now the Komi Republic), annexed by Russia in 1478, copper and silver ores are discovered, and the territory gains importance as a mining and metallurgical center.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1491/12/21", "description": "Nicolaus Copernicus enters the University of Krak\u00f3w.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/01/02", "description": " Boabdil, the last Moorish King of Granada, surrenders his city to the army of Ferdinand and Isabella after a lengthy siege, ending the 10-year Granada War and the Reconquista which lasted almost 800 years. Christopher Columbus is in Alhambra, and sees the Moorish king come out of the city gates and kiss the hands of the Spanish king, queen and prince.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/01/06", "description": " Ferdinand and Isabella enter into Granada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/01/23", "description": " The ''Pentateuch'' is first printed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/03/31", "description": " Ferdinand and Isabella sign the Alhambra decree, expelling all Jews from Spain unless they convert to Roman Catholicism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/04/17", "description": " The Capitulations of Santa Fe were signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/07/31", "description": " The Jews are expelled from Spain 40,000\u2013200,000 leave. Sultan Bayezid II of the Ottoman Empire, learning about the expulsion of Jews from Spain, dispatches the Ottoman Navy to bring the Jews safely to Ottoman lands, mainly  to the cities of Thessaloniki (currently in Greece) and \u0130zmir (currently in Turkey).<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/vjw\/Turkey.html\">http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/vjw\/Turkey.html<\/a> Jewish virtual library.org", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/08/03", "description": " Christopher Columbus sails on his first voyage across the Atlantic Ocean, intending to reach Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/08/11", "description": " Pope Alexander VI succeeds Pope Innocent VIII as the 214th pope, after the 1492 papal conclave, the first held in the Sistine Chapel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/08/11", "description": "October ampampndash English army besieges Boulogne-sur-Mer.ampamp{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=135\u2013138|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/10/11", "description": " Several members of the first voyage of Christopher Columbus witness an unusual light.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/10/12", "description": " Christopher Columbus' expedition makes landfall in the Caribbean and lands on Guanahani, but he believes he has reached the East Indies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/10/28", "description": " Christopher Columbus lands in Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/11/03", "description": " Peace of Etaples signed between England and France, ending French support for the pretender to the English throne Perkin Warbeck. All English-held territory in France with the exception of Calais is returned to France.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=189\u2013192}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/11/07", "description": " The Ensisheim meteorite, a 127-kg meteorite, lands in a wheat field near the village of Ensisheim in Alsace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/12/05", "description": " Christopher Columbus becomes the first known European to set foot on the island of Hispaniola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/12/31", "description": " About 100,000 Jews are expelled from Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/12/31", "description": "Antonio de Nebrija publishes the first grammar text for the language of Castile in Salamanca, which he introduces to Ferdinand and Isabella as ampquota tool of empire.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/12/31", "description": "Martin Behaim constructs the first surviving globe of Earth, the Erdapfel. As Columbus would only return from his voyage in 1493, this globe does not show the New World yet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/12/31", "description": "Casimir IV Jagiello, of the Jagiello Royal House, ends his reign (1427\u20131492).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/12/31", "description": "The first arboretum to be designed and planted is the Arboretum Trsteno, near Dubrovnik in Croatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/12/31", "description": "Russians build a fortress in Ivangorod, on the eastern banks of the Narva river.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/12/31", "description": "In Ming Dynasty China, the commercial transportation of grain to the northern border in exchange for salt certificates is monetized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/12/31", "description": "Ermysted's Grammar School, Skipton, North Yorkshire, founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1492/12/31", "description": "Marsilio Ficino publishes his translation and commentary of Plotinus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1493/01/19", "description": " Treaty of Barcelona: Charles VIII of France returns Cerdagne and Roussillon to Ferdinand of Aragon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1493/03/15", "description": " Christopher Columbus returns to Spain from his first voyage of discovery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1493/05/04", "description": " In the papal bull ''Inter caetera'', Pope Alexander VI decrees that all lands discovered west of the Azores are Spanish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1493/08/19", "description": " Maximilian I succeeds his father, Frederick III, as Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1493/09/09", "description": " Battle of Krbava field was fought between the Kingdom of Croatia and Ottoman forces in southern Croatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1493/09/29", "description": " Christopher Columbus leaves Cadiz on his second voyage of exploration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1493/11/19", "description": " Columbus lands on the coast of the island of Borinquen, which he renames San Juan (present day, Puerto Rico).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1493/11/19", "description": "England imposes sanctions on Burgundy for supporting Perkin Warbeck.ampamp{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=135\u2013138|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1494/01/25", "description": " Alfonso II becomes King of Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1494/01/25", "description": "May ampampndash Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, recognises Perkin Warbeck as rightful King of England.ampamp{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=135\u2013138|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1494/05/03", "description": " Christopher Columbus first sights Jamaica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1494/05/31", "description": " First Battle of Acentejo: Natives of the island of Tenerife, known as Guanches, defeat the invading Spanish forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1494/06/07", "description": " Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain and Portugal divide the New World between themselves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1494/06/25", "description": " The first hurricane ever observed by Europeans strikes the Spanish settlement of La Isabela on Hispaniola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1494/10/22", "description": " Ludovico Sforza becomes Duke of Milan, and starts a chain of events that leads to the First Italian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1494/11/10", "description": " Fra Luca Pacioli's ''Summa de arithmetica, geometria, proportioni et proportionalit\u00e0'' is published in Venice, containing the first printed account of algebra in the vernacular and the first published description of the double-entry accounting system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1494/11/17", "description": " Armies of Charles VIII of France enter Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1494/12/25", "description": " Second Battle of Acentejo: The Spanish crush the native forces of the island of Tenerife, leading to the subjugation of this last bastion of resistance in the Canary Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1494/12/25", "description": "Amda Seyon II succeeds his father Eskender as Emperor of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1494/12/25", "description": "Na'od succeeds his nephew Amda Seyon II as Emperor of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1494/12/25", "description": "Aztec forces conquer and sack Mitla.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1494/12/25", "description": "Italy is invaded by Charles VIII of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1494/12/25", "description": "Aldus Manutius prints Pietro Bembo's ''De Aetna'' in Venice, considered to be the first book to include the semicolon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1494/12/25", "description": "Johann Reuchlin publishes ''De verbo mirifico''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1495", "description": "February ampampndash King's College, Aberdeen, predecessor of the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, is founded on the petition of William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1495/02/22", "description": " King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne. A few months later, he decides to return to France, and leaves Naples with most of his army, leaving a force under his cousin Gilbert, Count of Montpensier as viceroy. Syphilis is first definitely recorded during this invasion.{{cite journal|last1=Farhi|first1=David|last2=Dupin|first2=Nicolas|title=Origins of syphilis and management in the immunocompetent patient: facts and controversies|journal=Clinics in Dermatology|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0738081X10000350|date=2010|month=September-October|volume=28|issue=5|pages=533\u20138|pmid=20797514|doi=10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2010.03.011|accessdate=2012-03-30}}\">http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0738081X10000350|date=2010|month=September-October|volume=28|issue=5|pages=533\u20138|pmid=20797514|doi=10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2010.03.011|accessdate=2012-03-30}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1495/05/26", "description": " A Spanish army under Gonzalo de C\u00f3rdoba lands in Calabria with the purpose of ousting the French and restoring Ferdinand II of Naples to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1495/06/01", "description": " Friar John Cor records the first known batch of Scotch whisky.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1495/06/28", "description": " Battle of Seminara: C\u00f3rdoba and Ferdinand are defeated by a French army under Bernard Stewart, Lord of Aubigny.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1495/07/03", "description": " Perkin Warbeck's troops land in Kent, in support of his claim to the English crown, backed by Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy. They are routed before Warbeck himself can disembark, and he retreats to Ireland and then to Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1495/07/06", "description": " Battle of Fornovo: The French army under King Charles secures its retreat from Italy, by defeating a combined Milanese-Venetian force under Giovanni Francesco Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1495/10/25", "description": " King Manuel I of Portugal begins his reign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1495/11/30", "description": " An explosion at Vyborg Castle deters the Russian forces who have invaded Sweden through Karelia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1495/11/30", "description": "Poynings' Law comes into effect, placing the Parliament of Ireland under the authority of the Parliament of England.ampamp{{cite book|editors=Moody, T. W. Martin, F. X.|year=1967|title=The Course of Irish History|publisher=Mercier Press|location=Cork|page=370}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1495/11/30", "description": "The Reichskammergericht of the Holy Roman Empire is founded in Frankfurt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1495/11/30", "description": "Henry VII of England commissions the world's first dry dock at Portsmouth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1496/01/03", "description": " Leonardo da Vinci unsuccessfully tests a flying machine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1496/01/03", "description": "February ampampndash Pietro Bembo's ''Petri Bembi de Aetna Angelum Chalabrilem liber'' is published in Venice by Aldus Manutius, the first book printed in the old style serif or humanist typeface cut by Francesco Griffo and known from the 20th century as Bembo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1496/02/24", "description": " King Henry VII of England signs the commercial treaty ''Magnus Intercursus'' with Venice, Florence, and the villes of the Hanse and Pays-Bas.ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=135\u2013138|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1496/03/05", "description": " Henry VII of England issues letters patent to John Cabot and his sons, authorizing them to discover unknown lands.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=189\u2013192}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1496/03/05", "description": "March ampampndash Santo Domingo is discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1496/03/10", "description": " Christopher Columbus leaves Hispaniola for Spain, ending his second visit to the Western Hemisphere. During his time here he has forcibly subjugated the island, enslaved the Amerindians and laid the basis for a system of land grants tied to the Amerindians' labor service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1496/03/10", "description": "July ampampndash Spanish forces under Gonzalo Hernandez de Cordoba capture Atella after a siege. Among the prisoners is the French viceroy of Naples, the Comte de Montpensier. Ferdinand II of Naples is restored to his throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1496/08/05", "description": " Bartholomew Columbus, brother of Christopher Columbus, founds the city of Santo Domingo, now part of the Dominican Republic, making it the oldest American City and permanent settlement in the New World.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1496/09/21", "description": "25 ampndash James IV of Scotland invades Northumberland in support of the pretender to the English throne Perkin Warbeck.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1496/10/20", "description": " Joanna, second daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, heiress to Castile, marries the archduke Philip, heir through his mother to the Burgundian Netherlands, and through his father to the Holy Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1496/10/20", "description": "Jesus College, Cambridge, is founded.ampref name=CBH\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1496/10/20", "description": "Jan de Groote, a Dutchman, obtains a grant for the north ferry from the mainland of Scotland to Orkney from King James IV of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1497/02/07", "description": "Shrove Tuesday) ampndash Followers of Girolamo Savonarola burn thousands of quotimmoralquot objects at the Bonfire of the Vanities in Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1497/02/07", "description": "May ampampndash Cornish Rebellion in England incited by war taxes.ampref name=ampquotCassell's Chronologyampquotamp{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld ampamp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=189\u2013192}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1497/05/10", "description": " Amerigo Vespucci allegedly leaves C\u00e1diz for his first voyage to the New World.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1497/05/13", "description": " Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1497/05/20", "description": " John Cabot sets sail from Bristol on his ship the ''Matthew'', looking for a route to the west (some sources give a May 2 date).ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1497/06/17", "description": " Cornish rebels under Michael An Gof are soundly defeated by Henry VII at the Battle of Deptford Bridge near London.ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=135\u2013138|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1497/06/24", "description": " John Cabot lands in North America (near present day Bonavista, Newfoundland).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1497/07/08", "description": " Vasco da Gama's fleet departs from Lisbon, beginning his expedition to India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1497/09/07", "description": " Second Cornish Uprising in England: Perkin Warbeck lands near Land's End on September 10 he is proclaimed as King in Bodmin.ref name=CBH\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1497/09/28", "description": " John, King of Denmark defeats Sten Sture the Elder at the Battle of Rotebro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1497/09/30", "description": " Treaty of Ayton establishes a seven-year peace between England and Scotland.ref name=CBH\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1497/10/04", "description": " Leaders of the Second Cornish Uprising surrender to the King at Taunton the following day, Warbeck, having deserted his army, is captured at Beaulieu Abbey in Hampshire.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1497/12/05", "description": " King Manuel I of Portugal proclaims an edict in which he demands that Jews convert to Christianity or leave the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1497/12/05", "description": "Ivan the Great issues his law code, the ''Sudebnik''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1497/12/05", "description": "The Ottomans give Russian merchants freedom of trade within the empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1497/12/05", "description": "Iamblichus ''De mysteriis Aegyptorum'' edited by Marsilio Ficino is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1498/01/25", "description": " Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama visits Quelimane and Mozambique in southeastern Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1498/01/25", "description": "February ampampndash Da Gama reaches Malindi in modern-day Kenya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1498/01/25", "description": "May", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1498/01/25", "description": "John Cabot leaves Bristol on an expedition, never to be seen again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1498/01/25", "description": "The English Merchant Adventurers are granted a trade monopoly with the Netherlands.ampamp{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=135\u2013138|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1498/05/20", "description": " Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama arrives at Calicut (now Kozhikode), India, becoming the first European to get there by sailing around Africa, thus discovering the maritime route to India. He finds a local Arab merchant who is able to interpret for him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1498/05/23", "description": " Girolamo Savonarola, ruler of Florence, is executed for criticizing the Pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1498/05/23", "description": "June ampampndash Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli is elected by the Great Council as the second chancellor of the Republic of Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1498/05/23", "description": "Summer ampampndash The final Welsh revolt of the medieval era breaks out in Meirionydd, North Wales Harlech Castle is captured by the rebels before the revolt in suppressed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1498/07/31", "description": " On his third voyage to the Western Hemisphere, Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to discover the island of Trinidad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1498/08/01", "description": " Columbus discovers the mouth of the Orinoco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1498/08/04", "description": "12 ampndash Columbus explores the Gulf of Paria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1498/08/04", "description": "Voyage of Jo\u00e3o Fernandes Lavrador and Pedro Barcelos to Greenland during which they discover the land which they name Labrador.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1499/01/08", "description": " Louis XII of France marries Anne of Brittany, in accordance with a law set by his predecessor, Charles VIII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1499/04/14", "description": " By the Treaty of Krakow, Poland and Hungary recognize the independence of Moldavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1499/07/22", "description": " Battle of Dornach: The Swiss decisively defeat the army of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1499/07/28", "description": " First Battle of Lepanto: The Turkish navy wins a decisive victory over the Venetians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1499/07/28", "description": "August ampampndash Polydore Vergil completes ''De inventoribus rerum'', the first modern history of inventions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1499/08/24", "description": " Lake Maracaibo is discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1499/09/18", "description": " Vasco da Gama arrives at Lisbon, returning from India, and is received by King Manuel of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1499/09/22", "description": " Treaty of Basel: Maximilian is forced to grant the Swiss ''de facto'' independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1499/10/25", "description": " The Pont Notre-Dame in Paris, constructed under Charles VI of France, collapses into the Seine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1499/11/05", "description": " The ''Catholicon'' is published in Treguier (Brittany). This Breton-French-Latin dictionary had been written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc. It is the first dictionary of either French or Breton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1499/11/23", "description": " Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the throne of England, is hanged for reportedly attempting to escape from the Tower of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1499/11/28", "description": " Edward, Earl of Warwick, last male member of the House of York, is executed for reportedly attempting to escape from the Tower of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1499/11/28", "description": "The French under Louis XII seize Milan, driving out Duke Ludovico Sforza.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1499/11/28", "description": "Montenegro, the last free monarchy in the Balkans, is annexed by the Ottoman Empire as part of the ''sanjak'' of Shkod\u00ebr.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1499/11/28", "description": "Johannes Trithemius inadvertently reveals interests in magic by writing a letter to a Carmelite monk about a treatise he was writing on steganography.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1499/11/28", "description": "Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa matriculates at Cologne University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1500/01/05", "description": " Duke Ludovico Sforza recaptures Milan, but is soon driven out again by the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1500/02/17", "description": " Battle of Hemmingstedt: The Danish army fails to conquer the peasants' republic of Dithmarschen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1500/04/22", "description": " Portuguese navigator Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral officially discovers Brazil and claims the land for Portugal. He has 13 vessels with him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1500/07/14", "description": " the Muscovites defeat the Lithuanians and the Poles in the Battle of Vedrosha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1500/07/14", "description": "August ampampndash Second Battle of Lepanto: The Turkish fleet of Kemal Reis defeats the Venetians. The Turks proceed to capture Modon  and Coron, the ampquottwo eyes of the Republic.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1500/08/10", "description": " Diogo Dias discovers an island which he names St Lawrence (after the saint's day on which it was first sighted), later to be known as Madagascar", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1500/11/11", "description": " Treaty of Granada: Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon agree to divide the Kingdom of Naples between them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1500/11/16", "description": " Emperor Go-Kashiwabara accedes to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1500/12/31", "description": "December 31  ampndash The last of the incunabula are published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1500/12/31", "description": "Europe's population is estimated at 56.7 million (''Spielvogel'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1500/12/31", "description": "Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa is admitted to baccalaureate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1500/12/31", "description": "Saxony's mint at Annaberg begins producing guldengroschens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/01/17", "description": " Cesare Borgia returns triumphantly to Rome from Romagna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/03/25", "description": " Portuguese navigator Jo\u00e3o da Nova probably discovers Ascension Island.Albuquerque, Afonso de (2001). ''<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?ei=C8O1TLy_GNTNjAeh-OS2Awampct=resultamphl=csampid=WDAMAAAAIAAJampdq=Joao+da+Nova+Nova+Conceptionampq=Conception\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?ei=C8O1TLy_GNTNjAeh-OS2Awampct=resultamphl=csampid=WDAMAAAAIAAJampdq=Joao+da+Nova+Nova+Conceptionampq=Conception<\/a> The commentaries of the great Afonso Dalboquerque, second viceroy of India'', Adamant Media Corporation, !-- Originaly printed for the Hakluyt Society with translation by Walter de Gray Birch, -- p.xx. Issue 55. ISBN 1-4021-9511-7. It is definitely sighted and named on May 20 1503 (Feast of the Ascension) by Afonso de Albuquerque.{{cite web|work=Mysterra Magazine|title=Ascension History|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mysterra.org\/webmag\/ascension-island\/history.html|accessdate=2011-12-09}}\">http:\/\/www.mysterra.org\/webmag\/ascension-island\/history.html|accessdate=2011-12-09}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/03/25", "description": "July ampampndash Ismail I is enthroned as Shah of Azerbaijan, choosing Tabriz as his capital, founding the Safavid dynasty in northern Iran. He declares Shi'ism the official and compulsory religion under penalty of death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/07/21", "description": " Portuguese explorer Pedro Cabral returns to Lisbon from his expedition to Calicut (Nicolau Coelho having arrived on June 23).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/07/27", "description": " Copernicus is formally installed as canon of Frauenberg Cathedral.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/08/27", "description": " Battle of the Siritsa River: Livonian Order, commanded by Wolter von Plettenberg, defeated an army of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and Pskov Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/10/13", "description": " Treaty of Trente: Maximilian of Austria and Louis XII of France sign the treaty, with Austria recognizing all French conquests in the northern territories of Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/10/30", "description": " The Banquet of Chestnuts is held by Cesare Borgia in the Papal Palace of Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/11/01", "description": "All Saints) ampndash Amerigo Vespucci discovers and names Ba\u00eda de Todos os Santos in Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/11/04", "description": " Philip and Joanna of Castile leave for Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/11/14", "description": " Arthur, Prince of Wales, marries the Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/12/12", "description": " Alexander Jagiellon becomes King of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/12/12", "description": "The Swiss cantons of Basel and Schaffhausen secede from the Holy Roman Empire and join the Old Swiss Confederacy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/12/12", "description": "Amerigo Vespucci maps the two stars Alpha Centauri and Beta Centauri, as well as the stars of the constellation Crux, which are below the horizon in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/12/12", "description": "Michelangelo returns to his native Florence to begin work on the statue ''David''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/12/12", "description": "Czar Ivan III of Russia invades the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the Muscovite\u2013Lithuanian Wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/12/12", "description": "Martin Luther enters the University of Erfurt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/12/12", "description": "Gaspar Corte-Real, Portuguese navigator, makes the first documented European landing in North America since c. 1000 A.D.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/12/12", "description": "Rodrigo de Bastidas, sailing westward from Venezuela in search of gold, becomes the first European to explore the Isthmus of Panama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1501/12/12", "description": "The Florentine political theorist, statesman, and writer Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli marries Marietta Corsini, who will bear him six children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/01/01", "description": " Portuguese explorers, led by Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral, sail into Guanabara Bay, Brazil, mistaking it for the mouth of a river, which they name Rio de Janeiro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/05/11", "description": " Christopher Columbus leaves Cadiz, Spain for his fourth and final trip to the 'New World'. He explores Central America, and discovers St. Lucia (possibly),{{cite web|title=History of St. Lucia|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/aboutstlucia.sluhoo.com\/The%20history%20of%20stlucia.html|accessdate=2011-05-06}}\">http:\/\/aboutstlucia.sluhoo.com\/The%20history%20of%20stlucia.html|accessdate=2011-05-06}}<\/a> the Isthmus of Panama, Honduras, and Costa Rica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/05/21", "description": " Portuguese navigator Jo\u00e3o da Nova discovers the uninhabited island of Saint Helena.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/08/14", "description": " Christopher Columbus lands at Trujillo and names the country 'Honduras'.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/09/18", "description": " Christopher Columbus lands at Costa Rica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/11/07", "description": " Columbus reaches the coast of Honduras and passes south to Panama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/12/26", "description": " Cesare Borgia kills Ramiro D'Orco this incident is referenced in Machiavelli's The Prince", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/12/31", "description": " Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander VI) occupies Urbino, where he imprisons two potentially treacherous allies, Vitellozzo and Oliveretto he executes them the next morning.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/12/31", "description": "The first African slaves brought to the New World arrive at the island of Hispaniola (present-day Haiti and Dominican Republic).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/12/31", "description": "Ivan III of Russia and Me\u00f1li I Giray of Crimea attack the Grand Duchy of Lithuania without much success.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/12/31", "description": "Me\u00f1li I Giray of Crimea destroys Saray, capital of the Big Horde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/12/31", "description": "Aztec ruler Auitzotl dies Moctezuma II is elected emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/12/31", "description": "'Newfoundland' gets its name from a letter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/12/31", "description": "Wittenberg University is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/12/31", "description": "In Germany, Peter Henlein of Nuremberg uses iron parts and coiled springs to build a portable timepiece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/12/31", "description": "In Italy, Asher L\u00e4mmlein declares that the Jewish Messiah will arrive in the next 6 months, resulting in the 'year of penance.'", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/12/31", "description": "Ismail I starts to rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/12/31", "description": "The King's School in Macclesfield is founded by Sir John Percyvale.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/12/31", "description": "Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa is proceeded to licentiate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/12/31", "description": "Wilhelm Bombast moves to Villach with his son, Paracelsus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1502/12/31", "description": "An Italian translation of Herodotus' Histories done for Count Matteo Maria Boiardo is published in Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/01/20", "description": " Seville in Castile is awarded exclusive right to trade with the New World.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/01/24", "description": " Construction of Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey begins in the perpendicular style, the final stage of English gothic art.ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=137\u2013140|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/02/13", "description": " Disfida di Barletta: Thirteen Italian knights defeat thirteen French knights near Barletta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/02/23", "description": " French-Spanish Wars in Italy ampndash Battle of Ruvo: The Spanish defeat the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/04/21", "description": " Battle of Cerignola: Spanish forces under Gonzalo Fern\u00e1ndez de C\u00f3rdoba defeat the French under the Duc de Nemours, who is killed (considered to be the first battle in history won by gunpowder small arms).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/05/10", "description": " Christopher Columbus discovers the Cayman Islands, which he names ''Las Tortugas'' after the numerous sea turtles there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/05/13", "description": " Naples is captured by the Spanish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/05/20", "description": "Feast of the Ascension) ampndash Ascension Island is first definitely sighted, by Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque.{{cite web|work=Mysterra Magazine|title=Ascension History|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mysterra.org\/webmag\/ascension-island\/history.html|accessdate=2011-12-09}}\">http:\/\/www.mysterra.org\/webmag\/ascension-island\/history.html|accessdate=2011-12-09}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/05/20", "description": "James IV of Scotland and Margaret Tudor are married by Pope Alexander VI according to Papal Bull.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/05/20", "description": "The Treaty of Everlasting Peace between Scotland and England is signed it actually lasts for ten years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/07/23", "description": " Orbital calculations suggest that on this day, Pluto moves outside Neptune's orbit, remaining there for 233 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/07/30", "description": " Saint Helena is first definitely sighted, by ships of Portuguese navigator Est\u00eav\u00e3o da Gama returning from the East.{{cite journal|first=A. H.|last=Schulenburg|title=The discovery of St Helena: the search continues|journal=Wirebird: the Journal of the Friends of St Helena|volume=24|date=Spring 2002|pages=13\u201319}}{{cite book|first=Duarte|last=Leite|title=Hist\u00f3ria dos Descobrimentos|volume=II|location=Lisbon|publisher=Edi\u00e7\u00f5es Cosmos|year=1960|yeaer=206}}{{cite book|first=Fracanzio|last=da Montalboddo|title=Paesi Nuovamente Retovati amp Nuovo Mondo da Alberico Vesputio Fiorentino Intitulato|location=Venice|year=1507}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/08/08", "description": " King James IV of Scotland marries Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII of England at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/08/20", "description": " Stephen III of Moldavia concludes a treaty with Sultan Beyazid II preserving Moldavia's self-rule at the cost of an annual tribute to the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/09/22", "description": " Pope Pius III (Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini) succeeds Alexander VI as the 215th pope, but dies on October 18.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/10/30", "description": " Queen Isabella I of Spain prohibits violence against native tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/10/31", "description": " Pope Julius II succeeds Pius III as the 216th pope (some sources list November 1 as the date of election).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/12/29", "description": " Battle of Garigliano, near Gaeta, Italy: Spanish forces under Gonzalo Fern\u00e1ndez de C\u00f3rdoba defeat a French\u2013Italian mercenary army under Ludovico II, the Marquis of Saluzzo. The French forces withdraw to Gaeta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/12/29", "description": "Vasco da Gama establishes India's first Portuguese fortress at Cochin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/12/29", "description": "Canterbury Cathedral is finished in England after 433 years of construction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/12/29", "description": "Mariotto Albertinelli paints his masterpiece, ''The Visitation of the Virgin''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/12/29", "description": "Hieronymus Bosch works on the triptych ''The Garden of Earthly Delights''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/12/29", "description": "Leonardo da Vinci starts work on the ''Mona Lisa''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/12/29", "description": "The book ''The Imitation of Christ'' by Thomas \u00e0 Kempis is re-published in an English translation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/12/29", "description": "The pocket handkerchief comes into general use in polite European society.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1503/12/29", "description": "From this year until 1650, sixteen million kilograms of silver and 185,000 kilograms of gold will enter the port of Seville.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/01/01", "description": " French troops of King Louis XII surrender Gaeta to the Spanish under Gonzalo Fern\u00e1ndez de C\u00f3rdoba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/01/31", "description": " Treaty of Lyon: France cedes Naples to Ferdinand II of Aragon who becomes King of Naples as Ferdinand III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/02/29", "description": " Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse this night to convince Jamaican tribesmen to provide him with supplies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/03/31", "description": " France and Spain agree to a ceasefire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/04/01", "description": " English guilds subject to state control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/04/23", "description": " Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, routes troops to Bavaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/09/08", "description": "  Michelangelo's sculpture of ''David'' is erected in Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/09/22", "description": " A settled engagement is arranged between Karel of Luxembourg and Claudia the Beaujeu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/09/22", "description": " Treaty of Blois: Philip I of Castile, Maximilian I and Louis XII agree terms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/10/12", "description": " Isabella I of Castile signs her testament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/11/07", "description": " Christopher Columbus returns to Spain from his fourth voyage, where he and his younger son, Ferdinand, explored the coast of Central America from Belize to Panama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/11/26", "description": " Isabella I of Castile, Catholic Queen of Castile and Aragon, dies, ending her patronage for Columbus. The Crown of Castile passes to her daughter Joanna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/11/26", "description": "Baber besieges and captures Kabul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/11/26", "description": "History of Sudan: A Funj leader, Amara Dunqas, founds the Sultanate of Sennar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/11/26", "description": "Sheikh Ahmad, final leader of the Great Horde, is last heard of as a Lithuanian prisoner at Vilnius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/11/26", "description": "Juan de la Cosa begins his first independent voyage, to the Isthmus of Panama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/11/26", "description": "In Florence, Leonardo da Vinci and Machiavelli become involved in a scheme to divert the Arno River, cutting the water supply to Pisa to force its surrender: Colombino, the project foreman, fails to follow da Vinci\u2019s design, and the project is a major failure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/11/26", "description": "Venetian ambassadors suggest to Turkey the construction of a Suez Canal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/11/26", "description": "Aldus Manutius publishes his edition of Demosthenes in Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/11/26", "description": "Matthias Gr\u00fcnewald paints a  ''Crucifixion''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/11/26", "description": "The Signoria of Florence commissions both Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo to paint the walls of the Grand Council Chamber in the Palazzo Vecchio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1504/11/26", "description": "Raphael paints ''The Marriage of the Virgin'', which exemplifies some major principles of High Renaissance art.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1505/06/27", "description": " Henry VIII of England repudiates his engagement to Catherine of Aragon, at his father's command.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1505/07/02", "description": " Martin Luther, then 22, vows to become a monk in a moment of terror, due to a near lightning strike during a thunderstorm, near the village of Stotternheim.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1505/07/17", "description": " Luther enters the monastic life at an Augustinian cloister in Erfurt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1505/07/24", "description": " Travelling to India, a group of Portuguese explorers sack the city-state of Kilwa in East Africa, killing the king for failing to pay tribute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1505/12/18", "description": " John IX van Horne, prince-bishop of Li\u00e8ges, Belgium, is executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1505/12/18", "description": "A Portuguese fleet attacks Kilwa and then Mombasa. The Portuguese then attempt to monopolize the trade in the east African ports, but are unable to maintain control (by the late 16th century, Swahili groups regain control of several ports from the Portuguese).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1505/12/18", "description": "Portuguese merchants establish factories on the east coast of Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1505/12/18", "description": "Portuguese under Dom Louren\u00e7o d'Almeida reach Colombo, Sri Lanka and send envoys to King of Kotte.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1505/12/18", "description": "Portuguese reach the Comoros.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1505/12/18", "description": "Bermuda is discovered by Spanish explorer Juan de Berm\u00fadez.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1505/12/18", "description": "King Alexander of Poland signs the ''Nihil novi'' Act, making Poland a Nobles' Democracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1505/12/18", "description": "Poland prohibits peasants from leaving their lands, establishing serfdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1505/12/18", "description": "Christ's College, Cambridge, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1505/12/18", "description": "Vasili III succeeds Ivan III as Grand Prince of Muscovy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1505/12/18", "description": "Idiosa III of Chardonnay is murdered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1505/12/18", "description": "Judah Abravanel becomes personal physician to the viceroy of Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1505/12/18", "description": "Battle of Achnashellach said to have taken place in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1505/12/18", "description": "1505 ''or'' 1506 - Portuguese explorer Gon\u00e7alo \u00c1lvares is the first to sight what will later be known as Gough Island in the South Atlantic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1506/01/22", "description": " The Swiss Guard arrives at the Vatican, to serve as permanent ceremonial and palace guards under Pope Julius II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1506/04/18", "description": " Pope Julius II lays the foundation stone of the new (current) St. Peter's Basilica, replacing the Old Saint Peter's Basilica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1506/08/06", "description": " The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeated the Crimean Khanate in the Battle of Kletsk", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1506/08/19", "description": " Sigismund I the Old succeeds his brother as King of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1506/08/19", "description": "The Portuguese mariner Trist\u00e3o da Cunha sights the islands of Tristan da Cunha, naming them after himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1506/08/19", "description": "In Ming Dynasty China, the costs of the courier system are met by a tax in silver on land instead of corv\u00e9e labor service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1506/08/19", "description": "Pope Julius II personally leads troops against the French invaders of Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1506/08/19", "description": "Duarte Barbosa returns to Lisbon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1506/08/19", "description": "Johannes Trithemius becomes abbot of the monastery of St. Jacob at W\u00fcrzburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1507/04/25", "description": " Martin Waldseem\u00fcller publishes his world map, naming the new continent America in honour of Amerigo Vespucci, his friend and idol.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1507/07/04", "description": " Martin Luther is ordained a priest of the Catholic Church", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1507/08/20", "description": " Guru Nanak Dev becomes the first guru and leader of the Sikh religion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1507/08/20", "description": "King James IV grants a patent for the first printing press in Scotland to Walter Chapman and Andrew Myllar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1507/08/20", "description": "The King of England prosecutes the Lords for keeping a private army, which might threaten his r\u00e9gime.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1507/08/20", "description": "Leonardo da Vinci completes the ''Mona Lisa''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1507/08/20", "description": "Cardinal Cisneros is appointed major inquisitor of Castile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1507/08/20", "description": "Timurid dynasty ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1507/08/20", "description": "The Portuguese occupy Mozambique and the islands of Socotra and Lamu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1507/08/20", "description": "The Aztec New Fire ceremony is held for the last time (according to Bernardino de Sahag\u00fan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1507/08/20", "description": "Raphael paints his ''Burial of Jesus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1508", "description": "February ampampndash Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor attacks Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1508/06/06", "description": " Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces he is forced to sign a 3-year truce and cede several territories to Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1508/06/06", "description": "August ampampndash Lebna Dengel succeeds his father Na'od as Emperor of Ethiopia. Due to his young age, his grandmother Eleni acts as regent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1508/06/06", "description": "December ampampndash Michelangelo Buonarroti begins work on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1508/12/10", "description": " The League of Cambrai is formed as an alliance against Venice between Pope Julius II, Louis XII of France, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor and Ferdinand II of Aragon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1509/02/02", "description": " Battle of Diu: The Portuguese defeat a coalition of Indians, Muslims and Italians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1509/04/21", "description": " Henry VIII becomes King of England (for 38 years) on the death of his father, Henry VII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1509/04/27", "description": " Pope Julius II places Venice under interdict and excommunication for refusing to cede part of Romagna to papal control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1509/05/14", "description": " Battle of Agnadello: French forces defeat the Venetians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1509/05/14", "description": "Henry VIII of England marries Catherine of Aragon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1509/05/14", "description": "Luca Pacioli's De divina proportione, concerning the golden ratio, is published in Venice, with illustrations by Leonardo da Vinci.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1509/06/19", "description": " Brasenose College, University of Oxford, is founded by a lawyer, Sir Richard Sutton, of Prestbury, Cheshire, and the Bishop of Lincoln, William Smyth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1509/06/24", "description": " King Henry VIII of England and Queen Consort Catherine of Aragon are crowned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1509/09/10", "description": " Istanbul earthquake destroys 109 mosques and kills an estimated 10,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1509/09/11", "description": " Portuguese fidalgo Diogo Lopes de Sequeira becomes the first European to reach Malacca, having crossed the Gulf of Bengal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1509/09/11", "description": "Erasmus writes his most famous work, ''In Praise of Folly''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1509/09/11", "description": "The Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1509/09/11", "description": "Royal Grammar School, Guildford, is founded by Robert Beckingham.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1509/09/11", "description": "St Paul's School is founded by John Colet, Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1509/09/11", "description": "Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Blackburn, is founded as a grammar school for boys.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1509/09/11", "description": "Afonso de Albuquerque becomes the governor of the portuguese settlements in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1509/09/11", "description": "Earliest known pocket watch made at Nuremberg, Germany by Peter Henlein.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1510", "description": "January ampampndash Catherine of Aragon gives birth to her first child, a stillborn daughter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1510/01/23", "description": " Henry VIII of England, then 18 years old, appears incognito in the lists at Richmond, and is applauded for his jousting before he reveals himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1510/02/27", "description": " Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Goa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1510/02/27", "description": "The Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy conquers Pskov", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1510/02/27", "description": "The Holy League is formed to defend the Italian States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1510/02/27", "description": "Peter Henlein builds the first pocketwatch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1510/02/27", "description": "Sir Thomas More becomes undersheriff of the City of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1510/02/27", "description": "Paolo Cortese publishes ''De Cardinalatu'', a manual for cardinals, including advice on palatial architecture ampampndash which inspires Thomas Wolsey in his construction work at Hampton Court Palace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1510/02/27", "description": "Henry Cornelius Agrippa moves to Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1511", "description": "April 9 ampampndash St John's College, Cambridge, England, founded by Lady Margaret Beaufort, receives its charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1511", "description": "July ampampndash Henry VIII of England's flagship, the ''Mary Rose'', is launched at Portsmouth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1511/08/15", "description": "ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.staff.science.uu.nl\/~gent0113\/islam\/islam_tabcal.htm|title=Islamic-Western\">http:\/\/www.staff.science.uu.nl\/~gent0113\/islam\/islam_tabcal.htm|title=Islamic-Western<\/a> Calendar Converter|publisher=Utrecht University|first=Robert Harry|last=van Gent|accessdate=2011-08-23}} ampndash Capture of Malacca: Afonso de Albuquerque of Portugal conquers Malacca, the capital of the Sultanate of Malacca, giving Portugal control over the Strait of Malacca, through which all sea-going trade between China and India is concentrated. The Sultanate then establishes rule from Johor, starting decades of skirmishes against the Portuguese to regain the fallen city. While taking the city, the Portuguese slaughter a large community of Chinese merchants living there.Mentioned by Zhang Xie writing a century later. Malacca is the first city in Southeast Asia to be taken by a Western nation, gaining home rule only in 1957 when it becomes part of Malaysia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1511/08/15", "description": "November ampampndash The Treaty of Westminster creates an alliance between Henry VIII of England and Ferdinand II of Aragon against France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1511/11/20", "description": " Sinking of the vessel ''Frol de la mar'' transporting Afonso de Albuquerque and the valuable treasure of the conquest of Malacca ''en route'' to Goa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1511/11/20", "description": "Diego Vel\u00e1zquez and Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s conquer Cuba Vel\u00e1zquez is appointed Governor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1511/11/20", "description": "Duarte Barbosa arrives in India for the second time. He works as clerk in the factory of Cananor and as the liaison with the Indian rajah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1511/11/20", "description": "Ferdinand II of Aragon observes that ampquotone black can do the work of four Indiansampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1511/11/20", "description": "Juan de Agramonte, a sailor from Spain, is thought possibly to have travelled to Newfoundland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1511/11/20", "description": "Ta\u00edno, an indigenous uprising occurs in southwestern Puerto Rico near Gu\u00e1nica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1511/11/20", "description": "The first black slaves arrive in Colombia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1511/11/20", "description": "The Spanish conquest of Yucat\u00e1n begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1511/11/20", "description": "Erasmus publishes his most famous work, ''The Praise of Folly'', as ''Moriae encomium'' \/ ''Laus stultitiae''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1511/11/20", "description": "\u015eahkulu Rebellionamp\/onlyincludeamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/02/18", "description": " War of the League of Cambrai: Sack of Brescia by the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/04/11", "description": " War of the League of Cambrai: Battle of Ravenna: French forces under Gaston de Foix, Duc de Nemours defeat the Spanish under Raymond of Cardona, but Gaston is killed in the pursuit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/05/03", "description": " The Fifth Council of the Lateran starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/08/10", "description": " War of the League of Cambrai: English naval victory at the Battle of Saint-Mathieu over the French-Breton fleet. Both navies use ships firing cannon through ports, and each loses its principal ship \u2014 ''Regent'' and ''Marie-la-Cordeli\u00e8re'' \u2014 through a large explosion aboard the latter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/08/10", "description": "Summer ampampndash War of the League of Cambrai: Ferdinand II of Aragon sends Don Fadrique de Toledo to complete the Spanish conquest of Iberian Navarre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/10/19", "description": " Martin Luther becomes a doctor of theology (''Doctor in Biblia'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/10/21", "description": " Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/11/01", "description": " The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo Buonarroti, is exhibited to the public for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/11/01", "description": "Ant\u00f3nio de Abreu discovers Timor island and reaches Banda Islands, Ambon Island and Seram.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/11/01", "description": "Francisco Serr\u00e3o reaches the Moluccas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/11/01", "description": "Juan Ponce de Le\u00f3n discovers the Turks and Caicos Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/11/01", "description": "Pedro Mascarenhas discovers Diego Garcia and reaches Mauritius in the Mascarene Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/11/01", "description": "Selim I succeeds Bayezid II as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/11/01", "description": "Moldavia becomes a vassal of the Turkish Empire, on the same conditions as Wallachia: the voivode will be designated by the Turks, but will be of the Orthodox faith. Also, the Turks are not allowed to build mosques, to be buried, to own land or to settle in the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/11/01", "description": "The Florentine Republic is dismantled and the Medici family comes back into power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/11/01", "description": "The word ampquotmasqueampquot is first used to denote a poetic drama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/11/01", "description": "Wolverhampton Grammar School is founded by Sir Stephen Jenyns in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/11/01", "description": "Giggleswick School is founded by Rev James Carr in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/11/01", "description": "Paracelsus moves to Ferrara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1512/11/01", "description": "''Possible date'' - Nicolaus Copernicus begins to write ''Commentariolus'', an abstract of what will eventually become his heliocentric astronomy ''De revolutionibus orbium coelestium'' he sends it to other scientists interested in the matter by 1514.ampamp{{cite book|first=Bernard|last=Grun|title=The Timetables of History|edition=3rd|location=New York|publisher=Simon ampamp Schuster|year=1991|isbn=0-671-74919-6|page=229}}ampampampamp{{cite book|title=The Book Nobody Read: Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus|authorlink=Owen Gingerich|last=Gingerich|first=Owen|publisher=Walker|year=2004|isbn=0-8027-1415-3|location=New York}}ampampampamp{{cite book|title=The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus \u2013 Kepler \u2013 Borelli|last=Koyr\u00e9|first=Alexandre|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1973|authorlink=Alexandre Koyr\u00e9|location=Ithaca, NY|isbn=0-8014-0504-1}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1513/01/20", "description": " Christian II becomes King of Denmark and Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1513/03/09", "description": " Pope Leo X succeeds Pope Julius II as the 217th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1513/03/27", "description": " Juan Ponce de Leon becomes the first European definitely known to sight what is now the territory of the United States (specifically Florida), mistaking it for another island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1513/04/02", "description": " Juan Ponce de Leon and his expedition become the first Europeans known to visit Florida, landing somewhere on the east coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1513/04/02", "description": "May ampampndash Portuguese explorer Jorge \u00c1lvares lands on Lintin Island in the Pearl River estuary. This is followed up by Rafael Perestrello, a cousin of Christopher Columbus, who commands an expedition from Portuguese Malacca in 1516 to land on the shores of mainland southern China, in order to trade with Chinese merchants at Guangzhou.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1513/06/06", "description": " Italian Wars ampndash Battle of Novara: Swiss troops defeat the French under Louis de la Tremoille, forcing the French to abandon Milan.  Duke Massimiliano Sforza is restored.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1513/08/16", "description": " Battle of the Spurs (or Battle of Guinegate):  English troops under Henry VIII defeat a French army under Marshal La Palice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1513/08/22", "description": " Th\u00e9rouanne is captured by Henry VIII of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1513/08/22", "description": "September ampampndash The dispute between Johann Reuchlin and Johannes Pfefferkorn, relative to the Talmud and other Jewish books, is referred to Pope Leo X.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1513/09/09", "description": " Battle of Flodden Field: King James IV of Scotland is defeated and killed by an English army under Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey.  James's son, the Duke of Rothesay, becomes James V, King of Scots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1513/09/25", "description": " Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa, quotsilent upon a peak in Dari\u00e9nquot, first sees what will become known as the Pacific Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1513/10/07", "description": " Battle of La Motta: Spanish troops under Ramon de Cardona defeat the Venetians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1513/10/07", "description": "December ampampndash Louis XII makes peace with the Pope and Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1513/10/07", "description": "Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli writes ''The Prince''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1513/10/07", "description": "Leo Africanus visits Timbuktu, the second city of Songhai Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1513/10/07", "description": "Paracelsus begins studying at Ferrara University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1513/10/07", "description": "Appenzell becomes a member of Old Swiss Confederacy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1514/03/12", "description": " A huge exotic embassy sent by King Manuel I of Portugal to Pope Leo X defiles in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1514/03/12", "description": "March ampampndash Louis XII of France makes peace with Emperor Maximilian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1514/05/15", "description": " Jodocus Badius Ascensius publishes Christiern Pedersen's Latin version of Saxo\u2019s ''Gesta Danorum,'' the oldest known version of that work.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1514/05/15", "description": "June ampampndash The Battle of Hornshole between England and Scotland takes place near Hawick, Scotland.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.discovertheborders.co.uk\/places\/154.html\">http:\/\/www.discovertheborders.co.uk\/places\/154.html<\/a> Discover the Borders.co.ukampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1514/05/15", "description": "July ampampndash Peace is declared between England and France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1514/08/23", "description": " Battle of Chaldiran: Selim I crushes the Persian army of Shah Ismail I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1514/09/08", "description": " Battle of Orsha: In one of the biggest battles of the century, the Belarusians and Poles defeat the Russian army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1514/09/15", "description": " Thomas Wolsey is appointed Archbishop of York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1514/10/09", "description": " Louis XII of France and Mary Tudor are married.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1514/10/09", "description": "Albrecht D\u00fcrer makes his famous engraving ''Melencolia I''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1514/10/09", "description": "Paolo Ricci moves to Augsburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1515", "description": "June ampampndash Persia is invaded by Sultan Selim I of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1515/09/05", "description": " Selim captures the Persian capital of Tabriz without encountering any resistance, but is unable to hold it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1515/09/13", "description": "September 14 ampndash Battle of Marignano: The army of Francis I of France defeats the Swiss, thanks to the timely arrival of a Venetian army.  Francis restores French control of Milan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1515/11/15", "description": " Thomas Wolsey is invested as a Cardinal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1515/12/24", "description": " Thomas Wolsey is named the English Lord Chancellor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1515/12/24", "description": "The Manchester Grammar School is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1515/12/24", "description": "Conquistador Diego Vel\u00e1zquez de Cu\u00e9llar founds Havana, Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1515/12/24", "description": "The Yadigarid Uzbeks found the Khanate of Khiva.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1515/12/24", "description": "Francis I of France starts to rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1515/12/24", "description": "Bartolom\u00e9 de las Casas urges Charles V to end Amerindian slavery and recommends the importation of blacks from Africa.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1515/12/24", "description": "First Congress of Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1515/12/24", "description": "''D\u00fcrer's Rhinoceros'' cut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1515/12/24", "description": "Henry Cornelius Agrippa returns to Northern Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1516", "description": "March ampampndash With the death of Ferdinand II of Aragon, his grandson Charles of Ghent becomes King of Spain as Carlos I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1516/04/23", "description": " The Reinheitsgebot is instituted in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, regulating the purity of beer permissible for sale.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1516/04/23", "description": "July ampampndash Selim I of the Ottoman Empire declares war on the Mameluks and invades Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1516/08/13", "description": " The Treaty of Noyon is signed.  Francis recognizes Charles's claim to Naples, and Charles recognizes Francis's claim to Milan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1516/10/28", "description": " Battle of Yaunis Khan: Turkish forces under the Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha defeat the Mameluks near Gaza.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1516/12/04", "description": " Treaty of Brussels: Peace is declared between France and the Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1516/12/04", "description": "Pedro de Solis discovers the R\u00edo de la Plata.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1516/12/04", "description": "King Francis I of France and Pope Leo X sign the Concordat of Bologna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1516/12/04", "description": "Desiderius Erasmus publishes a new Greek translation of the New Testament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1516/12/04", "description": "Thomas More publishes ''Utopia''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1516/12/04", "description": "Leonardo da Vinci accepts Francis I's invitation to France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1516/12/04", "description": "The Italian explorer Rafael Perestrello trades with Chinese merchants at Canton during the Ming Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1516/12/04", "description": "Gillingham School founded ampampndash the oldest school in Dorset", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1517/01/22", "description": " Battle of Ridaniya:  The Turkish forces of Selim I defeat the main Mamluk army in Egypt under Touman Bey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1517/02/03", "description": " Cairo is captured by the Ottoman Empire the Mamluk Sultanate falls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1517/08/15", "description": " Portuguese merchant Fernao Pires de Andrade meets Ming Dynasty Chinese officials through an interpreter at the Pearl River estuary and lands at what is now in the jurisdiction of Hong Kong. Although the first European trade expeditions to China took place in 1513 and 1516 by Jorge \u00c1lvares and Rafael Perestrello, respectively, Andrade's mission is the first official diplomatic mission of a European power to China commissioned by a ruler of Europe (Manuel I of Portugal).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1517/10/31", "description": " Protestant Reformation: Martin Luther publishes his 95 Theses (posting them on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1517/10/31", "description": "Organized western merchants make their first contact with China after Rafael Perestrello was the first to land in southern China in 1513 European merchants venture into port at Guangzhou and trade with Chinese merchants there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1517/10/31", "description": "Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy conquers Ryazan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1517/10/31", "description": "Selim I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, conquers Egypt and declares himself Caliph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1517/10/31", "description": "A third outbreak of the sweating sickness in England hits Oxford and Cambridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1517/10/31", "description": "The Dutch city of Ommen is devastated by fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1517/10/31", "description": "The Fifth Council of the Lateran ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1518/04/18", "description": " Bona Sforza is crowned as Queen of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1518/05/26", "description": " A Transit of Venus occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1518/05/26", "description": "July \u2013 Dancing Plague of 1518, a case of dancing mania in Strasbourg in which many people died from constant dancing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1518/10/03", "description": " The Treaty of London temporarily ensures peace in Western Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1518/10/03", "description": "A plague of tropical fire ants devastates crops on Hispaniola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1518/10/03", "description": "The Manchester Grammar School opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1518/10/03", "description": "The African slave trade begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/01/01", "description": " Ulrich Zwingli preaches for the first time as people's priest of the Great Minister in Zurich", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/03/04", "description": " Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s lands in Mexico", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/04/21", "description": " (Maundy Thursday) Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s reaches San Juan de Ul\u00faa next day (Good Friday) he sets foot on the beach of present day Veracruz  <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cervantesvirtual.com\/obra-visor\/historia-verdadera-de-la-conquista-de-la-nueva-espana-tomo-i--0\/html\/481f665e-69c1-4064-9d6a-6333c5711ecc_150.htm\">http:\/\/www.cervantesvirtual.com\/obra-visor\/historia-verdadera-de-la-conquista-de-la-nueva-espana-tomo-i--0\/html\/481f665e-69c1-4064-9d6a-6333c5711ecc_150.htm<\/a> ''Historia Verdadera de la conquista de la Nueva Espa\u00f1a'', Bernal D\u00edaz del Castillo, Chapter 38", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/06/28", "description": " Charles I of Spain becomes Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (rules until 1556).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/07/04", "description": " Martin Luther joins the debate regarding papal authority against John Eck at Leipzig.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/08/15", "description": " Panama City is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/09/20", "description": " Ferdinand Magellan leaves Europe to circumnavigate the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/10/12", "description": " Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s and his men, accompanied by 3,000 Tlaxcalans, entered Cholula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/11/08", "description": " Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s enters Tenochtitlan and the court of Aztec ruler Moctezuma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/11/08", "description": "Erasmus publishes his ''Colloquia''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/11/08", "description": "Martin Luther questions the infallibility of papal decrees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/11/08", "description": "The artistic form  appears in Georgia and spreads.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/11/08", "description": "The Spanish find Barbados.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/11/08", "description": "The first civil revolt in Anatolia takes place, led by Alevi preacher Cel\u00e2l.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/11/08", "description": "Cacao comes to Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/11/08", "description": "Havana moves from the southern to the northern part of Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/11/08", "description": "The St. Olav Church is completed in Tallinn, Estonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/11/08", "description": "According to Wang Yangming (1472\u20131529), the Ming Dynasty philosopher and governor of Jiangxi, China, he intends to use ''fo\u2013lang\u2013ji'' cannons in suppressing the rebellion of Prince Zhu Chenhao in this year. This is most likely the earliest reference in China to the breech-loading Frankish culverin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/11/08", "description": "A large pandemic spreads from the Greater Antilles into Central America, and perhaps as far as Peru in South America. This widespread epidemic kills off much of the indigenous populations in these areas. According to historian Alfred W. Crosby Jr. in his ''The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492'', this outbreak is the first widely documented epidemic in the New World.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/11/08", "description": "Central Mexico Amerindians' population ampampndash 25.3 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/11/08", "description": "Postclassic period ends in Mesoamerica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1519/11/08", "description": "The first recorded fatal accident involving a gun in England was recorded at Welton, East Riding of Yorkshire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/01/19", "description": " King Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats the Swedes at Lake \u00c5sunden. The Swedish regent Sten Sture the younger is mortally wounded in the battle. He is rushed towards Stockholm, in order to lead the fight against the Danes from there, but dies from his wounds on February 3.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/04/16", "description": " Revolt of the Comuneros: Citizens of Toledo, Castile opposed to the rule of the Flemish-born Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, rise up when the royal government attempts to unseat radical city councilors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/04/16", "description": "June ampampndash Moctezuma II, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, is declared deposed due to his captivity by conquistador Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s. His brother Cuitl\u00e1huac rises to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/06/07", "description": " King Henry VIII of England and King Francis I of France meet at the famous Field of Cloth of Gold.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/06/10", "description": " Revolt of the Comuneros: Blockade of Segovia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/06/15", "description": " Pope Leo X issues the bull ''Exsurge Domine'' (Arise O Lord), threatening Martin Luther with excommunication if he does not recant his position on indulgences and other Catholic doctrines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/07/01", "description": " La Noche Triste (Night of Sorrow): The forces of Cuitl\u00e1huac, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, gain a major victory against the forces of conquistador Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s. This results in the death of about 400 conquistadors and some 2,000 of their Native American allies. However, Cort\u00e9s and the most skilled of his men manage to escape and later regroup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/07/20", "description": " The Spaniards defeat the Aztecs at Otumba near Lake Texcaco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/09/07", "description": " Christian II makes his triumphant entry into Stockholm, which has surrendered to him a few days earlier. Sten Sture's widow Christina Gyllenstierna, who has led the fight after Sten's death, and all other persons in the resistance against the Danes, are granted amnesty and are pardoned for their involvement in the resistance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/09/22", "description": " Suleiman I succeeds his father Selim I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/09/22", "description": "October ampampndash Cuitl\u00e1huac, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies from smallpox. He is succeeded by his nephew Cuauht\u00e9moc.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/11/01", "description": " Christian II is elected king of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/11/04", "description": " Christian II is crowned king of Sweden. The coronation is followed by a three-day feast in Stockholm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/11/07", "description": " At the end of the third day of Christian's coronation feast, several leading figures of the Swedish resistance against the Danish invasion are imprisoned and tried for high treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/11/08", "description": "November 10 ampndash 82 noblemen and clergymen, having been sentenced to death for their involvement in the Swedish resistance against the Danish invasion, are executed by beheading in the Stockholm bloodbath.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/11/28", "description": " After navigating through the South American strait, three ships under the command of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan reach the Pacific Ocean, becoming the first Europeans to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific (the strait was later named the Strait of Magellan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/12/10", "description": " Martin Luther burns a copy of ''The Book of Canon Law'' (see Canon Law) and his copy of the Papal bull ''Exsurge Domine''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/12/10", "description": "Martin Luther writes ''To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/12/10", "description": "The Franciscan friar Matteo Bassi is inspired to return to the primitive life of solitude and penance as practiced by St. Francis, giving rise to the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/12/10", "description": "The Castilian War of the Communities begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/12/10", "description": "Duarte Barbosa returns to Cananor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1520/12/10", "description": "Aleksandra Lisowska (Roxelana) is given as a gift to Suleiman I on the occasion of his accession to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/01/03", "description": " Pope Leo X excommunicates Martin Luther in the papal bull ''Decet Romanum Pontificem''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/01/17", "description": " Suleiman the Magnificent suppresses a revolt by the ruler of Damascus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/01/22", "description": " Emperor Charles V opens the Diet of Worms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/01/28", "description": " The Diet of Worms begins, lasting until May 25.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/03/06", "description": " Ferdinand Magellan discovers Guam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/03/16", "description": " Ferdinand Magellan reaches the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/04/07", "description": " Ferdinand Magellan arrives at Cebu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/04/16", "description": "April 18 ampndash Martin Luther is examined before Emperor Charles V and the German Diet of Worms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/04/24", "description": " Revolt of the Comuneros ampndash Battle of Villalar: Castilian royalists defeat the rebels and execute their three leaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/04/26", "description": " Martin Luther leaves Worms and disappears for a year ampndash he is rumored to be murdered, but is actually in hiding at the Wartburg Castle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/04/27", "description": " Magellan is killed in the Philippines, in the Battle of Mactan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/04/27", "description": "May ampampndash War breaks out between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and Francis I, the King of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/05/17", "description": " Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/05/20", "description": " Battle of Pampeluna: The French defeat the Spanish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/05/25", "description": " The Diet of Worms ends when Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Worms, declaring Martin Luther an outlaw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/05/27", "description": " Jiajing Emperor ascends the throne of the Ming Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/06/29", "description": "r June 30 ampndash The first document is fully written in Romanian: the letter of Neac\u015fu, a trader from C\u00e2mpulung, to Johannes Benkner, the mayor of Bra\u015fov, warning that the Ottoman Empire is preparing its troops to cross into Wallachia and Transylvania the script used is Romanian Cyrillic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/06/30", "description": " Battle of Esquiroz: French forces under Henri d'Albret, exiled King of Navarre, are defeated by the Spanish and forced to abandon their attempt to recover Henri's kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/08/08", "description": " Battle of Tenochtitlan: Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s and allied local Indians defeat the Aztec forces of Cuauht\u00e9moc, the last Aztec Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/08/13", "description": " Emperor Cuauht\u00e9moc surrenders to Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/08/23", "description": " Christian II of Denmark is deposed as king of Sweden and Gustav Vasa is elected regent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/08/29", "description": " Belgrade is captured by the Ottoman army of Suleiman the Magnificent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/11/23", "description": " Spanish\u2013German\u2013Papal forces under Prosper Colonna force French Marshal Odet de Lautrec to abandon Milan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/11/23", "description": "Jacopo Berengario da Carpi publishes ''Commentaria cum amplissimus additionibus super anatomiam Mundini'' in Bologna, including observation of the vermiform appendix.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/11/23", "description": "San Juan Bautista is founded in the Puerto Rican archipelago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/11/23", "description": "Ryazan is annexed by Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1521/11/23", "description": "Student rebellion in Erfurt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1522/01/09", "description": " Pope Adrian VI (born Adriaan Florenszoon Boeyens, Dedens or Dedel''Collier's Encyclopedia'' Hadrianus in Latin) succeeds Pope Leo X as the 218th pope. The only Dutch pope, he will be the last non-Italian elected for more than 450 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1522/04/27", "description": " Battle of Bicocca: French and Swiss forces under Odet de Lautrec are defeated by the Spanish in their attempt to retake Milan, and are forced to withdraw into Venetian territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1522/07/28", "description": " Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I begins his siege of the Knights of St. John in Rhodes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1522/09/06", "description": "  The ''Vittoria'', one of the surviving ships of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, returns to Sanlucar de Barrameda in Spain, becoming the first ship to circumnavigate the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1522/12/18", "description": " The Turks finally break into Rhodes, but the Knights continue fierce resistance in the streets.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1522/12/20", "description": " Suleiman the Magnificent accepts the surrender of the surviving Knights, who are allowed to evacuate.  They eventually re-settle on Malta and become known as the Knights of Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1522/12/20", "description": "The first Diet of Nuremberg is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1522/12/20", "description": "The third edition of the ''Textus Receptus'' of the Bible is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1522/12/20", "description": "The Knight's Revolt erupts in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1522/12/20", "description": "Chinese Ming Dynasty records indicate that the War Ministry official He Ru is the first to acquire the Portuguese breech-loading culverin, while copies of them are made by two Westernized Chinese at Beijing, Yang San (Pedro Yang) and Dai Ming.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1522/12/20", "description": "The Habsburg-Valois Wars begin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1522/12/20", "description": "Costa Rica was named by the Spanish Colonizer Gil Gonz\u00e1lez D\u00e1vila when he found copious quantities of gold in Pacific beaches.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1522/12/20", "description": "Some believe that Australia was sighted by a Portuguese expedition led by Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o de Mendon\u00e7a. They mapped the continent and named it Jave la Grande, meaning The Greater Java. amp\/onlyincludeamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1523", "description": "April - Luther helps Katharina von Bora, his eventual wife, escape from the Nimbschen convent by placing her and 12 other nuns in herring barrels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1523/06/06", "description": " Gustav Vasa is elected king of Sweden, finally establishing its full independence from Denmark, marking the end of the Kalmar Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1523/11/19", "description": " Pope Clement VII succeeds Pope Adrian VI as the 219th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1523/11/19", "description": "The Ming Dynasty Chinese navy captures two Western ships with Portuguese breech\u2013loading culverins aboard, which the Chinese call a fo\u2013lang\u2013ji (Frankish culverin). According to the ''Ming Shi'', these cannons are soon presented to the Jiajing Emperor by Wang Hong, and their design is copied in 1529.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1523/11/19", "description": "Martin Luther translates the New Testament into German.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1523/11/19", "description": "Wijerd Jelckama, a Frisian warlord and military commander is executed in Leeuwarden. His death ends the successful Frisian rebellion fought by the Arumer Black Heap.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1523/11/19", "description": "The first Flemish Lutherans are burned in Brussels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1524", "description": "January ampampndash Giovanni da Verrazzano, on board ''La Dauphine'' in the service of Francis I of France, sets out from Madeira for the New World.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1524", "description": "March ampampndash Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado destroys the K'iche' Kingdom of Q'umarkaj, taking the capital, Quich\u00e9.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1524/03/01", "description": "'(approximate date)'' ampndash da Verrazzano's expedition makes landfall at Cape Fear.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1524/04/17", "description": " da Verrazzano's expedition makes the first European entry into New York Bay and sights the island of Manhattan.{{cite book|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/?id=kpMGlc-cvAoCamppg=PA37amplpg=PA37ampdq=%22La+Dauphine%22+verrazano|last=Paine|first=Lincoln\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/?id=kpMGlc-cvAoCamppg=PA37amplpg=PA37ampdq=%22La+Dauphine%22+verrazano|last=Paine|first=Lincoln<\/a> P.|title=Ships of Discovery and Exploration|location=New York|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|year=2000|isbn=0-395-98415-7|page=37}}ref name=tt{{cite book|first=Bernard|last=Grun|title=The Timetables of History|edition=3rd|location=New York|publisher=Simon amp Schuster|year=1991|isbn=0-671-74919-6|page=235}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1524/04/30", "description": " Battle of the Sesia: Spanish forces under Charles de Lannoy defeat the French army in Italy under William de Bonnivet. The French, now commanded by Fran\u00e7ois de St. Pol, withdraw from Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1524/06/08", "description": " Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado leads the Battle of Acajutla, defeating a battalion of Pipiles, in the neighborhoods of present day Acajutla, El Salvador", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1524/06/08", "description": "Summer ampampndash Paracelsus visits Salzburg. He also visits Villach during the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1524/07/08", "description": " da Verrazzano's expedition returns to Dieppe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1524/07/08", "description": "AugustampampndashSeptember ampampndash Marseille is besieged by Imperial forces under the Duke of Bourbon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1524/10/28", "description": " A French army invading Italy under King Francis besieges Pavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1524/12/08", "description": " Francisco Hernandez de Cordoba founds the city of Granada, Nicaragua, the oldest Hispanic city in the mainland of the Western Hemisphere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1525/01/21", "description": " The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is born when Conrad Grebel, Felix Manz, George Blaurock, and about a dozen others baptize each other in the home of Manz's mother on Neustadt-Gasse, Z\u00fcrich, breaking a thousand-year tradition of church-state union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1525/02/24", "description": " Battle of Pavia: Spanish forces under Charles de Lannoy and the Marquis of Pescara defeat the French army and capture Francis I of France, after his horse is wounded by Cesare Hercolani.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1525/02/28", "description": " The last Aztec Emperor, Cuauht\u00e9moc, is killed by Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9z.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1525/03/20", "description": " In the German town Memmingen the pamphlet ''The Twelve Articles: The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed'' is published , the first human rights related document written in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1525/04/10", "description": " Albert of Prussia commits Prussian Homage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1525/05/15", "description": " Insurgent peasants led by Anabaptist pastor Thomas Muentzer were defeated at the Battle of Frankenhausen, ending the German Peasants' War in the Holy Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1525/06/16", "description": " Henry VIII of England appoints his illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy Duke of Richmond and Somerset.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1525/07/29", "description": " Santa Marta, the first city in Colombia, is founded by Spanish conqueror Rodrigo de Bastidas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1525/07/29", "description": "European-brought diseases sweep through the Andes, killing thousands, including the Inca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1525/07/29", "description": "Mixco Viejo, capital of the Pocomam Maya State, falls to the Spanish Conquistadores of Pedro de Alvarado in what is now Guatemala after a 3-month siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1525/07/29", "description": "The Bubonic Plague spreads in southern France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1525/07/29", "description": "The New Testament is translated into English by William Tyndale.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1525/07/29", "description": "The first French ambassador arrives in Istanbul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1525/07/29", "description": "The Chinese Ministry of War under the Ming Dynasty orders ships having more than one mast sailing along the southeast coast to be seized, investigated, and destroyed this in an effort to curb piracy and limit private commercial trade abroad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1525/07/29", "description": "Over 75,000 peasants are killed in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1525/07/29", "description": "Francis I of France and Suleiman I strike an alliance against Habsburg Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1525/07/29", "description": "Age of Samael ends and the Age of Gabriel starts according to Johannes Trithemius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1526/01/14", "description": " Treaty of Madrid: Peace is declared between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Francis agrees to cede Burgundy to Charles, and abandons all claims to Flanders, Artois, Naples, and Milan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1526/04/21", "description": " First battle of Panipat: Babur becomes Mughal emperor, invades northern India and captures Delhi, beginning the Mughal Empire, which lasts until 1857.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1526/05/22", "description": " Francis repudiates the Treaty of Madrid and forms the League of Cognac against Charles, including the Pope, Milan, Venice, and Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1526/05/24", "description": " The Transit of Venus occurs, the last before optical filters allowed astronomers to observe them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1526/06/09", "description": " Emperor Go-Nara ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1526/07/24", "description": " Milan is captured by the Spanish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1526/08/21", "description": " Spanish explorer Alonso de Salazar becomes the first European to sight the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean.{{cite book|title=Early Spanish Discoveries in the Pacific|first=Andrew|last=Sharp|year=1960|pages=11\u201313}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1526/08/29", "description": " Battle of Moh\u00e1cs:  The Turkish army of Sultan Suleiman I defeats the Hungarian army of King Louis II, who is killed in the retreat. Suleiman takes Buda, while Archduke Ferdinand of Austria and John Zapolya, Prince of Transylvania, dispute over the succession. As a result of the battle, Dubrovnik achieves independence, although it acknowledges Turkish overlordship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1526/08/29", "description": "December ampampndash Paracelsus arrives at Strasbourg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1526/08/29", "description": "Spring ampampndash The first complete printed translation of the New Testament into English by William Tyndale arrives in England from Germany, having been printed in Worms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1526/08/29", "description": "The first official translation is made of the New Testament of the Bible into Swedish (Bible completed in 1541).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1526/08/29", "description": "Gunsmith Mastro Bartolomeo Beretta establishes the Beretta Gun Company, which will still be in business in the 21st century, making it one of the world's oldest corporations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1527/01/05", "description": " Felix Manz, co-founder of the Swiss Anabaptists, is drowned in the Limmat in Z\u00fcrich by the Z\u00fcrich Reformed state church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1527/03/17", "description": " Battle of Khanwa: This and two other major Moghul victories lead to the domination of northern India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1527/03/17", "description": "March ampampndash Paracelsus is appointed as town physician of Basle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1527/05/06", "description": " Sack of Rome: Spanish and German troops led by the Duke of Bourbon sack Rome, forcing Pope Clement VII to make peace with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, marking the end of the High Renaissance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1527/05/16", "description": " In Florence, the Piagnon, a group devoted to the memory of Girolamo Savonarola, drive out the Medici for a second time, re-establishing the Republic of Florence until 1530.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1527/06/17", "description": " The Narv\u00e1ez expedition to conquer Florida set sail from Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1527/06/17", "description": " The Protestant Reformation begins in Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1527/06/23", "description": " Paracelsus burns books of Avicenna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1527/08/03", "description": " The first known letter is sent from North America by John Rut while at St. John's, Newfoundland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1527/08/20", "description": " Sixty Anabaptists meet at the Martyrs' Synod.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1527/08/20", "description": " Diet of Odense (Denmark). King Frederick I declares religious tolerance for Lutherans, permits marriage of priests, forbids seeking papal ''pallium'' (approval) for royal appointments of Church officials.Steffensen, Kenneth (2007). ''Scandinavia After the Fall of the Kalmar Union: a Study of Scandinavian Relations'', 1523-1536. Unpubl. M.A. Thesis, Brigham Young Univ.Fisher, George P (1873). ''The Reformation''. Scribner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1527/09/27", "description": " Battle of Tarcal: Ferdinand, future Holy Roman Emperor, defeats John Z\u00e1polya and takes over most of Hungary. John appeals to the Turks for help.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1527/09/27", "description": "The Spanish conquest of Guatemala highlands is completed the first Guatemala City (Ciudad Vieja) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1527/09/27", "description": "Spanish Conquistador Francisco de Montejo invades Yucat\u00e1n.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1527/09/27", "description": "Members of the University of Wittenberg flee to Jena in fear of the bubonic plague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1527/09/27", "description": "Bishop Vesey's Grammar School at Sutton Coldfield in the West Midlands of England is founded by Bishop John Vesey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1527/09/27", "description": "The Ming Dynasty government of China greatly reduces the quotas for taking grain, severely diminishing the state's capacity to relieve famines through a previously successful granary system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1527/09/27", "description": "Society 1527 (''The 1527 Society'') is believed to be founded in 1527, as per it's namesake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/01/12", "description": " Gustav I of Sweden is crowned king of Sweden. (Having already reigned since his election in 1523.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/01/12", "description": "February ampampndash Peasant uprising in Dalarna, Sweden: rebel campaign fails and rebel leader, later known as ''Daljunkern'', flees to Rostock.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/06/19", "description": " Battle of Landriano: A French army in Italy under Marshal Francis de Bourbon, Count of St. Pol is decisively defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/09/12", "description": " Andrea Doria defeats his former allies, the French, and establishes the independence of Genoa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/10/03", "description": " \u00c1lvaro de Saavedra Cer\u00f3n arrives in the Maluku Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/10/13", "description": " Cardinal Wolsey founds a college at Ipswich, which later becomes Ipswich School.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/10/20", "description": " The Treaty of Gorinchem is signed between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and Charles, Duke of Guelders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/11/06", "description": " Spanish conquistador \u00c1lvar N\u00fa\u00f1ez Cabeza de Vaca and his companions become the first known Europeans to set foot on the shores of what is present-day Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/11/06", "description": "Montenegro gains autonomy under Turkish power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/11/06", "description": "The Maya peoples drive Spanish Conquistadores out of Yucat\u00e1n.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/11/06", "description": "Spain takes direct control of Acapulco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/11/06", "description": "Bubonic plague breaks out in England.ampamp{{cite web |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk\/digital_guides\/ren_man_series1_prt1\/chronology.aspx\">http:\/\/www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk\/digital_guides\/ren_man_series1_prt1\/chronology.aspx<\/a> | accessdate=2007-11-08 | title=Renaissance: The Reconstructed Libraries of European Scholars: 1450-1700}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/11/06", "description": "The fourth major outbreak of the sweating sickness occurs in England. This time the disease also spreads to northern Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/11/06", "description": "St George's Chapel in Windsor Castle is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/11/06", "description": "Chateau Fontainebleau in France is begun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/11/06", "description": "Michelangelo Buonarroti begins work on the fortifications of Florence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/11/06", "description": "Baldassare Castiglione publishes ''The Book of the Courtier''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/11/06", "description": "Ipswich School was founded in its current form by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey from older (dating back to 1299)  institutions in the town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/11/06", "description": "In Henan province of China, during the mid Ming Dynasty, a vast drought deprives the region of harvests for the next two years, killing off half the people in some communities due to starvation and cannibalism, as reported by local gazeteers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/11/06", "description": "Paracelsus leaves Basle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1528/11/06", "description": "February - Paracelsus visits Colmar in Alsace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/03/07", "description": "March 9 ampndash Battle of Shimbra Kure: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, with 200 men armed with matchlocks, defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/04/08", "description": " Flensburg Disputation, a debate, attended by Stadtholder Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (later King Christian III of Denmark) between Lutherans (led by Hermann Fast) and the more radical Anabaptists (led by Melchior Hoffman). Johannes Bugenhagen, a close associate of Martin Luther, presides. The Disputation marks the rejection of radical ideas by the Danish Reformation.Collins, WE (1903) ''The Scandinavian North'', ''in'' AW Ward, GW Prothero amp Stanley Leathes (eds.) ''The Cambridge Modern History''. Cambridge Univ. Press, pp. 599-638.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/04/19", "description": " At the Diet of Speyer, a group of rulers (''German:'' F\u00fcrst) and independent cities (''German:'' Reichsstadt) protest the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms, beginning the Protestant movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/04/22", "description": " The Treaty of Saragossa divides the eastern hemisphere between Spain and Portugal, stipulating that the dividing line should lie 297.5 leagues or 17\u00b0 east of the Moluccas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/04/22", "description": "MayampampndashJuly ampampndash Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, Archbishop of York, presides over a legatine court at Blackfriars, London, to rule on the legality of King Henry VIII of England's marriage to Catherine of Aragon.ampref name=CBHamp{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=142\u2013145|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/05/10", "description": " The Turkish army under Suleiman I leaves Constantinople to invade Hungary once again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/06/21", "description": " War of the League of Cognac: Battle of Landriano: French forces in northern Italy are decisively defeated by Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/07/30", "description": " Only Continental outbreak of English sweating sickness reaches L\u00fcbeck, spreading from there into Schleswig-Holstein in next few months.Christiansen, John (2009), ''The English Sweat in L\u00fcbeck and North Germany, 1529''. '''Med. Hist.''' 53: 415-424.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/08/05", "description": " Emperor Charles V and Francis I of France sign the Treaty of Cambrai, or the quotLadies' Peacequot. Francis abandons his claims in Italy, but is allowed to retain Burgundy. Henry VIII of England accedes on August 27.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=204\u2013210}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/08/05", "description": "Buda is recaptured by the invading Turkish forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/08/05", "description": "The city of Maracaibo, Venezuela is founded by Ambrosius Ehinger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/09/23", "description": " Vienna is besieged by the Turkish forces of Suleiman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/10/15", "description": " With the season growing late, Suleiman abandons the siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/10/26", "description": " Cardinal Wolsey falls from power in England due to his failure to prevent Habsburg expansion in Europe and obtain an annulment of Henry VIII's marriage. Thomas More succeeds him as Lord Chancellor.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/11/04", "description": "December 17 ampndash First sitting of the English Reformation Parliament.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/11/04", "description": "Aylesbury is granted the county town of Buckinghamshire in England by King Henry VIII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/11/04", "description": "Stephen B\u00e1thory becomes governor of Transylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/11/04", "description": "Boromrajathira IV succeeds Rama Thibodi II as king of Ayutthaya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/11/04", "description": "Fluorine is first described by Georg Agricola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/11/04", "description": "Giorgio Vasari visits Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/11/04", "description": "Pietro Bembo becomes historiographer of Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/11/04", "description": "Heinrich Bullinger becomes pastor of Bremgarten, Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/11/04", "description": "Paracelsus visits N\u00fcrnberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/11/04", "description": "Paracelsus uses the name ''Paracelsus'' for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1529/11/04", "description": "Occultist Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa publishes ''<a href=\"http:\/\/visualiseur.bnf.fr\/Visualiseur?Destination=GallicaampampO=NUMM-71692\">http:\/\/visualiseur.bnf.fr\/Visualiseur?Destination=GallicaampampO=NUMM-71692<\/a> Declamatio de nobilitate et praecellentia foeminei sexus'' (ampquotDeclamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sexampquot), a book pronouncing the theological and moral superiority of women.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1530/06/25", "description": " The Augsburg Confession is presented to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1530/08/03", "description": " Battle of Gavinana: Florence is captured by Spanish troops under Prince Philibert. The Piagnon (followers of the memory of Girolamo Savonarola) are overthrown and the Medici are restored, in the person of the Pope's nephew Alessandro de Medici.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1530/10/08", "description": " A flood engulfs Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1530/10/26", "description": " The Knights of Malta are formed when the Knights Hospitaller are given Malta by Charles V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1530/11/05", "description": " St. Felix's Flood destroys the city of Reimerswaal in the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1530/11/05", "description": "Charles V crowned by the Pope in Bologna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1530/11/05", "description": "The ducal palace of Celle is constructed in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1530/11/05", "description": "Martin Afonso de Souza's expedition patrols the Brazilian coast, banishes the French, and creates the first colonial towns: S\u00e3o Vicente and S\u00e3o Paulo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1530/11/05", "description": "Austrian forces capture Esztergom, Hungary, and raid as far as Buda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1530/11/05", "description": "Humayun starts to rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1530/11/05", "description": "Paracelsus leaves N\u00fcrnberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1530/11/05", "description": "Erasmus publishes ''A handbook on manners for children'' (''De Civilitate Morum Puerilium Libellus''), which becomes popular and widely translated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/01/26", "description": " Lisbon, Portugal is hit by an earthquake in which thousands die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/02/11", "description": " Henry VIII of England is recognised as supreme head of the Church of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/02/27", "description": " Lutheran princes in the Holy Roman Empire form an alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/02/27", "description": "February or March ampampndash Battle of Antukyah: Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi of the Adal Sultanate defeats the Ethiopian army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/02/27", "description": "April ampampndash Battle of Pun\u00e1: Francisco Pizarro defeats the island's native inhabitants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/04/16", "description": " The city of Puebla, Mexico is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/06/24", "description": " The city of San Juan del R\u00edo, Mexico is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/07/25", "description": " The city of Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/09/22", "description": " Battle of Obertyn: The Moldavians are defeated by Polish forces under Jan Amor Tarnowski, allowing the Poles to recapture Pokucie.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/10/11", "description": " Battle of Kappel: The forces of Z\u00fcrich are defeated by the Catholic cantons. Huldrych Zwingli, the Swiss religious reformer, is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/10/28", "description": " Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi again defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia. The southern part of Ethiopia thus falls under Imam Ahmad's control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/12/12", "description": " The Virgin Mary, in the guise of Our Lady of Guadalupe, allegedly appears to Juan Diego Cuauhtlatoatzin, an Aztec convert to Catholicism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/12/12", "description": "Andrea Alciato publishes the first part of his ''Emblemata''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/12/12", "description": "The Comet Halley appears (Perihelion: August 26).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/12/12", "description": "Conquistador Francisco de Montejo claims Chichen Itza as capital of Spanish-ruled Yucat\u00e1n.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/12/12", "description": "The University of Sarajevo is founded by Gazi Husrev-beg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/12/12", "description": "K\u00f5pu Lighthouse is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/12/12", "description": "An enormous drought in Henan province, China, coupled with a gigantic swarm of locusts in the summer, forces many in destitute agricultural communities to turn to cannibalism instead of dying by starvation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/12/12", "description": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor abolishes the worst abuses of the encomienda system by pressure of Bartolom\u00e9 de las Casas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1531/12/12", "description": "Witch-hunt in the town of Schiltach, Germany", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1532/03/18", "description": " English parliament bans payment by English church to Rome", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1532/03/18", "description": "April ampampndash Battle of Quipaipan in Peru: Atahualpa wins the civil war in the Inca Empire, defeating his brother Hu\u00e1scar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1532/05/13", "description": " Francisco Pizarro lands on the northern coast of Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1532/05/16", "description": " Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1532/06/25", "description": " Suleiman the Magnificent leads another invasion of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1532/08/13", "description": " Union of Brittany and France: The Duchy of Brittany is absorbed into the Kingdom of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1532/09/01", "description": " Lady Anne Boleyn is created Marquess of Pembroke by her fianc\u00e9, King Henry VIII of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1532/11/16", "description": " Francisco Pizarro and his men capture Inca Atahualpa at Cajamarca, ambushing and slaughtering a large number of his followers without loss to themselves. He subsequently offers a ransom of approx. $100 million in gold.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1532/11/16", "description": "''The Prince'' is published five years after death of the author Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1532/11/16", "description": "''Pantagruel'' is published by Fran\u00e7ois Rabelais.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1532/11/16", "description": "Henry VIII of England grants the Thorne brothers a Royal Charter to found Bristol Grammar School.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1532/11/16", "description": "Stamford School founded by William Radcliffe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1532/11/16", "description": "The Paris Parlement has the city's beggars arrested 'to force them to work in the sewers, chained together in pairs'.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1533/01/25", "description": " King Henry VIII of England marries Anne Boleyn, who becomes his second queen consort.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1533/01/25", "description": "26 January - Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden appointed Lord Chancellor of England", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1533/03/30", "description": " Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1533/05/23", "description": " King Henry VIII of England's marriage with Catherine of Aragon is declared annulled by Archbishop Cranmer. Since Pope Clement VII had already rejected Henry's petition for annulment in 1530, Catherine continues to believe herself Henry's wife until her death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1533/06/01", "description": " Cranmer crowns Anne Boleyn as queen in Westminster Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1533/07/11", "description": " Henry VIII is excommunicated by Pope Clement VII, as is Archbishop Cranmer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1533/07/22", "description": " Treaty of Constantinople between the Ottoman Empire and the Archduchy of Austria: Ferdinand I, King of the Romans, withdraws his claims to most of Hungary and J\u00e1nos Szapolyai, voivode of Transylvania, becomes King of Hungary under the suzerainty of Suleiman the Magnificent, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1533/07/26", "description": " Inca Atahualpa is executed by garotte at the orders of Francisco Pizarro in Cajamarca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1533/09/07", "description": " Anne Boleyn gives birth to Princess Elizabeth I, the future Elizabeth I of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1533/11/15", "description": " Francisco Pizarro arrives in Cuzco, Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1533/12/03", "description": " Ivan IV succeeds his father Vasili III as Grand Prince of Muscovy at three years old.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1533/12/03", "description": "December ampampndash Hernando de Grijalva and his crew discover the uninhabited Revillagigedo Islands off the Pacific coast of Mexico", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1533/12/03", "description": "December 21 (Feast of St Thomas the Apostle) ampampndash They discover ''Isla Santo Tom\u00e9'', probably Socorro Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1533/12/03", "description": "December 28 ampampndash They discover ''Isla de los Inocentes'', probably San Benedicto Island.ampampAmerican Geographical Society (1967). ''<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=eUcsAAAAMAAJampampq=hernando+de+grijalva+inocentesampampdq=hernando+de+grijalva+inocentesampamphl=csampampei=rEmGTfuXCIeDgAfPg_nUCAampampsa=Xampampoi=book_resultampampct=resultampampresnum=9ampampved=0CEoQ6AEwCA\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=eUcsAAAAMAAJampampq=hernando+de+grijalva+inocentesampampdq=hernando+de+grijalva+inocentesampamphl=csampampei=rEmGTfuXCIeDgAfPg_nUCAampampsa=Xampampoi=book_resultampampct=resultampampresnum=9ampampved=0CEoQ6AEwCA<\/a> Special publication'' '''38''' p. 370. New York. ISSN 0065-843Xampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1533/12/03", "description": "The Statute in Restraint of Appeals declares the king to be the supreme sovereign in England and forbids judicial appeals to the papacy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1533/12/03", "description": "Paracelsus interprets the Bible in Appenzell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1533/12/03", "description": "Pechenga Monastery is founded in the far north of Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1533/12/03", "description": "1533\u20131534 ampampndash Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent makes the Ruthenian harem girl Roxelana his legal wife.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1534/01/15", "description": " Parliament of England passes the ''Act Respecting the Oath to the Succession'' recognising the marriage of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, and their children as the legitimate heirs to the throne.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=210\u2013215}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1534/02/27", "description": " A group of Anabaptists, led by Jan Matthys, seize M\u00fcnster in Westphalia and declare it quotThe New Jerusalemquot, begin to exile dissenters and forcibly baptize all others.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1534/04/05", "description": "Easter Sunday) ampndash Anabaptist Jan Matthys is killed by the Landsknechte, who lay siege to M\u00fcnster on the day he predicted as The Second Coming of Christ. His follower John of Leiden takes control of the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1534/04/07", "description": " Sir Thomas More confined in the Tower of London", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1534/05/10", "description": " Jacques Cartier explores Newfoundland while searching for the Northwest Passage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1534/06/09", "description": " Jacques Cartier is the first European to discover the St. Lawrence River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1534/06/23", "description": " Copenhagen opens its gates to Count Christopher of Oldenburg leading the army of L\u00fcbeck (and the Hanseatic League), nominally in the interests of the deposed King Christian II of Denmark. The surrenders of Copenhagen and, a few days later, of Malm\u00f6 represent the high point of the Count's War for the forces of the League. These victories presumably lead the Danish nobility to recognize Christian III as King on July 4.{{cite book|last=Collins|first=W. E.|year=1903|chapter=The Scandinavian North|editor=Ward, A. W. Prothero, G. W. Leathes, Stanley (ed)|title=The Cambridge Modern History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=599\u2013638}}{{cite book|last=Pollard|first=A. F.|authorlink=Albert Pollard|year=1903|chapter=The conflict of creeds and parties in Germany|editor=Ward, A. W. Prothero, G. W. Leathes, Stanley (ed)|title=The Cambridge Modern History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=206\u2013245}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1534/06/29", "description": " Jacques Cartier discover Prince Edward Island, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1534/07/04", "description": " Election of Christian III as King of Denmark and Norway in the town of Rye.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1534/07/07", "description": " The first known exchange occurs between Europeans and natives of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in New Brunswick.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1534/10/13", "description": " Pope Paul III succeeds Pope Clement VII as the 220th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1534/10/18", "description": " Huguenots post placards all over France attacking the Catholic Mass, provoking a violent sectarian reaction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1534/11/03", "description": "December 18 ampndash The English Reformation Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy establishing Henry VIII as supreme head of the Church of England.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1534/12/06", "description": " Over 200 Spanish settlers led by conquistador Sebasti\u00e1n de Belalc\u00e1zar found what is now Quito, Ecuador.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1534/12/06", "description": "Act for the Submission of the Clergy confirmed by the Parliament of England, requiring churchmen to submit to the king and forbidding the publication of ecclesiastical laws without royal permission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1534/12/06", "description": "Cambridge University Press is given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII of England and becomes the first of the privileged presses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1534/12/06", "description": "''Gargantua'' is published by Fran\u00e7ois Rabelais.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1534/12/06", "description": "Martin Luther's translation of the complete Christian Bible into German appears. He had published the New Testament in 1522.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1534/12/06", "description": "First book printed in Yiddish (in Krak\u00f3w), ''Mirkevet ha-Mishneh'', a Tanakh concordance by rabbi Asher Anchel, translating difficult phrases in biblical Hebrew.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.polandjewishheritagetours.com\/4.Timeline_Polish%20Jewish%20History.pdf|title=One\">http:\/\/www.polandjewishheritagetours.com\/4.Timeline_Polish%20Jewish%20History.pdf|title=One<\/a> Thousand Years of the Polish Jewish Experience|publisher=Taube Foundation for Jewish Life and Culture|page=2|accessdate=2011-12-09}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/01/18", "description": " Lima, Peru, is founded by Francisco Pizarro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/02/27", "description": " George Joye publishes his ''Apologye'' in Antwerp to clear his name from the accusations of William Tyndale", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/03/10", "description": " Fray Tom\u00e1s de Berlanga discovers the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands when blown off course ''en route'' to Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/03/10", "description": "AprilampampndashMay ampampndash William Tyndale is arrested in Antwerp and imprisoned in Vilvoorde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/05/10", "description": " Amsterdam: A small troop of Anabaptists, led by the minister Jacob van Geel, attacks the city hall in an attempted coup to seize the city. In the counter-attack by the city's militia, the burgemeester, Pieter Colijns, is killed by the rebels.{{cite book|last=Tracy|first=James D.|title=Holland under Habsburg Rule, 1506\u20131566.  The Formation of a Body Politic|year=1990|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=0-520-06882-3|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/publishing.cdlib.org\/ucpressebooks\/view?docId=ft1779n76hbrand=ucpress}}\">http:\/\/publishing.cdlib.org\/ucpressebooks\/view?docId=ft1779n76hbrand=ucpress}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/05/19", "description": " French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail for his second voyage to North America with three ships, 110 men, and Chief Donnacona's two sons (taken by Cartier during his first voyage).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/06/22", "description": " Execution of John Fisher, Cardinal and Bishop of Rochester, by order of King Henry VIII of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/06/24", "description": " M\u00fcnster Rebellion: The Anabaptist state of M\u00fcnster is conquered and disbanded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/07/06", "description": " Sir Thomas More, author of ''Utopia'' and one time Lord Chancellor of England, is executed for treason by King Henry VIII, after refusing to agree to Henry's decision to separate the English Church from the Roman Catholic Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/10/02", "description": " Jacques Cartier reaches the area (island) in the St. Lawrence River that eventually becomes Montreal, Quebec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/10/04", "description": " The first complete English-language Bible is printed in Antwerp, with translations by William Tyndale and Miles Coverdale.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/10/04", "description": "Combined Swedish and Danish fleets defeat the Hanseatic navy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/10/04", "description": "Manco II is appointed puppet Inca Emperor by Spanish Conquistadors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/10/04", "description": "Spanish forces fail for the second time to conquer Yucatan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/10/04", "description": "Carlos Quinto conquers Tunis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/10/04", "description": "Anabaptists rebel in some cities in the Netherlands, including a famous incident of seven men and five woman walking nude in the streets of Amsterdam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/10/04", "description": "The first book in Estonian ampampndash ''Wanradt's and Koell's Catechism,'' is written.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/10/04", "description": "St. Alphege Church is completed in Solihull, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/10/04", "description": "The Charterhouse London is closed, as part of Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1535/10/04", "description": "Paracelsus visits Bad Pf\u00e4fers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/01/07", "description": "January 7  ampndash Catherine of Aragon, First Queen of Henry VIII of England, dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/02/02", "description": " Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires, Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/02/25", "description": " Jacob Hutter is burned at the stake for heresy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/04/30", "description": " The Inquisition is implemented in Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/05/02", "description": " Anne Boleyn, Second Queen of Henry VIII of England, is arrested on the grounds of incest, adultery, and treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/05/17", "description": " The five men accused of adultery with Anne Boleyn, including her own brother George Boleyn, are executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/05/19", "description": " Anne Boleyn, Queen Consort of Henry VIII of England is executed in the Tower of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/05/30", "description": " Henry VIII of England marries Jane Seymour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/05/30", "description": "May ampampndash Manco Inca Yupanqui leads a revolt against the Spanish, and then leads his people to Machu Picchu, deep in the Valcahambra range of the Andes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/06/24", "description": " Cristobal de Onate founds San Juan Bautista del Teul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/06/27", "description": " San Pedro Sula is founded by Pedro de Alvarado.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/10/13", "description": " The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rebellion in York, is quotresolvedquot by Robert Aske.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/10/13", "description": "War resumes between Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Francis ceases control of Savoy and captures Turin. Charles triumphally enters Rome following the Via Triuphalis and delivers a speech before the pope and college of cardinals publicly challenging the king of France to a duel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/10/13", "description": "Battle of Un no Kuchi: Takeda Family forces defeat Hiraga Genshin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/10/13", "description": "Various religious buildings are closed as part of Henry VIII of England's dissolution of the monasteries, including", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/10/13", "description": "Basingwerk Abbey", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/10/13", "description": "Bourne Abbey", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/10/13", "description": "Brinkburn Priory", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/10/13", "description": "Buildwas Abbey", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/10/13", "description": "Cartmel Priory", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/10/13", "description": "Dore Abbey", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/10/13", "description": "Haltemprice Priory", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/10/13", "description": "Tintern Abbey", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/10/13", "description": "The legal and political union of Wales with England is reinforced by ''An Acte for Lawes ampamp Justice to be ministred in Wales in like fourme as it is in this Realme''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/10/13", "description": "Reformation in Denmark: Protestantism is introduced in Denmark and Norway by King Christian III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/10/13", "description": "Publication of John Calvin's ''Institutio Christian\u00e6 religionis'', a seminal work of Protestant systematic theology.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.christianitytoday.com\/history\/special\/131christians\/calvin.html|title=John\">http:\/\/www.christianitytoday.com\/history\/special\/131christians\/calvin.html|title=John<\/a> Calvin|work=Christian History|publisher=Christianity Today International|accessdate=2011-12-186}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/10/13", "description": "Battle of Reynog\u00fcel\u00e9n: First battle between Spanish conquistadors and Mapuches in Chile start of the Arauco War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/10/13", "description": "The Portuguese crown divides Brazil into fifteen donatory captaincies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1536/10/13", "description": "Trade compact exempts French merchants from Ottoman law and allows them to travel, buy and sell throughout the sultan's dominions and to pay low customs duties on French imports and exports. The compact is renewed in 1569.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1537", "description": "January ampampndash Bigod's Rebellion, an uprising by Roman Catholics against Henry VIII of England", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1537/01/06", "description": " Alessandro de Medici is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1537/01/06", "description": "March ampampndash Diego de Almagro successfully charges Manco Inca's siege of Cuzco, thereby saving his antagonists, the Pizarro brothers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1537/03/12", "description": " Recife is founded by the Portuguese in Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1537/06/02", "description": " Pope Paul III publishes the encyclical ''Sublimis Deus'', which declares the natives of the New World to be rational beings with souls who must not be enslaved or robbed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1537/08/15", "description": " Asunci\u00f3n is founded by Juan de Salazar y Espinoza. It's the oldest city in South America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1537/08/25", "description": " The Honourable Artillery Company, the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army, and the second most senior, is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1537/08/25", "description": "Manco II establishes neo-Inca independent state at Vilacampa, Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1537/08/25", "description": "The Spaniards bring the potato to Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1537/08/25", "description": "The island of Paros is conquered by the Ottoman Empire", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1537/08/25", "description": "Religious buildings are dissolved by Henry VIII, including", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1537/08/25", "description": "Bisham Priory,", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1537/08/25", "description": "Bridlington Priory,", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1537/08/25", "description": "Castle Acre Priory, and", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1537/08/25", "description": "Valle Crucis Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1537/08/25", "description": "Bisham Abbey is founded by Henry VIII in place of Bisham Priory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1537/08/25", "description": "Bangalore is first mentioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1538/02/24", "description": " Treaty of Nagyv\u00e1rad: Peace is declared between King Ferdinand and the Turks. John Zapolya is recognized as King of Hungary (Eastern Hungarian Kingdom), while Ferdinand retains the northern and western parts of the Kingdom, and is recognized as heir to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1538/04/26", "description": " Battle of Las Salinas: Almagro is defeated by Francisco Pizarro, who then seizes Cuzco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1538/06/18", "description": " Truce of Nice: Peace is declared between Emperor Charles V and Francis I of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1538/08/06", "description": " Bogot\u00e1, Colombia is founded by Gonzalo Jim\u00e9nez de Quesada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1538/09/28", "description": " Battle of Preveza: The Turkish fleet of Suleiman the Magnificent under the command of Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha defeats the Holy League of Emperor Charles V under the command of Andrea Doria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1538/10/28", "description": " The first university of the New World, the Universidad Santo Tom\u00e1s de Aquino, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1538/10/28", "description": "Sucre, Bolivia is founded under the name ''Ciudad de la Plata de la Nueva Toledo''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1538/10/28", "description": "Byland Abbey is dissolved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1538/10/28", "description": "Michelangelo starts work on the ''Piazza del Campidoglio'' (Capitoline Hill).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1538/10/28", "description": "Bisham Abbey is dissolved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1538/10/28", "description": "The first in a decade-long series of severe famines and epidemics sweep central and southeastern China during the Ming Dynasty, made worse by a previous decision in 1527 to cut back on the intake of grain quotas for granaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1538/10/28", "description": "During the Ming Dynasty of China, a tsunami floods over the seawall in Haiyan County of Zhejiang province, inundating the agricultural crop fields with saltwater and ruining many acres of crops. This drives up the price of foodstuffs and many are forced to live off of tree bark and weeds (as one Wang Wenlu stated in his writing of 1545).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1538/10/28", "description": "Paracelsus visits Villach.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1539", "description": "January ampampndash Battle of Naungyo, Burma, part of the Toungoo\u2013Hanthawaddy War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1539/01/12", "description": " Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (and Charles I of Spain) and Francis I of France sign the Treaty of Toledo, agreeing to make no further alliances with England. The treaty comes after Henry VIII of England's split with Rome and Pope Paul III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1539/02/09", "description": " First horse race held at Chester Racecourse, the oldest in use in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1539/02/09", "description": "March ampampndash Canterbury Cathedral surrenders, and reverts to its previous status of 'a college of secular canons'.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1539/05/30", "description": " In Florida, Hernando de Soto lands at Tampa Bay with 600 soldiers with the goal to find gold. He also introduces pigs into North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1539/05/30", "description": "May ampampndash The Six Articles, an Act of the Parliament of England, reaffirms certain Catholic principles in Henry VIII's Church of England.ampamp{{cite book|chapter=1539|title=The People's Chronology|editor=Everett, Jason M.|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2006}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1539/09/07", "description": " Guru Angad Dev becomes the second Guru of the Sikhs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1539/10/04", "description": " Henry VIII contracts to marry Anne of Cleves.{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=210\u2013215}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1539/10/04", "description": "Protestant Reformation", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1539/10/04", "description": "Lutheranism is forcibly introduced into Iceland, despite the opposition of Bishop J\u00f3n Arason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1539/10/04", "description": "Beaulieu Abbey, Bolton Abbey, Colchester Abbey, Newstead Abbey, St Albans Abbey, St Mary's Abbey, York and Hartland Abbey (the last) fall prey to the Dissolution of the Monasteries in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1539/10/04", "description": "First edition of the Calvinist Genevan psalter is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1539/10/04", "description": "In Henan province, China, a severe drought with swarms of locusts is made worse by a major epidemic outbreak of the plague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1539/10/04", "description": "King Francis I of France issues an ordinance that places the whole of France under the jurisdiction of the royal law courts and makes French the language of those courts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1540", "description": "January ampampndash Dunstable Priory falls prey to Henry VIII of England's  Dissolution of the Monasteries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1540/01/06", "description": " King Henry VIII of England marries Anne of Cleves, his fourth Queen consort.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1540/01/06", "description": "14 February - Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor enters Ghent without resistance and executes rebels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1540/01/06", "description": "March ampampndash Waltham Abbey is the final priory to fall prey to the Dissolution of the Monasteries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1540/01/06", "description": "17 May - Sher Shah Suri defeats and deposes Mughal Emperor Humayan at the Battle of Kannauj, establishes the Sur Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1540/01/06", "description": "22 May - Pope Paul III summons a general council of the church to meet at the imperial city of Trent.{{dubious|date=May 2012|1542 Papal Bull of Convocation for Council of Trent}} Its purposes to achieve the reformation of the church, the definition of dogma and the reunion of Christendom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1540/07/07", "description": " Coronado captures Hawikuh, then known as part of C\u00edbola, but fails to find the legendary gold.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1540/07/09", "description": " King Henry VIII of England divorces Anne of Cleves, his fourth Queen consort.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1540/07/28", "description": " One of the most important political figures of the reign of Henry VIII of England, Thomas Cromwell, is executed on order from the king on charges of treason. Henry marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1540/09/03", "description": " Gelawdewos succeeds his father Lebna Dengel as Emperor of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1540/09/27", "description": " The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) is approved by Pope Paul III, in his bull ''Regimini militantis Ecclesiae''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1540/09/27", "description": "John Calvin's ''L'Institution chr\u00e9tienne'' (originally in Latin) is translated into French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1540/09/27", "description": "Antwerp is besieged for three days by Maarten van Rossum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1540/09/27", "description": "Paracelsus visits Villach.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1540/09/27", "description": "Europe is hit by a heat wave and drought lasting for about 7 months. Rivers such as the Rhine and Seine dry up and many people die from dysentery and other illnesses caused by lack of safe drinking water.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.godutch.com\/newspaper\/index.php?id=474ampamp\">http:\/\/www.godutch.com\/newspaper\/index.php?id=474ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1540/09/27", "description": "Martin Luther expells Caspar Schwenckfeld from Silesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1540/09/27", "description": "''approximate date'' ampampndash The musket is introduced into Japan from Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1541/02/12", "description": " Pedro de Valdivia founds Santiago de Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1541/04/07", "description": " Francis Xavier leaves Lisbon on a mission to the Portuguese East Indies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1541/04/24", "description": " Battle of Sahart: The Emperor of Ethiopia defeated an attack by the forces of Imam Ahmad Gragn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1541/05/08", "description": " Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto reaches the Mississippi River, naming it the Rio de Espiritu Santo (quotRiver of the Holy Spiritquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1541/05/23", "description": " Jacques Cartier departs from Saint-Malo, France on his third voyage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1541/07/09", "description": " Estev\u00e3o da Gama departs Massawa, leaving behind 400 matchlock men and 150 slaves under his brother Christov\u00e3o da Gama, with orders to assist the Emperor of Ethiopia to defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, who has invaded his Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1541/08/29", "description": " The Janissaries of Suleiman the Magnificent take Buda by ruse, hiding themselves as visitors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1541/08/29", "description": "October ampampndash An Algerian military campaign by Charles V of Spain (Habsburg) is unsuccessful.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1541/08/29", "description": "The Portuguese defeat the Muslims near Lake Tana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1541/08/29", "description": "Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent seals off The Golden Gate in Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1541/08/29", "description": "The Parliament of Ireland declares Henry VIII of England King of Ireland, replacing the Lordship of Ireland with the Kingdom of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1541/08/29", "description": "Iceland adopts the Lutheran faith.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1541/08/29", "description": "Gerardus Mercator makes his first globe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1541/08/29", "description": "The first official translation of the entire Bible into Swedish is made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1541/08/29", "description": "Elia Levita's chivalric romance, the ''Bovo-Bukh'', is first printed, the earliest published secular work in Yiddish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1542/02/02", "description": " Battle of Ba\u00e7ente: The Portuguese under Christov\u00e3o da Gama capture a Moslem-occupied hillfort in northern Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1542/02/13", "description": " Catherine Howard, the fifth wife of Henry VIII of England, is executed for adultery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1542/02/14", "description": " Guadalajara, Mexico, is founded by the Spaniards after 3 previous attempts failed, due to aggressive opposition from local tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1542/03/08", "description": " Antoine Escalin des Eymars, the French ambassador, returns from Constantinople with promises of Ottoman aid in a war against Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1542/04/04", "description": "April 16 ampndash Ethiopia ampndash Battle of Jarte: The Portuguese under Christov\u00e3o da Gama encounter the army of Imam Ahmad Gragn and inflict upon him two successive defeats.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1542/06/27", "description": " Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo discovers California and claims it for Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1542/07/12", "description": " Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor declares war on King Francis I of France. This time King Henry VIII of England is allied to the Emperor, while James V of Scotland and Sultan Suleiman I are allied to the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1542/07/12", "description": "August ampampndash Battle of the Hill of the Jews: During the rainy season, Christov\u00e3o da Gama captures a strategic position and many badly needed horses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1542/08/24", "description": " Battle of Haddon Rig: Scotland defeats England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1542/08/27", "description": " Advice and citizenry of Hildesheim (Germany) profess themselves to the Lutheran teachings. As a pledge owner, the city Hildesheim provides for the execution of the Reformation in the city and office of Peine. The priests from the localities of Clauen, Hohenhameln, Sossmar, Schmedenstedt, Lengede and Rosenthal {{Disambiguation needed|date=June 2011}} resume their offices in the sense of the Reformation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1542/08/28", "description": " Ethiopia ampndash Battle of Wofla: Reinforced with at least 600 arquebusiers and cavalry, Imam Ahmad Gragn attacks the Portuguese camp.  The Portuguese are scattered Christov\u00e3o da Gama is captured and executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1542/09/04", "description": " Earliest recorded Preston Guild Court in current sequence", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1542/09/28", "description": " Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo lands in what is now San Diego Bay and named it quotSan Miguelquot, which will later become San Diego.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1542/11/24", "description": " Battle of Solway Moss: An English army invades Scotland and defeats a Scottish army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1542/12/14", "description": " Queen Mary, Queen of Scots, becomes queen at the age of only one week.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1542/12/14", "description": "The first contact of Japan with the West occurs when a Portuguese ship, blown off its course to China, lands Fern\u00e3o Mendes Pinto, Diogo Zeimoto and Cristov\u00e3o Borralho in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1542/12/14", "description": "Pope Paul III establishes the Holy Office with jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1543/02/21", "description": " Battle of Wayna Daga: A joint Ethiopian-Portuguese force of 8,500 under Emperor Gelawdewos, defeats Imam Ahmad Gran's army of over 14,000, ending the Ethiopian\u2013Adal War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1543/02/21", "description": "March ampampndash King Gustav Vasa's troops crush the forces of Swedish peasant rebel Nils Dacke in battle, ending the uprising. Dacke escapes but is captured and killed in the summer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1543/02/21", "description": "May ampampndash Nicolaus Copernicus publishes ''De revolutionibus orbium coelestium'' in Nuremberg. In it, he denies the geocentric model and says all planets revolve around the sun. Copernicus dies on the 24th at the age of 70.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1543/07/12", "description": " King Henry VIII of England marries Catherine Parr. It is the sixth of Henry's marriages and the third of Catherine's. Princess Elizabeth attends the wedding.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1543/08/05", "description": " Turkish and French troops under Hayreddin Barbarossa occupy Nice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1543/08/05", "description": "SeptemberampampndashOctober ampampndash Landrecies in Picardy is besieged by forces under Emperor Charles V, but withdraw on the approach of the French army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1543/08/05", "description": "The Japanese receive the first firearms from shipwrecked Portuguese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1543/08/05", "description": "Indians in Spanish colonies are declared free against the wish of local settlers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1543/08/05", "description": "Martin Luther publishes ''On the Jews and Their Lies''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1543/08/05", "description": "Mikael Agricola publishes ''Abckiria''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1543/08/05", "description": "Third Succession Act: Elizabeth is restored to the order of succession to the throne of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1543/08/05", "description": "Andreas Vesalius publishes ''De humani corporis fabrica'' (''On the Fabric of the Human Body''), revolutionising the science of human anatomy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1543/08/05", "description": "Nicolaus Copernicus publishes ''De revolutionibus orbium coelestium'' in Nuremberg (these last two events can be considered as leading to the Scientific Revolution.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/mars.wnec.edu\/~grempel\/courses\/wc2\/lectures\/scientificrev.html\">http:\/\/mars.wnec.edu\/~grempel\/courses\/wc2\/lectures\/scientificrev.html<\/a> WNECampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1543/08/05", "description": "Lighthouse of Genoa completed in present form.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1544/01/13", "description": " At V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, the estates of Sweden swear loyalty to king Gustav Vasa and to his heirs, ending the traditional electoral monarchy in Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1544/04/11", "description": " Battle of Ceresole: French forces under the Comte d'Enghien defeat Imperial forces under the Marques Del Vasto near Turin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1544/04/11", "description": "May ampampndash Emperor Charles V again invades eastern France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1544/06/19", "description": "August 18 ampndash The Holy Roman Empire besieges St. Dizier in eastern France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1544/07/19", "description": "September 14 ampndash English forces under Henry VIII besiege and capture Boulogne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1544/09/18", "description": " Peace of Cr\u00e9py: Peace is declared between Charles and Francis. The war between France and England continues.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1544/09/22", "description": " Captain Juan Bautista Pastene leads the first European expedition to the estuary of Valdivia, Chile and the Bay of Corral.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1544/10/09", "description": " French forces under the Dauphin assault Boulogne, but are ultimately unsuccessful.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1544/10/09", "description": "The Mongols burn the suburbs of Peking. ampampRoberts,  J: ampquotHistory of the World.ampquot. Penguin, 1994.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1544/10/09", "description": "Italian botanist Luca Ghini publishes the first herbarium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1544/10/09", "description": "The University of K\u00f6nigsberg is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1544/10/09", "description": "Hungary is invaded by the Turks for the third time and gets robbed of the crown jewels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1544/10/09", "description": "Rats make their first appearance in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1544/10/09", "description": "Gustav I of Sweden signs an alliance with France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1544/10/09", "description": "Battle of the Shirts: The Frasers and Macdonalds of Clan Ranald fight over a disputed chiefship reportedly, 5 Frasers and 8 Macdonalds survive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1544/10/09", "description": "Portuguese explorers encounter the island of Taiwan and call it ''Ilha Formosa'' (ampquotBeautiful Islandampquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1545/02/27", "description": " Battle of Ancrum Moor: The Scots are victorious over superior English forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1545/06/13", "description": " Spanish explorer Y\u00f1igo Ortiz de Retez sets out to navigate the northern coast of New Guinea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1545/07/18", "description": " Battle of the Solent: The fleets of England and France battle to a draw. The ''Mary Rose'' sinks during the naval engagement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1545/12/13", "description": " The Council of Trent officially opens (closes 1563).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1545/12/13", "description": "Battle of Kawagoe: Two branches of the Uesugi families are defeated by the late H\u014dj\u014d clan in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1545/12/13", "description": "Battle of Sokhoista: The Ottoman army defeats the alliance of Georgian dynasts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1545/12/13", "description": "During the Ming Dynasty, a large failure of the harvest in Henan province, China occurs due to excessive rainfall, which drives up the price of wheat and forces many to flee their rural counties those who stay behind are forced to survive by eating leaves, bark, and human flesh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1545/12/13", "description": "Silver is discovered at Potos\u00ed, Bolivia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1546/06/07", "description": " Treaty of Ardres, also known as the Treaty of Camp, is signed, resulting in peace between England and France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1546/07/10", "description": " The Schmalkaldic War, a political struggle between imperial forces under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1546/07/10", "description": "Trinity College, Cambridge and Christ Church, Oxford are founded by Henry VIII of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1546/07/10", "description": "Katharina von Bora flees to Magdeburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1546/07/10", "description": "Michelangelo Buonarroti is made chief architect of St. Peter's Basilica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1546/07/10", "description": "The Spanish conquer the Yucatan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1546/07/10", "description": "Rebellions in East Anglia break out against the Reformation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1546/07/10", "description": "Potos\u00ed, in modern day Bolivia, is founded by the Spanish as a mining town. The silver mined from Huayna Potos\u00ed mountain in Potosi provides most of the wealth the Spanish empire would amass until its fall in the early 19th century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1547/01/16", "description": " Grand Duke Ivan IV of Muscovy  becomes the first Tsar of Russia. This replaces the Grand Duchy of Moscow with the Tsardom of Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1547/01/28", "description": " Edward VI succeeds his father Henry VIII as King of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1547/02/20", "description": " Edward VI of England is crowned at Westminster Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1547/03/31", "description": " Henry II succeeds his father Francis I as King of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1547/04/04", "description": " Catherine Parr, widow of King Henry VIII of England, secretly marries Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1547/04/24", "description": " Battle of M\u00fchlberg: Emperor Charles V defeats the Lutheran forces of the Schmalkaldic League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1547/09/10", "description": " Battle of Pinkie: An English army under the Duke of Somerset, Lord Protector of England, defeats a Scottish army under James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran, the Regent. The English seize Edinburgh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1547/09/10", "description": "The first book in the Lithuanian language is printed (author, Martynas Mazvydas).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1547/09/10", "description": "Huguenots increasingly immigrate to Kent, especially Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1547/09/10", "description": "The Chambre Ardente is established in Paris for trying heretics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1547/09/10", "description": "John Dee  visits the Low Countries to study navigation with Gemma Frisius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1548/02/14", "description": " Battle of Uedahara: Firearms are used for the first time on the battlefield in Japan, and Takeda Shingen is defeated by Murakami Yoshikiyo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1548/07/07", "description": " A marriage treaty is signed between Scotland and France, whereby 5-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots, is betrothed to the future King Francis II of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1548/07/16", "description": " La Paz becomes the capital of Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1548/08/07", "description": " Mary, Queen of Scots, leaves for France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1548/10/31", "description": " At the first ''sejm'' of King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland, deputies demand that the king renounce his wife Barbara Radziwi\u0142\u0142.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1548/10/31", "description": "December ampampndash Siam attacks Tavoy beginning the Burmese\u2013Siamese War 1548.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1548/10/31", "description": "The Ming Dynasty government of China issues a decree banning all foreign trade and closes down all seaports along the coast these Hai jin laws came during the Wokou wars with Japanese pirates, while the Portuguese began regular trade missions to China in 1449, and the ban on maritime trade was fully lifted in 1567.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1548/10/31", "description": "Sigismund II of Poland starts to rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1548/10/31", "description": "John Dee starts to study at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1549", "description": "January ampampndash King Tabinshwehti of Burma begins his invasion of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the Burmese\u2013Siamese War (1548\u201349). This ends in retreat.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1549/03/29", "description": " The city of Salvador da Bahia, Brazil's first capital, is founded.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1549/06/09", "description": " Book of Common Prayer introduced in English churchesref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}} Prayer Book Rebellion against it breaks out in the West Country.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=215\u2013218}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1549/06/09", "description": "July ampampndash Kett's Rebellion in East Anglia, against land enclosuresampref name=ampquotCassell's Chronologyampquot\/amp rebellion in Oxfordshire against landowners associated with religious changes.ampamp{{cite book|first=Adrienne|last=Rosen|chapter=Tudor Rebellions|editors=Tiller, Kate Darkes, Giles (ed)|title=An Historical Atlas of Oxfordshire|publisher=Oxfordshire Record Society|location=Chipping Norton|year=2010|isbn=978-0-902509-68-9|pages=82\u20133}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1549/07/27", "description": " Francis Xavier arrives in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1549/08/08", "description": "9 ampndash England and France declare war.ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=147\u2013150|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1549/08/17", "description": " Battle of Sampford Courtenay in England: Prayer Book Rebellion quashed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1549/08/26", "description": " Battle of Dussindale in England: Kett's Rebellion quashed.ref name=CBH\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1549/11/04", "description": " The Pragmatic Sanction is proclaimed by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. The Seventeen Provinces are declared inseparable.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1549/11/04", "description": "Peter Canisius starts the Counter-Reformation in Bavaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1549/11/04", "description": "''Excerpta antiqua'' published by Hervagius at Basel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1549/11/04", "description": "Although trade existed between the two beforehand, in this year the Portuguese begins to send regular seasonal maritime trade missions to Ming Dynasty China at Sao Jo\u00e3o Island (also known as Shangchuan Island) near Macau.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1549/11/04", "description": "The spire of Lincoln Cathedral in England is blown downampamp{{cite web|title=Lincoln Cathedral History|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/lincolncathedral.com\/building\/history\/|work=Lincoln\">http:\/\/lincolncathedral.com\/building\/history\/|work=Lincoln<\/a> Cathedral|accessdate=2012-05-06}}ampamp leaving St. Olaf's Church, Tallinn, in Estonia as the World's tallest structure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1550/01/06", "description": " Spanish Captain Hernando de Santana founds the city of Valledupar in what is now Colombian territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1550/02/08", "description": " Pope Julius III succeeds Pope Paul III as the 221st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1550/07/21", "description": " The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) is approved by Pope Julius III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1550/07/21", "description": "The first grammatical description of the French language is published by Louis Maigret.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1550/07/21", "description": "The first book in Slovenian, ''Abecedarium'', written by Protestant reformer Primoz Trubar, is printed in T\u00fcbingen, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1550/07/21", "description": "Nostradamus' first almanac is written.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1550/07/21", "description": "Helsinki, later the capital of Finland, is founded by Gustav Vasa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1550/07/21", "description": "Iceland becomes fully Protestant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1550/07/21", "description": "Altan Khan besieges Peking.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1550/07/21", "description": "The discovery of silver at Zacatecas and Guanajuato in Mexico, and Potos\u00ed in Bolivia, stimulates silver rushes (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1550/07/21", "description": "John Dee finishes his studies at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1551", "description": "JanuaryampampndashFebruary ampampndash Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow, and Tsar Ivan IV of Russia preside over the Stoglav (Hundred-Chapter) church council.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1551/01/11", "description": " Ketumati, Burma is conquered by Bayinnaung.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1551/04/11", "description": "April 11  English premier John Dudley appointed duke of Northumberland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1551/05/12", "description": " The National University of San Marcos is founded in Lima (Peru), being the first officially established university in the Americas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1551/05/12", "description": "July ampampndash Ottomans and Barbary pirates invade the Mediterranean Island of Gozo, enslaving all inhabitants (est. at 5,000 to 6,000), and transporting them to Tarhuna Wa Msalata.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1551/09/21", "description": " The Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico is founded in Mexico City (Mexico), being the second officially established university in the Americas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1551/09/21", "description": "Russia: Reforming Synod of the Metropolitan Makary: A calendar of the saints and an ecclesiastical law code (''Stoglav'') are introduced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1551/09/21", "description": "The fifth outbreak of sweating sickness occurs in England. John Caius of Shrewsbury writes the first full contemporary account of the symptoms of the disease.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1551/09/21", "description": "Persian forces raid and destroy the cave monastery of Vardzia in Georgia (country).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1551/09/21", "description": "The Ottomans capture Tripoli.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1551/09/21", "description": "In Slovakia, Guta (currently Kol\u00e1rovo) receives town status.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1551/09/21", "description": "Juan de Betanzos begins to write ampquotNarrative of the Incasampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1551/09/21", "description": "In Henan province, China, during the Ming Dynasty, a severe frost in the spring destroys the winter wheat crop. Torrential rains in mid summer cause massive flooding of farmland and villages (by some accounts submerged in a meter of water). In the fall a large tornado demolishes houses and flattens much of the buckwheat in the fields. Famine victims either flee, starve, or resort to cannibalism. This follows a series of natural disasters in Henan in the years 1528, 1531, 1539, and 1545.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1551/09/21", "description": "Portugal founds a sugar colony at Bahia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1551/09/21", "description": "New edition of the Genevan psalter, ''Pseaumes octantetrois de David'', with Louis Bourgeois as supervising composer, including first publication of the hymn tune known as the ampquotOld 100thampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1552/01/15", "description": " Henry II of France and Maurice of Saxony sign the Treaty of Chambord.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1552/02/12", "description": " Pedro de Valdivia founds the city of Valdivia as ''Santa Mar\u00eda la Blanca de Valdivia'' in Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1552/02/24", "description": " The privileges of the Hanseatic League are abolished in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1552/02/24", "description": "March ampampndash The Act of Uniformity imposes the Protestant Book of Common Prayer in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1552/03/26", "description": " Guru Amar Das becomes the Third Sikh Guru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1552/03/26", "description": "April ampampndash War breaks out between Henry II of France and Emperor Charles V. Henry invades Lorraine and captures Toul, Metz, and Verdun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1552/04/16", "description": " Pedro de Valdivia founds the city of La Imperial, Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1552/04/16", "description": "May ampampndash Maurice of Saxony captures Augsburg and almost seizes Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor at Innsbruck.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1552/04/16", "description": "July ampampndash In Hungary, Dr\u00e9gely Castle is attacked by the Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1552/04/16", "description": "John Frederick, Elector of Saxony and Philipp I of Hesse, taken prisoner by Charles V in 1546, are released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1552/04/16", "description": "The Peace of Passau revokes the Augsburg Interim of 1548 and promises religious freedom to the Protestant princes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1552/04/16", "description": "September ampampndash In Hungary, Eger is defended against the Turks the captain of the castle was Istv\u00e1n Dob\u00f3.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1552/10/02", "description": " The Khanate of Kazan falls to troops of Ivan IV of Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1552/10/02", "description": "In the Persian Gulf, the Ottoman Empire Red Sea Fleet attacks the Portuguese stronghold of Hormuz but fails to capture it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1552/10/02", "description": "Spain's Bartolom\u00e9 de Las Casas publishes his attack on colonial practices in the ''New World, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1552/10/02", "description": "In Italy, Bartolomeo Eustachi completes his ''Tabulae anatomicae'', presenting his discoveries on the structure of the inner ear and heart,ampamp{{cite book|first=Bernard|last=Grun|title=the Timetables of History|edition=3rd|location=New York|publisher=Simon ampamp Schuster|year=1991|isbn=0-671-74919-6|page=245}}ampamp although, for fear of the Inquisition, it will not be published until 1714.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1552/10/02", "description": "King Edward VI of England founds 35 grammar schools by royal charter,ampref name=ampquotCassell's Chronologyampquotamp{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld ampamp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=218\u2013223}}ampamp including Shrewsbury Leeds Grammar School is also established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1553", "description": "May ampampndash The first Royal Charter is granted to St. Albans in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1553/06/26", "description": " Christ's Hospital and King Edward's School, Witley, England, are created by Royal Charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1553/07/09", "description": " Battle of Sievershausen: Prince-elector Maurice of Saxony defeats the Catholic forces of Margrave Albert of Brandenburg-Kulmbach. Maurice is mortally wounded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1553/07/10", "description": " Four days after the death of her cousin King Edward VI of England, Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen of England ampndash a position she holds for the next nine days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1553/07/18", "description": " The Lord Mayor of London proclaims Mary I the rightful Queen Lady Jane Grey voluntarily abdicates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1553/07/19", "description": " Queen Mary I of England begins her reign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1553/08/03", "description": " Queen Mary I of England arrives in London from East Anglia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1553/08/22", "description": " John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland, a supporter of Lady Jane Grey, is executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1553/08/22", "description": "August ampampndash English explorer Richard Chancellor enters the White Sea and reaches Arkhangelsk, going on to the court of Ivan IV of Russia, opening up trade between England and Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1553/08/22", "description": "September ampampndash Protestant bishops in England are arrested and Roman Catholic bishops are restored.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1553/09/23", "description": " The Sadians consolidate their power in Morocco by defeating the last of their enemies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1553/10/27", "description": " Inquisition burns Michael Servetus as a heretic in Geneva.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1553/12/25", "description": " Battle of Tucapel: Mapuche rebels under Lautaro defeat the Spanish conquistadors and execute Pedro de Valdivia, the first Royal Governor of Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1553/12/25", "description": "Tonbridge School founded by Sir Andrew Judde under letters patent of Edward VI of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1553/12/25", "description": "In Ming Dynasty China:", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1553/12/25", "description": "The addition of a new section of the Outer City fortifications is completed in southern Beijing, bringing the overall size of Beijing to 18 square miles (4662 hectares).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1553/12/25", "description": "Shanghai is fortified for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1554/01/05", "description": " A great fire breaks out in Eindhoven, Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1554/01/25", "description": " S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1554/02/09", "description": " Thomas Wyatt surrenders to government forces in London.ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=150\u2013153|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1554/02/12", "description": " After claiming the throne of England the previous year, Lady Jane Grey is beheaded for treason alongside her husband.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1554/03/17", "description": " Princess Elizabeth is imprisoned in the Tower of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1554/04/12", "description": " Mary of Guise becomes Regent of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1554/07/23", "description": "July 25 ampndash Queen Mary I of England marries King Philip of Naples, the only son of Emperor Charles V, in Winchester, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1554/08/02", "description": " Battle of Marciano: Senese\u2013French forces are defeated by the Florentine\u2013Imperial army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1554/08/12", "description": " Battle of Renty: French forces led by Francis, Duke of Guise turn back an invasion of Picardy by Charles V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1554/08/12", "description": "Mikael Agricola becomes the bishop of Turku.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1554/08/12", "description": "Saadi conquer the Kingdom of Fez.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1554/08/12", "description": "English captain John Lok voyages to Guinea.ampref name=ttsamp{{cite book|first=Bernard|last=Grun|title=The Timetables of History|edition=3rd|location=New York|publisher=Simon ampamp Schuster|year=1991|isbn=0-671-74919-6|page=245}}ampampampamp{{cite book|title=A general history and collection of voyages and travels|volume=7|first=Robert|last=Kerr|authorlink=Robert Kerr (writer)|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Blackwood|year=1824|page=229|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=T-BCAAAAcAAJampamppg=PA229ampamplpg=PA229ampampdq=Lok+Guinea+1554ampampsource=blampampots=c1zgzEyxJXampampsig=Qj7sAVVkM6_viEjZ1kodSbvWZaEampamphl=enampampei=cWDSTqLUGY2HhQfrx9mtDQampampsa=Xampampoi=book_resultampampct=resultampampresnum=2ampampsqi=2ampampved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageampampq=Lok%20Guinea%201554ampampf=false|accessdate=2011-11-27}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=T-BCAAAAcAAJampamppg=PA229ampamplpg=PA229ampampdq=Lok+Guinea+1554ampampsource=blampampots=c1zgzEyxJXampampsig=Qj7sAVVkM6_viEjZ1kodSbvWZaEampamphl=enampampei=cWDSTqLUGY2HhQfrx9mtDQampampsa=Xampampoi=book_resultampampct=resultampampresnum=2ampampsqi=2ampampved=0CCUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageampampq=Lok%20Guinea%201554ampampf=false|accessdate=2011-11-27}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/01/22", "description": " Fall of the Ava Kingdom in Upper Burma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/02/02", "description": " The Diet of Augsburg begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/02/04", "description": " John Rogers, burned at the stake in London,  becomes the first Protestant martyr under Mary I of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/02/08", "description": " Laurence Saunders becomes the second Marian Protestant martyr in England, being led barefoot to his execution by burning at the stake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/02/09", "description": " Rowland Taylor, Rector of Hadleigh, Suffolk, and John Hooper, deposed Bishop of Gloucester, are burned at the stake in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/04/10", "description": "  Pope Marcellus II succeeds Julius III as the 222nd pope. He will reign for 22 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/04/17", "description": " After 18 months of siege, the Republic of Siena surrenders to the Florentine\u2013Imperial army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/05/23", "description": " Pope Paul IV succeeds Marcellus II as the 223rd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/06/01", "description": " Treaty of Amasya between the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia concludes the Ottoman\u2013Safavid War (1532\u20131555).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/07/12", "description": " Pope Paul IV creates the first Jewish ghetto in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/09/25", "description": " The Peace of Augsburg is signed between Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League establishing the principle ''Cuius regio, eius religio'', that is, rulers within the Empire can choose the religion of their realm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/10/16", "description": " Two of the Oxford Martyrs, Hugh Latimer and Nicholas Ridley, are burned at the stake in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/10/25", "description": " Charles V abdicates as Holy Roman Emperor and is succeeded by his brother Ferdinand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/10/25", "description": "Russia breaks a 60-year-old truce with Sweden by attacking Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/10/25", "description": "Humayun resumes rule of the Mughal Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/10/25", "description": "Bairam Khan defeats Hindu forces at Panipat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/10/25", "description": "Collapse of the Adal Sultanate in the Horn of Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/10/25", "description": "The Muscovy Company is chartered in England to trade with Muscovy and Richard Chancellor negotiates with the Tsar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/10/25", "description": "Richard Eden publishes ''The Decades of the Newe Worlde or West India'', a translation into English of parts of Pietro Martire d'Anghiera's ''De orbe novo decades'', Gonzalo Oviedo's ''Natural hystoria de las Indias'' and othersampamp{{cite web|first=Andrew|last=Hadfield|title=Eden, Richard (c.1520\u20131576)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/8454|doi=10.1093\/ref:odnb\/8454|accessdate=2011-12-12}}\">http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/8454|doi=10.1093\/ref:odnb\/8454|accessdate=2011-12-12}}<\/a> {{ODNBsub}}ampamp including the first recorded use in English of the country name 'China'.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/10/25", "description": "ampquotNegroampquot ampampndash the Spanish term for ampquotblack personampquot ampampndash is coined.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/10/25", "description": "Gresham's School is founded by Sir John Gresham in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/10/25", "description": "William Annyas becomes the Mayor of Youghal in Ireland, the first Jew to hold such a position in Ireland.ampref name=ampquotAffairs1987ampquotamp{{cite book|author=Ireland. Dept. of Foreign Affairs|title=Ireland today|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=xhoiAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=9\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=xhoiAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=9<\/a> June 2012|year=1987|publisher=Information Section, Dept. of Foreign Affairs}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/10/25", "description": "John Dee is charged, but cleared, of treason in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1555/10/25", "description": "Orlande de Lassus' first book of madrigals is published, in Antwerp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1556/01/16", "description": " Charles I, having already abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor, resigns the Kingdom of Spain in favour of his son, Philip II, and retires to a monastery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1556/01/23", "description": "  The Shaanxi Earthquake, the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with its epicenter in Shaanxi province, China 830,000 people may have been killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1556/02/05", "description": " Truce of Vaucelles: Fighting temporarily ends between France and Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1556/02/05", "description": "Akbar ascends to the throne of the Mughal Empire at age 13 he will rule until his death in 1605 by which time most of the north and centre of the Indian subcontinent will be under his control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1556/02/05", "description": "Archbishop of Canterbury Thomas Cranmer is declared a heretic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1556/02/22", "description": "'(approx.)'' ampndash Sophie Jagiellon marries Henry V, Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/fmg.ac\/Projects\/MedLands\/POLAND.htm#Izabelladied1559|title=Kings\">http:\/\/fmg.ac\/Projects\/MedLands\/POLAND.htm#Izabelladied1559|title=Kings<\/a> Of Poland 1386-1572|work=Medieval Lands|accessdate=2012-01-03}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1556/03/21", "description": " In Oxford, Thomas Cranmer is burned at the stake for treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1556/03/21", "description": "November ampampndash The Truce of Vaucelles collapses, and war resumes between Henry II of France and Philip II of Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1556/11/05", "description": " Second Battle of Panipat: Fifty miles north of Delhi, a Mogul Army defeats Hindu forces of General Hemu, to ensure Akbar the throne of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1556/11/05", "description": "Lorenzo Priuli becomes Doge of Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1556/11/05", "description": "Mary I of England establishes the Fort of Maryborough, in what is now Portlaoise, County Laois, Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1556/11/05", "description": "The kings of Spain take control of the Flanders region, including what is now the French d\u00e9partement of Nord.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1556/11/05", "description": "The false Martin Guerre appears in the French village of Artigat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1556/11/05", "description": "King John III of Sweden becomes ruler of Finland as Hertig Johan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1556/11/05", "description": "Welser banking families of Augsburg lose colonial control of Venezuela.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1556/11/05", "description": "Ivan the Terrible conquers Astrakhan, opening the Volga River to Russian traffic and trade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1556/11/05", "description": "The first printing press in India is introduced by Jesuits at Saint Paul's College, Goa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1557/04/30", "description": " Arauco War: Battle of Mataquito: Spanish forces of the Governor Francisco de Villagra launch a dawn surprise attack against the Mapuche headed by their toqui Lautaro in present-day Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1557/06/07", "description": " Mary I of England joins her husband Philip II of Spain in his war against France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1557/08/10", "description": " Battle of St. Quentin: French forces under Marshal Anne de Montmorency are decisively defeated by the Spanish and English under Duke Emanuel Philibert of Savoy. Montmorency himself is captured, but Philip II refuses to press his advantage, and withdraws to the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1557/09/11", "description": "October 8 ampndash The Colloquy of Worms convenes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1557/10/27", "description": " Emperor \u014cgimachi accedes to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1557/10/27", "description": "\u00d6zdemir Pasha conquers the Red Sea port of Massawa for the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1557/10/27", "description": "Cossack chieftain Dimitrash tries to take Azov.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1557/10/27", "description": "With the permission of the Ming Dynasty government of China and the benefit of both Western and Eastern merchants, the Portuguese settle in Macau (retroceded in 1999). Direct Sino-Portuguese trade had existed since 1513, but this is the first official legal treaty port on traditional Chinese soil that will form a long-term Western settlement. Soon after, China legalizes foreign trade, and Chinese began to migrate overseas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1557/10/27", "description": "Spain becomes bankrupt, throwing the German banking houses into chaos.ampamp{{cite book|last=Archer|first=Christon ''et al.''|title= World History of Warfare|location=Lincoln|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8032-4423-8|page=251}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1557/10/27", "description": "Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, is refounded by John Caius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1557/10/27", "description": "The following schools are founded in England:", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1557/10/27", "description": "Brentwood School, Essex, by Sir Antony Browne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1557/10/27", "description": "Hampton School, Hampton, London, by Robert Hammond.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1557/10/27", "description": "Repton School, by Sir John Port.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1557/10/27", "description": "Welsh-born mathematician Robert Recorde publishes ''The Whetstone of Witte'' in London, containing the first recorded use of the equals sign and also the first use in English of plus and minus signs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1557/10/27", "description": "German adventurer Hans Staden publishes a widely-translated account of his detention by the Tup\u00ed people of Brazil, ''Warhaftige Historia und beschreibung eyner Landtschafft der Wilden Nacketen, Grimmigen Menschfresser-Leuthen in der Newenwelt America gelegen'' (ampquotTrue Story and Description of a Country of Wild, Naked, Grim, Man-eating People in the New World, Americaampquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1558/01/07", "description": " French troops led by Francis, Duke of Guise take Calais, the last continental possession of the Kingdom of England", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1558/01/09", "description": " Geneva becomes independent from the Canton of Bern.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1558/01/22", "description": " Beginning of the Livonian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1558/02/02", "description": " The University of Jena is founded in Thuringia, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1558/02/05", "description": " during the Arauco War, Pedro de Avenda\u00f1o with sixty men capture Caupolic\u00e1n, the Mapuche Gran Toqui leading their first revolt against the Spanish Empire, nearby Antihuala encamped with a small band of followers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1558/04/24", "description": " Mary, Queen of Scots, marries Francis II of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1558/07/13", "description": " Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul des Thermes at Gravelines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1558/07/18", "description": " The city of Tartu, capital of the Bishopric of Dorpat, now in Estonia, surrenders to Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1558/11/17", "description": " The Elizabethan era begins: Queen Mary I of England dies and is succeeded by her younger half-sister Elizabeth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1558/11/17", "description": "Queen Elizabeth grants rest and refreshment to pilgrims and travellers who pass by the Holy Well Spring, Malvern.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1559", "description": "January ampampndash King Philip II of Spain marries his third wife, 14-year-old Elisabeth of Valois.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1559/01/15", "description": " Elizabeth I of England is crowned in Westminster Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1559/02/27", "description": " Queen Elizabeth I of England establishes the Church of England, with the Act of Uniformity 1558 and the Act of Supremacy 1559.  The Oath of Supremacy is reinstated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1559/03/23", "description": " Emperor Gelawdewos of Ethiopia, defending his lands against the invasion of Nur ibn Mujahid, Sultan of Harar, is killed in battle. His brother Menas succeeds him as king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1559/04/02", "description": "April 3 ampndash Peace of Cateau Cambr\u00e9sis: France makes peace with England and Spain, ending the Italian War of 1551\u20131559.  France gives up most of its gains in Italy (including Savoy), keeping only Saluzzo, but keeps the three Lorraine bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and Verdun, and the formerly English town of Calais.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1559/05/02", "description": " John Knox returns from exile to Scotland to become the leader of the beginning Scottish Reformation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1559/05/13", "description": " At Basel, the body of Dutch Anabaptist leader David Joris is exhumed and burned, following his posthumous conviction of heresy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1559/06/02", "description": " A royal edict in France makes heresy punishable by death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1559/07/10", "description": " Francis II becomes King of France following the death of his father, Henry II, in a jousting accident.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1559/08/15", "description": " Led by Don Trist\u00e1n de Luna y Arellano, a Spanish missionary colony of 1,500 men, on 13 ships, arrives from Vera Cruz at Pensacola Bay, founding the oldest European settlement in the mainland U.S. (St. Augustine is founded in 1565.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1559/09/19", "description": " Just weeks after arrival at Pensacola, the Spanish missionary colony is decimated by a hurricane that kills hundreds, sinks five ships, with a galleon, and grounds a caravel the 1,000 survivors divide to relocate\/resupply the settlement, but suffer famine amp attacks, and abandon the effort in 1561.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1559/09/21", "description": " The 15-year-old King Francis II of France is crowned at Reims.  The crown is too heavy for him and has to be held in place by his nobles.Guy, John, My Heart is my Own, London, Fourth Estate, 2004, ISBN 0-00-71930-8:47", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1559/12/25", "description": " Pope Pius IV succeeds Pope Paul IV as the 224th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1559/12/25", "description": "Oda Nobunaga wins control of his native province of Owari.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1559/12/25", "description": "Margaret of Parma becomes Governor of the Netherlands in place of her brother, King Philip II of Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1559/12/25", "description": "Jean Nicot, French ambassador to Portugal 1559ampampndash61, describes the medicinal properties of tobacco which he introduces in the form of snuff to the French court.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tc.columbia.edu\/centers\/cifas\/drugsandsociety\/background\/chronologydruguse.html|title=Chronology\">http:\/\/www.tc.columbia.edu\/centers\/cifas\/drugsandsociety\/background\/chronologydruguse.html|title=Chronology<\/a> of Psychoactive Substance Use|first=Gregory|last=Austin|work=Drugs ampamp Society|publisher=Comitas Institute for Anthropological Study|accessdate=2011-10-07}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1559/12/25", "description": "Between 1559 and 1736 almost 1,000 people accused of being witches are executed in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/02/27", "description": " The Treaty of Berwick, which expels the French from the Kingdom of Scotland, is signed by the Kingdom of England and the Congregation of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/03/07", "description": " A Spanish-led expedition, commanded by Juan de la Cerda, 4th Duke of Medinaceli, overruns the Tunisian island of Djerba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/03/17", "description": " Leaders of the Amboise conspiracy, including Godefroy de Barry, seigneur de La Renaudie, make an unsuccessful attempt to storm the ch\u00e2teau of Amboise, where the young French king and queen are residing.  La Renaudie is subsequently caught and executed, along with over a thousand of his followers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/04/15", "description": " Denmark buys the Estonian island of Saaremaa from its last prince bishop.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/05/11", "description": " At the Battle of Djerba, the Ottoman fleet, commanded by under Piyale Pasha, overwhelms a large joint European (mainly Spanish) fleet, sinking about half its ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/06/12", "description": " Battle of Okehazama: Oda Nobunaga defeats Imagawa Yoshimoto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/07/06", "description": " The Treaty of Edinburgh is signed between England, France and Scotland.  The French withdraw from Scotland.  This largely ends the ''Auld Alliance'' between France and Scotland, and ends the wars between England and its northern neighbour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/08/02", "description": " Livonian War: Russians defeat the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in the Battle of Ergeme, precipitating the dissolution of the order.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/08/17", "description": " The Roman Church is overthrown and Protestantism is established as the national religion in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/08/21", "description": " A total eclipse of the sun is observable in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/09/29", "description": " Eric XIV becomes king of Sweden upon the death of his father Gustav Vasa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/12/05", "description": " Seventeen-year-old Mary, Queen of Scots, is widowed by the death of her first husband, King Francis II of France.  Her mother-in-law, Catherine de' Medici, becomes regent of Kingdom of France|France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/12/06", "description": " Charles IX (of France) succeeds his elder brother, Francis II, at the age of ten.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/12/06", "description": "Publication of the complete Geneva Bible.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/12/06", "description": "The first tulip bulb is brought from Turkey to the Netherlands ''(probable date)''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/12/06", "description": "The first scientific society, the Academia Secretorum Naturae, is founded in Naples by Giambattista della Porta.ampamp{{cite book|editor=Bergin, Thomas G.|title=Encyclopedia of the Renaissance|location=Oxford New York|publisher=New Market Books|year=1987}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/12/06", "description": "Solihull School is founded in the West Midlands of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/12/06", "description": "The oldest surviving violin (dated inside), known as the ''Charles IX'', is made in Cremona, in northern Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/12/06", "description": "Bairam Khan loses power in the Mughal Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/12/06", "description": "Mongols invade and occupy Qinghai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1560/12/06", "description": "The great age of piracy in the Caribbean starts around this time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1561/01/31", "description": " The Edict of Orleans suspends the persecution of the Huguenots in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1561/03/01", "description": " Kingston Grammar School is founded in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1561/04/04", "description": " The citizens of Nuremberg see what appears to be an aerial battle followed by the appearance of a large black triangular object and a large crash (with smoke) outside the city. A ''news notice'' (an early form of newspaper) is printed on (April 14) describing the event.{{cite web|title=Himmelserscheinung \u00fcber N\u00fcrnberg|date=1561-04-14|work=NEBIS|publisher=Zurich Library|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/opac.nebis.ch\/F\/?local_base=NEBISampcon_lng=GERampfunc=find-bampfind_code=SYSamprequest=005289279}}\">http:\/\/opac.nebis.ch\/F\/?local_base=NEBISampcon_lng=GERampfunc=find-bampfind_code=SYSamprequest=005289279}}<\/a> (2 pages).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1561/05/08", "description": " Madrid is declared the capital of Spain by Philip II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1561/06/04", "description": " Old St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London is badly damaged by fire and the spire is destroyed after being struck by lightning. The spire is not rebuilt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1561/06/06", "description": " Sweden conquers Livonia (modern Estonia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1561/06/29", "description": " Erik XIV is crowned King of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1561/06/29", "description": "July ampampndash Killing of the hated encomendero Pedro de Avenda\u00f1o and two other Spaniards triggered the Second Great Rebellion of the Mapuche in the Arauco War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1561/07/12", "description": " Saint Basil's Cathedral in Moscow (started in 1534) is finished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1561/08/19", "description": " Mary, Queen of Scots, is denied passage through England after returning from France. She arrives at Leith, Scotland on August 19.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1561/08/19", "description": "September ampampndash The Protestant reformer John Knox has a three-day debate in Maybole, Ayrshire, Scotland with Quintin Kennedy, commendator of Crossraguel Abbey, on transubstantiation. The result is inconclusive but Kennedy is fighting a losing battle against the Reformation, which had been confirmed by the Scottish government in 1560.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1561/10/18", "description": " Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima: Takeda Shingen defeats Uesugi Kenshin in the climax of their ongoing conflicts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1561/10/18", "description": "The first Calvinists settle in England after fleeing Flanders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1561/10/18", "description": "Publication of the Anglo-Genevan metrical psalter including the ampquotOld 100thampquot, the version of the hymn ampquotAll People That on Earth Do Dwellampquot made from Psalm 100, attributed to the probably-Scottish clergyman and biblical translator William Kethe, exiled in Geneva.ampamp{{cite web|title=All People That on Earth Do Dwell|work=The Cyber Hymnal|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.hymntime.com\/tch\/htm\/a\/l\/l\/allpeopl.htm|accessdate=2012-06-05}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.hymntime.com\/tch\/htm\/a\/l\/l\/allpeopl.htm|accessdate=2012-06-05}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1561/10/18", "description": "Ruy L\u00f3pez de Segura develops modern techniques of chess playing in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1561/10/18", "description": "Between 1561 and 1670 3,229 witches are executed in southwestern Germany, most by burning.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1562/01/06", "description": " Earl of Tyrone ends his first rebellion by surrendering to Queen Elizabeth I of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1562/01/17", "description": " Huguenots are recognized under the Edict of Saint-Germain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1562/03/01", "description": " Over 80(?) Huguenots are massacred by the ultra-Catholic Francis, Duke of Guise in Wassy-sur-Blaise, marking the start of the First War of Religion in France.  Protestant forces led by Louis I de Bourbon, Prince de Cond\u00e9 and Gaspard de Coligny quickly seize control of Orleans, Rouen, and other cities throughout France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1562/05/01", "description": " Jean Ribault, French navigator, lands in Florida and later establishes a Huguenot colony at Charlesfort on Parris Island, off the coast of South Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1562/05/26", "description": " Earl of Tyrone leads a second rebellion in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1562/07/12", "description": " Fray Diego de Landa, acting Bishop of Yucatan, burns the sacred books of the Maya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1562/09/20", "description": " English forces under Ambrose Dudley, 3rd Earl of Warwick, land in Newhaven (Le Havre) to aid the Huguenots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1562/09/22", "description": " Maximilian, son of the Emperor Ferdinand I, succeeds as King of Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1562/10/26", "description": " Rouen is captured by Royalist forces under Antoine de Bourbon, King of Navarre, who is mortally wounded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1562/11/05", "description": " In Scotland, the rebellion of George Gordon, Earl of Huntly is crushed by James Stewart, Earl of Moray at the Battle of Corrichie.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1562/11/20", "description": " Maximilian of Bohemia is elected King of the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1562/12/19", "description": " Battle of Dreux: Huguenot forces under Cond\u00e9 and Coligny, and Catholic forces under Anne de Montmorency and Guise, battle to a draw. The official leaders of both armies (Cond\u00e9 and Montmorency) are captured in the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1562/12/19", "description": "The earliest English slave-trading expedition (under John Hawkins) goes between Guinea and the West Indies. As a result, the Spanish prohibit English ships from trading at their new world ports.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1562/12/19", "description": "Gresham's School is granted a Royal Charter in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1562/12/19", "description": "Akbar the Great conquers Malwa and defeats Baz Bahadur.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1562/12/19", "description": "Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola publishes ''Regola delli cinque ordini d'architettura'' ''(Rules of the Five Orders of Architecture)''ampamp{{cite book|last=Evers|first=Vernd|title=Architectural Theory: from the Renaissance to the present|year=2003|publisher=Taschen|isbn=978-3-8228-1699-8|page=845|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=V5OK-Yw-A3cCampamppg=PA86ampampdq=Vignola+%22Five+Orders%22ampamphl=enampampei=rvP4TPjLI9WW4Abr6eTABwampampsa=Xampampoi=book_resultampampct=resultampampresnum=3ampampved=0CCwQ6AEwAg#v=onepageampampq=Vignola%20%22Five%20Orders%22ampampf=false}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=V5OK-Yw-A3cCampamppg=PA86ampampdq=Vignola+%22Five+Orders%22ampamphl=enampampei=rvP4TPjLI9WW4Abr6eTABwampampsa=Xampampoi=book_resultampampct=resultampampresnum=3ampampved=0CCwQ6AEwAg#v=onepageampampq=Vignola%20%22Five%20Orders%22ampampf=false}}ampamp<\/a> it will become in succeeding centuries the most published book in architectural history.ampampVignola. ''Canon of the Five Orders of Architecture'', translated with an introduction by Branko Mitrovic. New York: Acanthus Press, 1999). p. 17. ISBN 0-926494-16-3.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1563/02/01", "description": " Sarsa Dengel succeeds his father Menas as Emperor of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1563/02/18", "description": " Francis, Duke of Guise is assassinated while besieging Orl\u00e9ans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1563/02/18", "description": "March ampampndash Peace of Amboise:  Negotiated between the Prince of Cond\u00e9 and Anne de Montmorency, it accords some toleration to the Huguenots, especially to aristocrats.  The combined Huguenot and royal armies then march north to besiege the English in Le Havre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1563/07/28", "description": " The English surrender Le Havre to the French after a siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1563/08/13", "description": " The outbreak of the Northern Seven Years' War", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1563/12/04", "description": " The Council of Trent (opened December 13, 1545) officially closes.   It reaffirms all major Roman Catholic doctrines, and declares the Deuterocanonical books to be canonical, along with the rest of the Bible.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1563/12/04", "description": "The official Roman Catholic decree ampquotTametsiampquot stipulates that for a marriage to be valid, consent (the essence of marriage) as expressed in the vows has to be given publicly before witnesses, one of whom has to be the parish priest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1564/03/08", "description": " Naples prohibits kissing in public under penalty of death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1564/03/25", "description": " Battle of Angol in Chile: Spanish Conquistador Lorenzo Bernal del Mercado defeats and kills the toqui Illanguli\u00e9n.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1564/06/22", "description": " French settlers abandon Charlesfort, the first French attempt at colonizing the New World, and establish Fort Caroline in Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1564/09/10", "description": " Battle of Kawanakajima in Japan: Takeda Shingen fights the forces of Uesugi Kenshin for the final time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1564/09/10", "description": "1564ampampndash1571 ampampndash Spanish Conquistador Miguel L\u00f3pez de Legazpi sails from Mexico and conquers the Philippine Islands, founding Manila.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1564/09/10", "description": "First recorded report of a 'rat king'.ampamp{{cite book|last=Hart|first=Martin|title=Rats|year=1982, c1973|publisher=Allison ampamp Busby|isbn=0-85031-297-3|page=66}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1564/09/10", "description": "''approx. date'' ampampndash Idris Alooma starts to rule the Kanem-Bornu Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1565/01/26", "description": " The Battle of Talikota, a watershed battle fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccan sultanates. The last Hindu kingdom in South India ended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1565/02/13", "description": " Spanish Conquistador Miguel L\u00f3pez de Legazpi lands with his troops on the shores of Cebu Island in the Philippine archipelago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1565/03/01", "description": " The city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1565/04/27", "description": " Cebu City (originally named San Miguel) is established by L\u00f3pez de Legazpi, becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1565/05/18", "description": " Ottoman troops land on the island of Malta, beginning The Great Siege of Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1565/06/17", "description": " Matsunaga Hisahide assassinates the 13th Ashikaga shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiteru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1565/07/29", "description": " Mary, Queen of Scots, widowed, marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1565/08/28", "description": " St. Augustine, Florida (named after St. Augustine), is established. It is the oldest remaining European settlement in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1565/09/04", "description": " The Spanish fleet of Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s lands on modern-day Florida to oust the French under Jean Ribault. He later destroys the French colony of Fort Caroline.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1565/09/08", "description": " Pedro Men\u00e9ndez de Avil\u00e9s settles in St. Augustine, Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1565/09/11", "description": " The Knights of Malta lift the Turkish Siege of Malta (started on May 18).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1565/09/11", "description": "In Russia, it is the beginning of the Oprichnina under Ivan the Terrible.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1565/09/11", "description": "The pencil is first documented by Conrad Gesner it is becoming common in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1565/09/11", "description": "John Beddoes School is founded at Presteigne in Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1566/01/07", "description": " Pope Pius V succeeds Pope Pius IV as the 225th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1566/03/28", "description": " The foundation stone of Valletta (Malta's Capital City) is laid by Grand Master Jean de la Valette.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1566/04/05", "description": " The Compromise of Nobles is presented to Margaret of Parma, but succeeds only in delaying the beginning of the Eighty Years' War in the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1566/08/05", "description": "September 7 ampndash Battle of Szigetv\u00e1r: 2,300 Hungarian and Croatian defenders are annihilated by an army of 90,000 soldiers of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1566/08/05", "description": "August ampampndash Calvinists destroy religious art in the Low Countries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1566/09/06", "description": " Selim II succeeds Suleiman I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1566/09/06", "description": "The Spanish doubloon is first minted during the reign of Philip II of Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1566/09/06", "description": "Pope Pius V expels most of the prostitutes from Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1566/09/06", "description": "Between July 19, 1566 and July 7, 1567 ampampndash The first bridge crossing the Neretva river at Mostar (in modern-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) is completed by the Ottoman Empire. The white marble bridge is now known as ''Stari Most'' (ampquotOld Bridgeampquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1567", "description": "January ampampndash A Spanish force under the command of Captain Juan Pardo establishes Fort San Juan in the Native American settlement of Joara. The fort is the first European settlement in present day North Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1567/01/23", "description": " After 45 years' reign, the Jiajing Emperor dies in the Forbidden City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1567/02/04", "description": " The Longqing Emperor ascends the throne of the Ming Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1567/02/10", "description": " Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, is murdered at the Provost's House in Edinburgh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1567/05/15", "description": " Mary, Queen of Scots, marries James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1567/06/15", "description": " Mary, Queen of Scots, is defeated at Carberry Hill by the Scottish nobles, and imprisoned in Lochleven Castle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1567/06/15", "description": "24 July ampampndash Mary, Queen of Scots, is forced to abdicate and replaced by her 1-year-old son James VI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1567/07/25", "description": " The city of ''Santiago de Le\u00f3n de Caracas'' in Venezuela is founded by Diego de Losada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1567/07/29", "description": " James VI is crowned at Stirling.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1567/09/09", "description": " At a dinner, the Duke of Alva arrests the Count of Egmont and the Count of Horne for treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1567/09/29", "description": " The Second War of Religion begins in France when the Prince of Cond\u00e9 and Gaspard de Coligny fail in an attempt to capture King Charles IX and his mother at Meaux. The Huguenots do capture several cities (including Orleans), and march on Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1567/11/10", "description": " Battle of Saint-Denis: Anne de Montmorency, with 16,000 Royalists, falls on Cond\u00e9's 3,500 Huguenots. The Huguenots surprisingly hold on for some hours before being driven off. Montmorency is mortally wounded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1567/11/10", "description": "The Duke of Alba arrives in the Netherlands with Spanish forces to suppress unrest there. He replaces Margaret of Parma as Governor of the Netherlands. Prince William of Orange is outlawed, and Count Lamoral of Egmont imprisoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1567/11/10", "description": "King Frederick II of Denmark and Norway founds Fredrikstad in Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1567/11/10", "description": "Rugby School, one of the oldest public schools in England, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1567/11/10", "description": "Welsh Bible: New Testament first published in Welsh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1567/11/10", "description": "Although sparse maritime trade existed since its founding, the Ming Dynasty government of China officially revokes the ''hai jin'' maritime trade ban, reinstating foreign trade with all countries except Japan.ampamp{{cite book|last=Bertrand|first=Romain|title=L'Histoire \u00e0 parts \u00e9gales|year=2011|publisher=Seuil|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-02-105017-2|page=66}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1568/01/06", "description": "January 13 ampndash In the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom the Diet of Torda declares religious freedom firstly in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1568/02/17", "description": " Treaty of Adrianople (sometimes called the Peace of Adrianople): The Habsburgs agree to pay tribute to the Ottomans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1568/03/23", "description": " The Peace of Longjumeau ends the Second War of Religion in France.  Again Catherine de' Medici and Charles IX make substantial concessions to the Huguenots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1568/05/02", "description": " Mary, Queen of Scots, escapes from Loch Leven Castle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1568/05/13", "description": "  Battle of Langside: The forces of Mary, Queen of Scots, are defeated by a confederacy of Scottish Protestants under James Stewart, Earl of Moray, her half-brother.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1568/05/16", "description": "  Mary, Queen of Scots, flees to England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1568/05/19", "description": " Queen Elizabeth I of England arrests Mary, Queen of Scots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1568/05/23", "description": " Battle of Heiligerlee: Troops under Louis of Nassau, brother of William I of Orange, defeat a smaller loyalist force under the Duke of Arenberg in an attempt to invade the Northern Netherlands.  This is effectively the start of the Eighty Years' War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1568/07/21", "description": " Battle of Jemmingen: The main Spanish army of the Duke of Alva utterly defeats Louis of Nassau's invading army in the Northeastern Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1568/08/18", "description": " The Third War of Religion begins in France after an unsuccessful attempt by the Royalists to capture Cond\u00e9 and Coligny, the Huguenot leaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1568/09/29", "description": " The Swedish king Eric XIV is deposed by his half-brothers John and Charles. John proclaims himself king John III the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1568/10/05", "description": " William I of Orange invades the Southeastern Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1568/10/20", "description": " Battle of Jodoigne.  Spanish forces under the Duke of Alva destroy Orange's rearguard.  Orange abandons his offensive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1568/10/20", "description": "The Russo-Turkish War in Astrakhan begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1568/10/20", "description": "Ashikaga Yoshiaki is installed as Shogun, beginning the Azuchi-Momoyama period in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1568/10/20", "description": "Akbar the Great of the Mughal Empire besieges and captures the massive Chittorgarh Fort in northern India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1568/10/20", "description": "Polybius' ampquotThe Historiesampquot first translated in to English by Christopher Watson.ampampPolybius: ampquotThe Rise Of The Roman Empireampquot, Page 36, Penguin, 1979.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1568/10/20", "description": "Huguenots besieged Chartres.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1568/10/20", "description": "A Spanish expedition under \u00c1lvaro de Menda\u00f1a de Neira discovers the Solomon Islands", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1569/01/11", "description": "May 6 ampndash The first recorded lottery in England is performed nonstop at the west door of the St. Paul's Cathedral. Each share costs 10 shillings and proceeds are used to repair the harbours and for other public works.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1569/03/13", "description": " Battle of Jarnac: Royalist troops under Marshal Gaspard de Tavannes surprise and defeat the Huguenots under the Prince of Cond\u00e9, who is captured and murdered. A substantial proportion of the Huguenot army manages to escape under Gaspard de Coligny.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1569/06/10", "description": " German Protestant troops reinforce Coligny near Limoges.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1569/07/01", "description": " The Union of Lublin unites the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into a single state, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1569/07/01", "description": "JulyampampndashSeptember ampampndash Huguenot forces under Coligny and 15 year-old Prince Henry of Navarre besiege Poitiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1569/08/24", "description": " Battle of Orthez: Huguenot forces under Gabriel de Montgomery defeat Royalist forces under General Terride in French Navarre. Catholics surrender under the condition that their lives will be spared. Huguenots agree, but then massacre the Catholics anyway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1569/08/24", "description": "September ampampndash A Royalist army under the Duc d'Anjou and Marshal Tavannes forces Coligny to abandon the siege of Poitiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1569/10/03", "description": " Battle of Moncountour: The Royalist forces of Tavannaes and Anjou defeat Coligny's Huguenots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1569/10/03", "description": "November ampampndash Rising of the North: Northern Earls rebel gainst Queen Elizabeth the 1st of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1569/10/03", "description": "Gerardus Mercator devises the Mercator projection.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1569/10/03", "description": "Assemblies of 3 Lithuanian provinces (Volhynia, Ukraine and Podlasie) vote to be incorporated into Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1569/10/03", "description": "Poland and Lithuania are united in the Union of Lublin, forming the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1569/10/03", "description": "The trade compact of 1536 is renewed, exempting French merchants from Ottoman law and allowing them to travel, buy and sell throughout the sultan's dominions and to pay low customs duties on French imports and exports.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1569/10/03", "description": "Akbar founds Fatehpur Sikri to honor the Muslim holy man Shaikh Salim Chisti, who has foretold the birth of Akbar's son and heir, Jahangir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1570/01/09", "description": " Ivan the Terrible starts the Massacre of Novgorod.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1570/01/23", "description": " The assassination of regent James Stewart, Earl of Moray throws Scotland into civil war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1570/02/08", "description": " A magnitude 8.3 earthquake occurs in Concepci\u00f3n, Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1570/02/15", "description": " Venus occults Jupiter this will next happen in 1818.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1570/02/25", "description": " Pope Pius V excommunicates Queen Elizabeth I of England with the bull ''Regnans in Excelsis''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1570/05/20", "description": " Abraham Ortelius issues the first modern atlas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1570/06/10", "description": " The Kingdom of Livonia is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1570/07/03", "description": " Ottoman conquest of Cyprus begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1570/07/14", "description": " Pope Pius V issues ''Quo Primum'', promulgating the 1570 edition of the Roman Missal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1570/08/08", "description": " The Peace of Saint-Germain ends the Third War of Religion in France. Again, the Huguenots are promised religious freedom and political autonomy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1570/08/08", "description": "Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo in the service of Miguel L\u00f3pez de Legazpi begins conquest of the Kingdom of Maynila.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1570/08/08", "description": "Whitechapel Bell Foundry known to be in existence in London. By the early 21st century it will be the oldest manufacturing company in Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1570/08/08", "description": "Andrea Palladio publishes ''I Quattro Libri dell'Architettura'' in Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1570/08/08", "description": "The Andean population of Peru reaches 1.3 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1571/01/11", "description": " The Austrian nobility are granted freedom of religion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1571/01/23", "description": " The Royal Exchange opens in London, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1571/05/24", "description": " Fire of Moscow: Moscow is burnt by the Crimean army under Devlet I Giray.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1571/06/03", "description": " Following conquest of the Kingdom of Maynila, Spanish Conquistador Miguel L\u00f3pez de Legazpi makes Manila a city and the capital of the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1571/06/25", "description": " Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School, Horncastle, is founded in Lincolnshire, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1571/06/27", "description": " Establishment of Jesus College quotwithin the City and University of Oxford of Queen Elizabeth's foundationquot in England by Welsh cleric and lawyer Hugh Price.{{cite book|editor=Hibbert, Christopher|title=The Encyclop\u00e6dia of Oxford|location=London|publisher=Macmillan|year=1988|isbn=0-333-39917-X|page=198}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1571/07/25", "description": " St Olave's Grammar School is founded in Tooley Street, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1571/08/01", "description": " Ottoman conquest of Cyprus is concluded by the surrender of Famagusta. Cyprus is established as an Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire and the first Turkish colony moves into the island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1571/08/29", "description": " Foundation of Liliw, Laguna, Philippines, by Gat Tayaw, followers and residents as a municipality of Laguna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1571/09/28", "description": " The House of Commons of England introduces the first pro forma bill, symbolizing its authority over its own affairs.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www2.parl.gc.ca\/Sites\/LOP\/LEGISINFO\/index.asp?Language=EampList=faq#cs1|title=The\">http:\/\/www2.parl.gc.ca\/Sites\/LOP\/LEGISINFO\/index.asp?Language=EampList=faq#cs1|title=The<\/a> Library of Parliament's research tool for finding information on legislation|publisher=Library of Parliament|date=2010-01-28|accessdate=28 January 2010!--Added by DASHBot--|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100202015730\/http:\/\/www2.parl.gc.ca\/Sites\/LOP\/LEGISINFO\/index.asp?Language=Eamplist=faq|archivedate=02\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100202015730\/http:\/\/www2.parl.gc.ca\/Sites\/LOP\/LEGISINFO\/index.asp?Language=Eamplist=faq|archivedate=02<\/a> February 2010!--Added by DASHBot--}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1571/10/07", "description": " Battle of Lepanto: Spanish, Venetian, and Papal naval forces under Don John of Austria defeat the Turkish fleet of Ali Monizindade Pasha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1571/10/07", "description": "Spanish silver mines open in Latin America thus begins the great silver flow that links the New and Old Worlds.{{Citation needed|March 2012|date=March 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1571/10/07", "description": "amp\/onlyincludeamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/01/16", "description": " Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England. He is executed on June 2.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=226\u2013229}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/01/16", "description": "February ampampndash Harrow School is founded, with a royal charter from Queen Elizabeth I of England.ampamp{{cite book|title=A History of Harrow School|last=Tyerman|first=Christopher|pages=8\u201317|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-822796-5}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/02/13", "description": " Elizabeth I of England issues a proclamation which revokes all commissions on account of the frauds which they had fostered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/04/01", "description": " Capture of Brielle: The Sea Beggars, Netherlandish Calvinist rebels, capture the port city of Brielle. This leads to a wave of uprisings in Holland and Zealand against Spanish Habsburg rule, leaving most of those provinces (with the exception of Amsterdam), under rebel control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/05/13", "description": " Pope Gregory XIII succeeds Pope Pius V as the 226th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/06/25", "description": " The Sea Beggars capture the city of Gorkum. Several Roman Catholic priests are imprisoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/07/09", "description": " The Sea Beggars hang nineteen previously imprisoned Roman Catholic priests at Brielle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/07/11", "description": " Humphrey Gilbert leads 1500 volunteers from England on an expedition to assist the Sea Beggars.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/07/19", "description": " Wanli Emperor of China ascends the throne at the age of nine he will rule for 48 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/07/29", "description": "August 2 ampndash A large Crimean Tatar\u2013Ottoman army which invaded Russia is routed in the Battle of Molodi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/08/18", "description": " Huguenot King Henry III of Navarre marries Marguerite de Valois, sister of King Charles and daughter of Catherine de Medici, in a supposed attempt to reconcile Protestants and Catholics in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/08/24", "description": " St. Bartholomew's Day massacre: Catholics in Paris murder thousands of Protestants, including Gaspard de Coligny and Petrus Ramus, at the order of King Charles IX with Catherine de Medici's connivance. Henry of Navarre and the Prince of Cond\u00e9 barely escape the same fate. This brings about the Fourth War of Religion in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/08/24", "description": "Siege of Sancerre: Catholic forces of the king lay siege to Sancerre, a Huguenot stronghold in central France. The fortified city holds out for nearly eight months without bombard artillery. This is one of the last times that slings are used in European warfare.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/08/24", "description": "A supernova, now designated as SN 1572, is first observed in the constellation Cassiopeia by Cornelius Gemma. Tycho Brahe, who notes it two days later, will use it to challenge the prevailing view that stars do not change.ampampUniversity of Otago Library exhibition note for <a href=\"http:\/\/www.library.otago.ac.nz\/exhibitions\/delights\/case_eight.html\">http:\/\/www.library.otago.ac.nz\/exhibitions\/delights\/case_eight.html<\/a> ''The Earth ampamp Beyond'' Allen, R. H. ''Star Names: their Lore and Meaning'', Bill Thayer's edition at LacusCurtius, <a href=\"http:\/\/penelope.uchicago.edu\/Thayer\/E\/Gazetteer\/Topics\/astronomy\/_Texts\/secondary\/ALLSTA\/Cassiopeia.html\">http:\/\/penelope.uchicago.edu\/Thayer\/E\/Gazetteer\/Topics\/astronomy\/_Texts\/secondary\/ALLSTA\/Cassiopeia.html<\/a> ampquotCassiopeia.ampquotampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/08/24", "description": "December ampampndash Siege of Haarlem is begun by the Duke of Alva, Spanish commander in the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/08/24", "description": "Vilcabamba, Peru, the last independent remnant of the Inca Empire, is conquered by Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/08/24", "description": "Geronimo Mercuriali from Forl\u00ec (Italy) writes the work ''De morbis cutaneis'' (ampquotOn the diseases of the skinampquot), the first scientific tract on dermatology.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/08/24", "description": "Imaginary numbers defined by Rafael Bombelli.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/08/24", "description": "Portugal's national epic ''Os Lus\u00edadas'' by Lu\u00eds de Cam\u00f5es is first published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1572/08/24", "description": "Georg Braun begins publication of his urban atlas ''Civitates orbis terrarum'' in Cologne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573", "description": "January ampampndash Articles of the Warsaw Confederation are signed, sanctioning religious freedom in Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573/01/25", "description": " Japan ampndash Battle of Mikatagahara: Takeda Shingen defeats Tokugawa Ieyasu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573/01/28", "description": " The Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt breaks out against the oppressive nobility the revolt is quelled violently by February 15 Matija Gubec, leader of the rebellion, is publicly executed in Zagreb.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573/01/28", "description": "FebruaryampampndashMarch ampampndash The Siege of Noda occurs in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573/05/11", "description": "16 ampndash The Duke of Anjou is elected to the throne of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Polish nobility.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573/07/06", "description": " C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina, is founded by Jer\u00f3nimo Luis de Cabrera.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573/07/12", "description": " Siege of Haarlem: Spanish forces under the Duke of Alva capture Haarlem after a seven month siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573/07/12", "description": "July ampampndash Edict of Boulogne signed by Charles IX of France, granting limited rights to Huguenots and ending the Fourth War of Religion in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573/07/12", "description": "August ampampndash Alva begins to besiege Alkmaar in North Holland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573/08/27", "description": " Oda Nobunaga drives the 15th Ashikaga shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki out of Kyoto, effectively destroying the Ashikaga shogunate and historically ending the Muromachi and Sengoku periods. The Azuchi-Momoyama period of Japan begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573/09/08", "description": "September 16 ampndash Siege of Hikida, Siege of Ichij\u014d ga dani in Japan: The Asakura clan is eliminated by Oda Nobunaga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573/09/22", "description": "September 26 ampndash Siege of Odani in Japan: The Azai clan is eliminated by Oda Nobunaga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573/10/08", "description": " The Spanish abandon the siege of the city of Alkmaar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573/11/15", "description": " Santa Fe, Argentina, is founded by Juan de Garay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573/11/15", "description": "November ampampndash Alva resigns as Spanish Governor-General and Commander-in-Chief in the Netherlands, and is succeeded by Luis de Requesens, who attempts to pursue a more conciliatory policy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573/11/15", "description": "Sarsa Dengel, emperor of Ethiopia, defeats the Oromo in a battle near Lake Zway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573/11/15", "description": "The first Spanish galleon, laden with silver for the porcelain and silk trade with the Ming Dynasty of China, lands at Manila in the Philippines. This occasion marks the beginning of the Spanish silver trade to China that will trump that of the Portuguese, the latter of whom acted as an intermediary between the silver mines of Japan and the luxury items in China to be purchased with that silver. Most of the silver entering China comes from what is now Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru in the New World.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573/11/15", "description": "The Portuguese are expelled from the Maldives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573/11/15", "description": "Turkish New Hammam (T\u00f6r\u00f6k F\u00fcrd\u00f6) built in \u00c7orum Province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1573/11/15", "description": "Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys, Barnet, England, is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1574/02/23", "description": " The fifth War of Religion against the Huguenots begins in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1574/04/14", "description": " Battle of Mookerheyde: Spanish forces under Sancho de Avila defeat the rebel forces of Louis of Nassau, who is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1574/05/30", "description": " On the death of King Charles IX of France, he is succeeded by his brother King Henry of Poland, who becomes King Henry III of France. His mother, Catherine de' Medici, acts as Regent until Henry arrives from Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1574/06/10", "description": " Manila gains cityhood.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1574/08/30", "description": " Guru Ram Das becomes the Fourth Sikh Guru\/Master.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1574/10/03", "description": " The city of Leiden, besieged by the Spanish, is relieved by a Sea Beggar fleet under Louis Boisot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1574/11/22", "description": " The Juan Fern\u00e1ndez Islands, in the South Pacific Ocean, are discovered by Spanish sailor Juan Fern\u00e1ndez.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1574/11/22", "description": "December ampampndash Murad III succeeds ala lang Selim II as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1575/01/21", "description": "  Queen Elizabeth I of England grants a monopoly on producing printed sheet music to Thomas Tallis and William Byrd<a href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/581620\/Thomas-Tallis\">http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/581620\/Thomas-Tallis<\/a> Britannica Online: Thomas Tallis", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1575/02/13", "description": " Henry III of France is crowned at Reims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1575/02/14", "description": " Henry III of France marries Louise de Lorraine-Vaud\u00e9mont.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1575/06/24", "description": " William I of Orange marries Charlotte of Bourbon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1575/06/28", "description": " Battle of Nagashino: Oda Nobunaga defeats Takeda Katsuyori in Japan's first 'modern' battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1575/07/07", "description": " Raid of the Redeswire: Sir John Carmichael defeats Sir John Forster. Last battle between England and Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1575/07/26", "description": " Edmund Grindal succeeds Matthew Parker as Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1575/08/05", "description": " Henry Sidney is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1575/10/10", "description": " Battle of Dormans: Catholic forces under Henry I, Duke of Guise defeat the Protestants, capturing Philippe de Mornay among others.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1575/12/15", "description": " Stephen B\u00e1thory becomes king of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1575/12/16", "description": " Valdivia earthquake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1575/12/16", "description": "Russians occupy Pernau in Western Estonia and the fortress of Weissenstein.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1575/12/16", "description": "Portugal founds the city of Luanda, Angola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1575/12/16", "description": "Seat of the Audiencia Real in Chile moves from Concepci\u00f3n to Santiago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1575/12/16", "description": "William I of Orange founds Leiden University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1575/12/16", "description": "Abraham Ortelius becomes geographer to Philip II of Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1575/12/16", "description": "The bubonic plague decimates Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1575/12/16", "description": "Gaspar da Cruz, a Portuguese Dominican friar, writes about his travels to the Ming Dynasty of China, including the Chinese civil service handbook ''The Bureaucratic System of the Ming Dynasty'', and how the Chinese draw lots to determine which days of the year are most auspicious or most ill-fated to travel upon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1576/05/05", "description": " The Peace of Beaulieu or Peace of Monsieur (after Monsieur, the Duc d'Anjou, brother of the King, who negotiated it) ends the Fifth War of Religion.   Once again, the Protestants are granted freedom of worship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1576/08/11", "description": " English navigator Martin Frobisher, on his search for the Northwest Passage, enters the bay now named after him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1576/11/02", "description": " Rudolf II becomes Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1576/11/04", "description": " Eighty Years' War: In the Low Countries, mutinous Spanish soldiers sack Antwerp (after three days, the city is nearly destroyed).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1576/11/08", "description": " Eighty Years' War ampndash Pacification of Ghent: The States-General of the Netherlands meet and unite to oppose pillaging Spanish mutineers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1576/11/08", "description": "December ampampndash The States-General of Blois declared itself against the Edict of Beaulieu, beginning the sixth War of Religion in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1576/11/08", "description": "An early example of autobiography is written in English by Thomas Wythorne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1576/11/08", "description": "Dartford Grammar School is founded by William d'Aeth, Edward Gwyn and William Vaughn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1576/11/08", "description": "Sutton Valence School is founded by William Lambe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1576/11/08", "description": "Konstanty Ostrogski founded Ostroh Academy ampampndash first university-like school in Eastern Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1577/01/09", "description": " The second Union of Brussels is formed, first without the Protestant counties of Holland and Zeeland (which is accepted by king Philip II of Spain), later with the Protestants, which means open rebellion of the whole of the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1577/03/17", "description": " The Cathay Company is formed to send Martin Frobisher back to the New World for more gold.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1577/05/28", "description": " The ''Bergen Book'', better known as the ''Solid Declaration'' of the Formula of Concord, one of the Lutheran confessional writings, is published. The earlier version, known as the ''Torgau Book'' (1576), had been condensed into an ''Epitome'' both documents are part of the 1580 Book of Concord.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1577/09/17", "description": " The Treaty of Bergerac is signed between Henry III of France and the Huguenots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1577/12/13", "description": " Sir Francis Drake sets out from Plymouth, England, on his round-the-world voyage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1577/12/13", "description": "The church in San Pedro de Atacama is built in the Atacama Desert in Chile .", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1578/01/31", "description": " Battle of Gembloux: Spanish forces under Don John of Austria and Alexander Farnese defeat the Dutch. Alexander Farnese begins to recover control of the French-speaking Southern Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1578/04/27", "description": " The Duel of the Mignons claims the lives of two favorites of Henry III of France and two favourites of Henry I, Duke of Guise.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1578/05/31", "description": " Martin Frobisher sails from Harwich, England to Frobisher Bay, Canada, eventually to mine fool's gold, used to pave streets in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1578/08/04", "description": " Battle of Al Kasr al Kebir: The Moors defeat the Portuguese. King Sebastian I of Portugal is defeated and killed in North Africa, leaving his elderly uncle, Cardinal Henry, as his heir. This initiates a succession crisis in Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1578/10/01", "description": " Alessandro Farnese succeeds Don John as Spanish Governor-General of the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1578/10/21", "description": "Battle of Wenden: The Russians are defeated by the Swedes, who proceed to take Polotsk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1578/10/21", "description": "Martin Frobisher holds the first celebration of Thanksgiving by Europeans in North America at Newfoundland by the Frobisher Expedition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1578/10/21", "description": "Sonam Gyrso receives from prince Atlan Khan the title of ''Tala\u00ef'', and becomes the third Dalai Lama of Tibet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1578/10/21", "description": "The Ottoman Empire conquers Abkhazia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1578/10/21", "description": "The sixth and so far last outbreak of the sweating sickness occurs in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1578/10/21", "description": "Emperor Sarsa Dengel of Ethiopia kills Bahr negus Yeshaq, finally ending his rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1578/10/21", "description": "Francis Drake, during his circumnavigation of the globe, passes through the Strait of Magellan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1579/01/06", "description": "January 6  ampndash The Union of Atrecht unites the southern Netherlands under the Duke of Parma, governor in the name of king Philip II of Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1579/01/23", "description": "  The Union of Utrecht unites the northern Netherlands in a confederation called the United Provinces. William I of Orange becomes ''Stadtholder'', and the Duc d'Anjou, younger brother of Henry III of France, is invited to become hereditary sovereign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1579/01/23", "description": "March ampampndash Maastricht is captured by the Spanish under Parma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1579/05/25", "description": " Japan ampndash Battle of Mimaomote: Doi Kiyonaga defeats the forces of Kumu Yorinobu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1579/06/17", "description": " Sir Francis Drake, during his circumnavigation of the world, lands in what is now California, which he claims for Queen Elizabeth I. With an English claim here and in Newfoundland, it becomes the basis for English colonial charters which will claim all land from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from quotsea to sea.quot Drake's claim is called quotNova Albionquot (''New England''), and subsequent maps will show all lands north of New Spain and New Mexico under this name.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1579/07/13", "description": " Karlovac is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1579/07/13", "description": "Akbar abolishes jizya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1579/07/13", "description": "The municipality of Boac in Marinduque, Philippines is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1580/01/31", "description": " King Henry I of Portugal dies with no direct heirs, precipitating a Succession crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1580/03/01", "description": " Michel de Montaigne signs the preface to his most significant work, ''Essays''. They are published later the same year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1580/03/25", "description": " Iberian Union: King Philip II of Spain becomes King of Portugal under the name Philip I, following the death without heirs of King Henry of Portugal, in a personal union of the crowns, thus maintaining Portuguese independence (in Europe and throughout the Portuguese Empire). The Portuguese House of Habsburg (also called the Philippine Dynasty) rule lasts until 1640.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1580/04/06", "description": " Dover Straits earthquake.{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=160\u2013162|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1580/04/06", "description": "June ampampndash England signs a commercial treaty with the Ottoman Empire.ampref name=ampquotCassell's Chronologyampquotamp{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld ampamp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=230\u2013233}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1580/06/11", "description": " Juan de Garay founds Buenos Aires.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1580/06/25", "description": " The ''Book of Concord'', a collection of Lutheran confessional documents, is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1580/07/12", "description": " The Ostrog Bible, the first complete printed Bible in a Slavic language, is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1580/08/25", "description": " Battle of Alc\u00e2ntara: Spanish armies, led by Fernando \u00c1lvarez de Toledo, defending the claim of King Philip II of Spain to the Portuguese throne, defeat the armies of Portuguese claimant Ant\u00f3nio, Prior of Crato.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1580/09/26", "description": " Francis Drake completes the second circumnavigation of globe.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1580/09/26", "description": "The Billy Mitchell volcano on the island of Bougainville undergoes a catastrophic eruption (VEI 6).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1580/09/26", "description": "The first session of the Jewish ''Vaad'' (Council of Four Lands) is held  in Lublin, Poland 70 delegates of Jewish local ''qahals'' meet to discuss taxation and other issues important to Jewish communities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1580/09/26", "description": "Jesuit missionaries arrive at the court of Akbar, Ruler of the Moghul Empire.ampamp{{cite book|last=Roberts|first= J.|title=History of the World|publisher=Penguin|year=1994}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1581", "description": "March ampampndash The Parliament of England's Act against Reconciliation to Rome imposes heavy fines for practicising Roman Catholicism.ampref name=CBHamp{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=160\u2013162|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1581/03/25", "description": " Iberian Union: Philip II of Spain crowned Philip I of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1581/04/04", "description": " Following his circumnavigation of the world, Francis Drake is knighted by Elizabeth I of England.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1581/04/04", "description": "The Northern Netherlands (Union of Utrecht) proclaim their independence from Spain in the Act of Abjuration. They abjure loyalty to Philip II of Spain as their sovereign, and appoint Francois, Duke of Anjou as the new sovereign of the Netherlands. Public practise of Roman Catholicism is forbidden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1581/04/04", "description": "A meteorite makes landfall in Thuringia, Holy Roman Empire.ampamp{{cite web | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.meteoritehistory.info\/UKIRELAND\/CAT2.HTM|\">http:\/\/www.meteoritehistory.info\/UKIRELAND\/CAT2.HTM|<\/a> title =Catalogue of a\u00ebrolites and Bolides, from A.D. 2 to A.D. 1860  | publisher = Meteoritehistory.info | accessdate = 26 March 2012 }}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1581/08/28", "description": " The army of king Stefan Batory of Poland begins its siege of the Russian garrison of Pskov", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1581/08/28", "description": "Summer ''(probable)'' ampampndash Yermak begins the Russian conquest of the Khanate of Sibir with a band of 1,636 men.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1581/08/28", "description": "September ampampndash A mercenary army of Sweden under Pontus De la Gardie captures Narva from Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1581/12/01", "description": " Execution in England of the Jesuit priest Edmund Campion for treason.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=230\u2013233}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1581/12/01", "description": "The Ming Dynasty Chancellor of China, Chief Grand Secretary Zhang Juzheng, imposes the Single Whip Reform, by which taxes are assessed on properties recorded in the land census and paid in silver as the accepted medium of exchange.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1581/12/01", "description": "Oda Nobunaga invades the Iga Province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1581/12/01", "description": "John Dee practices angel magic with Barnabas Saul but with no success.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/01/15", "description": " Russia cedes Livonia and Southern-Estonia to Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/02/10", "description": " Fran\u00e7ois, Duke of Anjou, arrives in the Netherlands, where he is personally welcomed by William the Silent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/02/24", "description": " Pope Gregory XIII implements the Gregorian Calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/03/09", "description": " Edward Kelley arrives at John Dee's house.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/04/16", "description": " Spanish conquistador Hernando de Lerma founds the settlement of Salta, Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/04/16", "description": "MayampampndashAugust ampampndash Robert Browne and his Brownist congregationalist companions are obliged to leave England and go to Middelburg in the Netherlands.ampamp{{cite web|first=Michael E.|last=Moody|title=Browne, Robert (1550?\u20131633)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/3695|accessdate=2011-10-10|doi=10.1093\/ref:odnb\/3695}}\">http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/3695|accessdate=2011-10-10|doi=10.1093\/ref:odnb\/3695}}<\/a> {{ODNBsub}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/06/21", "description": " The Incident at Honn\u014d-ji occurs in Kyoto, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/10/04", "description": " Saint Teresa of \u00c1vila dies. She is buried the next day, October 15.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/11/29", "description": " Marriage of future English playwright William Shakespeare and Anne Hathaway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/12/09", "description": "f Julian calendar (Sunday) ampndash France makes the next day Monday, December 20 of the Gregorian Calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/12/09", "description": "Kumbum is founded in Tibet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/12/09", "description": "In Ming Dynasty China", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/12/09", "description": "Jesuit Matteo Ricci is allowed to enter the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/12/09", "description": "The earliest reference to the publishing of private newspapers in Beijing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/12/09", "description": "The sultanate of Morocco begins to press southward in search of a greater share of the trans-Saharan trade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/12/09", "description": "The conquest of Terceira Island in the Azores by the Spanish during the Eighty Years' War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/12/09", "description": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi attacks a fortress at Takamatsu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/12/09", "description": "The Douai-Rheims Bible New Testament is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/12/09", "description": "ampquotOn Embassiesampquot published by Flavius Ursinus.ampamp{{cite book|author=Polybius|title=The Rise Of The Roman Empire|page=36|publisher=Penguin|year=1979}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1582/12/09", "description": "John Dee practices angel magic with scryer Edward Kelley, including the Angelic Alphabet.ampamp{{cite web|title=MS. Sloane 3188|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.themagickalreview.org\/enochian\/mss\/sloane_3188\/|publisher=The\">http:\/\/www.themagickalreview.org\/enochian\/mss\/sloane_3188\/|publisher=The<\/a> Magickal Review}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1583/01/18", "description": " Fran\u00e7ois, Duke of Anjou, attacks Antwerp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1583/03/10", "description": " The ''Queen Elizabeth's Men'' troupe of actors is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1583/03/10", "description": "May ampampndash Battle of Shizugatake: Shibata Katsuie is defeated by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1583/03/10", "description": "July ampampndash Spanish admiral Santa Cruz defeats the Portuguese, French, and English off Terceira.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1583/08/05", "description": " Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in what is now the city of St John's, Newfoundland, claims the island of Newfoundland on behalf of England, marking the beginning of the British Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1583/08/19", "description": " Petru Cercel enters Bucharest, and becomes Prince of Wallachia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1583/08/19", "description": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi commences construction of Osaka Castle in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1583/08/19", "description": "King James VI of Scotland signs a charter creating Tounis College (now the University of Edinburgh). For some unknown reason, the charter is dated a year earlier{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}, as 1582.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1583/08/19", "description": "The first documented battle of India's independence against a European colonial ruler is fought by the ''Desai''s of Cuncolim in Goa, against the Portuguese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1583/08/19", "description": "The world's oldest, intact, still-surviving amusement park, Dyrehavsbakken, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1583/08/19", "description": "The Bunch Of Grapes pub is built on Narrow Street, London.ampref name=walksampampquot<a href=\"http:\/\/www.walksoflondon.co.uk\/38\/the-london-charles-dicken.shtml\">http:\/\/www.walksoflondon.co.uk\/38\/the-london-charles-dicken.shtml<\/a> The London Charles Dickens Knewampquot, walksoflondon.co.uk.ampamp Referred to by Charles Dickens in Our Mutual Friend as ''The Six Jolly Fellowship Porters'', it still stands today renamed The Grapes", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1584/03/18", "description": "N.S. March 28) ampndash Death of Ivan the Terrible, ruler of Russia since 1533. He is succeeded as Tsar by his son Feodor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1584/05/17", "description": " The conflict between Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu culminates in the Battle of Nagakute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1584/06/01", "description": " With the death of the Duc d'Anjou, the Huguenot Henry of Navarre becomes heir-presumptive to the throne of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1584/06/04", "description": " Walter Ralegh sends Phillip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe to explore the Outer Banks of Virginia (now North Carolina), with a view to establishing an English colony they locate Roanoke Island.ref name=tt{{cite book|first=Bernard|last=Grun|title=The Timetables of History|edition=3rd|location=New York|publisher=Simon amp Schuster|year=1991|isbn=0-671-74919-6|page=259}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1584/06/11", "description": " Walk (today Valka and Valga, towns in Latvia and Estonia respectively) receives city rights from Polish king Stefan Bathory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1584/07/05", "description": " The Maronite College is established in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1584/07/10", "description": " William I of Orange is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1584/09/17", "description": " Ghent falls into the hands of Alexander Farnese, governor of the Spanish Netherlands.{{cite book|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/chestofbooks.com\/reference\/American-Cyclopaedia-V7\/Ghent.html|chapter=Ghent|title=chapter=Ghent|title=The<\/a> American Cyclopaedia|first1=George|last1=Ripley|authorlink1=George Ripley (transcendentalist)|first2=Charles A.|last2=Dana|authorlink2=Charles Anderson Dana|volume=7|year=1873|publisher=D. Appleton amp Co|location=New York|accessdate=2011-12-04}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1584/09/17", "description": "December ampampndash The Treaty of Joinville is signed secretly between the French Catholic League and Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1584/09/17", "description": "Raja Ijau comes to power and rules the once Malay kingdom of Pattani.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1584/09/17", "description": "Archangelsk is founded in northern Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1584/09/17", "description": "Emmanuel College, Cambridge, founded by Sir Walter Mildmay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1584/09/17", "description": "The first translation of the complete Bible into the Slovenian language: ''Bibilija, tu je vse svetu pismu stariga inu noviga testamenta, slovenski tolma\u010dena skuzi Jurija Dalmatina'' (Wittenberg), is published by Jurij Dalmatin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1584/09/17", "description": "The Belgian cartographer and geographer Abraham Ortelius features Ming Dynasty-era Chinese carriages with masts and sails in his atlas ''Theatrum Orbis Terrarum'' concurrent and later Western writers also take note of this peculiar Chinese invention.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1585/01/12", "description": " The Netherlands adopts the Gregorian calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1585/01/12", "description": "February ampampndash The Spanish seize Brussels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1585/04/24", "description": " Pope Sixtus V succeeds Pope Gregory XIII as the 227th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1585/05/19", "description": " Spain seizes English ships in Spanish ports,ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=160\u2013162|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}} precipitating the Anglo-Spanish War (1585\u20131604).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1585/07/07", "description": " The Treaty of Nemours forces King Henry III of France to capitulate to the demands of the Catholic League, triggering the Eighth War of Religion (also known as the War of the Three Henrys) to begin in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1585/08/08", "description": " John Davis enters Cumberland Sound in his quest for the Northwest Passage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1585/08/14", "description": " Queen Elizabeth I of England agrees to establish a protectorate over the Netherlands.ref name=CBH\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1585/08/14", "description": "Antwerp is captured by Spanish forces under the Prince of Parma, who orders Protestants to leave the city. As a result, over half of the 100,000 inhabitants flee to the northern provinces. Furthermore, upon hearing of the capture of Antwerp, a relief fleet sent to raise the siege instead blockades the Schelde river, preventing any and all ships from reaching Antwerp for two centuries. This effectively destroys Antwerp's position as an important trade city and de-facto capital of the Dutch provinces. Its position is taken over by various northern cities, most prominently Amsterdam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1585/08/14", "description": "A first group of colonists sent by Sir Walter Ralegh under the charge of Ralph Lane lands in the New World to create Roanoke Colony on Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina. This group will depart the following June.ampref name=CBH\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1585/08/20", "description": " The Treaty of Nonsuch is signed, committing England to support the Dutch Revolt, thus entering the Eighty Years' War.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=230\u2013233}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1585/08/20", "description": "Chocolate is introduced to Europe commercially.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1586/06/16", "description": " Mary, Queen of Scots, recognizes Philip II of Spain as her heir.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1586/07/06", "description": " The Treaty of Berwick is signed between Queen Elizabeth I of England and King James VI of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1586/07/17", "description": " A meeting takes place at L\u00fcneburg between 'some evangelical Princes and Electors' and representatives of the King of Navarre, the King of Denmark and the Queen of England. The object of this meeting is the formation of an 'evangelical' league of defence against the Catholic League, called the 'Confederatio Militiae Evangelicae'.Statement is made on folio 35 of the dedication of the ''Naometria'' to the Duke of Wurttemberg, repeated on folio 122. Cf. A.E. Waite, ''Brotherhood of the Rosy Cross'', London, 1924, pp. 639 ff.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1586/07/17", "description": "September 20\u201321 ampampndash Execution of the Babington Plotters: The 14 men convicted of the Babington Plot, which intended to murder Queen Elizabeth and replace her with Mary Stuart, were executed over two days in St Giles Field, London. They were all hung, drawn and quartered. The executions of the first seven traitors on 20 September was carried out in a particularly cruel way.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1586/09/22", "description": " Battle of Zutphen: Spanish troops defeat the Dutch rebels and their English allies.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1586/11/19", "description": " Henry Barrow, English Puritan and Separatist, is imprisoned.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1586/12/17", "description": " The reign of Emperor Ogimachi of Japan ends and Emperor Go-Yozei ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1586/12/17", "description": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi becomes grand minister of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1586/12/17", "description": "William Harrison becomes canon of Windsor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1586/12/17", "description": "Simon Stevin, a Flemish mathematician, demonstrates that two objects of different weight fall with the same speed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1586/12/17", "description": "St. Augustine, Florida, and Santo Domingo in the modern day Dominican Republic are plundered and burned by English sea captain Sir Francis Drake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1586/12/17", "description": "Jacobus Gallus composes his motet ''O magnum mysterium''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1586/12/17", "description": "The first HMS ''Vanguard'' is launched in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1586/12/17", "description": "English explorer Thomas Cavendish begins his circumnavigation of the globe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1586/12/17", "description": "The cities of Voronezh, Samara, and Tyumen in Russia are founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1587/02/01", "description": " Queen Elizabeth I of England signs the death warrant of her cousin Mary, Queen of Scots, after Mary is implicated in a plot to murder Elizabeth.  Seven days later, on the orders of Elizabeth's privy council, Mary is beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1587/07/22", "description": " Colony of Roanoke: A group of English settlers arrive on Roanoke Island off of North Carolina to re-establish the deserted colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1587/08/18", "description": " According to legend, Saul Wahl is named king of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1587/08/18", "description": "According to legend, Saul Wahl is deposed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1587/08/18", "description": "Polish and Lithuanian nobles elect Sigismund III Vasa as their king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1587/08/27", "description": " Governor John White leaves the Roanoke Colony to get more supplies from England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1587/10/01", "description": " Sh\u0101h \u2018Abb\u0101s I quotThe Greatquot succeeds as Shahenshah of Iran.{{cite book|title=Chambers Biographical Dictionary|isbn=0-550-18022-2|page=1}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1587/10/20", "description": " Battle of Coutras: Huguenot forces under Henry of Navarre defeat Royalist forces under Anne de Joyeuse, favorite of King Henry. Joyeuse is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1587/10/31", "description": " Leiden University Library opens its doors after its founding in 1575.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1587/10/31", "description": "The first Filipinos in North America land in Morro Bay, near San Luis Obispo, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1587/10/31", "description": "The Rose (theatre) is founded in London by Philip Henslowe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1587/10/31", "description": "A severe famine breaks out in China during the Ming Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1587/10/31", "description": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi attacks Ky\u016bsh\u016b.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1588", "description": "February ampampndash The Sinhalese abandon the siege of Colombo, capital of Portuguese Ceylon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1588/02/09", "description": " The sudden death of \u00c1lvaro de Baz\u00e1n, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz, in the midst of preparations for the Spanish Armada, forces King Philip II of Spain to re-allocate the command of the fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1588/04/04", "description": " Christian IV becomes King of Denmark upon the death of his father Frederick II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1588/05/12", "description": " Day of the Barricades in Paris: Henry I, Duke of Guise seizes the city, forcing King Henry III to flee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1588/05/28", "description": " The Spanish Armada, with 130 ships and 30,000 men, begins to set sail from Spain heading for the English Channel (it will take until May 30 for all of the ships to leave port).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1588/05/28", "description": "July ampampndash King Henry III of France capitulates to the Duke of Guise and returns to Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1588/07/31", "description": " The first engagement between the English and Spanish fleets off Plymouth results in an English victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1588/08/02", "description": " The English and Spanish fleets meet again off Dorset (The English fleet is led by Lord Howard of Effingham and Sir Francis Drake). The English again have the better of it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1588/08/06", "description": " Battle of Gravelines: The Spanish Armada is defeated by an English naval force under command of Lord Charles Howard and Sir Francis Drake off the coast of Gravelines, now in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1588/08/07", "description": " The English and Spanish fleets again engage off the coast of Flanders. The English again are more successful.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1588/08/08", "description": "August 9 ampndash The Spanish are unable to reach the coast of Flanders to meet up with the army of the Duke of Parma. The Duke of Medina Sidonia decides to return to Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1588/08/12", "description": " The Spanish fleet sails past the Firth of Forth, and the English cease their pursuit. Much of the Spanish fleet is destroyed as it sails around Scotland and Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1588/10/07", "description": " The oldest biography of Nicolaus Copernicus was completed by Bernardino Baldi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1588/12/05", "description": " The Order of Augustinian Recollects was formally recognised as a separate province from the Order of Saint Augustine. Today, this event is known as the quotD\u00eda de la Recolecci\u00f3nquot or the quotDay of Recollectionquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1588/12/23", "description": " Henry III of France strikes his ultra-Catholic enemies, having the Duke of Guise and his brother, Cardinal Louis of Guise, killed, and holding the Cardinal de Bourbon a prisoner. As a result, large parts of France reject Henry III as their king, forcing him to side with Henry of Navarre", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1588/12/23", "description": "Ahmad al-Mansur, sultan of Morocco, demands that the king of Songhay pay a heavy tribute in exchange for Saharan salt, probably as an intentional provocation. When Songhay's answer is defiant, the sultan declares war and marches his army through Sahara to Songhay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1588/12/23", "description": "William Morgan's Welsh translation of the Bible is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1588/12/23", "description": "The ampquotArmada Portraitampquot of Elizabeth I of England is created to celebrate the English defeat of the Spanish Armada and to assert the strength of Elizabeth herself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1589/01/26", "description": " Job is elected as the first Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1589/02/26", "description": " Valkendorfs Kollegium is founded in Copenhagen, Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1589/02/26", "description": "August ampampndash King James VI of Scotland, the future James I of England, marries Anne of Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1589/08/02", "description": " Henry III of France is murdered by a fanatical Catholic monk. Henry of Navarre proclaims himself as King Henry IV of France. As many of the late King's troops refuse to support a Protestant, Henry is forced to give up the siege of Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1589/09/21", "description": " Battle of Arques: King Henry's forces defeat the forces of the Catholic League under Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne (younger brother of Henry I, Duke of Guise).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1589/11/01", "description": " Henry IV of France is repulsed in an attempt to capture Paris from the Catholic League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1589/11/01", "description": "The Catholic League rebels against King Henry III of France, in revenge for his murder of Henry I, Duke of Guise. They proclaim the deposition of the King, and acclaim the imprisoned Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon as the rightful King of France, calling him Charles X.  The King makes peace with his old rival, Henry of Navarre, and together they besiege Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1589/11/01", "description": "San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome, is completed by Domenico Fontana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1589/11/01", "description": "Hiroshima, Japan is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1589/11/01", "description": "The monks of the Pechenga Monastery, the northernmost in the world, are massacred by the Swedes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1590/01/11", "description": " The Cortes of Castile approves a new subsidy, the quotmillonesquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1590/01/11", "description": "March ampampndash Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, takes Breda by concealing 68 of his best men in a peat-boat to get through the impregnable defences.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1590/03/14", "description": " Battle of Ivry: Henry IV of France again defeats the forces of the Catholic League under the Duc de Mayenne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1590/03/14", "description": "MayampampndashAugust ampampndash Henry IV of France unsuccessfully attempts to besiege Paris. Henry is forced to raise the siege when the Duke of Parma comes to its rescue with a Spanish army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1590/05/17", "description": " Anne of Denmark is crowned queen of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1590/05/21", "description": " The Treaty of Istanbul is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1590/08/18", "description": " John White, governor of the Colony of Roanoke, returns from a supply-trip to England and finds his settlement deserted. After the unsuccessful search, he returns to England on October 24.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1590/09/15", "description": " Urban VII succeeds Sixtus V as the 228th pope he dies of malaria twelve days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1590/09/15", "description": " The Neulengbach earthquake causes significant damage and some loss of life in Lower Austria and Vienna the effects are felt as far as Bohemia and Silesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1590/12/05", "description": " Gregory XIV succeeds Urban VII as the 229th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1590/12/07", "description": " Agnes Sampson is questioned by King James VI of Scotland and confesses to practising witchcraft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1590/12/07", "description": "Orthodox Patriarch Meletius I of Alexandria succeeds Silvester.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1590/12/07", "description": "Japan is united by Toyotomi Hideyoshi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1590/12/07", "description": "The Spanish are pushed out of southern Gelderland by the Dutch forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1590/12/07", "description": "A group of English merchants gains the right to trade in Ottoman territory in return for supplying the sultan with iron, steel, brass and tin for his war with Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1591/03/13", "description": " Battle of Tondibi: In Mali, Moroccan forces of the Saadi Dynasty led by Judar Pasha defeat the Songhai Empire, despite being outnumbered by at least five to one.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1591/04/10", "description": " English merchant James Lancaster sets off on a voyage to the East Indies.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=233\u2013238}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1591/05/15", "description": " In Russia, Tsarevich Dimitri, son of the Ivan the Terrible, is found dead in mysterious circumstances, at the palace in Uglich. The official explanation is that he has cut his own throat during an epileptic seizure. Many believe he has been murdered by his rival, Boris Godunov, who becomes tsar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1591/05/24", "description": " Sir John Norreys, with an expeditionary force sent by Queen Elizabeth I of England, takes the town of Guingamp after a brief siege, on behalf of Henry of Navarre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1591/05/24", "description": "June ampampndash Zutphen is captured by the Dutch under Maurice of Nassau.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1591/05/24", "description": "July ampampndash Deventer is captured by the Dutch under Maurice of Nassau.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1591/05/24", "description": "August ampampndash Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex leads an English army in support of the Protestant Henry IV of France at the Siege of Rouen.ampref name=ampquotCassell's Chronologyampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1591/05/24", "description": "AugustampampndashSeptember", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1591/05/24", "description": "Maurice maneuvers cautiously against the Duke of Parma near Arnhem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1591/05/24", "description": "During this year's Atlantic hurricane season, probably the most severe of the pre-1600 seasons, at least eight intense hurricanes occur.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1591/09/01", "description": " HMS ''Revenge'' captured by the Spanish following battle near the Azores.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1591/09/14", "description": " Hulst is captured by Maurice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1591/10/21", "description": " Nijmegen is captured by Maurice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1591/10/29", "description": " Pope Innocent IX succeeds Pope Gregory XIV as the 230th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1591/10/29", "description": "The city of Hyderabad is founded by Quli Quub Shah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1591/10/29", "description": "Moroccan invaders sack Timbuktu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1591/10/29", "description": "The Rialto Bridge in Venice, designed by Antonio da Ponte, is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1591/10/29", "description": "The Durtnell (Dartnell) family of Brasted, Kent, England, begin to work as building contractors. They will still be functioning under the twelfth generation of the family in the 21st century.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.durtnell.co.uk\/index.html|title=R.\">http:\/\/www.durtnell.co.uk\/index.html|title=R.<\/a> Durtnell ampamp Sons Ltd - the UK's oldest builder|publisher=Durtnell|accessdate=2010-11-05}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1592/01/30", "description": " Pope Clement VIII (born Ippolito Aldobrandini) succeeds Pope Innocent IX, who died one month earlier, as the 231st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1592/02/08", "description": " George Gordon, 1st Marquess of Huntly, sets fire to Donibristle Castle and murders James Stewart, 2nd Earl of Moray.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1592/03/14", "description": " The largest correspondence between calendar dates and significant digits of pi since the introduction of the julian calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1592/04/04", "description": " The future Henry IV of France, King designate of Henry III of France, announces in a declaration, so-called quotExpedient,quot his intention to follow instructions in and convert to the Catholic religion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1592/04/13", "description": " Seven-Year War: The Siege of Busan (an early action in the Japanese invasions of Korea) begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1592/04/24", "description": " Battle of Sangju: The Japanese are victorious over the Koreans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1592/04/28", "description": " Battle of Ch'ungju: Japan inflicts a decisive defeat on Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1592/05/07", "description": " The Battle of Okpo is another naval victory for Korea over Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1592/07/30", "description": " Alonso de Sotomayor petitions the viceroy of Peru for more troops to help resist attacks by Indians and English pirates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1592/08/09", "description": " English explorer John Davis, commander of the ''Desire'', probably discovers the Falkland Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1592/08/14", "description": " The Koreans are victorious over the Japanese in the naval Battle of Hansan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1592/08/15", "description": "or 19) ampndash The Portuguese galleon ''Madre de Deus'', laden with treasure, is captured by English privateers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1592/10/05", "description": " The Koreans are victorious over the Japanese in the naval Siege of Jinju.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1592/11/17", "description": " John III is succeeded by his son Sigismund as King of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1592/11/17", "description": "The ''Collegium Melitense'' is founded by Bishop Garagallo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1592/11/17", "description": "Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland's oldest university, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1592/11/17", "description": "William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, chief adviser of Queen Elizabeth I of England, is taken seriously ill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1592/11/17", "description": "Negotiations begin for the dissolution of the childless marriage of Henry IV of France and Marguerite de Valois.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1592/11/17", "description": "The Confucian shrine of Munmyo is destroyed by fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1593", "description": "January ampampndash Siege of Pyongyang (1593): A Japanese invasion is defeated in Pyongyang by a combined force of Korean and Ming troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1593/06/22", "description": " Battle of Sisak in Croatia: The Habsburgs defeat the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1593/07/29", "description": "The Long War breaks out in Hungary, between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1593/07/29", "description": "Mihai Viteazul becomes prince of Walachia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1593/07/29", "description": "Henry Constable's ''Spiritual Sonnetts'' are written.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1593/07/29", "description": "The book Controversiae written by Robert Bellarmine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1594/02/27", "description": " Henry IV is crowned King of France at Chartres.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1594/03/21", "description": " Henry IV enters his capital of Paris for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1594/04/16", "description": " Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby is found poisoned. At the time of his death, he was, after his mother, second in line to the throne of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1594/04/17", "description": " Saint Hyacinth is canonized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1594/04/17", "description": "May", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1594/04/17", "description": "The Banat Rebellion of Serbs against Ottoman rule ends with the public burning of Saint Sava's bones in Belgrade, Serbia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1594/04/17", "description": "Nine Years' War: In Ireland, Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone and Hugh Roe O'Donnell form an alliance to try to overthrow English domination.ampref name=ampquotCassell's Chronologyampquotamp{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld ampamp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=233\u2013238}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1594/06/11", "description": " Philip II of Spain recognizes the rights and privileges of the local nobles and chieftains in the Philippines, which paves the way for the stabilization of the rule of the Principal\u00eda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1594/06/24", "description": "July 1 ampndash Action of San Mateo Bay: English privateer Richard Hawkins in the ''Dainty'' is attacked and captured by a Spanish squadron off Esmeraldas, Ecuador.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1594/07/22", "description": " After a 2-month siege, the city of Groningen submits to Dutch troops, bringing the whole northern Netherlands under the Republic", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1594/07/22", "description": "First voyage  of Willem Barents in the  Arctic Ocean in search of the North-east passage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1594/07/22", "description": "St. Paul's College, Macao is founded in Macau by Jesuits, being the first western style university in the far east.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1594/07/22", "description": "In Amsterdam, the Compagnie van Verre is created, with the goal of breaking the Portuguese monopoly on spice trade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1594/07/22", "description": "Tulip bulbs planted by Carolus Clusius in the Hortus Botanicus Leiden, Holland, first flower.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1595", "description": "January ampampndash Mehmed III succeeds Murad III as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1595/05/18", "description": " The Treaty of Tyavzino brings to an end the Russo-Swedish War (1590\u20131595).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1595/05/24", "description": " The ''Nomenclator'' of Leiden University Library appears, the first printed catalog of an institutional library.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1595/06/09", "description": " Battle of Fontaine-Fran\u00e7aise:  Henry IV of France defeats the Spanish, but is nearly killed due to his rashness.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1595/07/21", "description": " A Spanish expedition led by navigator and explorer \u00c1lvaro de Menda\u00f1a de Neira makes the first European landing in Polynesia, on the Marquesas Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1595/08/13", "description": " Battle of Calugareni: The Wallachians, led by Michael the Brave, accomplish a great victory against the vast army of the Turks, numbering over 150,000 men, led by Sinan Pasha. Wallachian tactical victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1595/10/26", "description": " Battle of Giurgiu: Michael the Brave again defeats the Turkish army led by Sinan Pasha, pushing them on the right side of the Danube.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1595/12/09", "description": " Probable first performance of William Shakespeare's ''Richard II''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1595/12/14", "description": " Sultan Murad, 4th son of Emperor Akbar of the Mughal Empire invades Ahmednagar Sultanate which is bravely defended by Chand Bibi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1595/12/14", "description": "Probable first performance of William Shakespeare's plays ''Romeo and Juliet'' and ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' in London.ampref name=CBHamp{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=163\u2013165|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1595/12/14", "description": "The Austrians incite a rebellion against the Ottomans in Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1596/02/14", "description": " Archbishop John Whitgift begins building his hospital at Croydon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1596/04/09", "description": " Siege of Calais : Spanish troops capture Calais.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1596/05/18", "description": " Willem Barents leaves Vlie on his third and final Arctic voyage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1596/05/18", "description": "June ampampndash Sir John Norreys and Sir Geoffrey Fenton travel to Connaught to parley with the local Irish lords.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1596/06/10", "description": " Barents and Jacob van Heemskerk discover Bear Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1596/06/17", "description": " Barents discovers Spitsbergen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1596/06/24", "description": " Cornelis de Houtman arrives in Banten, the first Dutch sailor to reach Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1596/07/05", "description": " An English fleet, commanded by Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and Lord Howard of Effingham, sacks C\u00e1diz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1596/07/14", "description": " King Dominicus Corea (Edirille Bandara) is beheaded by the Portuguese in Colombo, Ceylon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1596/09/17", "description": " The Spanish capture Amiens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1596/09/20", "description": " Diego de Montemayor founds the city of Monterrey, Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1596/10/08", "description": "October 10 ampndash The Union of Brest: The Ukrainian Church west of the Dnipro becomes known as the Ukrainian rite of Catholicism, whereas the East officially renounces the authority of the Pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1596/10/24", "description": "October 26 ampndash Battle of Keresztes: The Turks defeat a combined Habsburg\u2013Transylvanian army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1596/10/24", "description": "Elizabeth I of England decrees that all Africans should be removed from the British realm in reaction to the food crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1596/10/24", "description": "The first water closet, by Sir John Harington, is installed in a manor near Kelston in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1596/10/24", "description": "King Sigismund III Vasa moves the capital of Poland from Krak\u00f3w to Warsaw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1596/10/24", "description": "Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1596/10/24", "description": "The Black Death hits parts of Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1596/10/24", "description": "The 4th of a 5 year run of poor harvests, largely caused by the weather, a pattern typical of the last third of the century. This causes famine throughout Europe, which leads to food riots in Britain.ampamp{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/01/24", "description": " Battle of Turnhout: Maurice of Nassau defeats a Spanish force under Jean de Rie of Varas in the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/02/05", "description": " In Nagasaki, Japan, 26 people are martyred. They practiced Catholicism and were taken captive after all forms of Christianity were outlawed the previous year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/02/08", "description": " Sir Anthony Shirley, England's quotbest-educated piratequot, raids Jamaica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/03/11", "description": " Amiens is taken by Spanish forces, but retaken by France on September 25.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/03/18", "description": " Tycho Brahe's stipend is stopped.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/03/29", "description": " Tycho Brahe leaves Ven and moves to Copenhagen (Farverg\u00e5rden).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/04/04", "description": " Christian Friis and Axel Brahe go to Ven to check complaints, and a commission is established to investigate Tycho Brahe's leadership.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/04/22", "description": " The vicar on Ven is dismissed: he had followed Tycho's orders not to perform an exorcism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/04/23", "description": " Probable first performance of William Shakespeare's ''The Merry Wives of Windsor''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/04/27", "description": " Johannes Kepler marries Barbara Muhleck.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/04/27", "description": "June ampampndash Tycho Brahe is not allowed to make observations from The Watermill Tower, and he is not allowed to perform chemical experiments at his house in Farvergade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/06/01", "description": " Tycho writes a recommendation supporting Longomontanus, who is planning to study in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/06/02", "description": " Tycho leaves Copenhagen and goes to Rostock.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/06/10", "description": " Tycho is removed from his job working at Epiphany Chapel in Roskilde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/06/24", "description": " The first Dutch voyage to the East Indies reaches Bantam (on Java).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/06/24", "description": "July ampampndash ''The Isle of Dogs'' (a play now lost) is written by Thomas Nashe and Ben Jonson, and performed at the Swan Theatre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/07/10", "description": " Tycho Brahe's famous letter to the king Christian IV is sent from Rostock.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/07/14", "description": " Scottish poet Alexander Montgomerie is declared an outlaw after the collapse of a Catholic plot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/08/13", "description": " Beginning of the Siege of Namwon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/08/17", "description": " Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, and Sir Walter Raleigh set sail on an expedition to the Azores.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/08/24", "description": " Christian IV of Denmark refuses to let Tycho Brahe return to Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/08/28", "description": " Battle of Chilcheollyang: The Japanese fleet defeats the Koreans.  It is the only Japanese naval victory in the Imjin War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/08/28", "description": "September ampampndash Tycho Brahe leaves Rostock, where plague is spreading, and travels to Wandsb\u00e6k.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/08/28", "description": "October ampampndash John Gerard, a Jesuit priest, escapes from the Tower of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/10/20", "description": " Tycho starts new observations in Wandsb\u00e6k, where he writes his famous elegy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/10/26", "description": " Battle of Myeongnyang: The Koreans, commanded by Yi Sunsin, are victorious over the Japanese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/12/15", "description": " Johannes Kepler writes a letter to Tycho about his book, ''Mysterium Cosmographicum''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/12/31", "description": " Tycho writes his preface to the Emperor Rudolf II in his book, ''Mecanica''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/12/31", "description": "Jacopo Peri writes ''Dafne'', now recognised as the first opera.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/12/31", "description": "Bali is discovered by the Dutch explorer Cornelis Houtman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/12/31", "description": "Abbas I ends the Uzbek raids on his lands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/12/31", "description": "Yaqob succeeds his father Sarsa Dengel as Emperor of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/12/31", "description": "The first edition of Francis Bacon's ''Essays'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/12/31", "description": "12 million pesos of silver cross the Pacific. Although it is unknown just how much silver flowed from the Spanish base of Manila in the Philippines to the Ming Dynasty of China, it is known that the main port for the Mexican silver trade\u2014Acapulco\u2014shipped out 150,000 to 345,000ampampnbspkg (4 to 9 million taels) of silver annually from this year to 1602.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1597/12/31", "description": "A Dutch Expedition commanded by Frederick de Houtman returns to Amsterdam after having successfully reached the Spice Islands. This achievement opens the Spice trade, which had until then been monopolised by the Portuguese, to the Dutch, who in the next years launch several more expeditions to the Indies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1598/01/07", "description": " Boris Godunov seizes the throne of Russia, following the death of his brother-in-law, Tsar Feodor I the Time of Troubles starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1598/04/13", "description": " Edict of Nantes: Henry IV of France grants French Huguenots equal rights with  Catholics this is considered the end of the French Wars of Religion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1598/04/30", "description": " Spanish conquistador Don Juan de O\u00f1ate holds America's first Thanksgiving celebration", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1598/04/30", "description": "May ampampndash Tycho Brahe's star catalogue ''<a href=\"http:\/\/www.theeuropeanlibrary.org\/portal\/libraries\/Libraries.php?launch=1ampamplanguage=enampamppage=Treasuresampampcountry=Denmark\">http:\/\/www.theeuropeanlibrary.org\/portal\/libraries\/Libraries.php?launch=1ampamplanguage=enampamppage=Treasuresampampcountry=Denmark<\/a> Astronomi\u00e6 instaurat\u00e6 mechanica'', listing the positions of 1,004 stars, is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1598/05/02", "description": " The Peace of Vervins ends the war between France and Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1598/05/02", "description": "August ampampndash Battle of the Yellow Ford: The Irish rebellion against English rule gains a victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1598/09/13", "description": " Philip III of Spain starts to rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1598/09/25", "description": " Battle of St\u00e5ngebro:  The Catholic King Sigismund of Sweden and Poland is defeated in his attempt to resume control of Sweden by the Protestant forces of his uncle, Charles Albert. Sigismund is deposed shortly thereafter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1598/09/25", "description": "Autumn ampampndash Second Dutch Expedition to Indonesia: After being separated from the main Dutch fleet of Admiral Wybrand Van Warwyck, three ships under Jacob Cornelisz. van Neck land on the island which they name Mauritius, after Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, and sight the Dodo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1598/11/19", "description": "lunar calendar) ampndash Battle of Noryang Point: The China and Korean Allied Forces defeat the Japanese navy, ending the Seven-Year War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1598/12/16", "description": " Battle of Noryang Point: The China and Korean Allied Forces are victorious over Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1598/12/21", "description": " Battle of Curalaba: The revolting Mapuche, led by cacique Pelentaru, inflict a major defeat on Spaniards troops in southern Chile all Spanish cities south of the Biobio river are eventually taken by the Mapuches, and all conquest of Mapuche territories by Europeans practically ceases, until the 1870s quotPacification of Araucaniaquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1598/12/21", "description": "Philosopher Tommaso Campanella organizes an uprising in Calabria against the rule  of the  Spanish viceroy he is captured, tortured and sentenced to 27 years in jail.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1598/12/21", "description": "The Parliament of England passes an act that allows transportation of convicts to colonies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1598/12/21", "description": "Illustrations of Ottoman Turkish and European riflemen, with detailed illustrations of their firearms, appear in Zhao Shizhen's book ''Shenqipu'' in this year, during the Ming Dynasty of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1599/01/08", "description": " The Jesuit educational plan known as the ''Ratio Studiorum'' is issued.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1599/03/12", "description": " Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by Queen Elizabeth I of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1599/04/23", "description": " The Earl of Essex arrives in Dublin at the head of 16,000 troops, the largest army ever seen in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1599/05/29", "description": " Essex takes Cahir Castle, supposedly the strongest in Ireland, after a short siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1599/06/20", "description": " The Synod of Diamper is convened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1599/07/24", "description": " The Swedish King Sigismund III Vasa is dethroned by his uncle Duke Charles, who takes over as regent of the realm until 1604, when he becomes King Charles IX.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1599/08/15", "description": " First Battle of Curlew Pass: Irish forces defeat the English.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1599/09/21", "description": " The first performance of Shakespeare's ''Julius Caesar'' at the Globe Theatre in London, is reported by Swiss traveller Thomas Platter the Younger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1599/09/28", "description": " The Earl of Essex arrives back in England, disobeying the Queen's strict orders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1599/09/28", "description": "November ampampndash A Persian embassy arrives in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1599/09/28", "description": "The first Capuchin friar is entombed in the Capuchin catacombs of Palermo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1599/09/28", "description": "A Dutch fleet returns to Amsterdam, carrying 600,000 pounds of pepper and 250,000 pounds of cloves and nutmeg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1600/01/01", "description": " Scotland adopts January 1 as New Year's Day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1600/01/01", "description": "January ampampndash Sebald de Weert makes the first definite sighting of the Falkland Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1600/02/17", "description": " Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake for heresy in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1600/02/19", "description": " Huaynaputina volcano in Peru undergoes a catastrophic eruption, the worst to be recorded in South America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1600/05/06", "description": " Prince Sigismund B\u00e1thory of Transylvania loses the city of Suceava to the Voivode Michael the Brave of Wallachia, during the internecine conflict in Hungary and the Danubian Principalities. For the first time, Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wallachia became one country (known today as Romania). However, the union ends one year later when Michael the Brave is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1600/07/02", "description": " Battle of Nieuwpoort in the Eighty Years' War (Dutch War of Independence) between the Dutch and the Spanish", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1600/10/17", "description": " Battle of Sekigahara in Japan, granting Tokugawa Ieyasu nominal control over the whole country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1600/12/31", "description": " East India Company granted a Royal Charter in Kingdom of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1600/12/31", "description": "Sumo wrestling becomes a professional sport in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1600/12/31", "description": "William Shakespeare's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' is first performed and his play ''The Merchant of Venice'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1600/12/31", "description": "William Gilbert publishes ''De Magnete'', which describes the Earth's magnetic field and is the beginning of modern Geomagnetism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1600/12/31", "description": "Fabritio Caroso's ''Nobilt\u00e0 de dame'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1600/12/31", "description": "Ulster chieftains, with the lead of Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, resist the English reconquest of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1600/12/31", "description": "A Persian embassy arrives in Prague and meets with Rudolf II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1600/12/31", "description": "Martin M\u00f6ller is appointed chief pastor of G\u00f6rlitz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1600/12/31", "description": "The Lutheran orthodox campaign intensifies to reinforce the Book of Concord (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1601/01/01", "description": " The first day of the 17th century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1601/01/17", "description": " France gains Bresse, Bugey and Gex from Savoy, ceding Saluzzo in exchange.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1601/02/08", "description": " Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, longtime favorite of Queen Elizabeth I of England, rebels against the queen his revolt is quickly crushed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1601/02/25", "description": " Robert Devereux is beheaded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1601/02/25", "description": "Spring ampampndash Possible first performance of William Shakespeare's tragedy ''Hamlet''.ampref name=CBHamp{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=166\u2013168|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}ampampampamp{{cite book|editor=Edwards, Phillip|year=1985|title=Hamlet, Prince of Denmark|series=New Cambridge Shakespeare|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-29366-9|page=8|quote=Any dating of Hamlet must be tentative.}} Scholars date its writing as between 1599 and 1601.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1601/12/24", "description": "Julian Calendar January 3, 1602 according to the Gregorian Calendar used by the Irish and Spanish forces in the battle) ampndash The Battle of Kinsale ends the siege of Kinsale, Ireland (begun in autumn 1601).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1601/12/24", "description": "Dutch troops drive the Portuguese from M\u00e1laga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1601/12/24", "description": "The Jesuit Matteo Ricci becomes the first European to enter the Forbidden City in Beijing, China, during the Ming Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1601/12/24", "description": "A bad harvest occurs in the Tsardom of Russia, due to a rainy summer, causing the Russian famine of 1601\u20131603.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1601/12/24", "description": "A famine (ending in 1603) kills about half the Estonian population.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1601/12/24", "description": "By 1601 - Martin M\u00f6ller is accused of Crypto-Calvinism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1602/01/03", "description": " Battle of Kinsale: The battle happened on Thursday, 3 January 1602 according to the Gregorian Calendar used by the Irish and Spanish forces in the battle, although, for the English who were still using the old Julian Calendar, the date of the battle was Thursday, 24 December 1601.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1602/02/02", "description": "Candlemas night) ampndash First known production of William Shakespeare's comedy ''Twelfth Night'', in London.{{cite book|last=Shakespeare|first=William|editor=Smith, Bruce R.|title=Twelfth Night: Texts and Contexts|page=2|location=Boston, Mass|publisher=Bedford\/St Martin's|year=2001|isbn=0-312-20219-9}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1602/03/20", "description": " The United East India Company is established by the United Provinces States-General in Amsterdam, with the stated intention of capturing the spice trade from the Portuguese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1602/05/15", "description": " Bartolomew Gosnold becomes the first European at Cape Cod.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1602/05/15", "description": "June ampampndash James Lancaster's East India Company fleet arrives at Achin (now Aceh), Sumatra to deal with the local ruler. Having defeated Portugal's ally, the ruler is happy to do business, and Lancaster seizes a large Portuguese galleon and loots it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1602/11/08", "description": " The Bodleian Library at Oxford University is opened to the public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1602/12/11", "description": " A surprise attack by forces under the command of the Duke of Savoy and his brother-in-law, Philip III of Spain, is repelled by the citizens of Geneva (This actually took place after midnight, in the early morning of December 12, but commemorations\/celebrations on F\u00eate de l'Escalade are usually held on December 11 or the closest weekend).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1602/12/11", "description": "Russian famine of 1601\u20131603.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Ongoing events", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1602/12/11", "description": "Portuguese expelled from Bahrain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1602/12/11", "description": "Ben Jonson writes ''The Poetaster''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1602/12/11", "description": "William Shakespeare's ''The Merry Wives of Windsor'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1602/12/11", "description": "Persia and Spain conclude a defensive alliance and declare war on the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1602/12/11", "description": "A private trading company is established in Copenhagen, with a monopoly on the trade with Iceland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1602/12/11", "description": "The iconoclast and Confucian scholar Li Zhi commits suicide while in a Chinese prison during the late Ming Dynasty he had taught that women were the intellectual equals of men and should be given equal opportunity in education he was charged with spreading ampquotdangerous ideasampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1602/12/11", "description": "Copies are printed of the geographical map of East Asia created by Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit stationed in Ming Dynasty Beijing, China, with Chinese-written labeling and map symbols.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1602/12/11", "description": "Publication of the play ''A Larum for London, or the Siedge of Antwerp'' in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1603/02/25", "description": " The Portuguese ship ''Santa Catarina'' is seized by Dutch East India Company ships off Singapore. The first permanent Dutch trading post in Indonesia is established in Banten.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1603/02/25", "description": "March ampampndash French explorer Samuel Champlain sails to Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1603/03/24", "description": " Queen Elizabeth I of England dies at Richmond Palace and is succeeded by her cousin's grandson, King James VI of Scotland, uniting the crowns of Scotland and England.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1603/03/24", "description": " Tokugawa Ieyasu is granted the title of shogun from Emperor Go-Yozei, and establishes the Tokugawa Shogunate in Edo, Japan. Start of the 265-year-long Edo period.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1603/03/31", "description": " The Nine Years War (Ireland) is ended by the submission of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, to the English Crown and the signing of the Treaty of Mellifont.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1603/04/28", "description": " The funeral of Elizabeth I of England is held in Westminster Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1603/07/17", "description": "r July 19 ampndash Sir Walter Ralegh is arrested for treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1603/07/25", "description": " James I is crowned as King of England in Westminster Abbey.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1603/09/20", "description": " Samuel Champlain arrives back in France.''Des Sauvages: ou voyage de Samuel Champlain, de Brouages, faite en la France nouvelle l'an 1603''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1603/09/20", "description": "October ampampndash Sangley Rebellion takes place, ending in the massacre of 20,000 Sangley Chinese in Manila.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/homepage.ntu.edu.tw\/~borao\/2Profesores\/massacre.pdfampamp\">http:\/\/homepage.ntu.edu.tw\/~borao\/2Profesores\/massacre.pdfampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1603/11/17", "description": " Sir Walter Ralegh goes on trial for treason in the converted Great Hall of Winchester Castle.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1603/12/22", "description": " Ottoman Dynasty: Sultan Mehmed III of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his son Ahmed I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1603/12/22", "description": "Russian famine of 1601\u20131603.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Ongoing events", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1603/12/22", "description": "A rebellion breaks out in Transylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1603/12/22", "description": "French Huguenot Pierre de Gua is granted royal permission to settle in North America, founding the colony of Acadia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1603/12/22", "description": "Yaqob is deposed as Emperor of Ethiopia by Za Sellase, who appoints his cousin Za Dengel to replace him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1603/12/22", "description": "Johann Bayer publishes the star atlas ''Uranometria'', the first to cover the entire celestial sphere.ampamp{{cite book|first=Isaac|last=Asimov|authorlink=Isaac Asimov|title=Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology|edition=2nd}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1603/12/22", "description": "The Accademia dei Lincei, the oldest scientific academy in the world, is founded in Rome by Federico Cesi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1603/12/22", "description": "The earliest of eight companies that would eventually merge to form the Kikkoman Corporation, the ubiquitous producers of soy sauce, is founded in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1604/01/14", "description": " The Hampton Court conference is held between James I of England, the Anglican bishops and representatives of the Puritans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1604/09/20", "description": " Ostend is captured by Spanish forces under Ambrogio Spinola after a 3-year siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1604/10/09", "description": " Supernova 1604 is observed (as of this writing, the last supernova to be observed in the Milky Way).<a href=\"http:\/\/seds.org\/~spider\/spider\/Vars\/sn1604.htmlhttp:\/\/www.nasaimages.org\/luna\/servlet\/detail\/nasaNAS~4~4~12406~114566:Three-Great-Eyes-on-Kepler-s-Supern\">http:\/\/seds.org\/~spider\/spider\/Vars\/sn1604.htmlhttp:\/\/www.nasaimages.org\/luna\/servlet\/detail\/nasaNAS~4~4~12406~114566:Three-Great-Eyes-on-Kepler-s-Supern<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1604/11/01", "description": " At Whitehall Palace in London, the William Shakespeare tragedy ''Othello'' is presented for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1604/11/01", "description": "The Sikh Holy Scripture ''Guru Granth Sahib'' is compiled and edited by Guru Arjan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1604/11/01", "description": "France begins settling Acadia, first successful French North American colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1604/11/01", "description": "France begins settling French Guiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1604/11/01", "description": "England concludes the Treaty of London with Spain, ending its involvement in the Eighty Years' War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1604/11/01", "description": "Za Dengel is deposed as Emperor of Ethiopia by Za Sellase, who restores his cousin Yaqob.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1604/11/01", "description": "The ''Table Alphabeticall'', the first known English dictionary to be organized by alphabetical ordering, is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1604/11/01", "description": "Before 1 October, Huntingdon Beaumont completes the Wollaton Wagonway, built to transport coal from the mines at Strelley to Wollaton just west of Nottingham, England. This is currently the world's oldest wagonway with provenance. The exact date is unknown, but a surviving account book for the year ended 30 September 1604 proves it was built within the preceding 12 months.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1604/11/01", "description": "The A-text of Christopher Marlowe's ''The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus'' is officially published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1604/11/01", "description": "Lancelot de Casteau's ''L'Ouverture de cuisine'' published in Li\u00e8ge, including the first printed recipe for choux pastry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/04/01", "description": " Pope Leo XI succeeds Pope Clement VIII as the 232nd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/04/13", "description": " Tsar Boris Godunov dies Feodor II accedes to the Russian throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/04/16", "description": " In England, John Winthrop, later governor of the future Massachusetts Bay Colony, marries his first wife (of 4), Mary Forth, daughter of John Forth, of Great Stambridge, Essex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/05/16", "description": " Pope Paul V succeeds Pope Leo XI as the 233rd pope, making 1605 the last Year of Three Popes until 1978.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/06/01", "description": " Russian troops in Moscow imprison Feodor II and his mother, later executing them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/06/20", "description": " Pretender Dmitri and his supporters march to Moscow he is crowned the next month.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/07/21", "description": " Pretender Dmitri is officially crowned Tsar Dmitri II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/09/27", "description": " Battle of Kircholm: Swedish armies are defeated by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/09/27", "description": "October ampampndash In Strassburg, the world's first newspaper is published by Johann Carolus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/10/27", "description": " Spanish troops of General Spinola occupy Wachtendonk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/11/03", "description": " Jahangir begins his 22-year reign of the Mughal Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/11/05", "description": " Gunpowder Plot: A plot by to blow up the English Houses of Parliament is foiled when Sir Thomas Knyvet, a justice of the peace, finds Guy Fawkes in a cellar below the Parliament building and orders a search of the area (records show 36 barrels of gunpowder were found, and Fawkes was arrested for trying to kill King James I of England and the members who were scheduled to sit together in Parliament the next day).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/11/05", "description": "Francis Bacon publicizes ''Of the Proficience and Advancement of Learning, Divine and Humane''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/11/05", "description": "The first half of Miguel de Cervantes's landmark novel ''Don Quixote'' (''ampquotEl ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Manchaampquot'' or ampquotThe Ingenious Hidalgo Don Quixote of La Manchaampquot) ampampmdash one of the earliest novels in the western literary tradition, is published and becomes Cervantes's first literary success.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/11/05", "description": "Polish troops occupy Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/11/05", "description": "Nova Scotia, Canada adopts Gregorian calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/11/05", "description": "Tokugawa Ieyasu abdicates as shogun of Japan, becoming Ogosho. His son Tokugawa Hidetada succeeds him to the office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/11/05", "description": "Crew of the ''Olive'' become the first British visitors to Barbados.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/11/05", "description": "French Huguenot refugees settle in Dublin and Waterford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/11/05", "description": "The Priory of St. Gregory's is founded at Douai, Flanders, at this time in the Spanish Netherlands, by its first prior, Saint John Roberts, and other exiles, thus becoming the first English Benedictine house to renew conventual life after the Reformation. More than two centuries later the community will establish Downside Abbey back in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/11/05", "description": "''De Nieuwe Tijdinghen'', a Dutch proto-newspaper, is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1605/11/05", "description": "Central Mexico's Amerindian population reaches one million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1606/01/27", "description": " Gunpowder Plot: The trial of Guy Fawkes and other conspirators for plotting against Parliament and James I of England begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1606/01/31", "description": " Guy Fawkes is executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1606/02/26", "description": " Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon makes the first confirmed sighting of Australia by a European.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1606/03/19", "description": " Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, in the Fortezza Vecchia Chapel of Saint Francesco, elevates Livorno to the rank of city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1606/04/10", "description": " The First Charter of Virginia is adopted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1606/04/12", "description": " The Union Flag is adopted as the national flag of Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1606/05/17", "description": " Supporters of Vasili Shuisky invade the Kremlin and kill Premier Dimitri II of Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1606/05/17", "description": "August (''approx.'') ampampndash Possible first performance of William Shakespeare's tragedy ''Macbeth'' in London.ampref name=ampquotShak.Encyc.ampquotampScholars date completion as between 1603 and 1606. {{cite book|first=Charles|last=Boyce|title=Encyclopaedia of Shakespeare|location=New York|publisher=Roundtable Press|year=1990}}ampampampref name=CBHamp{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=166\u2013168|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1606/08/14", "description": " A Dutch fleet is defeated by the Portuguese in the Battle of Cape Rachado.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1606/11/11", "description": " Peace of Zsitvatorok between the Ottoman and Holy Roman Empires. The independence of Transylvania is recognized by both sides and Austria's annual tribute to the Ottomans is abolished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1606/12/26", "description": "St. Stephen's night) ampndash First recorded performance of Shakespeare's tragedy ''King Lear'', before King James I of England in the banqueting hall of Whitehall Palace.ref name=quotShak.Encyc.quot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1606/12/26", "description": "A storm buries the village of St Ismail near modern-day Kidwelly, Carmarthenshire, Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1606/12/26", "description": "The Jesuit Joannis Stribingius visits Latvia, and describes Latvian mythology.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1606/12/26", "description": "The Evangelic Lyceum (Evanjelick\u00e9 l\u00fdceum), a Lutheran high school is founded in Bratislava.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1606/12/26", "description": "The cryptographic text ''Steganographia'', written by Johannes Trithemius c.1499, is published in Frankfurt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1606/12/26", "description": "Gregor Richter has succeeded Martin M\u00f6ller as the chief pastor of G\u00f6rlitz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/01/13", "description": " The Bank of Genoa fails after the announcement of national bankruptcy in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/01/19", "description": " San Agustin Church in Manila is officially completed it is currently the oldest church in the Philippines", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/01/20", "description": " A massive wave sweeps along the Bristol Channel, possibly a tsunami, killing 2,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/03/10", "description": " Susenyos defeats the combined armies of Yaqob and Abuna Petros II at the Battle of Gol in Gojjam, which makes him Emperor of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/04/25", "description": " Battle of Gibraltar: A Dutch fleet destroys a Spanish fleet anchored in the Bay of Gibraltar (Battle of Gibraltar).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/04/26", "description": " English colonists make landfall at Cape Henry, Virginia, later moving up the James River to found Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in what is now the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/05/14", "description": " Jamestown, is settled as what would become the first permanent English colony in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/05/15", "description": " Jamestown: Christopher Newport, George Percy, Gabriel Archer, and others travel 6 days exploring along the James River up to the falls and Powhatan's village.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/05/15", "description": "Jamestown: The president directs the fort to be strengthened and armed against the many attacks of the natives:  ampquotHereupon the President was contented the Fort should be pallisadoed, the ordinance mounted, his men armed and exercised, for many were the assaults and Ambuscadoes of the Savages ...ampquot John Smith, Proceedings (Barbour 1964)", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/05/15", "description": "200 armed Indians attack the Jamestown settlement, killing 2 and wounding 10.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/05/28", "description": " Jamestown: The Fort is pallisadoed: quotwe laboured, pallozadoing our fortquot Gabriel Archer (Arber).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/06/05", "description": " John Hall marries Susanna, daughter of William Shakespeare.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/06/08", "description": " Newton rebellion: The Tresham landowners family kills 40\u201350 peasants during protests against the enclosure of common land in Newton, Northamptonshire, UK, at the culmination of the Midland Revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/06/10", "description": " Jamestown: Captain John Smith is released from arrest and sworn in as a member of the colony Council.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/06/15", "description": " Jamestown: The triangular fort is completed and armed: quotThe fifteenth of June we had built and finished our Fort, which was triangle wise, having three Bulwarkes, at every corner, like a halfe Moone, and foure or five pieces of Artillerie mounted in them. We had made our selves sufficiently strong for these Savages. We had also sowne most of our Corne on two Mountaines.quot George Percy (Tyler 1952:19)", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/06/22", "description": " Christopher Newport sails back to England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/06/27", "description": " Jamestown: The colony bears extreme toil in strengthening the fort from John Smith, ''Proceedings'' (Barbour 1964:210).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/08/13", "description": " The ship ''Gift of God'' of the Plymouth Company arrives at the mouth of the modern-day Kennebec River in Maine. English colonists establish a ''Fort St. George'', also known as the Popham Colony. The settlement lasts little more than a year, before residents return to England in the first ocean going ship built in the New World, a 30-ton pinnace called ''The Virginia''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/09/05", "description": " ''Hamlet'' is performed aboard the East India Company ship ''Red Dragon'', under the command of Capt. William Keeling, anchored off the coast of Sierra Leone, the first known performance of a Shakespeare play outside England, and the first by amateurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/09/10", "description": " Jamestown President Edward Maria Wingfield is deposed and John Ratcliffe elected.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/09/14", "description": " Flight of the Earls: Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, and Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell, flee Ireland for Spain with ninety followers to avoid capture by the English crown, never to return.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/09/14", "description": "December (early) ampampndash Captain John Smith of the Jamestown Colony is captured by Opechancanough and then sent to Chief Powhatan for execution Pocahontas rescues him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/09/14", "description": "Spain is effectively bankrupt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/09/14", "description": "The rule of Andorra passes jointly to the king of France and the Bishop of Urgell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/09/14", "description": "Yaqob is defeated in battle and deposed by his cousin Susenyos, who then becomes Emperor of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/09/14", "description": "In the Midland Revolt against Enclosures in England, the term Levellers is first used.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1607/09/14", "description": "Missionary Juan Fonte establishes the first Jesuit mission among the Tarahumara, in the Sierra Madre Mountains of Northwest Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608", "description": "January", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608", "description": "At Jamestown, Virginia, Christopher Newport returns in a ship with the First Supply and about 100 new settlers he finds only 38 survivors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608", "description": "Powhatan releases Captain John Smith.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608/01/07", "description": " Fire destroys quotall the houses in the fortquot at Jamestown the fort is repaired in March.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608/01/07", "description": "January 8 ampampndash Ensign Thomas Savage arrivies in Jamestown with the First Supply under Christopher Newport.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608/01/17", "description": " Emperor Susenyos of Ethiopia defeats an Oromo army at Ebenat 12,000 Oromo are reportedly killed at a cost of 400 Amhara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608/03/18", "description": " Susenyos is formally crowned Emperor of Ethiopia at the ancient city of Axum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608/04/10", "description": " Jamestown, Virginia: Christopher Newport again sails for England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608/05/14", "description": " The Protestant Union is founded in Auhausen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608/07/03", "description": " Quebec City is founded by Samuel de Champlain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608/07/03", "description": "July ampampndash The English ship ''Mary and Margaret'', captained by Christopher Newport, leaves England bound for Jamestown, Virginia.ampampampquotFirst Germans at Jamestown 1ampquot (history), Davitt Publications, 2000, webpage: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.germanheritage.com\/Publications\/Jamestown\/first.html\">http:\/\/www.germanheritage.com\/Publications\/Jamestown\/first.html<\/a> GHfirst.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608/08/24", "description": " The first official English representative to India lands at Surat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608/09/10", "description": " John Smith is elected council president of Jamestown, and begins expanding the fort.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608/09/21", "description": " The University of Oviedo, Spain is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608/10/01", "description": " At Jamestown, a second supply ship, the ''Mary and Margaret'', arrives with Christopher Newport, including 70 settlers, bringing the population back up to 120 the passengers include 8 glassmen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608/10/02", "description": " Dutch lens maker Hans Lippershey demonstrates the first telescope in the Dutch parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608/10/02", "description": "December ampampndash Jamestown: Christopher Newport returns to England carrying cargo with ampquottryals of Pitch, Tarre, Glasse, Frankincense, Sope Ashes ...ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608/10/02", "description": "The first cheques are used in the Netherlands", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608/10/02", "description": "Old Bushmills Distillery is founded in Bushmills, County Antrim, Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608/10/02", "description": "Uniform Land-Tax Law is imposed in Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1608/10/02", "description": "Five Royal Schools in Ulster are given Royal Charter by King James I", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/01/15", "description": " One of the world's first newspapers, ''Avisa Relation oder Zeitung'', is published in Augsburg, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/01/31", "description": " Bank of Amsterdam is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/02/04", "description": " The last day of Keich\u014d \u6176\u9577 13 (according to the Japanese lunar calendar).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/03/12", "description": " Bermuda becomes an English colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/03/12", "description": "March ampampndash Twelve Years' Truce: The Netherlands and Spain agree to a 12-year ceasefire (1609\u20131621) in the Eighty Years' War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/04/04", "description": " Felipe III (Philip III), King of Spain, signs an edict to expel of all moriscos from Spain (see September 11).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/04/09", "description": " Spain recognizes Dutch independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/05/23", "description": " The Second Charter of Virginia is officially ratified, which is intended to replace the council with a Governor who has absolute control in the colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/07/06", "description": " Bohemia is granted freedom of religion (''Letter of Majesty'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/07/23", "description": " Jamestown: A hurricane at sea separates the 9 ships (600 more settlers) en route, one ship sinks, and the ship ''Sea Venture'' is driven ashore at Bermuda on July 25.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/07/28", "description": " Bermuda is first settled by survivors of the English ''Sea Venture'', en route to Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/07/30", "description": " At what is now Crown Point, New York, Samuel de Champlain participates in a battle between the Huron and Iroquois, shooting and killing two Iroquois chiefs this helps set the tone for French\u2013Iroquois relations for the next 100 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/08/25", "description": " Galileo Galilei demonstrates his first telescope to Venetian lawmakers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/08/28", "description": " Henry Hudson is the first European to see Delaware Bay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/08/28", "description": "August ampampndash Jamestown: Seven ships arrive at the colony, with 200\u2013300 men, women, and children, reporting that the ''Sea Venture'' wrecked near Bermuda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/09/02", "description": " Henry Hudson enters New York Bay aboard the ''Halve Maen''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/09/10", "description": " Jamestown: Capt. George Percy replaces Captain John Smith as president of the Council, and Smith returns to England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/09/11", "description": " Valencia expels all the Moriscos (see April 4).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/09/12", "description": " Henry Hudson discovers the Hudson River aboard the ''Halve Maen''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/10/12", "description": "  quotThree Blind Micequot is published by London teenage songwriter Thomas Ravenscroft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/10/12", "description": "The greatest witch-hunt in history, the Basque witch trials, is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/10/12", "description": "Samuel de Champlain claims the Lake Champlain area of Vermont for France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/10/12", "description": "The Dutch East India Company imports tea to Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/10/12", "description": "The Japanese Shimazu clan invades the Ryukyu Islands, making the Ryukyu Kingdom a vassal of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/10/12", "description": "Warsaw becomes the capital of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/10/12", "description": "The Statutes of Iona are passed, marking the end of the bloody feuds between the clans in the Scottish highlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/10/12", "description": "The Catholic League is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/10/12", "description": "The Douay-Rheims Bible Old Testament vol. 1 is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/10/12", "description": "The municipality of Buenavista in Marinduque, Philippines was founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/10/12", "description": "The Dutch East India Company establishes a trading post in Hirado, Japan", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/10/12", "description": "Johannes Kepler publishes his first two laws of planetary motion in ''Astronomia Nova''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/10/12", "description": "Hugo Grotius publishes ''Mare liberum''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1609/10/12", "description": "Cornelius Drebbel invents the thermostat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/01/07", "description": " Galileo Galilei first observes the four Galilean moons of Jupiter: Ganymede, Callisto, Europa and Io, but is unable to distinguish the latter two until the following day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/03/12", "description": " Swedish troops under Jacob de la Gardie take Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/05/14", "description": " Francois Ravaillac assassinates Henry IV of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/05/23", "description": " Jamestown, Virginia: Acting as temporary Governor, Thomas Gates, along with John Rolfe, Captain Ralph Hamor, Sir George Somers, and other survivors from the ''Sea Venture'' (wrecked at Bermuda) arrive at Jamestown they find that 60 have survived the quotstarving timequot (winter), the fort palizadoes and gates have been torn down, and empty houses have been used for firewood, in fear of attacks by natives outside the fort area.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/05/24", "description": " Jamestown, Virginia: The temporary Governor, Thomas Gates, issues The Divine, Moral, and Martial Laws.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/05/27", "description": " Francois Ravaillac is executed by being pulled apart by horses in the Place de Gr\u00e8ve.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/06/07", "description": " Jamestown: Temporary Governor Gates decides to abandon Jamestown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/06/08", "description": " Jamestown: Temporary Governor Gates' convoy meets the ships of Governor Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr (quotDelawarequot) at Mulberry Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/06/10", "description": " Jamestown: The convoy of temporary Governor Gates and the ships of Governor Lord De La Warr land at Jamestown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/06/22", "description": " Arbella Stuart, pretender to the English throne, secretly marries William Seymour both are later imprisoned for marrying without the king's permission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/07/04", "description": " Polish\u2013Muscovite War: Battle of Klushino ampndash The outnumbered forces of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth defeat the combined Russian and Swedish army. Polish troops go on to occupy Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/07/05", "description": " John Guy sets sail from Bristol with 39 other colonists for Newfoundland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/08/02", "description": " Henry Hudson sails into what it is now known as Hudson Bay, thinking he has made it through the Northwest Passage and reached the Pacific Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/08/09", "description": " Anglo-Powhatan Wars: The English launch a major attack on the Paspahegh village, capturing and executing the native queen and her children, burning houses and chopping down the corn fields the subsequent use of the term quotPaspaheghquot in documents refers to their former territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/08/21", "description": " The Tuscans fight the Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/10/10", "description": " The Tuscans fight the Turks again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/10/17", "description": " Louis XIII of France is crowned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/10/17", "description": "Winter ampampndash Dr. Bonham's Case is decided by Edward Coke, chief justice of England's Court of Common Pleas. Coke affirms the supremacy of the common law, which limits the power of Parliament as well as the king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/10/17", "description": "The Manchu tribal leader Nurhaci breaks his relations with the Ming Dynasty of China, then under the aloof and growingly negligent Wanli Emperor Nurhaci's line later becomes the emperors of the Qing Dynasty which overthrows the short-lived Shun Dynasty in 1644 and the remnants of the Ming throne in 1662.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/10/17", "description": "The Orion Nebula is discovered by Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/10/17", "description": "Publication of the Douay-Rheims Bible is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/10/17", "description": "Jacob Boehme experiences another inner vision in which he further understand the unity of the cosmos and that he has received a special vocation from God.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1610/10/17", "description": "By this year, the Portuguese colony of Brazil has between 400 mills producing 57,000 tons of sugar a year and 230 mills producing 14,000 tons (estimates vary)ampamp{{cite book|authorlink=Alfred W. Crosby|first=Alfred W.|last=Crosby|page=69|title=The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492|location=Westport, Conn.|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1972|isbn=837158214}}ampamp The wealth the Portuguese acquire from selling sugar in Europe prompts the English and French to follow suit in this century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1611/02/27", "description": " Sunspots are observed by telescope by Frisian astronomers Johannes Fabricius and David Fabricius and Johannes publishes the results of these observations in ''De Maculis in Sole observatis'' in Wittenberg later this year.{{cite web|first=C.|last=Thony|title=Spotting the spots|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/thonyc.wordpress.com\/2011\/01\/08\/spotting-the-spots\/|work=The\">http:\/\/thonyc.wordpress.com\/2011\/01\/08\/spotting-the-spots\/|work=The<\/a> Renaissance Mathematicus|date=2011-01-08|accessdate=2011-08-09|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110721212233\/http:\/\/thonyc.wordpress.com\/2011\/01\/08\/spotting-the-spots\/|archivedate=21\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110721212233\/http:\/\/thonyc.wordpress.com\/2011\/01\/08\/spotting-the-spots\/|archivedate=21<\/a> July 2011!--Added by DASHBot--}} Such early discoveries are overlooked however, and the first sighting is claimed a few months later by Galileo Galilei and Christoph Scheiner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1611/03/04", "description": " George Abbot is enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1611/03/09", "description": " Yemana Kristos, brother of Emperor Susenyos, ends the rebellion of Melka Sedeq in the Battle of Segaba in Begemder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1611/04/04", "description": " Denmark declares war on Sweden, then captures Kalmar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1611/04/28", "description": " The Colegio de Nuestra Se\u00f1ora del Sant\u00edsimo Rosario is established in Manila, the Philippines (later renamed Colegio de Santo Tomas, now known as the University of Santo Tomas).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1611/05/02", "description": " The Authorized King James Version of the Bible is published for the first time in London, England, printed by Robert Baker.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1611/05/09", "description": " Sixteen-year-old Emperor Go-Mizunoo succeeds Emperor Go-Yozei of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1611/06/22", "description": " The English explorer and sea captain Henry Hudson, his teenage son John, and six crewmen are set adrift in or near Hudson Bay after a mutiny on his ship ''Discovery''. They are never seen again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1611/08/02", "description": " Jamestown: Deputy Governor Sir Thomas Gates returns to Virginia with 280 people, provisions and cattle on 6 ships and assumes control, ruling that the fort must be strengthened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1611/08/02", "description": "September ampampndash Jamestown: Thomas Dale, with 350 men, starts building Henricus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1611/10/30", "description": " Gustavus Adolphus succeeds his father Charles IX as King of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1611/11/01", "description": " At Whitehall Palace in London, William Shakespeare's romantic comedy ''The Tempest'' is performed, perhaps for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1611/11/01", "description": "Uprising in Moscow against occupying Polish forces, resulting in a major fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1611/11/01", "description": "Jamestown: John Rolfe imports tobacco seeds from the island of Trinidad (''Nicotiana tabacum'') the native tobacco is ''Nicotiana rustica''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1611/11/01", "description": "Thomas Dale founds the city of Henricus on the James River, a few miles south of present day Richmond, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1611/11/01", "description": "Construction begins on Naghsh-i Jahan Square in Isfahan, Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1611/11/01", "description": "Thomas Sutton founds Charterhouse School on the site of the old Carthusian monastery in Charterhouse Square, Smithfield, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1612/01/06", "description": " Axel Oxenstierna becomes Lord High Chancellor of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1612/01/20", "description": " Matthias becomes Holy Roman Emperor upon the death of Rudolf II.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=244}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1612/01/20", "description": "November 4 ampndash An uprising in Moscow expels Polish troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1612/03/02", "description": " False Dmitry III is recognised as tsar by the Cossacks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1612/04/11", "description": " Edward Wightman, a radical Anabaptist, is the last person to be executed for heresy in England, by burning at the stake in Lichfield.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1612/05/10", "description": " Shah Jahan marries Mumtaz Mahal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1612/05/23", "description": "May 25 ampndash A Sicilian\u2013Neapolitan galley fleet defeats the Tunisians at La Goulette.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1612/06/13", "description": " Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor formally elected.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1612/07/22", "description": " Four women and one man are hanged following the Northamptonshire Witch Trials in Northampton, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1612/08/20", "description": " Ten 'Pendle witches' are hanged having been found guilty of practising witchcraft in Lancashire, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1612/08/26", "description": " A Scottish mercenary force is destroyed in Norway at the Battle of Kringen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1612/11/29", "description": "Treaty of Nasuh Pasha: Signed between Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1612/11/30", "description": " Battle of Swally: Forces of the British East India Company and Portugal engage off the coast of India, resulting in a British victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1612/12/15", "description": " Simon Marius, is first to observe Andromeda Galaxy through a telescope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1612/12/28", "description": " Galileo Galilei becomes the first astronomer to observe the planet Neptune when in conjunction with Jupiter, yet he mistakenly catalogues it as a fixed star because of its extremely slow motion along the ecliptic. Neptune is not truly discovered until 1846, about 234 years after Galileo first sights it with his telescope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1612/12/28", "description": "Jamestown: John Rolfe exports first crop of improved tobacco (seeds from Trinidad).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1612/12/28", "description": "Nagoya Castle is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1612/12/28", "description": "Thomas Shelton's English translation of the first half of ''Don Quixote'' is published. It is the first translation of the Spanish novel into any language.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613", "description": "11 January - Workers in a sandpit in the Dauphin\u00e9 discover the skeleton of what is to be alleged to be a 30-foot tall man, the remains, it is thought, of the giant Teutobochus, a legendary Gallic king who fought the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/01/20", "description": " King James I of England successfully mediates the Treaty of Kn\u00e4red  between Denmark and Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/02/07", "description": " An assembly of the Russian Empire elects Mikhail Romanov to be Tsar of Russia, and establishes the Romanov Dynasty, ending the Time of Troubles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/02/14", "description": " Elizabeth, daughter of King James I of England, marries Frederick V, Elector Palatine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/03/27", "description": " The first English child is born in Canada at Cuper's Cove, Newfoundland to Nicholas Guy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/03/29", "description": " Samuel de Champlain becomes the first unofficial Governor of New France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/04/13", "description": " Samuel Argall captures Algonquian princess Pocahontas in Passapatanzy, Virginia to ransom her for some English prisoners held by her father. She is brought to Henricus as hostage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/04/13", "description": "June ampampndash At Jamestown, John Rolfe makes the first shipment of West Indian tobacco grown in Virginia to England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/06/29", "description": " Fire destroys London's famed Globe Theatre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/06/29", "description": "July ampampndash Algonquian princess Pocahontas meets English colonist John Rolfe in Henricus, Virginia during her captivity. Reverend Alexander Whitaker converts her to Christianity. She adopts the name ampquotRebeccaampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/07/28", "description": " Gregor Richter, the chief pastor of G\u00f6rlitz, denounces Jacob Boehme as a heretic in his Sunday sermon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/08/29", "description": " The Sicilians under de Aragon defeat the Turkish trade fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/11/03", "description": " English royal favourite Robert Carr is created 1st Earl of Somerset.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/12/26", "description": " The Earl of Somerset marries Frances Howard, occasioning John Donne's ''Eclogue''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/12/26", "description": "The New River is opened, to supply London with drinking water from Hertfordshire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/12/26", "description": "James I of England condemns duels in his proclamation ''Against Private Challenges and Combats''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/12/26", "description": "The Ottoman Empire invades Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/12/26", "description": "A locust swarm destroys La Camarque, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/12/26", "description": "The territory of Kuwait is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/12/26", "description": "Sultan Agung of Mataram takes the throne of the kingdom of Mataram on Java.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1613/12/26", "description": "Near Jamestown, Virginia, Sir Thomas Dale starts a settlement called ampquotBermuda Cityampquot which later becomes part of Hopewell, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1614/04/05", "description": " Pocahontas marries English colonist John Rolfe in Jamestown, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1614/08/23", "description": " The University of Groningen is established in the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1614/09/01", "description": " In England, Sir Julius Caesar becomes Master of the Rolls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1614/10/11", "description": " Adriaen Block and a group of Amsterdam merchants petition the States General for exclusive trading rights in the area he explored and named quotNew Netherlandquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1614/11/16", "description": " The Treaty of Xanten ends the War of the J\u00fclich succession.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1614/11/19", "description": " Start of hostilities resulting from an attempt by Toyotomi Hideyorito restore Osaka Castle. Tokugawa Ieyasu, father of the Shogun, is outraged at this act, and leads three thousand men across the Kizu River, destroying the fort there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1614/12/04", "description": " The Siege of Osaka begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1614/12/04", "description": "The French Estates-General meets for the last time before the era of the French Revolution. In between, France will be governed as an absolute monarchy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1614/12/04", "description": "John Napier publishes ''Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio'', a paper outlining his discovery of logarithms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1614/12/04", "description": "The Rosicrucian Order is instituted in Germany according to Fraternitas Rosae Crucis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1614/12/04", "description": "Christianity banned throughout Japan", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/01/01", "description": " The New Netherland Company is granted a 3-year monopoly in North American trade between the 40th and 45th parallels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/03/10", "description": " John Ogilvie, a Catholic priest, is hanged in Glasgow, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/05/06", "description": " The Peace of Tyrnau is signed between Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, and G\u00e1bor Bethlen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/06/02", "description": " The first R\u00e9collet missionaries arrive at Quebec City, from Rouen, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/06/04", "description": " Forces under the shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu take Osaka Castle in Japan, beginning a period of peace which lasts nearly 250 years. Bands of Christian samurai support Ieyasu's enemies at the Battle of Osaka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/06/04", "description": "July", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/06/04", "description": "The Peace of Asti between the Spanish Empire and Savoy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/06/04", "description": "October ampampndash Sp\u00e1nverjav\u00edgin: 31 Spanish Basque whalers are killed after conflict with people of Iceland in the Westfjords peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/06/04", "description": "November", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/06/04", "description": "The Mughals under Abu Bakr launch the first offensive against Kajali, a border post of the Ahom kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/06/04", "description": "Hasekura Tsunenaga visits Pope Paul V in Rome to request a trade treaty between Japan and Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/12/06", "description": " In England, John Winthrop, later governor of the future Massachusetts Bay Colony, marries his second wife (of four), Thomasine Clopton, daughter of William Clopton of Castleins, near Groton, Suffolk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/12/06", "description": "Persian hordes led by Shah-Abbas kill all the monks at the David Gareja monastery complex in Georgia, and set fire to its collection of manuscripts and works of art.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/12/06", "description": "Mary Talbot, Countess of Shrewsbury, is released from the Tower of London in recognition of her role in helping to discover the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/12/06", "description": "The Somers Isles Company is founded to administer Bermuda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/12/06", "description": "King James I of Great Britain sends Sir Thomas Roe as his ambassador to the Mughal court of Jahangir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/12/06", "description": "The Grolsch Brewery is founded in Groenlo, Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/12/06", "description": "John Browne is created as the first ''King's Gunfounder''", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/12/06", "description": "Austrian merchants receive economic privileges in Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/12/06", "description": "The Perse School in Cambridge, England, is founded by Dr Stephen Perse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/12/06", "description": "Wilson's School in Wallington, England, is founded by Royal Charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/12/06", "description": "Konoike Shinroku opens an office in Osaka and begins shipping tax-rice from western Japan to Osaka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/12/06", "description": "Johannes Kepler publishes ''Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo'' in response to Galileo's discovery of Jupiter's moons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/12/06", "description": "Manuel Dias (Yang MaNuo), a Portuguese jesuit missionary introduces for the first time in China the telescope in his book ''Tian Wen L\u00fce'' (''Explicatio Sphaerae Coelestis'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1615/12/06", "description": "The second volume of Miguel Cervantes' ''Don Quixote (ampquotEl ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Manchaampquot)'' is published, and is as successful as the first. ''Don Quixote'' eventually becomes the only truly famous work its author ever wrote.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616", "description": "January", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616", "description": "The Dutch try to gain control of all the nutmeg-producing spice islands with the retreat of the English from Ai to Pula Run Island. Nutmeg at this time is more valuable than gold, and the English, led by Nathaniel Courthope, hold on to Run.ampampGiles Milton. 1999. ''Nathaniel's Nutmeg: Or the True and Incredible Adventures of the Spice Trader Who Changed the Course of History''. ISBN 978-0-374-21936-9.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616", "description": "The development of the thoroughbred horse is greatly encouraged by the appointment to the court of King James I of England of courtier George Villiers as Master of the Horse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616", "description": "Ant\u00f3nio Vieira arrives, with his parents, in Bahia (present-day Salvador) in colonial Brazil, an unpromising beginning for his great career as a diplomat, noted author, leading figure of the Church, and protector of Brazilian Indians in an age of intolerance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616", "description": "Officials in W\u00fcrttemberg charge astronomer Johannes Kepler with practicing ampquotforbidden artsampquot (witchcraft). His mother had also been so charged and spent 14 months in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616", "description": "ng: Elizabeth Rutter is hanged as a witch in Middlesex, England. Orkney witch Elspeth Reoch is tried, and Agnes Berrye is hanged as a witch in Enfield, England. In France Leger (first name unknown) is condemned for witchcraft on May 6, and Sylvanie de la Plaine is burned at Pays de Labourde as a witch. In Orleans, France, 18 witches are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/01/01", "description": " James I of England, theatre-going and literary king with absolutist aspirations, attends the masque ''The Golden Age Restored'', a satire by Ben Jonson on fallen court favorite Somerset. The king asks for a repeat performance on January 6.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/01/03", "description": " In the court of James I of England, the king's favorite George Villiers becomes Master of the Horse on April 24 he receives the Order of the Garter and on August 27 is created Viscount Villiers and Baron Waddon, receiving a grant of land valued at \u00a380,000. In 1617, he is made Earl of Buckingham. After the Earl of Pembroke, he is the 2nd richest nobleman in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/01/10", "description": " Sir Thomas Roe, emissary from the court of King James I of England, presents his credentials to the Mughal Emperor Jahangir, in Ajmer Fort, thus opening the door to the British presence in India.Jeh\u00e2ng\u00efr's period of stay at Ajmer was from 5 Shaww\u00e4l 1022 to 1 Zil-q\u00e4'da 1025 equivalent to November 8, 1613 to October 31, 1616. Roe sailed in the ''Lyon'' under the command of captain Christopher Newport, best known for his role in the Virginia colonies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/01/12", "description": " The city of Bel\u00e9m, Brazil is founded on the Amazon River delta by the Portuguese captain Francisco Caldeira Castelo Branco, who had previously taken the city of S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds in Maranh\u00e3o from the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/01/15", "description": " After overwintering with the Huron Indians, Samuel de Champlain and Recollect Father Joseph Le Caron visit the Petun and Ottawa Indians of the Great Lakes. This is Champlain's last trip in North America before returning to France. Having secured Canada, he helps create French America, New France, or L'Acadie.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/01/24", "description": " Dutch captain Willem Schouten rounds the southern tip of South America and names it ''Kaap Hoorn'', after his birthplace in the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/01/24", "description": "February ampampndash English merchants of the East India Company complain that the great troubles and wars in Japan since their arrival have put them to much pains and charges. Two great cities, Osaka and Sakaii, have been burned to the ground, each one almost as big as London, and not one house left standing, and it is reported above 300,000 men have lost their lives, \u201cyet the old Emperor Ogusho Same hath prevailed and Fidaia Same either been slain or fled secretly away, that no news is to be heard of him.\u201d Jesuits, priests, and friars are banished by the emperor and their churches and monasteries pulled down they put the fault on the arrival of the English it is said if Fidaia Same had prevailed against the emperor, he promised them entrance again, when without doubt all the English would have been driven out of Japan.ampampText from: 'East Indies: February 1616', Calendar of State Papers Colonial, East Indies, China and Japan: 1513-1616, volume 2 (1864), pp. 457\u2013461. URL: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.british-history.ac.uk\/report.aspx?compid=68785.\">http:\/\/www.british-history.ac.uk\/report.aspx?compid=68785.<\/a> Date accessed: 01 March 2008. (No copyright violation.)ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/02/19", "description": " First recorded eruption of Mayon Volcano, the Philippines' most active volcano.ref name=quotvolcano.si.eduquotSmithsonian Institution. ''Global Volcanism Program''. URL: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.volcano.si.edu\/\">http:\/\/www.volcano.si.edu\/<\/a> accessed on 12.03.2008. Event dated with reference to historical documents.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/02/24", "description": " A commission of Roman Catholic theologians, the quotQualifiers,quot reports that the idea that the Sun is stationary is quotfoolish and absurd in philosophy, and formally heretical since it explicitly contradicts in many places the sense of Holy Scripture...quot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/02/28", "description": "In the aftermath of the 1613\u20131614 anti-Jewish pogrom called the Fettmilch Uprising, in Frankfurt, Germany, mob leader Vincenz Fettmilch is beheaded, but the Jews, who had been expelled from the city on August 23, 1614, following the plundering of the Judengasse, can only return as a result of direct intervention by Holy Roman Emperor Matthias. After long negotiations, the Jews are left without any compensation for their plundered belongings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/02/28", "description": "March", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/02/28", "description": "Nicolaus Copernicus' ''De revolutionibus'' is placed on the Index of Forbidden Books by the Congregation of the Index of the Roman Catholic Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/02/28", "description": "Action of 1616 ampampndash La Goulette, Tunisia: A Spanish squadron under Francisco de Ribera defeats a Tunisian fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/02/28", "description": "Galileo Galilei meets Pope Paul V in person, to discuss his position.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/02/28", "description": "The English Roman Catholic priest, Thomas Atkinson (born c.1546) is hanged, drawn, and quartered at York, at age 70 (he is beatified by Pope John Paul II on November 22, 1987).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/02/28", "description": "Sir Walter Raleigh, English explorer of the New World, is released from prison in the Tower of London in order to conduct a second, ill-fated expedition in search of El Dorado in South America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/02/28", "description": "''The Scornful Lady,'' a comedy stage play written by Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/02/28", "description": "May ampampndash The Thomas Overbury Murder Scandal (1615\u20131616) ends with the conviction of Earl and Countess of Somerset, who were, however, not hanged but imprisoned until 1622 in the Tower of London. Although King James I of England has ordered the investigation of the poet's murder and allowed his former court favorite to be arrested and tried, his court, now under the influence of the Earl of Buckingham (George Villiers) gains the reputation of being corrupt and vile. The royal visit of James's brother-in-law Christian IV, king of Denmark, a notorious soak, adds further scandal.amp!-- I removed the reference to Christopher Marlowe, since he died in 1593.dks --amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/05/03", "description": " The Treaty of Loudun is signed, ending a series of rebellions in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/06/12", "description": " Pocahontas (now Rebecca) arrives in England, with her husband, John Rolfe, their infant son, Thomas Rolfe, her half-sister Matachanna (alias Cleopatra) and brother-in-law quotTomocomoquot, the shaman also known as Uttamatomakkin. Ten Powhatan Indians are brought by Sir Thomas Dale, the colonial governor, at the request of the Virginia Company, as a fund-raising stunt. Dale, having been recalled under criticism, writes ''A True Relation of the State of Virginia, Left by Sir Thomas Dale, Knight, in May last, 1616'' in a successful effort to redeem his leadership. Neither Pocahontas or Dale see Virginia again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/07/06", "description": " First recorded eruption of Manam Volcano (erupting frequently since then), forming a 10-km-wide island in the Bismarck Sea, 13ampnbspkm off coast of Papua New Guinea, in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.ref name=quotvolcano.si.eduquot \/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/07/20", "description": " Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, dies in Rome, thus concluding the Flight of the Earls from Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/08/08", "description": " The Tokugawa shogunate (Bakufu) in Japan forbids foreigners other than Chinese from traveling freely or trading outside of the ports of Nagasaki and Hirado.Arano, Yasunori. quotThe Formation of a Japanocentric World Order.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/08/08", "description": "September ampampndash Sakazaki Naomori of Iwami Tsuwano han fails to kidnap Princess Sen and commits suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/09/15", "description": " The first non-aristocratic, free public school in Europe is opened in Frascati, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/09/15", "description": "October", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/09/15", "description": "John Donne is appointed as Reader in Divinity at his old inn of court, Lincoln's Inn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/09/15", "description": "King James's School in Knaresborough is founded by Dr. Robert Chaloner and the charter is signed by King James I of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/09/15", "description": "October\/November - Ben Jonson's satirical five-act comedy ''The Devil Is an Ass'' is produced at Blackfriars Theatre by the King's Men. The play pokes fun at credence in witchcraft and Middlesex juries. It is published in 1631.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/10/25", "description": " Dirk Hartog makes the second recorded landfall by a European on Australian soil, at Dirk Hartog Island off the Western Australian coast. The pewter Hartog Plate, left to mark the landfall of the Dutch ship Eendracht, is now in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/10/25", "description": "November", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/10/25", "description": "Peter Paul Rubens begins work on his famous classical tapestries, when a contract is signed in Antwerp with cloth dyers Jan Raes and Frans Sweerts in Brussels, and the rich Genoese merchant Franco Cattaneo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/10/25", "description": "Ren\u00e9 Descartes, at age 20, graduates in civil and canon law at the University of Poitiers, where he becomes disillusioned with books, preferring to seek truths from ampquotle grand livre du monde.ampquot His thesis defense may have been written in December 1616.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/10/25", "description": "With small profits to show, the Virginia Company decides to distribute land in Virginia to stockholders according to the number of shares owned. Each stockholder can set up a ampquotparticularampquot plantation and pay associated expenses, receiving {{Convert|100|acre|km2}} of land for each share and {{Convert|50|acre|m2}} for each person transported (the ampquotheadrightsampquot system).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/10/25", "description": "Author Richard Burton is made vicar of St. Thomas in the west suburbs of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/11/04", "description": " Charles I (15 year-old second son of James I of England and Anne of Denmark) is invested as Prince of Wales at Whitehall in London, the last such investiture until 1911.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/11/05", "description": " Bishop Lancelot Andrewes preaches the annual Gunpowder Treason sermon before King James I of England at Whitehall (both were intended victims).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/11/06", "description": "November 25 ampndash The famous, if still inaccurate, folio edition of Ben Jonson's ''Workes'' is published.'''Bland, M.''' \u2018William Stansby and the production of the ''Workes of Beniamin Jonson'', 1615\u201316\u2019, The Library, 20, 1998, 10.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/11/06", "description": " Captain William Murray is granted a royal patent, giving him the sole privilege of importing tobacco to Scotland for a period of 21 years. Continuing from the reign of Elizabeth I of England, the creation of grants and patents reaches a new highwater mark from 1614 to 1621, during the reign of James I of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/11/13", "description": " Italian artist Guido Reni's famous ''Piet\u00e0'', commissioned by the Senate of Bologna, is placed on the greater altar of the church of Santa Maria della Piet\u00e0.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/11/16", "description": " Roman Catholic Archbishop of the See of Spalato and Primate of Dalmatia, Marco Antonio de Dominis, having run afoul of Pope Paul V over secular matters relating to Venice, submits to King James I of England and later becomes Dean of Windsor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/11/30", "description": " Cardinal Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, is named French Secretary of State by young king Louis XIII. Richelieu will change France into a unified centralised state, able to resist both England and the Habsburg Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/11/30", "description": "December ampampndash In the Middle East, traveller Pietro Della Valle marries Jowaya, daughter of a Nestorian Christian father and an Armenian mother, in Baghdad. The couple then sets off (1617) to find the Shah in Isfahan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/10", "description": " An ordinance establishes parish schools in Scotland. The same act of the Privy Council commends the abolition of Gaelic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/18", "description": " A widely reported earthquake occurs in Leipzig, Germany (also dated December 22).quotA Basic European Earthquake Catalogue and a Database for the evaluation of long-term seismicity and seismic hazardquot (BEECD). URL: <a href=\"http:\/\/emidius.mi.ingv.it\/BEECD\/app\/app_E.pdf.\">http:\/\/emidius.mi.ingv.it\/BEECD\/app\/app_E.pdf.<\/a> (retrieved March 5, 2008).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": " An Indian youth (called one of quotthe first fruits of Indiaquot) is baptized with the name quotPeterquot in London at the St. Dionis Backchurch, in a ceremony attended by the Lord Mayor, the Privy Council, city aldermen, and officials of the Honourable East India Company. Peter thus becomes the first convert to the Anglican Church in India. He returns to India as a missionary, schooled in English and Latin.Rozina Visram. ''Asians in Britain: 400 Years of History''. Pluto Press. 504 pp. (ISBN 0-7453-1373-6)", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "ampquotFather Christmasampquot is a main character of the Christmas masque written by Ben Jonson and presented at the court of King James I of England. Father Christmas is considered a papist symbol by Puritans, and later banished from England until the Restoration of Charles II shortly after Oliver Cromwell's death. The traditional, comical costume for this jolly figure, as well as regional names, leaves little doubt that he is descended from the presenter of the medieval Feast of Fools. (Ben Jonson received a royal pension of 100 marks in 1616, causing some historians to identify him as England's first Poet Laureate, even though John Fletcher was more popular).{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Captain Nathaniel Courthope reaches the nutmeg-rich island of Run in the Moluccas to defend it against the Dutch East India Company. A contract with the inhabitants accepting James I of England as their sovereign makes it part of the English colonial empire.ampamp{{cite web|last=Ratnikas|first=Algirdas J.|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/timelines.ws\/countries\/INDONESIA.HTML|title=Timeline\">http:\/\/timelines.ws\/countries\/INDONESIA.HTML|title=Timeline<\/a> Indonesia|publisher=Timelines.ws|accessdate=2010-08-12}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "The Collegium Musicum is founded in Prague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Physician Aleixo de Abreu is granted a pension of 16,000 reis for services to the crown in Angola and Brazil by Philip III of Spain, who also appoints him physician of his chamber.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Ngawang Namgyal arrives in Bhutan, having escaped Tibet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "The Swiss Guard is appointed part of the household guard of King Louis XIII of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Week-long festivities in honor of the Prince of Urbano, of the Barbarini family, occur in Florence, Italy.ampampFrom an etching in the ''Guerre de Beaut\u00e9'', a series of six etchings depicting a celebration which took place in Florence in the year 1616 in honor of the prince of Urbino.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Constantinople's Sultan Ahmed Mosque (also known as the ''Blue Mosque'') is completed during the rule of Ahmed I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Nurhaci declares himself khan (emperor) of China and founds the Later Jin Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Manchurian leader Qing Tai Zu crowns himself king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Richard Steel and John Crowther complete their journey from Ajmeer in Mogul India, to Ispahan, Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Captain John Smith (1580\u20131631) publishes his book ''A description of New England'' in London. Smith relates one voyage to the coast of Massachusetts and Maine, in 1614, and an attempted voyage the following year (1615) when he was captured by French pirates and detained for several months before escaping.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "The New England Indian smallpox epidemic of 1616\u20131619 begins to depopulate the region, killing an estimated 90% of the coastal native peoples.ampampTimothy Bratton. 1988. Identity of the New England Indian Epidemic of 1616-1619. ''Bulletin of the History of Medicine'', 62(3): 352\u2013383.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "In London and neighboring towns, an epidemic of louse-borne typhus ravages the poor, crowded English. Lack of bathing encourages body lice that, when scratched, defecate on the skin, where a minor cut or sore can serve as an entry portal for the typhus-infected feces to enter the bloodstream, leading to high fever, delirium, and gangrenous sores.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "At the behest of Sir Ferdinando Gorges, Dr. Richard Vines, a physician, passes the winter of 1616\u201417 at Biddeford, Maine, at the mouth of the Saco River, that he calls Winter Harbor. This is the site of the earliest permanent settlement in Maine of which we have a conclusive record. Maine will become an important refuge for religious dissenters persecuted by the Puritans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "In Spanish Florida, the Cofa Mission at the mouth of the Suwannee River disappears.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "The first African slaves are brought to Bermuda, an English colony, by Captain George Bargrave to dive for pearls, because of their reputed skill in pearl-diving. Harvesting pearls off the coast proves unsuccessful, and the slaves are put to work planting and harvesting the initial large crops of tobacco and sugar cane.ampampVirginia Bernhard. 1999. ''Slaves and Slaveholders in Bermuda, 1616-1782''. Columbia, University of Missouri Press.ampamp (At the same time, the freedom-loving English refused to purchase Brazilian sugar because it was produced by slave labor.ampampSidney W. Mintz. 1986. ''Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History''.ampamp)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "William Baffin sails as pilot on the ''Discovery'' for a second time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Thomas Middleton writes ''The Witch'', a tragicomedy that may have entered into the present-day text of Shakespeare's ''Macbeth.''", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "With much legal strife and the encouragement of Sir Francis Bacon, Chief Justice Edward Coke is dismissed from the King's Bench, and the royal prerogatives of King James I triumph over English common law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Saint Ambrose Edward Barlow, recently graduated from the College of Saint Gregory, Douai, France, and the Royal College of Saint Alban in Valladolid, Spain, enters the Benedictine Order. In 1641 he is hanged, drawn and quartered in Lancaster, England, for preaching.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Italian natural philosopher Giulio Cesare Vanini publishes a radically heterodox book in France after his English interlude ''De admirandis naturae reginae deaeque mortalium arcanis,'' for which he is condemned and forced to flee Paris. For his opinion that the world is eternal and governed by immanent laws, as expressed in this book, he is executed in 1619.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Francesco Albani paints the ceiling frescoes of ''Apollo and the Seasons'' at the Palazzo Verospi in Via del Corso for Cardinal Fabrizio Verospi. Italy still houses most of the Renaissance artwork of Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Elizabethan polymath and alchemist Robert Fludd's ''Apologia'' is published. Fludd has become a cult figure, being linked with Rosicrucians and the Family of Love, without any historical evidence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "John Cotta writes his influential book ''The Triall of Witch-craft.''", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "A second witch craze breaks out in Biscay, Spain. An Edict of Silence is issued by the Inquisition, but the king overturns the Edict and 300 accused witches are burned alive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "The Leicester witch trial, in which nine women were hanged on the testimony of a raving 13-year old boy named John Smith, is held under the 1604 Witchcraft Statute of King James I.ampampSource: Robbins, Russell Hope. The Encyclopedia of Witchcraft and Demonology. New York: Bonanza Books, 1959.ampamp This bill was supported by some of the most able and learned men in England, including the Earl of Northumberland, the Bishop of Lincoln, the Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas, the Attorney General for England and Wales, the Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer, and the Chief Justice of the King's Bench.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "The witch trial of in-keeper Harmonia Applegate, who was arrested on February 20, for poisoning 32 of her guests over the course of 12 years, is held. When questioned, Applegate gives excuses ranging from non-payment of debt to offence at guests' body odour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "ampquotDrink to me only with thine eyesampquot comes from Ben Jonson's love poem, ''To Celia''. Ben Jonson's poetic lamentation ''On my first Sonne'' is also from this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Francis de Sales' literary masterpiece ''Treatise on the Love of God'' is published, while he is Bishop of Geneva.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Orlando Gibbons' anthem ''See, the Word is Incarnate'' is written.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Tommaso Campanella\u2019s book ''In Defence of Galileo'' is written.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "In Tunis, Tunisia, the mosque of Youssef Deyis is built. Today it has an octagonal minaret crowned with a miniature green-tiled pyramid for a roof.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Italian naturalist Fabio Colonna states that ampquottongue stonesampquot (glossopetrae) are shark teeth in his treatise ''De glossopetris dissertatio''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "An important English dictionary is published by Dr. John Bullokar with the title ''An English Expositour teaching the Interpretation of the hardest Words used in our Language with sundry Explications, Descriptions and Discourses''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Scot John Napier's '' Description of the Admirable Table of Logarithms'' is published, a great boon to mathematics. The decimal point makes its first appearance in Napier's book ''Descriptio.'' Astronomer Johannes Kepler soon thereafter begins to employ logarithms in his description of the solar system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "English mathematician Henry Briggs goes to Edinburgh to show John Napier his efficient method of finding logarithms by the continued extraction of square roots (unfortunately, Napier dies in April, 1617).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Moralist writer John Deacon publishes a quarto entitled ''Tobacco Tortured in the Filthy Fumes of Tobacco Refined.'' (Even King James I writes against this fad.) Deacon writes the same year that syphilis is a ampquotTurkished,ampquot ampquotSpanishedampquot, or ampquotFrenchizedampquot disease that the English contract by ampquottrafficking with the contagious courruptions.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Human deformities are seen as producing monsters. Italian Fortunio Liceti publishes his book ''De monstrorum natura caussis et differentiis'' (''On the nature, causes and differences of monsters'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Dutch traders smuggle the coffee plant out of Mocha, a port in Yemen on the Red Sea, and cultivate it at the Amsterdam Botanical Gardens. Dutch later introduce Mocha coffee to Java.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Mohammad Baqer Majlesi, known as ampquotAllameh Majlesiampquot, is born in the city of Isfahan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "The Tepehu\u00e1n Revolt in Nueva Vizcaya tests the limits of Spanish and Jesuit colonialism in western and northwestern Durango and southern Chihuahua, Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Fort San Diego, in Acapulco Bay, Mexico, is completed by the Spanish as a defence against their erstwhile vassals, the Dutch.ampampEngel Sluiter. 1949. The Fortification of Acapulco, 1615-1616. ''The Hispanic American Historical Review'', Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 69\u201380.ampamp Today the fort houses the Acapulco Historical Museum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Anti-Christian persecutions break out in Nanking, China, and Nagasaki, Japan. The Jesuit-lead Christian community in Japan at this time was over 3000,000 strong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "John Speed publishes his Atlas of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Master seafarer Henry Mainwaring (1587\u20131653), Oxford graduate and lawyer turned successful Newfoundland pirate, returns to England, is pardoned after rescuing a Newfoundland trading fleet near Gibraltar, and writes a revealing treatise on piracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "The first Thai embassy to Japan arrives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "In the Edo Era of Japan, Hideyori's forces are defeated during the Summer Battle of 1616, he commits suicide, and the house of Toyotomi is ended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "William Harvey gives his views on the circulation of blood as Lumleian Lecturer at the College of Physicians. It is not until 1628 that he gives his views in print.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "The Dutch establish their colony of Essequibo in the region of the Essequibo River in northern South America (present-day Guyana) for sugar and tobacco production. The colony is protected by the Kyk-Over-Al fort, now in ruins. The Dutch also map the Delaware River in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "The Ottoman Empire attempts landings at the shoreline between Cadiz and Lisbon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Croatian mathematician Faustus Verantius publishes his book ''Machinae novae,'' a book of mechanical and technological inventions, some of which are applicable to the solutions of hydrological problems, and others concern the construction of clepsydras, sundials, mills, presses, and bridges, and boats for widely different uses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Pierre Vernier is employed, with his father, in making fine-scale maps of France (Franche-Comt\u00e9 area).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Danish natural philosopher Ole Worm collects materials that will later be incorporated into his museum in Copenhagen. His museum is the nucleus of the University of Copenhagen's Zoological Museum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "A fatal disease of cattle, probably rinderpest, spreads through the Italian provinces of Padua, Udine, Treviso, and Vicenza, introduced most likely from Dalmatia or Hungary. Great numbers of cattle die in Italy, as they had in previous years (1559, 1562, 1566, 1590, 1598) in other European regions when harvest failure also drives people to the brink of starvation (for example, 1595\u20131597 in Germany). The consumption of beef and veal is prohibited, and Pope Paul V issues an edict prohibiting the slaughter of draught oxen that were suitable for plowing. Calves are also not slaughtered for a some time afterwards, so that Italy's cattle herds can be replenished.ampampClive A. Spinage. 2003. ''Cattle plague: a history''. New York: Springer. ISBN 0-306-47789-0.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Isaac Beeckman (1588\u20131637), Dutch intellectual and friend of Ren\u00e9 Decartes, has his own candle factory in Zierikzee, Netherlands, until 1616, when he returns to Middelburg to study medicine. In 1618, he takes his degree at the French university of Caen, with the defence of his ''Theses de febre tertiana intermittente''. His notebooks, unfortunately not fully published until the 20th century, reveal a coherent mechanical philosophy of nature with incipient atomism, a force of inertia, and mathematical interpretations of natural philosophy are present.ampampK. van Berkel. 1983. ''Isaac Beeckman (1588-1637) en de mechanisering van het wereldbeeld''. Amsterdam. (An English edition is forthcoming.)ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "In Sardinia, the Faculty of Medicine and Surgery of the University of Sassari is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598\u20131680) sculpts ''Bacchanal: A Faun Teased by Children'', at the age of 18 years. This work is now in New York, at the Metropolitan Museum of Art.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "The States of Holland set up a commission to advise them on the problem of Jewish residency and worship. One of the members of the commission is Hugo Grotius (Hugo de Groot), a highly regarded jurist and one of the most important political thinkers of his day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "A slave ship carries smallpox from the ampquotKongoampquot to Salvador, Brazil.ampampHenry F. Dobyns. 1993. Disease Transfer at Contact. ''Annual Review of Anthropology'', 22: 273\u2013291.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Marie Venier, dite Laporte, is the first female actress to appear on the stage in Paris. She is either a dramatic actress or a comedienne.ampampSearles, Colbert (1925) ampquotAllusions to the Contemporary Theater of 1616ampquot by Francois Rosset. Modern Language Notes, 40(8): 481\u2013483.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "Jesuit astronomer Christoph Scheiner becomes the advisor to Archduke Maximilian, brother of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolph II in Vienna. In a series of published letters in 1612 and 1613, Scheiner had sparred with Galileo over the nature of sunspots and been roundly trounced since Galileo's careful observations indicated that sunspots could not be satellites around the Sun because they often disappear on the disk. In fact, Scheiner sought to remove these smudges to the celestial body's immaculate reputation. A life-long enemy of Galileo, Scheiner is credited with reopening the 1616 accusations against Galileo in 1633.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "John Vaughan, 1st Earl of Carbery is appointed to the post of comptroller in the newly-formed household of Prince Charles Vaughan later claims that serving the Prince had cost him \u00a320,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1616/12/22", "description": "The Uskok War (1615-18) continues between the Austrians and Spanish (Habsburg Empire) on one side and the Venetians, Dutch, and English on the other. An Austro-Turkish treaty is signed in Belgrade under which the Austrians are granted the right to navigate the middle and lower Danube River by the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1617/02/27", "description": " The Treaty of Stolbovo ends the Ingrian War between Sweden and Russia. Sweden gains Ingria and Kexholm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1617/04/14", "description": " Second Battle of Playa Honda: The Spanish navy defeats a Dutch fleet in the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1617/04/24", "description": " Encouraged by Charles d'Albert, the seventeen-year-old Louis XIII, king of France, forces his mother Marie de Medici, who has held ''de facto'' power, into retirement and has her favourite, Concino Concini, assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1617/06/05", "description": " Ferdinand II, Archduke of Inner Austria, is elected King of Bohemia. Ferdinand's forceful catholic counter-reformation causes great unrest amongst the Protestants and moderates in Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1617/09/01", "description": " Weighing ceremony of Jahangir. Described by the first English ambassador to the Mughal court Sir Thomas Roe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1617/09/23", "description": " Treaty of Busza between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1617/10/09", "description": " The Treaty of Pavia is signed between Spain and Savoy, under which Savoy returns Monferrato to Mantua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1617/11/17", "description": " A naval battle between the Sicilians and Venetians ends inconclusively.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1617/11/22", "description": " Mustafa I succeeds Ahmed I as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1617/11/22", "description": "At least seven women are sentenced to death by burning for witchcraft at the Finsp\u00e5ng witch trial in Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1617/11/22", "description": "Giambattista Andreini's play ''The Penitent Magdalene'' is published in Mantua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1618/03/08", "description": " Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion (he soon rejects the idea after some initial calculations were made but on May 15 confirms the discovery).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1618/05/23", "description": "  The Second Defenestration of Prague ampndash Protestant noblemen hold a mock trial and throw two direct representatives of Ferdinand II of Germany (Imperial Governors) and their scribe out of a window into a pile of manure, exacerbating a low-key  rebellion into the Bohemian Revolt (1618\u20131621) precipitating the Thirty Years' War into armed conflict and further polarizing Europe on religious grounds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1618/06/14", "description": " Joris Veseler prints the first Dutch newspaper ''Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, ampc.'' in Amsterdam (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1618/07/20", "description": " Pluto reaches, according to sophisticated mathematical calculations, its second most recent aphelion. The next one occurs in 1866, and the following one will occur 2113.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1618/08/29", "description": " Johan van Oldenbarnevelt and Hugo Grotius are imprisoned by Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1618/09/04", "description": " Rodi avalanche: A rock- or snowslide buries the Alpine town of Piuro, claiming 2,427 victims.{{cite journal|title=The 10 Worst Snow Disasters in History|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article.cfm?id=the-10-worst-snow-disaste|date=2004-02-16|journal=date=2004-02-16|journal=Scientific<\/a> American|accessdate=2012-01-03}}{{cite web|title=Today in Switzerland History|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/countries\/switzerland|work=HistoryOrb|accessdate=2012-01-03}}\">http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/countries\/switzerland|work=HistoryOrb|accessdate=2012-01-03}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1618/09/18", "description": " Beginning of the 13th Baktun in the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar (12.0.0.0.0).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1618/09/19", "description": "November 21 ampndash Thirty Years' War: The Siege of Plze\u0148 occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1618/10/09", "description": " residents of Mogilev revolt against the Uniate bishop Josaphat Kuntsevych.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1618/10/29", "description": " English adventurer, writer, and courtier Sir Walter Raleigh is beheaded for allegedly conspiring against James I of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1618/11/13", "description": " The Synod of Dort has its first meeting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1618/12/11", "description": "  Russia and Poland signs Truce of Deulino.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1618/12/11", "description": "The markgraves of Brandenburg are granted Polish approval to inherit the Duchy of Prussia, creating the state of Brandenburg-Prussia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1618/12/11", "description": "Osman II deposes his uncle Mustafa I as Ottoman Emperor (until 1622).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1618/12/11", "description": "The 3,000 seat Teatro Farnese, the first permanent proscenium theatre, is built into the Great Hall of the Palazzo della Pilotta in Parma, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1618/12/11", "description": "The Ming Chinese embassy of the Wanli Emperor presents tea to the Russian tsar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619", "description": "March ampampndash Battle of Sarhu: Manchu leader Nurhaci is victorious over the Ming forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/03/20", "description": " Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor dies, leaving the Holy Roman Empire without an official leader to deal with the Bohemian Revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/05/08", "description": " The Synod of Dort has its final meeting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/05/13", "description": " Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague after having been convicted of treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/05/30", "description": " Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Governor General of the Dutch East Indies, conquers Jayakarta and renames it Batavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/06/10", "description": " Thirty Years' War ampndash Battle of Z\u00e1blat\u00ed: Protestant forces are defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/07/30", "description": " In Jamestown, Virginia, the first representative assembly in the Americas, the House of Burgesses, convenes for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/07/30", "description": "August ampampndash Captain Jope's ship brings the first Africans to what will later be called America. Jope trades these Africans for food and supplies. This trade of Africans is as temporary indentured servants in the same way that English whites are owned as laborers in the New World. Because the Spanish had Christianized these Africans, this labor arrangement is for a specified time and then they are free to live their lives, just as the English laborers are. These Africans had been stolen from the cargo of a Spanish vessel on the high seas. The enslavement of Africans in America is progressively and intentionally implemented later, beginning with the sentencing of John Punch in 1640.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/08/05", "description": " Thirty Years' War ampndash Battle of V\u011bstonice: Bohemian forces defeat the Austrians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/08/10", "description": " The Treaty of Angoul\u00eame ends the civil war in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/08/28", "description": " Ferdinand II is elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/10/08", "description": " Thirty Years' War ampndash The Treaty of Munich is signed by Ferdinand II and Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/11/16", "description": " William Parker School, Hastings is founded by the will of Rev. William Parker.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/11/23", "description": " Thirty Years' War ampndash Battle of Humenn\u00e9: Polish troops assist the Holy Roman Emperor by defeating a Transylvanian force, forcing Gabor Bethlen to raise his siege of Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/12/04", "description": " Thirty-eight colonists from Berkeley Parish in England disembark in Virginia and give thanks to God (considered by some to be the first Thanksgiving in the Americas).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/12/04", "description": "Jahangir grants a British mission important commercial concessions at Surat on the west coast of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/12/04", "description": "England establishes its first outpost in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/12/04", "description": "The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth reaches the height of its territorial extent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/12/04", "description": "The Banqueting House of James I of England is destroyed by fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/12/04", "description": "The Danish\u2013Dutch whaling settlement of Smeerenburg is founded in Svalbard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/12/04", "description": "An expedition in Sri Lanka led by Phillippe de Oliveira deposes and executes the last Jaffna king Cankili II, putting an end to the Jaffna Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1619/12/04", "description": "A Spanish expedition sails around Tierra del Fuego, mapping the coast and discovering the Diego Ramirez Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/02/04", "description": " Prince Bethlen Gabor signs a peace treaty with Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/05/17", "description": " The first merry-go-round is seen at a fair (Philippapolis, Turkey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/06/03", "description": " The oldest stone church in French North America, Notre-Dame-des-Anges, is begun at Quebec City, Quebec Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/07/03", "description": " Under the terms of the Treaty of Ulm, the Protestant Union declares neutrality and ceases to support Frederick V of Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/07/15", "description": " The ship ''Speedwell'' departs Delfshaven with the Leiden colonists and Pilgrims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/08/05", "description": "O.S.) ampndash The ''Mayflower'' and ''Speedwell'' depart together from Plymouth, England, but the ''Speedwell'' starts to leak again and must stop.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/08/05", "description": "The mother of Johannes Kepler is arrested for witchcraft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/08/05", "description": "Battle of Les Ponts-de-C\u00e9, Poitou: French king Louis XIII defeats his mother Marie de' Medici.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/08/08", "description": " Mysterious rain of frogs in Weil der Stadt", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/09/06", "description": "O.S.) ampndash The ''Mayflower'' departs from Plymouth, England, on its 3rd attempt without the ''Speedwell'', arriving on November 11 (Old Style date) at Cape Cod (named from ''Concord'' voyage of 1602).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/09/17", "description": "October 7 ampndash Battle of Cecora: The Ottoman Empire defeats Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth\u2013Moldavian troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/10/06", "description": " The Roman Catholic Ras Sela Kristos, half-brother of the Emperor Susenyos crushes a group of rebels in at Mount Amedamit in Gojjam, who were opposed to Susenyos' pro-Catholic beliefs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/11/03", "description": " The Great Patent is granted to Plymouth Colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/11/08", "description": " Thirty Years' War ampndash Battle of White Mountain: Catholic forces are victorious in only two hours near Prague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/11/08", "description": "(N.S.) ampampndash The ''Mayflower'' arrives inside the tip of Cape Cod, with the Pilgrims and Planters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/11/08", "description": "Plymouth Colony settlers sign the Mayflower Compact (11 November, O.S.).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/12/21", "description": " Plymouth Colony: William Bradford and the ''Mayflower'' Pilgrims land on what is now known as Plymouth Rock in Plymouth, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/12/21", "description": "A severe frost in England, with the Thames frozen. 13 continuous days of snow in Scotland. On Eskdale Moor only 35 of a flock of 20,000 sheep survive.ampamp{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/12/21", "description": "Francis Bacon publishes the ''Novum Organum'' (beyond Aristotle's ''Organon'') on logical thinking.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/12/21", "description": "Two officers of the British East India Company attempt to claim the Table Mountain region (in present-day South Africa) for England, but fail.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/12/21", "description": "Shogun Tokugawa Hidetada restores Osaka Castle. Its current appearance dates from this remodeling.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/12/21", "description": "The modern violin is developed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/12/21", "description": "Witch hunts begin in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/12/21", "description": "Cornelius Drebbel, at the Thames, builds an undersea boat (history of submarines).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/12/21", "description": "Juan Pablo Bonet, teacher of deaf children in the Spanish court, creates the sign alphabet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1620/12/21", "description": "Thirty Years' War (1618\u20131648) continues (principally on the territory of today's Germany).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/02/09", "description": " Papal Conclave of 1621: Pope Gregory XV succeeds Pope Paul V as the 234th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/02/17", "description": " Miles Standish is appointed as the first commander of Plymouth Colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/03/16", "description": " Samoset, a Mohegan, visits the settlers of Plymouth Colony and greets them, quotWelcome, Englishmen! My name is Samoset.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/03/22", "description": " The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony sign a peace treaty with Massasoit of the Wampanoags.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/03/31", "description": " King Philip IV of Spain begins his 44-year rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/03/31", "description": "April ampampndash The Twelve Years' Truce between the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Empire expires, and both sides prepare to resume the Eighty Years' War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/04/01", "description": " The Plymouth, Massachusetts colonists create the first treaty with native Americans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/04/05", "description": " The ''Mayflower'' sets sail from Plymouth on a return trip to England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/05/24", "description": " The Protestant Union is formally dissolved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/06/03", "description": " The Dutch West India Company is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/06/21", "description": " Thirty Years' War: Twenty-seven Czech lords are executed on the Old Town Square in Prague as a consequence of the Battle of White Mountain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/06/24", "description": " Huguenot rebellions: Saint-Jean-d'Ang\u00e9ly is taken after a 26 day siege by Royal forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/07/25", "description": " Thirty Years' War: The Battle of Neu Titschein is fought remnants of the Bohemian army manage to hold off the Imperial advance in Silesia for the moment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/07/25", "description": "SeptemberampampndashOctober ampampndash Battle of Khotyn: Polish troops hold off a large Ottoman army for over a month.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/07/25", "description": "August ampampndash Huguenot rebellions: Louis XIII besieges the Huguenot city of Montauban in the Siege of Montauban, but is forced to abandon his siege two months later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/07/25", "description": "October ampampndash The Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony and Wampanoags celebrate a harvest feast (3 days), later regarded as the ampquotFirst Thanksgivingampquot, noted for peaceful co-existence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/10/09", "description": " The Treaty of Khotyn is signed between the Ottoman Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ending the First Polish-Ottoman War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/11/11", "description": " The ship ''Fortune'' arrives at Plymouth Colony, with 35 more settlers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/12/31", "description": " Thirty Years' War: The Peace of Nikolsburg is signed between Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and Gabor Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania. Bethlen agreed to renounce his claims to Hungary. In return Bethlen received several counties and lands along the eastern border of the Holy Roman Empire, and Moravia was granted religious freedom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/12/31", "description": "The Venezuelan city of Petare is founded by Spanish conquistadors as San Jose de Guanarito.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/12/31", "description": "The Swedish city of Gothenburg is founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.  The king also grants city rights to Lule\u00e5, Pite\u00e5 and Torne\u00e5 (Tornio).  Riga falls under the rule of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/12/31", "description": "The Dutch mathematician and astronomer, Willebrord Snel van Royen (1580\u20131626), discovers the famous law of refraction, also known as ampquotSnellius' lawampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/12/31", "description": "Tamblot starts the Tamblot Uprising", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1621/12/31", "description": "The Dutch East India Company sends 2000 soldiers under the command of Jan Pieterszoon Coen to the Banda Islands in order to force the local inhabitants to accept the Dutch trade monopoly on the lucrative nutmeg, grown almost exclusively on the Banda islands. The soldiers proceed to massacre most of the 15,000 indigenous inhabitants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "January 1 ampampndash In the Gregorian calendar, January 1 is declared as the first day of the year, instead of March 25.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "January 7 ampampndash Germany and Transylvania signs Peace of Nikolsburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "February 8 ampampndash King James I of England disbands the English Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "March 12 ampampndash Ignatius of Loyola, Francis Xavier, Teresa of Avila, Isidore the Farmer and Philip Neri are canonized as saints by Pope Gregory XV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "March 22 ampampndash Jamestown massacre: Algonquian natives kill 347 English settlers outside Jamestown, Virginia (1\/3 of the colony's population) and burn the Henricus settlement. This begins the American Indian Wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "April 19 ampampndash Richelieu is made Cardinal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "April 22 ampampndash Hormuz is captured from the Portuguese by an Anglo-Persian force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "April 27 ampampndash Thirty Years' War: A Skirmish at Mingolsheim is fought between Protestant forces under Mansfeld and Georg Friedrich of Baden-Durlach, against Imperial forces under Tilly. The Protestants win, but afterwards Tilly links up with a Spanish Army under Gonzalo de C\u00f3rdoba, greatly increasing his strength.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "May ampampndash Huguenot rebellions: The huguenot city of Royan is taken by royal forces after a short siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "May 6 ampampndash Thirty Years' War: While waiting for the Protestant forces of Christian of Brunswick to join them, Mansfeld and Georg Friedrich of Baden-Durlach split up their forces as a diversion for the Imperial army of Tilly. Their plan fails, as Tilly manages to cut off Georg Friedrich at Wimpfen. At the ensuing Battle of Wimpfen, Georg Friedrich's army is almost completely destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "May 13 ampampndash The ''Eendracht'', a VOC ship and the second recorded European ship to make landfall on Australian soil, is wrecked off the western coast of Ambon Island, Dutch East Indies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "May 20 ampampndash Ottoman Sultan Osman II is strangled by rebelling Janissaries, who revolted when they heard rumours that Osman II was planning to move against them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "May 25 ampampndash The English ship ''Tryall'', which left Plymouth, England for Batavia (now Jakarta), wrecks on the Tryal Rocks, 9 months later (wreck discovered in 1969).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "June 11 ampampndash Huguenot rebellions: The huguenot city of N\u00e8grepelisse is taken after a short siege by royal forces. The entire population of the city is subsequently massacred, and the city is burned to the ground.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "June 20 ampampndash Thirty Years' War: Imperial forces under Tilly attempt to prevent Christian of Brunswick from moving his army across the Main river to link up with Mansfeld. At the Battle of H\u00f6chst, Tilly manages to inflict considerable casualties on the Protestant forces, as well as seizing Brunswick's baggage train. Nonetheless, the bulk of Brunswick's forces manage to unite with Mansfeld.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "June 24 ampampndash Dutch-Portuguese War: The outnumbered Portuguese forces successfully defend Macau from the Dutch fleet in the Battle of Macau, keeping a Portuguese foothold in the Far East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "July 13 ampampndash Thirty Years' War: After Mansfeld fails to relieve the siege of Heidelberg, Frederick V, Elector Palatine, cancels Mansfeld's contract and disbands his army. The unemployed army of Mansfeld and Christian of Brunswick is subsequently hired by the Dutch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "July 13 or July 14 ampampndash English and Dutch ships defeat the Portuguese near Mozambique.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "July 18 ampampndash Eighty Years' War: Bergen-op-Zoom is besieged by a Spanish army under the command of Ambrogio Spinola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "August 29 ampampndash Thirty Years' War: While on their way to relieve the Siege of Bergen-op-Zoom in the Netherlands, the army of Mansfeld and Christian of Brunswick is blocked by a Spanish army led by Gonzalo de C\u00f3rdoba. In the Battle of Fleurus, Cordoba manages to fight off the Protestant assault. The next day, Cordoba surprises the retreating Protestant army with his cavalry, resulting in the destruction of most of the Protestant army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "September 6 ampampndash Spanish treasure fleet sinks off Marquesa Key in the straights of Florida Atocha, Margarita, and Rosario most heavily laden treeasure ships found in 20th century", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "September 19 ampampndash Thirty Year's War: Heidelberg, the capital of the Electorate of the Palatinate, is taken by the Imperial army of Tilly after a three-month siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "October 2 ampampndash Eighty Years' War: After a siege of 86 days, Bergen-op-Zoom is relieved by a Dutch army led by Maurice of Nassau and Ernst von Mansfeld.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "October 18 ampampndash Huguenot rebellions: The first Huguenot rebellion ends with the signing of the Treaty of Montpellier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "October 27 ampampndash Huguenot rebellions: The inconclusive Naval battle of Saint-Martin-de-R\u00e9 is fought between the Huguenot fleet of La Rochelle commanded by Jean Guiton, and a royal fleet under the command of Charles of Guise.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "Dutch ships under Joachim Swartenhondt, while escorting a convoy, repel a Spanish squadron near Gibraltar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "\u00c9tienne Br\u00fbl\u00e9 is the first European to see Lake Superior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "Portugal loses control of the island of Ormus, after 107 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "Albertus Magnus is beatified, and Teresa of Avila is canonized, by the Roman Catholic Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "ampquotRosicrucianism furorampquot in Paris.ampamp{{cite book|last=S\u00e9dir|first=Paul|title=Les Rose-Croix|location=Paris|year=1972|pages=65\u201366}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "War between the Netherlands and Spain recommences after the Twelve Years' Truce (1609\u20131621).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "The Golden Horn freezes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1622", "description": "First record of bottled spring water in England at Holy Well, Malvern.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623", "description": "February ampampndash France, Savoy, and Venice sign the Treaty of Paris, agreeing to cooperate in removing Spanish forces from the strategic Alpine pass of Valtelline.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/02/25", "description": " Thirty Years' War: Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria becomes Elector of the Electorate of the Palatinate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/03/05", "description": " The first American temperance law is enacted, in Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/03/09", "description": " Amboyna massacre: Ten men in the service of the British East India Company, nine Japanese and one Portuguese, are executed by the Dutch East India Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/03/20", "description": " Richard Frethorne begins writing a letter to his parents from Jamestown, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/04/11", "description": " King Gwanghaegun of Joseon is deposed in a coup. He is succeeded by King Injo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/04/29", "description": " A fleet of 11 Dutch ships depart for the coast of Peru, seeking to seize Spanish treasure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/06/14", "description": " The first breach-of-promise lawsuit: Rev. Gerville Pooley, in Virginia, files against Cicely Jordan, but loses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/06/29", "description": " Premi\u00e8re of Pedro Calder\u00f3n de la Barca's first play, ''Amor, honor y poder'', at the Court of Habsburg Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/06/29", "description": "July ampampndash The ship ''Anne'' arrives from England at ampquotNew Plymouthampquot (Plymouth Colony), carrying more settlers, followed a week or two later by the ''Little James''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/06/29", "description": "Papal Conclave of 1623: Pope Urban VIII (Maffeo Barberini) succeeds Pope Gregory XV as the 235th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/06/29", "description": "Thirty Years' War: Chased by the Count of Tilly's army, Christian of Brunswick's army attempts to flee to the Dutch Republic. Tilly's army catches Brunswick five miles from the border. In the resulting Battle of Stadtlohn, Christian's army is destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/09/10", "description": " Murat IV (1623\u20131640) succeeds Mustafa I (1622\u20131623) as Ottoman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/11/01", "description": " Fire at Plymouth Colony destroys several buildings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/11/08", "description": " Publication in London of the quot''First Folio''quot (''Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, amp Tragedies''), a collection of 36 of the plays of Shakespeare, half of which have not previously been printed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/11/08", "description": "The Safavids recapture Baghdad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/11/08", "description": "England first colonizes Saint Kitts and Nevis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/11/08", "description": "Wilhelm Schickard invents his ampquotCalculating Clockampquot, an early mechanical calculator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/11/08", "description": "Procopius' long-lost ''Secret History'' is rediscovered in the Vatican Library.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/11/08", "description": "Giambattista Marini publishes his long poem ''Adone''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/11/08", "description": "Tommaso Campanella publishes ''The City of the Sun''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/11/08", "description": "Johannes Rudbeck founds Rudbeckianska Gymnasiet, the first gymnasium in Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/11/08", "description": "The second Thanksgiving is celebrated at Plymouth Plantation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/11/08", "description": "Erotomania is first mentioned in a psychiatric treatise.ampamp{{cite book|first=Jacques|last=Ferrand|title=Maladie d'amour ou M\u00e9lancolie \u00e9rotique}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/11/08", "description": "On the coast of Massachusetts Bay, the settlement that will become the City of Gloucester, Massachusetts is first inhabited by men from Dorchester, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1623/11/08", "description": "On the coast of New Hampshire, the settlement of Hilton's Point that will become Dover is established by men from London, England, the first European settlers in the state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/01/14", "description": " After 90 years of Ottoman occupation, the Safavid empire recaptures Baghdad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/01/24", "description": " Afonso Mendes, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa from Goa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/04/29", "description": "Louis XIII of France appoints Cardinal Richelieu chief minister of the Royal Council.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/05/08", "description": " A Dutch fleet captures Bahia, Brazil from the Spanish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/05/08", "description": "June ampampndash The first Dutch settlers arrive in New Netherland they disembark at Governors Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/05/08", "description": "24 May - After years of unprofitable operation, Virginia's charter is revoked and it becomes a royal colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/06/10", "description": " Treaty of Compi\u00e8gne, signed between France and the Netherlands", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/06/10", "description": "July or August ampampndash Portuguese Jesuit priest Ant\u00f3nio de Andrade becomes the first European to enter Tibet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/06/10", "description": "August ampampndash The Siege of Breda begins, and will continue for 10 months.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/08/05", "description": "14 ampndash The King's Men perform Thomas Middleton's satire ''A Game at Chess'' at the Globe Theatre, London, until it is suppressed in view of its allusions to the Spanish Match.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/08/12", "description": " Cardinal Richelieu is appointed by Louis XIII of France to be his first minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/08/12", "description": "Early October ampampndash Action of October 1624: A Tuscan\/Papal\/Neapolitan galley fleet defeats the Algerians near Sardinia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/08/12", "description": "Martin Luther's German translation of the Bible is publicly burned by order of the Pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/08/12", "description": "The Netherlands establishes a trading colony at Tainan on Taiwan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/08/12", "description": "The Virginia Land Company's charter is revoked and Virginia becomes a crown colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/08/12", "description": "The city of Oslo in Norway is destroyed by fire for the fourteenth time King Christian IV of Denmark\u2013Norway decrees its rebuilding on a new site where it will be renamed Christiania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/08/12", "description": "Jakob Bartsch records the constellation Camelopardalis around the North Star.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/08/12", "description": "The Palace of Versailles is first built by Louis XIII, as a hunting lodge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/08/12", "description": "The Japanese Shogun expels the Spanish from the land and severs trade with the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/08/12", "description": "Mail service begins in Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/08/12", "description": "The University of Saint Francis Xavier is founded in Bolivia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/08/12", "description": "Henry Briggs publishes ''Arithmetica Logarithmica''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/08/12", "description": "The French Parliament passes a decree forbidding criticism of Aristotle on pain of death.ampampampquot<a href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/158787\/Rene-Descartes\/43352\/Residence-in-the-Netherlands\">http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/158787\/Rene-Descartes\/43352\/Residence-in-the-Netherlands<\/a> Rene Descartesampquot, Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica. 2009. Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Online. 11 Oct. 2009.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/08/12", "description": "Queen Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba starts to rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/08/12", "description": "The Latymer School and Latymer Upper School in London are founded by the bequest of Edward Latymer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/08/12", "description": "The city of Dunfermline is destroyed by fire, but The Abbey, The Palace, the The Abbot House and many other buildings survive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1624/08/12", "description": "Frans Hals produces the painting now known as the ''Laughing Cavalier''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/01/17", "description": " Led by the Duke of Soubise, the Huguenots launch a second rebellion against king Louis XIII with a surprise naval assault on a French fleet being prepared in Blavet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/01/17", "description": "February ampampndash Huguenot forces under the Duke of Soubise capture the Island of R\u00e9.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/03/25", "description": " Battle of Martqopi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/03/27", "description": " Charles Stuart (Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland) succeeds James I of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/04/04", "description": " Frederick Henry of Nassau marries Amalia, Countess von Solms-Braunfels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/04/07", "description": " Albrecht von Wallenstein is appointed German supreme commander.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/04/23", "description": " Stadtholder Maurice of Nassau of the Dutch Republic dies and is succeeded by his younger brother, Frederick Henry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/05/01", "description": "May 1  ampndash A Portuguese-Spanish expedition recaptures Salvador, Bahia (Bahia) from the Dutch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/05/15", "description": "May 16 ampndash Rebellious farmers are hanged in Vocklamarkt, Upper Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/06/02", "description": " Prince Frederick Henry is sworn in as the stadtholder of Holland and Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/06/05", "description": " Eighty Years' War: Spanish troops under Spinola conquer Breda after a year long siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/06/13", "description": " King Charles I of England marries Henrietta Maria, Princess of France and Navarre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/06/18", "description": " The English Parliament refuses to vote Charles I the right to collect customs duties for his entire reign, restricting him to one year instead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/06/18", "description": "July ampampndash First attack from barbary pirates in south-western England.ampamp{{Cite book | author = Giles Milton | title = White Gold | publisher = Hodder ampamp Stoughton | year = 2005}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/08/06", "description": " Ernest Casimir of Nassau-Dietz is appointed as stadtholder of Groningen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/08/16", "description": " Ernest Casimir of Nassau-Dietz is appointed stadtholder of Drenthe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/09/13", "description": " A total of 16 rabbis (including Isaiah Horowitz) are imprisoned in Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/09/15", "description": " After several skirmishes in the preceding days, troops under the Marquis of Toiras successfully recapture the island of R\u00e9, forcing the Duke of Soubise to flee to England and ending the second Huguenot rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/09/24", "description": " A Dutch fleet attacks San Juan, Puerto Rico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/10/08", "description": " Admiral George Villiers' fleet sails from Plymouth, England to Cadiz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/10/25", "description": " A Dutch fleet attacks the Portuguese garrison at Elmina castle at present-day Elmina, Ghana, but is defeated with heavy casualties. This defeat, along with the defeats at Bahia and Puerto Rico caused a 5 year long lull in Dutch attacks on Spanish and Portuguese colonies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/11/01", "description": "November 7 ampndash George Villiers' fleet is defeated at Cadiz by the Spanish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/12/09", "description": " Thirty Years' War: The Netherlands and England sign the Treaty of The Hague, a military peace treaty for providing economical aid to king Christian IV of Denmark during his military campaigns in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/12/09", "description": "William Oughtred invents the slide rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/12/09", "description": "James Ussher becomes Archbishop of Armagh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/12/09", "description": "The Dutch settle Manhattan, founding the town of New Amsterdam. The town would transform into a piece of what is now New York City.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nycgovparks.org\/sub_your_park\/historical_signs\/hs_historical_sign.php?id=7712\">http:\/\/www.nycgovparks.org\/sub_your_park\/historical_signs\/hs_historical_sign.php?id=7712<\/a> New York City Gov Parksampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/12/09", "description": "The First Savoine War is fought between the Republic of Genoa and the Duchy of Savoy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/12/09", "description": "England: a very high tide occurs, described as being the highest ever known in the Thames, and the sea walls in Kent, Essex, and Lincolnshire are overthrown, and great desolation caused to the lands near the sea.ampamp{{Wheeler1896|page=31}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1625/12/09", "description": "The first members of the Society of Jesus move to Quebec, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/01/07", "description": " Polish-Swedish War: Gustavus II Adolphus defeats a Polish army in the Battle of Wallhof, Latvia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/01/09", "description": " Peter Minuit sails from Texel Island for America's New Netherland colony, with 2 ships of Dutch emigrants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/02/02", "description": " King Charles I of England is crowned, but without his wife, Henrietta Maria, who declines to participate in a non-Catholic ceremony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/02/05", "description": " The Huguenot rebels and the French government sign the Treaty of Paris, ending the second Huguenot rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/02/11", "description": " Emperor Susenyos of Ethiopia and Patriarch Afonso Mendes declare the primacy of the Roman See over the Ethiopian Church and Roman Catholicism the state religion of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/04/25", "description": " Thirty Years' War: Albrecht von Wallenstein defeats Ernst von Mansfelds army in the Battle of Dessau Bridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/05/04", "description": " Peter Minuit becomes director-general of New Netherland for the Dutch West India Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/05/24", "description": " Peter Minuit buys Manhattan from a Native American tribe (Lenape or Shinnecock or Canarsie) for trade goods, valued at 60 guilders (quot$24quot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/06/15", "description": " King Charles I of England dissolves the English Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/07/30", "description": " An earthquake strikes Naples, killing 10,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/08/01", "description": " Eighty Years' War: Ernst Casimir of Nassau-Dietz retakes Oldenzaal, forcing Spain to withdraw from Overijssel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/08/27", "description": " Thirty Years' War: Tilly defeats king Christian IV of Denmark's army in the Battle of Lutter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/09/30", "description": " Nurhaci, chieftain of the Jurchens and founder of the Qing Dynasty dies and is succeeded by his son Hong Taiji.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/11/06", "description": " (O.S.) The ship ''Arms of Amsterdam'' arrives in Europe from New Netherland (left September 23) with the <a href=\"news:\">news:<\/a> quotThey have purchased the Island Manhattes ''Manhattan'' from the Indians for the value of 60 guilders.quot (from P. Schagen letter dated November 7).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/11/18", "description": " The new St Peter's Basilica in the Vatican is consecrated, the anniversary of that of the previous church in 326.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/12/01", "description": " Pasha Muhammad ibn Farukh, tyrannical Governor of Jerusalem, is forced out.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/12/20", "description": "  Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor and Transylvanian monarch Bethlen Gabor sign the Peace of Pressburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/12/20", "description": "The Battle of Ningyuan in Xingcheng, Liaoning, China: With a much smaller force, the Ming Dynasty commander Yuan Chonghuan defeats the Manchu tribal leader Nurhaci, who dies soon after and is succeeded by Huang Taiji.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/12/20", "description": "When Quebec was first established its settlers depended  on supplies sent from France. However, Champlain  wanted the settlement at Quebec to be able to survive on its own. In 1626, Champlain decided to build  a farm to raise livestock, or animals to provide food for the people living in the habitation. Champlain described  the construction of Cap tourmente (Kap toor-mont) farm in one of his journals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1626/12/20", "description": "The beginning of the W\u00fcrzburg witch trial, which led to the mass executions of hundreds of people until 1631.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1627/07/04", "description": "July 19 ampndash Turkish Abductions: The Barbary pirates raid Iceland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1627/07/20", "description": "August 19 ampndash Eighty Years' War: Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, lays siege to Grol, the last Spanish stronghold in the eastern Netherlands, and captures it after a 1-month siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1627/07/22", "description": " The English, under the Duke of Buckingham, invade R\u00e9 Island in support of the Huguenots in La Rochelle. The invasion does not go well.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1627/07/27", "description": " An earthquake destroys the cities of San Severo and Torremaggiore in southern Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1627/07/27", "description": "September ampampndash The Siege of La Rochelle begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1627/11/20", "description": " Thirty Years' War: Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania, signs the Capitulation of Franzburg, in which Pomerania is forced to pay for the Imperial army that Wallenstein sent to occupy it. Nonetheless, despite the treaty, Pomerania is devastated by the Imperial troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1627/11/28", "description": " Polish-Swedish War: A Polish-Lithuanian fleet defeats a Swedish fleet in the Battle of Oliwa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1627/11/28", "description": "A Dutch ship makes the first recorded sighting of the coast of South Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1627/11/28", "description": "The aurochs are hunted to extinction, the last being killed by poachers in Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1627/11/28", "description": "England places the first European settlers on Barbados.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1627/11/28", "description": "After the First Manchu invasion of Korea, the Joseon Dynasty of Korea becomes a tributary state of the Manchus, but still pays respects to the Ming Dynasty of China. After rejecting a Manchu alteration to the original diplomatic terms in 1636, the Manchus invade again in 1637.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1627/11/28", "description": "Rock blasting invented: black gun powder is first used in mining, in a mineshaft under Bansk\u00e1 \u0160tiavnica, Slovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1627/11/28", "description": "Archduke Ferdinand III of Austria, heir apparent of the Habsburg Monarchy and a future Holy Roman Emperor, already King of Hungary ascends to be king of the religiously troubled Bohemia where his (still living) father's repression of Protestantism had triggered the ongoing Thirty Years' War in 1618.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1628/01/25", "description": " Shah Jahan crowned as ruler of the Mughal Empire in Agra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1628/03/01", "description": " Writs issued in February by King Charles I required every county in England (not just seaport towns) to pay ship tax by this date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1628/03/17", "description": " Oliver Cromwell makes first appearance in the English Parliament as Member for Huntingdon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1628/03/17", "description": "MayampampndashAugust 4 ampampndash Thirty Years' War: As a result of its refusal to accept the Capitulation of Franzburg, Stralsund is besieged by Wallenstein's imperial army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1628/06/07", "description": " King Charles I reconvenes the English Parliament and accepts the Petition of Right as a concession to gain his subsidies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1628/08/04", "description": " Thirty Years' War: With the help of Danish and Swedish reinforcements, Stralsund is able to resist Wallenstein's siege until the landing of a Danish army, led by Christian IV of Denmark, forces Wallenstein to raise the siege and move his army to confront the new threat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1628/08/10", "description": " The Swedish 64 gun sailing ship ''Vasa'' sinks on her maiden voyage in the Stockholm harbor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1628/08/23", "description": " George Villiers, the first Duke of Buckingham, is assassinated by John Felton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1628/09/02", "description": " Thirty Years' War: Wallenstein defeats Christian IV of Denmark's army in the Battle of Wolgast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1628/09/06", "description": " Puritans settle Salem, which will later become part of Massachusetts Bay Colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1628/09/07", "description": "September 8 ampndash Eighty Years' War: Dutch admiral Piet Hein captures 16 ships of the Spanish treasure fleet in the Battle in the Bay of Matanzas. The immense booty taken brings in over 11 million guilders, part of which is used to fund the entire army of the Dutch republic for 8 months long.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1628/10/28", "description": " The Siege of La Rochelle ends with the surrender of the Huguenots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1628/10/28", "description": "William Harvey publishes ''Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus,'' containing his findings about blood circulation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1628/10/28", "description": "Publication of Sir Edward Coke's ''Institutes of the Lawes of England'' begins with ''A Commentary upon Littleton''. This will remain an influential legal text on both sides of the Atlantic for three centuries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1628/10/28", "description": "The Collegiate School, today the oldest educational institution in North America, is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1628/10/28", "description": "The War of the Mantuan Succession breaks out over Mantua and Montferrat. The war is fought between the Duke of Savoy, who is supported by Spain, and the Duke of Nevers, who is supported by France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1628/10/28", "description": "The first black slaves arrive in the Dutch Manhattan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/03/04", "description": " Massachusetts Bay Colony is granted a Royal Charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/03/06", "description": "  Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Restitution, ordering all Catholic properties lost to Protestantism since 1552 are to be restored. The Edict further provides that Catholics and Lutherans (but not Calvinists, Hussites or members of other sects) are to be allowed to practice their faith.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/03/10", "description": " Charles I of England dissolves Parliament, starting the Eleven Years' Tyranny in which there is no parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/04/30", "description": " Eighty Years' War: Frederick Henry of Orange lays siege to 's-Hertogenbosch, one of Spain's most important fortresses along the Spanish-Dutch border.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/05/14", "description": "May 28 ampndash Huguenot rebellions: After a 15-day siege, Louis XIII captures Privas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/05/22", "description": " Thirty Years' War: Christian IV of Denmark and Wallenstein sign the Treaty of L\u00fcbeck, ending Denmark's involvement in the Thirty Years' War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/05/29", "description": " Thirty Years' War: Prince Frederick of Denmark, the Lutheran administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden, is expelled by the Catholic League as a result of the Edict of Restitution. He is replaced by the staunch catholic Francis of Wartenberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/06/04", "description": " Dutch East India Company ship ''Batavia'' is wrecked on a reef near Beacon Island off Western Australia on her maiden voyage to the Indies. Following mutiny among the survivors, two exiled murderers become the first Europeans to settle in Australia. Their subsequent fate is unknown.{{cite book|first=Geoffrey|last=Blainey|authorlink=Geoffrey Blainey|title=The Tyranny of Distance|location=Melbourne|publisher=Sun Books|year=1966|isbn=0-7251-0019-2|page=5}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/06/07", "description": " The Dutch States-General ratifies the Dutch West India Company's Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions, making it more attractive to invest in the colony of New Netherland in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/06/17", "description": " Huguenot rebellions: Al\u00e8s surrenders after an intense siege. As a result, the leader of the Huguenot Rebellions, the Duke of Rohan, surrenders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/06/17", "description": " Anglo-Spanish War (1625): A Spanish expedition led by Fadrique de Toledo wipes out the English colony on Nevis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/08/19", "description": " Eighty Years' War: The Spanish garrison of Wesel is surprised by a small Dutch army, and the city is taken by the Dutch Republic. As Wesel functioned as principal supply base of Hendrik van den Bergh's army, the loss of supply forces him to retreat to the Spanish Netherlands, leaving him unable to intervene in the ongoing siege of 's-Hertogenbosch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/08/21", "description": " Huguenot rebellions: Montauban, one of the last Huguenot strongholds, surrenders without a fight to Richelieu's troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/08/29", "description": " As a result of the Cambridge Agreement, the Massachusetts Bay Colony becomes a self-governing entity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/09/07", "description": " Anglo-Spanish War (1625): A Spanish expedition led by Fadrique de Toledo wipes out the English colony on St. Kitts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/09/14", "description": " Eighty Years' War: After a 5 month long siege, 's-Hertogenbosch surrenders to Frederick Henry. As a result of the capture of this key fortress, Spain's situation along the Spanish-Dutch border worsens greatly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/09/25", "description": " Polish\u2013Swedish War (1625\u20131629): Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth sign the Truce of Altmark, ending the war in highly favourable terms for Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/09/27", "description": " Huguenot rebellions: Louis XIII, King of France, signs the Peace of Al\u00e8s, ending the Huguenot rebellions. The Huguenots are allowed religious freedom, but lose their political, territorial and military rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/09/27", "description": "October ampampndash Italian Plague of 1629-1631: the plague arrives in Milan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/11/08", "description": " Emperor Go-Mizunoo of Japan abdicates the throne in favour of his daughter, who becomes Empress Meish\u014d.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/11/08", "description": "Fort Santo Domingo is built in Formosa by the Spanish settlers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/11/08", "description": "Chongzhen, the Chinese emperor of the Ming Dynasty, reiterates the state prohibition against female infanticide, while the empire and the Chinese economy begins to crumble. In the same year, a third of the courier stations are closed down due to lack of government funds to sustain them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/11/08", "description": "The rule of Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/11/08", "description": "Actresses are banned in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1629/11/08", "description": "William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling briefly establishes a Scottish colony at Port Royal, Nova Scotia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/02/22", "description": " Native American Quadequine introduces popcorn to English colonists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/03/03", "description": " A fleet sent by the Dutch West India Company captures Recife from the Portuguese, establishing Dutch Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/03/22", "description": " Massachusetts Bay Colony outlaws the possession of cards, dice, and gaming tables.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/03/29", "description": " Great Migration: The ship ''Arbella'' and three other ships leave Southampton, England with 400 passengers headed for the Massachusetts Bay Colony in America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/06/06", "description": " Swedish warships depart from Stockholm to Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/06/14", "description": " Passengers of the Arbella, including Anne Bradstreet, America's first poet of significance, finally set foot in the New World in Salem, MA", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/06/14", "description": "The ''Success'', last ship of the Winthrop Fleet, lands safely at Salem harbor, Massachusetts Bay Colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/06/14", "description": "Thirty Years' War: Leading an army of 13.000, king Gustav Adolf of Sweden enter the Thirty Years' War on protestant side by making landfall at Peenem\u00fcnde, Pomerania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/07/09", "description": " Thirty Years' War: Stettin is taken by Swedish forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/07/18", "description": " War of Mantuan Succession: Mantua is sacked by an imperial army led by Count Johann von Aldringen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/07/30", "description": " John Winthrop helps in founding a church in Massachusetts which will later become known as First Church in Boston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/07/30", "description": "August ampampndash Thirty Years' War: As a result of heavy pressure from the Prince-electors, Ferdinand II dismisses general Wallenstein from command of the imperial army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/09/04", "description": " Thirty Years' War: the Treaty of Stettin is signed by Sweden and Pomerania, forming a close alliance between them, as well as giving Sweden full military control over Pomerania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/09/07", "description": " The city of Boston, Massachusetts is founded. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cityofboston.gov\/archivesandrecords\/guide\/town.asp\">http:\/\/www.cityofboston.gov\/archivesandrecords\/guide\/town.asp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/09/24", "description": " The first ship of de Sauce's emigrants arrive at Southampton Hundred on the James River in Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/10/13", "description": " War of Mantuan Succession: the Peace of Regensburg is signed. Charles Gonzaga is confirmed as Duke of Mantua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/11/10", "description": "November 11 ampndash Day of Dupes: Marie de' Medici unsuccessfully attempts to oust Richelieu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/11/10", "description": "Thirty Years' War: Swedish intervention starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/11/10", "description": "Fedorovych Uprising: Zaporozhian Cossacks rebel against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and occupy a large part of present day Ukraine. After a number of indecisive skirmishes with a Polish army sent to pacify the region, the Treaty of Pereiaslav is signed, ending the uprising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/11/10", "description": "Paramaribo, Suriname is first settled by the British.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/11/10", "description": "First year of Deccan famine in India\u2014which will kill some 2,000,000 in 3 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/11/10", "description": "In the Mughal Empire, Shah Jahans Pearl Mosque at Lahore Fort is consecrated (completed 1635).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/11/10", "description": "Johann Heinrich Alsted's ''Encyclopaedia'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/11/10", "description": "The first account of the ''Childes Tomb'' story is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1630/11/10", "description": "Puritan pamphleteer Dr. Alexander Leighton publishes ''Zion's Plea Against Prelacy: An Appeal to Parliament'', an attack on Anglican bishops, in London. He is sentenced by Archbishop William Laud's High Commission Court to public whipping, branding, and having his ears cut off.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/01/23", "description": " Thirty Years' War: Sweden and France sign the Treaty of B\u00e4rwalde, a military alliance in which France provides funds for the Swedish army invading northern Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/02/05", "description": " Roger Williams emigrates to Boston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/02/16", "description": " Gustav Adolf Secondary School is founded in Tallinn, Estonia by Swedish king Gustav II Adolf.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/04/13", "description": " Thirty Years' War: Gustav Adolf of Sweden defeats an imperial garrison at the city of Frankfurt an der Oder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/05/10", "description": " Thirty Years' War: After a two month siege, an Imperial army under the command of Tilly storms the German city of Magdeburg and brutally sacks it, massacring over 20,000 inhabitants. Shocked by the massacre, many protestant states in the Holy Roman Empire decide to ally with Gustav Adolf of Sweden and support his ongoing invasion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/05/18", "description": "  In Dorchester, Massachusetts, John Winthrop takes the oath of office and becomes the first Governor of Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/05/18", "description": "''La Gazette'', the first French newspaper, was founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/05/18", "description": "Thirty Years' War: Bavaria and France sign the Treaty of Fontainebleau, forming a secret alliance. The secret alliance does not last long, however.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/06/19", "description": " War of Mantuan Succession: The Treaty of Cherasco is signed, ending the War of Mantuan Succession.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/06/20", "description": " Algerian pirates sack Baltimore, County Cork in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/07/16", "description": " The city of W\u00fcrzburg is taken by Gustav Adolf of Sweden, putting an end to the W\u00fcrzburg witch trials, but not before an estimated 900 people from the city and its environs had been burned at the stake for witchcraft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/07/22", "description": " Thirty Years' War: Tilly defeats Gustav Adolf of Sweden at the Battle of Werben, but not decisively.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/07/22", "description": "End of August ampampndash Thirty Years' War: Running out of supply, Tilly is forced to send his army into the Electorate of Saxony in order to secure supplies, as well as to force a reaction from John George, Elector of Saxony and Gustav Adolf of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/09/11", "description": " Thirty Years' War: As a result of Tilly's invasion, John George, Elector of Saxony, who had until now stayed neutral, allies with Gustav Adolf of Sweden in order to drive the Imperial army out of Saxony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/09/12", "description": " Eighty Years' War: A Spanish fleet under the command of admiral Antonio de Oquendo defeats a Dutch fleet off the coast of Brazil in the Battle of Albrolhos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/09/12", "description": "nd 13 ampndash Eighty Years' War: A Spanish fleet carrying an invasion force is intercepted and almost completely destroyed by a Dutch fleet in the Battle of the Slaak.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/09/17", "description": " Thirty Years' War: In the Battle of Breitenfeld, Tilly's imperial army is decisively defeated by Gustav II Adolf of Sweden, shattering the imperial army of the Holy Roman Empire and marking the first significant victory for the Protestants in the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/10/10", "description": " Thirty Years' War: A Saxon army takes over Prague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/12/23", "description": " Thirty Years' War: Gustav Adolph of Sweden takes the city of Mainz without any resistance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/12/23", "description": "Moses Amyraut's ''Traite des Religions'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/12/23", "description": "The bell ampquotEmmanuelampquot in Notre Dame de Paris is recast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/12/23", "description": "The Taj Mahal's construction is started (it is finished in 1653).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/12/23", "description": "Mount Vesuvius erupts in Pompeii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1631/12/23", "description": "First English settlement by William Claiborne within the State of Maryland, U.S.A.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/02/22", "description": " Galileo's ''Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/03/29", "description": " The Treaty of Saint-Germain is signed, returning Quebec to French control after the English had seized it in 1629.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/03/29", "description": "March ampampndash Thirty Years' War ampampndash Gustav Adolf of Sweden invades Bavaria with his army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/04/15", "description": " Thirty Years' War ampndash Gustavus Adolphus defeats Tilly for the second time within a year at the Battle of Rain. Tilly is severely wounded during the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/04/30", "description": " Thirty Years' War ampndash Johan Tzerclaes, Count of Tilly and commander of the Catholic League armies, dies from wounds sustained at the battle of Rain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/04/30", "description": "May ampampndash Thirty Years' War ampampndash Munich, capital of Bavaria, is captured by the Swedish army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/06/15", "description": " Sir Francis Windebank is made chief Secretary of State in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/06/20", "description": " Charles I of England issues a charter for the colony of Maryland (named in honor of Henrietta Maria), under the control of Lord Baltimore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/06/25", "description": " Susenyos' son, Emperor Fasilides, declares the state religion of Ethiopia to again be Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, confiscates the lands of the Jesuit missionaries, relegating them to Fremona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/06/25", "description": "June ampampndash Eighty Years' War ampampndash Leading a Dutch army, Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange captures in short succession the cities of Venlo, Roermond and Sittard, before besieging the city of Maastricht.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/07/23", "description": " Three hundred colonists for New France depart Dieppe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/08/22", "description": " Eighty Years' War ampndash A Dutch army led by Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange, captures the city of Maastricht after a two-month siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/09/01", "description": " A rebellion against French king Louis XIII is crushed at the Battle of Castelnaudary. The leader of the rebellion, Gaston, Duke of Orl\u00e9ans, the brother of Louis XIII, surrenders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/09/09", "description": " Thirty Years' War ampndash Besieged by Wallenstein at Nuremberg, Swedish king Gustav Adolph attempts to break the siege, but is defeated in the Battle of the Alte Veste.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/10/15", "description": " Official opening of the University of Tartu in Swedish Livonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/10/30", "description": " Henry II, Duke of Montmorency, is executed for his participation in the rebellion of Gaston, Duke of Orl\u00e9ans against the French king Louis XIII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/11/08", "description": " Wladyslaw IV Waza is elected king of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after Sigismund III Vasa's death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/11/08", "description": "Thirty Years' War ampampndash Battle of L\u00fctzen ampampndash Swedish king Gustav II Adolf leads an assault on Wallenstein's army, but is killed early in the battle. Despite the king's death, the Swedish commanders manage to rally the army and eventually defeat Wallenstein's army. As a result, Wallenstein withdraws from Saxony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/11/08", "description": "Following the death of Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, he is succeeded by his 6 year old daughter Christina while five regents, headed by Axel Oxenstierna, govern the country since she is underage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/11/17", "description": " Thirty Years' War ampndash Gottfried zu Pappenheim, Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire, dies from wounds sustained in the Battle of L\u00fctzen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/11/17", "description": "Fasilides succeeds his father Susenyos as Emperor of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/11/17", "description": "Antigua and Barbuda is first colonized by England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/11/17", "description": "The Portuguese driven out of Bengal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/11/17", "description": "Yakutsk, Russia is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1632/11/17", "description": "King W\u0142adys\u0142aw IV Vasa of Poland forbids antisemitic books and printings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1633/02/13", "description": " Galileo Galilei arrives in Rome for his trial before the Inquisition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1633/03/01", "description": " Samuel de Champlain reclaims his role as commander of New France on behalf of Cardinal Richelieu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1633/04/12", "description": " Galileo Galilei convicted of heresy by the  Roman Catholic church <a href=\"http:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/galileo-is-convicted-of-heresy\">http:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/galileo-is-convicted-of-heresy<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1633/06/22", "description": " The Roman Catholic church forces Galileo Galilei to recant his heliocentric view of the solar system: ''Eppur si muove'' (Italian) (Which, in fact, he did not say).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1633/10/22", "description": " A Ming dynasty fleet under Zheng Zhilong beat a Dutch East India Company fleet at the island of Quemoy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1633/10/22", "description": "The Jews of Pozna\u0144 are granted the privilege of forbidding Christians to enter into their city quarter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1633/10/22", "description": "In Ethiopia, the Emperor Fasilides expels the Jesuit missionaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1633/10/22", "description": "Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu of Japan outlaws Christianity and begins a policy of extreme isolationism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1633/10/22", "description": "Completion of St Columb's Cathedral, Derry, Ireland, the first post-Reformation Anglican cathedral built in the British Isles and the first Protestant cathedral built in Europe.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/northernireland\/siege\/civil-unrest.shtml|title=The\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/northernireland\/siege\/civil-unrest.shtml|title=The<\/a> Siege|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2012-07-20}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1633/10/22", "description": "Mission San Luis de Apalachee is built in the New World by two Spanish friars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1633/10/22", "description": "A professorship in Arabic studies is founded at Cambridge University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/02/24", "description": "February 25\u2014Rebellious soldiers kill Albrecht von Wallenstein.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/03/01", "description": " Battle of Smolensk: King Ladislaus IV of Poland defeats the Russian army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/03/25", "description": " The first settlers arrive in St. Mary's City, Maryland (led by Lord Baltimore), the fourth permanent settlement in British North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/07/04", "description": " The city of Trois-Rivi\u00e8res is founded in New France (later the Canadian province of Quebec).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/08/18", "description": " Urbain Grandier, a priest accused of sorcery, is burned alive in Loudun, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/09/05", "description": "September 6 ampndash The Battle of N\u00f6rdlingen results in a Catholic victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/10/11", "description": "October 12 ampndash The Burchardi flood (also known as the second Grote Mandrenke) strikes the North Sea coast of Germany and Denmark, causing 8,000ampndash12,000 deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/11/11", "description": " The Irish House of Commons passes an Act for the Punishment of the Vice of Buggery", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/11/11", "description": "Moses Amyraut's ''Traite de la predestination'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/11/11", "description": "Cura\u00e7ao is captured by the Dutch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/11/11", "description": "The Treaty of Polianovska is defined.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/11/11", "description": "The first meeting of the ''Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise'' occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/11/11", "description": "Jean Nicolet becomes the first European to set foot in Wisconsin. He is in search of a water-route to the Pacific when he lands at Green Bay, most likely in August 1634.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/11/11", "description": "Covent Garden Market opens in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/11/11", "description": "The German Brewery Paulaner is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/11/11", "description": "The English establish a settlement at Cochin (now Kochi) on the Malabar Coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/11/11", "description": "The first decennial performance of the Oberammergau Passion Plays is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/11/11", "description": "In England, Oxford University Press receives its charter and becomes the second of the privileged presses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/11/11", "description": "In Maryland, the Jesuits Andrew White, John Altham Gravenor, and Thomas Gervase arrived with Lord Leonard Calvert on March 25, 1634, and in that year established an institution of higher learning at St. Mary's which later became known as Georgetown University, North America's oldest university.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1634/11/11", "description": "Suspecting that Patriarch Afonso Mendes played a part in the Portuguese assault on Mombasa, Emperor Fasilides expels him and several Jesuit missionaries from Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1635/02/22", "description": " The ''Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise'' in Paris is formally constituted as the national academy for the preservation of the French language.ref name=aH{{cite web|title=Les grandes dates|publisher=Acad\u00e9mie fran\u00e7aise|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.academie-francaise.fr\/histoire\/index.html|accessdate=2011-02-04}}\">http:\/\/www.academie-francaise.fr\/histoire\/index.html|accessdate=2011-02-04}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1635/04/13", "description": " Maronite warlord Fah-al-Din II is executed in Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1635/04/13", "description": "May ampampndash France declares war on Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1635/05/30", "description": " Thirty Years' War ampndash The Peace of Prague is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1635/08/25", "description": " The Great Colonial Hurricane strikes Narragansett Bay as a possible Category 3 hurricane, killing over 46 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1635/09/12", "description": " The Treaty of Sztumska Wie\u015b is signed between Sweden and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1635/10/09", "description": " Rhode Island founder Roger Williams is banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony as a religious dissident, after speaking out against punishments for religious offenses and giving away Native American land.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1635/11/15", "description": " Thomas Parr, dead at the alleged age of 152, is buried in Westminster Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1635/11/15", "description": "Guadeloupe and Martinique are colonized by France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1635/11/15", "description": "Dominica is claimed by France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1635/11/15", "description": "The Ottomans are expelled from Yemen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1635/11/15", "description": "In the Mughal Empire, Shah Jahans Pearl Mosque at Lahore Fort is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1635/11/15", "description": "Nagyszombat University (predecessor of Budapest University) is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1635/11/15", "description": "Boston Latin School, the oldest school in the United States of America, is founded in Boston, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1635/11/15", "description": "Japan forbids merchants to travel abroad under penalty of death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1635/11/15", "description": "A Japanese imperial memorandum decrees: ampquotHereafter entry by the Portuguese galeota is forbidden. If they insist on coming, the ships must be destroyed and anyone aboard those ships must be beheaded.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1635/11/15", "description": "Willem and Joan Blaeu publish the first edition of their ''Atlas Novus'' in Amsterdam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1636/02/24", "description": " King Christian of Denmark gives an order that all beggars that are able to work must be sent to Brinholmen, to build ships or to work as galley rowers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1636/03/26", "description": " Utrecht University is founded in the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1636/03/26", "description": "The Spanish besiege Corbie, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1636/03/26", "description": "The covenant of the Town of Dedham, Massachusetts is first signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1636/09/08", "description": "  A vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony establishes New College (Harvard University) as the first college founded in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1636/12/13", "description": " The Massachusetts Bay Colony organizes three militia regiments to defend the colony against the Pequot Indians. This organization is recognized today as the founding of the United States National Guard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1636/12/13", "description": "Emperor Fasilides of Ethiopia founds the city of Gondar, which becomes the capital of Ethiopia for the next two centuries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1636/12/13", "description": "The first American ancestor of John Adams, Henry Adams, emigrates to Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1636/12/13", "description": "Pierre Corneille's play, ''Le Cid'', is first performed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1636/12/13", "description": "Manchus occupy the Liaoning region in north China, select Shenyang (Mukden) as their capital, and proclaim the new Qing Dynasty (ampquotpureampquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1636/12/13", "description": "The Shogun forbids Japanese to travel abroad and those abroad from returning home.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1636/12/13", "description": "In the American colonies, Roger Williams (theologian) founds Rhode Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1636/12/13", "description": "Thirty Years' War: French intervention starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1636/12/13", "description": "The first synagogue of the New World, Kahal Zur Israel Synagogue, is founded in Recife by the Dutch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1637/02/03", "description": " Tulip mania collapses in the United Provinces (now the Netherlands).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1637/02/15", "description": " Ferdinand III becomes the Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1637/04/10", "description": " Plymouth Colony grants the quottenn menn of Saugustquot a new settlement on Cape Cod, later named Sandwich, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1637/05/26", "description": " Pequot War: A band of English settlers under Captain John Mason, and their Narragansett and Mohegan allies, set fire to a fortified Pequot village near the Mystic River in what is later known as the Mystic massacre. Between 400 to 700 people, mostly women and children and old men, are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1637/05/26", "description": "May ampampndash Chinese encyclopedist, Song Yingxing, publishes his ''Tiangong Kaiwu'' (''Exploitation of the Works of Nature''), considered one of the most valuable encyclopedias of classical China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1637/06/27", "description": " The first English venture to China is undertaken by Admiral Weddell, who sails into port in Macau and Canton during the late Ming Dynasty. The voyages are for trade, which is dominated there by the Portuguese (then combined with the power of Spain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1637/06/27", "description": "23 July  - After a court battle, King Charles I handed over title to the North American colony of Massachusetts to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, one of the founders of  Plymouth Council for New England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1637/10/13", "description": " The launching ceremony is held for ''HMS Sovereign of the Seas'', the gilded warship of the British Royal Navy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1637/12/17", "description": " The Shimabara Rebellion erupts in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1637/12/17", "description": "Pierre de Fermat makes a notation, in a document margin, claiming to have proof of what would become known as Fermat's last theorem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1637/12/17", "description": "France places a few missionaries in the C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, a country it will rule more than 200 years later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1637/12/17", "description": "The Kingdom of England wages war against the Mashantucket Pequots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1637/12/17", "description": "The first opera house, ''Teatro San Cassiano'', opens in Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1637/12/17", "description": "Ren\u00e9 Descartes writes his ''Discours de la M\u00e9thode''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1637/12/17", "description": "Elizabeth Poole becomes the first woman to have founded a town (Taunton, Massachusetts) in the Americas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1637/12/17", "description": "The Blessed Virgin is proclaimed Queen of Genoa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1637/12/17", "description": "Second Manchu invasion of Korea: The Joseon court reluctantly submits to the Manchu's demands of vassalhood while continuing to pledge loyalty to the Chinese Ming Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1637/12/17", "description": "Six European ships dock at a port in China, bringing 38,421 pairs of eyeglasses to China during the late Ming Dynasty, the first recorded European-made eyeglasses to enter China. Now the Daoist unconcern with sight will change, along with their favorable attitude towards lack of intricate detail in painting (although those with good eyesight often favor intricate details in their painting). Refer to page 57 of Timothy Brook's book ''The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China''. However, the historian Kaiming Chiu argues in his ''The Introduction of Spectacles Into China'' that spectacles were introduced into China as far back as the late 13th century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1637/12/17", "description": "30,000 peasants in the heavily Catholic area of northern Ky\u016bsh\u016b revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/02/28", "description": " The Scottish National Covenant is signed in Edinburgh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/03/03", "description": "  a mercenary army under Bernard de Saxe-Weimar fighting for France defeats imperial forces at the Battle of Rheinfelden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/03/05", "description": " Thirty Years' War ampndash The Treaty of Hamburg is signed by France and Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/03/29", "description": " The Swedish arrive on the ships ''Kalmar Nyckel'' and ''Fogel Grip'' to America, to establish the first settlement in Delaware, called New Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/03/29", "description": "March ampampndash Anne Hutchinson is banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for heresy and goes to Rhode Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/04/03", "description": " John Wheelwright is banished from Boston and founds Exeter New Hampshire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/04/15", "description": " Shogunate forces defeat the last remnants of the Shimabara Rebellion in the fortress of Hara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/05/23", "description": " signing of the Kandyan Treaty between the Singhala King Rajasimha II and the Dutch to rid Ceylon of the Portuguese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/06/20", "description": "  Spanish troops under Ferdinand of Austria defeat a much larger Dutch force near Antwerp at the Battle of Kallo during the Eighty Years War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/06/27", "description": " Patriarch Cyril of Constantinople is deposed for high treason and strangled and thrown into the sea by Janissaries on Ottoman Sultan Murad IV's command.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/09/21", "description": " The Treaty of Hartford is signed, ending the Pequot War between British American colonists and the Pequot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/09/21", "description": "Septemberampampndash John Spofford originator and forefather of the decedents of Spofford family arrives in Boston harbor by way of the ship ampquotjohn of londonampquot and is one of the first people to establish Rowely, Essex County, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/10/21", "description": " The Great Thunderstorm breaks out in Widecombe-in-the-Moor, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/10/21", "description": "November ampampndash The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland is summoned to Glasgow by King Charles I of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/12/18", "description": " Mazarin becomes first adviser to French potentate Richelieu on the death of Leclerc du Tremblay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/12/21", "description": " The full moon is in total eclipse from 1:12 to 2:47 UT and the solstice occurs later in the day at 16:05 UT.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/12/21", "description": "Covenanters meet at Muchalls Castle to compose responses to the Bishops of Aberdeen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/12/21", "description": "The Dutch settle in Ceylon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/12/21", "description": "Pedro Teixeira makes the first ascent of the Amazon River, from its mouth to Quito, Ecuador. The same trip had been made in the opposite direction in 1541.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/12/21", "description": "Dutch merchant Willem Kieft is appointed Director of New Amsterdam by the Dutch West India Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/12/21", "description": "The Netherlands colonizes Mauritius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/12/21", "description": "Shipwrecked sailors from England found the first known European settlement in Belize.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/12/21", "description": "The Finnish postal service, ''Suomen Posti'', is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/12/21", "description": "New Haven, the first planned city in America, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/12/21", "description": "The Beijing Gazette makes an official switch in its production process of newspapers, from woodblock printing to movable type printing private newspapers in Ming Dynasty China were first mentioned in 1582.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/12/21", "description": "Sultan Murad IV captures Baghdad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/12/21", "description": "Shah Jahan transfers the capital of the Moghul Empire from Agra to Delhi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1638/12/21", "description": "Buccaneer Peter Wallace called ampquotBallisampquot by the Spanish, settles near and perhaps gives his name to the Belize River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1639/01/14", "description": " Connecticut's first constitution, the ''Fundamental Orders,'' is adopted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1639/03/03", "description": " The early settlement of Taunton, Massachusetts is incorporated as a town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1639/03/13", "description": " Harvard University is named for clergyman John Harvard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1639/03/13", "description": "May ampampndash The first of the Bishops' Wars breaks out between Charles I and Scotland.  Charles arrives with his army at Berwick-on-Tweed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1639/04/14", "description": " Swedish forces under Johan Baner inflict a crushing defeat on the Imperial army at the Battle of Chemnitz. This prolongs the Thirty Year's War and allows the Swedes to occupy Pirna and advance into Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1639/04/14", "description": "June ampampndash The first battle of the Bishops' Wars is fought by Earl Marischal and the Marquess of Montrose, when they lead a Covenanter army of 9,000 men past Muchalls Castle over the Causey Mounth to fight at the Bridge of Dee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1639/06/18", "description": " The Treaty of Berwick is signed by Charles I and the Scots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1639/08/22", "description": " The British East India Company buys a strip of land from the King of the Vijayanagara Empire, Peda Venkata Raya, so founding modern-day Chennai, capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1639/10/31", "description": " Naval Battle of the Downs: A Republic of the United Provinces fleet decisively defeats a Spanish fleet in English waters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1639/11/24", "description": " Jeremiah Horrocks observes the transit of Venus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1639/11/24", "description": "Fort St George, the first settlement of British India, is founded at Madras. ampampRoberts,  J: ampquotHistory of the World.ampquot. Penguin, 1994.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1639/11/24", "description": "The Casiquiare canal, a river forming a natural canal between the Amazon River and Orinoco River basins, is first encountered by Europeans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1639/11/24", "description": "The Barbados House of Assembly meets for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1639/11/24", "description": "The first printing press in North America is started in Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1639/11/24", "description": "Russian Cossacks advance over the Urals to the Pacific, to Okhotsk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1639/11/24", "description": "Montreal is first settled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1639/11/24", "description": "Sakoku (closed country policy) starts in Japan (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1639/11/24", "description": "Jules Mazarin enters the service of Richelieu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1639/11/24", "description": "Treaty of Zuhab between Ottoman (Turkish) Empire and Safavid Persia. Modern Turkey-Iran and Iraq-Iran border lines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1640/02/09", "description": " Ibrahim I (1640\u20131648) succeeds Murat IV (1623\u20131640) as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1640/04/13", "description": " King Charles I of England summons the Short Parliament in an attempt to fund the second of the Bishops' Wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1640/05/05", "description": " The Short Parliament is dispersed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1640/05/22", "description": " The Guerra dels Segadors breaks out in Catalonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1640/08/09", "description": " Forty-one Spanish delegates to Japan at Nagasaki are beheaded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1640/10/26", "description": " The Treaty of Ripon is signed, restoring peace between Scotland and Charles I of Scotland, England and Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1640/11/03", "description": " The English Long Parliament is summoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1640/11/03", "description": "End of the Iberian Union: Jo\u00e3o IV of Portugal is acclaimed as king, thus ending 60 years of personal union of the crowns of Portugal and Spain, and the rule of the House of Habsburg (also called the Philippine Dynasty). The Spanish Habsburgs do not recognize Portugal's new dynasty, the House of Braganza, until 1668.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1640/11/03", "description": "Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg starts to rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1640/11/03", "description": "The first university in Finland, the Academy of \u00c5bo, is founded in Turku.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1640/11/03", "description": "The first book (the ''Bay Psalm Book'') to be printed in North America is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1640/11/03", "description": "The first known European coffee house opens in Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1641/01/04", "description": " Major eruption of the stratovolcano Mount Parker (Philippines).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1641/01/18", "description": " Pau Claris proclaims the Catalan Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1641/02/16", "description": " King Charles I of England gives his assent to the Triennial Act, reluctantly committing himself to parliamentary sessions of at least fifty days every three years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1641/07/05", "description": "The Long Parliament abolishes the Court of Star Chamber.''BBC History'', July 2011, p12", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1641/07/12", "description": " Portugal and the Dutch Republic sign a Treaty of Offensive and Defensive Alliance. The treaty is not respected by both parties and as a consequence it has no effect in the Portuguese colonies (Brazil and Angola) that are under Dutch rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1641/08/10", "description": " Charles I of England flees London for the north.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1641/08/10", "description": "October ampampndash Irish Rebellion of 1641: The Gaelic Irish in Ulster revolt against Scottish settlers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1641/11/04", "description": " A Dutch fleet, with Michiel de Ruyter as third in command, beats back a Spanish-Dunkirker fleet in an action at Cape St Vincent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1641/11/22", "description": " The Long Parliament passes the Grand Remonstrance, part of a series of legislation designed to contain Charles I's absolutist tendencies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1641/11/22", "description": "The Dutch found a trading colony on Dejima, near Nagasaki, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1641/11/22", "description": "Portugal is ousted from Malacca by the Dutch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1641/11/22", "description": "Claudio Monteverdi's opera ''Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria'' is first performed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1641/11/22", "description": "Moses Amyraut's ''De l'elevation de la foy et de l'abaissement de la raison en la creance des mysteres de la religion'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1641/11/22", "description": "Ren\u00e9 Descartes' ''Meditations on First Philosophy'' is originally published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1641/11/22", "description": "The Norwegian city of Kristiansand is founded by King Christian IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1641/11/22", "description": "The Swedish town of Falun is given city rights by Queen Kristina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1641/11/22", "description": "English law makes witchcraft a capital crime.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1641/11/22", "description": "A massive epidemic breaks out in northern and central China, just 3 years before the fall of the Ming Dynasty. It races south down along the Grand Canal of China and the densely populated settlements there, from the northern terminus at Beijing, to the fertile Jiangnan region. In some local areas and towns it wipes out 90% of the local populace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642", "description": "Some 300,000 people die when the Ming Dynasty army in China intentionally breaks the dams and dykes of the Yellow River to break the siege by the large rebel force of Li Zicheng.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/01/04", "description": " First English Civil War: Charles I attempts to arrest 6 leading members of the Long Parliament, but they escape.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/03/01", "description": " Georgeana, Massachusetts (now known as York, Maine) becomes the first incorporated city in America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/03/19", "description": " The citizens of Galway seize an English naval ship, close the town gates and declare support for Confederate Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/05/17", "description": "r May 18 ampndash Sieur de Maisonneuve founds the Ville Marie de Montreal (nowadays known as Montreal, Quebec, Canada).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/05/30", "description": " All honours granted by Charles I from this date onward are retrospectively annulled by Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/05/30", "description": "July ampampndash First English Civil War: Charles I besieges Hull in an attempt to gain control of its arsenal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/08/04", "description": " Lord Forbes relieves Forthill and besieges Galway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/08/21", "description": " First Battle of Lostwithiel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/08/22", "description": " King Charles I raises the royal battle standard over Nottingham Castle, so declaring war on his own Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/09/02", "description": " Parliament orders the theatres of London closed, effectively ending the era of English Renaissance theatre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/09/07", "description": " Lord Forbes raises his unsuccessful siege of Galway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/09/08", "description": " Thomas Granger is executed by hanging at Plymouth, Massachusetts for confessing to numerous acts of bestiality.{{cite book |last=Samaha |first=Joel |title=Criminal Law |edition=Ninth |publisher=Thomson\/Wadsworth|location=Belmont, CA|isbn=0-495-09539-7 |page=60 |chapter=2 }}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/10/23", "description": " First English Civil War ampndash Battle of Edgehill: Royalists and Parliamentarians battle to a draw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/11/13", "description": " First English Civil War ampndash Battle of Turnham Green: The Royalist forces withdraw in face of the Parliamentarian army and fail to take London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/11/24", "description": " Abel Tasman becomes the first European to discover the island Van Diemen's Land (later renamed Tasmania).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/12/13", "description": " Abel Tasman is the first recorded European to sight New Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/12/13", "description": "The Dutch drive Spain from Taiwan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/12/13", "description": "The village of Bro (Broo) in Sweden is granted the city rights for the second time and takes the name Kristinehamn (literally ampquotChristina's portampquot) after the present Swedish monarch, Queen Christina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/12/13", "description": "Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn finishes his painting ampquotThe Night Watchampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/12/13", "description": "The Manchu under their leader Huang Taiji raid the Ming Chinese province of Shandong from their base in Manchuria. Two years later Beijing falls to rebels, the Chongzhen Emperor commits suicide, and the Shunzhi Emperor becomes the first Qing Emperor to rule over China proper.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1642/12/13", "description": "Isaac Aboab da Fonseca is appointed rabbi in Pernambuco, Brazil, thus becoming the first rabbi of the Americas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/01/21", "description": " Abel Tasman discovers the island of Tonga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/02/06", "description": " Abel Tasman discovers the Fiji islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/03/13", "description": " First English Civil War ampndash First Battle of Middlewich: The Roundheads rout the Cavaliers at Middlewich in Cheshire, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/04/01", "description": " \u00c5m\u00e5l, Sweden is granted its city charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/04/28", "description": " Francisco de Lucena, former Portuguese Secretary of State, is beheaded after being charged with treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/05/14", "description": " Louis XIV succeeds Louis XIII as King of France at age five. His rule will last until his death at age 77 in 1715, a total of 72 years, which will be the longest reign of any European monarch in recorded history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/05/19", "description": "  Battle of Rocroi: The French defeat the Spanish at Rocroi, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/06/30", "description": " First English Civil War ampndash Battle of Adwalton Moor: Cavaliers (supporters of Charles I) gain control of Yorkshire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/07/05", "description": " First English Civil War ampndash Battle of Lansdowne: Royalists and Parliamentarians battle to a draw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/07/13", "description": " First English Civil War ampndash Battle of Roundway Down: In England, Lord Henry Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, commanding the Royalist forces, wins a crushing victory over the Parliamentarian Sir William Waller.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/09/20", "description": " First English Civil War ampndash First Battle of Newbury: Royalists withdraw to end further bloodshed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/10/28", "description": " The Dutch corsairs end their occupation of Valdivia in what is now Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/11/14", "description": " Empress Meish\u014d abdicates and Emperor Go-K\u014dmy\u014d accedes to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/11/24", "description": " Battle of Tuttlingen: France is defeated by forces of the Holy Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/12/25", "description": " Christmas Island is first sighted, by Captain William Mynors of the British East India Company.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.environment.gov.au\/parks\/christmas\/culture-history\/island-history.html|title=Christmas\">http:\/\/www.environment.gov.au\/parks\/christmas\/culture-history\/island-history.html|title=Christmas<\/a> Island history|publisher=Australian Government, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities|accessdate=2011-12-09|date=2011-11-02}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/12/25", "description": "An Calbhach mac Aodha O Conchobhair Donn is inaugurated as the last king of Connacht.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/12/25", "description": "Evangelista Torricelli invents the mercury barometer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/12/25", "description": "The New England Confederation is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/12/25", "description": "Baden-Baden is pillaged by the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/12/25", "description": "Jean Bolland publishes the first two volumes of the ''Acta Sanctorum'' (in Antwerp).  This is the beginning of the Bollandists' work.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/12/25", "description": "Paul Chomedey de Maisonneuve places the first cross atop Mount Royal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/12/25", "description": "Miyamoto Musashi dictates ''The Book of Five Rings'' (''Go Rin No Sho'') to his student, completing it in 1654 just before his death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/12/25", "description": "Claudio Monteverdi's opera ''l'Incoronazione di Poppea'' is first performed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/12/25", "description": "Hong Taiji, Emperor of the Qing Dynasty of the Manchu dies and is succeeded by his 5-year-old son, the later Shunzhi Emperor of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1643/12/25", "description": "Roger Williams, a co-founder of Rhode Island, publishes ''A Key into the Language of America''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/01/22", "description": " The Royalist Oxford Parliament is first assembled by King Charles I of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/01/26", "description": " First English Civil War ampndash Battle of Nantwich: The Parliamentarians defeat the Royalists, allowing them to end the 6-week Siege of Nantwich in Cheshire, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/01/26", "description": "FebruaryampampndashAugust ampampndash Explorer Abel Tasman's second expedition for the Dutch East India Company maps the north coast of Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/01/30", "description": " Battle of Ochmat\u00f3w: Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth forces under hetman Stanis\u0142aw Koniecpolski secure a substantial victory over the horde of Crimean Tatars under Tugay Bey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/03/24", "description": " In England, Roger Williams is granted an official charter for his Rhode Island Colony, allowing the establishment of a general assembly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/04/19", "description": "April 22 ampndash Battle of Shanhai Pass: The Manchu Qing Dynasty and Wu Sangui gain a decisive victory over Li Zicheng's Shun Dynasty .", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/04/25", "description": " A popular Chinese rebellion led by Li Zicheng sacks Beijing, prompting Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, to commit suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/06/03", "description": " Li Zicheng claims himself as the emperor of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/06/06", "description": " The invading Manchu army, with the help of Ming general Wu Sangui, captures Beijing, China. This marks the beginning of the Qing Dynasty (also known as the Manchu Dynasty), the last imperial dynasty of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/07/02", "description": " English Civil War ampndash Battle of Marston Moor: The Parliamentarians crush the Royalists, ending Charles I's hold on the north of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/09/01", "description": " English Civil War ampndash Battle of Tippermuir: Montrose defeats Elcho's Covenanters, reviving the Royalist cause in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/09/02", "description": " English Civil War ampndash Second Battle of Lostwithiel: Charles I and the Royalists gain their last major victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/09/15", "description": " Pope Innocent X succeeds Pope Urban VIII as the 236th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/09/15", "description": "November ampampndash Battle of J\u00fcterbog: Sweden's forces defeat those of the Holy Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/11/23", "description": " ''Areopagitica'' by John Milton is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/12/09", "description": " As Christina comes of age, she is made ruling queen of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/12/09", "description": "December ampampndash Plague breaks out in Edinburgh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/12/09", "description": "The opera ''Ormindo'' is first performed in Venice: music by Francesco Cavalli and libretto by Giovanni Faustini.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/12/09", "description": "Kolumna Zygmunta (Sigismund's Column) is erected in Warsaw to commemorate King Sigismund III Vasa, who moved the capital of Poland from Krak\u00f3w to Warsaw in 1596.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/12/09", "description": "Philosopher Ren\u00e9 Descartes publishes ''Principia Philosophiae'' (''Principles of Philosophy'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/12/09", "description": "During the English Civil War, Prince Rupert and his men take Liverpool Castle, which is later reclaimed by Sir John Moore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1644/12/09", "description": "Opechancanough leads the Powhatan Indians in an unsuccessful uprising against the English at Jamestown. This is the last such Indian rebellion of the region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/01/03", "description": " The Long Parliament adopts the ''Directory of Public Worship'' in England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland, replacing the Book of Common Prayer (1559). Holy Days (other than Sundays) are not to be observed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/01/10", "description": " Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud is executed for treason on Tower Hill, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/01/14", "description": " English Civil War: Fairfax is appointed Commander-in-Chief.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/01/29", "description": " English Civil War: Armistice talks open at Uxbridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/02/02", "description": " Battle of Inverlochy: The Covenanters are defeated by Montrose.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/02/15", "description": " English Civil War: The New Model Army is officially founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/02/28", "description": " English Civil War: Uxbridge armistice talks fail.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/03/04", "description": " English Civil War: Prince Rupert leaves Oxford for Bristol.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/03/31", "description": " Fearing the spread of the Black Death (plague), Edinburgh Town Council prohibits all gatherings except weddings and funerals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/04/03", "description": " The House of Lords passes the Self-denying ordinance, requiring members of the Parliament of England to resign commissions in the armed services.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/04/10", "description": " Because of the plague, the Edinburgh town council orders that the college graduation ceremony should be brought forward so that students can leave the city (on November 19, teaching resumes in Linlithgow).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/04/23", "description": "Saint George's Day) ampndash English Civil War: One hundred and fifty Irish soldiers bound for service with King Charles I of England are captured at sea by Parliamentarians and killed at Pembroke in Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/05/09", "description": " Battle of Auldearn: Scottish Covenanters are defeated by Montrose.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/06/01", "description": " English Civil War: Prince Rupert's army sacks Leicester.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/06/10", "description": " English Civil War: Oliver Cromwell is confirmed as the Lieutenant-General of the Cavalry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/06/14", "description": " English Civil War ampndash Battle of Naseby: 12,000 Royalist forces are beaten by 15,000 Parliamentarian soldiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/06/28", "description": " English Civil War: The Royalists lose Carlisle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/07/02", "description": " Fight at Alford, Aberdeenshire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/07/10", "description": " English Civil War ampndash Battle of Langport: Cromwell wins in Somerset.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/07/23", "description": " Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia comes to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/08/13", "description": " The Treaty of Br\u00f6msebro is signed between Sweden and Denmark-Norway, ending the Torstenson War and ceding Jemtland, Herjedalen, Gotland and \u00d6sel (Saaremaa) to Sweden, which also holds the province of Halland for a period of 30 years as a guarantee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/09/10", "description": " English Civil War: Prince Rupert surrenders Bristol.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/09/13", "description": " Battle of Philiphaugh: Covenanters defeat Montrose at Selkirk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/09/24", "description": " English Civil War ampndash Battle of Rowton Heath: Parliamentarians defeat the Royalist cavalry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/10/08", "description": "October 14 ampndash English Civil War:  Third siege of Basing House by Cromwell results in its destruction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/10/08", "description": " Jeanne Mance founds the H\u00f4tel-Dieu de Montr\u00e9al, the first hospital in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/10/11", "description": " English Civil War: Re-fortification of Bourne Castle in Lincolnshire against a threatened Royalist attack begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/10/11", "description": "Bamana forces from S\u00e9gou invade the Mali heartland, destroying the Mali Empire after its 400 years as a unified state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/10/11", "description": "The Stolberg-Wernigerode branch of the family of the counts of Stolberg and Wernigerode is founded in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/10/11", "description": "The Solar cycle enters the 70-year Maunder Minimum during which sunspots will be rare.ampamp{{cite journal|authorlink=John A. Eddy|last=Eddy|first=John A.|title=The Maunder Minimum|journal=Science|volume=192|issue=4245|pages=1189\u20131202|month=June|year=1976|pmid=17771739|doi=10.1126\/science.192.4245.1189|jstor=17425839|bibcode=1976Sci...192.1189E}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1645/10/11", "description": "Wallpaper begins to replace tapestries as a wall decoration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1646/02/16", "description": " First English Civil War ampndash The Battle of Great Torrington, Devon, the last major battle of the conflict, is fought.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1646/02/28", "description": " Roger Scott is tried in Massachusetts for sleeping in church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1646/03/06", "description": " Joseph Jenkes, in Massachusetts, receives the first colonial machine patent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1646/04/27", "description": " King Charles I flees from Oxford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1646/05/05", "description": " King Charles I surrenders his forces to a Scottish army at Southwell, Nottinghamshire.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=261}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1646/05/06", "description": " Poet Anne Bradstreet becomes a founding mother of Andover Parish (now North Andover) Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1646/05/30", "description": " Spain and the Netherlands sign a temporary cease fire in the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1646/06/25", "description": " The New Model Army of Thomas Fairfax occupies Oxford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1646/07/12", "description": " Lightning strikes the gunpowder tower of the castle of Bredevoort, causing an explosion that destroys parts of the castle and the town, killing Lord Haersolte of Bredevoort and his family, as well as others. Only one son, Anthonie, who is not home that day, survives.<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=BywXAAAAYAAJamppg=PA52ampdq=bredevoortamphl=nlampei=B7qHTLflJYiHOL_DlaQOampsa=Xampoi=book_resultampct=resultampresnum=6ampved=0CD4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepageampq=bredevoortampf=false\">http:\/\/books.google.nl\/books?id=BywXAAAAYAAJamppg=PA52ampdq=bredevoortamphl=nlampei=B7qHTLflJYiHOL_DlaQOampsa=Xampoi=book_resultampct=resultampresnum=6ampved=0CD4Q6AEwBQ#v=onepageampq=bredevoortampf=false<\/a> Google Books ''Geldersche volks-Almanack ... met dedewerking van vele beoefenaars der geldersche geschiedenis. ''", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1646/07/30", "description": " The English Parliament sets the Newcastle Propositions for King Charles I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1646/08/19", "description": " English Civil War ampndash Raglan Castle in Wales surrenders to General Fairfax after a 2-month siege it is later destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1646/10/28", "description": " The first Protestant church assembly for natives is held in Massachusetts (see Waban).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1646/11/04", "description": " Massachusetts enacts the death penalty for having a rebellious child.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1646/12/07", "description": " Princess Louise Henriette (19) marries Frederick William of Brandenburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1646/12/21", "description": " Global temperatures begin to decline as part of the Little Ice Age", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1646/12/21", "description": "The Westminster Confession of Faith is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1647/03/14", "description": " Thirty Years' War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1647/04/03", "description": " In England, a letter from the Agitators of the New Model Army, protesting delay of pay, is read in the House of Commons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1647/05/13", "description": " 1647 Santiago earthquake rattles Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1647/05/29", "description": " The Rhode Island General Assembly drafts a constitution that separates church and state, and permits public referendums and initiatives on legislation.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1647/05/29", "description": "August", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1647/05/29", "description": "The New Model Army marches to London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1647/05/29", "description": "Peter Stuyvesant is appointed Director of New Amsterdam by the Dutch West India Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1647/08/08", "description": " Battle of Dungan's Hill: Irish forces are defeated by English Parliamentary forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1647/08/08", "description": "November ampampndash Battle of Knocknanauss: An Irish confederate force is destroyed by the army of Parliament Alasdair MacColla is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1647/12/28", "description": " King Charles of England promises a church reform. This agreement leads to the Second English Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1647/12/28", "description": "England's Puritan rulers ban Christmas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1647/12/28", "description": "Johann von Werth tries to take his troops over the Austrian border, but they refuse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1647/12/28", "description": "Aberystwyth Castle is razed to the ground by Parliamentarian troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1648", "description": "January ampampndash The beginning of the Khmelnytsky Uprising in Ukraine, at this time in the Republic of Both Nations (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), which continues until 1654, and results, among other things, in the massacre of an estimated 20,000 Jews.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1648/01/17", "description": " England's Long Parliament passes the Vote of No Addresses, breaking off negotiations with King Charles I and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the English Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1648/01/30", "description": " The Dutch and the Spanish sign the Peace of M\u00fcnster, ending the Eighty Years' War. The Spanish Empire recognizes the Dutch Republic of United Netherlands as a sovereign state, (governed by the House of Orange-Nassau and the Estates General) which was previously a province of the Spanish Empire. (Ratified May 15.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1648/03/31", "description": " A major earthquake strikes Van in Ottoman Armenia.{{cite book|title=A History of Persian Earthquakes|first1=N. N.|last1=Ambraseys|first2=C. P.|last2=Melville|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=1JkfKub5vakCamppg=PA50amplpg=PA50ampdq=Van+earthquake+1648#v=onepageampq=Van%20earthquake%201648ampf=false|publisher=Cambridge\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=1JkfKub5vakCamppg=PA50amplpg=PA50ampdq=Van+earthquake+1648#v=onepageampq=Van%20earthquake%201648ampf=false|publisher=Cambridge<\/a> University Press|year=1982|page=50|isbn=0-521-24112-X|accessdate=2011-08-24}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1648/04/19", "description": " The Portuguese army defeats the Dutch army in the north of Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1648/04/19", "description": "JuneampampndashSeptember ampampndash Semyon Dezhnyov makes the first recorded voyage through the Bering Strait between Asia and North America.ampamp{{cite book|editor=Fisher, Raymond H.|title=The Voyage of Semen Dezhnev in 1648|location=London|publisher=Hakluyt Society|year=1981|isbn=0-904180-07-7}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1648/04/19", "description": "August", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1648/04/19", "description": "Arabs besiege Portuguese in Muscat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1648/04/19", "description": "The First Fronde, the ''Fronde Parlementaire'', an insurrection, begins in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1648/08/12", "description": " Mehmed IV (1648\u20131687) succeeds Ibrahim I (1640\u20131648) as Ottoman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1648/09/12", "description": " Battle of Stirling takes place in Scotland: quotEngagersquot achieve victory over the Kirk Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1648/10/24", "description": " Signing of the Treaties of M\u00fcnster and Osnabr\u00fcck conclude the Peace of Westphalia, ending the Thirty Years' War. Rulers of the Imperial States have powers to decide their state religion, Protestant, Catholic or Calvinist, with the minorities of each of those faiths granted toleration of worship, and there is general recognition of exclusive sovereignty, including that of the Dutch Republic and Switzerland. France and Sweden gain territory, and the latter is granted an indemnity. However, France remains at war with Spain until 1659.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1648/10/31", "description": " A treaty is signed between the Arabs and the Portuguese. The terms include a provision that the Portuguese should build fortresses at Kuriyat, Dibba Al-Hisn (Sharjah) and Muttrah (Oman).{{cite web|first=Marco|last=Ramerini|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.colonialvoyage.com\/eng\/asia\/persian_gulf\/index.html|title=The\">http:\/\/www.colonialvoyage.com\/eng\/asia\/persian_gulf\/index.html|title=The<\/a> Portuguese in the Arabia Peninsula and in the Persian Gulf|work=Colonial Voyage|accessdate=2011-08-24}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1648/11/11", "description": " France and the Netherlands agree to divide the Caribbean island of Saint Martin between them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1648/12/11", "description": " quotPride's Purgequot in England, with elements of the New Model Army, under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell invading London and expelling a majority of the Long Parliament, resulting in the creation of the Rump Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1648/12/11", "description": "The Battle of Prague takes place in the Thirty Years' War. The west bank of Prague (including Prague Castle) is occupied and looted by Swedish armies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1648/12/11", "description": "In India, building of the Red Fort in Shahjahanabad is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1648/12/11", "description": "Sabbatai Zevi declares himself the Messiah at Smyrna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1648/12/11", "description": "George Fox founds the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in England.ampref name=CCWHamp{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld ampamp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=262\u2013263}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1649/01/27", "description": " King Charles I of England, Scotland and Ireland is found guilty of treason in a public session.  He is beheaded three days later, outside the Banqueting Hall in the Palace of Whitehall, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1649/01/27", "description": "Following the execution of King Charles I, the Commonwealth of England, a republican form of government, replaces the monarchy as the form of government of England and later of Scotland and Ireland. Members of the Long Parliament serve as government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1649/01/27", "description": "Charles, Prince of Wales declares himself King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland. At the time, none of the three kingdoms recognize him as ruler.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}amp!--Charles was not in England so it is doubtful he knew of his fathers death on the 30th--amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1649/02/05", "description": " In Edinburgh, Scotland claimant King Charles II of England is declared King in his absence. Scotland is the first of the three Kingdoms to recognize his claim to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1649/03/11", "description": " The rebel ''Frondeurs'' and the French government sign the Peace of Rueil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1649/03/19", "description": " The House of Commons of England passes an act abolishing the House of Lords, declaring that it is ''quotuseless and dangerous to the people of Englandquot''.{{cite web|title=March 1649 - An Act for the Abolishing the House of Peers.|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.british-history.ac.uk\/report.aspx?compid=56321|accessdate=2012-02-16}}\">http:\/\/www.british-history.ac.uk\/report.aspx?compid=56321|accessdate=2012-02-16}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1649/03/19", "description": "March ampampndash Robert Blake is promoted to become a ampquotGeneral at Seaampquot of the English fleet.ampamp{{cite web|first=Michael|last=Baumber|title=Blake, Robert (bap. 1598, d. 1657)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/2582|accessdate=2010-08-24|doi=10.1093\/ref:odnb\/2582}}\">http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/2582|accessdate=2010-08-24|doi=10.1093\/ref:odnb\/2582}}<\/a> {{ODNBsub}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1649/05/17", "description": " The Banbury mutiny in England ends ampndash leaders of the Leveller mutineers in the New Model Army are hanged.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1649/05/19", "description": " ''An act declaring England to be a Commonwealth'' is passed by the Rump Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1649/05/22", "description": "October ampndash Robert Blake blockades Prince Rupert's fleet in Kinsale, Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1649/05/22", "description": "August ampampndash The Diggers abandon their last major colony at St. George's Hill, Weybridge, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1649/08/08", "description": " Dubhaltach MacFhirbhisigh completes Book VIII of ''Leabhar na nGenealach'', in Galway, within days of an outbreak of the plague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1649/08/15", "description": " Oliver Cromwell lands in Dublin to begin the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1649/09/02", "description": " The Italian city of Castro is completely destroyed by the forces of Pope Innocent X, ending the Wars of Castro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1649/09/03", "description": "11 ampndash Siege of Drogheda in Ireland: New Model Army massacre the Irish Catholic Confederation garrison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1649/10/02", "description": "11 ampndash Sack of Wexford in Ireland: New Model Army massacre the Irish Catholic Confederation garrison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1649/10/02", "description": "Urga is founded (now Mongolia's capital).{{citation needed|date=August 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/04/27", "description": " Battle of Carbisdale: A Royalist army invades mainland Scotland from the Orkney Islands but is defeated by a Covenanter army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/04/27", "description": "May ampampndash The New Model Army is decimated at the Siege of Clonmel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/06/09", "description": "June 9  \u2013 The Harvard Corporation, the more powerful of the two administrative boards of Harvard, is established (the first legal corporation in the Americas).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/06/23", "description": " Claimant King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland arrives in Scotland, the only of the three Kingdoms that has accepted him as ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/08/23", "description": " Colonel George Monck forms ''Monck's Regiment of Foot'', forerunner of the Coldstream Guards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/09/03", "description": " Third English Civil War: Battle of Dunbar (1650).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/09/27", "description": " The Kolumbo volcano on Santorini experience a massive eruption (VEI 6).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/09/29", "description": " Henry Robinson opens his ''Office of Addresses and Encounters'' (the first historically documented dating service) in Threadneedle Street, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/11/04", "description": " William III of Orange becomes Prince of the House of Orange the moment of his birth, succeeding his father who had died a few days earlier. He doesn't become stadtholder, so the United Provinces become a true republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/12/25", "description": " Thomas Cooper, former Usher of Gresham's School, England, is hanged as a Royalist rebel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/12/25", "description": "The first modern Palio horserace is held in Siena.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/12/25", "description": "Puritans chop down the original Glastonbury Thorn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/12/25", "description": "Captain James Hind makes an abortive attempt to seize power in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/12/25", "description": "Jews are allowed to return to France and England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/12/25", "description": "Caf\u00e9s begin to become popular in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/12/25", "description": "Three-wheeled wheelchairs are used in Nuremberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/12/25", "description": "The Age of Discovery ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/12/25", "description": "Ann Greene, who had been hanged for infanticide in Edinburgh, wakes up on an autopsy table she is pardoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/12/25", "description": "Abyssinia deports Portuguese diplomats and missionaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/12/25", "description": "''Einkommende Zeitungen'' becomes the first German newspaper (cancelled 1918).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/12/25", "description": "The town of Sharon, Massachusetts is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1650/12/25", "description": "Estimation: Istanbul becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Beijing.<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1651/01/01", "description": " Charles II is crowned King of Scotland at Scone (his first crowning).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1651/02/22", "description": " St. Peter's Flood ampndash First storm tide in the North Sea strikes the coast of Germany, drowning thousands. The island of Juist is split in half and the western half of Buise is probably washed away.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1651/03/04", "description": "5 ampndash St. Peter's Flood ampndash Another storm tide in the North Sea strikes the Netherlands, flooding Amsterdam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1651/06/28", "description": "30 ampndash Battle of Berestechko in the Ukraine: The army of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth defeats the Zaporozhian Cossacks in one of the biggest land battles of the century, with some 205,000 troops in the field.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1651/07/20", "description": " Battle of Inverkeithing in Scotland: The English Parliamentarian New Model Army under Major-General John Lambert defeats a Scottish Covenanter army acting on behalf of Charles II, led by Sir John Brown of Fordell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1651/09/03", "description": " English Civil War ampndash Battle of Worcester: the future King Charles II of England is defeated in the last major battle of the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1651/09/03", "description": "October ampampndash An English diplomatic team headed by Oliver St John goes to The Hague to negotiate an alliance between the Commonwealth of England and the Dutch Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1651/10/14", "description": " Laws are passed in Massachusetts forbidding poor people from adopting excessive styles of dress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1651/10/15", "description": " Escape of Charles II to France.ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=185\u2013186|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1651/10/15", "description": "The Keian Uprising fails in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1651/10/15", "description": "Madanmohan-jiu Temple built at Samta (India), a village in the Howrah district of West Bengal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1652/01/08", "description": " Michiel de Ruyter marries the widow Anna van Gelder and plans retirement, but months later becomes a vice-commodore in the First Anglo-Dutch War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1652/04/06", "description": " Dutch sailor Jan van Riebeeck establishes a resupply camp for the Dutch East India Company at the Cape of Good Hope, and founds Cape Town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1652/05/18", "description": " Rhode Island passes the first law in North America making slavery illegal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1652/05/29", "description": " First Anglo-Dutch War: The opening battle is fought off Dover, between Lt.-Admiral Maarten Harpertszoon Tromp's 42 Dutch ships and 21 English ships divided into 2 squadrons, one commanded by Robert Blake and the other by Nehemiah Bourne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1652/06/13", "description": " Religion: George Fox preaches to a large crowd on Firbank Fell, leading to the establishment of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1652/08/26", "description": " First Anglo-Dutch War ampndash Battle of Plymouth: A fleet from the Commonwealth of England attacks an outward-bound convoy of the United Provinces, escorted by 23 men-of-war and 6 fire ships commanded by Vice-Commodore Michiel de Ruyter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1652/10/08", "description": " First Anglo-Dutch War ampndash Battle of the Kentish Knock: The battle is fought near the shoal called the Kentish Knock in the North Sea, about 30ampnbspkm from the mouth of the River Thames.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1653", "description": "JanuaryampampndashJune ampampndash Swiss peasant war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1653/02/02", "description": " New Amsterdam (later renamed New York City) is incorporated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1653/02/03", "description": " Cardinal Mazarin returns to Paris from exile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1653/03/14", "description": " Battle of Leghorn: A Dutch fleet defeats the English the Dutch commander, Johan van Galen, later dies of his wounds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1653/04/20", "description": " Oliver Cromwell expels the Rump Parliament in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1653/05/24", "description": " Ferdinand IV is elected King of the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1653/06/12", "description": "13 ampndash First Anglo-Dutch War ampndash Battle of the Gabbard: The English navy defeats the Dutch fleet, which loses 17 ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1653/07/04", "description": "December 12 ampndash The Barebones Parliament meets in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1653/07/08", "description": " John Thurloe becomes Cromwell's head of intelligence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1653/08/08", "description": "10 ampndash Battle of Scheveningen: The final naval battle of the First Anglo-Dutch War is fought, between the fleets of the Commonwealth of England and the United Provinces off the Texel the English navy gains a tactical victory over the Dutch fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1653/08/08", "description": "November ampampndash John Casor flees Anthony Johnson's farm, sparking the legal basis for slavery in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1653/12/16", "description": " Instrument of Government in England: The world's first written constitution, under which Oliver Cromwell becomes Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland,ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}{{cite web|title=Commonwealth Instrument of Government, 1653|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fordham.edu\/halsall\/mod\/1653intrumentgovt.asp|work=Modern\">http:\/\/www.fordham.edu\/halsall\/mod\/1653intrumentgovt.asp|work=Modern<\/a> History Sourcebook|publisher=Fordham University|location=New York|month=August|year=1998|accessdate=2012-07-10}} being advised by a remodelled English Council of State. This is the start of The First Protectorate, bringing an end to the first period of republican government in the country, the Commonwealth of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1653/12/16", "description": "Marcello Malpighi becomes a doctor of medicine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1653/12/16", "description": "Stephen Bachiler returns to England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1653/12/16", "description": "The Taj Mahal mausoleum is completed at Agra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1653/12/16", "description": "Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg reconfirms the nobility's freedom from taxation and its unlimited control over the peasants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1654/03/12", "description": "13 ampndash The Treaty of Pereyaslav is concluded in the city of Pereyaslav during the meeting between the Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host and Tsar Alexey I of Russia, following the end to the Khmelnytsky Uprising in Ukraine, which had started in 164 and had resulted in the massacre of an estimated 100,000 Jews.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1654/04/05", "description": " The Treaty of Westminster, ending the First Anglo-Dutch War, is signed.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=266}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1654/04/11", "description": " Anglo-Swedish alliance: A commercial treaty between England and Sweden is signed.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1654/04/12", "description": " Oliver Cromwell creates a union between England and Scotland, with Scottish representation in the Parliament of England.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1654/05/08", "description": " Otto von Guericke demonstrates the power of atmospheric pressure and the effectiveness of his vacuum pump using the Magdeburg hemispheres before Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor, and the Imperial Diet in Regensburg.{{cite encyclopedia|title=Von Guericke, Otto|encyclopedia=Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica|edition=11th|volume=9|page=670|publisher=The Encyclopaedia Britannica Co|year=1910|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=GFAEAAAAYAAJamppg=PA670amp}}\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=GFAEAAAAYAAJamppg=PA670amp}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1654/06/03", "description": " Louis XIV of France is crowned at Rheims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1654/06/06", "description": " Charles X Gustav succeeds his cousin Christina on the Swedish throne. After her abdication on the same day, Christina, now the former reigning queen of a Protestant nation, secretly converts to Catholicism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1654/06/06", "description": "July ampampndash The Russian Army seizes Smolensk, and the Thirteen Years War starts between Russia and Poland over Ukraine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1654/07/10", "description": " Peter Vowell and John Gerard are executed in London for plotting to assassinate Oliver Cromwell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1654/07/10", "description": "August ampampndash Oliver Cromwell launches the 'Western Design', an English expedition to the Caribbean to counter Spanish commercial interests, effectively beginning the Anglo-Spanish War (which will last until after the English Restoration in 1660).ampref name=CBHamp{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=185\u2013186|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp The fleet leaves Portsmouth in late December.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1654/08/22", "description": " Twenty-three Jewish refugees from Brazil settle in New Amsterdam, forming the nucleus of what will be the second largest urban Jewish community in history, that of New York City.{{cite web|title=Jews arrive in the New World|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/americanjewisharchives.org\/aja\/aje\/details.php?id=586amppage=1|work=American\">http:\/\/americanjewisharchives.org\/aja\/aje\/details.php?id=586amppage=1|work=American<\/a> Jewish Archives|accessdate=2012-07-10}}{{cite web|first=Ner|last=LeElef|title=World Jewish Population", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1654/09/03", "description": " In England, the First Protectorate Parliament assembles.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1654/09/12", "description": " Oliver Cromwell orders the exclusion of the members of Parliament who are hostile to him.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1654/10/12", "description": " The Delft Explosion, in the arsenal, devastates the city in the Netherlands, killing more than 100, among whom is Carel Fabritius (32), the most promising student of Rembrandt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1654/10/31", "description": " Ferdinand Maria, Elector of Bavaria, is crowned. His absolutist style of leadership becomes a benchmark for the rest of Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1654/11/23", "description": " French mathematician, scientist, and religious philosopher Blaise Pascal experiences an intense mystical vision that marks him for life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/01/05", "description": " Emperor Go-Sai ascends the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/02/16", "description": " Dutch Grand Pensionary advisor Johan de Witt marries Wendela Bicker.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/03/08", "description": " John Castor became the first legally recognized slave in what was to be the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/03/25", "description": " Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christian Huygens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/04/04", "description": " Battle of Postage Farina, Tunis: Hibiki Tokai's fleet defeats the Barbarian pirates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/04/07", "description": "  Pope Alexander VII, born Fabio Chigi, succeeds Pope Innocent X as the 237th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/04/24", "description": " The massacre of the Waldensians by Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy,  memorialized in a poem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/04/26", "description": " The Dutch West India Company denies Peter Stuyvesant's request to exclude Jews from New Amsterdam (Manhattan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/04/28", "description": " Admiral Blake severely damages the arsenal of the Bey of Tunis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/05/10", "description": " English troops land on Jamaica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/06/13", "description": " Adriana Nooseman-van de Bergh becomes the first actress in Amsterdam theater.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/07/20", "description": " The Amsterdam Town Hall (now the Royal Palace) is inaugurated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/07/20", "description": "The Jews in New Amsterdam petition for a separate Jewish cemetery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/07/20", "description": "The Netherlands and Brandenburg sign a military treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/07/30", "description": " Dutch troops capture Fort Assahudi Seram.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/07/31", "description": " Russo-Polish War (1654\u20131667): The Russian army enters the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilnius, which it holds for 6 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/08/09", "description": " Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell divides England into 11 districts under major-generals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/08/28", "description": " New Amsterdam and Peter Stuyvesant bar colonial Jews from military service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/08/28", "description": "August ampampndash The governor of New Netherland, Peter Stuyvesant, attacks the New Sweden (Delaware) colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/09/08", "description": " Swedish King Karl X Gustav occupies Warsaw (Poland).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/09/26", "description": " Peter Stuyvesant recaptures Dutch Ft. Casimir and defeats the New Sweden (Delaware) colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/10/15", "description": " The Jews of Lublin are massacred.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/10/19", "description": " Swedish King Karl X Gustav occupies Krakow (Poland).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/11/03", "description": " England and France sign military and economic treaties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/11/24", "description": " English Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell bans Anglicans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/12/04", "description": " Middelburg, the Netherlands forbids the building of a synagogue.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/12/27", "description": " Second Northern War\/the Deluge: Monks at the Jasna G\u00f3ra Monastery in Cz\u0119stochowa are successful in fending off a month-long siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1655/12/27", "description": "The ''Bibliotheca Thysiana'' is erected, the only surviving 17th century example in the Netherlands of a building designed as a library.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1656/01/17", "description": " Treaty of K\u00f6nigsberg is signed, establishing alliance between Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1656/01/24", "description": " first Jewish doctor in US, Jacob Lumbrozo, arrives in Maryland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1656/04/01", "description": " King 1st Jan Kazimierz crowns Our Lady of Cz\u0119stochowa (the Black Madonna) as Queen and Protector of Poland in the cathedral of Lw\u00f3w after the miraculous saving of the monastery of Jasna G\u00f3ra during The Deluge, an event which actually changed the course of the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1656/04/28", "description": " The ship ''Vergulde Draeck'' is wrecked off Ledge Point, Western Australia after it departs the Cape of Good Hope rescue missions fail to find survivors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1656/04/28", "description": "July ampampndash In an attempt to rescue survivors of the ''Vergulde Draeck'', a search party is sent ashore, in ''Goede Hoop'''s boat, which smashes against rocks and sinks: 8 sailors drown 3 more disappear ashore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1656/04/28", "description": "December ampampndash The pendulum clock is invented by Christiaan Huygens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1656/12/20", "description": " Treaty of Labiau is signed between Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1656/12/20", "description": "Mehmed K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc becomes Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1656/12/20", "description": "Jews are readmitted to England by Oliver Cromwell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1656/12/20", "description": "The Stockholm Banco, the first bank to issue banknotes, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1656/12/20", "description": "The only Fifty Shilling British coin is minted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1656/12/20", "description": "Adams' Grammar School in Shropshire, England is founded by William Adams.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1656/12/20", "description": "The Dutch capture the city of Colombo in Sri Lanka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1656/12/20", "description": "Konoike Zen'amon (son of Konoike Shinroku) founds a baking and money-changing business in Osaka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1656/12/20", "description": "Samuel Stockhausen publishes his \u201cTreatise on the Noxious Fumes of Litharge, Diseases caused by them and Miners\u2019 Asthma\u201d", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1657/01/08", "description": " Miles Sindercombe and his group of disaffected Levellers are betrayed in their attempt to assassinate Oliver Cromwell by blowing up the Palace of Whitehall in London and arrested.ref name=quotbritish-civil-wars timelinesquot{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.british-civil-wars.co.uk\/timelines\/1657.htm|title=1657|work=British\">http:\/\/www.british-civil-wars.co.uk\/timelines\/1657.htm|title=1657|work=British<\/a> Civil Wars. Commonwealth and Protectorate 1638-60|date=2010-06-07|accessdate=2012-02-17}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1657/02/04", "description": " Oliver Cromwell grants residency to Luis Caravajal.{{Vague|date=February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1657/02/10", "description": " Christina, former Queen of Sweden, has Gian Rinaldo Monaldeschi killed in her presence at the Palace of Fontainebleau.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1657/02/23", "description": " In England, the Humble Petition and Advice offers Lord Protector Cromwell the crown.{{cite web|first=John|last=Morrill|authorlink=John Morrill (historian)|title=Cromwell, Oliver (1599\u20131658)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/6765|accessdate=2012-02-17|doi=10.1093\/ref:odnb\/6765}}\">http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/6765|accessdate=2012-02-17|doi=10.1093\/ref:odnb\/6765}}<\/a> {{ODNBsub}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1657/03/02", "description": " The Great Fire of Meireki in Edo, Japan, destroys most of the city and damages Edo castle, killing an estimated 100,000 people.{{cite book|last1=Blusse|first1=Leonard|last2=Vaill\u00e9|first2=Cynthia|year=2005|title=The Deshima Dagregisters, Volume XII 1650-1660|location=Leiden}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1657/03/23", "description": " Anglo-Spanish War (1654\u20131660): By the Treaty of Paris, France and England form an alliance against Spainref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=267\u2013268}} England will receive Dunkirk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1657/03/23", "description": "Anglo-Spanish War: Admiral Robert Blake destroys a Spanish silver fleet under heavy fire at Santa Cruz de Tenerife.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1657/03/23", "description": "The Jews of New Amsterdam (later New York) are granted freedom of religion as full citizens.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1657/05/08", "description": " Lord Protector Cromwell confirms his refusal of the crown of England, preferring the title quotLord Protectorquot.ref name=quotbritish-civil-wars timelinesquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1657/05/08", "description": "Dano-Swedish War (1657\u20131658): King Frederick III of Denmark signs a manifesto ''de facto'' declaring war on Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1657/05/08", "description": "The first eleven Quaker settlers arrive in New Amsterdam (later New York) and are allowed to practice their faith.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1657/07/13", "description": " Following his refusal to take the oath of allegiance to Oliver Cromwell, English army leader John Lambert is ordered to resign his commissions.ref name=quotbritish-civil-wars timelinesquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1657/08/20", "description": " The ship ''Les Armes d'Amsterdam'' arrives at Quebec, New France. Among the passengers is Michel Mathieu Brunet ''dit'' Lestang (1638\u20131708), colonist, explorer and co-discoverer of what is today Green Bay, Wisconsin. 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England is then given Dunkirk for its assistance in the victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1658/06/25", "description": "27 ampndash Anglo-Spanish War: Battle of Rio Nuevo: A Spanish invasion force fails to recapture Jamaica from the English.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1658/06/25", "description": "July ampampndash Sarhuda's Manchu fleet annihilates Onufriy Stepanov's Russian flotilla on the Amur.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1658/07/31", "description": " After his father Shah Jahan completes the Taj Mahal, his son Aurangzeb deposes him as ruler of the Mughal Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1658/09/03", "description": " Oliver Cromwell dies and his son Richard assumes his father's former position as Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1658/09/03", "description": "Portuguese traders are expelled from Ceylon by Dutch invaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1658/09/03", "description": "The Dutch in the Cape Colony start to import slaves from India and South-East Asia (later from Madagascar).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1659/01/14", "description": " Battle of Elvas: The Portuguese beat the Spanish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1659/01/24", "description": " Pierre Corneille's ''Oedipe'' premieres in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1659/02/02", "description": " Jan van Riebeeck produces the first South African wine at the Cape of Good Hope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1659/02/11", "description": " The assault on Copenhagen by Swedish forces is beaten back with heavy losses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1659/02/16", "description": " The first known cheque (400 pounds) is written (on display at Westminster Abbey).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1659/04/22", "description": " Lord Protector Richard Cromwell dissolves the English Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1659/05/22", "description": " France, England, and Netherlands sign the ''Hedges Concerto'' treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, 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Lambert and other generals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1659/10/13", "description": " General-major John Lambert drives out the English Rump-government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1659/11/07", "description": " Treaty of Pyrenees: French King Louis XIV and King Philip IV of Spain agree to French acquisition of Roussillon and most of Artois, and formally end their 24-year war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1659/11/25", "description": " Dutch forces under Michiel de Ruyter free the Danish city of Nyborg from Swedish conquest (earlier in the year).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1659/12/16", "description": " General Monck demands free parliamentary election in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1659/12/26", "description": " The Long Parliament reforms occur in Westminster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1659/12/26", "description": "The Spanish Infanta Maria Theresa brings cocoa to Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1659/12/26", "description": "Diego Vel\u00e1zquez's portrait of Infanta Maria Theresa is first exhibited.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1659/12/26", "description": "Thomas Hobbes publishes ''De Homine''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1659/12/26", "description": "Parisian police raid a monastery, sending monks to prison for eating meat and drinking wine during Lent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1659/12/26", "description": "Drought occurs in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1659/12/26", "description": "Christiaan Huygens writes ''Systema Saturnium''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660", "description": "Colonel George Monck with his regiment crosses from Scotland to England at the village of Coldstream and begins his advance towards London in support of the English Restoration.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thebookofdays.com\/months\/jan\/1.htm|work=Chambers\">http:\/\/www.thebookofdays.com\/months\/jan\/1.htm|work=Chambers<\/a>' Book of Days|title=January 1|accessdate=2007-12-09| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071217212154\/http:\/\/www.thebookofdays.com\/months\/jan\/1.htm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071217212154\/http:\/\/www.thebookofdays.com\/months\/jan\/1.htm|<\/a> archivedate= 17 December 2007 amp!--Added by DASHBot--amp}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660", "description": "Samuel Pepys begins his diary.ampref name=ampquotPocket On This Dayampquotamp{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/02/03", "description": " George Monck and his regiment arrive in London.ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=187\u2013188|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/02/13", "description": " Charles XI becomes king of Sweden upon the death of his father, Charles X Gustavus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/02/27", "description": " John Thurloe is reinstated as England's Secretary of State, having been deprived of his offices late in the previous year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/03/16", "description": " The Long Parliament disbands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/04/04", "description": " The Declaration of Breda promises amnesty, freedom of conscience, and army back pay, in return for support for the English Restoration.ref name=CBH\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/05/08", "description": " The Parliament of England declares Prince Charles Stuart King Charles II of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/05/15", "description": " John Thurloe is arrested for high treason for his support of Oliver Cromwell's regime.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/05/25", "description": " Charles II of England lands at Dover.{{cite web|title=Friday 25 May 1660|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pepysdiary.com\/archive\/1660\/05\/25\/|work=The\">http:\/\/www.pepysdiary.com\/archive\/1660\/05\/25\/|work=The<\/a> Diary of Samuel Pepys|accessdate=2011-08-24}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/05/27", "description": " The Treaty of Copenhagen is signed, marking the conclusion of the Second Northern War. Sweden returns Tr\u00f8ndelag to Norway and Bornholm to Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/05/29", "description": " King Charles II of England arrives in London and assumes the throne, marking the beginning of the English Restoration.ref name=CBH\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/06/29", "description": " John Thurloe is released from custody.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/08/19", "description": "  Dr Edward Stanley preaches a sermon in the nave of Winchester Cathedral to commemorate the return of the Chapter following the English Restoration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/09/25", "description": " Samuel Pepys has his first cup of tea (an event recorded in his diary).ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/10/17", "description": " The ten regicides who signed the death warrant of Charles I of England are hanged, drawn and quartered, a process which includes their being disemboweled and their bowels burned before their eyes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/11/28", "description": " At Gresham College in London, twelve men, including Christopher Wren, Robert Boyle, John Wilkins, and Sir Robert Moray meet after a lecture by Wren and decide to found quota College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematicall Experimentall Learningquot (later known as the Royal Society).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/11/28", "description": "December ampampndash Andres Malong, a native chieftain of Pangasinan, Philippines, leads a revolt against the Spanish regime.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/12/08", "description": " First actress to appear on the professional stage in England, as Desdemona in ''Othello'', following reopening of the theatres variously considered to be Margaret Hughes, Anne Marshall or Katherine Corey.{{cite book|title=The Hutchinson Factfinder|publisher=Helicon|year=1999|isbn=1-85986-000-1}}{{cite book|first=Elizabeth|last=Howe|title=The First English Actresses: Women and Drama, 1660ampndash1700|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|page=24}}{{cite book|first=Rosamond|last=Gilder|title=Enter the Actress: The First Women in the Theatre|location=Boston|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=1931|page=166}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/12/08", "description": "Blaise Pascal's ''Lettres provinciales'', a defense of the Jansenist Antoine Arnauld, is ordered to be shredded and burned by King Louis XIV of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/12/08", "description": "The expulsion of the Carib indigenous people from Martinique is carried out by French occupying forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/12/08", "description": "Hopkins School is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/12/08", "description": "The Rigsraad (''High Council'') of Denmark is abolishedampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bredalsparken.dk\/~soren-kretzschmer\/krig_og_enevaelde_-_danmarks_h.html\">http:\/\/www.bredalsparken.dk\/~soren-kretzschmer\/krig_og_enevaelde_-_danmarks_h.html<\/a> Krig og Enev\u00e6lde: 1648\u20131746ampamp and Denmark\u2013Norway becomes an absolute monarchy with the Kingdom of Denmark as a hereditary monarchy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1660/12/08", "description": "A permanent standing army is established in Prussia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1661/01/06", "description": " The Fifth Monarchists unsuccessfully attempt to seize control of London. George Monck's regiment defeats them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1661/01/30", "description": " The body of Oliver Cromwell is exhumed and subjected to a posthumous execution, along with those of John Bradshaw and Henry Ireton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1661/02/05", "description": " The Shunzhi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty of China dies and is succeeded by his son the Kangxi Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1661/02/14", "description": " George Monck\u2019s regiment becomes ''The Lord General's Regiment of Foot Guards'' (which later becomes Coldstream Guards)", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1661/02/14", "description": "March ampampndash Following the death of his mentor, Cardinal Mazarin, King Louis XIV of France starts to rule independently.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1661/04/23", "description": " King Charles II of England, Scotland, Ireland is crowned in Westminster Abbey, for the second time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1661/07/01", "description": " Russo-Swedish War (1656\u20131658) ampndash Treaty of Cardis: Russia surrenders to Sweden all captured territories.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1661/08/06", "description": " Portugal and the Dutch Republic sign the Treaty of The Hague, whereby New Holland is formally ceded to Portugal by the Dutch Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1661/08/06", "description": "The first modern bank notes are issued in Stockholm, Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1661/08/06", "description": "K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc Mehmed Pasha ends his rule as vizier of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1661/08/06", "description": "The Great Clearance was spread to Guangdong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1662/01/23", "description": " Battle of Nagysz\u0151ll\u0151s: J\u00e1nos Kem\u00e9ny of Transylvania is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1662/02/01", "description": " The Chinese general Koxinga seizes the Dutch Fort Zealandia on the island of Taiwan after a 9-month siege, then establishes the Kingdom of Tungning. In response, the Kangxi Emperor of the mainland Qing Dynasty migrates all residents along the southern coast by 50 miles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1662/03/18", "description": " A short-lived experiment of the first public buses (holding 8 passengers) begins in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1662/03/18", "description": "3 May John Winthrop the Younger the son of the first governor of Massachustts, has been honoured by being made a fellow of the Royal Society, England's new scientific society.  Winthrop  has used the election to the society to gain access to the king, who has granted him a new charter uniting the colonies of Connecticut and New Haven.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1662/05/09", "description": " Samuel Pepys witnesses a Punch and Judy show in London (the first on record).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1662/05/16", "description": " The Hearth Tax is introduced in England, Wales and Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1662/05/30", "description": " Catherine of Braganza marries Charles II of England as part of the dowry, Portugal cedes Bombay and Tangier to England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1662/07/15", "description": " The Royal Society receives an official charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1662/10/27", "description": " Charles II of England sells Dunkirk to France for \u00a340,000 (or 2.5 million livres).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1662/11/28", "description": " The Royal Society holds its first meeting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1662/12/20", "description": " Nicolas Fouquet is sentenced to banishment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1662/12/26", "description": " Moli\u00e8re's play ''The School for Wives'' premieres.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1662/12/26", "description": "The Act of Uniformity 1662 in England and Wales makes mandatory the use of the Book of Common Prayer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1662/12/26", "description": "Robert Boyle publishes ''Nova experimenta physico-mechanica'', setting forth the law bearing his name.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1662/12/26", "description": "Milton, Massachusetts is incorporated as a town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1662/12/26", "description": "John Graunt, in one of the earliest uses of statistics, publishes statistical information about births and deaths in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1662/12/26", "description": "The ''Akademie der Bildenden K\u00fcnste N\u00fcrnberg'':de:Akademie der Bildenden K\u00fcnste N\u00fcrnberg is founded in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1663/01/10", "description": " The Royal African Company is granted a Royal Charter by Charles II of England.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=270}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1663/03/05", "description": " Emperor Go-Sai's reign ends and Emperor Reigen ascends to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1663/03/24", "description": " King Charles II of England issues the Charter of Carolina, establishing the Province of Carolina and dividing it between eight Lords Proprietors.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1663/04/17", "description": " The Turks declare war against Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1663/05/07", "description": " Opening of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, in London.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1663/06/08", "description": " Battle of Ameixial: The Portuguese and some English auxiliaries defeat the Spanish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1663/07/08", "description": "  King Charles II of England grants John Clarke a Royal Charter to the American Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1663/07/27", "description": "  The English Parliament passes the second Navigation Act, requiring that all goods bound for the American colonies have to be sent in English ships from English ports.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1663/08/21", "description": " Concerned about the wintry weather, the Parliament of England holds an intercessary fast.{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1663/08/28", "description": " Severe frost in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1663/08/28", "description": "The Prix de Rome Scholarship is established for students of the arts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1663/08/28", "description": "The first Maroon community arises in Suriname.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1663/08/28", "description": "Robert Hooke discovers that cork is made of ampquottiny little roomsampquot which he first calls ampquotCellsampquot.ampamp''Micrographia'' (1665).ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1664/01/05", "description": " Battle of Surat: The Maratha Chhatrapati Shivaji defeats Inayat Khan of Mughal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1664/05/04", "description": " Kronenbourg, a popular lager, is first produced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1664/08/01", "description": " Battle of Saint Gotthard: The Ottoman Empire is defeated by an Austrian army led by Raimondo Montecuccoli, resulting in the Peace of Vasv\u00e1r.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1664/09/27", "description": " Dutch Governor Peter Stuyvesant surrenders New Amsterdam to an English naval squadron commanded by Colonel Richard Nicolls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1664/10/28", "description": " The Admiral's Regiment is formed in England, later known as the Royal Marines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1664/10/28", "description": "The Marathas sack Surat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1664/10/28", "description": "The French East India Company is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1664/10/28", "description": "Robert Hooke discovers Jupiter's Great Red Spot.ampamp{{cite web|title=Jupiter - The Great Red Spot|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.enchantedlearning.com\/subjects\/astronomy\/planets\/jupiter\/greatredspot.shtml|work=Enchanted\">http:\/\/www.enchantedlearning.com\/subjects\/astronomy\/planets\/jupiter\/greatredspot.shtml|work=Enchanted<\/a> Learning|accessdate=2011-11-24}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1664/10/28", "description": "John Evelyn's ''Sylva, or A Discourse of Forest-Trees and the Propagation of Timber'' is published in London in book form.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/01/05", "description": " The ''Journal des s\u00e7avans'' begins publication in France, the first scientific journal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/03/04", "description": " The Second Anglo-Dutch War begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/03/16", "description": " Bucharest allows Jews to settle in the city in exchange for an annual tax of 16 guilders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/04/10", "description": " The ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' begins publication, the first scientific journal in English.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/04/10", "description": "11 March - A new legal code is aproved  for the Dutch and English towns of  New York guaranteeing all protestants the right to continue their religious observances unhindered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/04/12", "description": " Margaret Porteous is the first person recorded to die in the Great Plague of London. This last major outbreak of Bubonic plague in the British Isles was possibly introduced by Dutch prisoners of war. Two-thirds of Londoners leave the city, but over 68,000 die. Plague spreads to Derby.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/06/12", "description": " England installs a municipal government in New York City (the former Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/06/13", "description": "June 3 O.S.) ampndash Second Anglo-Dutch War: English naval victory at the Battle of Lowestoft under James Stuart, Duke of York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/06/30", "description": " King Charles II of England issues a second charter for the Province of Carolina, which clarifies and expands the borders of the Lords Proprietors' tracts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/07/03", "description": " The first documented case of cyclopia is found in a horse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/07/07", "description": " King Charles II of England leaves London with his entourage, fleeing the Great Plague. He moves his court to Salisbury, then Exeter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/08/02", "description": " Second Anglo-Dutch War: Dutch naval victory at the Battle of V\u00e5gen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/08/02", "description": "September ampampndash Robert Hooke's ''Micrographia'' published in London, first applying the term 'cell' to plant tissue, which he discovered first in cork, then in living organisms, using a microscope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/09/17", "description": " Charles II of Spain becomes King while not yet four years old.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/10/05", "description": " The University of Kiel is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/10/29", "description": " Battle of Mbwila: Portuguese forces defeat and kill King Ant\u00f3nio I of Kongo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/11/07", "description": " The ''London Gazette'', the oldest surviving journal, is first published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/11/07", "description": "Colonisation of R\u00e9union begins with the French East India Company sending twenty settlers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/11/07", "description": "The Great fire of Newport, Shropshire England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/11/07", "description": "Moli\u00e8re publishes ''L'Amour m\u00e9decin''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/11/07", "description": "John Bunyan publishes ''The Resurrection''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/11/07", "description": "Joan Blaeu completes publication of his ''Atlas Maior'' (''Theatrum Orbis Terrarum'') in Amsterdam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/11/07", "description": "''Ye Bare ampamp Ye Cubbe'', the first play in English in the American colonies, is performed in Pungoteague, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1665/11/07", "description": "The English poet John Milton popularizes the Chinese sailing carriage in a famous poem this peculiar Chinese invention was first written of in the West by Abraham Ortelius in his atlas of 1584.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1666/01/17", "description": " Chair of St. Peter (''Cathedra Petri'') set above the Altar in St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.saintpetersbasilica.org\/Altars\/Cathedra\/Cathedra.htm\">http:\/\/www.saintpetersbasilica.org\/Altars\/Cathedra\/Cathedra.htm<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1666/06/11", "description": "June 14 ampndash Second Anglo-Dutch War ampndash Four Days Battle: The Dutch fleet defeats England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1666/06/11", "description": "July ampampndash The city of Pite\u00e5 in Sweden is completely burned by a large fire", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1666/07/25", "description": "julian calendar)\/August 4 (gregorian calendar) ampndash Second Anglo-Dutch War: English fleet defeats the Dutch under Michiel de Ruyter at St. James's Day Battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1666/08/09", "description": " Rear Admiral Robert Holmes leads a raid on the Dutch island of Terschelling, destroying 150 merchant ships in the Vlie estuary, and pillaging the town of West-Terschelling, an act later referred to as ''Holmes's Bonfire''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1666/09/02", "description": " Great Fire of London: A large fire breaks out in London in the house of Charles II's baker on Pudding Lane near London Bridge.  The fire burns for 3 days, destroying 10,000 buildings including St. Paul's Cathedral, but only 6 people are known to have died.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1666/09/05", "description": " The Great Fire of London ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1666/09/06", "description": " Cestui que Vie Act 1666 passed in Parliament", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1666/09/16", "description": " Apostasy of Sabbatai Zevi", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1666/12/22", "description": " The ''Acad\u00e9mie des sciences'' (French Academy of Sciences) is founded by Louis XIV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1666/12/22", "description": "Expulsion of the Portuguese from the Bengal port city of Chittagong by Mughal forces of Emperor Aurangzeb under General Bujurg Umed Khan and renaming the city as Islamabad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1666/12/22", "description": "Sir Isaac Newton uses a prism to split sunlight into its component colors, which helps us understand the nature of light more comprehensively (see optical spectrum).  He made a huge number of discoveries and inventions during this year, leading it to be referred to as his Annus Mirabilis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1666/12/22", "description": "Dutch artist Johannes Vermeer paints ''The Art of Painting'', his largest and most complex work.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1666/12/22", "description": "Lund University is founded in Lund, Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1666/12/22", "description": "Moulay al-Rashid conquers Fes, marking the beginning of Morocco's still-reigning Alaouite Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1666/12/22", "description": "Jean Talon completes a census of New France, the first census in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1666/12/22", "description": "The Russian Orthodox Church holds a sobor (church council) which deposes Patriarch Nikon, but accepts his liturgical reforms. Dissenters from his reforms, known as Old Believers, continue to this day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1666/12/22", "description": "The year is also known for having all the Roman numerals, used only once, in order from biggest to smallest value (MDCLXVI = 1666).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/01/20", "description": " Russo-Polish War (1654\u20131667): Poland cedes Kiev, Smolensk, and eastern Ukraine to Russia in the Treaty of Andrusovo, which puts a final end to Poland's status as a Central European power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/01/20", "description": "February ampampndash The first theatre in Scandinavia, opens in ''Lejonkulan'' and ''Bollhuset'' in Stockholm, Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/03/27", "description": " In North America (Canada), explorer Ren\u00e9 Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle is released from the Society of Jesus (Jesuits).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/04/06", "description": " Dubrovnik earthquake: An earthquake in the Republic of Ragusa kills one fifth of the population.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/04/27", "description": " The blind, impoverished, 58-year-old John Milton sells the copyright of his epic poem ''Paradise Lost'' to London publisher Samuel Simmons for an initial payment of \u00a35.Equivalent to approximately \u00a37,400 income in 2008. {{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.measuringworth.com\/ppoweruk\/|work=MeasuringWorth|year=2010|title=Purchasing\">http:\/\/www.measuringworth.com\/ppoweruk\/|work=MeasuringWorth|year=2010|title=Purchasing<\/a> Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present|accessdate=2011-03-13}}ref name=quotLindenbaum1995quot{{cite journal|last=Lindenbaum|first=Peter|year=1995|title=Authors and Publishers in the Late Seventeenth Century: New Evidence on their Relations|journal=The Library|publisher=Oxford University Press|volume=s6-17|issue=3|pages=250\u2013269|issn=0024-2160|doi=10.1093\/library\/s6-17.3.250|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/library.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/s6-17\/3\/250.extract}}\">http:\/\/library.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/s6-17\/3\/250.extract}}<\/a> The first edition is published in August and sells out in eighteen months.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.themorgan.org\/exhibitions\/milton.asp|title=John\">http:\/\/www.themorgan.org\/exhibitions\/milton.asp|title=John<\/a> Milton's Paradise Lost|publisher=The Morgan Library amp Museum|accessdate=2011-04-25}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/05/24", "description": " The War of Devolution begins: France invades Flanders and Franche-Comt\u00e9.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/06/09", "description": "14 ampndash Raid on the Medway: A Dutch fleet under Admiral Michiel de Ruyter burns Sheerness, sails up the River Medway in England, raids Chatham Dockyard and tows away the royal flagship ''The Royal Charles''.ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title= The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=190\u2013191|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/06/15", "description": " The first human blood transfusion is administered by Dr. Jean-Baptiste Denys. He transfuses the blood of a sheep to a 15-year old boy (though this operation is a success, a later patient dies from the procedure and Denys is accused of murder).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/06/20", "description": " Pope Clement IX succeeds Pope Alexander VII, becoming the 238th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/06/26", "description": " Louis XIV of France conquers Tournai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/07/31", "description": " Second Anglo-Dutch War ampndash The Treaty of Breda ends the war, and recognizes Acadia as a French possession.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyofwar.org\/articles\/battles_medway_1667.html|title=Dutch\">http:\/\/www.historyofwar.org\/articles\/battles_medway_1667.html|title=Dutch<\/a> Raid on the Medway, 19\u201324 June 1667|work=Military History Encyclopedia on the Web|accessdate=2012-08-10}}ref name=quotPocket Date Bookquot{{cite book|title=The Pocket Date Book|location=London|publisher=Chapman and Hall|first=William L. R.|last=Cates|year=1863}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/09/06", "description": " The quotDreadful Hurricane of 1667quot ravages southeast Virginia, bringing 12 days of rain, blowing down plantation homes and stripping fields of crops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/09/06", "description": "Brooklyn is chartered under the name ''Brueckelen'' by Mathias Nicolls, Governor of New Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/09/06", "description": "Yohannes I becomes king of Ethiopia following the death of his father Negus Fasilides.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/11/25", "description": " A devastating earthquake rocks Caucasia, killing 80,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/11/25", "description": "The Mogul Emperor Aurangzeb buys off the warrior Shivaji by making him a Rajah and allowing him to collect taxes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/11/25", "description": "Robert Hooke demonstrates that the alteration of the blood in the lungs is essential for respiration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/11/25", "description": "Louis XIV of France abolishes the Livre Parisis (Paris Pound) in favor of the much more widely used Livre Tournois (Tours Pound). He also designates Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie as the first chief of ampquotpoliceampquot of Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/11/25", "description": "The French army uses grenadiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/11/25", "description": "The first military campaign of Stenka Razin is conducted in Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1667/11/25", "description": "Isaac Newton has investigated and written his works in subjects of optics, acoustics, the infinitesimal calculus, mechanism and thermodynamics. The researches themselves will be published only years later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1668", "description": "January ampampndash The Triple Alliance of 1668 is formed between England, Sweden and the United Provinces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1668/02/13", "description": " In Lisbon, a peace treaty is established between Afonso VI of Portugal and Carlos II of Spain, by mediation of Charles II of England, where the legitimacy of the Portuguese monarch is recognized. Portugal yields Ceuta to Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1668/05/02", "description": " The first Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of Devolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1668/05/02", "description": "Mid-July ampampndash Henry Morgan sacks Portobello and Panama City the lack of booty from the latter attack leads to the city being burned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1668/05/02", "description": "Bishop Isaac Barrow founds the Bishop Barrow Trust to establish a university on the Isle of Man (King William's College).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1668/05/02", "description": "Moli\u00e8re's comedy, ''L'Avare'', is first performed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1668/05/02", "description": "The British East India Company takes over Bombay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1668/05/02", "description": "The first National Bank in Europe (the ''Riksbank'') is founded in Stockholm, Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1668/05/02", "description": "Emperor Yohannes I of Ethiopia convenes a church council in Gondar, which decides to expel all Roman Catholics in Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1668/05/02", "description": "Isaac Newton builds the first Reflecting telescopeampref name=ampquotbooks.google.comampquotamp<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=32IDpTdthm4Campamppg=PA67ampamplpg=PA67ampampdq=newton+reflecting+telescope++1668+letter+1669ampampsource=blampampots=PKABaGwPaNampampsig=rPS8w23_nAp3kH5YMYGZ7JHhOaIampamphl=enampampei=0QC1Svf7AsWb8Aa3nqGTDwampampsa=Xampampoi=book_resultampampct=resultampampresnum=5#v=onepageampampq=newton%20reflecting%20telescope%20%201668%20letter%201669ampampf=false\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=32IDpTdthm4Campamppg=PA67ampamplpg=PA67ampampdq=newton+reflecting+telescope++1668+letter+1669ampampsource=blampampots=PKABaGwPaNampampsig=rPS8w23_nAp3kH5YMYGZ7JHhOaIampamphl=enampampei=0QC1Svf7AsWb8Aa3nqGTDwampampsa=Xampampoi=book_resultampampct=resultampampresnum=5#v=onepageampampq=newton%20reflecting%20telescope%20%201668%20letter%201669ampampf=false<\/a> Isaac Newton: adventurer in thought, by Alfred Rupert Hall, page 67ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1669/03/11", "description": " Mount Etna erupts, destroying the town of Nicolosi and killing 20,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1669/05/31", "description": " Samuel Pepys stops writing his diary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1669/06/22", "description": " Roux de Marsilly, accused of plotting the assassination of King Louis XIV of France, is publicly tortured in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1669/06/25", "description": " Francis of Vendome, Duke of Beaufort, disappears during a battle in the Siege of Candia in Crete.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1669/06/25", "description": "July ampampndash The Hanseatic League, after 400 years of operation, holds its last official meeting in L\u00fcbeck.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1669/09/06", "description": " Francesco Morosini, ''capitano generale'' of the Venetian forces in the Siege of Candia, surrenders to the Ottomans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1669/09/23", "description": " Leopold I Habsburg grants the status and privileges of a university to the Jesuit Academy in Zagreb, the precursor to the modern University of Zagreb.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1669/09/23", "description": "Shakushain's Revolt breaks out in Hokkaido, Japan", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1669/09/23", "description": "Okaya ampamp Co., Ltd., is founded in Nagoya, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1669/09/23", "description": "The Mogul Emperor Aurangzeb destroys several Hindu temples and bans the whole religion, so Hindus rebel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1669/09/23", "description": "Antonio Stradivari makes his first violin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1669/09/23", "description": "Famine in Bengal kills 3 million people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1669/09/23", "description": "Phosphorus is discovered by Hennig Brand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1669/09/23", "description": "The Chinese herbal medicine company Tongrentang, or \u540c\u4ec1\u5802 in Chinese, is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1669/09/23", "description": "Turkish units burn the eastern part of Kol\u00e1rovo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1669/09/23", "description": "Chinese Kangxi Emperor allows coastal residents deported in 1662 to return home.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1669/09/23", "description": "Jan Swammerdam publishes his ''Algemeene Verhandeling van de bloedeloose dierkens'', a groundbreaking work in microscopy as well as entomology", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1670/01/21", "description": " Highwayman Claude Duval is executed in Tyburn, Middlesex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1670/04/29", "description": " Pope Clement X succeeds Pope Clement IX as the 239th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1670/05/02", "description": " The Hudson's Bay Company is founded in England, but located in Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1670/05/26", "description": "  In Dover, Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France sign the Secret Treaty of Dover ending hostilities between their kingdoms. Louis XIV will give Charles 200,000 pounds annually. In return Charles will relax the laws against Catholics, gradually re-Catholicize England, support French policy against the Dutch and convert to Catholicism himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1670/05/26", "description": "August ampampndash Spanish frigates attack Charleston, South Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1670/09/01", "description": " September 5 ampndash William Penn and William Mead are tried in London for preaching a Quaker sermon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1670/11/24", "description": " Louis XIV of France authorises work to commence on the construction of ''Les Invalides''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1670/11/24", "description": "Phosphorus is discovered by Hennig Brand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1670/11/24", "description": "Blaise Pascal's ''Pens\u00e9es'' is posthumously published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1670/11/24", "description": "England gains formal possession of Jamaica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1670/11/24", "description": "First French settlers arrive in modern-day Senegal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1670/11/24", "description": "The rebellion of Cossacks in the Ukraine is crushed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1670/11/24", "description": "Henry Morgan captures Panama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1670/11/24", "description": "Niani, capital of the Mali Empire, is sacked by the Bambara of the emerging Segou Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1670/11/24", "description": "The rebellion of Stenka Razin begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1671", "description": "April ampampndash Battle of Saraighat: The Ahom general Lachit Borphukan defeats the Mughal forces on the outskirts of present day Guwahati, of then sovereign Assam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1671/04/02", "description": " In Rome, Pope Clement X canonizes Rose of Lima, making her the first Catholic saint of the Americas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1671/05/09", "description": " Thomas Blood, disguised as a clergyman, attempts to steal the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom from the Tower of London. He is immediately caught because he is too drunk to run with the loot. He is later condemned to death and then mysteriously pardoned and exiled by King Charles II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1671/06/22", "description": " The Ottoman Empire declares war on Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1671/06/22", "description": "December ampampndash The first Seventh Day Baptist church in America is founded at Newport, Rhode Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1671/12/30", "description": " The Acad\u00e9mie royale d'architecture is founded by Louis XIV of France in Paris, the world's first school of architecture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1672", "description": "March ampampndash The Synod of Jerusalem brings together bishops and representatives from the whole of Eastern Orthodox Christendom to discuss Orthodox dogma against the challenge of Protestantism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1672/03/15", "description": " Charles II of England issues the Royal Declaration of Indulgence, suspending execution of penal laws against Protestant nonconformists.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1672/03/17", "description": " Third Anglo-Dutch War: The Kingdom of England declares war on the Dutch Republic.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1672/04/08", "description": " The Kingdom of France declares war on the Dutch Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1672/05/02", "description": " John Maitland becomes Duke of Lauderdale and Earl of March.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1672/06/01", "description": " M\u00fcnster and Cologne begin their invasion of the Dutch Republic hence 1672 becomes known as ''het rampjaar'' (quotthe disaster yearquot) in the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1672/06/07", "description": " Third Anglo-Dutch War: Battle of Solebay, an indecisive sea battle between the Dutch Republic and the joined forces of England and France.ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=191\u2013192|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1672/06/12", "description": " French forces under king Louis XIV cross the Rhine into the Netherlands. The city of Utrecht is occupied by the French Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1672/07/04", "description": " William III of Orange is appointed Stadtholder of Holland, and in Zeeland on July 16.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1672/08/20", "description": " Johan de Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland, is slaughtered by a mob in The Hague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1672/08/20", "description": "September ampampndash Raimondo Montecuccoli and the Great Elector assemble at Halberstadt to attack the French and the bishops of M\u00fcnster and Cologne in their back. Bernard von Galen withdraws from the city of Groningen slowly to the south.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1672/08/20", "description": "October ampampndash Spain begins construction on the masonry fort that will become Castillo de San Marcos, to protect St. Augustine, Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1672/10/18", "description": " Treaty of Buchach between the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1672/10/18", "description": "Richard Hoare becomes a partner in the London goldsmith's business which, as private banking house C. Hoare ampamp Co., will survive through to the 21st century.ampamp{{cite book|first=Victoria|last=Hutchings|title=Messrs Hoare, Bankers: a History of the Hoare Banking Dynasty|year=2005}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/01/22", "description": " Impostor Mary Carleton is hanged in Newgate prison in England for multiple thefts and returning from penal transportation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/05/17", "description": " In America, trader Louis Joliet and Jesuit missionary-explorer Jacques Marquette begin exploring the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/06/07", "description": " First Battle of Schooneveld: In a sea battle of the Third Anglo-Dutch War, fought off the Netherlands coast, the Dutch win with the fleet of the United Provinces (commanded by Michiel de Ruyter) against the allied Anglo-French fleet commanded by Prince Rupert of the Rhine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/06/14", "description": " Second Battle of Schooneveld: The Dutch fleet again defeats the Anglo-French fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/06/17", "description": " French explorers Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet reach the headwaters of the Mississippi River and descend to Arkansas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/07/06", "description": " French troops conquer Maastricht.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/07/11", "description": " The Netherlands and Denmark sign a defense treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/07/24", "description": " Edmund Halley enters Queen's College at Oxford, as an undergraduate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/08/08", "description": " In the American colonies, a Dutch battle fleet of 23 ships demands the surrender of New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/08/09", "description": " Dutch forces under Admiral Cornelis Evertsen de Jonge recapture New York from English (regained by English in following year, 1674).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/08/21", "description": " Battle of Kijkduin: The Dutch United fleet under Michiel de Ruyter defeats the English and French fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/08/30", "description": " Leopold I, Spain, Netherlands and the Lutherans form an anti-French covenant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/09/12", "description": "  Prince Willem III occupies Naarden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/11/09", "description": " King Charles II of England removes Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, from his position as Lord Chancellor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/11/11", "description": " Polish and Lithuanian military units under the command of soon-to-be-king Jan Sobieski defeat the Turkish army in the Battle of Khotyn. In this battle, rockets of Kazimierz Siemienowicz are successfully used.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/11/13", "description": " Dutch troops commanded by Prince Willem III and Raimundo earl Montecuccoli conquer Bonn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/11/14", "description": " Christopher Wren is knighted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/11/14", "description": "France begins its expedition against Ceylon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/11/14", "description": "Jean-Baptiste Lully writes his first opera, ''Cadmus et Hermione''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/11/14", "description": "Chelsea Physic Garden, the second oldest botanic garden in England, is founded by the Society of Apothecaries for the study of medicinal and other plants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/11/14", "description": "The Mitsui family's trading and banking house is founded in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/11/14", "description": "The Stalactic grotto of Antiparos (Aegean Sea) is discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/11/14", "description": "Archpriest Petrovich Avvakum writes his ''Zhitie'' (Life) as the first Russian autobiography.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/11/14", "description": "Test Act: Those who refuse to receive the sacrament of the Church of England cannot vote, hold public office, preach, teach, attend the universities and assemble for meetings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1673/11/14", "description": "''The Imaginary Invalid'' (written by Moli\u00e8re) is first performed in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1674/02/19", "description": " England and the Netherlands sign the Treaty of Westminster. A provision of the agreement transfers the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam to England, which renames it New York, in exchange for the British colonies of Berbice and Essequibo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1674/05/21", "description": " John III Sobieski is elected by the nobility as King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (to 1696).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1674/06/06", "description": " Shivaji is crowned as Chatrapati Shivaji at Raigad Fort in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1674/08/11", "description": " Battle of Seneffe: The French army under Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Cond\u00e9 defeats the Dutch-Spanish-Austrian army under William III of Orange.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1674/11/10", "description": " Anglo-Dutch War: As provided in the Treaty of Westminster of 19 February, Netherlands cedes New Netherlands to England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1674/12/04", "description": " Father Jacques Marquette founds a mission on the shores of Lake Michigan to minister to the Illinois people (the mission would later grow into the city of Chicago).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1674/12/04", "description": "The Duke of York (later James II) becomes increasingly unpopular in England because of his Catholicism agitation heightens throughout the country with a petition to exclude him from the succession.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1674/12/04", "description": "The East India Company arranges a trading treaty with the Maratha Empire that has recently been founded by Shivaji Bhonsle in central India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1674/12/04", "description": "The bones of the Princes in the tower were supposedly found", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/01/05", "description": " Franco-Dutch War ampndash Battle of Turckheim: In Turckheim, Alsace, France, the French defeat Austria and Brandenburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/01/29", "description": " John Sassamon, an English-educated Native American Christian, dies at Assawampsett Pond, an event which will trigger a year-long war between English American colonists of New England and Algonquian Native American tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/01/29", "description": "Aprilampampndash ampampndash English merchant Anthony de la Roch\u00e9, blown off course having rounded Cape Horn eastabout, makes the first discovery of land south of the Antarctic Convergence, landing on South Georgia and (probably) Gough Island.ampamp{{cite book|first=Robert|last=Headland|title=The Island of South Georgia|edition=2nd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1992|isbn=0-521-42474-7}}ampampampamp{{cite book|first=Francisco|last=de Seixas y Lovera|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=l7PWN7_1wAoCampampdq=Descripcion%20geographica%2C%20y%20derrotero%20de%20la%20region%20austral%20Magallanicaampamppg=PT96#v=onepageampampq=ampampf=false|title=Descripcion\">http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=l7PWN7_1wAoCampampdq=Descripcion%20geographica%2C%20y%20derrotero%20de%20la%20region%20austral%20Magallanicaampamppg=PT96#v=onepageampampq=ampampf=false|title=Descripcion<\/a> geographica, y derrotero de la region austral Magallanica|location=Madrid|publisher=Antonio de Zafra|year=1690}}ampampampamp{{cite journal|last=Wace|first=N. M.|year=1969|title=The discovery, exploitation and settlement of the Tristan da Cunha Islands|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia (South Australian Branch)|volume=10|pages=11\u201340}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/06/08", "description": " John Sassamon's alleged murderers are executed at Plymouth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/06/11", "description": " Armed Wampanoags are reported traveling around Swansea, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/06/14", "description": "June 25 ampndash Colonial authorities of Rhode Island, Plymouth, and Massachusetts attempt a negotiation with Metacomet (King Philip), leader of the Wampanoags, and seek guarantees of fidelity from the Nipmuck and Narragansett tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/06/24", "description": " King Philip's War breaks out as the Wampanoags attack Swansea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/06/26", "description": " Massachusetts troops march to Swansea to join the Plymouth troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/06/26", "description": "June 29 ampndash Wampanoags assault Rehoboth and Taunton the natives elude colonial troops and leave Mount Hope for Pocasset, Massachusetts. The Mohegan tribe travels to Boston in order to side with the English colonists against the Wampanoags.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/06/28", "description": " Battle of Fehrbellin: Brandenburg defeats the Swedes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/07/15", "description": " The Narragansett tribe signs a peace treaty with Connecticut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/07/16", "description": " July 24 ampndash An envoy from Massachusetts attempts to negotiate with the Nipmuck tribe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/08/02", "description": " August 4 ampndash The Nipmucks attack Massachusetts troops and besiege Brookfield, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/08/10", "description": " King Charles II of England places the foundation stone of the Royal Greenwich Observatory in London construction begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/08/13", "description": " The Massachusetts Council orders that Christian Indians are to be confined to designated praying towns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/09/01", "description": " September 2 ampndash While Wampanoags and Nipmucks attack Deerfield, Massachusetts, Captain Samuel Moseley commands Massachusetts troops in an attack on the Pennacook tribe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/09/12", "description": " English colonists abandon Deerfield, Squakeag, and Brookfield due to a coalition of Indian attacks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/09/18", "description": " The Narragansetts sign a treaty with the English in Boston meanwhile, Massachusetts troops are ambushed near Northampton, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/10/05", "description": " The Pocomtuc tribe attacks and destroys Springfield, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/10/13", "description": " The Massachusetts Council convenes and agrees that all Christian Indians should be ordered to move to Deer Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/11/02", "description": "November 12 ampndash Commissioners of the Thirteen Colonies organize a united force to attack the Narragansett tribe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/11/02", "description": "Guru Gobind Singh becomes the tenth Guru of the Sikhs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/11/02", "description": "Gottfried Leibniz uses infinitesimal calculus on a function.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/11/02", "description": "Guru Teg Bahadur, the ninth prophet of the Sikhs, is executed by Mughal rulers. He prefers execution to defend the right of Hindus to practice their own religion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/12/19", "description": " United colonial forces attack the Narragansetts at the Great Swamp Fight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/12/19", "description": "Cassini discovers Saturn's Cassini Division.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1675/12/19", "description": "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek begins to use a microscope for observing  human tissues and liquids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676", "description": "January ampampndash Six months into King Philip's War, Metacomet (King Philip), leader of the Algonquian tribe known as the Wampanoag, travels westward to the Mohawk nation, seeking an alliance with the Mohawks against the English colonists of New England his efforts in creating such an alliance are a failure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/01/29", "description": " Feodor III becomes Tsar of Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/02/10", "description": " After the Nipmuck tribe attacks Lancaster, Massachusetts, the colonist Mary Rowlandson is taken captive and lives with the Indians until May.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/02/14", "description": " Metacomet and his Wampanoags attack Northampton, Massachusetts meanwhile, the Massachusetts Council debates whether a wall should be erected around Boston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/02/23", "description": " While the Massachusetts Council debates how to handle the Christian Indians they had exiled to Deer Island on October 13, 1675, a coalition of Indians led by Metacomet attacks colonial settlements just {{convert|16|km|mi|abbr=on}} outside of Boston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/03/29", "description": " Providence, Rhode Island is attacked and destroyed by the Indians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/05/02", "description": "May 3 ampndash Mary Rowlandson is released from captivity and returns to Boston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/05/26", "description": " A fire destroys the Town Hall and 624 houses in Southwark in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/05/31", "description": " The Massachusetts Council finally decides to move the Christian Indians from Deer Island to Cambridge, Massachusetts (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/05/31", "description": "June ampampndash Bacon's Rebellion begins in the Virginia Colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/06/01", "description": " Battle of \u00d6land", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/06/12", "description": " The Indian coalition attacks Hadley, Massachusetts, but are repelled by Connecticut troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/06/19", "description": " Massachusetts issues a declaration of amnesty to any Indian who surrenders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/07/02", "description": " Major John Talcott and his troops begin sweeping Connecticut and Rhode Island, capturing large numbers of Native Americans from Algonquian tribes and exporting them out of the Thirteen Colonies as slaves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/07/04", "description": " Captain Benjamin Church and his soldiers begin sweeping Plymouth Colony for any remaining Wampanoag tribesmen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/07/11", "description": " The Wampanoags attack Taunton, Massachusetts, but are repelled by colonists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/07/17", "description": " In France, Madame de Brinvilliers is executed for poisoning her father and brothers. The case also scares the king Louis XIV into starting a series of investigations about possible poisonings and witchcraft, later called the Affair of the Poisons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/07/27", "description": " Nearly 200 Nipmuck tribesmen surrender to the English colonists in Boston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/08/02", "description": " Captain Benjamin Church captures Metacomet's wife and son.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/08/12", "description": " King Philip (Metacomet), the chief of the Wampanoags that had waged war throughout southern New England in a war that bore his name, is killed by an Indian named Alderman, a soldier led by Captain Benjamin Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/09/19", "description": " Jamestown is burned to the ground by the forces of Nathaniel Bacon during Bacon's Rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/09/21", "description": " Pope Innocent XI succeeds Pope Clement X as the 240th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/10/17", "description": " Treaty of \u017burawno between Ottoman (Turkish) Empire and Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/11/16", "description": " A prison is founded on Nantucket Island in the English colony of Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/11/16", "description": "December ampampndash Ole R\u00f8mer makes the first quantitative measurements of the speed of light.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/12/04", "description": " Battle of Lund, Sweden. A battle in the Scanian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/12/04", "description": "King Philip's War continues, between the settlers in New England and the indigenous tribes led by Metacomet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/12/04", "description": "The Russo-Turkish War (1676\u20131681) begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/12/04", "description": "Emperor Yohannes I decrees that Muslims must live separately from Christians throughout Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/12/04", "description": "Anton van Leeuwenhoek discovers microorganisms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/12/04", "description": "The States of Finland meet in Turku.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/12/04", "description": "The French East India Company founds its principal Indian base at Pondicherry, on the Coromandel Coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1676/12/04", "description": "Edmond Halley observes the transit of Venus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/01/01", "description": " Jean Racine's tragedy ''Ph\u00e8dre'' is first performed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/01/21", "description": " first medical publication in America (Pamphlet on smallpox) , Boston", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/04/06", "description": " Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor University of Innsbruck", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/04/11", "description": " Battle of Cassel: Philippe I, Duke of Orl\u00e9ans defeats William of Orange.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/04/16", "description": " The Statute of Frauds is passed into English law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/05/29", "description": " The Treaty of Middle Plantation establishes peace between the Virginia colonists and the local Indians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/05/31", "description": " Danish ships clash with Swedish ships under Niels Juel between Fehmarn and Warnem\u00fcnde the Danish defeat the Swedish and capture a number of ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/06/25", "description": "June 26 ampndash Siege of Malm\u00f6.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/07/14", "description": " Battle of Landskrona: Sweden defeats the Danes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/10/29", "description": " Michel le Tellier becomes chancellor of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/11/04", "description": " The future Mary II of England marries William of Orange.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/11/16", "description": " French troops occupy Freiburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/11/16", "description": "Elias Ashmole gifts the collection that begins the Ashmolean Museum to Oxford University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/11/16", "description": "Francis Aungier is made the first Earl of Longford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/11/16", "description": "The Second London Baptist Confession is written (published in 1689).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/11/16", "description": "Charles II of England makes Henry Purcell court musician.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/11/16", "description": "Jules Hardouin-Mansart begins ''la place Vend\u00f4me'' in Paris (completed in 1698).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/11/16", "description": "Antoni van Leeuwenhoek observes spermatozoa under the microscope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/11/16", "description": "The population of Paris first exceeds 500,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/11/16", "description": "Ice cream becomes popular in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/11/16", "description": "The John Roan School is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1677/11/16", "description": "Gottfried Leibniz gave a complete solution to the tangent problem.ampamp{{cite book|last=Kreyszig|first=Erwin|title=Differential Geometry|isbn=978-0-486-66721-8}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1678/01/27", "description": " The first fire engine company in what will become the United States goes into service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1678/02/18", "description": " John Bunyan publishes his novel, ''The Pilgrim's Progress''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1678/05/11", "description": " French admiral d'Estrees runs his whole fleet aground in Cura\u00e7ao.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1678/05/11", "description": "June ampampndash French buccaneer Michel de Grammont leads 6 pirate ships and 700 men in a daring raid on Spanish-held Venezuela, reaching inland as far as Trujillo, Venezuela.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1678/06/25", "description": " Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia becomes the first woman to be awarded a university degree, a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Padua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1678/08/10", "description": " The Treaties of Nijmegen end the Franco-Dutch War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1678/09/06", "description": " Titus Oates begins to present allegations of the ''Popish Plot'', a Catholic conspiracy to assassinate king Charles II of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1678/10/17", "description": " British magistrate Sir Edmund Berry Godfrey is found murdered in Primrose Hill, London. Titus Oates claims it as a proof of his allegations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1678/12/03", "description": " Roman Catholics banned from English parliament", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1678/12/03", "description": "About 1,200 Irish families sail from Barbados to Virginia and the Carolinas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1678/12/03", "description": "The first chrysanthemums are planted in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1678/12/03", "description": "In Ireland, the Diocese of Kildare is united with Leighlin to form the Diocese of Kildare and Leighlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1678/12/03", "description": "Rebellion breaks out in Southern China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1679/01/24", "description": " King Charles II of England dissolves the ''Cavalier Parliament''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1679/03/06", "description": " In England, the ''Habeas Corpus Parliament'' (or ''First Exclusion Parliament'') assembles for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1679/05/27", "description": " The Habeas Corpus Act 1679 is passed in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1679/06/01", "description": " Battle of Drumclog: Scottish Covenanters defeat a small government force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1679/06/22", "description": " Battle of Bothwell Bridge: The Duke of Monmouth subdues the Covenanters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1679/08/07", "description": " The brigantine ''Le Griffon'', commissioned by Ren\u00e9 Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, is towed to the southern end of the Niagara River, to become the first ship to sail the upper Great Lakes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1679/11/27", "description": " A fire in Boston, Massachusetts, burns all of the warehouses, 80 houses, and all of the ships in the dockyards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1679/11/27", "description": "European explorers discover Niagara Falls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1679/11/27", "description": "The city of Duluth, Minnesota is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1679/11/27", "description": "Aurangzeb reimposes jizya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1680", "description": "February ampampndash The Reverend Ralph Davenant dies, leaving \u00a3100 in his will to start up a new school for the poor boys of Whitechapel, in the East End.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1680", "description": "May ampampndash The volcano Krakatoa erupts, probably on a relatively small scale.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1680/07/08", "description": " The first documented tornado in America kills a servant at Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1680/08/21", "description": " Pueblo Revolt: Pueblo Indians capture Santa Fe (New Mexico) from the Spanish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1680/08/24", "description": " Com\u00e9die-Fran\u00e7aise is founded by decree of Louis XIV of France as ''La maison de Moli\u00e8re'' in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1680/11/14", "description": " The Great Comet of 1680 is first sighted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1680/11/17", "description": " Whigs organize pope-burning processions in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1680/11/17", "description": "Chambers of Reunion (French courts under Louis XIV) decide on complete annexation of Alsace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1680/11/17", "description": "The first Portuguese governor is appointed to Macau.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1680/11/17", "description": "The Swedish city of Karlskrona is founded, as the Royal Swedish Navy relocates there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1681/01/03", "description": " Treaty of Bakhchisarai One side Ottoman (Turkish) Empire and vassal Crimean Khanate , the other side Russian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1681/03/14", "description": " Charles II of England grants a land charter to William Penn for the area that will later become Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1681/03/14", "description": "April ampampndash Following the death of its last count, the Palatinate-Landsberg passes to the King of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1681/03/14", "description": "August ampampndash Robert Knox escapes prison in Ceylon, and details his adventures across Kandy and life in the kingdoms of the Tamil country Vanni in his book ''An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1681/08/12", "description": " The Ahom King Gadadhar Singha or Gadapani, who took the Tai name Supaatphaa, ascends the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1681/08/31", "description": " Titus Oates is told to leave his state apartments in the Whitehall his fame begins to wane and he is soon arrested and imprisoned for sedition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1681/10/28", "description": "  A London woman is publicly flogged for the crime of quotinvolving herself in politics.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1681/10/28", "description": "December ampampndash Wu Shifan, grandson of Chinese general Wu Sangui, commits suicide in Yunnan province, ending the 8-year conflict of the Revolt of the Three Feudatories against Qing Dynasty authority in China, then led by the Kangxi Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1681/12/22", "description": " King Charles II of England signs a warrant for the building of the Royal Hospital Chelsea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1681/12/22", "description": "France annexes the city of Strasbourg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1681/12/22", "description": "The last dodo bird is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1681/12/22", "description": "Collections are made in England for needy French refugees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1681/12/22", "description": "The Port of Honfleur in France is re-modelled by Abraham Duquesne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1682/03/11", "description": " The Royal Chelsea Hospital for Soldiers is founded in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1682/04/07", "description": " Ren\u00e9-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, exploring rivers in America, reaches the mouth of the Mississippi River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1682/04/09", "description": " At the mouth of the Mississippi River, near modern Venice, Louisiana, Robert de La Salle buries an engraved plate and a cross, claiming the territory as ''La Louisiane'' for France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1682/05/06", "description": " Louis XIV of France moves his court to Versailles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1682/05/07", "description": " The reign of Peter the Great officially begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1682/05/11", "description": " Moscow Uprising of 1682: A mob takes over the Kremlin and lynches the leading boyars and military commanders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1682/07/19", "description": " Iyasus succeeds his father Yohannes I as Emperor of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1682/08/12", "description": " Vesuvius begins a period of volcanic activity lasting for 10 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1682/08/12", "description": "September ampampndash Halley's comet makes an appearance, and is observed by Edmond Halley himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1682/09/14", "description": " Bishop Gore School in Swansea, Wales is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1682/10/12", "description": " Sultan Mehmed IV departs Istanbul for Adrianople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1682/10/19", "description": " Kara Mustafa departs with the Ottoman army to Adrianople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1682/10/27", "description": " The city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania is founded by William Penn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1682/10/31", "description": " In the city of Bideford, Guenevere Damascus, her lover (name unknown) and their spiritual mentor are among the last to be burned at the stake for witchcraft in England. They had been accused of speaking in unknown languages as well as practicing knowledge beyond their natural abilities, and acting in peculiar manners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1682/10/31", "description": "Celia Fiennes noble woman and traveller, begins her journeys across Britain, in a venture that would prove to be her life's work. Her aim was to chronicle the towns, cities and great houses of the country. Her travels continued until at least 1712, and would take her to every county in England, though the main body of her journal was not written until the year 1702.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1682/10/31", "description": "The first black slaves arrive in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1682/10/31", "description": "The Richard Wall House is built in Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1683/04/10", "description": " Charles V the Duke of Lorraine is appointed commander of the Imperial army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1683/05/03", "description": " Sultan Mehmed IV enters Belgrade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1683/06/06", "description": " The Ashmolean Museum opens as the world's first university museum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1683/06/12", "description": " The Rye House Plot to assassinate Charles II of England is discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1683/07/08", "description": " The Qing Dynasty Chinese admiral Shi Lang leads 300 ships with 20,000 troops out of Tongshan, Fujian and sails towards the Kingdom of Tungning, in modern-day Taiwan and Penghu, in order to quell the kingdom in the name of Qing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1683/07/14", "description": " A 140,000-man Ottoman force arrives at Vienna and starts to besiege the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1683/07/16", "description": "nd July 17 ampndash Battle of Penghu: Qing Chinese admiral Shi Lang defeats the naval forces of Zheng Keshuang in a decisive victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1683/09/05", "description": " The Qing Chinese admiral Shi Lang receives the formal surrender of Zheng Keshuang, ushering in the collapse of the Kingdom of Tungning, which is then incorporated into the Qing Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1683/09/12", "description": " Battle of Vienna: The Ottoman siege of the city is broken with the arrival of a force of 70,000 Polish, Austrians and Germans under Polish-Lithuanian king Jan III Sobieski, whose cavalry turns their flank (considered to be the turning point in the Ottoman Empire's fortunes).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1683/10/03", "description": " Shi Lang reaches Taiwan and occupies present day Kaohsiung.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1683/10/06", "description": " Germantown, Pennsylvania is founded (in 1983 U.S. President Ronald Reagan declares a 300th Year Celebration, and in 1987, it becomes an annual holiday, German-American Day).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1683/11/01", "description": " The British crown colony of New York is subdivided into 12 counties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1683/11/01", "description": "December ampampndash The River Thames freezes, allowing a frost fair to be held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1683/11/01", "description": "Wild boars are hunted to extinction in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1684", "description": "January ampampndash Edmund Halley, Christopher Wren and Robert Hooke have a conversation in which Hooke later claimed not only to have derived the inverse-square law, but also all the laws of planetary motion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1684/01/05", "description": " King Charles II of England gives the title Duke of St Albans to Charles Beauclerk, his illegitimate son by Nell Gwyn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1684/01/26", "description": " Marcantonio Giustinian is elected Doge of Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1684/01/26", "description": "March ampampndash End of the severe frost in Britain, starting the previous December, during which the Thames was frozen in London, and the sea as far as {{convert|2|mi|km}} out from land freezes over.  There was great loss of beast and of wildlife, especially birds.  Similar reports from across Northern Europe.ampamp{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1684/07/24", "description": " Ren\u00e9-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle sails from France, again, with a large expedition designed to establish a French colony on the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the Mississippi River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1684/08/15", "description": " France under Louis XIV makes the Truce of Ratisbon separately with the Holy Roman Empire (Habsburg) and Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1684/10/07", "description": " Japanese Chief Minister Hotta Masatoshi is assassinated, leaving Shogun Tsunayoshi without any adequate advisors, leading him to issue impractical edicts and create hardships for the Japanese people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1684/12/10", "description": " Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws from his theory of gravity, contained in the paper ''De motu corporum in gyrum'', is read to the Royal Society by Edmund Halley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1684/12/10", "description": "Pope Innocent XI forms a Holy League with the Habsburg Empire, Venice and Poland to end the Ottoman Turkish rule in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1684/12/10", "description": "Japanese poet Saikaku composes 23,500 verses in 24 hours at the Sumiyoshi Shrine at Osaka the scribes cannot keep pace with his dictation and just ''count'' the verses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1684/12/10", "description": "Tokyo University, formally registered as a university in 1877, had its predecessor established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1684/12/10", "description": "The British East India Company receives Chinese permission to build a trading station at Canton. Tea sells in Europe for less than a shilling a pound, but the import duty of 5 shillings makes it too expensive for most English people to afford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1684/12/10", "description": "Smuggled tea is drunk much more than legally imported tea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1684/12/10", "description": "John Bunyan writes ''The Pilgrim's Progress'', Part 2.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1684/12/10", "description": "The Chipperfield's Circus dynasty begins when James Chipperfield introduces performing animals to England at the River Thames frost fairs on the Thames in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1685/02/06", "description": " James Stuart, Duke of York becomes James II of England and Ireland and King James VII of Scotland in succession to his brother Charles II (1630\u20131685), King of Great Britain since 1660. James II and VII reigns to 1688.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1685/02/18", "description": " Fort St. Louis is established by a Frenchman at Matagorda Bay, thus forming the basis for France's claim to Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1685/02/20", "description": " Ren\u00e9-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, intending to establish a colony near the mouth of the Mississippi River, lands with 200 surviving colonists at Matagorda Bay on the Texas coast, believing the Mississippi near (<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tshaonline.org\/handbook\/online\/articles\/LL\/fla4.html\">http:\/\/www.tshaonline.org\/handbook\/online\/articles\/LL\/fla4.html<\/a> Texas Handbook).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1685/02/20", "description": "March ampampndash Louis XIV of France passes the ampquot''Code Noir''ampquot, allowing the full use of slaves in the French colonies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1685/05/11", "description": " The Killing Time: Five Covenanters in Wigtown, Scotland, notably Margaret Wilson, are executed for refusing to swear an oath declaring King James of England, Scotland and Ireland as head of the church, becoming the 'Wigtown martyrs'.{{cite web|title=Wigtown Martyrs|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk\/wigtown\/martyrs\/index.html|work=Undiscovered\">http:\/\/www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk\/wigtown\/martyrs\/index.html|work=Undiscovered<\/a> Scotland|accessdate=2011-10-26}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1685/06/11", "description": " Monmouth Rebellion: James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, illegitimate son of King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland, lands at Lyme Regis with an invasion force brought from the Netherlands to challenge his uncle, James II, for the Crown of England.ref name=quotODNB Monmouthquot{{cite web|first=Tim|last=Harris|title=Scott (Crofts), James, duke of Monmouth and first duke of Buccleuch (1649\u20131685)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/24879|accessdate=2011-10-26|doi=10.1093\/ref:odnb\/24879}}\">http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/24879|accessdate=2011-10-26|doi=10.1093\/ref:odnb\/24879}}<\/a> {{ODNBsub}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1685/06/20", "description": " Monmouth Rebellion: James, Duke of Monmouth declares himself at Taunton to be King and heir to his father's Kingdoms as James II of England and Ireland and James VII of Scotland.ref name=quotODNB Monmouthquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1685/07/06", "description": " Monmouth Rebellion ampndash Battle of Sedgemoor: the armies of King James II of England defeat rebel forces under Monmouth and capture the Duke himself, shortly after the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1685/07/15", "description": " The Duke of Monmouth is executed at Tower Hill, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1685/08/25", "description": " The Bloody Assizes begin in Winchester over 1000 of Monmouth's rebels tried and condemned to death or transportation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1685/08/25", "description": "September ampampndash The first organised street lighting was introduced in London with oil lamps to be lit outside every tenth house on moonless winter nights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1685/10/18", "description": "October 19 ampndash Louis XIV issues the Edict of Fontainebleau, which revokes the Edict of Nantes and declares Protestantism illegal, thereby depriving Huguenots of civil rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1685/10/18", "description": "The Chinese army of the Qing Dynasty attacks a Russian post at Albazin, during the reigns of the Kangxi Emperor and the dual Russian rulers Ivan V of Russia and Peter I of Russia. The events lead to the Treaty of Nerchinsk.ampampRoberts,  J: ''History of the World'', Penguin, 1994.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1685/10/18", "description": "Adam Baldridge finds a pirate base at \u00cele Sainte-Marie in Madagascar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1685/10/18", "description": "Louis XIV is married to Madame de Maintenon in a secret ceremony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1686/05/04", "description": " The Municipality of Ilagan is founded in the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1686/07/22", "description": " New York City and Albany, New York are granted city charters by the colonial governor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1686/09/02", "description": " The forces of the Holy League of 1684 liberate Buda from Ottoman Turkish rule (leading to the end of Turkish rule in Hungary during the subsequent years).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1686/09/02", "description": "The historian and naturalist, Robert Plot, publishes his ''Natural history of Staffordshire'', a collection of illustrations and texts detailing the history of the county. It was the first document known to mention crop circles and the double sunset over the Cheshire Plain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1686/09/02", "description": "James VII of Scotland and James II of England tries to persuade Parliament to repeal the Test Acts, which bar Catholics from public office. Having failed, he issues a Declaration of Indulgence, which suspends penal laws against both Catholics and Protestant dissenters. Suspicions about James' intentions grow as he systematically places Catholics in key positions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1686/09/02", "description": "A group of conspirators meet at Charborough House in Dorset to plan the overthrow of King James and replace him with the Protestant Dutch Stadtholder, William III of Orange-Nassau.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1686/09/02", "description": "The League of Augsburg is founded in response to claims made by Louis XIV of France on the Electorate of the Palatinate in western Germany.  It comprises the Holy Roman Empire, the Netherlands, Sweden, Spain and the electors of Bavaria, Saxony and the Electorate of the Palatinate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1686/09/02", "description": "Russia, Saxony, Brandenburg and Bavaria join the Holy League against the Ottoman Turkish Empire.  Imperial forces under Austrian leadership invade Ottoman-occupied Hungary and advance on Budapest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1686/09/02", "description": "In Greece, Ottoman-occupied Morea (i.e., the Peloponnese) falls to the Venetians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1686/09/02", "description": "A hurricane saves Charleston, South Carolina, from attack by Spanish vessels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1686/09/02", "description": "The Dominion of New England is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1687/03/19", "description": " The men under explorer Robert Cavelier de La Salle murder him while searching for the mouth of the Mississippi River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1687/04/04", "description": " King James II of England issues the Declaration of Indulgence, ''aka'' the Declaration of Liberty of Conscience, suspending laws against Catholics and non-conformists.  It extends toleration of all religions in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1687/05/06", "description": " Emperor Higashiyama succeeds Emperor Reigen on the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1687/07/05", "description": " Isaac Newton publishes ''Philosophi\u00e6 Naturalis Principia Mathematica'', ushering in a tidal wave of changes in thought that would significantly accelerate the already ongoing scientific revolution by giving it tools that produced technologically valuable results, which had theretofore been otherwise unobtainable. See also Writing of Principia Mathematica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1687/08/12", "description": " Battle of Moh\u00e1cs (1687): imperial army under Charles V, Duke of Lorraine defeats the Ottoman Turks and enables Austria to conquer most of Ottoman-occupied Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1687/08/12", "description": "September ampampndash The Venetian navy raids the Dalmatian coast and attacks Turkish strongholds in Greece. On 28 September, the Parthenon in Athens is badly damaged when Venetian mortar fire explodes a Turkish powder magazine housed in the building.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1687/11/08", "description": " Suleiman II (1687\u20131691) succeeds the deposed Mehmed IV as Ottoman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1687/12/31", "description": " In response to the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, a group of Huguenots set sail from France and settle in the recently established Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hope where, using their native skills, they establish the first South African vineyards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688", "description": "March ampampndash William Dampier makes the first recorded visit to Christmas Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/03/01", "description": " Great fire devastates Bungay in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/03/01", "description": "Spring ampampndash James VII and II orders his Declaration of Indulgence, suspending penal laws against Catholics, to be read from every Anglican pulpit in England. The Church of England and its staunchest supporters, the peers and gentry, are outraged.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/04/18", "description": "Julian calendar) ampndash The Germantown Quaker Protest Against Slavery is drafted by four Germantown Quakers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/04/29", "description": " Death of Friedrich Wilhelm, the quotGreat Electorquot of Brandenburg-Prussia. Friedrich III becomes Elector of Brandenburg-Prussia until 1701, when he becomes the first King of Prussia as Friedrich I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/06/10", "description": " The birth of King James' heir, James Francis Edward Stuart (1688\u20131766 later to become known as the quotOld Pretenderquot) increases public disquiet about a Catholic dynasty.  The fears are confirmed when the baby is baptised into the Catholic faith.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/06/30", "description": " A high-powered conspiracy of notables (the ''Immortal Seven'') invite Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange and Princess Mary to quotdefend the liberties of Englandquot and depose King James VII and II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/06/30", "description": "July ampampndash Phetracha stages a coup d'\u00e9tat and becomes king of Ayutthaya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/10/27", "description": " King James II of England dismisses minister Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/11/01", "description": " The Glorious Revolution: William III of Orange sets sail a second time from Hellevoetsluis in the Netherlands to take over England, Scotland and Ireland from King James II of England before the Glorious Revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/11/05", "description": " The Glorious Revolution begins: William of Orange lands at Torbay in England with a multinational force of 15,000 mercenaries. He makes no claim to the English Crown, saying only that he has come to save Protestantism and to maintain English liberty, and begins a march on London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/11/09", "description": " William of Orange captures Exeter after the magistrates flee the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/11/23", "description": " A group of 1,500 Old Believers immolate themselves to avoid capture when troops of the tsar lay siege to their monastery on Lake Onega.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/11/26", "description": " Hearing that William of Orange has landed in England, Louis XIV declares war on the Netherlands. Perhaps revealingly, he does not attack the Netherlands but instead strikes at the heart of the Holy Roman Empire with about 100,000 soldiers. The Nine Years' War begins in Europe and America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/12/11", "description": " Having led his army to Salisbury and been deserted by his troops, James VII and II attempts to flee to France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/12/18", "description": " William of Orange enters London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/12/18", "description": "The Austrians incite a rebellion against the Ottomans in Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/12/18", "description": "Fall of Belgrade to the Austrians as the Ottoman Empire continues to lose ground in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/12/18", "description": "The Ottoman Turks besiege Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/12/18", "description": "Edward Lloyd opens the London coffee house that soon becomes a popular meeting place for shipowners, merchants, insurance brokers and underwriters. In time the business association they form will outgrow the coffee house premises and become Lloyd's of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/12/18", "description": "Neuruppin becomes a Prussian garrison town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/12/18", "description": "Francesco Morosini becomes Doge of Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/12/18", "description": "Janez Vajkard Valvasor becomes a member of the Royal Society.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/12/18", "description": "Antonio Verrio begins work on the Heaven Room at Burghley House.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1688/12/18", "description": "Earliest known mention of the balalaika.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/01/11", "description": "January 22 O.S.) ampndash Glorious Revolution in England: The Convention Parliament is convened to determine if King James II of England, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, vacated the throne when he fled to France at the end of 1688. The settlement of this is agreed on 8 February.ref name=Kenyon{{cite book|first=J. P.|last=Kenyon|title=Stuart England|location=Harmondsworth|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1978|isbn=0-14-022076-3}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/02/13", "description": "O.S.) ampndash William III and Mary II are proclaimed co-rulers of England, Scotland and Ireland.ref name=Kenyon \/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/03/02", "description": " Nine Years' War: As French forces leave, they set fire to Heidelberg Castle and the nearby town of Heidelberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/03/22", "description": "March 12 O.S.) - Start of the Williamite War in Ireland: The deposed James II of England lands with 6,000 French soldiers in Ireland, where there is a Catholic majority, hoping to use it as the base for a counter-coup.{{cite book|last=Miller|first=John|title=James II|edition=3rd|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2000|series=Yale English monarchs|isbn=0-300-08728-4|pages=222-227}} However, many Irish Catholics see him as an agent of Louis XIV of France and refuse to support him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/04/11", "description": "O.S.) ampndash William III and Mary II are crowned in London as King and Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}} Ireland does not recognise them yet, while the Estates of Scotland declare King James VII of Scotland deposed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/04/11", "description": "Boston revolt: Unpopular Governor of the Dominion of New England Sir Edmund Andros and other officials are overthrown by a ampquotmobampquot of Bostonians. Andros, an appointee of James II of England, is disliked for his support of the Church of England and revocation of various colonial charters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/04/11", "description": "Williamite War in Ireland: Siege of Derry: James II arrives at the gates of Derry and asks for its surrender, which is refused by the Protestant defenders.ampamp{{cite web|title=The Siege of Derry in Ulster Protestant mythology|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cruithni.org.uk\/feature\/siege.html|work=Cruithni|date=2001-12-31|accessdate=2012-07-16}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.cruithni.org.uk\/feature\/siege.html|work=Cruithni|date=2001-12-31|accessdate=2012-07-16}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/05/11", "description": "May 1 O.S.) - Williamite War in Ireland: Battle of Bantry Bay between the English Royal Navy under the Earl of Torrington and the French fleet under the Marquis de Ch\u00e2teaurenault. The French are able to protect their transports unloading supplies for James II and withdraw unpursued.{{cite book|last=Lynn|first=John A.|title=The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667\u20131714|locastion=Harlow|publisher=Longman|year=1999|isbn=0-582-05629-2|page=203}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/05/12", "description": " Nine Years' War: With England and the Netherlands both now ruled by William III, they join the Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg), thus escalating the conflict, which continues until 1697. This is also the effective beginning of King William's War, the first of four North American Wars until 1763 between English and French colonists, both sides allied to Native American tribes. The nature of the fighting is a series of raids on each other's settlements across the Canadian and New England borders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/05/24", "description": " The Bill of Rights establishes constitutional monarchy in England but with Roman Catholics barred from the throne. Parliament also passes the Act of Toleration protecting Protestants, but with Roman Catholics intentionally excluded. This effectively concludes the Glorious Revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/05/25", "description": " The last hearth Tax is collected in England and Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/05/31", "description": " Leisler's Rebellion: Calvinist Jacob Leisler deposes lieutenant governor Francis Nicholson and assumes control of the Province of New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/07/25", "description": " Abolition of Council of Wales and the Marches.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/07/27", "description": " First Jacobite rising: Scottish Covenanter supporters of William and Mary (under Hugh Mackay) are defeated by Jacobite supporters of James II at the Battle of Killiecrankie near Pitlochry in Perthshire but the latter's leader, John Graham, Viscount Dundee, is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/07/28", "description": " Relief of the Siege of Derry after 105 days: English sailors break through a floating boom across the River Foyle to end the Siege.{{cite web|title=Parades and Marches - Chronology 2: Historical Dates and Events|work=Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/cain.ulst.ac.uk\/issues\/parade\/chpa2.htm|accessdate=2010-01-28}}\">http:\/\/cain.ulst.ac.uk\/issues\/parade\/chpa2.htm|accessdate=2010-01-28}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/08/02", "description": " Boston Revolt: Edmund Andros, former governor of the Dominion of New England, escapes from Boston to Connecticut, but is recaptured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/08/05", "description": " A force of 1,500 Iroquois attacks the village of Lachine, in New France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/08/12", "description": " Death of Innocent XI (Benedetto Odescalchi 1611\u20131689), Pope since 1676. A man of integrity who has been described{{by whom|date=July 2012}} as the greatest Pope of the 17th century, he played a major part in founding both the League of Augsburg, against Louis XIV and the Holy League, against the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/08/21", "description": " First Jacobite rising: Battle of Dunkeld: Covenanters defeat the Jacobites in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/08/27", "description": " China and Russia sign the Treaty of Nerchinsk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/10/06", "description": " Pope Alexander VIII succeeds Innocent XI as the 241st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/11/22", "description": " The Tsar decrees the construction of the Great Siberian Road to China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/12/16", "description": " The English Bill of Rights is officially declared in force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/12/16", "description": "Peter the Great plots to overthrow his half-sister Sophia as regent of the Tsardom of Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/12/16", "description": "Supporters of William of Orange seize Liverpool Castle.ampamp{{cite web|title=Liverpool Castle|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.btinternet.com\/~m.royden\/mrlhp\/local\/castle\/castle.htm|work=Mike\">http:\/\/www.btinternet.com\/~m.royden\/mrlhp\/local\/castle\/castle.htm|work=Mike<\/a> Royden's Local History Pages|accessdate=2012-07-16}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/12/16", "description": "The English East India Company expands its influence with the establishment of administrative districts called presidencies in the Indian provinces of Bengal, Madras and Bombay, the effective beginning of the company's long rule in India.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1689/12/16", "description": "Valvasor's ''The Glory of the Duchy of Carniola'' is printed in Nuremberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/01/06", "description": " Joseph, son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes King of the Romans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/01/07", "description": " The first recorded full peal is rung, at St Sepulchre-without-Newgate in the City of London, marking a new era in change ringing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/01/14", "description": " The clarinet is said to have been invented in Nuremberg, Germany.There is no evidence for this. {{cite book|last=Rice|first=Albert R.|title=The Baroque Clarinet|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|year=1992|pages=17, 40\u201342|isbn=0198161883}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/02/03", "description": " The Massachusetts Bay Colony issues the first paper money in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/05/20", "description": " England passes the Act of Grace, forgiving followers of the deposed James II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/06/08", "description": " Siddi general Yadi Sakat razes the Mazagon Fort in Mumbai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/06/14", "description": " King William III of England (William of Orange) lands in Ireland to confront James II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/07/10", "description": " Anglo-Dutch navy defeated by the French in the Battle of Beachy Head (also known as the Battle of B\u00e9v\u00e9ziers), giving rise to fears of a Jacobite invasion of England.The battle took place on June 30 according to the quotold stylequot Julian calendar in use at this time by the English.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/07/11", "description": " Battle of the Boyne, north of Dublin. King William III of England (William of Orange) defeats the deposed James II who returns to exile in France.The battle took place on July 1 according to the quotold stylequot Julian calendar in use at this time by the English. This is equivalent to 11 July in the quotnew stylequot Gregorian calendar, although today commemorated on July 12.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=285}}{{cite web|title=Parades and Marches - Chronology 2: Historical Dates and Events| work=Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN)|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/cain.ulst.ac.uk\/issues\/parade\/chpa2.htm|accessdate=28\">http:\/\/cain.ulst.ac.uk\/issues\/parade\/chpa2.htm|accessdate=28<\/a> January 2010}} The rebellion in Ireland continues for a further year until the Orange army gains full control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/07/26", "description": " French landing party raids and burns Teignmouth in Devon, England. However, with the loss of James II's position in Ireland, any plans for a real invasion are soon shelved and Teignmouth is the last-ever French attack on England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/08/24", "description": " In India, the fort and trading settlement of Sutanuti - which later becomes Calcutta - is founded  on the Hooghly River by the English East India Company following signing of an Anglo-Moghul treaty.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/09/25", "description": " The only issue of ''Publick Occurrences'' is published in Boston, Massachusetts, before being suppressed by the colonial authorities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/10/06", "description": "12 October ampndash Massachusetts Puritans led by Sir William Phips besiege the city of Quebec. The siege ends in failure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/10/06", "description": "December ampampndash Earliest recorded sighting of the planet Uranus, by John Flamsteed, who mistakenly catalogues it as the star 34 Tauri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/12/29", "description": " An earthquake hits Anconer in the Papal States of Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/12/29", "description": "Arsenije III Carnojevic, Patriarch of Serbia, leads the first of the two Great Serbian Migrations into the Habsburg Empire, following Ottoman atrocities in Kosovo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/12/29", "description": "Belgrade recaptured by Ottoman Turks from the Austrians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/12/29", "description": "The Hearth Tax is abolished in Scotland, one year after its abolition in England and Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/12/29", "description": "French physicist Denis Papin, while in Leipzig and having observed the mechanical power of atmospheric pressure on his 'digester', builds a working model of a reciprocating steam engine for pumping water, the first of its kind, though not efficient.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/12/29", "description": "Giovanni Domenico Cassini observes differential rotation within Jupiter's atmosphere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/12/29", "description": "Arcangelo Corelli publishes his ''Concerti Grossi''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1690/12/29", "description": "Possible year of the disappearance of the western part of the island of Buise in St. Peter's Flood.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1691/03/05", "description": " Nine Years' War: French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers besiege the Spanish-held town of Mons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1691/03/20", "description": " Leisler's Rebellion:  A new governor arrives in New York ampndash Jacob Leisler surrenders after a standoff of several hours.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1691/03/29", "description": " The Siege of Mons ends in the city\u2019s surrender.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1691/04/09", "description": " A fire at the Palace of Whitehall in London destroys its Stone Gallery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1691/05/06", "description": " The Spanish inquisition condemns and forcibly baptizes 219 xuetas in Palma Majorca. When 37 try to escape the island, they are burned alive at the stake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1691/05/16", "description": " Jacob Leisler is hanged for treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1691/05/16", "description": "June ampampndash Ahmed II (1691\u20131695) succeeds Suleiman II (1687\u20131691) as emperor of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1691/05/16", "description": "Pope Innocent XII becomes the 242nd pope, succeeding Pope Alexander VIII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1691/05/16", "description": "Battle of Aughrim: Williamite troops defeat the Jacobites in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1691/10/03", "description": " The Treaty of Limerick, which guarantees civil rights to Catholics, is signed. ''(It was broken quotbefore the ink was dryquot)''", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1691/10/22", "description": " William III of England opens Parliament of England", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1691/10/22", "description": "Michel Rolle invents Rolle's theorem, an essential theorem of mathematics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1691/10/22", "description": "In New England the two separate colonies of Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony are united into a single entity by an act of the King and Queen of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1691/10/22", "description": "The Khalkha submit to the Manchu invaders, bringing most of modern-day Mongolia under the rule of the Qing dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1692/02/13", "description": " Massacre of Glencoe: The forces of Robert Campbell slaughter 38 members of the Clan MacDonald of Glencoe for allegedly refusing to sign an oath of allegiance to King William III of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1692/03/01", "description": " The Salem witch trials begin in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony, with the charging of 3 women with witchcraft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1692/03/22", "description": " The Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty issues the Edict of Toleration recognizing all the Roman Catholic Church, not just the Jesuits, and legalizing missions and their conversion of Chinese people.{{Cite web | first = | last = | author-link = | first2 = | last2 = | author2-link = | editor-last = | editor-first = | editor2-last = | editor2-first = | contribution = In the Light and Shadow of an Emperor: Tom\u00e1s Pereira, S.J. (1645\u20131708), the Kangxi Emperor and the Jesuit Mission in China | contribution-url = | title = An International Symposium in Commemoration of the 3rd Centenary of the death of Tom\u00e1s Pereira, S.J. | year = 2008 | pages = | location = Lisbon, Portugal and Macau, China | publisher = | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.viadeo.com\/hub\/affichefil\/?hubId=0021blweg7pn3crrampforumId=002hj6ldao5cz20ampthreadId=00226fi31xx53g5d\">http:\/\/www.viadeo.com\/hub\/affichefil\/?hubId=0021blweg7pn3crrampforumId=002hj6ldao5cz20ampthreadId=00226fi31xx53g5d<\/a> | doi = | id = |archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5jCsxGlBp|archivedate=2009-08-21|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-08-15\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5jCsxGlBp|archivedate=2009-08-21|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-08-15<\/a> | postscript = }}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1692/06/01", "description": "June 3 ampndash The Battle of La Hougue is the decisive naval battle in the Nine Years' War, ending in an Anglo-Dutch victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1692/06/07", "description": " An earthquake and related tsunami destroy Port Royal, capital of Jamaica and submerges a major part of it ampndash an estimated 2,000 are immediately killed, 2,300 injured, and a probable additional 2,000 die from the diseases which ravage the island in the following months. !--- History International Channel this date, this hour's programming. ampndash Report trails ongoing archeology since 1964, which is considered the most important underwater archeological site in the western hemisphere --- User:Fabartus ---", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1692/06/08", "description": " During a famine in Mexico City, an angry mob torches the Viceroy's palace and ignites the archives: most of the documents and some paintings are saved by royal geographer Carlos de Sig\u00fcenza y G\u00f3ngora.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1692/06/10", "description": " Salem witch trial investigations and convictions lead to several months of hangings. By the end of September, 14 women including Bridget Bishop and 5 men had been hanged. Another man, Giles Corey was tortured to death in an attempt to coerce a guilty plea from him by crushing him with rocks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1692/09/08", "description": " An earthquake in Brabant of scale 5.8 is felt across the Low Countries, Germany and England.{{cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J. M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1692/09/14", "description": " Diego de Vargas leads Spanish colonists in retaking the city of Santa Fe, New Mexico, after a 12-year exile following the Pueblo Revolt of 1680.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1693/01/11", "description": " Mount Etna erupts, causing a devastating earthquake that affects parts of Sicily and Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1693/02/08", "description": " The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, is granted a Royal charter from King William III and Queen Mary II of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1693/05/18", "description": " Forces of Louis XIV of France attack Heidelberg, capital of the Electorate of the Palatinate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1693/05/22", "description": " Heidelberg is taken by invading French forces, and the castle is surrendered on May 23, after which the French blow up the towers of Heidelberg Castle using mines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1693/06/27", "description": " War of the Grand Alliance: The French fleet defeats the joint Dutch and English fleet at the Battle of Lagos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1693/07/29", "description": " War of the Grand Alliance: The Dutch-English army led by King William III of England is defeated by the French at the Battle of Landen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1693/10/11", "description": " Charleroi falls to French forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1693/10/11", "description": "October ampampndash William Congreve's comedy ''The Double-Dealer'' is first performed at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London.ampref name=McGHEWDamp{{cite book|title=McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama|volume=4|first=Stanley|last=Hochman|page=542}}ampampampref name=CBHamp{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=198\u2013200|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1693/10/11", "description": "China concentrates all its foreign trade on Canton European ships are forbidden to land anywhere else.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1693/10/11", "description": "A religious schism takes place in Switzerland within a group of Swiss and Alsatian Anabaptists led by Jakob Ammann. Those who follow Ammann become the Mennonite Amish sect.ampamp{{cite book|last=Kraybill|first=Donald B.|authorlink=Donald Kraybill|title=Anabaptist World USA|publisher=Herald Press|year=2001|isbn=0-8361-9163-3|page=7\u20138}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1693/10/11", "description": "The Knights of the Apocalypse are formed in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1693/10/11", "description": "The ''Academia operosorum Labacensis'' is established in Ljubljana, Slovenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1693/10/11", "description": "Financier Richard Hoare relocates Hoare's Bank (founded 1672) from Cheapside to Fleet Street in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1693/10/11", "description": "John Locke publishes his influential book ''Some Thoughts Concerning Education''.ampamp{{cite web|first=Hugh|last=Cunningham|title=Re-inventing childhood|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.open2.net\/theinventionofchildhood\/childhood_inventions.html|work=open2.net|publisher=Open\">http:\/\/www.open2.net\/theinventionofchildhood\/childhood_inventions.html|work=open2.net|publisher=Open<\/a> University|accessdate=2010-06-16}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1693/10/11", "description": "William Penn publishes his proposal for European federation, ''Essay on the Present and Future Peace of Europe''.ampref name=CBH\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1694/02/05", "description": " The ship ''Ridderschap van Holland'' is lost at sea after it departs the Cape of Good Hope, but does not arrive at Batavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1694/02/06", "description": " The colony of Quilombo dos Palmares, Brazil, is destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1694/03/01", "description": " The HMS ''Sussex'' treasure fleet of thirteen ships is wrecked in the Mediterranean off Gibraltar with the loss of approximately 1,200 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1694/07/27", "description": " The Bank of England is founded through Royal charter by the Whig-dominated Parliament of England following a proposal by the Scottish merchant William Paterson to raise capital by offering safe and steady returns of interest guaranteed by future taxes. A total of \u00a31.2 million is raised for the war effort against Louis XIV by the end of the year to establish the first-ever government debt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1694/09/05", "description": " The Great Fire of Warwick in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1694/10/25", "description": " Queen Mary II of England founds the Royal Hospital for Seamen at Greenwich.{{cite web|title=Greenwich Hospital|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.grenhosp.org.uk\/|accessdate=2012-03-07}}\">http:\/\/www.grenhosp.org.uk\/|accessdate=2012-03-07}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1694/10/25", "description": "December ampampndash Thomas Tenison is appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1694/12/03", "description": " The Parliament of England passes the Triennial Act requiring general elections every three years.{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1694/12/28", "description": " Queen Mary II of England dies of smallpox aged 32, leaving her husband King William III to rule alone but without an heir. Since he is also without a royal hostess, Mary's sister Princess Anne is summoned back to court (having been banished after an unseemly row with the queen) as his official heiress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1694/12/28", "description": "The Lao empire of Lan Xang unofficially ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1694/12/28", "description": "Notorious voyage of the English slave ship ''Hannibal'' in the Atlantic slave trade out of Benin, ending with the death of nearly half of the 692 slaves aboard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1695/02/06", "description": " Mustafa II (1695\u20131703) succeeds Ahmed II as Ottoman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1695/07/17", "description": " The Bank of Scotland is founded by an Act of the Parliament of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1695/08/08", "description": " The Wren Building is started in Williamsburg, Virginia (completed in 1700).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1695/08/08", "description": "August ampampndash Bombardment of Brussels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1695/09/07", "description": " English pirate Henry Every perpetrates one of the most profitable raids in history with the capture of the Grand Mughal ship ''Ganj-i-Sawai''. In response, Emperor Aurangzeb threatens to put an end to all English trading in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1695/12/31", "description": " A window tax is imposed in England, causing many shopkeepers to brick up their windows to avoid it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1695/12/31", "description": "Russia declares war on Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1695/12/31", "description": "A \u00a32 fine is imposed for swearing in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1695/12/31", "description": "After 23 years of construction, Spain completes Castillo de San Marcos to protect St. Augustine, Florida from foreign threats.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1695/12/31", "description": "English manufacturers call for an embargo on Indian cloth and silk weavers picket the House of Commons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1695/12/31", "description": "In England, Parliament decides against a renewal of the Licensing Act, putting an end to royal censorship of printing presses and so clearing the way for a free press on the Act's expiry in 1696.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1695/12/31", "description": "After many years of construction, the Potala Palace is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1695/12/31", "description": "Gold is discovered in Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1695/12/31", "description": "In Amsterdam, the bank Wed. Jean Deutz ampamp Sn. floats the first sovereign bonds on the local market. The scheme is designed to fund a 1.5 million guilders loan to the Emperor. From that date on, European leaders commonly took advantage of the low interest rates available in the Republic and borrow several hundred millions on the Dutch capital market.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Eeghen|first=I. H. van|title=Buitenlandse manopolies van de Amstersamse kooplieden in de tweedee helft van de zeventiende eeuw|journal=Jaarboek Amstelodamum|year=1961|volume=53|pages=176\u2013184}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696", "description": "January", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696", "description": "The Parliament of England passes the Recoinage Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696", "description": "Colley Cibber's play ''Love's Last Shift'' is performed at the Theatre Royal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/01/27", "description": " In England, the ship HMS ''Royal Sovereign'' (formerly ''HMS Sovereign of the Seas'' 1638) catches fire and burns at Chatham, after 57 years of service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/01/29", "description": "O.S.) ampndash Peter the Great becomes sole tsar of Russia, upon the death of Tsar Ivan V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/01/31", "description": " In the Netherlands, undertakers revolt after funeral reforms in Amsterdam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/03/07", "description": " King William III of England departs from the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/03/07", "description": "April ampampndash Fire destroys the Gra Bet (or Left Quarter) of Gondar, the capital of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/05/31", "description": " John Salomonsz is elected chief of Saint-Eustatius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/07/18", "description": " The fleet of Tsar Peter The Great occupies Azov at the mouth of the Don River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/07/29", "description": " French king Louis XIV and Victor Amadeus van Savoye sign a peace treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/08/13", "description": " The State of Drenthe announces Willem III as mayor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/08/22", "description": " Forces of Venice and Turkish troops clash near Molino.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/10/29", "description": " Fuller Baptist Church is founded in Kettering, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/11/21", "description": " John Vanbrugh's ''Relapse or Virtue in Danger'' premieres in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/12/07", "description": " Connecticut Route 108, one of Connecticut's oldest highways is laid-out to Trumbull.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/12/19", "description": " Jean-Francois Regnard's ''quotLe Joueurquot'' premieres in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/12/24", "description": " The Inquisition burns a number of Marrano Jews in Evora, Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/12/24", "description": "Freedom of the press is granted by the British government which had already relaxed censorship following the Bill of Rights in 1689. Technically, freedom of the press came about because Parliament decided not to renew its Licensing Act in 1695. It is from this time that sport is increasingly reported.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/12/24", "description": "''Lloyd's News'', forerunner of ''Lloyd's List'' is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/12/24", "description": "Polish replaces Ruthenian as an official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/12/24", "description": "A famine wipes out almost a third of the population of Finland and a fifth of the population of Estonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/12/24", "description": "Abington, Pennsylvania is settled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/12/24", "description": "William Penn offers an elaborate plan for intercolonial cooperation largely in trade, defense, and criminal matters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/12/24", "description": "The Second Pueblo Revolt occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1696/12/24", "description": "Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville captures and destroys St. John's, Newfoundland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1697", "description": "March", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1697", "description": "Peter the Great sets out to travel in Europe officially incognito as ampquotArtilleryman Pjotr Mikhailovampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1697", "description": "The Spanish conquest of the Yucatan is complete with the fall of the Itza Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1697/04/05", "description": " Karl XII becomes king of Sweden upon the death of his father, Karl XI. Karl XII is known as the quotSwedish Meteorquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1697/05/07", "description": " The royal castle quotTre Kronorquot (quotThree Crownsquot) in Stockholm burns to the ground. A large portion of the royal library is destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1697/06/30", "description": " The earliest known first-class cricket match took place in Sussex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1697/09/11", "description": " Battle of Zenta ampndash Prince Eugene of Savoy crushes the Ottoman army of Mustafa II and effectively ends Turkish hopes of recovering lost ground in Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1697/09/20", "description": " The Treaty of Ryswick signed by France and the Grand Alliance to end both the Nine Years' War and King William's War.  The conflict having been inconclusive, the treaty is proposed because the combatants have exhausted their national treasuries.  Louis XIV recognises William III as King of England amp Scotland and both sides return territories they have taken in battle.  In North America, the treaty returns Port Royal (Nova Scotia) to France.  In practice, the treaty is little more than a truce it does not resolve any of the fundamental colonial problems and the peace lasts only five years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1697/12/02", "description": " St Paul's Cathedral is opened in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1697/12/14", "description": " Charles XII of Sweden is crowned king at the age of 15.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1697/12/14", "description": "French writer Charles Perrault publishes a collection of favourite fairy tales, including ''Red Riding Hood'' and ''The Sleeping Beauty''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1697/12/14", "description": "The use of palanquins increases in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1697/12/14", "description": "Christopher Polhem starts Sweden's first technical school.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1697/12/14", "description": "Tayasal, capital of the Itza Maya in the Pet\u00e9n Basin, the last independent Maya polity, is conquered by Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1697/12/14", "description": "The Manchus of the Qing Dynasty conquers Outer Mongolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1697/12/14", "description": "The Royal African Company loses its monopoly on the slave trade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1698/01/01", "description": " The Abenaki tribe and the Massachusetts colonists sign a treaty ending the conflict in New England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1698/01/04", "description": " The Palace of Whitehall in London is destroyed by fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1698/01/23", "description": " George Louis (who in 1714 will become King George I of Great Britain) becomes Elector of Hanover.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1698/07/14", "description": " Darien scheme: The first Scottish settlers leave for an ill-fated colony in Panama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1698/07/25", "description": " English engineer Thomas Savery obtains a patent for a steam pump.{{cite web|first=E. I.|last=Carlyle|title=Savery, Thomas (1650?\u20131715)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/24733|accessdate=2011-11-05|doi=10.1093\/ref:odnb\/24733}}\">http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/24733|accessdate=2011-11-05|doi=10.1093\/ref:odnb\/24733}}<\/a> {{ODNBsub}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1698/08/25", "description": " Peter the Great arrives back to Moscow: General Patrick Gordon has already crushed the streltsy rebellion, with 341 rebels sentenced to be decapitated (tradition holds that tsar Peter decapitated some of them himself).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1698/09/05", "description": " In an effort to move his people away from Asiatic customs, Tsar Peter I of Russia imposes a tax on beards: all men except priests and peasants are required to pay a tax of 100 rubles a year commoners are required to pay one kopeck each.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1698/10/24", "description": " Iberville and Bienville sail from Brest to the Gulf of Mexico to defend the southern borders of New France they will eventually found three capitals of Louisiana (New France), as the future American cities: Mobile, Biloxi amp New Orleans.ref name=quotCBquotquotLe Moyne de Bienville, Jean-Baptistequot, University of Toronto, 2000, webpage: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.biographi.ca\/009004-119.01-e.php?\">http:\/\/www.biographi.ca\/009004-119.01-e.php?<\/a> BioId=35608 biog-ca-Bienville.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1698/10/24", "description": "November ampampndash Tani Jinzan, astronomer and calendar scholar, observes a fire destroy Tosa (now Kochi) in Japan at the same time as a Leonid meteor shower, taking it as evidence to reinforce belief in the ampquotTheory of Areasampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1698/11/14", "description": " First Eddystone Lighthouse off Plymouth, England, illuminated.{{cite book|first=Fred|last=Majdalany|title=The Red Rocks of Eddystone|location=London|publisher=Longmans|year=1959|page=49}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1698/11/16", "description": " A congress begins in Sremski Karlovci to discuss a treaty between the Ottoman Empire and the Holy League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1698/11/16", "description": "The Whigs sponsor Captain Kidd of New York as a privateer against French shipping.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1698/11/16", "description": "Humphrey Hody is appointed regius professor of Greek at Oxford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1698/11/16", "description": "John Churchill, Earl of Marlborough is reinstated in the English army after a period in disgrace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1698/11/16", "description": "Bucharest becomes the capital of Wallachia (now part of Romania).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1698/11/16", "description": "In Africa, Mombasa and Zanzibar are captured by Oman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1698/11/16", "description": "Since the establishment of its presidencies in 1689, the British East India Company has been under constant pressure from traders who are not members of the company and are not licensed by the Crown to trade.  Under a parliamentary ruling in favour of free trade, these private newcomers are able to set up a new company, called the New Company or English Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1699/01/26", "description": " Treaty of Karlowitz is concluded.  The Republic of Venice, Poland and Austria sign a peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire.  The Ottoman Turks cede to Austria all their former territories in Transylvania, Slavonia, Croatia and the whole of Hungary except for the Banat of Temesvar.  The Peloponnese and Dalmatia are ceded to Venice.  Large parts of the Ukraine are ceded to Poland.  The treaty marks a significant stage in the decline of the Ottoman Empire that has dominated eastern Europe since the fall of Constantinople in 1453.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1699/02/04", "description": " 350 rebellious Streltsi are executed in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1699/03/04", "description": " Jews are expelled from L\u00fcbeck, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1699/04/13", "description": " The 10th Sikh Master, Guru Gobind Singh, creates the Khalsa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1699/05/01", "description": " Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville founds the first European settlement in the Mississippi River Valley, at Fort Maurepas (Ocean Springs, Mississippi).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1699/05/04", "description": " The beginning of the fictional ''Gulliver's Travels'' (1726).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1699/06/11", "description": " England, France and the Netherlands agree on the Second Partition Treaty of Spain.{{citation needed|date=July 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1699/06/14", "description": " Thomas Savery demonstrates his first steam engine to the Royal Society.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1699/07/06", "description": " Pirate Capt. William Kidd is captured in Boston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1699/08/25", "description": " Death of Christian V, King of Denmark and Norway since 1670. He is succeeded by Frederick IV (to 1730).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1699/08/25", "description": "Citizens of Rotterdam strike over the high price of butter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1699/08/25", "description": "Treaty of Preobrasjensku: Denmark\/Russia\/Saksen\/Poland divide Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1699/12/03", "description": " Baron Jacob Hop is appointed as the treasurer-general of The Hague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1699/12/20", "description": " Peter the Great orders the Russian New Year changed from 1 September to 1 January.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1699/12/20", "description": "William Dampier explores the northwest coast of Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1699/12/20", "description": "The ''Edinburgh Gazette'' is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1699/12/20", "description": "England's Tory government reduces the standing army to 7,000 men who must all be British by birth. This causes friction between Parliament and the King, whose Dutch Blue Guards are deported.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1699/12/20", "description": "Billingsgate Fish Market is sanctioned as a permanent institution by Act of Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/01/01", "description": "Julian) ampndash Russia begins numbering its calendar from the birth of Christ (Anno Domini) instead of since the Creation (Anno Mundi).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/01/26", "description": "''approx.'' 9ampnbspp.m.) ampndash Cascadia earthquake: One of the largest earthquakes known ruptures the Cascadia subduction zone offshore from Vancouver Island spreading along more than 600ampnbspmiles (966ampnbspkm) of North America's West Coast to Cape Mendocino in northern California. The magnitude of the earthquake is estimated as between 8.7 and 9.2. Houses in First Nations communities on Vancouver Island collapse and an entire village on its west coast is destroyed with no survivors.Recorded in oral traditions of indigenous peoples in North America. {{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctv.ca\/servlet\/ArticleNews\/story\/CTVNews\/20100228\/quebec_earthquake_100228\/20100228?hub=TopStoriesV2|title=3.9\">http:\/\/www.ctv.ca\/servlet\/ArticleNews\/story\/CTVNews\/20100228\/quebec_earthquake_100228\/20100228?hub=TopStoriesV2|title=3.9<\/a> magnitude earthquake rattles western Quebec|publisher=CTV.ca|accessdate=2010-02-28|date=2010-02-28| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100302205259\/http:\/\/www.ctv.ca\/servlet\/ArticleNews\/story\/CTVNews\/20100228\/quebec_earthquake_100228\/20100228?hub=TopStoriesV2|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100302205259\/http:\/\/www.ctv.ca\/servlet\/ArticleNews\/story\/CTVNews\/20100228\/quebec_earthquake_100228\/20100228?hub=TopStoriesV2|<\/a> archivedate= 02 March 2010 !--Added by DASHBot--}} The earthquake triggers an Orphan Tsunami which hits Japan approximately 10 hours later and is recorded as flooding fields and washing away houses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/02/03", "description": " The 'Lesser Great Fire' destroys a substantial part of central Edinburgh, Scotland.{{cite web|first=Ian|last=Colville|title=The Lesser Great Fire of 1700 in Edinburgh|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/iainthepict.blogspot.com\/2011\/02\/lesser-great-fire-of-1700-in-edinburgh.html|work=On\">http:\/\/iainthepict.blogspot.com\/2011\/02\/lesser-great-fire-of-1700-in-edinburgh.html|work=On<\/a> this day in Scotland|date=2011-02-08|accessdate=2011-11-21}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/02/12", "description": " The Great Northern War begins with a joint invasion of Swedish territory in Germany and Latvia by Denmark and Poland\/Saxony. Sweden has control of the Baltic Sea and holds territory that includes Finland, Estonia, Latvia and parts of northern Germany. To challenge its power, an alliance is formed between Tsar Peter I of Russia, King Frederick IV of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. Sweden's ruler is the militaristic Charles XII, known as the quotSwedish Meteorquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/02/27", "description": " Island of New Britain discovered by William Dampier in the western Pacific.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/03/01", "description": "Gregorian) ampndash Protestant Germany and Denmark\u2013Norway adopt the Gregorian calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/03/01", "description": "Swedish), March 11 (Gregorian), February 29 (Julian) ampndash Swedish calendar adopted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/03/01", "description": "early March ampampndash William Congreve's comedy ''The Way of the World'' is first performed in London.ampref name=ampquotCassell's Chronologyampquotamp{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld ampamp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=289}}ampampampamp{{cite book|title=McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama|volume=4|first=Stanley|last=Hochman|page=542}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/03/25", "description": " Treaty of London signed between France, England and Holland.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.heraldica.org\/topics\/royalty\/ps1713.htm|title=The\">http:\/\/www.heraldica.org\/topics\/royalty\/ps1713.htm|title=The<\/a> House Laws of the German Habsburgs|accessdate=2011-11-21}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/03/25", "description": "April ampampndash Fire destroys many buildings in Gondar, the capital of Ethiopia, including two in the palace complex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/03/25", "description": "May ampampndash In Rhode Island (American colony), Walter Clarke, former governor 1679\u20131686, becomes governor again for fourteen more years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/03/25", "description": "Within a few days of John Dryden's death (May 1 O.S.), his last written work (''The Secular Masque'') is performed as part of Vanbrugh's version of ''The Pilgrim''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/03/25", "description": "William Penn begins monthly meetings for blacks advocating emancipation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/07/11", "description": " The Prussian Academy of Sciences is founded with Gottfried Leibniz as president.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk\/~history\/Societies\/Berlin.html|title=Berlin\">http:\/\/www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk\/~history\/Societies\/Berlin.html|title=Berlin<\/a> Academy of Science|last1=O'Connor|first1=John J.|first2=Edmund F.|last2=Robertson|month=August|year=2004|work=MacTutor History of Mathematics| accessdate= 21 November 2011 !--Added by DASHBot--}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/07/11", "description": "Summer ampampndash Charles XII of Sweden counter-attacks his enemies by invading Zealand (Denmark), assisted by an Anglo-Dutch naval squadron under Sir George Rooke, rapidly compelling the Danes to submit to peace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/08/08", "description": "August 18 OS) ampndash Peace of Travendal concluded between the Swedish Empire, Denmark-Norway and Holstein-Gottorp in Traventhal. On the same day, Augustus II, King of Poland, and Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, enter the war against Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/08/08", "description": "Late summer ampampndash A Russian army invades Estonia and besieges the town of Narva.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/11/15", "description": " Louis XIV accepts the Spanish crown on behalf of his grandson Philip of Anjou, who becomes Philip V of Spain (to 1746), thus triggering the War of the Spanish Succession in 1701.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/11/18", "description": " Battle of Olkieniki, Lithuanian Civil War", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/11/20", "description": " Battle of Narva in Estonia. Having led his army of 8,000 on a forced march from Denmark to Estonia, Charles XII routs the huge Russian army at Narva.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/11/23", "description": " Pope Clement XI succeeds Pope Innocent XII as the 243rd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/12/28", "description": " Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester, is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/12/28", "description": "Mission San Xavier del Bac is founded in New Spain near Tucson, as a Spanish Roman Catholic mission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/12/28", "description": "An inventory made for the Medici family of Florence is the first documentary evidence for a piano, invented by their instrument keeper Bartolommeo Cristofori.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/12/28", "description": "The value of sales of English manufactured products to the Atlantic economy is \u00a33.9 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/12/28", "description": "''approx. date'' ampampndash Lions become extinct in Libya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1700/12/28", "description": "Nam ti\u1ebfn: southward expansion of the territory of Vietnam to cover the entire Indochina Peninsula.ampamp{{cite book|author=Nguyen The Anh|chapter=Le Nam tien dans les textes Vietnamiens|editor=Lafont, P. B. (ed)|title=Les frontieres du Vietnam|publisher=Edition l\u2019Harmattan|location=Paris|year=1989}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Ongoing", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1701/01/12", "description": " Parts of Netherlands adopts the Gregorian calendar", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1701/01/18", "description": " The electorate of Brandenburg-Prussia becomes the Kingdom of Prussia as Elector Frederick III is proclaimed King Frederick I.  Prussia remains part of the Holy Roman Empire.  It consists of Brandenburg, Pomerania and East Prussia.  Berlin is the capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1701/03/08", "description": " Mecklenburg-Strelitz is created as a north German duchy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1701/03/08", "description": "March ampampndash The War of the Spanish Succession begins.  It is an international retaliation to Louis XIV\u2019s acceptance in 1700 of the Spanish crown on behalf of his grandson Philip of Anjou, who became Philip V, first Bourbon king of Spain.  Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor forms the Grand Alliance with Great Britain, the Netherlands, Denmark, Portugal, Savoy and Prussia.  Louis XIV allies France with Spain and Bavaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1701/04/21", "description": " In Japan, the young daimyo Asano Naganori is ordered to commit seppuku (ritual suicide). A group of 47 samurai of his service begin planning to avenge his death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1701/05/23", "description": " After being convicted of murdering William Moore and for piracy,  Captain William Kidd is hanged in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1701/06/24", "description": " The Act of Settlement 1701 is passed by the Parliament of England to exclude the Catholic Stuarts from the British monarchy.  Under its terms, King William III, childless, would be succeeded by Queen Mary II's sister Princess Anne and her descendants.  If Anne should have no descendants, she would be succeeded by Sophia of Hanover and her descendants (hence the Hanoverian Succession in 1714).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1701/07/09", "description": " Crossing of the D\u00fcna: Following his victories over Denmark and Russia in 1700, Karl XII of Sweden escalates the conflict in the Great Northern War by an invasion of Poland.  The Swedes defeat the army of Saxony (then a Polish territory) at the River Dvina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1701/07/24", "description": " Foundation of a French emporium named Fort Ponchartrain (later to become Detroit, Michigan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1701/08/04", "description": " The Great Peace of Montreal is signed, ending 100 years of war between the Iroquois Confederacy and New France and its Huron and Algonquian allies.  Formerly allied with the English, the treaty assured the Iroquois would be neutral if France and England were to ever resume hostilities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1701/09/06", "description": " Death of King James VII and II (1633ampndash1701) in exile.  His supporters, the Jacobites, turn to his son James Francis Edward Stuart (1688ampndash1766), later called quotThe Old Pretenderquot, whom they recognise as James VIII and III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1701/10/09", "description": " The Collegiate School of Connecticut (later renamed Yale University) is chartered in Old Saybrook, Connecticut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1701/10/09", "description": "The Philharmonic Society (''Academia philharmonicorum'') is established in Ljubljana, Slovenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1701/10/09", "description": "Jethro Tull (agriculturist) invented a drill for planting seeds in rows.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1701/10/09", "description": "Pierre Antoine Motteux's English translation of the novel ''Don Quixote'' is first published. Motteux publishes it under the name ''Peter Motteux''. While popular among readers, it will eventually come to be known as one of the worst translations of the novel, totally betraying the spirit of Miguel de Cervantes's masterpiece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1701/10/09", "description": "Robert Walpole enters Parliament and soon makes his name as a spokesman for Whig policy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1702/01/12", "description": " In America, ships from Fort Maurepas arrive at Twenty-Seven Mile Bluff to build ''Fort Louis de la Mobile'' (future Mobile, Alabama) to become the capital of French Louisiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1702/03/08", "description": "O.S.) ampndash William III dies Princess Anne Stuart becomes Queen Anne of England, Scotland and Ireland. Anne is the mother of 17 children by her husband Prince George of Denmark but none of them will survive childhood and she will die without heir to enable the Hanoverian Succession.  In the Netherlands, the Staten Generaal do not appoint a new stadtholder and so the United Provinces become a true republic again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1702/03/11", "description": "O.S.) ampndash The first regular English-language newspaper, ''The Daily Courant''. is published for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1702/03/11", "description": "May ampampndash Warsaw is conquered by Charles XII of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1702/05/04", "description": "May 14 ampndash The War of the Spanish Succession widens, as war is declared on France by the Grand Alliance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1702/05/04", "description": "June ampampndash Queen Anne's Captain-General John Churchill forces the surrender of Kaiserswerth on the Rhine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1702/07/19", "description": "July 8 O.S. July 9 Swedish calendar) ampndash Battle of Klissow: Charles II of Sweden decisively defeats the Polish\u2013Lithuanian-Saxon army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1702/07/19", "description": "September ampampndash Churchill forces the surrender of Venlo on the Meuse River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1702/07/19", "description": "October", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1702/07/19", "description": "Sir George Rooke fails to take Cadiz, but captures a Spanish treasure fleet and destroys French and Spanish warships. Churchill forces the surrender of Li\u00e8ge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1702/07/19", "description": "Battle of Flint River: failed attack by Spanish and Apalachee Indian forces against Creek Indians supported by English traders in what is now the state of Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1702/10/10", "description": " Siege of St. Augustine opens: English forces besiege St. Augustine in Spanish Florida. First major action in Queen Anne's War in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1702/10/27", "description": " English troops plunder St. Augustine in Spanish Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1702/12/14", "description": " John Churchill is created duke of Marlborough.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1702/12/30", "description": " Siege of St. Augustine lifted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1702/12/30", "description": "Delaware designated a separate colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1703/01/14", "description": " An earthquake hits Norcia, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1703/01/30", "description": "December 14 of previous year in the Chinese calendar) ampndash In Japan, the revenge of the Forty-seven Ronin occurs, assassinating Daimyo Kira Yoshinaka, the enemy of their former lord Asano Naganori, at his own mansion as a vengeance. All 47 samurais commit seppuku, a ritual suicide on March 20 (February 4 in the Chinese calendar).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1703/01/30", "description": "February ampampndash Soldiers at ''Fort Louis de la Mobile'' celebrate Mardi Gras in Mobile, starting the tradition for Mobile, Alabama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1703/02/02", "description": " An earthquake hits the town of L'Aquila, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1703/04/21", "description": " The ''Company of Quenching of Fire'' (i.e., a fire brigade) is founded in Edinburgh, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1703/05/26", "description": " Portugal joins the Grand Alliance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1703/05/26", "description": "June ampampndash The completed Icelandic census of 1703 is presented in the Althing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1703/05/27", "description": " The city of Saint Petersburg is founded in Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1703/07/29", "description": "July 31 ampndash Daniel Defoe is placed in a pillory, then imprisoned for four months for the crime of seditious libel, after publishing a politically satirical pamphlet (his release is granted in mid-November).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1703/08/23", "description": " Mustafa II of the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire dethroned (Edirne event)", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1703/09/12", "description": " War of the Spanish Succession ampndash Habsburg Archduke Charles is proclaimed King of Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1703/09/12", "description": "October ampampndash A whirlwind blows down the tower of the Gan Takal in Gondar, capital of Ethiopia, killing 30.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1703/11/19", "description": " the Man in the Iron Mask dies in the Bastille.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1703/11/24", "description": "December 2 ampndash The Great Storm of 1703, an Atlantic hurricane, ravages southern England and the English Channel, killing nearly 8,000, mostly at sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1703/12/27", "description": " Portugal and England sign the Methuen Treaty, which gives preference to Portuguese wines imported into England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1703/12/28", "description": " Ahmed III succeeds Mustafa II as Ottoman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1703/12/28", "description": "George Psalmanazar arrives in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1703/12/28", "description": "Isaac Newton becomes the chairman of the Royal Society.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1703/12/28", "description": "The Hungarians rebel under Prince Francis II R\u00e1k\u00f3czi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1704", "description": "ocuments the Great Storm of 1703 with eyewitness testimonies in ''The Storm'' (1704).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1704/02/29", "description": " Canadians (actual ''Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois'') and Native Americans sack Deerfield, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1704/02/29", "description": "February ampampndash In America, Mardi Gras is celebrated with the ''Masque de la Mobile'' in the capital of French Louisianne, Mobile (Alabama).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1704/04/24", "description": " The first regular newspaper in British North America, ''The Boston News-Letter'', is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1704/05/01", "description": " The Boston News-Letter first successful newspaper in the US is published", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1704/08/04", "description": " English and Dutch forces under Sir George Rooke capture Gibraltar from Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1704/08/13", "description": " War of the Spanish Succession ampndash Battle of Blenheim: Allied troops under John Churchill, the Earl of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy defeat the Franco-Bavarian army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1704/08/24", "description": " French and English fleets clash off M\u00e1laga, causing heavy casualties in both sides but without sinking any ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1704/08/24", "description": "''A Tale of a Tub'', the first major satire by Jonathan Swift, is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1704/08/24", "description": "Isaac Newton publishes his ''Opticks''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1704/08/24", "description": "The Students' Monument is built in Aiud, Romania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1704/08/24", "description": "The Sultanate of Brunei cedes its north-east territories to the Sultanate of Sulu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1704/08/24", "description": "The lower 3 counties of the Province of Pennsylvania become the colony of Delaware.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1704/08/24", "description": "An earthquake strikes Gondar, Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1704/08/24", "description": "Great Northern War: Final defeat of Poland by Karl XII.  Augustus II the Strong deposed and replaced by Karl's ally Stanislaw Leszczynski.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1704/08/24", "description": "Great Northern War: Russian troops under Tsar Peter the Great capture Tartu and Narva.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1704/08/24", "description": "Rome decrees that Roman ceremonial practice in Latin (not in Chinese) is to be the law for Chinese missions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1704/08/24", "description": "Thomas Darley purchases the bay Arabian horse Darley Arabian in Aleppo, Syria, and ships him to stud in England where he becomes the most important foundation sire of all modern thoroughbred racing bloodstock.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1705/03/08", "description": " The Province of Carolina incorporates the town of Bath, making it the first incorporated town in present day North Carolina.  The town becomes the political center and de facto capital of the northern portion of the Province of Carolina until Edenton is incorporated in 1722.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1705/04/16", "description": " Anne, Queen of Great Britain honours Isaac Newton with a Knight Bachelor", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1705/05/05", "description": " Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor succeeds his father Leopold I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1705/05/05", "description": "November ampampndash In Williamsburg, capital of the Virginia colony in America, construction of the Capitol building is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1705/11/05", "description": " The ''Dublin Gazette'' publishes its first edition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1705/11/15", "description": " The Battle of Zsib\u00f3 - the Austrian-Danish forces defeated the Kurucs (Hungarians)", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1705/11/15", "description": "December ampampndash The Sophia Naturalization Act is passed by the English Parliament, which naturalizes Sophia of Hanover and the ampquotissue of her bodyampquot as English subjects.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1705/12/25", "description": " In Munich, capital of Bavaria, 1100 militiamen from the Oberland are killed during the Sendlinger Mordweihnacht, after a failed attempt to break through several gates and capture a depot to seize better weaponry many men were slaughtered by German federal infantry and Hungarian Husars, despite their capitulation to Austrian officers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1705/12/25", "description": "Construction begins on Blenheim Palace, in Oxfordshire, England. It is completed in 1724.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1705/12/25", "description": "Taichung City, Taiwan is founded as the village of Dadun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1705/12/25", "description": "With the interest paid from daimyo loans, the Konoike buy a tract of ponds and swampland, turn the land into rice paddies and settle 480 households numbering perhaps 2,880 peasants on the land.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1705/12/25", "description": "The Shogunate confiscates the property of a merchant in Osaka ampquotfor conduct unbecoming a member of the commercial classampquot. The government seizes 50 pairs of gold screens, 360 carpets, several mansions, 48 granaries and warehouses scattered around the country and hundreds of thoudands of gold pieces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1706/03/27", "description": " Concluding that Emperor Iyasus I of Ethiopia has abdicated by retiring to a monastery, a council of high officials appoint Tekle Haymanot I Emperor of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1706/05/23", "description": " Battle of Ramillies: English, Dutch, and German troops defeat the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1706/09/07", "description": " War of Spanish Succession ampndash Battle of Turin: Forces of Austria and Savoy defeat the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1706/09/07", "description": "October ampampndash Twinings founder, Thomas Twining, opens the first known tea room at 216 Strand, London, still open {{As of|2010|lc=on}}.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1700-1750|title=Icons,\">http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1700-1750|title=Icons,<\/a> a portrait of England 1700-1750|accessdate=2007-08-24| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070817164123\/http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1700-1750|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070817164123\/http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1700-1750|<\/a> archivedate= 17 August 2007 amp!--Added by DASHBot--amp}}ampampampref name=ampquotGuinness Businessampquotamp{{cite book|first1=Henry G.|last1=Button|first2=Andrew P.|last2=Lampert|title=The Guinness Book of the Business World|location=Enfield|publisher=Guinness Superlatives|year=1976|isbn=0-900424-32-X}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1706/09/07", "description": "English Parliament establishes the first turnpike trusts which place a length of road under the control of trustees drawn from local landowners and traders.  The turnpike trusts borrow capital for road maintenance against the security of tolls and this arrangement becomes the common method of road maintenance for the next 150 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1707/01/01", "description": " John V is crowned King of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1707/01/16", "description": " The Treaty (or Act) of Union of the two Kingdoms of Scotland and England is ratified by the Scottish Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1707/03/03", "description": " Death of Aurangzeb precipitates disintegration of Mughal Empire in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1707/03/19", "description": " The Act of Union with Scotland is ratified by the English Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1707/04/25", "description": " The Allied army is defeated by the Bourbon army at Almanza, Spain, in the War of the Spanish Succession. Following this, Philip V of Spain promulgates the first Nueva Planta decrees, bringing the Kingdoms of Valencia and Aragon under the laws of the Crown of Castile.{{cite book|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/libro.uca.edu\/payne2\/payne16.htm|work=A\">http:\/\/libro.uca.edu\/payne2\/payne16.htm|work=A<\/a> History of Spain and Portugal|volume=2|chapter=Chapter 16: The Eighteenth-Century Bourbon Regime in Spain|first=Stanley G.|last=Payne|location=Madison|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=0-299-06270-8|accessdate=2008-04-17}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1707/05/01", "description": " The Acts of Union become law, uniting the Parliaments of the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland to form the Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1707/07/29", "description": "August 21 ampndash War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Toulon ampndash Allies are obliged to withdraw, but the French fleet is effectively put out of action.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1707/10/22", "description": " Scilly naval disaster: four Royal Navy ships run aground in the Isles of Scilly because of faulty navigation. Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell and at least 1450 sailors all drown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1707/10/23", "description": " The Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain first meets in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1707/12/16", "description": " The last recorded eruption of Mount Fuji begins in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1707/12/24", "description": " The first British Governor of Gibraltar, directly appointed by Queen Anne, Roger Elliott, takes up his residence in the Convent of the Franciscan Friars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1707/12/24", "description": "December ampampndash Charles XII of Sweden launches his campaign to conquer Russia, marching to the east from Leipzig with 60,000 coalition troops. Another 16,000 soldiers are waiting on the outskirts of Riga, guarding the Swedish supply lines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1707/12/24", "description": "A fortress is founded on the future site of Ust-Abakanskoye (modern Abakan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1707/12/24", "description": "The Lao empire of Lan Xang officially ends and splits into the kingdoms of Vientiane, Luang Prabang, and Champasak.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1707/12/24", "description": "Hacienda Juriquilla is built in Queretaro, Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1708/03/11", "description": " Queen Anne withholds Royal Assent from the Scottish Militia Bill, the last time a British monarch vetoes legislation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1708/03/23", "description": " James Francis Edward Stuart unsuccessfully tries to land at the Firth of Forth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1708/07/01", "description": " Tewoflos becomes Emperor of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1708/07/11", "description": " War of the Spanish Succession: allied victory under the command of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, against the French at the Battle of Oudenarde.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=292}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1708/07/11", "description": "August ampampndash The future Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor weds Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1708/08/18", "description": " War of the Spanish Succession: Capture of Minorca by British forces.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1708/08/23", "description": " Meidingu Pamheiba is crowned King of Manipur.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1708/08/29", "description": " A native American attack in Haverhill, Massachusetts kills 16 settlers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1708/09/28", "description": " Battle of Lesnaya: Peter the Great defeats the Swedes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1708/10/12", "description": " War of the Spanish Succession: British forces capture Lille after a two-month siege, although the citadel continues to hold out for another six weeks.ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=205\u2013206|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1708/10/20", "description": " Completion of the construction of St Paul's Cathedral in London.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thisislondon.co.uk\/standard\/article-23484259-details\/Stamps+celebrate+St+Paul\">http:\/\/www.thisislondon.co.uk\/standard\/article-23484259-details\/Stamps+celebrate+St+Paul<\/a>'s+with+Wren+epitaph\/article.do|title=Stamps celebrate St Paul's with Wren epitaph|work=Evening Standard|accessdate=2008-06-05}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1708/10/20", "description": "Kandahar is conquered by Mir Wais.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1708/10/20", "description": "One third of the population of Masuria dies of the plague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1708/10/20", "description": "Johann Sebastian Bach is appointed as chamber musician and organist at the court in Weimar, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1708/10/20", "description": "Italian philosopher Giambattista Vico delivers his inaugural lecture to the University of Naples, published as his first book, ''On the Study Methods of Our Time'', in 1709.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1708/10/20", "description": "Fearful of a Swedish attack, the Russians blow up the city of Tartu in Estonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1708/10/20", "description": "Merger (with consent of the Parliament of Great Britain) of the Company of Merchants of London Trading into the East Indies and the more recently established English Company Trading to the East Indies to form the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies, known as the Honourable East India Company.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/victorianweb.org\/history\/empire\/india\/eic.html|title=The\">http:\/\/victorianweb.org\/history\/empire\/india\/eic.html|title=The<\/a> British East India Company \u2014 the Company that Owned a Nation (or Two)|first=George P.|last=Landow|work=The Victorian Web|year=2010|accessdate=2011-11-22}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1709/01/06", "description": " Europe's coldest period in 500 years begins during the night, lasting three months and with its effects felt for the entire year.ref name=quotnewscientistquotPain, Stephanie. quot<a href=\"http:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/mg20126942.100-1709-the-year-that-europe-froze.html?full=true\">http:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/mg20126942.100-1709-the-year-that-europe-froze.html?full=true<\/a> 1709: The year that Europe froze.quot ''New Scientist'', 7 February 2009. In France, the coast of the Atlantic and Seine River freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1709/01/10", "description": " Abraham Darby I successfully produces cast iron using coke fuel at his Coalbrookdale blast furnace in Shropshire, England.{{cite journal|last=Mott|first=R. A.|title=The earliest use of coke for ironmaking|journal=The Gas World, coking section supplement|volume=145|pages=7\u201318|date=5 January 1957}}{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Raistrick|title=Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale|location=London|publisher=Longmans, Green|year=1953|page=34}}ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=292}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1709/01/10", "description": "February ampampndash In America, Mardi Gras is celebrated one more time with ''Masque de la Mobile'' in the capital of French Louisianne, Mobile (Alabama), before Mobile is moved 27 miles (43ampampnbspkm) down the Mobile River to Mobile Bay in 1711.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1709/02/02", "description": " Alexander Selkirk is rescued from shipwreck on a desert island, inspiring the book ''Robinson Crusoe'' by Daniel Defoe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1709/06/27", "description": "Old Style) ampndash Battle of Poltava: Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden, thus effectively ending Sweden's role as a major power in Europe ''(see below)''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1709/07/08", "description": "New Style) ampndash Battle of Poltava: In the Ukraine, Peter I of Russia defeats Charles XII of Sweden at Poltava (see above).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1709/07/27", "description": " Emperor Nakamikado accedes to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1709/08/08", "description": " The hot air balloon of Bartolomeu de Gusm\u00e3o flies in Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1709/09/11", "description": " Battle of Malplaquet: Great Britain, the Netherlands and Austria defeat France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1709/10/12", "description": " The City of Chihuahua, M\u00e9xico is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1709/12/25", "description": " In London, 10 ships leave for the New York colony, carrying over 4,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1709/12/25", "description": "Trinity School is founded as the Charity School of Trinity Church in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1709/12/25", "description": "''De Nostri Temporis Studiorum Rationae'' (''On the Study Methods of Our Times'') is published by Neapolitan philosopher Giambattista Vico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1709/12/25", "description": "Priceless medieval altarpieces by Michael Pacher are destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1710/02/28", "description": " Battle of Helsingborg: Fourteen thousand Danish invaders under J\u00f8rgen Rantzau are decisively defeated by an equally large Swedish army under Magnus Stenbock.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1710/04/10", "description": " The world's first copyright legislation, Britain's ''Statute of Anne'', becomes effective.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1710/04/10", "description": "June ampampndash Swiss and Palatine German Protestants under the leadership of Christoph von Graffenried travel to Bath County in the Province of Carolina. The settlers displace the native town of Chattoka and found New Bern, named for von Graffenried's hometown of Bern, Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1710/06/08", "description": " The Tuscarora nation sends a petition to the Province of Pennsylvania, protesting the seizure of their lands and enslavement of their people by citizens of the Province of Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1710/08/20", "description": " War of the Spanish Succession: Battle of Saragossa: The Spanish-Bourbon army commanded by the Marquis de Bay is soundly defeated by the forces of the Habsburg Monarchy under Guido Starhemberg and their allies.{{cite book|last=Kamen|first=Henry|title=Felipe V, el rey que rein\u00f3 dos veces|publisher=Temas de Hoy|series=Historia|location=Madrid|year=2000|edition=3rd|isbn=8478808477|pages=96-97}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1710/08/20", "description": "In Sweden, the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala is founded as the ''Collegium curiosorum''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1710/08/20", "description": "John Smithwick begins brewing Smithwick's ale at Kilkenny, Ireland (St. Francis Abbey Brewery).ampamp{{cite web|title=Smithwick's History|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.smithwicks.ie\/SMX-History.html|publisher=Smithwick\">http:\/\/www.smithwicks.ie\/SMX-History.html|publisher=Smithwick<\/a>'s|accessdate=2012-07-16}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1710/08/20", "description": "Beijing becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Istanbul.ampamp1987 estimate. {{cite web|first=Matt T|last=Rosenberg|title=Largest Cities Through History|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm|work=About.com\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm|work=About.com<\/a> Geography|accessdate=2012-08-20}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1711", "description": "January ampampndash Cary's Rebellion: The Lords Proprietors appoint Edward Hyde to replace Thomas Cary as the governor of the North Carolina portion of the Province of Carolina.  Hyde's policies are deemed hostile to Quaker interests, leading former governor Cary and his Quaker allies to take up arms against the province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1711", "description": "February ampampndash French settlers at ''Fort Louis de la Mobile'' celebrate Mardi Gras in Mobile (Alabama) by parading a large papier-mache ox head on a cart (the first Mardi Gras parade in America).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1711/02/24", "description": " ''Rinaldo'' by George Frideric Handel, the first Italian opera written for the London stage, premieres in that city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1711/04/17", "description": " Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor becomes king of Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1711/04/30", "description": " Treaty of Szatm\u00e1r", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1711/05/27", "description": " Cary's Rebellion: Edward Hyde, Governor of the North Carolina portion of the Province of Carolina, leads a force across the Albemarle Sound to gather additional troops in order to capture former governor Thomas Cary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1711/05/29", "description": " Cary's Rebellion: Governor Edward Hyde's forces reach Thomas Cary's plantation and find it deserted.  Cary's troops fortify a Colonel Daniels' plantation a few miles away.  Hyde's forces march to Colonel Daniels' plantation but do not attack.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1711/06/01", "description": " Cary's Rebellion: Hyde's forces return to Albemarle after unsuccessfully trying to negotiate Cary's surrender.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1711/06/30", "description": " Cary's Rebellion: Former governor Thomas Cary, after declaring himself Governor of North Carolina, sails an armed brigantine up the Chowan River to attack Governor Hyde's forces fortified at Colonel Thomas Pollock's plantation.  The attack fails and Cary's forces retreat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1711/07/21", "description": " Treaty of the Pruth", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1711/07/21", "description": "July ampampndash Cary's Rebellion: Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spottswood of Virginia dispatches a company of Royal marines to assist Governor Hyde.  After hearing of this, Cary's troops abandon all of their fortifications along the Pamlico River.  Cary and many of his supporters are soon caught and sent to England as prisoners, ending Cary's Rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1711/09/10", "description": " John Lawson, Christoph von Graffenried, 2 African American slaves and 2 Native Americans leave on an exploration expedition from New Bern, and travel north by canoe up the Neuse River (this event has also been dated September 12, 1711).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1711/09/14", "description": " Tuscarora natives capture John Lawson, Christoph von Graffenried and their expeditionary party and bring them to Catechna (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1711/09/16", "description": " Tuscarora natives kill John Lawson.  Christoph von Graffenried and one African American slave are known to have been set free (approximate date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1711/09/22", "description": " Tuscarora War: Tuscarora natives under the command of Chief Hancock raid settlements along the south bank of the Pamlico River within the Province of Carolina (present day North Carolina), killing around 130 people.  This action begins the Tuscarora War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1711/10/14", "description": " Yostos kills Tewoflos, becoming Emperor of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1711/10/14", "description": "Alexander Pope publishes ''An Essay on Criticism''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1711/10/14", "description": "John Shore invents the tuning fork.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1711/10/14", "description": "South Sea Company founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1712/02/10", "description": " A Huilliche rebellion begins in Chilo\u00e9 Archipelago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1712/03/01", "description": " Sweden temporarily adopts February 30 as a day to adjust the Swedish Calendar back to the Julian calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1712/05/19", "description": " Peter the Great moves the capital of the Russia from Moscow to St. Petersburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1712/05/19", "description": "Battle of Denain: The French defeat a combined Dutch-Austrian force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1712/05/19", "description": "Battle of Villmergen: Reformed cantons of Switzerland defeat the Catholic cantons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1712/05/22", "description": " Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor crowned king of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1712/12/09", "description": " Battle of Gadebusch: Sweden defeats Denmark and Saxony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1712/12/09", "description": "The Treaty of Aargau is signed by Catholics and Protestants, establishing Protestant dominance in  Switzerland, while preserving the rights of Catholics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1712/12/09", "description": "The first known working Newcomen steam engine is built by Thomas Newcomen with John Calley to pump water out of mines in the Black Country of England, the first practical device to harness the power of steam to produce mechanical work.ampamp{{cite book|authorlink=L. T. C. Rolt|first1=L. T. C.|last1=Rolt|first2=J. S.|last2=Allen|title=The Steam Engine of Thomas Newcomen|chapter=The First Newcomen Engines c1710-15|pages=44\u201357|edition=new|location=Hartington|publisher=Moorland|year=1977|isbn=0-903485-42-7}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1712/12/09", "description": "After many years of settlement, the ampquotTown on Queen Anne's Creekampquot is established as a courthouse for Chowan County, North Carolina.  The town is renamed Edenton in 1720 and incorporated in 1722.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1712/12/09", "description": "The VOC ''Zuytdorp'' is wrecked off the coast of Western Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1712/12/09", "description": "John Arbuthnot creates the character of ''John Bull'' to represent Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1713/01/17", "description": " Tuscarora War: Colonel James Moore leads the Carolina militia out of Albermarle County, North Carolina in a second offensive against the Tuscarora. Heavy snows force the troops to take refuge in Fort Reading on the Pamlico River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1713/02/04", "description": " Tuscarora War: The Carolina militia under Colonel James Moore leaves Fort Reading to continue the campaign against the Tuscarora.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1713/02/25", "description": " Frederick William I of Prussia begins his reign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1713/03/01", "description": " Tuscarora War: Colonel James Moore's Carolina militia lays siege to the Tuscaroran stronghold of Fort Neoheroka, located a few miles up Contentnea Creek from Fort Hancock.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1713/03/20", "description": " Tuscarora War: Colonel James Moore's Carolina militia launches a major offensive against Fort Neoheroka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1713/03/23", "description": " Tuscarora War: Fort Neoheroka falls to the Carolina militia, effectively ending the Tuscarora nation's military strength. Two Tuscaroran allies, the Machapunga and Coree tribes, continue offensive actions against North Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1713/03/27", "description": " First Treaty of Utrecht between Britain and Spain. Philip V accepted by Britain and Austria as King of Spain Spain cedes Gibraltar and Minorca to Britain.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8}}{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=William G. F.|title=The Rock of the Gibraltarians|publisher=Associated University Presses|year=1986|location=Cranbury, NJ|isbn=0-8386-3237-8|pages=113, 333\u201334}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1713/04/11", "description": " Second Treaty of Utrecht between Britain and France ends the War of the Spanish Succession.ref name=quotPocket Date Bookquot{{cite book|title=The Pocket Date Book|location=London|publisher=Chapman and Hall|first=William L. R.|last=Cates|year=1863}} France cedes Newfoundland, Acadia, Hudson Bay and St Kitts to Britain.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1713/04/14", "description": " First performance, in London, of Joseph Addison's libertarian play ''Cato, a Tragedy'', which will be influential on both sides of the Atlantic.{{cite journal|last=Litto|first=Fredric M.|title=Addison's Cato in the Colonies|year=1966|volume=23|journal=William and Mary Quarterly|pages=431\u2013449|jstor=1919239}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1713/06/01", "description": "'(approx.)'' ampndash Tuscarora War: Colonel James Moore leads the Carolina militia into the Pamlico Peninsula to defeat the Machapunga and Coree tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1713/06/23", "description": " French residents of Acadia given one year to declare allegiance to Britain or leave Nova Scotia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1713/07/13", "description": " The Treaty of Portsmouth brings an end to Queen Anne's War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1713/09/01", "description": " Tuscarora War: The Carolina militia led by Colonel James Moore returns to South Carolina after mixed success in the campaign against the Machapunga and Coree.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1714/05/19", "description": " Queen Anne of Great Britain refuses to allow members of the House of Hanover to settle in Britain during her lifetime.ref name=CBH{{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Alan amp Veronica |year=1992 |title= The Chronology of British History|publisher= Century Ltd|location=London|pages= 208\u2013209|isbn= 0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1714/05/19", "description": "July ampampndash The British Parliament votes ampquotto offer a reward for such person or persons as shall discover the Longitude.ampquot (\u00a310,000 for any method capable of determining a ship's longitude within 1 degree \u00a315,000, within 40 minutes, and \u00a320,000 within 1\/2 a degree)", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1714/07/27", "description": " Battle of Gangut: The Russian Navy gains its first important victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1714/08/01", "description": " George, elector of Hanover becomes King George I of Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1714/09/09", "description": " The Ottoman Empire declares war on Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1714/09/11", "description": " War of the Spanish Succession: Barcelona taken and Catalonia surrenders to Spanish and French Bourbon armies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1714/09/11", "description": "Archbishop Tenison's School is established by Thomas Tenison in Croydon, south of London, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1714/09/11", "description": "The Duchy of Savoy and Piedmont becomes the Kingdom of Sardinia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1714/09/11", "description": "Louis Juchereau de St. Denis establishes Fort St. Jean Baptiste at the site of present day Natchitoches, Louisiana (the first permanent European settlement in the Louisiana Territory, after Biloxi (1699) and Mobile, Alabama (1702) were separated).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1714/09/11", "description": "Worcester College, University of Oxford is founded (formerly Gloucester College, closed during the Dissolution of the Monasteries).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1714/09/11", "description": "Stockholm County founded", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1714/09/11", "description": "Redirection of the river Kander (Switzerland) into the Lake Thun", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1715/02/11", "description": " Tuscarora War: The Tuscarora and their allies sign a peace treaty with the Province of Carolina and agree to move to a reservation near Lake Mattamuskeet, effectively ending the Tuscarora War.  Large numbers of Tuscarora subsequently move to New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1715/05/03", "description": " A total solar eclipse is seen across southern England, Sweden and Finland (the last total eclipse visible in London, UK for almost 900 years).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1715/07/24", "description": " A Spanish treasure fleet of 10 ships under General Don Juan Ubilla leaves Havana, Cuba for Spain. Seven days later, nine of them sink in a storm off the coast of Florida (some centuries later, treasure salvage is found from these wrecks).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1715/08/31", "description": " Opening of Old Dock, Liverpool, England, the world's first enclosed commercial wet dock (Thomas Steers, engineer).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1715/08/31", "description": "September ampampndash The first of the major Jacobite Rebellions in Scotland against the rule of King George I breaks out. The Earl of Mar raises the standard of James Edward Stuart and marches on Edinburgh. James, the son of the deposed King James VII, arrives from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1715/09/01", "description": " King Louis XIV of France dies after a reign of 72 years, leaving his throne to his great-grandson Louis XV, who will reign for 58 years. Regent for the new, 5-year-old monarch is Philippe d'Orl\u00e9ans, nephew of Louis XIV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1715/11/13", "description": " The indecisive Battle of Sheriffmuir during the Jacobite rising in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1715/11/14", "description": " Battle of Preston: Government forces defeat the Jacobite incursion at the conclusion of a five-day siege and action.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1715/11/28", "description": " Application of Nueva Planta decrees in Majorca and the other Balearic Islands formerly under the Crown of Aragon bringing them under the laws of the Crown of Castile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1715/12/24", "description": " Swedish troops occupy Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1715/12/24", "description": "The Province of Carolina goes to war with the Yamasee Native Americans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1715/12/24", "description": "Karlsruhe Palace is built, resulting in the town of Karlsruhe growing up around it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1715/12/24", "description": "The ancient right to evaluate royal decrees publicly before they are given the force of law by the high court of Paris (the Parlement) is restored.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1716/01/16", "description": " Application of Nueva Planta decrees to Catalonia, making it subject to the laws of the Crown of Castile, concluding the unification of Spain under Philip V.{{cite book|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/libro.uca.edu\/payne2\/payne16.htm|work=A\">http:\/\/libro.uca.edu\/payne2\/payne16.htm|work=A<\/a> History of Spain and Portugal|volume=2|chapter=Chapter 16: The Eighteenth-Century Bourbon Regime in Spain|first=Stanley G.|last=Payne|location=Madison|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=0-299-06270-8|accessdate=2008-04-17}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1716/01/27", "description": " The Tugaloo Massacre changes the course of the Yamasee War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1716/02/10", "description": " James Edward Stuart flees from Scotland to France with a handful of supporters following failure of the Jacobite Rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1716/02/24", "description": " Execution of the Jacobite leaders James Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Derwentwater and William Gordon, 6th Viscount of Kenmure.ref name=quotPeople's Chronology, politicsquot{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/history.enotes.com\/peoples-chronology\/year-1716\/political-events|title=1716|work=The\">http:\/\/history.enotes.com\/peoples-chronology\/year-1716\/political-events|title=1716|work=The<\/a> People's Chronology|editor=Everett, Jason M.|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2006|accessdate=2007-05-26}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1716/02/24", "description": "May ampampndash John Law founds the Banque de France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1716/05/26", "description": "  Two regular companies of field artillery, each 100 men strong, are raised at Woolwich by Royal Warrant of King George I of Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1716/05/28", "description": " John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, suffers a paralytic stroke.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1716/07/05", "description": " Prince Ernest Augustus is created Duke of York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1716/07/08", "description": " Battle of Dynekilen: The Swedish fleet is defeated by a Danish-Norwegian fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1716/08/05", "description": " Battle of Petrovaradin: 83,300 Austrian troops of Prince Eugene of Savoy defeat 150,000 Ottoman Turks under Damad Ali Pasha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1716/08/24", "description": " Charles VII, Holy Roman Emperor, returns from Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1716/11/09", "description": " Caroline of Ansbach, Princess of Wales, gives birth to a stillborn son.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1716/12/12", "description": " Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, is demoted from his office as Secretary of State for the Northern Department in the British government and replaced by James Stanhope, 1st Earl Stanhope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1716/12/12", "description": "Pirate Blackbeard (Edward Teach) raids shipping in the Caribbean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1716/12/12", "description": "Natchez, one of the oldest towns on the Mississippi, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1716/12/12", "description": "The town of Crieff, Scotland, is burned to the ground by Jacobites returning from the Battle of Sheriffmuir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1716/12/12", "description": "A fire in Wapping, England destroys 150 houses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1716/12/12", "description": "Tsar Peter the Great of Russia studies with the physician Herman Boerhaave at Leiden University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1716/12/12", "description": "The Kangxi Dictionary is published, laying the foundation of most references to Han characters studied today.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/01/04", "description": " The Netherlands, Britain amp France sign  the Triple Alliance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/02/01", "description": " The Silent Sejm, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, marks the beginning of the Russian Empire's increasing influence and control over the Commonwealth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/02/26", "description": "March 6 ampndash What is now the northeastern United States is paralyzed by a series of blizzards that bury the region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/03/02", "description": " Dancer John Weaver performs in the first ballet in Britain shown in Drury Lane,  ''The Loves of Mars and Venus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/03/31", "description": " Bishop Benjamin Hoadly, acting on the advice of King George, begins the Bangorian Controversy by saying that God favors churches with no government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/04/26", "description": " The ''Whydah Gally'', flagship of quotBlack Samquot Bellamy, is wrecked in a storm off Wellfleet, Massachusetts. The ''Whydah'' sinks with a reputed four and a half tons of treasure on board, and all but 2 of her crew are lost, including Bellamy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/06/24", "description": " The Premier Grand Lodge of England, the 'Modern' and first Free-Masonic Grand Lodge (which later merges with the Ancient Grand Lodge of England in 1813 to form the United Grand Lodge of England), is founded in London, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/06/24", "description": "September ampampndash The first known Druid revival ceremony is held by John Toland at Primrose Hill, in London, at the Autumnal Equinox, to found the Mother Grove, what is later to become the Ancient Order of Druids (AOD).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/09/29", "description": " A 7.4 magnitude earthquake strikes Antigua Guatemala, destroying much of the city and making authorities consider moving the capital of Guatemala to a different city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/09/29", "description": "November ampampndash Crews on two ships commanded by Benjamin Hornigold and Edward Teach attack and capture the British-built French guineyman ampquotConcordeampquot in the eastern Caribbean.  Hornigold soon accepts a British amnesty for all pirates, but Teach rejects it and subsequently becomes known as Blackbeard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/09/29", "description": "December ampampndash Blackbeard teams up with Stede Bonnet but later takes his ship and demotes Bonnet to guest.  The ''Queen Anne's Revenge'' and ''Revenge'' take several ships as prizes in the Caribbean.  Blackbeard eventually adds 2 more ships to his party and sails north to the North American coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/12/24", "description": "December 25 ampndash A disastrous flood hits the North Sea coast between the Netherlands and Denmark thousands die or lose their houses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/12/24", "description": "Voltaire is sentenced to the Bastille for a year because of his satirical writings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/12/24", "description": "Spain unites its South American colonies as New Granada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/12/24", "description": "Montevideo, Uruguay, is founded by the Portuguese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/12/24", "description": "A rift between George I of Great Britain and his son the Prince of Wales leads to the latter being thrown out of the royal household.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/12/24", "description": "Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, wife of the British ambassador to Istanbul, has her son inoculated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/12/24", "description": "Casa de Contratacion or Board of Trade is set up in C\u00e1diz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/12/24", "description": "Marc Weyl's family settled in America", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1717/12/24", "description": "Maharaja Pamheiba of Manipur is converted to Hinduism by Shantidas Goswami, and decrees Hinduism the official religion of Manipur.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1718", "description": "January ampampndash France declares war on Spain, leading to the 2-year War of the Quadruple Alliance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1718/01/19", "description": " Lady Mary Wortley Montagu gives birth to a daughter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1718/01/19", "description": "May ampampndash Blackbeard leads 400 sailors in 4 ships to blockade the port of Charleston, South Carolina.  The ''Queen Anne's Revenge'' and ''Adventure'' are both lost at Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina, 1 week later.  Blackbeard allows Stede Bonnet to once again command the ''Revenge'', which is renamed the ''Royal James''.  Bonnet rescues 25 sailors abandoned by Blackbeard on a sandbar and continues his life of piracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1718/05/07", "description": " New Orleans, Louisiana, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1718/05/07", "description": "June ampampndash Blackbeard and Bonnet take refuge in Bath, North Carolina, where Governor Charles Eden pardons them and their crew.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1718/07/21", "description": " The Treaty of Passarowitz is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1718/07/21", "description": "October ampampndash Stede Bonnet and his crew are captured near the mouth of the Cape Fear River and taken to Charleston, South Carolina, where they are tried for piracy.  All but four of Bonnet's crew are found guilty and sentenced to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1718/10/24", "description": " Stede Bonnet escapes from prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1718/11/08", "description": " 22 of Stede Bonnet's pirate crew are hanged at Charleston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1718/11/22", "description": " Citing violations of the amnesty agreement with Blackbeard, Virginia Governor Alexander Spottswood sends a Royal Navy contingent to North Carolina, where they battle Blackbeard and his crew in Ocracoke Inlet.  Blackbeard is killed in action after receiving 5 musketball wounds and 20 sword lacerations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1718/12/06", "description": " After the death of Charles XII on November 30, Ulrika Eleonora becomes Queen of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1718/12/10", "description": " Stede Bonnet is hanged at Charleston after being recaptured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1718/12/17", "description": " Austria, Great Britain, and France declare war on Spain, launching the War of the Quadruple Alliance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1718/12/17", "description": "The Funj warrior aristocracy deposes the reigning ''mek'' and places one of their own ranks on the throne of Sennar (History of Sudan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1718/12/17", "description": "The white potato reaches New England from England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1718/12/17", "description": "Austria completes its conquest of Hungary, formerly a part of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1719/01/23", "description": " The Principality of Liechtenstein is created within the Holy Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1719/02/20", "description": " The first Treaty of Stockholm is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1719/04/19", "description": " In Louisiana (New France), Bienville's brother Serigny arrives on a French man-of-war, bringing news that war was declared between France and Spain (from December 1718).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1719/04/25", "description": " Daniel Defoe publishes ''Robinson Crusoe''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1719/04/25", "description": "April ampampndash French army under James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick invades the Basque provinces of Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1719/05/14", "description": " In Louisiana (New France), at war with Spain, Bienville, from Mobile, captures Pensacola, but Pensacola is later recaptured by the Spanish, and again re-taken by Bienville.ref name=quotCBquotquotLe Moyne de Bienville, Jean-Baptistequot, University of Toronto, 2000, webpage:<a href=\"http:\/\/www.biographi.ca\/009004-119.01-e.php?BioId=35608\">http:\/\/www.biographi.ca\/009004-119.01-e.php?BioId=35608<\/a> biog-ca-Bienville.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1719/06/04", "description": " Battle of Osel Island: A Russian naval force defeats the Swedish fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1719/06/10", "description": " Battle of Glen Shiel: British forces defeat the Jacobites and their Spanish allies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1719/06/20", "description": " Austrians are defeated in the Battle of Francavilla.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1719/12/22", "description": " Andrew Bradford publishes the ''American Weekly Mercury'', Pennsylvania's first newspaper.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1719/12/22", "description": "Prussia conducts Europe's first systematic census.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1719/12/22", "description": "Miners in Falun, Sweden find the apparently petrified body of Fet-Mats Israelsson in an unused part of the copper mine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1719/12/22", "description": "Raine's Foundation School, Bethnal Green, opens in Wapping (opened by Henry Raine).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1720/02/11", "description": " Sweden and Prussia sign the Treaty of Stockholm (Great Northern War).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1720/02/17", "description": " Spain signs the Treaty of The Hague, ending the War of the Quadruple Alliance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1720/02/29", "description": " Queen Ulrike Eleonora of Sweden resigns to let her husband Frederick I take over as king of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1720/07/12", "description": " The Lords Justice of the UK attempt to curb some of the excesses of the stock markets during the South Sea bubble. They dissolved a number of petitions for patents and charters, and abolished more than 80 joint-stock companies of dubious merit. According to Charles MacKay, this had little effect on the creation of quotBubblesquot, ephemeral joint-stock companies created during the hysteria of the times.Charles Mackay, ''Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds'' (Harriman House Classics 2003) !-- I do not know the page number, only have access to online version. I think MacKay's discussion of this action is around page 71, the second mention of the notorious quota company for carrying out an undertaking of great advantage, but nobody to know what it isquot. --", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1720/07/12", "description": "September ampampndash South Sea Bubble: The English stock market crashes with dropping prices for stock in the South Sea Company, an English company granted a monopoly to trade with South America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1720/11/16", "description": " Pirate Jack Rackham is brought to trial at St. Jago de la Vega in Jamaica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1720/11/16", "description": "The Town on Queen Anne's Creek, North Carolina is renamed Edenton in honor of North Carolina Governor Charles Eden.  It is later incorporated in 1722.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1720/11/16", "description": "The Tuscarora flee North Carolina as a result of European colonization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1720/11/16", "description": "Edmond Halley is appointed as Astronomer Royal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1720/11/16", "description": "The ''Academia Real da Historia'' is founded in Lisbon, Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1720/11/16", "description": "Jonathan Swift begins ''Gulliver's Travels''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1720/11/16", "description": "Emperor Kangxi announces that all western businessmen can only trade in Guangzhou.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1720/11/16", "description": "''Il teatro alla moda'', a satirical pamphlet by Benedetto Marcello, is published anonymously in Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1720/11/16", "description": "The first yacht club in the world, the Royal Cork Yacht Club, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1721/01/06", "description": " The Committee of Inquiry on the South Sea Bubble in England publishes its findings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1721/03/24", "description": " Johann Sebastian Bach's ''Brandenburg concertos'' completed and dedicated to Christian Ludwig of Brandenburg-Schwedt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1721/03/24", "description": "April ampampndash Pirates John Taylor and Olivier Levasseur capture the 700-ton Portuguese galleon ''Nossa Senhora do Cabo'' at R\u00e9union. The total value of treasure on board (from Goa) is estimated as between \u00a3100,000 and \u00a3875,000, one of the largest pirate hauls ever.ampamp{{cite book|title=Black Bart Roberts: The Greatest Pirate of Them All|last=Breverton|first=Terry|year=2004|publisher=Pelican Publishing|location=Gretna, LA|isbn=1-58980-233-0|page=57}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1721/04/04", "description": " Robert Walpole becomes the first Prime Minister of Great Britain (although this is more a term of disparagement at this time).{{cite web|title=Sir Robert Walpole|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.number10.gov.uk\/history-and-tour\/sir-robert-walpole\/|work=10|publisher=HM\">http:\/\/www.number10.gov.uk\/history-and-tour\/sir-robert-walpole\/|work=10|publisher=HM<\/a> Government|accessdate=2011-11-16}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1721/05/08", "description": " Pope Innocent XIII succeeds Pope Clement XI as the 244th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1721/09/10", "description": " The Treaty of Nystad is signed, ending the Great Northern War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1721/11/02", "description": " Peter I is proclaimed the first Emperor of All the Russias. This replaces the Tsardom of Russia with the Russian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1721/12/22", "description": " Philip V of Spain signs in Lerma a Royal Decree transforming the Seminary of Saint Rose of Lima in Caracas into the Universidad Real y Pontificia de Caracas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1721/12/22", "description": "Regular mail service between Long Island and New England is established.ampref name=ampquotClearampquotamp{{cite book|author=Clear, Todd R. Cole, George F. Resig, Michael D.|year=2006|title=American Corrections|edition=7th|publisher=Thompson}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1721/12/22", "description": "A suggestion box is developed under the eighth shogun of Japan, Yoshimune Tokugawa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1722/03/08", "description": " Persia's Safavid dynasty falls during a bloody revolt of the Afghani people, in The Battle of Gulnabad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1722/04/05", "description": " Easter Sunday: Dutch admiral Jakob Roggeveen lands on what is now Easter Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1722/05/05", "description": " Pennsylvania colony enacts a statute requiring all persons importing any person previously convicted of sodomy to pay \u00a35 for each such incoming person.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1722/06/02", "description": " Wapping, a male Negro slave owned by a Mr. Heale, is hanged for murder in the colony of Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1722/06/02", "description": "July ampampndash Peter the Great's Persian campaign begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1722/07/25", "description": " The Three Years War begins along the Maine and Massachusetts border.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1722/08/15", "description": " William Battin, 17, is hanged for arson and murder in the colony of Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1722/12/20", "description": " After the longest reign by a Chinese Emperor in history, the Kangxi Emperor dies and is succeeded by his son Yinzhen with the reign name Yongzheng.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1722/12/20", "description": "The ''Silence Dogood'' letters appear, written by Benjamin Franklin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1722/12/20", "description": "Edenton is incorporated as the county seat of Chowan County, North Carolina.  The governor and assembly of North Carolina move to Edenton, making it the de facto capital of North Carolina until 1746, when the government is moved to New Bern.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1722/12/20", "description": "Peter the Great of Russia creates the Table of Ranks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1722/12/20", "description": "A small group of Bohemian Brethren (the ampquotHidden Seedampquot) from northern Moravia are allowed to settle in a new village, Herrnhut, on the Berthelsdorf estate of the pietist Count Nicolaus Zinzendorf in Upper Lusatia (Saxony), forming the ''Herrnhuter Br\u00fcdergemeine'', seed of the Moravian Church's renewal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1722/12/20", "description": "Foundation ot the first public theatre in Denmark, Lille Gr\u00f6nnegade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1722/12/20", "description": "Music: Modern music theory finds definition in Jean-Philippe Rameau's ''Treatise on Harmony''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1722/12/20", "description": "Johann Sebastian Bach composes ''The Well-Tempered Clavier''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1723/02/16", "description": " Louis XV of France attains his majority.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1723/03/09", "description": " Mapuche Uprising of 1723 begins in Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1723/03/09", "description": "July ampampndash The Russian army, under Matyushkin, captures Baku.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1723/09/01", "description": " The Treaty of St. Petersburg is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1723/11/23", "description": " The Province of Carolina incorporates New Bern as Newbern (the town later becomes the capital of North Carolina).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1723/11/23", "description": "The Province of Carolina incorporates Beaufort, North Carolina as the ampquotPort of Beaufortampquot, making it the third incorporated town in the province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1723/11/23", "description": "Christian von Wolff is banned from Prussia on a charge of atheism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1723/11/23", "description": "The Four Seasons, a set of violin concertos by Antonio Vivaldi, was composed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1724/01/14", "description": " King Philip V of Spain abdicates the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1724/01/28", "description": " Saint Petersburg State University is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1724/02/08", "description": " Catherine I is officially named czarina by her husband, Peter the Great, in Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1724/02/20", "description": " The premiere of ''Giulio Cesare'', an Italian  opera by George Frideric Handel, takes place in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1724/04/07", "description": " Premiere performance of the '''''St. John Passion''''' BWV 245 of Johann Sebastian Bach at St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1724/05/29", "description": " Pope Benedict XIII, born Pierro Orsini, succeeds Pope Innocent XIII as the 245th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1724/06/23", "description": " Treaty of Constantinople is signed, partitioning Persia between the Ottoman Empire and Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1724/07/27", "description": " ''Wild Peter'' of Hanover is captured near Helpensen in Hanover.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1724/11/11", "description": " Joseph Blake (alias Blueskin), highwayman, is hanged in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1724/11/11", "description": "Jack Sheppard is hanged in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1724/11/11", "description": "Willem Mons, lover of Catherine I of Russia, is executed and his head preserved in alcohol.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1724/11/11", "description": "China expels foreign missionaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1724/11/11", "description": "Blenheim Palace construction is completed. It is presented as a gift to the Duke of Marlborough for his involvement in the Battle of Blenheim in 1704.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1724/11/11", "description": "The Austrian Netherlands agree to the Pragmatic Sanction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1724/11/11", "description": "Shah Mahmud Hotaki of Afghanistan goes insane.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1724/11/11", "description": "Longman, the oldest publishing house in England, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1725/02/08", "description": " Catherine I becomes Empress of Russia on the death of her husband, Peter the Great.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1725/02/20", "description": " The first reported case of white men scalping Native Americans takes place in New Hampshire colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1725/03/02", "description": " In London, a night watchman finds a severed head by the Thames it is later recognized to be that of the husband of Catherine Hayes. She and one accomplice are later executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1725/03/30", "description": " 2nd performance of Johann Sebastian Bach's '''''St. John Passion''''' BWV 245 (including 5 movements from his quot'''''Weimarer Passion'''''quot) at the St. Thomas Church, Leipzig.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1725/04/30", "description": " Emperor Charles VI of Austria and King Philip V of Spain sign the Treaty of Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1725/05/21", "description": " The Order of Alexander Nevsky is instituted in Russia by Empress Catherine I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1725/05/24", "description": " Jonathan Wild, fraudulent quotThief-Taker Generalquot, is hanged in Tyburn, England for actually aiding criminals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1725/09/03", "description": " The Treaty of Hanover is signed between Great Britain, France and Prussia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1725/09/03", "description": "The Black Watch is founded in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1725/09/03", "description": "A fire in Wapping, England destroys 70 houses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1725/09/03", "description": "In Qing Dynasty China 66 copies of a 5,020 volume long encyclopedia, the ''Gujin Tushu Jicheng'' (''Complete Collection of Illustrations and Writings from the Earliest to Current Times'') are printed, necessitating the crafting of 250,000 movable type characters cast in bronze.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1726/02/08", "description": " Supreme Privy Council is established in Russia", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1726/04/15", "description": " Isaac Newton tells William Stukeley the story of how he developed his theory of gravity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1726/04/19", "description": " Premiere of the first Leipzig version of Johann Sebastian Bach's '''''St Mark Passion pastiche''''' BWV deest BC D 5b at the St. Nicholas Church, Leipzig", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1726/05/01", "description": " Voltaire begins exile in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1726/07/11", "description": " Andr\u00e9-Hercule Cardinal de Fleury, recalled from exile by King Louis XV of France, banishes Louis Henri, Duc de Bourbon, and Madame de Prie from court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1726/08/07", "description": " Pirate Nicholas Brown captured near Xtabi, Jamaica", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1726/08/07", "description": "November ampampndash Mary Toft allegedly gives birth to 16 rabbits in England the story is later revealed to be a hoax.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1726/12/24", "description": " The city of Montevideo is founded by the Spaniards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1726/12/24", "description": "The Supreme Privy Council is established in Imperial Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1726/12/24", "description": "The Gujin tushu jicheng, an immense Chinese encyclopedia, is printed using copper-based movable type printing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1726/12/24", "description": "The remaining ruins of Liverpool Castle are finally demolished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1726/12/24", "description": "Muhammad bin Saud becomes head of the House of Saud.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1727", "description": "February ampampndash Spain besieges Gibraltar in order to recapture the territory.ampref name=ampquotCassell's Chronologyampquotamp{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld ampamp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=301}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1727/02/20", "description": " The German composer George Frideric Handel becomes a British subject.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1727/04/11", "description": " Premi\u00e8re of Johann Sebastian Bach's ''St Matthew Passion'' (BWV 244b) at St. Thomas Church, Leipzig.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1727/05/12", "description": " History of the Moravian Church: The 18th century renewal: ''Brotherly Agreement'' adopted by the Moravian Church community at Herrnhut under the influence of Count Nicolaus Zinzendorf, the beginning of the Church's renewal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1727/05/31", "description": " The Royal Bank of Scotland is founded by Royal Charter in Edinburgh.ref name=quotThe People's Chronologyquot{{cite book|chapter=1727|title=The People's Chronology|editor=Everett, Jason M.|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2006}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1727/06/11", "description": " George, Prince of Wales, becomes King George II of Great Britain on the death of his father.ref name=quotThe People's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1727/06/27", "description": " Uxbridge, Massachusetts, is incorporated as a town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1727/06/27", "description": "July ampampndash History of the Ursulines in New Orleans: Seventeen Ursuline Sisters from France land in New Orleans, Louisiana, where they found the orphanage which is the predecessor of the Catholic Charities and the Ursuline Academy, making the latter the oldest continuously-operating school for girls and the oldest Catholic school in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1727/08/13", "description": " History of the Moravian Church: The 18th century renewal: The Moravian Church community at Herrnhut undergoes a Pentecostalist experience.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1727/08/30", "description": " Anne, eldest daughter of King George II of Great Britain, is given the title Princess Royal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1727/09/08", "description": " A barn fire during a puppet show in the village of Burwell, Cambridgeshire, England, kills 78 people, many of them children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1727/10/11", "description": " Coronation of George II of Great Britain. Handel's Coronation Anthems are composed for the event, including ''Zadok the Priest'' which has been played at every subsequent Coronation of the British monarch.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1727/11/09", "description": " Spain, France and England sign the Treaty of Seville.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1727/11/18", "description": " An earthquake in Tazriz, Persia kills 77,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1727/11/21", "description": "  The Netherlands signs the Treaty of Seville.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1727/11/27", "description": " The foundation stone to the Jerusalem's Church in Berlin is laid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1727/11/27", "description": "An old woman known as Janet (Jenny) Horne of Loth, Sutherland, becomes the last alleged witch in the British Isles to be executed when she is burned at the stake in Dornoch, Scotland.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historylinks.org.uk\/Dornoch18.htm|title=Dornoch\">http:\/\/www.historylinks.org.uk\/Dornoch18.htm|title=Dornoch<\/a> in the 18th century|work=Historylinks Museum|accessdate=2010-08-27}}ampampampref name=ampquotSheard2011ampquotamp{{cite book|author=K. M. Sheard|title=Llewellyn's Complete Book of Names: For Pagans, Wiccans, Druids, Heathens, Mages, Shamans ampamp Independent Thinkers of All Sorts Who Are Curious about Na|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=FVyHTUQnnBgCampamppg=PA304|accessdate=28\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=FVyHTUQnnBgCampamppg=PA304|accessdate=28<\/a> June 2012|date=8 December 2011|publisher=Llewellyn Worldwide|isbn=978-0-7387-2368-6|pages=304\u2013}}ampamp (Some sources give the date as June 1722.)ampamp{{cite journal|first=W. N.|last=Neill|title=the Last Execution for Witchcraft in Scotland, 1722|journal=Scottish Historical Review|volume=20|year=1923|pages=218\u201321|jstor=25519547}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1727/11/27", "description": "The first Amish move to North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1727/11/27", "description": "1727ampampndash1800 ampampndash Lt. Col. Francisco de Mello Palheta smuggles coffee seeds to Brazil in a bouquet, starting a coffee empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1728/02/28", "description": " At the Battle of Palkhed, Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao I defeats the Mughal Governor of Deccan, Nizam-ul-Mulk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1728/03/14", "description": " Jean-Jacques Rousseau leaves Geneva for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1728/05/18", "description": " Peter II succeeds Catherine I as Tsar of Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1728/07/14", "description": "August 14 ampndash Vitus Bering sails northward from the Kamchatka Peninsula, through the Bering Strait, and round Cape Dezhnev.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1728/07/14", "description": "Late Summer ampampndash Voltaire ends his exile in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1728/10/20", "description": "October 23 ampndash The Copenhagen Fire of 1728 (the largest in the city's history) burns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1728/10/20", "description": "The city of Godth\u00e5b is founded in Greenland by the Danish-Norwegian missionary Hans Egede.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1728/10/20", "description": "The English astronomer James Bradley uses stellar aberration (first observed in 1725) to calculate the speed of light and observes nutation of the Earth's axis.ampamp{{cite book|first=J. B.|last=Delambre|authorlink=Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre|title=Histoire de l'astronomie au dix-huiti\u00e8me si\u00e8cle|publisher=Bachelier|location=Paris|year=1827}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1728/10/20", "description": "The ''Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Ger\u00f3nimo de la Habana'', the oldest university in Cuba, is founded in Havana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1728/10/20", "description": "Frederick, Prince of Wales, son of King George II of Great Britain, arrives in Britain for the first time, aged 21.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1728/10/20", "description": "The Meerkat\u2013Mongoose war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "In fiction", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1729/03/23", "description": "remiere performance of Johann Sebastian Bach's '''''First K\u00f6then Funeral music''''' at the St. James Church, K\u00f6then in the evening in honor of the Funeral of his former employer Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-K\u00f6then", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1729/03/24", "description": "remiere performance of Johann Sebastian Bach's Funeral cantata '''''Klagt, Kinder, klagt es aller Welt, BWV 244a''''' before midday at the St. James Church, K\u00f6then (for the same event as above).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1729/04/15", "description": "epeat performance of Johann Sebastian Bach's St Matthew Passion BWV 244b at the St. Thomas Church, Leipzig", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1729/07/25", "description": " Seven of the original eight Lords Proprietors sell their tracts within the Province of Carolina back to the crown.  The Province is permanently divided and reorganized into the Royal Colonies of North Carolina and South Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1729/07/30", "description": " Baltimore, Maryland is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1729/08/01", "description": " The Comet of 1729, possibly the largest comet on record, was discovered by Nicolas Sarabat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1729/11/09", "description": " The Treaty of Seville is signed between Great Britain, France, Spain and the Dutch Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1729/11/28", "description": " The worst Indian massacre to take place on Mississippi soil occurs when Natchez Indians kill 138 Frenchmen, 35 French women, and 56 children at Fort Rosalie (near modern-day Natchez, Mississippi).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1729/11/28", "description": "The third oldest settlement in Mississippi, Port Gibson, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1729/11/28", "description": "A fire in Istanbul destroys 12,000 houses and kills 7,000 inhabitants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1729/11/28", "description": "Jonathan Swift publishes ''A Modest Proposal''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1729/11/28", "description": "Battle of Damghan: The Persians under Nadir Shah defeat the Afghans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1729/11/28", "description": "Putney Bridge was built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1730/01/29", "description": " Anna Ivanovna (Anna of Russia) becomes tsarina, following the death of her cousin, Tsar Peter II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1730/05/15", "description": " Charles Townshend, 2nd Viscount Townshend, retires from his role in the government of Great Britain, leaving Robert Walpole as sole and undisputed leader of the Cabinet (i.e., prime minister). In the new Walpole Ministry, Sir William Strickland, 4th Baronet, becomes Secretary at War, and Henry Pelham is Paymaster of the Forces.  Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington briefly becomes Lord Privy Seal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1730/05/15", "description": "Establishment of Wright's Ferry under the authority of the Province of Pennsylvania triggers Cresap's War ampampndash a ''nine year long conflict'' also known as the '''Maryland-Pennsylvania boundary dispute''' ampampndash the conflict mainly centered in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania and York County, Pennsylvania on either banks of the Susquehanna River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1730/07/08", "description": " 1730 Valparaiso earthquake in Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1730/07/12", "description": " Pope Clement XII succeeds Pope Benedict XIII as the 246th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1730/09/17", "description": " Mahmud I (1730\u20131754) succeeds Ahmed III (1703\u20131730) as Ottoman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1730/09/17", "description": "The Glasite sect is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1731/03/16", "description": " The Treaty of Vienna is signed between the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic and Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1731/04/02", "description": " The town of Raynham, Massachusetts in Bristol County is entered as a new town by the governor and court of Massachusetts, New England, America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1731/04/02", "description": "John Bevis observes the Crab Nebula for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1731/04/02", "description": "Royal Colony of North Carolina Governor George Burrington asks the North Carolina General Assembly to pass an act establishing a town on the Cape Fear River, in what is seen as a political move to shift the power away from the powerful Cape Fear plantation class. The town is laid out in 1733 and incorporated as Wilmington in 1740.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1731/04/02", "description": "English Captain Charles Gough rediscovers Gough Island in the South Atlantic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1731/04/02", "description": "Laura Bassi becomes the first official female university teacher on being appointed professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna at the age of 21.ampamp{{cite web|title=The 18th Century Women Scientists of Bologna|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/scienceweek.com\/2004\/rmps-4.htm|work=ScienceWeek|year=2004|accessdate=2011-04-26}}ampamp\">http:\/\/scienceweek.com\/2004\/rmps-4.htm|work=ScienceWeek|year=2004|accessdate=2011-04-26}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1731/04/02", "description": "The Royal Theatre of Mantua (Italy) is built by Ferdinando Galli Bibiena.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1731/04/02", "description": "Benjamin Franklin starts the Library Company of Philadelphia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1732/06/09", "description": " James Oglethorpe is granted a royal charter for the colony of Georgia.{{cite book|last=Bennett|first=William J.|last2=Cribb|first2=John T. E.|title=The American Patriot's Almanac|year=2008|publisher=Thomas Nelson Inc|isbn=978-1-59555-267-9|page=208|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=yY0awjK1R3YCamppg=PA208ampdq=James+Oglethorpe+royal+charter+June+9,+1732#v=onepageampq=James%20Oglethorpe%20royal%20charter%20June%209%2C%201732ampf=false}}\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=yY0awjK1R3YCamppg=PA208ampdq=James+Oglethorpe+royal+charter+June+9,+1732#v=onepageampq=James%20Oglethorpe%20royal%20charter%20June%209%2C%201732ampf=false}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1732/06/09", "description": "August ampampndash Mikhail Gvozdev in the ''Sviatoi Gavriil'' makes the first known crossing of the Bering Strait, from Cape Dezhnev to Cape Prince of Wales in Alaska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1732/09/16", "description": " The magnitude 5.8 Montreal earthquake occurs in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1732/12/07", "description": " The original Covent Garden Theatre Royal (now the Royal Opera House) is opened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1732/12/07", "description": "Genoa regains Corsica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1732/12/07", "description": "A total of 139 members of the Paris Parliament are exiled by order of the King, but  eventually triumph over the Crown, and secure their recall in December.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1732/12/07", "description": "The United Secession Church is formed in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1733/02/12", "description": "  British colonist James Oglethorpe founds Savannah, Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1733/02/12", "description": "March ampampndash  Molasses Act passed by Parliament of Great Britain, which aided in the negative opinions of the British by American Colonists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1733/02/12", "description": "April ampampndash Royal Colony of North Carolina Commissioners John Watson, Joshua Grainger, Michael Higgins and James Wimble plan the town of New Carthage (which would eventually become Wilmington, North Carolina on the east side of the Cape Fear River).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1733/05/29", "description": " The right of Canadians to keep Indian slaves is upheld at Quebec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1733/07/30", "description": " The first Freemasons lodge opens in what will become the United States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1733/10/05", "description": " The election of Augustus III to succeed his father as King of Poland sparks the War of the Polish Succession.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1734/01/08", "description": " Salzburgers, Lutherans who were expelled by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Salzburg, Austria, in October 1731, set sail for the British Colony of Georgia, in America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1734/03/12", "description": " Salzburgers arrive at the mouth of the Savannah River, in the British Colony of Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1734/06/17", "description": " French troops take Philippsburg, but the Duke of Berwick is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1734/06/21", "description": " In Montreal, New France, a black slave known by the French name of Marie-Joseph Ang\u00e9lique is tortured then hanged by the French authorities for allegedly setting a fire that destroyed part of the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1734/06/30", "description": " War of the Polish Succession: Russian troops take Gda\u0144sk (German: Danzig), which had been besieged since February 1734. Gda\u0144sk is captured after the failure of a French expedition to relieve the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1734/11/05", "description": " The Dzik\u00f3w Confederation is created in Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1735/01/02", "description": " Alexander Pope's poem Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot published in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1735/01/08", "description": " George Frideric Handel's opera ''Ariodante'' is premi\u00e8red at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1735/02/14", "description": " The Order of St. Anna is established in Russia, in honour of the daughter of Peter the Great.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1735/04/13", "description": " Emperor Sakuramachi accedes to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1735/04/16", "description": " ''Alcina'', George Frideric Handel's Italian opera, premieres at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1735/05/22", "description": " George Hadley publishes the first explanation of the trade winds.''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'' (London) '''39''': 58\u201362.{{cite web|first=Anita|last=McConnell|title=Hadley, George (1685\u20131768)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/11858|accessdate=2011-09-27|doi=10.1093\/ref:odnb\/11858\">http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/11858|accessdate=2011-09-27|doi=10.1093\/ref:odnb\/11858<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1735/07/11", "description": " Pluto (not known at this time) enters a fourteen year period inside the orbit of Neptune, which will not recur until 1979.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1735/08/14", "description": " Freedom of the press: ''New York Weekly Journal'' writer John Peter Zenger is not acquitted of seditious libel against the royal governor of New York, on the basis that what he published was true.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1735/08/14", "description": "October ampampndash War of the Polish Succession: A preliminary peace, ratified in 1738, is concluded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1735/10/18", "description": " The Qianlong Emperor succeeds Yongzheng and begins a 60-year-long reign of the Qing Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1735/10/18", "description": "Linnaeus publishes his ''Systema Naturae''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1735/10/18", "description": "Russo-Turkish War, 1735-1739: Russian forces fail to occupy the Crimea due to rasputitsa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1735/10/18", "description": "A shipbuilding industry begins in Mumbai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1735/10/18", "description": "Leonhard Euler solves the Basel problem, first posed by Pietro Mengoli in 1644, and the Seven Bridges of K\u00f6nigsberg problem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1735/10/18", "description": "The King's Highway (Charleston to Boston) is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1735/10/18", "description": "Quebec: Construction begins on the ''Chemin du roy'' between Quebec and Montreal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1735/10/18", "description": "Augusta, Georgia, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1735/10/18", "description": "Cobalt is discovered and isolated by Georg Brandt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/01/26", "description": " Stanislaus I of Poland abdicates his throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/02/12", "description": " Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor marries Maria Theresa of Austria, ruler of the Habsburg Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/02/12", "description": "April ampampndash The Genbun era begins in Japan. The era of Ky\u014dh\u014d Reforms ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/03/08", "description": " Nader Shah, founder of the Afsharid dynasty, is crowned Shah of Iran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/04/14", "description": " The Porteous Riots erupt in Edinburgh after the execution of smuggler Andrew Wilson, when town guard Captain John Porteous orders his men to fire at the crowd. Porteous is arrested later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/05/08", "description": " Frederick, Prince of Wales, marries Augusta of Saxe-Gotha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/05/26", "description": " Battle of Ackia: British and Chickasaw Native Americans defeat French troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/06/08", "description": " Leonhard Euler writes to James Stirling describing the Euler\u2013Maclaurin formula, providing a connection between integrals and calculus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/06/19", "description": " French Academy of Sciences expedition led by Pierre Louis Maupertuis, with Anders Celsius, begins work on measuring a meridian arc in the Torne Valley of Finland.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/lapinkavijat.rovaniemi.fi\/maupertuis\/index_eng.html|title=Degree\">http:\/\/lapinkavijat.rovaniemi.fi\/maupertuis\/index_eng.html|title=Degree<\/a> measurements by de Maupertuis in the Tornionlaakso Valley 1736-1737|last=Piippola|first=Takalo|accessdate=2012-05-06}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/06/19", "description": "July ampampndash Russo-Turkish War, 1735-1739: Russian forces under Peter Lacy storm the Ottoman fortress of Azov.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/09/07", "description": " An Edinburgh crowd drags John Porteous out of his cell in Tolbooth Prison and lynches him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/12/07", "description": " Ben Franklin builds the first volunteer fire company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/12/07", "description": "''Real Arissona'', namesake of the U.S. state Arizona, is founded in what is now that state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/12/07", "description": "Neustrelitz becomes the capital of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/12/07", "description": "Bushehr is founded in Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/12/07", "description": "The Belgrade fortress is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/12/07", "description": "George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney, becomes the first Field Marshal of Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/12/07", "description": "A fire in the Russian city of Saint Petersburg burns 2000 houses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/12/07", "description": "Fifty-three houses in the English town of Stony Stratford are consumed by fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/12/07", "description": "One of the earliest records of use of a Bathing machine is made at Scarborough in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/12/07", "description": "Charles Marie de La Condamine, with Fran\u00e7ois Fresneau Gataudi\u00e8re, makes the first scientific observations of rubber, in Ecuador.ampamp{{cite book|title=Journal du voyage fait par ordre du roi \u00e0 l'\u00e9quateur|location=Paris|year=1751}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/12/07", "description": "Leonhard Euler produces the first ''published'' proof of Fermat's ampquotlittle theoremampquot.ampamp''Theorematum Quorundam ad Numeros Primos Spectantium Demonstratio''.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/12/07", "description": "Sir Isaac Newton's ''Method of Fluxions'' (1671), describing his method of differential calculus, is first published (posthumously) and Thomas Bayes publishes a defense of its logical foundations (anonymously).ampamp''An Introduction to the Doctrine of Fluxions, and a Defence of the Mathematicians Against the Objections of the Author of the Analyst''.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/12/07", "description": "Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab writes the ''Kitab at-tawhidt'', marking the beginning of Wahhabism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1736/12/07", "description": "The Haidamakas raid the shtetl of Pavoloch, killing 35.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1737/05/28", "description": " The planet Venus passes in front of Mercury. The event is witnessed during the evening hours by the amateur astronomer John Bevis at the Royal Greenwich Observatory. As of 2006, it is still the only such planet\/planet occultation that has been directly observed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1737/06/21", "description": " In Britain the Theatrical Licensing Act requires plays to be submitted to the Lord Chamberlain for censorship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1737/06/30", "description": " Russo-Turkish War, 1735-1739: Russian forces under Field Marshal Munnich storm the Ottoman fortress of Ochakov and take prisoner 4,000 Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1737/06/30", "description": "July ampampndash Austria enters the Russo-Turkish War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1737/09/20", "description": " Runner Edward Marshall completes his journey in the Walking Purchase, forcing the cession of {{convert|1200000|acre|km2}} of Lenape-Delaware tribal land to the Pennsylvania Colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1737/09/20", "description": "October ampampndash The first national stage in Sweden opens when the play ''Den Svenska Spr\u00e4tth\u00f6ken'' is performed in the native language, by the first native actors, on the stage of Bollhuset in Stockholm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1737/10/07", "description": " A tropical cyclone strikes Bengal, India killing approximately 300,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1737/10/16", "description": " An earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 9.3 occurs off the shore of Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula. Tsunamis up to 60m (200 ft) high followed in the Pacific ocean.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fathom.com\/feature\/122490\/\">http:\/\/www.fathom.com\/feature\/122490\/<\/a> Tsunami: Where they Happen and Why- Fathom", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1737/11/04", "description": " The Teatro di San Carlo, the oldest working opera house in Europe, is inaugurated in Naples, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1737/11/04", "description": "Benjamin Franklin creates the Philadelphia Police Force ampampndash the first city-paid force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1737/11/04", "description": "The Georg August University of G\u00f6ttingen is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1737/11/04", "description": "The direct male line of the Medici family becomes extinct with the death of Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1737/11/04", "description": "Richmond, Virginia is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1737/11/04", "description": "Our Lady of Guadalupe is designated the patron saint of Mexico City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1737/11/04", "description": "The oldest existing English language newspaper in the world, ''The (Belfast) News Letter'', is founded in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1737/11/04", "description": "Lancaster County Prison, Lancaster, Pennsylvania is first constructed in response to the seven violent years preceding of the ongoing Cresap's War in the Maryland-Pennsylvania boundary dispute and war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1738", "description": "Sept 18  ampndash Samuel Johnson composes his first solemn prayer. Published 1785.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1738/02/04", "description": " Court Jew Joseph Suss Oppenheimer is executed in W\u00fcrttemberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1738/04/15", "description": " ''Serse'', an Italian opera by George Frideric Handel, premieres in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1738/05/24", "description": " John Wesley is converted, essentially launching the Methodist movement the day is celebrated annually by Methodists as Aldersgate Day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1738/11/18", "description": " The Treaty of Vienna is ratified.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1738/11/18", "description": "Russo\u2013Turkish War (1735\u20131739): The Russian army fails to cross the Dniester.  They are decimated by plague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1738/11/18", "description": "China's Qing government announces that all western businessmen have to use the Cohong in Guangzhou to trade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1738/11/18", "description": "The excavation of Herculaneum, a Roman city buried by Vesuvius in AD 79, begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1738/11/18", "description": "Stanis\u0142aw Leszczy\u0144ski receives Lorraine in exchange for renouncing the Polish throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1738/11/18", "description": "Pierre Louis Maupertuis publishes ''Sur la figure de la terre'', which 'confirms Newton's view that the earth is a spheroid slightly flattened at the poles'.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1738/11/18", "description": "Franz Ketterer invents the cuckoo clock.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1738/11/18", "description": "Jacques de Vaucanson presents the world's first automaton, ''The Flute Player'', to the French Academy of Sciences.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1739/01/01", "description": " Bouvet Island is discovered by French explorer Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1739/02/24", "description": " Battle of Karnal: The army of Iranian ruler Nader Shah defeats the forces of the Mughal emperor of India, Muhammad Shah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1739/03/20", "description": " Nader Shah occupies Delhi in India and sacks the city, stealing the jewels of the Peacock Throne, including the Koh-i-Noor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1739/06/02", "description": " The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences is founded in Stockholm.{{cite web|title=History|publisher=Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.kva.se\/en\/About-the-academy\/History\/|accessdate=2011-09-27}}\">http:\/\/www.kva.se\/en\/About-the-academy\/History\/|accessdate=2011-09-27}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1739/09/09", "description": " The Stono Rebellion erupts near Charleston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1739/09/18", "description": " The Treaty of Belgrade brings the Russo-Turkish War (1735\u20131739) to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1739/10/03", "description": " The Treaty of Ni\u0161 is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1739/10/17", "description": " The Foundling Hospital is created in London by royal charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1739/10/23", "description": " War of Jenkins' Ear: Great Britain declares war on Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1739/11/21", "description": " The British capture the South American silver exporting town of Portobelo from the Spanish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1739/11/21", "description": "The first Bible in Estonian is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1739/11/21", "description": "Ecuador becomes a part of New Granada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1739/11/21", "description": "84,000 farmers revolt in the province of Iwaki.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1740/02/20", "description": " The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the town of Newton as Wilmington, North Carolina, named for Spencer Compton, 1st Earl of Wilmington, and patron of Royal Governor Gabriel Johnston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1740/05/31", "description": " Frederick II comes to power in Prussia upon the death of his father, Frederick William I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1740/06/26", "description": " War of Jenkins' Ear ampndash Siege of Fort Mose: A Spanish column of 300 regular troops, free black militia and Indian auxiliaries storms Britain's strategically crucial position of Fort Mose, Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1740/08/01", "description": " The song ''Rule, Britannia!'' is first performed at Cliveden, the country home of Frederick, Prince of Wales.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=308}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1740/08/17", "description": " Pope Benedict XIV succeeds Pope Clement XII as the 247th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1740/10/09", "description": "22 ampndash Batavia massacre: Troops of the Dutch East India Company massacre 5,000\u201310,000 Chinese Indonesians in Batavia.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nationaalarchief.nl\/amh\/detail.aspx?page=dafbamplang=enampid=1897#tab0\">http:\/\/www.nationaalarchief.nl\/amh\/detail.aspx?page=dafbamplang=enampid=1897#tab0<\/a> image: Bird's eye view of Batavia showing the massacre of the Chinese!-- Bot generated title --", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1740/10/20", "description": " Maria Theresa inherits the Habsburg hereditary dominions (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and present-day Belgium). 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He sends some men aboard in a longboat, making them the first Europeans to visit Alaska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1741/08/10", "description": "  Battle of Colachel: The Raja of Travancore defeats a Dutch East India Company naval expedition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1741/12/06", "description": " Elizabeth of Russia becomes czarina after a palace coup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1741/12/19", "description": " Vitus Bering dies in his expedition east of Siberia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1741/12/25", "description": " Anders Celsius develops his own thermometer scale, ''Centigrade'' the predecessor of the Celsius scale.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1741/12/25", "description": "Prague is occupied by French-Bavarian armies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1741/12/25", "description": "''Stemmatographia'' by Hristofor Zhefarovich, regarded as the first Serbian and Bulgarian secular printed book, is printed in Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1741/12/25", "description": "The population of China reaches c. 143 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742", "description": "January ampampndash The House of Commons of Great Britain votes on the alleged rigging of the Chippenham by-election. It becomes a motion of no confidence which leads to the resignation of Robert Walpole.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/uk_news\/politics\/6524943.stm|title=A\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/uk_news\/politics\/6524943.stm|title=A<\/a> dozen Downing Street departures|accessdate=2007-07-14|work=BBC News|date=2007-05-09|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070823143353\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/uk_news\/politics\/6524943.stm|archivedate=23\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070823143353\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/uk_news\/politics\/6524943.stm|archivedate=23<\/a> August 2007amp!--Added by DASHBot--amp}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/01/09", "description": " Robert Walpole made Earl of Orford and resigns as First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer, effectively ending his period as Prime Minister of Great Britain.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=309}} On his formally relinquishing office five days later, he will have served 20 years and 314 days as Prime Minister, the longest single term ever, and also longer than the accumulated terms of any other British Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/01/24", "description": " Charles VII Albert becomes Holy Roman Emperor", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/02/12", "description": " John Carteret, 2nd Lord Carteret becomes Secretary of State for the Northern Department in Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/02/16", "description": " Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington, becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/04/13", "description": " George Frideric Handel's oratorio ''The Messiah'' is first performed in Dublin, Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/05/17", "description": " Frederick the Great's army defeats Austrians in Chotusitz later Austria cedes Silesia to Prussia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/05/25", "description": " A battle is fought at Sahay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/07/07", "description": " War of Jenkins' Ear: British troops repel those of Spain (under Montiano) in the Battle of Bloody Marsh in the Province of Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/07/14", "description": " William Pulteney is created 1st Earl of Bath in Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/07/14", "description": "September ampampndash Construction starts on the Foundling Hospital in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/12/02", "description": " The ''Pennsylvania Journal'' first appears in print in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/12/02", "description": "Daniel le Pelley succeeds Nicolas le Pelley as Seigneur of Sark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/12/02", "description": "The Kingdom of Prussia captures Jihlava.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/12/02", "description": "Christian Goldbach formulates Goldbach's conjecture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/12/02", "description": "Colin Maclaurin publishes his ''Treatise on Fluxions''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/12/02", "description": "Anders Celsius proposes the Celsius temperature scale (see 1741).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/12/02", "description": "James Bradley succeeds Edmond Halley as Astronomer Royal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/12/02", "description": "The University of Erlangen is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/12/02", "description": "The Lopukhina Conspiracy arises at the Russian court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/12/02", "description": "Molde, Norway, becomes a city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/12/02", "description": "Eisenach, Germany builds its ''Stadtschloss'' (city castle).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/12/02", "description": "In Peru, Juan Santos takes the name Atahualpa II and begins an ill-fated rebellion against the Spanish rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/12/02", "description": "The Afghan tribes unite as a monarchy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/12/02", "description": "Henry Fielding publishes ''Joseph Andrews''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/12/02", "description": "Charles Jervas's English translation of ''Don Quixote'' is published posthumously. Through a printer's error, the translator's name is printed as '''Charles Jarvis''', leading the book to forever be known as ''the Jarvis translation''. It is acclaimed as the most faithful English rendering of the novel made up to that time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/12/02", "description": "Spain completes the construction of Fort Matanzas in the Matanzas Inlet, approximately {{convert|15|mi|km}} south of St. Augustine, Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1742/12/02", "description": "Rome decrees that Roman ceremonial practice in Latin (not in Chinese) is to be the law for Chinese missions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1743/02/14", "description": " Henry Pelham becomes British Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1743/02/21", "description": " George Frideric Handel's oratorio, ''Samson'' premieres in London .", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1743/03/02", "description": " Battle of La Guaira: a British expeditionary fleet under Sir Charles Knowles is defeated by the Spanish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1743/05/10", "description": " In New France, Governor Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville ends his final term (multiple times over 43 years) as Governor of colonial French Louisiana, which he helped colonize he is succeeded by the Marquis de Vaudreuil (for the next 10 years) and returns to France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1743/06/16", "description": " Battle of Dettingen in Bavaria:  King George II of Great Britain leads his own troops, the last British king to do so.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1743/08/07", "description": " Russia and Sweden sign the Treaty of \u00c5bo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1743/09/11", "description": " Natalia Lopukhina is flogged in front of the Twelve Collegia building in Saint Petersburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1743/09/13", "description": " The Treaty of Worms is signed between Great Britain, Austria, and Sardinia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1743/11/05", "description": " Coordinated scientific observations of the transit of Mercury are organized by Joseph-Nicolas Delisle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1744/01/24", "description": " The Dagohoy Rebellion begins with the killing of Father Giuseppe Lamberti.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1744/02/22", "description": "February 23 ampndash Battle of Toulon: The British fleet is defeated by a Franco-Spanish fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1744/03/01", "description": "approximately) ampndash The Great Comet of 1744, one of the brightest ever seen, reaches perihelion", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1744/03/15", "description": " France declares war on Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1744/04/20", "description": " Battle of Villafranca (1744): A joint French and Spanish force defeats Britain and Sardinia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1744/06/28", "description": " Catherine the Great is received into the Russian Orthodox Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1744/07/19", "description": " Battle of Casteldelfino: France defeats the Kingdom of Sardinia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1744/09/30", "description": " Battle of Madonna dell'Olmo: France and Spain defeat the Kingdom of Sardinia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1744/09/30", "description": "The third French and Indian War, known as King George's War, breaks out at Port Royal, Nova Scotia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1744/09/30", "description": "The First Saudi State is founded by Mohammed Ibn Saud.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1744/09/30", "description": "Prague is occupied by Prussian armies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1745/05/11", "description": " War of Austrian Succession: Battle of Fontenoy ampndash French forces defeat an Anglo-Dutch-Hanoverian army including the Black Watch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1745/06/04", "description": " Frederick the Great destroys the Austrian army at the Battle of Hohenfriedberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1745/07/26", "description": " The first recorded women's cricket match took place near Guildford, England", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1745/08/19", "description": " The '45 Jacobite Rising begins at Glenfinnan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1745/08/21", "description": " Catherine the Great marries Peter III of Russia in Saint Petersburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1745/09/12", "description": " Francis I is elected Holy Roman Emperor with the support of his wife, Maria Theresia of Austria. He is the successor of Charles VII Albert of Bavaria, an enemy of Habsburg, who died on January 20 of this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1745/09/14", "description": " Madame de Pompadour is officially presented in the court of Louis XV of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1745/09/21", "description": " Battle of Prestonpans: British Government forces are defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1745/12/04", "description": " The Jacobite Army reaches Derby two days later it begins retreat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1745/12/19", "description": "he Jacobite army led by Bonnie Prince Charlie on retreat from Derby, was defeated by the Duke of Cumberland at the Battle of Clifton Moor near Penrith, Cumberland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1745/12/25", "description": " The Treaty of Dresden gives Prussia full possession of Silesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1745/12/28", "description": " For 5 days, fire destroys buildings in Istanbul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1746/01/08", "description": " Bonnie Prince Charlie occupies Stirling.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1746/01/17", "description": " Battle of Falkirk: British Government forces are defeated by Jacobite forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1746/04/16", "description": " The Battle of Culloden, the final pitched battle fought on British soil, brings an end to the Jacobite Rising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1746/04/16", "description": "June ampampndash Samuel Johnson is contracted to write his ''A Dictionary of the English Language''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1746/06/16", "description": " Battle of Piacenza: Austrian forces defeat French and Spanish troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1746/06/29", "description": " Catherine of Ricci (b. 1522) is canonized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1746/08/01", "description": " The wearing of the kilt is banned in Scotland by the Dress Act (Note: the actual effective date of the Dress Act was August 1, 1747, not 1746 ampndash  see the text at Dress Act).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1746/08/18", "description": " Two of the four rebellious Scottish lords, Earl of Kilmarnock and Lord Balmeniro, are beheaded in the Tower (Lord Lovat was executed in 1747).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1746/09/20", "description": " Bonnie Prince Charlie flees to the Isle of Skye from Arisaig, after the unsuccessful Jacobite rising of 1745, marked by the Prince's Cairn on the banks of Loch nan Uamh", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1746/10/22", "description": " The College of New Jersey is founded (it becomes Princeton University in 1896).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1746/10/28", "description": " An earthquake demolishes Lima and Callao, in Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1746/10/28", "description": "The town of Vilkovo (Odes'ka oblast', Ukraine) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1746/10/28", "description": "Royal Colony of North Carolina Governor Gabriel Johnston moves to the province's largest and most prosperous city of New Bern.  As a result, New Bern replaces Edenton as the capital of North Carolina (a title it holds until Raleigh is established in 1792).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1746/10/28", "description": "Publication of Charles Batteux's  ''Les beaux-arts r\u00e9duits \u00e0 un m\u00eame principe'' in Paris, putting forward for the first time the idea of ampquot''les beaux arts''ampquot: ampquotthe fine artsampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1747/01/31", "description": "  The first venereal diseases clinic opens at London Lock Hospital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1747/02/11", "description": " A combined French and Indian force, commanded by Captain Nicholas Antoine Coulon de Villiers, attacks British troops at Grand-Pr\u00e9, Nova Scotia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1747/04/09", "description": " The Scottish Jacobite Lord Lovat is beheaded by axe on Tower Hill, London, for high treason (the last man to be executed in this way in Britain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1747/05/14", "description": " War of the Austrian Succession ampndash First battle of Cape Finisterre: The British Navy defeats a French fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1747/06/09", "description": " Emperor Momozono ascends to the throne of Japan, succeeding Emperor Sakuramachi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1747/06/24", "description": "October 14 ampndash The English ships ''Dobbs'' galley and ''California'', under Captains William Moore and Francis Smith, explore Hudson Bay, discovering there is no Northwest Passage by this route.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1747/07/02", "description": " War of the Austrian Succession ampndash Battle of Lauffeld: France defeats the combined armies of Hanover, Great Britain and the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1747/07/02", "description": "October", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1747/07/02", "description": "Thomas Herring is appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1747/07/02", "description": "Following the capture of Kandahar, Ahmad Shah Durrani is chosen by a Loya jirga as first leader of the Durrani Empire, predecessor of Afghanistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1747/10/25", "description": " War of the Austrian Succession ampndash Second battle of Cape Finisterre: The British Navy again defeats a French fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1747/11/09", "description": " Rioters in Amsterdam demand governmental reform.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1747/11/22", "description": " Prince William IV of Orange becomes stadtholder of all the provinces of the United Provinces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1747/12/16", "description": " Canter of Coltbrigg ampndash The 13th and 14th Dragoons flee the Jacobites of Charles Edward Stuart.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1747/12/16", "description": "James Lind discovers that citrus fruits prevent scurvy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1747/12/16", "description": "War of the Austrian Succession: Spanish troops invade and occupy the coastal towns of Beaufort and Brunswick in the Royal Colony of North Carolina during what becomes known as the Spanish Alarm. They are later driven out by the local militia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1747/12/16", "description": "Samuel Johnson begins work on ''A Dictionary of the English Language'' in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1748/01/12", "description": " Ahmad Shah Durrani captures Lahore.{{cite web|title=Ahmad Shah Abdali's invasions|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sikh-history.com\/sikhhist\/events\/abdali.html|accessdate=2011-11-02}}\">http:\/\/www.sikh-history.com\/sikhhist\/events\/abdali.html|accessdate=2011-11-02}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1748/03/11", "description": " In battle near Manupur (15 km northwest of Sirhind), Mughal forces under Prince Ahmad Shah Bahadur are victorious against Ahmad Shah Durrani.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1748/03/28", "description": "March 28  ampndash A fire in the City of London causes over a million pounds worth of damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1748/03/28", "description": "April ampampndash Maastricht is conquered by Maurice de Saxe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1748/04/24", "description": " War of the Austrian Succession: A congress assembles at Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) with the intent to conclude the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1748/04/24", "description": "August ampampndash The Camberwell Beauty butterfly is named after specimens found at Camberwell in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1748/09/24", "description": " Shah Rukh becomes ruler of Greater Khorasan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1748/10/18", "description": " War of the Austrian Succession: The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war. Great Britain obtains Madras, in India, from France, in exchange for the fortress of Louisbourg in Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1748/10/18", "description": "Leonhard Euler publishes ''Introductio in analysin infinitorum''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1748/10/18", "description": "Montesquieu publishes ''De l'Esprit des lois''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1748/10/18", "description": "Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock publishes the first three cantos of his epic poem ''Der Messias'' in hexameters (anonymously) in ''Bremer Beitr\u00e4ge'' (Leipzig).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1748/10/18", "description": "Adam Smith begins to deliver public lectures in Edinburgh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1748/10/18", "description": "The building of Sveaborg begins near Helsinki.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1748/10/18", "description": "Henry Fielding organizes the forerunner of the Bow Street Runners in London (8 men at first).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1748/10/18", "description": "The ruins of Pompeii are discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1748/10/18", "description": "Louis XV of France authorizes a 5% income tax on every individual regardless of social status the Parlement of Paris protests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1749/01/03", "description": " Benning Wentworth issues the first of the New Hampshire Grants, leading to the establishment of Vermont.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1749/04/27", "description": " The first official performance of George Frideric Handel's ''Music for the Royal Fireworks'' finishes early due to the outbreak of fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1749/05/19", "description": " King George II of Great Britain grants the Ohio Company a charter of land around the forks of the Ohio River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1749/07/09", "description": " The naval settlement of Halifax, Nova Scotia is founded as the British answer to Louisbourg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1749/07/09", "description": "While in debtor's prison, John Cleland writes  ''Fanny Hill (Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure)''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750", "description": "January ampampndash A fire in Istanbul destroys 10,000 homes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750", "description": "April ampampndash A second fire devastates Istanbul (see January).   A third fire later in the year destroys a further 10,000 homes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/04/04", "description": " A small earthquake hits Warrington, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/04/04", "description": "May ampampndash Riots break out in Paris, fueled by rumors of police abducting children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/04/04", "description": "July ampampndash Jos\u00e9 I takes over the throne of Portugal from his deceased father, Jo\u00e3o V. King Jos\u00e9 Manuel appoints the Marquis of Pombal as his Chief Minister, who then strips the Inquisition of its power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/07/09", "description": " Traveller Jonas Hanway leaves St. Petersburg to return home via Germany and the Netherlands.  Later the same year, Hanway reputedly becomes the first Englishman to use an umbrella (a French fashion).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/08/23", "description": " A small earthquake hits Spalding, Lincolnshire, England.{{fact|date=January 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/09/30", "description": " A small earthquake hits Northampton, England.{{fact|date=January 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/11/11", "description": " A riot breaks out in Lhasa, Tibet, after the murder of the regent of Tibet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/11/18", "description": " Westminster Bridge is officially opened in London.{{cite book|title=The London Encyclopaedia|first=Ben|last=Weinreb|coauthors=Hibbert, Christopher|publisher=Macmillan|year=1995|isbn=0-333-57688-8|page=976}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/11/18", "description": "Hannah Snell reveals her sex to her Royal Marines compatriots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/11/18", "description": "Ahmad Shah Bahadur's army, retreating from Persia, reportedly loses 18,000 men near what is present-day Herat, Afghanistan from cold in a single night.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/11/18", "description": "The King of Dahomey has income of 250,000 pounds from the overseas export of slaves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/11/18", "description": "Maruyama Okyo paints The Ghost of Oyuki.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/11/18", "description": "Britain produces c. 2% of the entire world's output of industrial goods and the Industrial Revolution begins.{{fact|date=January 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/11/18", "description": "Galley slavery is abolished in Europe.ampref name=ampquotClearampquotamp{{cite book|author=Clear, Todd R. Cole, George F. Resig, Michael D.|year=2006|title=American Corrections|edition=7th|publisher=Thompson}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/11/18", "description": "World population: 791,000,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/11/18", "description": "Africa: 106,000,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/11/18", "description": "Asia: 502,000,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/11/18", "description": "Europe: 163,000,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/11/18", "description": "Latin-America: 16,000,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/11/18", "description": "Northern America: 2,000,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1750/11/18", "description": "Oceania: 2,000,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1751", "description": "For the last time, New Year's Day is legally on March 25 in England and Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1751", "description": "Upon his death, Frederick I of Sweden is succeeded as king by Adolf Frederick.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1751/04/20", "description": " The future King George III of the United Kingdom succeeds his father as heir-apparent to the British throne (later that year, he's named Prince of Wales). His mother Augusta of Saxe-Gotha becomes Dowager Princess of Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1751/05/11", "description": " The Pennsylvania legislature grants a charter to Benjamin Franklin and Dr. Thomas Bond for the establishment in Philadelphia of the first hospital in the Colonies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1751/07/31", "description": " Fire destroys 1,000 houses in Stockholm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1751/08/13", "description": " The Academy and College of Philadelphia, predecessor to the private University of Pennsylvania, opens its doors, with Benjamin Franklin as president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1751/10/27", "description": " The H\u014dreki period begins in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1751/10/27", "description": "Adam Smith is appointed professor of logic at the University of Glasgow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1751/10/27", "description": "University of Glasgow School of Medicine is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1751/10/27", "description": "The ''Encyclop\u00e9die'' is first published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1751/10/27", "description": "Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus publishes his ''Philosophia Botanica'', the first textbook of descriptive systematic botanical taxonomy and the first appearance of his binomial nomenclature.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1751/10/27", "description": "Maria Theresa thaler minted it becomes an international currency.ampamp{{cite book|first=Clare|last=Semple|title=A Silver Legend: the story of the Maria Theresa Thaler|location=Manchester|publisher=Barzan Publishing|year=2006|isbn=0-9549701-0-1}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1751/10/27", "description": "1751ampampndash1775 ampampndash 13% of appointees to ''audiencias'' in the Spanish Empire are Creoles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1752/01/01", "description": " The British Empire adopts the Gregorian calendar (to take effect in September).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1752/02/11", "description": " Pennsylvania Hospital, the first hospital in the U.S., is opened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1752/02/27", "description": " The Virginia Assembly passes a law making maiming a felony, in response to the practice of gouging.ref name=quotHeningquot{{cite web |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/vagenweb.org\/hening\/vol06-12.htm\">http:\/\/vagenweb.org\/hening\/vol06-12.htm<\/a> |title=Hening's Statutes at Large |author=William Walter Hening |accessdate=9 April 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1752/03/23", "description": " The ''Halifax Gazette'', the first Canadian newspaper, is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1752/06/06", "description": " Fire destroys 18,000 houses in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1752/06/15", "description": " Benjamin Franklin proves that lightning is electricity, using a kite and a key.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1752/09/02", "description": " Great Britain and the British Empire adopts the Gregorian calendar, meaning the Julian date of Wednesday, September 2 was followed by the Gregorian date of Thursday, September 14.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1752/09/02", "description": "Adam Smith transfers to professor of moral philosophy at the University of Glasgow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1752/09/02", "description": "English scientist Lord John Davies first observes what is later recognised as respiratory collapseampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.reference.com\/browse\/wiki\/1752ampamp\">http:\/\/www.reference.com\/browse\/wiki\/1752ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1753", "description": "Parliament of Great Britain)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1753/01/01", "description": " Minimum date value for a datetime field in SQL Server (up version 2005) due to it being the first full year after Britain adopted the Gregorian calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1753/01/29", "description": " After a month's absence, Elizabeth Canning returns to her mother's home in London and claims that she was abducted. The following criminal trial causes uproar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1753/03/01", "description": " Sweden adopts the Gregorian calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1753/03/17", "description": " first official Saint Patrick's Day", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1753/04/05", "description": " The founding charter of the British Museum is enacted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1753/05/01", "description": " ''Species Plantarum'' is published by Linnaeus   (adopted by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature as the formal start date of the scientific classification of plants).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1753/07/07", "description": " Royal assent to the Jewish Naturalization Act: The British Parliament extends citizenship to Jews", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1753/10/31", "description": " Virginia Lieut. Gov. Robert Dinwiddie commissions 21-year-old militia Maj. George Washington to dissuade the French from occupying the Ohio Country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1753/10/31", "description": "James Lind writes ''A Treatise of the Scurvy''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1753/10/31", "description": "Robert Wood publishes ''The ruins of Palmyra otherwise Tedmor in the desart'' in English and French, making the ancient Syrian city of Palmyra known to the West.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1753/10/31", "description": "The Cramer family starts a brewing operation including the current major brand Warsteiner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1753/10/31", "description": "Coining of the term ampquotanthropomorphismampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1754/01/28", "description": " Horace Walpole, in a letter to Horace Mann, coins the word ''serendipity''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1754/02/25", "description": " Guatemalan Sergeant Major Melchor de Mencos y Var\u00f3n departs the city of Santiago de los Caballeros de Guatemala with an infantry battalion, to fight British pirates that reportedly disembarked on the coasts of Pet\u00e9n (today Belize) and were sacking the nearby towns.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.inforpressca.com\/melchordemencos\/historia.php\">http:\/\/www.inforpressca.com\/melchordemencos\/historia.php<\/a> Historia del Municipio de Melchor de Mencos, Pet\u00e9n!-- Bot generated title --", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1754/03/25", "description": " The Clandestine Marriages Act of 1753 comes into force in England and Wales, placing marriage in that jurisdiction on a statutory basis for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1754/04/30", "description": " Guatemalan Sergeant Mayor Melchor de Mencos y Var\u00f3n and his troops defeat the British pirates in the battle of San Felipe and the Cob\u00e1 Lagoon.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.prensalibre.com\/pl\/domingo\/archivo\/revistad\/2006\/marzo06\/260306\/dhistoria.shtml\">http:\/\/www.prensalibre.com\/pl\/domingo\/archivo\/revistad\/2006\/marzo06\/260306\/dhistoria.shtml<\/a> Revista D ampndash PrensaLibre.com!-- Bot generated title --", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1754/05/28", "description": " The Battle of Jumonville Glen begins the French and Indian War in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1754/06/19", "description": " The Albany Congress of New England Colonies proposes an American Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1754/06/19", "description": "July ampampndash Columbia University is founded as King's College by royal charter of King George II of England.  The college is originally located in Lower Manhattan.  Instruction is suspended in 1776 and the school reopens in 1784 as Columbia College.  With the college's growth in the 19th Century, it is renamed Columbia University in 1896.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1754/07/03", "description": " French and Indian War: George Washington surrenders Fort Necessity to French Capt. Louis Coulon de Villiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1754/12/13", "description": " Osman III (1754\u20131757) succeeds Mahmud I as Ottoman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1754/12/13", "description": "Surveyor William Churton lays out what will become the county seat of Orange County, North Carolina.  The town is named Corbin Town for Francis Corbin, a member of the North Carolina governor's council.  Corbin Town is renamed Childsburgh in 1759 and finally Hillsborough in 1766.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1755/01/25", "description": "Tatiana Day) ampndash Moscow University is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1755/02/13", "description": " The kingdom of Mataram on Java is divided in two, creating the sultanate of Yogyakarta and the sunanate of Surakarta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1755/02/20", "description": " General Braddock lands in Virginia to take command of the British forces against the French in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1755/04/02", "description": " A naval fleet led by Commodore William James of the East India Company captures Tulaji Angre's fortress Suvarnadurg from the Marathas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1755/04/15", "description": " ''A Dictionary of the English Language'' is published by Samuel Johnson (he had begun the work 9 years earlier, in 1746).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1755/07/09", "description": " French and Indian War ampndash Braddock Expedition: British troops and colonial militiamen are ambushed and suffer a devastating defeat inflicted by French and Indian forces. During the battle, British General Edward Braddock is mortally wounded. Colonel George Washington survives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1755/07/17", "description": " In a convoy of ships from Great Britain, returning to India for the East India Company, the lead ship ''Dodington'' wrecks at Port Elizabeth, losing a chest of gold coins from Robert Clive, worth \u00a333,000.  In 1998, 1,400 coins are offered for sale, and in 2002 a portion is given to the South African government.{{cite web |title=Sailing Ship ''Dodington'' (history) |publisher=Dodington Family |year=2002 |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.dodingtonfamily.org\/shipdodingtonnotes.htm\">http:\/\/www.dodingtonfamily.org\/shipdodingtonnotes.htm<\/a> Ship-Notes |archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20050114210627\/http:\/\/www.dodingtonfamily.org\/shipdodingtonnotes.htm\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20050114210627\/http:\/\/www.dodingtonfamily.org\/shipdodingtonnotes.htm<\/a> |deadurl=yes |archivedate=2005-01-14 |accessdate=|accessdate=2 April 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1755/07/25", "description": " The decision to deport the Acadians is made during meetings of the Nova Scotia Council meeting in Halifax. From September 1755 to June 1763 the vast majority of Acadians are deported to one of the following British Colonies in America: Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina and Georgia. Contrary to popular belief, no Acadians are sent to Louisiana. Those sent to Virginia are refused and then sent on to Liverpool, Bristol, Southampton and Penryn in England. In 1758 the Fortress of Louisbourg falls and all of the civilian population of Isle Royal (Cape Breton Island) and Isle St. Jean (Prince Edward Island) are repatriated to France. Among them were several thousand Acadians who had escaped the deportation by fleeing into those areas. Very few Acadians successfully escape the deportation and do so only by fleeing into some of the northern sections of present day New Brunswick. The event inspires Longfellow to write the epic poem ''Evangeline''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1755/07/25", "description": "August ampampndash The Great Expulsion of the Acadians begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1755/11/01", "description": " 1755 Lisbon earthquake: In Portugal, Lisbon is destroyed by a massive earthquake and tsunami, killing 60,000\u201390,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1755/11/18", "description": " An earthquake occurs in the vicinity of Cape Ann, Massachusetts, causing extensive damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1755/11/25", "description": " King Ferdinand IV of Spain grants the Religious of the Virgin Mary in the Philippines royal protection.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1755/12/02", "description": " The second Eddystone Lighthouse off the coast of England is destroyed by fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1755/12/02", "description": "Wolsey, the clothes manufacturer, is established in Leicester, England the business celebrates its 250th anniversary in 2005.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1755/12/02", "description": "Construction of the Puning Temple complex in Chengde, China is complete, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1755/12/02", "description": "Joseph Black describes his discovery of carbon dioxide (ampquotfixed airampquot) and magnesium in a paper to the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh.ampampPublished 1756.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1755/12/02", "description": "The brine shrimp ''Artemia salina'' is first described, in Linnaeus' ''Systema Natur\u00e6''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1756/01/16", "description": " Treaty of Westminster signed between Great Britain and Prussia guaranteeing the neutrality of the German province of Hanover controlled by King George II of Great Britain.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=318}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1756/03/17", "description": " St. Patrick's Day is celebrated in New York City for the first time (at the Crown and Thistle Tavern).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1756/04/12", "description": " Seven Years' War: The French invade Minorca, at this time under British control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1756/05/15", "description": " Seven Years' War: The Seven Years' War formally begins when Great Britain declares war on France.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1756/05/20", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash Battle of Minorca: The British fleet under John Byng is defeated by the French under Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissoni\u00e8re.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1756/05/20", "description": "20 June ampampndash A garrison of the British Army in India is imprisoned in the Black Hole of Calcutta.ampref name=ampquotCassell's Chronologyampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1756/06/25", "description": "  The Marine Society is founded in London, the world's oldest seafarers' charity.{{cite web|title=History|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.marine-society.org\/history.aspx|publisher=Marine\">http:\/\/www.marine-society.org\/history.aspx|publisher=Marine<\/a> Society|accessdate=2012-01-06}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1756/06/29", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash Siege of Fort St Philip at Port Mahon: The British garrison in Minorca surrenders to the French after two months' siege by Armand de Vignerot du Plessis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1756/07/30", "description": " Bartolomeo Rastrelli presents the newly built Catherine Palace to Empress Elizabeth and her courtiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1756/08/14", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash French and Indian War: Fort Oswego falls to the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1756/08/29", "description": " Frederick II of Prussia invades Saxony, beginning the Seven Years' War on the continent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1756/10/01", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash Battle of Lobositz: Frederick defeats an Austrian army under Marshal Maximilian Ulysses Count Browne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1756/10/14", "description": " An Agreement of Friendship and Trade is signed by the Sultan Osman III and the King Frederick V. Denmark has appointed an extraordinary representative to the Ottoman Empire.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ees.dk\/db\/files\/praesentationsbrochure_tyrkiet.pdf|title=Danish\">http:\/\/www.ees.dk\/db\/files\/praesentationsbrochure_tyrkiet.pdf|title=Danish<\/a> Business Delegation to Turkey|publisher=Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs|accessdate=11 December 2010|quote=Trade between our two countries can be dated centuries back. In 1756 Denmark and The Ottoman Empire signed a treaty on commerce and friendship, which paved the way for closer ties both human and commercial between our two people...}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1756/10/14", "description": "December ampampndash Seven Years' War ampampndash French and Indian War: Militias of the Royal Colony of North Carolina build a fort on the province's western frontier to protect it against natives allied with the French. The fort is named Fort Dobbs in honor of North Carolina Governor Arthur Dobbs, who persuaded the North Carolina legislature to fund the construction a year earlier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1756/12/14", "description": "he play ''Douglas'' is performed for the first time in Edinburgh, with overwhelming success, in spite of the opposition of the local church presbytery, who summoned Alexander Carlyle to answer for having attended its representation. However, it fails in its early promise to set up a new Scottish dramatic tradition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1756/12/14", "description": "Frederick II of Prussia forces his country's peasants to grow the unpopular and obscure potato.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1756/12/14", "description": "The town of Gus-Khrustalny is established in Russia with the setting up of a crystal glass factory.ampamp{{cite book|title=\u042d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f \u0413\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438|year=2003|publisher=\u0411\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u042d\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f|location=Moscow|isbn=5-7107-7399-9|page=114}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1756/12/14", "description": "First chocolate-candy factory begins operations in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1756/12/14", "description": "Leopold Mozart publishes his book on his method for learning to play the violin, ''Versuch einer gr\u00fcndlichen Violinschule''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1757/01/02", "description": " Britain captures Calcutta (part of the fighting in the Seven Years' War).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1757/01/05", "description": " Robert-Fran\u00e7ois Damiens makes an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Louis XV of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1757/03/14", "description": " Seven Years' War: Admiral Sir John Byng is executed by firing squad aboard {{HMS|Monarch|1747|6}} for breach of the Articles of War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1757/05/06", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash Battle of Prague (1757): Frederick the Great defeats an Austrian army and begins to besiege the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1757/06/18", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash Battle of Kolin: Frederick is defeated by an Austrian army under Marshal Daun, forcing him to evacuate Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1757/06/23", "description": " Battle of Plassey: 3,000 British troops under Robert Clive defeat  a 50,000 strong Indian army under Siraj ud-Daulah at Plassey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1757/07/25", "description": " Alexandria de Laryria tried and executed for open rebellion.{{Clarify|date=October 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1757/07/26", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash Battle of Hastenbeck: An Anglo-Hanoverian army under the Duke of Cumberland is defeated by the French under Louis d'Estr\u00e9es and forced out of Hanover.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1757/07/30", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash Battle of Gross-J\u00e4gersdorf: A Prussian army under Hans von Lehwald is defeated by the Russian army of Marshal Stepan Apraksin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1757/08/03", "description": " August 9 ampndash French and Indian War: A French army under Louis-Joseph de Montcalm forces the English to surrender Fort William Henry. The French army's Indian allies slaughter the survivors for unclear reasons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1757/10/16", "description": " Seven Years' War: Hungarian raiders plunder Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1757/10/30", "description": " Osman III dies and is succeeded as Ottoman Sultan by Mustafa III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1757/11/05", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash Battle of Rossbach: Frederick defeats the French-Imperial army under the Duc de Soubise and Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen, forcing the French to withdraw from Saxony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1757/11/22", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash Battle of Breslau: An Austrian army under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine defeats the Prussian army of Wilhelm of Brunswick-Bevern and forces the Austrians behind the Oder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1757/11/22", "description": "Seven Years' War ampampndash Battle of Leuthen: Frederick defeats Prince Charles's Austrian army in what is generally considered the Prussian king's greatest tactical victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1757/11/22", "description": "Jigme Lingpa discovers the Longchen Nyingtig ter through a meditative vision which brought him to the Boudhanath Stupa.  The Longchen Nyingtig is a popular cycle of teachings in the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1757/11/22", "description": "Conclusion of Nam ti\u1ebfn, the southward expansion of the territory of Vietnam into the Indochina Peninsula.ampamp{{cite book|author=Nguyen The Anh|chapter=Le Nam tien dans les textes Vietnamiens|editor=Lafont, P. B. (ed)|title=Les frontieres du Vietnam|publisher=Edition l\u2019Harmattan|location=Paris|year=1989}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1757/11/22", "description": "Robert Wood publishes ''The ruins of Balbec, otherwise Heliopolis in Coelosyria'' in English and French, making the ancient city of Baalbek in Syria known to the West.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1757/11/22", "description": "Emanuel Swedenborg claims to have witnessed the Last Judgement occurring in the spiritual world.ampamp{{cite web|last=Miller|first=Craig|title=Did Emanuel Swedenborg Influence LDS Doctrine?|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/craigwmiller.tripod.com\/interest.htm|\">http:\/\/craigwmiller.tripod.com\/interest.htm|<\/a> accessdate= 03 September 2011 amp!--Added by DASHBot--amp| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110725151135\/http:\/\/craigwmiller.tripod.com\/interest.htm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110725151135\/http:\/\/craigwmiller.tripod.com\/interest.htm|<\/a> archivedate= 25 July 2011 amp!--Added by DASHBot--amp}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1758", "description": "March ampampndash James Abercrombie replaces the Earl of Loudoun as supreme commander in the American colonies. He is replaced himself after failing to take the fort at Ticonderoga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1758/04/29", "description": " Battle of Cuddalore: A British fleet under Sir George Pocock engages the French fleet of Anne Antoine d'Ach\u00e9 indecisively near Madras.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1758/05/21", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash French and Indian War: Mary Campbell is abducted from her home in Pennsylvania by Lenape.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1758/06/12", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash French and Indian War: Siege of Louisbourg: James Wolfe's attack at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia commences.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1758/06/23", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash Battle of Krefeld: Anglo-Hanoverian forces under Ferdinand of Brunswick defeat the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1758/06/30", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash Battle of Domstadtl: Austrian forces under Ernst Gideon von Laudon and Joseph von Siskovits rout an enormous convoy with supplies for the Prussian army, guarded by strong troops of Hans Joachim von Zieten.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1758/06/30", "description": "Pope Clement XIII succeeds Pope Benedict XIV as the 248th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1758/06/30", "description": "Seven Years' War ampampndash Battle of Bernetz Brook: British troops defeat the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1758/07/08", "description": " Seven Years' War: French and Indian War: French forces hold Fort Carillon against the British at Ticonderoga, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1758/07/25", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash French and Indian War: The island battery at Fortress Louisbourg is silenced and all French warships are destroyed or taken.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1758/08/03", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash Battle of Negapatam: Off the coast of India, Admiral Pocock again engages d'Ach\u00e9's French fleet, this time with more success.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1758/08/25", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash Battle of Zorndorf: Frederick defeats the Russian army of Count Wilhelm Fermor near the Oder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1758/09/03", "description": " Tavora affair: attempted assassination of Joseph I of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1758/09/14", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash French and Indian War: Battle of Fort Duquesne: A British attack on Fort Duquesne (present day Pittsburgh) is defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1758/10/14", "description": " Seven Years' War: Battle of Hochkirch: Frederick loses a hard-fought battle against the Austrians under Marshal Leopold von Daun, who besieges Dresden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1758/10/16", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash Battle of Clostercamp: The French defeat the combined 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legem virium in nalura existentium''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1758/12/25", "description": "Fire destroys part of Oslo, then called Christiania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1758/12/25", "description": "Carolus Linnaeus publishes the first volume (''Animalia'') of the tenth edition of his ''Systema Naturae'', the starting point of modern zoological nomenclature.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1758/12/25", "description": "The first Isakov family member (Trifun Isakov) is mentioned in ''Melenci''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/01/06", "description": " George Washington marries Martha Dandridge Custis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/01/11", "description": " In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the first American life insurance company is incorporated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/01/13", "description": " T\u00e1vora affair: The T\u00e1vora family is executed following accusations of the attempted regicide of Joseph I of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/01/15", "description": " The British Museum opens (after 6 years of development).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/04/14", "description": " Seven Years War ampndash Battle of Bergen: A French army defeats Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/05/01", "description": " Josiah Wedgwood founds the Wedgwood pottery company in Great Britain.", "lang": "en", 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Charles resigns the thrones of Naples and Sicily to his third son, Ferdinand IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/08/12", "description": " Battle of Kunersdorf: Frederick the Great is rebuffed in bloody assaults on the combined Austro\u2013Russian army of Pyotr Saltykov and Ernst von Laudon.  This is one of Frederick's greatest defeats.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/08/18", "description": " Battle of Lagos: The British fleet of Edward Boscawen defeats a French force under Commodore Jean-Fran\u00e7ois de La Clue-Sabran off the Portuguese coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/09/10", "description": " Battle of Pondicherry: An inconclusive naval battle is fought off the coast of India between the French Admiral d'Ach\u00e9 and the British under George Pocock. The French forces are badly damaged and returned home, never to return.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/09/13", "description": " Seven Years' War (French and Indian War): Quebec falls to British forces following General Wolfe's victory in the Battle of the Plains of Abraham just outside the city. Both the French Commander (the Marquis de Montcalm) and the British General James Wolfe are fatally wounded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/09/14", "description": " Carrington Bowles publishes ''A Journey Through Europe'', a board game designed by John Jefferys, the earliest board game whose designer's name is known.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/10/16", "description": " Smeaton's Tower, John Smeaton\u2019s Eddystone Lighthouse off the coast of South West England, is first illuminated.{{cite web|title=Eddystone Lighthouse|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.trinityhouse.co.uk\/interactive\/gallery\/eddystone.html|publisher=publisher=Trinity<\/a> House|accessdate=2006-09-06|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060909043743\/http:\/\/www.trinityhouse.co.uk\/interactive\/gallery\/eddystone.html|archivedate=09\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060909043743\/http:\/\/www.trinityhouse.co.uk\/interactive\/gallery\/eddystone.html|archivedate=09<\/a> September 2006 !--Added by DASHBot--}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/11/20", "description": " Battle of Quiberon Bay: The British fleet of Sir Edward Hawke defeats a French fleet under Marshal de Conflans near the coast of Brittany.  This is the decisive naval engagement of the Seven Years' War ampndash after this, the French are no longer able to field a significant fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/11/21", "description": " Battle of Maxen: The Austrian army of Marshal von Daun cuts off and forces the surrender of a Prussian force under Friedrich von Finck.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/11/21", "description": "November ampampndash Near East earthquake of 1759", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/12/06", "description": " The Germantown Union School (now called quotGermantown Academyquot), America's oldest nonsectarian day school, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/12/06", "description": "Adam Smith publishes his ''Theory of Moral Sentiments'', embodying some of his Glasgow lectures.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/12/06", "description": "Voltaire's ''Candide'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/12/06", "description": "The town of Egedesminde (modern Aasiaat) is founded in Greenland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/12/06", "description": "English clockmaker John Harrison produces his ampquotNo. 1 sea watchampquot (ampquotH4ampquot), the first successful marine chronometer.ampamp{{cite book|title=Royal Observatory Greenwich souvenir guide|year=2012|isbn=978-1-906367-51-0|pages=34-35|quote=the first precision watch and considered by many today as the most important timekeeper ever.}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/12/06", "description": "The Guinness Brewery is founded by Arthur Guinness in St. James's Gate, Dublin, Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/12/06", "description": "Kew Gardens established in England by Augusta of Saxe-Coburg, the mother of George III.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1084|title=Royal\">http:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1084|title=Royal<\/a> Botanic Gardens, Kew|work=World Heritage|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=2010-07-04|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100817210717\/http:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1084|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100817210717\/http:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1084|<\/a> archivedate=17 August 2010amp!--Added by DASHBot--amp}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/12/06", "description": "Churton Town, the Orange County, North Carolina county seat laid out in 1754, is renamed Childsburgh in honor of North Carolina attorney general Thomas Child. It is later renamed Hillsborough in 1766.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/12/06", "description": "Fire destroys 250 houses in Stockholm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/12/06", "description": "Madame du Coudray publishes ''Abr\u00e9g\u00e9 de l'art des accouchements'' (ampquotThe Art of Obstetricsampquot) and the French government authorizes her to carry her instruction ampquotthroughout the realmampquot and promises financial support.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1759/12/06", "description": "Carrington Bowles publishes ''A Journey Through Europe'', a board game designed by John Jeffreys, the earliest board game whose designer's name is known.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/01/09", "description": "Afghans defeat Marathas in battle of Barari Gha", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/01/22", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash At the Battle of Wandiwash in India, British general Sir Eyre Coote is victorious over the French under the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=320}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/01/28", "description": " Benning Wentworth creates the New Hampshire Grant of Pownal, Vermont.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/02/15", "description": " The British Royal Navy ship HMS ''Royal Katherine'' runs aground off Bolt Head in England with the loss of 699 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/02/21", "description": "26 ampndash Seven Years' War ampndash At the Battle of Carrickfergus in the north of Ireland, a force of French troops under the command of privateer Fran\u00e7ois Thurot captures and holds the town and castle of Carrickfergus before retiring the force is defeated (and Thurot killed) in a naval action in the Irish Sea on February 28.{{cite book|authorlink=Nicholas Rodger|last=Rodger|first=N. A. M.|title=The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649\u20131815|location=London|publisher=Penguin Books National Maritime Museum|year=2006|isbn=0-14-102690-1|page=283}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/02/27", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash French and Indian War: Cherokee natives allied with French forces attack a North Carolina militia stationed at Fort Dobbs in the western part of the province. The attack is repelled by the militia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/03/20", "description": " The ''Great Fire'' of Boston, Massachusetts, destroys 349 buildings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/03/20", "description": "MayampampndashJuly ampampndash 'Tacky's War', a slave rebellion, occurs in Jamaica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/06/04", "description": " Great Upheaval: New England planters arrive to claim land in Nova Scotia taken from the Acadians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/07/03", "description": " A lightning strike causes a major fire at Portsmouth Royal Dockyard in England.{{cite web|title=Portsmouth Dockyard|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk\/portsmouth_dockyard.htm|work=Battleships-Cruisers.co.uk|accessdate=2011-09-27}}{{cite\">http:\/\/www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk\/portsmouth_dockyard.htm|work=Battleships-Cruisers.co.uk|accessdate=2011-09-27}}{{cite<\/a> web|title=Chronology Of Events In Portsmouth ampndash 1700-1799|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.history.inportsmouth.co.uk\/events\/chronology-4.htm|work=History\">http:\/\/www.history.inportsmouth.co.uk\/events\/chronology-4.htm|work=History<\/a> In Portsmouth|accessdate=2011-09-27}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/07/08", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash French and Indian War: Battle of Restigouche: British defeat French forces in the last naval battle in New France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/07/19", "description": " A formal request is made to the Spanish government as to allow the founding of the later city of Mayag\u00fcez, Puerto Rico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/07/31", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash Battle of Warburg: The Anglo-Hanoverian army of Ferdinand of Brunswick storms Warburg, with a heroic role being played by the English commander Lord Granby.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/08/21", "description": " The church (later cathedral) of ''Our Lady of Candlemas of Mayag\u00fcez (Puerto Rico)'' is founded, establishing the basis for the founding of the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/08/30", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash Battle of Legnica: By a series of brilliant maneuvers, Frederick the Great manages to defeat the Austrian army of Marshal Laudon before it can unite with that of Marshal Daun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/09/08", "description": " Seven Years' War: Jeffery Amherst captures Montreal.{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=222|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/09/18", "description": " The town (later city) of Mayag\u00fcez, Puerto Rico, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/10/09", "description": " Russian troops enter Berlin, but soon withdraw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/10/16", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash Battle of Kloster-Kamp: Ferdinand of Brunswick is beaten back from the Rhine by a French army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/10/25", "description": " George II of Great Britain dies his grandson George III ascends to the throne. He will reign until January 1820.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/11/03", "description": " Seven Years' War ampndash Battle of Torgau: In another extremely hard battle, Frederick defeats Daun's Austrians, who withdraw across the Elbe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/11/03", "description": "Dr. James Fordyce's two-volume compendium, ''Sermons for Young Women'', is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/11/03", "description": "Western countries pay 3,000,000 ounces of silver for Chinese goods.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1760/11/03", "description": "''approximate date'' ampampndash Abu Dhabi is founded.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1761/01/14", "description": " Third Battle of Panipat: The Marathas are defeated by the Afghans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1761/01/16", "description": " The British capture Pondicherry, India from the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1761/02/08", "description": " An earthquake in London breaks chimneys in Limehouse and Poplar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1761/03/08", "description": " A second earthquake occurs in North London, Hampstead and Highgate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1761/06/06", "description": " A transit of Venus occurs, and is observed from 120 locations around the Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1761/07/17", "description": "The first section of the Bridgewater Canal is opened, for the transportation of coal from local mines to Manchester.''BBC History'', July 2011, p 12", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1761/09/08", "description": " George III of the United Kingdom marries Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (Queen Charlotte).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1761/09/19", "description": " The slave trade to and within Portugal is forbidden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1761/09/22", "description": " George III of the United Kingdom and Queen Charlotte are crowned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1761/12/16", "description": " Seven Years' War: After four months of siege, the Russians under Pyotr Rumyantsev take the Prussian fortress of Kolberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1761/12/16", "description": "In Dutch Guyana, a ampquotstateampquot formed by escaped slaves signs a treaty with the local governor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1761/12/16", "description": "Matthew Boulton's ''Soho Manufactory'' opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1761/12/16", "description": "The tune to ''Twinkle Twinkle Little Star'' is published in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1761/12/16", "description": "Faber-Castell Company was founded by Kasper Faber in Nuremberg, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1761/12/16", "description": "Johann Heinrich Lambert found a proof that \u03c0 is irrational.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/01/04", "description": " Britain declares war on Spain and Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/01/05", "description": " Empress Elisabeth of Russia dies and is succeeded by her nephew Peter III. Peter, an admirer of Frederick the Great, immediately opens peace negotiations with the Prussians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/02/05", "description": " The Great Holocaust of the Sikhs is carried out by the forces of Ahmed Shah Abdali in Punjab. In all, over 500,000 men, women and children perish in this campaign of slaughter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/05/15", "description": " The Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1762) ends the war between Russia and Prussia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/05/22", "description": " The Treaty of Hamburg takes Sweden out of the war against Prussia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/06/24", "description": " Battle of Wilhelmsthal: The Anglo-Hanoverian army of Ferdinand of Brunswick defeats the French forces in Westphalia. The British commander Lord Granby distinguishes himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/07/09", "description": " Catherine II becomes empress of Russia upon the deposition of her husband Peter III. The incipient Russo-Prussian alliance falls apart, but Russia does not rejoin the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/07/21", "description": " Battle of Burkersdorf: In his last major battle, Frederick defeats Marshal Daun in Silesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/07/21", "description": "September ampampndash Empress Go-Sakuramachi succeeds her brother Emperor Momozono on the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/09/15", "description": " Battle of Signal Hill: British troops defeat the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/09/24", "description": "October 5 ampndash Battle of Manila: Troops of the British East India Company take Manila from the Spanish, leading to the British occupation of Manila and its being made an open port.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/10/29", "description": " Battle of Freiberg: Prince Henry of Prussia, Frederick's brother, defeats the Austrian army of Marshal Serbelloni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/11/13", "description": " Treaty of Fontainebleau, a secret agreement in which Louis XV of France cedes Louisiana (New France) to Charles III of Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/11/13", "description": "Louis XV orders the construction of the Petit Trianon, in the park of the Palace of Versailles, for his mistress Madame de Pompadour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/11/13", "description": "Neolin, a Delaware tribe prophet, begins to preach in America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/11/13", "description": "The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates Kingston, named for King George III of the United Kingdom, as the county seat of Dobbs County, North Carolina. The name is later shortened to Kinston in 1784.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/11/13", "description": "The town of Charlottesville, Virginia, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/11/13", "description": "Building of the Plymouth Synagogue in Plymouth, England, the oldest built by Ashkenazi Jews in the English-speaking world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/11/13", "description": "French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau publishes his famous books, ''The Social Contract'' and ''\u00c9mile, or On Education''", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1762/11/13", "description": "James Stuart and Nicholas Revett's architectural treatise ''Antiquities of Athens''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1763/02/01", "description": " The Royal Colony of North Carolina officially creates Mecklenburg County from the western portion of Anson County. The county is named for Queen Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, who married George III of the United Kingdom in 1761.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1763/02/10", "description": " French and Indian War\/Seven Years' War: The 1763 Treaty of Paris ends the war and France cedes Canada to Great Britain.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1763/02/15", "description": " The Treaty of Hubertusburg puts an end to the Seven Years' War between Prussia and Austria and their allies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1763/02/23", "description": " The Berbice Slave Uprising starts in the former Dutch colony of Berbice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1763/03/01", "description": " Charles Townshend becomes President of the Board of Trade in the British government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1763/05/07", "description": "  Chief Pontiac begins the quotConspiracy of Pontiacquot by attacking British forces at Fort Detroit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1763/06/02", "description": " Pontiac's Rebellion: At what is now Mackinaw City, Michigan, Chippewas capture Fort Michilimackinac by diverting the garrison's attention with a game of lacrosse, then chasing a ball into the fort.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1763/06/28", "description": " A massive earthquake occurs on the same day in Kom\u00e1rom in Hungary, in Kom\u00e1rno in Slovakia and in Zs\u00e1mb\u00e9k in Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1763/07/07", "description": " The British East India Company declare Mir Qasim, the Nawab of Bengal, to be deposed.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=322}}ref name=Murshidabad{{cite web|title=Murshidabad|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.royalark.net\/India4\/murshid8.htm|accessdate=2012-02-29|archiveurl=http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/65tNQwQ2B|archivedate=2012-03-03|deadurl=no}}\">http:\/\/www.royalark.net\/India4\/murshid8.htm|accessdate=2012-02-29|archiveurl=http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/65tNQwQ2B|archivedate=2012-03-03|deadurl=no}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1763/08/02", "description": " Mir Qasim routed at Odwa Nala.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/ He flees to Patna, where he massacres the English garrison,ref name=Murshidabad\/ but is subsequently defeated at Katwa, Murshidabad, Giria, Sooty, Udayanala and Munger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1763/08/05", "description": " Pontiac's War ampndash Battle of Bushy Run: British forces led by Henry Bouquet defeat Chief Pontiac's Indians at Bushy Run in the Pennsylvania backcountry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1763/08/05", "description": "August ampampndash Fire in Smyrna, Turkey, destroys 2,600 houses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1763/09/01", "description": " Catherine II of Russia endorses Ivan Betskoy's plans for a Foundling Home in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1763/10/07", "description": " The Royal Proclamation of 1763 is issued by George III of the United Kingdom, restricting westward expansion of British North America and stabilizing relations with indigenous peoples of the Americas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1763/11/24", "description": " Bayes' theorem is first announced.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.york.ac.uk\/depts\/maths\/histstat\/letter.pdf|title=A\">http:\/\/www.york.ac.uk\/depts\/maths\/histstat\/letter.pdf|title=A<\/a> Letter from the Late Reverend Mr. Thomas Bayes, F.R.S. to John Canton, M.A. and F.R.S.|format=PDF|date=1763-11-24|accessdate=2012-03-01}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1763/11/24", "description": "Little Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey, damaged in an earthquake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1763/11/24", "description": "The seat of colonial administration in the Viceroyalty of Brazil is moved from Salvador to Rio de Janeiro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1763/11/24", "description": "Joseph Haydn writes his Symphony No. 13.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1764/01/07", "description": " Siculicidium: Hundreds of innocent Sz\u00e9kely people are murdered by the Austrians in a massacre at Mad\u00e9falva (Transylvania, Kingdom of Hungary).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1764/01/19", "description": " John Wilkes is expelled from the House of Commons of Great Britain for seditious libel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1764/02/15", "description": " The American city of St Louis is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1764/04/06", "description": " The Sugar Act is    passed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1764/06/21", "description": " The English-language ''Quebec Gazette'' is established in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. As of 2008, it is the oldest surviving newspaper in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1764/06/29", "description": " A Level 5 tornado hits Woldegk, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1764/09/07", "description": " Stanis\u0142aw August Poniatowski is elected as the King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1764/10/15", "description": " English scholar Edward Gibbon conceives the idea of writing ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' quotas I sat musing amid the ruins of the Capitolquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1764/10/22", "description": " Battle of Buxar: The British East India Company defeats the combined armies of Mir Kasim, the Nawab of Bengal, the Nawab of Awadh, and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1764/11/09", "description": " Mary Campbell, a captive of the Lenape during the French and Indian War, is turned over to forces commanded by Colonel Henry Bouquet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1764/11/16", "description": " Chief Pontiac surrenders to the British.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1764/11/16", "description": "The Royal Colony of North Carolina establishes a new county from the eastern portion of Granville County and names it Bute County for John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, who had recently resigned his post as Prime Minister of Great Britain.  In 1779 the State of North Carolina abolishes the county when it forms Warren County from the northern portion and Franklin County from the southern portion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1764/11/16", "description": "The French government withdraws the wartime taxes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1764/11/16", "description": "Immanuel Kant - ''Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime (Beobachtungen \u00fcber das Gef\u00fchl des Sch\u00f6nen und Erhabenen)''", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1764/11/16", "description": "Horace Walpole - ''The Castle of Otranto'' ampquota story, translated by William Marshal, Gent., from the original Italian of Onuphrio Muraltoampquot, the first Gothic novel", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/01/23", "description": " Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor marries Princess Maria Josepha of Bavaria in Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/03/09", "description": " After a public campaign by the writer Voltaire, judges in Paris posthumously exonerate Jean Calas of murdering his son. Calas had been tortured and executed in 1762 on the charge, though his son may have committed suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/03/22", "description": " The Parliament of Great Britain passes the Stamp Act, imposing the first direct tax levied from Great Britain on the thirteen American colonies. This is to help pay for British military operations in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/03/24", "description": " Great Britain passes the Quartering Act, requiring the thirteen American colonies to house British troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/05/18", "description": " Fire destroys one quarter of the town of Montreal, Quebec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/06/21", "description": " The Isle of Man is brought under British control, the Isle of Man Purchase Act (coming into force 10 May) confirming HM Treasury's purchase of the feudal rights of the Dukes of Atholl as Lord of Mann over the island and revesting them into the British Crown.{{cite book|last=Hartley Booth|first=V. E.|last2=Sells|first2=Peter|title=British extradition law and procedure: including extradition between the United Kingdom and foreign states, the Commonwealth and dependent countries and the Republic of Ireland|publisher=Sijthoff amp Noordhoff|location=Alphen aan den Rijn|year=1980|page=5|isbn=978-90-286-0079-9|oclc=6890466}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/08/09", "description": " Russian Empress Catherine II issues a decree authorizing the new way to produce vodka (by freezing).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/08/14", "description": " In protest at the Stamp Act, Bostonians attack the home of official Andrew Oliver.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/08/18", "description": " Josef II becomes Holy Roman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/08/26", "description": " In protest at the Stamp Act, Bostonians destroy home of lieutenant governor Thomas Hutchinson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/09/06", "description": " Jean-Jacques Rousseau's house in Switzerland is stoned by a mob.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/09/21", "description": " Fran\u00e7ois Antoine announces he has killed the Beast of G\u00e9vaudan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/10/17", "description": " The ''Pennsylvania Gazette'' reports that a Mr. McCullough, the Distributor of Stamps for the Royal Colony of North Carolina, has resigned his post in protest at the Stamp Act. A Dr. Huston is appointed to the position.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/11/01", "description": " The Stamp Act goes into effect in the thirteen American colonies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/12/12", "description": " The ''Pennsylvania Gazette'' reports that Dr. Huston, the recently instated Distributor of Stamps for the Royal Colony of North Carolina, has resigned his post in protest at the Stamp Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/12/12", "description": "The first chocolate factory in the United States is established by Dr. James Baker at Dorchester, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/12/12", "description": "The first true restaurant opens in Paris, where a tavern-keeper named Boulanger sells cooked dishes at an all-night place on the Rue Bailleul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/12/12", "description": "James Watt makes a breakthrough in the development of the steam engine by constructing a model with a separate condenser.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/12/12", "description": "In Lisbon, the ''auto-da-f\u00e9'' parade (often an excuse for violence against Jews or Christian 'heretics') is abolished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1765/12/12", "description": "Desai Atash Behram is established in Navsari, India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1766/01/01", "description": " Bonnie Prince Charlie becomes the new Stuart claimant to the throne of Great Britain as King Charles III and figurehead for Jacobitism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1766/01/14", "description": " Christian VII becomes King of Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1766/02/05", "description": " An observer in Wilmington, North Carolina reports to the Edinburgh newspaper ''Caledonian Mercury'' that three ships were seized by British men-of-war on the charge of carrying official documents without stamps. The strict enforcement causes seven other ships to leave Wilmington for other ports.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1766/02/18", "description": " ''Meermin'' slave mutiny: captive Malagasy people seize a Dutch East India Company slave ship in the Indian Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1766/02/20", "description": " The ''Pennsylvania Gazette'' reports that a British sloop outside of Wilmington, North Carolina seized 1 sloop sailing from Philadelphia and 1 sloop sailing from Saint Christopher on the charge of carrying official documents without stamps. In response, local residents threaten to burn a Royal Man-of-War attempting to deliver stamps to Wilmington, forcing the ship to return to the mouth of the Cape Fear River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1766/02/23", "description": " Lorraine becomes French again on the death of Stanislaus I Leszczy\u0144ski, King of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1766/02/23", "description": "February ampampndash Ferocious wolf attacks occur in France, such as the Beast of G\u00e9vaudan or Wolves of P\u00e9rigord.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1766/03/05", "description": " Antonio de Ulloa, the first Spanish governor of Louisiana, arrives in New Orleans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1766/03/18", "description": " American Revolution: The British Parliament repeals the Stamp Act which is very unpopular in the British colonies. The persuasion of Benjamin Franklin is considered partly responsible. The Declaratory Act asserts the right of Britain to bind the colonies in all other respects.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1766/11/10", "description": " The last Colonial governor of New Jersey, William Franklin, signs the charter of Queen's College (later renamed Rutgers University).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1766/11/27", "description": " An observer in New York City, in the Province of New York reports to the ''Pennsylvania Gazette'' that a British Sloop of War is searching all vessels passing near Cape Lookout, North Carolina and that some vessels have been seized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1766/12/02", "description": " Sweden introduces its Freedom of the Press Act, becoming the first country of the world to protect freedom of the press in the Constitution, and the first country in the world to grant a wide-ranging freedom of information.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1766/12/02", "description": "Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart returns to Salzburg after touring Paris and London with his father.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1766/12/02", "description": "The Burmese begin to invade the Thai kingdom of Ayutthaya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1766/12/02", "description": "What is now England's oldest surviving Georgian theatre is constructed in Stockton-on-Tees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1766/12/02", "description": "Childsburgh, the Orange County, North Carolina county seat laid out as Corbin Town in 1754 and renamed in 1759, is renamed Hillsborough in honor of Wills Hill, Earl of Hillsborough.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1767/01/01", "description": " The ''Nautical Almanac'' for the first time gives mariners the means to find their longitude while at sea, using tables of lunar distances.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1767/01/09", "description": " William Tryon, governor of the Royal Colony of North Carolina, signs a contract with architect John Hawks to build Tryon Palace, a lavish Georgian style governor's mansion on the New Bern waterfront.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1767/06/18", "description": " First confirmed sighting of Tahiti by a European, Samuel Wallis, an English sea captain.{{cite journal|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jps.auckland.ac.nz\/document\/Volume_12_1903\/Volume_12,_No.3,_September_1903\/Who_discovered_Tahiti%3F_by_Geo._Collingridge,_p184-186|work=Journal\">http:\/\/www.jps.auckland.ac.nz\/document\/Volume_12_1903\/Volume_12,_No.3,_September_1903\/Who_discovered_Tahiti%3F_by_Geo._Collingridge,_p184-186|work=Journal<\/a> of the Polynesian Society|volume=12|year=1903|title=Who Discovered Tahiti?|first=Geo.|last=Collingridge|pages=184\u2013186}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1767/06/18", "description": "Pitcairn Island is first definitely sighted by Midshipman Robert Pitcairn on an expeditionary voyage commanded by Philip Carteret.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1767/06/18", "description": "Norway's oldest newspaper still in print, ''Adresseavisen'', is first published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1767/08/26", "description": " Construction begins on Tryon Palace in New Bern, North Carolina.  The construction proves more expensive than initially expected, leading the government to increase local taxes.  This stirs resentment among some North Carolinians and helps prolong the War of the Regulation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1767/08/26", "description": "Autumn ampampndash North Carolina woodsman Daniel Boone goes through the Cumberland Gap and reaches Kentucky, in defiance of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 issued by King George III. He discovers a rich hunting ground, contested by several Native American tribes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1768/01/09", "description": " Philip Astley stages the first modern circus, with acrobats on galloping horses, in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1768/02/11", "description": " Samuel Adams's circular letter is issued by the Massachusetts House of Representatives and sent to the other Thirteen Colonies. Refusal to revoke the letter will result in dissolution of the Massachusetts Assembly and (from October) the occupation of Boston by the British Army (resisted by the citizens).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1768/05/10", "description": " John Wilkes is imprisoned for writing an article for the ''North Briton'' severely criticizing King George III. This action provokes protesters to riot in the Southwark district of London, troops fire on the mob, killing seven, the Massacre of St George's Fields.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk\/LONstgeorge.htm|title=St.\">http:\/\/www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk\/LONstgeorge.htm|title=St.<\/a> George's Field Riot|publisher=Spartacus|accessdate=2012-03-03}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1768/05/15", "description": " After the Treaty of Versailles, the island of Corsica is ceded by Genoa to France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1768/08/08", "description": " James Cook departs from Plymouth on his first voyage of discovery.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/southseas.nla.gov.au\/journals\/cook\/17680807.html|title=Cook\">http:\/\/southseas.nla.gov.au\/journals\/cook\/17680807.html|title=Cook<\/a>'s Journal: Daily Entries, 7 August 1768|accessdate=2007-08-10|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070923210354\/http:\/\/southseas.nla.gov.au\/journals\/cook\/17680807.html|archivedate=23\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070923210354\/http:\/\/southseas.nla.gov.au\/journals\/cook\/17680807.html|archivedate=23<\/a> September 2007 !--Added by DASHBot--}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1768/12/01", "description": " The slave ship ''Fredensborg'' sinks off Trom\u00f8y in Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1768/12/10", "description": " Royal Academy founded in London, with Joshua Reynolds as its first President.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1768/12/21", "description": " King Prithvi Narayan Shah unifies several small kingdoms to establish the modern-day Nepal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1768/12/21", "description": "The Petit Trianon, originally designed for Madame de Pompadour, is completed in the park of the Palace of Versailles and inaugurated by Louis XV of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1768/12/21", "description": "New Smyrna, Florida, the largest attempt at colonization by the British in the New World, is founded by Dr. Andrew Turnbull.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1768/12/21", "description": "A Secretary of State for the colonies is appointed in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1768/12/21", "description": "Louis XV of France appoints Ren\u00e9 de Maupeou as chancellor and orders him to crush the judicial opposition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1768/12/21", "description": "Bougainville Strait is discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1768/12/21", "description": "First of the weekly numbers of the ''Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica'', edited by William Smellie, are published in Edinburgh one hundred are planned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1768/12/21", "description": "The Steller's sea cow, discovered on Bering Island in 1741, is driven to extinction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/03/16", "description": " Louis Antoine de Bougainville returns to Saint-Malo following a three-year circumnavigation of the world with the ships ''La Boudeuse'' and ''\u00c9toile'', with the loss of only seven out of 330 men among the returning crew is Jeanne Bar\u00e9, the first woman known to have circumnavigated the globe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/04/13", "description": " James Cook arrives in Tahiti on the ship HM Bark ''Endeavour'', preparing to observe the transit of the planet Venus, which takes place on June 3. After the voyage, the data is found to be inaccurate in determining the distance between the Sun and Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/04/29", "description": " James Watt is granted a patent for improvements to the steam engine, an invention which helps inaugurate the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/05/09", "description": " France conquers Corsica", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/05/14", "description": " Charles III of Spain sends Spanish missionaries, who found California missions in San Diego, Santa Barbara, San Francisco and Monterey and begin the settlement of California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/05/19", "description": " Pope Clement XIV succeeds Pope Clement XIII as the 249th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/06/03", "description": " (O.S.) A transit of Venus is followed five hours later by a total solar eclipse, the shortest such interval in the historical past. The transit is viewed by King George III of Great Britain at the Kew Observatory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/06/07", "description": " Frontiersman Daniel Boone first begins to explore the present-day Bluegrass State, Kentucky.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/07/16", "description": " Father Jun\u00edpero Serra founds Mission San Diego de Alcal\u00e1, the first of the 21 California missions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/08/03", "description": " The party of Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 becomes the first white group to set foot in the area now known as Santa Monica, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/08/03", "description": "September ampampndash Massive droughts in Bengal, which lead to the Bengal famine of 1770 in which ten million people, a third of the population, will die, the worst natural disaster in human history (in terms of lives lost).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/09/06", "description": "September 9 ampndash David Garrick holds the first Shakespeare Festival at Stratford-upon-Avon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/09/10", "description": " Russo-Turkish War (1768\u20131774): Russian forces take the Ottoman fortress of Chocim in Bukovina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/10/07", "description": " James Cook lands in New Zealand at Poverty Bay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/12/13", "description": " Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire is established as John Wentworth, the Royal Governor, conveys a charter from King George III of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/12/13", "description": "Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot demonstrates a steam-powered artillery tractor (''see drawing'') in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/12/13", "description": "The Maharajah of Mysore forces the British to agree a treaty of mutual assistance in view of the famine, but the British East India Company increases its demands on the Bengali people to keep profits up.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/12/13", "description": "Richard Arkwright invents the spinning frame.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/12/13", "description": "The city of Brescia, Italy is devastated when the Church of San Nazaro, near Venice, is struck by lightning.  The resulting fire ignites 200,000ampampnbsplb (90,000ampampnbspkg) of gunpowder being stored there, causing a massive explosion which destroys 1\/6 of the city and kills 3,000 people. The disaster prompts the Roman Catholic Church to abandon their religious objection to using lightning rods to protect their property. {{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1769/12/13", "description": "Authorized King James Version of the Bible in the Oxford standard text edited by Benjamin Blayney.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/01/01", "description": " Foundation of Fort George, Bombay laid by Colonel Keating, principal engineer, on the site of the former Dongri Fort.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/03/05", "description": " Boston Massacre: Eleven Americans are shot, five fatally, by British troops in an event that helps start the American Revolutionary War 5 years later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/04/19", "description": " British explorer Captain James Cook and his crew aboard {{HMS|Endeavour}} become the first recorded Europeans to encounter the eastern coastline of the Australian continent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/04/20", "description": " Georgian king Erekle II defeats Persians in battle of Aspindza, though Russian General Totleben betrays him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/04/29", "description": " James Cook drops anchor in a wide bay about 16 km (10ampnbspmi) south of the present city of Sydney, Australia. Because the young botanist on board the ship, Joseph Banks, discovers 30,000 specimens of plant life in the area, 1,600 of them unknown to European science, Cook calls the place Botany Bay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/05/07", "description": " Fourteen-year-old  Marie Antoinette arrives at the French court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/05/16", "description": " Marie Antoinette marries Louis-Auguste (who later becomes King Louis XVI of France).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/05/16", "description": " Fireworks lit by Eric Engelbrecht, at the wedding of the crown prince of France in Paris, cause a fire, killing 132 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/05/16", "description": "June ampampndash The Spanish governor of Buenos Aires sends five frigates to Port Egmont, landing some 1600 marines. The small British force present promptly surrenders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/06/03", "description": " Gaspar de Portol\u00e0 and Father Jun\u00edpero Serra establish Monterey, the ''presidio''  of Alta California territory for Spain from 1777\u20131822, United Mexican States 1824\u20131846, until the California Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/07/01", "description": " Lexell's Comet (D\/1770 L1) passes the Earth at a distance of 2184129ampnbspkm, the closest approach by a comet in recorded history.{{cite web|title=D\/1770 L1 (Lexell)|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/cometography.com\/pcomets\/1770l1.html|work=Gary\">http:\/\/cometography.com\/pcomets\/1770l1.html|work=Gary<\/a> W. Kronk's Cometography|accessdate=2012-07-02}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/07/05", "description": " Battle of Chesma and Battle of Larga: The Russian Empire defeats the Ottoman Empire in both battles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/08/01", "description": "July 21 in Julian Calendar) ampndash Russo-Turkish War (1768\u20131774) ampndash Battle of Kagul: Russian commander Pyotr Rumyantsev routs 150,000 Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/08/22", "description": " James Cook claims the eastern coast of New Holland (Australia) for Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/08/22", "description": "Falklands Crisis (1770).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/08/22", "description": "Johann Gottfried Herder meets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in Strasbourg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/08/22", "description": "Joseph Priestley, British chemist, recommends the use of a rubber to remove pencil marks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/08/22", "description": "Joseph Louis Lagrange proves Bachet's Conjecture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/08/22", "description": "The Baron d'Holbach's (anonymous) materialist work ''Le Syst\u00e8me de la Nature ou Des Loix du Monde Physique et du Monde Moral'' is produced in Neuch\u00e2tel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1770/08/22", "description": "The Louth Navigation canal in Lincolnshire, England opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/01/05", "description": " Great Kalmyk (Torghut) Migration under Ubashi Khan from the east bank of the Lower Volga River back to the homeland of Dzungaria, at this time under Qing Dynasty rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/01/09", "description": " Emperor Go-Momozono accedes to the throne of Japan, following his aunt's abdication.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/01/09", "description": "March ampampndash War of the Regulation: North Carolina Governor William Tryon raises a militia to put down the long running uprising of backcountry militias against North Carolina's colonial government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/03/12", "description": " The North Carolina General Assembly establishes Wake County (named for Margaret Wake, the wife of North Carolina Royal Governor William Tryon) from portions of Cumberland, Johnston and Orange counties.  Bloomsbury (later known as Wake Courthouse) is made the informal county seat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/05/11", "description": " War of the Regulation: North Carolina Governor William Tryon marches his militia out of Hillsborough to come to the aid of General Hugh Waddell's beleaguered forces.  Tryon's army stops at Alamance Creek, {{convert|5|mi|km}} away from the Regulator army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/05/16", "description": " War of the Regulation: The Battle of Alamance commences after Regulators reject an appeal by Governor Tryon to peacefully disperse. Governor Tryon's forces crush the rebellion, causing many Regulators to move to frontier areas outside of North Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/05/23", "description": " Battle of Lanckorona: A force of 4,000 Russians under Alexander Suvorov defeat a Polish formation of 1,300 men.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/05/23", "description": "May ampampndash The Three battles of Sarbakusa: an alliance of three of the most powerful aristocrats of Ethiopia ampampndash Goshu of Amhara, Wand Bewossen, and Fasil of Damot ampampndash defeats ''Ras'' Mikael Sehul and Emperor Tekle Haymanot I, taking control of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/07/13", "description": " Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774: Russian forces occupy the Crimea{{cite web|title=Ukraine|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.worldstatesmen.org\/Ukraine.html|work=World\">http:\/\/www.worldstatesmen.org\/Ukraine.html|work=World<\/a> Statesmen|year=2000|accessdate=2011-11-01}} under Prince Vasily Dolgorukov.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/07/17", "description": " Bloody Falls Massacre: Chipewyan chief Matonabbee, traveling as the guide to Samuel Hearne on his Arctic overland journey, massacres a group of unsuspecting Inuit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/08/08", "description": " The first recorded town cricket match at Horsham in England is played.{{cite web|title=Horsham Cricket Club History|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.horshamcc.com\/history\/default.aspx|publisher=Horsham\">http:\/\/www.horshamcc.com\/history\/default.aspx|publisher=Horsham<\/a> Cricket Club|accessdate=2011-11-01}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/09/08", "description": " In California, Fathers Pedro Cambon and Angel Somera found the Mission San Gabriel Arcangel in what is now San Gabriel, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/09/15", "description": "17 ampndash Plague Riot in Moscow resulting from an outbreak of bubonic plague which kills 57,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/10/09", "description": " The Dutch merchant ship ''Vrouw Maria'' sinks off the coast of Finland Captain Raymund Lourens and his crew escape unharmed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/11/16", "description": " During the night the River Tyne, England, floods, destroying many bridges and killing several people the replacement main bridge at Newcastle upon Tyne will not be completed until 1781.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/11/17", "description": " Premiere in Milan of the opera ''Ascanio in Alba'' by Wolfgang Mozart, age 15.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/11/17", "description": "The territory of Baden-Baden is inherited by the Margrave of Baden-Durlach, forming Baden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/11/17", "description": "The trade monopoly with Iceland is transferred to the Danish crown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/11/17", "description": "The North Carolina General Assembly passes an act establishing the town of Martinsborough, named for Royal Governor Josiah Martin, on the land of Richard Evans, which will serve as the county seat of Pitt County.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/11/17", "description": "Construction of the Putuo Zongcheng Temple complex in Chengde, China is completed during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/11/17", "description": "Society of Civil Engineers first meets (in London), the world's oldest engineering society.ampamp{{cite book|last=Watson|first=Garth|title=The Smeatonians: The Society of Civil Engineers|publisher=Thomas Telford|year=1989|location=London|isbn=0-7277-1526-7}}ampampampamp{{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Gwilym|title=From Kendal's Coffee House to Great George Street|publisher=Thomas Telford|year=1995|location=London|isbn=0-7277-2022-8}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1771/11/17", "description": "Slovene literature: Istv\u00e1n K\u00fczmics, the Hungarian Slovene writer and evangelical pastor, publishes (in Halle) the ''Nouvi Z\u00e1kon'', a translation of the New Testament into the Prekmurje dialect, with discrete South Slavic artwork.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1772/01/17", "description": " Johann Friedrich Struensee and Queen Caroline Matilda are arrested, leading to his execution and her banishment from Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1772/02/12", "description": " The Virginia Assembly amends an act to describe the punishments for the practice of gouging.ref name=quotHeningquot{{cite web |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/vagenweb.org\/hening\/vol08-25.htm\">http:\/\/vagenweb.org\/hening\/vol08-25.htm<\/a> |title=Hening's Statutes at Large |author=William Walter Hening |accessdate=9 April 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1772/02/17", "description": " The first partition of Poland is agreed to by Russia and Prussia, later including Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1772/02/17", "description": "May ampampndash The Watauga Association is formed in East Tennessee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1772/06/09", "description": " The British vessel ''Gaspee'' is burned off of Rhode Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1772/06/22", "description": " Lord Mansfield delivers the decision that leads to the end of slavery in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1772/08/05", "description": " The First Partition of Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1772/08/12", "description": " The volcano Mount Papandayan in West Java erupts and partially collapses, the debris avalanche killing several thousands.{{cite web|title=Papandayan|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=2010-09-09|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.volcano.si.edu\/world\/volcano.cfm?vnum=0603-10=}}\">http:\/\/www.volcano.si.edu\/world\/volcano.cfm?vnum=0603-10=}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1772/08/21", "description": " The coup d'\u00e9tat by King Gustav III is completed by adopting a new Constitution, ending half a century of parliamentary rule in Sweden and making him an enlightened despot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1772/09/01", "description": " Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa is founded in San Luis Obispo, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1772/11/02", "description": " American Revolutionary War: Samuel Adams and Joseph Warren form the first Committee of Correspondence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/01/12", "description": " The first American museum opens to the public in Charleston, South Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/01/17", "description": " Captain James Cook becomes the first European explorer to cross the Antarctic Circle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/01/18", "description": " The first opera performance in the Swedish language, ''Thetis and Phel\u00e9e'', performed by Carl Stenborg and Elisabeth Olin in Bollhuset, marks the establishment of the Royal Swedish Opera.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/04/27", "description": "r May 10 ampndash The British Parliament passes the Tea Act, designed to save the British East India Company by granting it a monopoly on the North American tea trade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/05/08", "description": " In Egypt, Ottoman rebels revolt, killing Ali Bey, Mamluk Sultan of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/07/21", "description": " Under the pressure of the Bourbon courts, Pope Clement XIV suppresses the Society of Jesus (brief ''Dominus ac Redemptor'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/09/11", "description": " ''The Public Advertiser'' publishes a satirical essay titled ''Rules By Which A Great Empire May Be Reduced To A Small One,'' written by Benjamin Franklin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/09/11", "description": "Daniel Boone leads the first attempt by British colonists to establish a settlement in Kentucky, but is turned back in an attack by American Indians in which his son is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/09/11", "description": "Paul Revere marries Rachel Walker, his second wife.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/10/12", "description": " America's first insane asylum opens for ''Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds'' in Williamsburg, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/10/13", "description": " French astronomer Charles Messier discovers the ''Whirlpool Galaxy'', an interacting, grand-design spiral galaxy located at a distance of approximately 23 million light-years in the constellation Canes Venatici.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/10/14", "description": " The Komisja Edukacji Narodowej (Polish for ''Commission for the Education of the People''), formed in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, is considered to be the first ministry of education in the history of mankind.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/12/16", "description": " Boston Tea Party: A group of Americans, dressed as Mohawk Indians, steal aboard ships of the British East India Company and dump their cargo of tea into Boston Harbor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/12/16", "description": "Antigua, Guatemala is destroyed by an earthquake, and the capital of Guatemala is moved to Guatemala City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/12/16", "description": "Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II expels Jesuits from the Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/12/16", "description": "Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774: Russian forces fail to take Silistria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/12/16", "description": "Hilaire Rouelle discovers urea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/12/16", "description": "Istanbul Technical University is established (under the original name of Royal School of Naval Engineering) as the world's first comprehensive institution of higher learning dedicated to engineering education.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/12/16", "description": "In China, written work begins on the ''Siku Quanshu'', the largest literary compilation of books in China's history (surpassing the Yongle Encyclopedia of the 15th Century). Upon completion in 1782, the books are bound in 36,381 volumes (\u518c) with more than 79,000 chapters (\u5377), comprising about 2.3 million pages, and approximately 800 million Chinese characters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/12/16", "description": "John Harrison's ampquotH4ampquot wins him the Longitude prize for the Marine chronometer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/12/16", "description": "Emelian Pugachev starts a rebellion in Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/12/16", "description": "The Regulating Act creates the office of governor general, with an advising council, to exercise political authority over the territory controlled by The British East India Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1773/12/16", "description": "Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock publishes the last five cantos of his epic poem ''Der Messias'' in Hamburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1774/01/21", "description": " Mustafa III, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire dies and is succeeded by his brother Abd-ul-Hamid I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1774/01/27", "description": " An angry crowd in America seizes a British customs collector and then tars and feathers him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1774/03/31", "description": " Intolerable Acts: The British Parliament passes the Boston Port Act, closing the port of Boston, Massachusetts as punishment for the Boston Tea Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1774/04/17", "description": " The first avowedly Unitarian congregation, Essex Street Chapel, is founded in London by Theophilus Lindsey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1774/05/10", "description": " Louis XVI becomes King of France following the death of his grandfather, Louis XV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1774/06/02", "description": " Intolerable Acts: A new Quartering Act, requiring American colonists to provide better housing for British soldiers upon demand, is passed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1774/06/22", "description": " The British pass the Quebec Act, setting out rules of governance for the colony of Quebec in British North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1774/07/21", "description": " Russo-Turkish War (1768\u20131774): Russia and the Ottoman Empire sign the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji with Russian victory, ending six years of war. The treaty does give Russia the right to intervene in Ottoman politics to protect its Christian subjects.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1774/08/01", "description": " The element oxygen is discovered for the third (and last) time ampndash the second quantitatively following the somewhat earlier work of Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1771\u20131772) ampndash by Joseph Priestley, who publishes the fact in 1775 and so names the element and usually gets all the credit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1774/09/04", "description": " English explorer James Cook becomes the first European to sight (and name) the island of New Caledonia in Melanesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1774/09/05", "description": " The First Continental Congress assembles in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1774/09/21", "description": " George Mason and George Washington found the Fairfax County Militia Association, a military unit independent of British control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1774/10/10", "description": " Dunmore's War ampndash Battle of Point Pleasant: Cornstalk is forced to make peace with Dunmore at the Treaty of Camp Charlotte, ceding Shawnee land claims south of the Ohio (modern Kentucky) to Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1774/10/21", "description": " The word quotLibertyquot is first displayed on a flag raised by colonists in Taunton, Massachusetts, in defiance of British rule in Colonial America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1774/10/25", "description": " Edenton Tea Party takes place in North Carolina, marking the first major gathering of women in support of the American cause.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1774/10/25", "description": "To avoid severe flooding, Martinsborough, North Carolina is moved to higher ground {{convert|3|mi|km}} west. The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates Martinsborough as the new county seat of Pitt County, 3 years after its founding.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1774/10/25", "description": "German cobbler Johann Birkenstock creates the first Birkenstock sandals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1774/10/25", "description": "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe publishes his epistolary novel ''The Sorrows of Young Werther'' (''Die Leiden des jungen Werthers'') which is influential in the Sturm und Drang movement and Romanticism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/01/05", "description": " Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart finishes Sonata in C for Keyboard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/01/17", "description": " James Cook takes possession of South Georgia for Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/02/09", "description": " American Revolution: The Parliament of Great Britain declares Massachusetts in rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/02/15", "description": " Pope Pius VI succeeds Pope Clement XIV as the 250th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/03/23", "description": " American Revolution: Patrick Henry, a delegate to the Second Virginia Convention after the Virginia House of Burgesses was disbanded by the Royal Governor, delivers his quotGive me Liberty, or give me Death!quot speech at St. John's Church in Richmond, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/04/18", "description": " American Revolution: Paul Revere and William Dawes, instructed by Dr. Joseph Warren, ride from Boston to Lexington to warn John Hancock and Sam Adams that British forces are coming to take them prisoner and to seize colonial weapons and ammunition in Concord.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/04/19", "description": " American Revolution: Hostility between Britain and its American colonies explodes into bloodshed at the Battles of Lexington and Concord on the 19th,quotBattles of Lexington and Concordquot (history), Britannica Student Encyclopedia, 2006, ''Britannica.com\/ebi'' webpage: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/ebi\/article-9275454\">http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/ebi\/article-9275454<\/a> Brit-EBI-454: states quotThe American Revolution began on April 19, 1775, with the Battles of Lexington and Concord.quot which ignites the American Revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/04/19", "description": "American Revolution: The Second Continental Congress meets, elects John Hancock president, raises the Continental Army under George Washington as commander and authorizes the colonies to adopt their own constitutions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/04/19", "description": "American Revolution: Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, leading the Green Mountain Boys of Vermont, capture Fort Ticonderoga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/05/17", "description": " American Revolution: The Continental Congress bans trade with Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/05/17", "description": "American Revolution: The British forces offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/05/17", "description": "U.S. Merchant Marine (no central administration).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/06/14", "description": " American Revolution: The Continental Congress names George Washington as commander of the Continental Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/06/16", "description": " Post of Chief Engineer of the Continental Army created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/06/17", "description": " American Revolution: Two months into the colonial siege of Boston, British open fire on Breed's Hill on Charles Town Peninsula. After 3 charges, the British take the hill in the misnamed Battle of Bunker Hill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/06/19", "description": " Post of Commanding General was created by the Continental Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/07/03", "description": " American Revolution: George Washington takes command of the 17,000-man Continental Army at Cambridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/07/05", "description": " American Revolution: The Continental Congress sends the Olive Branch Petition, hoping for a reconciliation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/07/06", "description": " American Revolution: The Continental Congress issues Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, which contains the words: quotOur cause is just. Our union is perfect... being with one mind resolved to die freemen rather than to live slaves...quot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/07/26", "description": "  The Second Continental Congress appoints Benjamin Franklin to be the first Postmaster General of what later becomes the United States Post Office Department.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/08/21", "description": " American Revolution ampndash Battle of Fort St. Jean: American rebels launch an invasion of Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/08/23", "description": " American Revolution: Refusing to even look at the Olive Branch Petition, King George issues a Proclamation of Rebellion against the American colonies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/08/29", "description": " September 12 ampndash The ''Independence Hurricane'' from South Carolina to Nova Scotia kills 4,170, mostly fishermen and sailors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/09/25", "description": " American Revolution ampndash Battle of Montreal: Patriot revolutionary forces under Maj. Ethan Allen attack Montreal, commanded by British General Guy Carleton. Allen's forces are defeated, and Allen himself is captured and held on British ships until he is later released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/09/25", "description": "October ampampndash The Sayre Plotters attempt to kidnap George III of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/10/13", "description": " American Revolution: The Continental Congress orders the establishment of the Continental Navy (later the United States Navy).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/10/26", "description": " American Revolution: George III announces to Parliament that the American colonies are in an uprising and must be dealt with accordingly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/10/26", "description": "November ampampndash American Revolution: Colonel Richard Richardson's South Carolina revolutionaries march through Ninety-Six District in what becomes known as the ''Snow Campaign'', effectively ending all major support for the Loyalist cause in the backcountry of South Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/11/10", "description": " American Revolution: The Continental Congress passes a resolution creating the Continental Marines to serve as landing troops for the recently created Continental Navy (the Marines are disbanded at end of the war in April 1783 but reformed on July 11, 1798 as the United States Marine Corps).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/11/13", "description": " American Revolution ampndash Battle of Montreal: American forces under Brigadier General Richard Montgomery capture Montreal. British General Guy Carleton escapes to Quebec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/11/13", "description": "17 November - John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore offers freedom to slaves who join the loyalist army, thus losing the support of most planters, who see slaves as their vital livelihood", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/12/05", "description": " American Revolution: Henry Knox begins his journey to  Cambridge, Massachusetts with the artillery that has been captured from Fort Ticonderoga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/12/31", "description": " American Revolution: British forces repulse an attack by Continental Army generals Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold at Quebec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/12/31", "description": "First Anglo-Maratha war fought between the British and the Marathas in India.It ended with the Treaty of Salbai(1782).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/12/31", "description": "Industrial Revolution in Great Britain", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/12/31", "description": "James Watt's 1769 steam engine patent is extended to June 1800 by Act of Parliament and the first engines are built under it.ampamp{{cite journal|first=F. M.|last=Scherer|title=Invention and Innovation in the Watt-Boulton Steam-Engine Venture|work=Technology and Culture|volume=6|year=1965|pages=165\u201387|jstor=3101072}}ampampampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/inventors.about.com\/library\/inventors\/blwattsenginespread.htm|title=The\">http:\/\/inventors.about.com\/library\/inventors\/blwattsenginespread.htm|title=The<\/a> Invention of the Steam Engine: The Life of James Watt. Part 4: The Steam Engine Gains Popularity|work=About.com Inventors|accessdate=2011-02-25}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/12/31", "description": "John Wilkinson (industrialist) invents and patents a new kind of boring machine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/12/31", "description": "Austria forces the Ottoman Empire to cede Bukovina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/12/31", "description": "Catherine the Great gives the nobles absolute control over their serfs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/12/31", "description": "A smallpox epidemic begins in New England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/12/31", "description": "Tseax Cone in northwestern British Columbia erupts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1775/12/31", "description": "Typhoon Liengkieki devastates the Pacific atoll of Pingelap.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/01/15", "description": " Thomas Paine publishes ''Common Sense''.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ushistory.org\/march\/timeline.htm|title=Timeline\">http:\/\/www.ushistory.org\/march\/timeline.htm|title=Timeline<\/a> of the American Revolutionary War|publisher=Independence Hall |accessdate=2007-06-01| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070530054927\/http:\/\/ushistory.org\/march\/timeline.htm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070530054927\/http:\/\/ushistory.org\/march\/timeline.htm|<\/a> archivedate= 30 May 2007 !--Added by DASHBot--}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/01/20", "description": " American Revolution: South Carolina Loyalists led by Robert Cunningham sign a petition from prison agreeing to all demands for peace by the formed state government of South Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/01/24", "description": " American Revolution: Henry Knox arrives at Cambridge, Massachusetts with the artillery that he has transported from Fort Ticonderoga", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/02/17", "description": " Edward Gibbon publishes the first volume of ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/02/27", "description": " American Revolution: Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge: North Carolina Loyalists charge across Moore's Creek bridge near Wilmington to attack what they mistakenly believe to be a small force of rebels. Several loyalist leaders are killed in the ensuing battle. The patriot victory virtually ends all British authority in the town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/03/04", "description": " The American Revolution: The Americans capture quotDorchester Heightsquot dominating the port of Boston, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/03/09", "description": " Adam Smith publishes ''The Wealth of Nations''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/03/17", "description": " American Revolution: Threatened by Patriot cannons on Dorchester Heights, the British evacuate Boston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/03/28", "description": " Juan Bautista de Anza finds the site for the Presidio of San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/04/12", "description": " American Revolution: The Royal Colony of North Carolina produces the Halifax Resolves making it the first British colony to officially authorize its Continental Congress delegates to vote for independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/05/01", "description": " Adam Weishaupt founds the Bavarian Illuminati (Order of the Illuminati) in Ingolstadt, Bavaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/05/04", "description": " Rhode Island becomes the first American colony to renounce allegiance to King George III of Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/06/07", "description": " American Revolution: Richard Henry Lee of Virginia proposes to the Continental Congress that quotthese united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/06/08", "description": " American Revolution: Battle of Trois-Rivi\u00e8res: American invaders are driven back at Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Quebec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/06/11", "description": " American Revolution: The Continental Congress appoints a committee to draft the Declaration of Independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/06/12", "description": " American Revolution: Virginia Declaration of Rights by George Mason adopted by the Virginia Convention of Delegates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/06/15", "description": " American Revolution: Delaware Separation Day: The Delaware General Assembly votes to suspend government under the British Crown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/06/17", "description": " Lt. Jose Joaquin Moraga leads a band of colonists from Monterey Presidio, landing on June 29 and constructing the Mission Dolores of the new Presidio of San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/07/02", "description": " American Revolution: The final (despite minor revisions) U.S. Declaration of Independence is written. The Continental Congress passes the Lee Resolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/07/04", "description": " American Revolution: United States Declaration of Independence. United States officially declares independence from the British Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/07/08", "description": " American Revolution: The Liberty Bell rings for the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/07/09", "description": " American Revolution: An angry mob in New York City topples the equestrian statue of George III in Bowling Green.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/07/12", "description": " Captain James Cook sets off from Plymouth England on his third, and fatal, expedition to the Pacific Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/07/21", "description": " Mozart's celebrated Haffner Serenade is first performed in Salzburg, Austria", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/08/02", "description": " Most of the American colonies ratify the Declaration of Independence", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/08/15", "description": " American Revolution: First Hessian troops land on Staten Island to join British forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/08/27", "description": " American Revolution: Battle of Long Island: Washington's troops routed in Brooklyn by British under William Howe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/08/27", "description": "September ampampndash First running of the St. Leger Stakes horse race in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/09/06", "description": " Hurricane hits Guadeloupe, killing more than 6000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/09/07", "description": " American Revolution: World's first submarine attack. American submersible craft ''Turtle'' attempts to attach a time bomb to the hull of British Admiral Richard Howe's flagship ''HMS Eagle'' in New York Harbor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/09/11", "description": " American Revolution: abortive peace conference between British and Americans on Staten Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/09/15", "description": " American Revolution: British land on Manhattan at Kip's Bay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/09/16", "description": " American Revolution: Battle of Harlem Heights is fought.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/09/22", "description": " American Revolution: Nathan Hale executed in New York City for espionage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/10/07", "description": " Crown Prince Paul of Russia marries Sophie Marie Dorothea of W\u00fcrttemberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/10/09", "description": " Father Francisco Palou founds Mission San Francisco de Asis in what is now San Francisco, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/10/11", "description": " American Revolution: Battle of Valcour Island: On Lake Champlain near Valcour Island, a British fleet led by Sir Guy Carleton defeats 15 American gunboats commanded by Brigadier General Benedict Arnold. Although nearly all of Arnold's ships are destroyed, the two day-long battle will give Patriot forces enough time to prepare defenses of New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/10/28", "description": " American Revolution: Battle of White Plains: British forces arrive at White Plains, attack and capture Chatterton Hill from the Americans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/10/31", "description": " In his first speech before British Parliament since the Declaration of Independence that summer, King George III acknowledges that all is not going well for Britain in the war with the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/11/16", "description": " American Revolution: Hessian mercenaries under Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen capture Fort Washington from the American Continentals. The captain of the American navy ship USS Andrea Doria fired a salute to the Dutch flag on Fort Oranje and Johannes de Graaff decided to answer the salute with eleven gun shots.Hank Rice, Footnotes in History, quotThe First Salute.quot Sons of the American Revolution, June, 2000", "lang": "en", "category1": "November&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/12/05", "description": " The Phi Beta Kappa society is founded at the College of William and Mary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/12/07", "description": " American Revolution: Marquis de Lafayette attempts to enter the American military as a major general.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/12/21", "description": " American Revolution: The Royal Colony of North Carolina reorganizes into the State of North Carolina after adopting its own constitution. Richard Caswell becomes the first governor of the newly formed state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/12/23", "description": " American Revolution: Thomas Paine, living with Washington's troops, begins publishing ''The American Crisis'', containing the stirring phrase, quotThese are the times that try men's souls.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "November&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/12/25", "description": " American Revolution: Gen. George Washington orders the first issue of ''The Crisis'' read to his troops on Christmas Eve, then at 6 p.m. all 2600 of them march to McKonkey's Ferry, cross the Delaware River and land on the Jersey bank at 3 a.m.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1776/12/26", "description": " American Revolution: Battle of Trenton: Washington's troops surprise the 1500 Hessian troops under the command of Col. Johann Rall at 8 a.m. outside Trenton and score a victory, taking 948 prisoners while suffering only 5 wounded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/01/02", "description": " American Revolution ampndash Second Battle of Trenton: George Washington's army fights the Second Battle of Trenton, New Jersey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/01/03", "description": " American Revolution ampndash Battle of Princeton: American general George Washington defeats British general Charles Cornwallis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/01/12", "description": " Mission Santa Clara de As\u00eds is founded in what is now Santa Clara, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/01/15", "description": " Vermont declares its independence from New York, becoming the Vermont Republic, an independent country, a status it retains until it joins the United States as the 14th state in 1791.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/05/16", "description": " Lachlan McIntosh and Button Gwinnett shoot each other during a duel near Savannah, Georgia. Gwinnett, a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, dies 3 days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/06/13", "description": " American Revolution: The Marquis de Lafayette lands near Charleston, South Carolina to help the Continental Congress train its army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/06/14", "description": " The Stars and Stripes is adopted by the Continental Congress as the Flag of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/08/16", "description": " American Revolution ampndash Battle of Bennington: British forces are defeated by American troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/09/03", "description": " American Revolution ampndash Cooch's Bridge: In a minor skirmish in New Castle County, Delaware, the Flag of the United States was flown in battle for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/09/11", "description": " American Revolution ampndash Battle of Brandywine: The British gain a major victory in Chester County, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/09/19", "description": " American Revolution ampndash First Battle of Saratoga: Battle of Freeman's Farm: Patriot forces withstand a British attack at Saratoga, New York", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/09/26", "description": " American Revolution ampndash British troops occupy Philadelphia during the Revolutionary War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/10/04", "description": " American Revolution ampndash Battle of Germantown: Troops under George Washington are repelled by British troops under Sir William Howe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/10/07", "description": " American Revolution ampndash Second Battle of Saratoga: Battle of Bemis Heights: British General John Burgoyne is defeated by American troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/10/17", "description": " American Revolution ampndash Battle of Saratoga: British General John Burgoyne surrenders to the American troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/11/15", "description": " American Revolution: After 16 months of debate, the Continental Congress approves the Articles of Confederation in the temporary American capital at York, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/11/17", "description": " The Articles of Confederation are submitted to the states for ratification.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/11/29", "description": " San Jose, California is founded.  It is the first ''pueblo'' in Spanish Alta California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/12/19", "description": " American Revolution: George Washington's Continental Army goes into winter quarters at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/12/20", "description": " Morocco becomes the first nation to formally recognize the American colonies thereby beginning Morocco \u2013 United States relations.Bookin-Weiner, Jerome B. quotThe Origins of Moroccan American Relationsquot in THE ATLANTIC CONNECTION: 200 Years of Moroccan-American Relations 1786-1986, Bookin-Weiner, Jerome B. and El Mansour, Mohammed eds. Edino Press, 1990. Pg. 20", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/12/24", "description": " Kiritimati is discovered by James Cook.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/12/24", "description": "The 2nd edition of ''Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/12/24", "description": "The code duello is adopted at the Clonmell Summer Assizes as the form for pistol duels in Ireland. It is quickly denounced but nevertheless widely adopted throughout the English-speaking world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1777/12/24", "description": "Kunsthochschule Kassel is founded", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/01/18", "description": " The third Pacific expedition of Capt. James Cook, with ships HMS ''Resolution'' and HMS ''Discovery'', first view O'ahu then Kaua'i in the Hawaiian Islands, which he names the ''Sandwich Islands''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/02/05", "description": " South Carolina becomes the first state to ratify the Articles of Confederation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/02/06", "description": " American Revolutionary War: In Paris the Treaty of Alliance and the Treaty of Amity and Commerce are signed by the United States and France, signaling official French recognition of the new republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/02/23", "description": " American Revolutionary War: Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania and begins to train the American troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/03/10", "description": " American Revolutionary War: George Washington approves the dishonorable discharge of Lieut. Frederick Gotthold Enslin for quotattempting to commit sodomy, with John Monhort a soldierquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/05/30", "description": " Benedict Arnold signs US oath of allegiance at Valley Forge<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ushistory.org\/ValleyForge\/served\/arnold.html\">http:\/\/www.ushistory.org\/ValleyForge\/served\/arnold.html<\/a> US history.org", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/06/24", "description": " A total solar eclipse takes place across parts of USA from Texas to Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/06/28", "description": " American Revolutionary War ampndash Battle of Monmouth: George Washington's Continental Army battles the British general Sir Henry Clinton's army to a draw near Monmouth, New Jersey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/07/03", "description": " American Revolutionary War: the Wyoming Massacre takes place near Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, ending in a terrible defeat of the local colonists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/07/04", "description": " American Revolutionary War: George Rogers Clark takes Kaskaskia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/07/10", "description": " Louis XVI of France declares war on the Kingdom of Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/07/27", "description": " American Revolutionary War ampndash First Battle of Ushant: British and French fleets fight to a standoff.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/08/26", "description": " Triglav, at 2,864 meters above sea level the highest peak of Slovenia, is ascended for the first time by four men: Luka Koro\u0161ec, Matev\u017e Kos, \u0160tefan Ro\u017ei\u010d, and Lovrenc Willomitzer on Sigmund Zois' initiative.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/08/29", "description": " American Revolutionary War: The tactically inconclusive Battle of Rhode Island takes place, after which the Continental Army abandons its position on Aquidneck Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/08/29", "description": "September ampampndash The Massachusetts Banishment Act, providing punishment for Loyalists, is passed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/09/17", "description": " The Treaty of Fort Pitt is signed, the first formal treaty between the United States and a Native American tribe (the Lenape or Delaware).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/09/19", "description": " The Continental Congress passes the first budget of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/11/26", "description": " In the Hawaiian Islands, Capt. James Cook becomes the first European to land on Maui.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/11/26", "description": "The first settlement is made in the area of what is now Louisville, Kentucky by 13 families under Colonel George Rogers Clark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/11/26", "description": "Phillips Academy, the most prestigious secondary boarding school in the United States, is founded by Samuel Phillips Jr.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/11/26", "description": "First Iron bridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1778/11/26", "description": "The term ampquotthoroughbredampquot is first used in the United States in an advertisement in a Kentucky gazette to describe a New Jersey stallion called Pilgarlick.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/01/09", "description": " British troops surrender to the Marathas in Wadgaon, India, and are forced to return all territories acquired since 1773.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/01/11", "description": " Ching-Thang Khomba is crowned King of Manipur.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/01/22", "description": " American Revolutionary War: Claudius Smith is hanged at Goshen, Orange County, New York for supposed acts of terrorism upon the people of the surrounding communities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/01/29", "description": " After a second petition for partition from its residents, the North Carolina General Assembly abolishes Bute County, North Carolina (established 1764) by dividing it and naming the northern portion Warren County (for Revolutionary War hero Joseph Warren) and the southern portion Franklin County (for Benjamin Franklin).  The General Assembly also establishes Warrenton (also named for Joseph Warren) to be the county seat of Warren County and Louisburg (named for Louis XVI of France) to be the county seat of Franklin County.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/02/14", "description": " Captain James Cook dies on the Sandwich Islands on his third and last voyage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/03/10", "description": " Treaty of Aynal\u0131kavak between Ottoman Turkey and Russian Empire about Crimean Khanate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/05/13", "description": "  War of Bavarian Succession: Russian and French mediators at the Congress of Teschen negotiate an end to the war. In the agreement Austria receives a part of the Bavarian territory (the Innviertel) and relinquishes the rest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/06/01", "description": " American Revolutionary War: Benedict Arnold is court-martialed for malfeasance in his treatment of government property.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/06/16", "description": " American Revolutionary War: In support of the U.S., Spain declares war on England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/07/16", "description": " American Revolutionary War: United States forces led by General Anthony Wayne capture Stony Point, New York from British troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/07/20", "description": " Tekle Giyorgis I begins the first of his five reigns as Emperor of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/07/22", "description": " Battle of Minisink: The Goshen Militia is destroyed by Joseph Brant's forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/07/24", "description": " American Revolutionary War: American forces led by Commodore Dudley Saltonstall launch the Penobscot Expedition in what is now Castine, Maine, resulting in the worst naval defeat in U.S. history until Pearl Harbor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/07/24", "description": "July ampampndash The Great Siege of Gibraltar (fourteenth and last military siege) starts. This is an action by French and Spanish forces to wrest control of Gibraltar from the established British garrison. The garrison, led by George Augustus Eliott, later 1st Baron Heathfield of Gibraltar, survives all attacks and a blockade of supplies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/07/24", "description": "September ampampndash Battle of Baton Rouge: Spanish troops under Bernardo de Galvez capture the city from the British.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/09/23", "description": " American Revolution ampndash Battle of Flamborough Head: The American ship ''Bonhomme Richard'', commanded by John Paul Jones, engages the British ship ''Serapis''.  The ''Bonhomme Richard'' sinks, but the Americans board the ''Serapis'' and other vessels, and are victorious.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/10/04", "description": " The Fort Wilson Riot takes place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/11/02", "description": " The North Carolina General Assembly carves a new county from Dobbs County, North Carolina and names it Wayne County in honor of United States General Anthony Wayne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/12/13", "description": " Alexandre, Vicomte de Beauharnais marries Jos\u00e9phine Tascher.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/12/25", "description": " Fort Nashborough, later to become Nashville, Tennessee, is founded by James Robertson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/12/25", "description": "Industrial Revolution in England:", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/12/25", "description": "The Iron Bridge is erected across the River Severn in Shropshire, the world's first bridge built entirely of cast iron.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1750-1800|title=Icons,\">http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1750-1800|title=Icons,<\/a> a portrait of England 1750-1800|accessdate=2007-08-27}}ampamp It will open to traffic on January 1, 1781.ampref name=ampquotCassell's Chronologyampquotamp{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld ampamp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=333\u2013334}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/12/25", "description": "The spinning mule is perfected by the Lancashire inventor Samuel Crompton.ampref name=ampquotCassell's Chronologyampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/12/25", "description": "Boulton and Watt's  ''Smethwick Engine'', now the oldest working engine in the world, is brought into service (May).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/12/25", "description": "The city of Tampere, Finland, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1779/12/25", "description": "Joint Spanish-Portuguese survey of Amazonia begins to determine the boundary between the colonial possessions in South America. Continues until 1795.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/01/16", "description": " American Revolutionary War ampndash Battle of Cape St. Vincent:  British Admiral Sir George Rodney defeats a Spanish fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/01/16", "description": "February ampampndash The League of Armed Neutrality is formed between Denmark, Sweden, and Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/02/29", "description": " The Omicron Delta Omega co-ed fraternity is founded by Benjamin Franklin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/03/08", "description": " Formation of the League of Armed Neutrality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/03/26", "description": " The ''British Gazette and Sunday Monitor'', the first Sunday newspaper in Britain, begins publication.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/04/16", "description": " The University of M\u00fcnster in M\u00fcnster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/05/12", "description": " American Revolutionary War: Charleston, South Carolina is taken by  British forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/05/13", "description": " Cumberland Compact signed by American settlers in the Cumberland Valley of Tennessee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/05/19", "description": " New England's Dark Day: An unaccountable darkness spreads over New England, regarded by some observers as a fulfillment of Bible prophecy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/05/29", "description": " American Revolutionary War: Loyalist forces under Col. Banastre Tarleton kill surrendering American soldiers in the Waxhaw Massacre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/06/02", "description": "7 ampndash Gordon Riots in London, Great Britain: The Duke of Richmond calls, in the House of Lords, for manhood suffrage and annual parliaments, which are rejected. About 285 people involved with the riots are shot dead by troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/07/11", "description": " French soldiers arrive in Newport, Rhode Island to reinforce colonists in the American Revolutionary War.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ushistory.org\/march\/timeline.htm|title=Timeline\">http:\/\/www.ushistory.org\/march\/timeline.htm|title=Timeline<\/a> of the American Revolutionary War|publisher=Independence Hall |accessdate=2007-06-01| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070530054927\/http:\/\/ushistory.org\/march\/timeline.htm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070530054927\/http:\/\/ushistory.org\/march\/timeline.htm|<\/a> archivedate= 30 May 2007 !--Added by DASHBot--}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/08/09", "description": " American Revolutionary War: Spanish admiral Luis de C\u00f3rdova y C\u00f3rdova captures a British convoy totalling 55 vessels amongst Indiamen, frigates and other cargo ships off Cape St. Vincent.Hattendorf, John: ''Naval policy and strategy in the Mediterranean: past, present, and future.''", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/08/16", "description": " American Revolutionary War ampndash Battle of Camden: British troops inflict heavy losses on a Patriot army at Camden, South Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/08/24", "description": " Louis XVI of France abolishes the use of torture in extracting confessions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/09/21", "description": " Benedict Arnold gives detailed plans of West Point to Major John Andr\u00e9. Three days later, Andr\u00e9 is captured with papers revealing that Arnold was planning to surrender West Point to the British.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/09/25", "description": " Benedict Arnold flees to British-held New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/10/02", "description": "  American Revolutionary War: In Tappan, New York, British spy John Andr\u00e9 is hanged by American forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/10/07", "description": " American Revolutionary War ampndash Battle of Kings Mountain: Patriot militia forces annihilate a Loyalists under British Major Patrick Ferguson at Kings Mountain in South Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/10/10", "description": "October 16 ampndash The Great Hurricane flattens the islands of Barbados, Martinique and St. Eustatius: 22,000 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/11/29", "description": " Maria Theresa of Austria dies and her Habsburg dominions pass to her ambitious son, Joseph II, who has already been Holy Roman Emperor since 1765.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/12/16", "description": " Emperor K\u014dkaku accedes to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/12/20", "description": "tart of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/12/20", "description": "In Ireland, Lady Berry, who is sentenced to death for the murder of her son, is released when she agrees to become an executioner (retires 1810)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/12/20", "description": "The original Craven Cottage is built by William Craven, 6th Baron Craven (located on the centre circle of the pitch).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/12/20", "description": "Jose Gabriel Kunturkanki, businessman and landowner, proclaims himself Inca Tupac Amaru II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/12/20", "description": "George Montagu (died 1780), British politician", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/12/20", "description": "Nikephoros Theotokis starts introducing ''Edinoverie'', an attempt to integrate the Old Believers into Russia's established church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/12/20", "description": "Western countries pay 16,000,000 ounces of silver for Chinese goods.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/12/20", "description": "c. 9 million population in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1780/12/20", "description": "Det Dramatiske Selskab is founded in Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781", "description": "January ampampndash William Pitt the Younger, later Prime Minister, enters Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/01/02", "description": " Virginia passes a law ceding its western land claims, paving the way for Maryland to ratify the Articles of Confederation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/01/05", "description": " American Revolution: Richmond, Virginia is burned by British naval forces led by Benedict Arnold.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/01/06", "description": " Battle of Jersey: The British beat the French in what is technically the last battle fought in the British Islands (coming after the Battle of Culloden in 1745). It is the last attempt by France to invade Jersey militarily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/01/17", "description": " American Revolution ampndash Battle of Cowpens: Americans under Daniel Morgan defeat British forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/02/02", "description": " The Articles of Confederation are ratified by Maryland, the 13th and final state to do so.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/02/02", "description": "March ampampndash Riots break out in Socorro and spread to other towns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/03/01", "description": " The United States Continental Congress implements the Articles of Confederation, forming its Perpetual Union as the United States in Congress Assembled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/03/13", "description": " Sir William Herschel discovers the planet Uranus. Originally he calls it ''Georgium Sidus'' (George's Star) in honour of King George III of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/03/15", "description": " American Revolution ampndash Battle of Guilford Court House: American General Nathanael Greene loses to the British.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/05/18", "description": " An army sent from Lima put down the rebellions and captures and savagely execute T\u00fapac Amaru II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/06/04", "description": " The commission agrees to the rebel's terms: reduction of the alcabala and of the Indians' forced tribute, abolition of the new taxes on tobacco and prederence for Creoles over peninsulares in government positions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/07/27", "description": " French spy Francis Henry de la Motte is executed in Tyburn Prison in England for high treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/07/29", "description": " American Revolution ampndash Skirmish at the House in the Horseshoe: A Tory force under David Fanning attacks Phillip Alston's smaller force of Whigs at Alston's home in Cumberland County, North Carolina (in present day Moore County, North Carolina). Alston's troops surrender after Fanning's men attempt to ram the house with a cart of burning straw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/08/30", "description": " American Revolution: A French fleet under Comte de Grasse enters Chesapeake Bay, cutting British General Charles Cornwallis off from escape by sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/09/04", "description": " Los Angeles is founded as El Pueblo de Nuestra Se\u00f1ora La Reina de Los \u00c1ngeles de Porciuncula (City of Our Lady the Queen of the Angels of Porciuncula) by a group of 44 Spanish settlers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/09/05", "description": " American Revolution ampndash Battle of the Chesapeake: A British fleet under Thomas Graves arrives and fights de Grasse, but is unable to break through to relieve the Siege of Yorktown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/09/06", "description": " American Revolution ampndash Battle of Groton Heights: The British army attacks a fort in Groton, Connecticut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/09/10", "description": " American Revolution: Graves gives up trying to break through the now-reinforced French fleet and returns to New York, leaving Cornwallis to his fate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/09/28", "description": " American Revolution: American and French troops begin a siege of the British at Yorktown, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/10/12", "description": " First Bagpipe competition in the Masonic Arms, Falkirk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/10/19", "description": " American Revolution: Following the Siege of Yorktown, General Charles Cornwallis surrenders to General George Washington at Yorktown, Virginia, ending the armed struggle of the American Revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/10/20", "description": " A Patent of Tolerance, providing limited freedom of worship, is approved in the Habsburg Monarchy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/11/05", "description": " John Hanson is elected President of the Continental Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/11/05", "description": "The slave ship ''Zong'' dumps its living cargo into the sea to claim insurance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/11/05", "description": "Henry Hurle officially founds the Ancient Order of Druids (AOD) in London, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/11/05", "description": "December ampampndash A school is founded in Washington County, Pennsylvania that would later be known as Washington ampamp Jefferson College.ampamp{{cite web | url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.washjeff.edu\/content.aspx?section=372ampampmenu_id=133ampampcrumb=137ampampid=54\">http:\/\/www.washjeff.edu\/content.aspx?section=372ampampmenu_id=133ampampcrumb=137ampampid=54<\/a> |title=History ampamp Facts |publisher=Washington ampamp Jefferson College|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/60Wog8NSz|\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/60Wog8NSz|<\/a> archivedate=2011-07-28}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/12/12", "description": " Second Battle of Ushant: A British fleets defeats French ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/12/12", "description": "Bank of North America is chartered by the Continental Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/12/12", "description": "Charles Messier publishes the final catalog of Messier objects.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/12/12", "description": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovers tungsten.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/12/12", "description": "Immanuel Kant publishes his ''Critique of Pure Reason''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/12/12", "description": "Jeremy Bentham formulates utilitarian ethics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/12/12", "description": "Reverend Samuel Peters publishes his ''General History of Connecticut'', using the term blue law for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/12/12", "description": "Founding of Phillips Exeter Academy", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1781/12/12", "description": "Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor abolishes serfdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/01/07", "description": " The first American commercial bank (Bank of North America) opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/01/15", "description": " Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris goes before the U.S. Congress to recommend establishment of a national mint and decimal coinage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/01/23", "description": " Laird of Johnstone, George Ludovic Houston invites people to buy marked plots of land which, when built upon, form the planned town of Johnstone, Scotland, to provide employment for his thread and cotton mills.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/01/23", "description": "The Spanish defeat British forces and capture Minorca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/03/08", "description": "March 8  In Ohio, the Gnadenhutten massacre of Native Americans takes place in which 29 men, 27 women, and 34 children are killed by white militiamen in retaliation for raids carried out by another Native American group.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/03/14", "description": " Battle of Wuchale: Emperor Tekle Giyorgis pacifies a group of Oromo near Wuchale.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/03/27", "description": " Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/03/31", "description": "Easter Sunday) ampndash Mission San Buenaventura is founded in Las Californias, part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of New Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/04/06", "description": " Rama I succeeds King Taksin of Siam (now Thailand) who is overthrown in an coup d'etat and moves the political capital from Thonburi across the Menam to Rattanakosin Island, the historic center of Bangkok.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/04/12", "description": " Battle of the Saintes: A British fleet under Admiral Sir George Rodney defeats a French fleet under the Comte de Grasse in the West Indies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/04/19", "description": " John Adams secures recognition of the United States as an independent government by the Dutch Republic. During this visit, he also negotiates a loan of five million guilders financed by Nicolaas van Staphorst and Wilhelm Willink.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/05/17", "description": " The Parliament of Great Britain passes the Repeal of Act for Securing Dependence of Ireland Act, a major component of the reforms collectively known as the 'Constitution of 1782' which restore legislative independence to the Parliament of Ireland.ref name=quotCostinquot{{cite book|title=The Law and Working of the Constitution: Documents 1660-1914|editors=Costin, W. C. Watson, J. Steven|location=London|publisher=A. amp C. Black|year=1952|volume=I (1660-1783)|page=147}}ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=334\u2013335}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/06/18", "description": " In Switzerland, Anna G\u00f6ldi is sentenced to death for witchcraft (the last legal witchcraft sentence).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/06/20", "description": " The bald eagle is chosen as the emblem of the United States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/06/20", "description": "July ampampndash Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, receives a visit from Pope Pius VI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/07/01", "description": " American privateers attack Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/08/07", "description": " George Washington orders the creation of the Badge of Military Merit (or the Order of the Purple Heart) to honor soldiers' merit in battle (reinstated later by Franklin D. Roosevelt and renamed to the more poetic quotPurple Heartquot to honor soldiers wounded in action).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/11/30", "description": " American Revolutionary War: In Paris, representatives from the United States and the Kingdom of Great Britain sign preliminary peace articles (later formalized in the Treaty of Paris).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/11/30", "description": "Chief Kamehameha I of Hawaii gains control of the northern part of the island of Hawaii after defeating his cousin Kiwala'o.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/11/30", "description": "London creates the Foot Patrol for public security.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/11/30", "description": "The British parliament extends James Watt's patent for the steam engine to the year 1800.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/11/30", "description": "The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates Washington, North Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/11/30", "description": "In China, the Siku Quanshu is completed, the largest literary compilation in China's history (surpassing the Yongle Encyclopedia of the 15th century). The books are bound in 36,381 volumes (\u518c) with more than 79,000 chapters (\u5377), comprising about 2.3 million pages, and approximately 800 million Chinese characters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1782/11/30", "description": "Saint Petersburg has 300,000 inhabitants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/02/03", "description": " American Revolutionary War: Britain acknowledges the United States independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/02/03", "description": "American Revolutionary War: Great Britain formally declares that it will cease hostilities with the United States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/02/03", "description": "A sequence of earthquakes begins in Calabria, Italy, leaves 50,000 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/02/26", "description": " Continental Army Corps of Engineers disbanded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/03/05", "description": " Last celebration of Massacre Day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/04/15", "description": " Preliminary articles of peace ending the American Revolutionary War are ratified.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/05/18", "description": " Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada ampndash The first United Empire Loyalists reach Parrtown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/05/26", "description": " A Great Jubilee Day celebrating end of American Revolution held in Trumbull, Connecticut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/06/04", "description": "r June 5 ampndash The Montgolfier brothers publicly demonstrate their ''montgolfi\u00e8re'' (hot air balloon) in Annonay, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/06/08", "description": " The volcano Laki, in Iceland, begins an 8-month eruption which kills tens of thousands throughout Europe, including up to 33% of Iceland's population, and causes widespread famine. It has been described as one of quotthe greatest environmental catastrophes in European Historyquot.{{cite web|first=David|last=Bressan|title=8, June 1783 : The Laki eruptions|url= <a href=\"http:\/\/historyofgeology.fieldofscience.com\/2011\/06\/8-june-1783-laki-eruptions.html|accessdate=30\">http:\/\/historyofgeology.fieldofscience.com\/2011\/06\/8-june-1783-laki-eruptions.html|accessdate=30<\/a> April 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/07/16", "description": " Grants of land in Canada to American loyalists are announced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/07/24", "description": " The Treaty of Georgievsk is signed between the Imperial Russia and the Kingdom of Kartli and Kakheti (Georgia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/08/05", "description": " Mount Asama erupts, causing turmoil in Edo period Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/08/18", "description": " A large fireball passes on a thousand-mile track across the North Sea, the United Kingdom and France, prompting scientific discussion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/08/27", "description": " ''Le Globe'' - Jacques Charles and Les Fr\u00e8res Robert launched the world's first hydrogen-filled balloon in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/09/03", "description": " American Revolutionary War ampndash Treaty of Paris: A treaty between the United States and the Kingdom of Great Britain is signed in Paris, formally ending the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/09/09", "description": " Dickinson College was chartered in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/10/03", "description": " The Waterford Glassware Factory begins production in Waterford City, Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/11/02", "description": " In Rocky Hill, New Jersey, US General George Washington gives his ''Farewell Address to the Army''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/11/21", "description": " In Paris, Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Pil\u00e2tre de Rozier and Fran\u00e7ois Laurent, marquis d'Arlandes, make the first untethered hot air balloon flight (flight time: 25 minutes, Maximum height: 900 m).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/11/24", "description": " In Spain, the ''Cedula of Population'' is signed, stating that anyone who will swear fealty to Spain and is of the Roman Catholic faith is welcome to populate Trinidad and Tobago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/11/25", "description": " American Revolutionary War: The last British troops leave New York City 3 months after the signing of the Treaty of Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/11/30", "description": " A 5.3 magnitude earthquake struck New Jersey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/12/01", "description": " ''La Charli\u00e8re'' - Jacques Charles and Nicolas-Louis Robert made the first manned flight in a hydrogen-filled balloon in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/12/04", "description": " At Fraunces Tavern in New York City, U.S. General George Washington formally bids his officers farewell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/12/04", "description": "The city of Sevastopol is founded on the Crimean peninsula of the Russian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/12/04", "description": "United Empire Loyalists flee to Canada from the new United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/12/04", "description": "The Treaty of Versailles is signed, ending hostilities between the Franco-Spanish Alliance and England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/12/04", "description": "Loyalists from New York settle Great Abaco in the Bahamas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/12/04", "description": "Ireland's last grey wolf is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/12/04", "description": "Spanish government refuses to grant diplomatic recognition to the USA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1783/12/04", "description": "Evan William's distillery was founded in Bardstown Kentucky.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/01/06", "description": " The Turks agree to Russia's annexation of the Crimea in the Treaty of Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/01/14", "description": " The Congress of the United States ratifies the Treaty of Paris with Great Britain to end the American Revolutionary War, with the signature of President of Congress Thomas Mifflin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/01/15", "description": " Henry Cavendish's paper to the Royal Society of London, ''Experiments on Air'', reveals the composition of water.{{cite journal|title=Experiments on Air|jstor=106582|first=Henry|last=Cavendish|year=1784|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|volume=75|pages=372\u2013384}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/02/28", "description": " John Wesley ordains ministers for the Methodist Church in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/06/04", "description": " Elizabeth Thible is the first woman to ride in a hot air balloon, at Lyon, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/08/15", "description": " Cardinal de Rohan is called before the court to account for his actions in the Queen's Necklace Affair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/08/16", "description": " Britain creates the colony of New Brunswick.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/09/22", "description": " Russia establishes a colony at Kodiak, Alaska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/11/26", "description": " The Roman Catholic Apostolic Prefecture of the United States is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/12/25", "description": " The Methodist Episcopal Church, USA is officially formed at the quotChristmas Conferencequot led by Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/12/25", "description": "Emperor Josef II suspends the Hungarian Constitution because of a revolution in Transylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/12/25", "description": "King Carlos III of the Spanish Empire authorizes land grants in Alta California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/12/25", "description": "The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the town of Morgansborough, named for Daniel Morgan.  The town is designated as the county seat for Burke County, North Carolina and is subsequently renamed ampquotMorgantownampquot and later shortened to become Morganton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/12/25", "description": "The North Carolina General Assembly changes the name of Kingston, North Carolina, originally named for King George III of Great Britain, to Kinston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/12/25", "description": "The Japanese famine continues as 300,000 die of starvation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/12/25", "description": "A huge locust swarm hits South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/12/25", "description": "Benjamin Franklin tries in vain to persuade the French to alter their clocks in winter to take advantage of the daylight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/12/25", "description": "Benjamin Franklin invents bifocal spectacles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/12/25", "description": "Antoine Lavoisier pioneers quantitative chemistry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/12/25", "description": "Cholesterol is isolated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/12/25", "description": "Carl Friedrich Gauss pioneers the field of summation with the formula summing 1:n as (n(n+1))\/2, at the age of 7.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/12/25", "description": "Madame du Coudray, pioneer of modern midwifery, retires.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/12/25", "description": "The India Act requires that the governor general be chosen from outside the British East India Company and it makes company directors subject to parliamentary supervision.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/12/25", "description": "Britain receives its first bales of imported American cotton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1784/12/25", "description": "Emmanuel Kant writes ''What is Enlightenment?''", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/01/01", "description": " The first issue of the ''Daily Universal Register'', later known as ''The Times'', is published in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/01/07", "description": " Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffries travel from Dover, England to Calais, France in a hydrogen gas balloon, becoming the first to cross the English Channel by air.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/01/27", "description": " The University of Georgia is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/05/10", "description": " A hot air balloon crashes in Tullamore, Ireland, causing a fire that burns down about 100 houses, making it the world's first aviation disaster (by 36 days).{{cite web|title=The Tullamore Balloon Fire - First Air Disaster in History|first=Michael|last=Byrne|date=2007-01-09|work=Tullamore History|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.offalyhistory.com\/articles\/72\/1\/The-Tullamore-Balloon-Fire---First-Air-Disaster-in-History\/Page1.html|publisher=Offaly\">http:\/\/www.offalyhistory.com\/articles\/72\/1\/The-Tullamore-Balloon-Fire---First-Air-Disaster-in-History\/Page1.html|publisher=Offaly<\/a> Historical amp Archaeological Society|accessdate=2012-08-21}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/06/03", "description": " Continental Navy disbanded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/06/15", "description": " After several attempts, Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Pil\u00e2tre de Rozier and his companion, Pierre Romain, set off in a balloon from Boulogne-sur-Mer, but the balloon suddenly deflates (without the envelope catching fire) and crashes near Wimereux in the Pas-de-Calais, killing both men, making it the first fatal aviation disaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/07/06", "description": "  The dollar is unanimously chosen as the money unit for the United States (the first time a nation has adopted a decimal coinage system).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/07/16", "description": " The Piper-Heidsieck Champagne house is founded by Florens-Louis Heidsieck in Reims, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/08/01", "description": " The fleet of French explorer Jean-Fran\u00e7ois de Galaup, comte de La P\u00e9rouse leaves Paris for the circumnavigation of the globe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/08/15", "description": " Cardinal de Rohan is arrested in Paris the Necklace Affair comes into the open.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/08/15", "description": "November ampampndash A drought occurs in Haiti.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/11/28", "description": " The Treaty of Hopewell is signed between the United States of America and the Cherokee Nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/11/28", "description": "The University of New Brunswick is founded in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/11/28", "description": "Coal gas is first used for illumination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/11/28", "description": "Louis XVI of France signs to a law that a handkerchief must be square.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/11/28", "description": "The British government establishes a permanent land force in the Eastern Caribbean, based in Barbados.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/11/28", "description": "The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates Lincolnton, North Carolina (named for American General Benjamin Lincoln) as the new county seat for Lincoln County.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/11/28", "description": "Belfast Academy (later Belfast Royal Academy) is founded by Rev. Dr James Crombie in Belfast, Northern Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/11/28", "description": "Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi publishes ''Letters on the Teachings of Spinoza'', and starts the Pantheism controversy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/11/28", "description": "Napoleon Bonaparte becomes a lieutenant in the French artillery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1785/11/28", "description": "Music: Mozart's ''ampquotHaydnampquot String Quartets'' are published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/01/03", "description": " The Treaty of Hopewell is signed between the United States of America and the Choctaw Nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/01/10", "description": " The Treaty of Hopewell is signed between the United States of America and the Chickasaw Nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/02/02", "description": " In a speech before The Asiatic Society in Calcutta, Sir William Jones notes the formal resemblances between Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, laying the foundation for comparative linguistics and Indo-European studies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/05/01", "description": " Mozart's opera ''The Marriage of Figaro'' premieres in Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/05/21", "description": " The trial of the Necklace Affair ends in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/06/10", "description": " An earthquake-caused landslide dam on the Dadu River gives way, killing 100,000 in the Sichuan province of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/06/25", "description": " Gavriil Pribylov discovers St. George Island of the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/06/25", "description": "August ampampndash James Rumsey tests his first steam boat in the Potomac river at Shepherdstown Virginia (now West Virginia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/08/01", "description": " Caroline Herschel discovers a comet (the first discovered by a woman).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/08/08", "description": "  Mont Blanc is climbed for the first time by Dr. Michael-Gabriel Paccard and Jacques Balmat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/08/11", "description": " Captain Francis Light, known as the founder of Penang, lands in Penang and renames it ''Prince of Wales Island'' in honour of the heir to the British throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/08/29", "description": " Shays' Rebellion begins in Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/08/29", "description": "SeptemberampampndashDecember ampampndash Goethe undertakes his ''Italian Journey'' (published in 1817).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/09/02", "description": " A hurricane strikes Barbados.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/09/11", "description": "September 14 ampndash Annapolis Convention held, but the only result was the scheduling of the Philadelphia Convention.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/11/07", "description": "  The oldest musical organization in the United States (the Stoughton Musical Society) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/11/30", "description": " Peter Leopold Joseph of Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, promulgates a penal reform making his country the first state to abolish the death penalty. November 30 is therefore commemorated by 300 cities around the world as Cities for Life Day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/12/04", "description": " Mission Santa Barbara is founded by Father Ferm\u00edn Francisco de Lasu\u00e9n, becoming the 10th mission in the California mission chain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/12/04", "description": "Robert Burns publishes ''Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/12/04", "description": "Francis Light acquires the island of Penang from the Sultan of Kedah on behalf of the British East India Company. It is the first British colony in South-East Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/12/04", "description": "An Anglo-Spanish treaty gives Belize to Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/12/04", "description": "The first ship leaves Britain for Botany Bay, Australia: 820 out of 1,138 aboard are convicts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/12/04", "description": "The trade with Iceland is opened to all Danish and Norwegian traders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/12/04", "description": "Reykjav\u00edk, the capital of Iceland, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1786/12/04", "description": "The town of Martinsborough, North Carolina, itself named for Royal Governor Josiah Martin in 1771, is renamed ampquotGreenesvilleampquot in honor of United States General Nathanael Greene by the North Carolina General Assembly the name ampquotGreenesvilleampquot is later shortened to become Greenville.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/01/06", "description": " The North Carolina General Assembly authorizes nine commissioners to purchase {{Convert|100|acre|km2}} of land for the county seat of Chatham County.  The town is named Pittsborough (later shortened to Pittsboro) for William Pitt the Younger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/01/11", "description": " William Herschel discovers Titania and Oberon, 2 moons of Uranus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/02/04", "description": " Shays' Rebellion fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/02/28", "description": " A charter is granted establishing the institution known today as the University of Pittsburgh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/04/02", "description": " A Charter of Justice is signed providing the authority for the establishment of the first New South Wales (i.e. Australian) Courts of Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/05/13", "description": " Captain Arthur Phillip leaves Portsmouth, England with 11 ships packed with 1,000 convicts and their jailers to establish a penal colony in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/05/14", "description": " In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, delegates begin arriving to write a new Constitution for the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/05/25", "description": " In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, delegates begin to convene a Constitutional Convention intended to amend the Articles of Confederation. However, a new Constitution for the United States is eventually produced. George Washington presides over the Convention.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/05/25", "description": "May ampampndash Orangist troops attack Vreeswijk, Harmelen and Maarssen civil war starts in the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/06/06", "description": " Franklin College, named for Benjamin Franklin, opens in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It later merges with Marshall College to become Franklin and Marshall College.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/06/20", "description": " Oliver Ellsworth moves at the Federal Convention that the government be called the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/06/28", "description": " Princess Wilhelmina of Orange, sister of Frederick, the king of Prussia, is captured by patriots and taken to Goejanverwellesluis, and not allowed to travel to the Hague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/07/13", "description": " The U.S. Congress enacts the Northwest Ordinance establishing governing rules for the Northwest Territory. It also establishes procedures for the admission of new states and limits the expansion of slavery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/07/15", "description": " Lord's cricket ground is established and the MCC incorporated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/08/27", "description": " Launching a {{Convert|45|ft|m|sing=on}} steam powered craft on the Delaware River, John Fitch demonstrates the first U.S. patent for his design.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/09/13", "description": " Prussian troops enter the Netherlands. Within a few weeks 40,000 Patriots (out of a population of 2,000,000) go into exile in France (and learn from observation the ideals of the French Revolution).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/09/17", "description": " The United States Constitution is adopted by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/09/24", "description": " Washington Academy (now Washington amp Jefferson College) was chartered by the Pennsylvania General Assembly.{{cite book| last =Coleman | first =Helen Turnbull Waite| title = Banners in the Wilderness: The Early Years of Washington and Jefferson College| publisher = University of Pittsburgh Press| year= 1956| url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/bannersinthewild012852mbp|\">http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/bannersinthewild012852mbp|<\/a> oclc = 2191890|page=199}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/10/01", "description": " Russo-Turkish War, 1787-1792 ampndash Battle of Kinburn: Alexander Suvorov, though sustaining a wound, routs the Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/10/27", "description": " The first of the ''Federalist Papers'', a series of essays calling for ratification of the U.S. Constitution, is published in a New York paper.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/10/29", "description": " Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera ''Don Giovanni'' (libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte) premieres in the Estates Theatre in Prague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/12/03", "description": " James Rumsey demonstrates a water-jet propelled boat on the Potomac.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/12/07", "description": " Delaware ratifies the Constitution and becomes the first U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/12/08", "description": " Mission La Purisima Concepcion is founded by Father Ferm\u00edn Francisco de Lasu\u00e9n, becoming the 11 mission in the California mission chain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/12/12", "description": " Pennsylvania becomes the second U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/12/18", "description": " New Jersey becomes the third U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/12/18", "description": "In Britain, Thomas Clarkson and Granville Sharp found the ''Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade'' with support from John Wesley, Josiah Wedgwood and others.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/12/18", "description": "Caroline Herschel is granted an annual salary of \u00a350 by King George III of Great Britain for acting as assistant to her brother William in astronomy.ampamp{{cite book|last=Ogilvie|first= Marilyn Bailey|title=Women in Science: Antiquity through the Nineteenth Century|publisher=MIT Press|year=1986|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=97\u201398|isbn=0-262-65038-X}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/12/18", "description": "The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates Waynesborough and designates it the county seat for Wayne County, North Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1787/12/18", "description": "The element Silicon is first identified by Antoine Lavoisier as a component of the Latin term ''silex'' or ampquotFlintsampquot (meaning ampquotHard Rocksampquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/01/01", "description": " The first edition of ''The Times'', previously ''The Daily Universal Register'', is published in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/01/02", "description": " Georgia ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the fourth U.S. state under the new government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/01/09", "description": " Connecticut ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the fifth U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/01/18", "description": " The leading ship in Captain Arthur Phillip's First Fleet arrives at Botany Bay to colonise Australia.noinclude", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/01/22", "description": " Cyrus Griffin becomes the tenth and last President of the United States in Congress Assembled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/01/24", "description": " The La Perouse expedition in the ''Astrolabe'' and ''Boussole'' arrives off Botany Bay just as Captain Arthur Phillip is attempting to move his colony from there to Sydney Cove in Port Jackson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/01/26", "description": " Australia Day: Eleven ships of the First Fleet from Botany Bay, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, land at Sydney Cove (which will become Sydney), Australia, where he determines to establish the British prison colony of New South Wales, the first permanent European settlement on the continent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/01/31", "description": " Henry Benedict Stuart becomes the new Stuart claimant to the throne of Great Britain as King Henry IX and the figurehead of Jacobitism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/02/01", "description": " Isaac Briggs and William Longstreet patent a steamboat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/02/06", "description": " Massachusetts ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the sixth U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/02/09", "description": " Austria enters the Russo-Turkish War of 1787\u20131792 and attacks Moldavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/02/17", "description": " The uninhabited Lord Howe Island is discovered by the brig HMS ''Supply'', commanded by Lieutenant Ball, who is on his way from Botany Bay to Norfolk Island with convicts to start a penal settlement there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/03/10", "description": " The La Perouse expedition leaves Sydney Cove for New Caledonia, never to be seen again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/03/14", "description": " The ''Edinburgh Evening Courant'' carries a notice of \u00a3200 reward for the capture of William Brodie, a town councilor doubling as a burglar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/03/21", "description": " Great New Orleans Fire kills 25% of the population and destroys 856 buildings, including St. Louis Cathedral and the Cabildo, leaving most of the town in ruins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/04/13", "description": " America's first recorded riot, the 'Doctors' Mob', begins. Residents of Manhattan are angry about grave robbers stealing bodies for doctors to dissect. The rioting is suppressed on the 15th.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/04/28", "description": " Maryland ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the seventh U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/05/10", "description": " The Royal Dramatic Theatre (''Kungliga Dramatiska Teatern''), Sweden's national drama company, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/05/15", "description": " The Australian Frontier Wars begin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/05/23", "description": " South Carolina ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the eighth U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/06/07", "description": " France: Day of the Tiles, which some consider the beginning of the French Revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/06/09", "description": " The African Association, an exploration group dedicated to plotting the Niger River and finding Timbuktu, is founded in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/06/17", "description": " English captains Thomas Gilbert and John Marshall, returning from Botany Bay, become the first Europeans to encounter the Gilbert Islands in the Pacific Ocean.{{cite journal|date=1944-05-22|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.ca\/books?id=bk8EAAAAMBAJamppg=PA91ampdq=%22Thomas+Gilbert%22+captain+pacificampnum=100ampclient=firefox-a#v=onepageampq=%22Thomas%20Gilbert%22%20captain%20pacificampf=false|title=The\">http:\/\/books.google.ca\/books?id=bk8EAAAAMBAJamppg=PA91ampdq=%22Thomas+Gilbert%22+captain+pacificampnum=100ampclient=firefox-a#v=onepageampq=%22Thomas%20Gilbert%22%20captain%20pacificampf=false|title=The<\/a> Gilberts amp Marshalls: A distinguished historian recalls the past of two recently captured Pacific groups|journal=Life|authorlink=Samuel Eliot Morison|first=Samuel Eliot|last=Morison|pages=91\u2013101|accessdate=2011-12-14}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/06/21", "description": " New Hampshire ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the ninth U.S. state, enabling the Constitution to go into effect. (The latter happens on March 4, 1789, when the first Congress elected under the new Constitution assembles.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/06/25", "description": " The Virginia Ratifying Convention ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the tenth U.S. state under the new government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/06/26", "description": " Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in Vienna, completes his antepenultimate symphony, now called the Symphony No. 39 in E-flat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/06/26", "description": "July ampampndash King Louis XVI of France calls for a spring session of the Estates General.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/07/13", "description": " A hailstorm sweeps across France and the Dutch Republic with hailstones 'as big as quart bottles' that take 'three days to melt' immense damage is done.{{cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J. M.|publisher=John Baker|location=London|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/07/24", "description": " Governor General Lord Dorchester, by proclamation issued from the Chateau St. Louis in Quebec City, divides the British Province of Quebec into five Districts, namely: Gasp\u00e9, Nassau, Lunenburg, Mecklenburg, and Hesse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/07/26", "description": " New York ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the eleventh U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/07/28", "description": " Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in Vienna, completes his penultimate symphony, now called the Symphony No. 40 in G Minor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/08/08", "description": " King Louis XVI of France agrees to convene the Estates-General meeting in May 1789, the first time since 1614.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/08/10", "description": " Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, in Vienna, completes his final symphony, now called the Symphony No. 41 in C Major, and nicknamed (after his death) ''The Jupiter.''", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/08/27", "description": " The trial of William Brodie begins in Edinburgh, Scotland he is sentenced to death by hanging.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/10/01", "description": " William Brodie is hanged.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/12/06", "description": " Russo-Turkish War, 1787-1792: The Ottoman fortress of \u00d6zi falls to the Russians after a prolonged siege and a murderous storm with a temperature of -23 degrees C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/12/14", "description": " King Charles III of Spain dies and is succeeded by his son Charles IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1788/12/14", "description": "Annual British iron production reaches 68,000 tons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/01/07", "description": " 1789 United States presidential elections and House of Representatives elections are held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/01/21", "description": " The first American novel, ''The Power of Sympathy or the Triumph of Nature Founded in Truth'', is printed in Boston, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/01/23", "description": " Georgetown University is founded in Washington, D.C., becoming the first Catholic college in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/02/04", "description": " George Washington is unanimously elected the first President of the United States by the United States Electoral College.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/03/04", "description": " At Federal Hall in New York City, the 1st United States Congress meets and declares the new United States Constitution to be in effect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/04/01", "description": " At Federal Hall, the United States House of Representatives attains its first quorum and elects congressman Frederick Muhlenberg as the first Speaker of the House.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/04/06", "description": " At Federal Hall, the United States Senate attains its first quorum and elects John Langdon of Pennsylvania as its first President pro tempore. Later that day, the Senate and the House of Representatives meet in joint session for the first time, and the electoral votes of the first U.S. Presidential election are counted. General George Washington is certified as President-elect and John Adams is certified as Vice-President elect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/04/07", "description": " Selim III (1789\u20131807) succeeds Abd-ul-Hamid I (1773\u20131789) as Ottoman Sultan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/04/21", "description": "ohn Adams takes office as the first Vice-President of the United States and begins presiding over the United States Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/04/28", "description": " Mutiny on the ''Bounty'': Fletcher Christian leads the mutiny on HMS ''Bounty'' against Captain William Bligh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/04/30", "description": " George Washington is inaugurated at Federal Hall in New York City, beginning his term as the first President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/05/05", "description": " In France, the Estates-General convenes for the first time in 175 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/06/14", "description": " ''Bounty'' mutiny survivors, including Captain William Bligh and 18 others, reach Timor after a nearly {{convert|4000|mi|km|adj=on}} journey in an open boat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/06/17", "description": " In France, representatives of the Third Estate at the Estates-General declare themselves the National Assembly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/06/20", "description": " Tennis Court Oath is made in Versailles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/06/23", "description": " Louis XVI of France makes a conciliatory speech urging reforms to a joint session and orders the three estates to meet together.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/06/23", "description": "July ampampndash An estimated 150,000 of Paris's 600,000 people are without work.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/07/01", "description": " The comic ballet ''La fille mal gard\u00e9e'' choreographed by Jean Dauberval is first presented under the title ''Le ballet de la paille'' at the Grand Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Bordeaux, in Bordeaux, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/07/01", "description": "In Versailles, the National Assembly reconstitutes itself as the National Constituent Assembly and begins preparations for a French constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/07/01", "description": "The Theater War officially ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/07/10", "description": " Alexander Mackenzie reaches Mackenzie River Delta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/07/11", "description": " Louis XVI of France fires popular Chief Minister Necker.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/07/12", "description": " An angry Parisian crowd demonstrates against the King\u2019s decision to dismiss Minister Necker.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/07/13", "description": " The people begin to seize arms for the defense of Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/07/14", "description": " The French Revolution (1789\u20131799) begins: Citizens of Paris storm the Bastille and free seven prisoners. In rural areas, peasants attack noble manors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/07/27", "description": " The first U.S. federal government agency under the new Constitution, the Department of Foreign Affairs (later renamed the Department of State), is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/08/04", "description": " In France, members of the Constituent Assembly take an oath to end feudalism and abandon their privileges.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/08/07", "description": " The United States Department of War is established.<a href=\"http:\/\/clerk.house.gov\/art_history\/highlights.html?action=viewampintID=192\">http:\/\/clerk.house.gov\/art_history\/highlights.html?action=viewampintID=192<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/08/21", "description": " A proposal for a Bill of Rights is adopted by the United States House of Representatives.{{cite book|title=Freedom of Religion, the First Amendment, and the Supreme Court: How the Court Flunked History|last=Adamson|first=Barry|year=2008|page=93|publisher=Pelican Publishing|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Tgw-rCrNYacCamppg=PA93}}{{citation|title=Journal\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Tgw-rCrNYacCamppg=PA93}}{{citation|title=Journal<\/a> of the House of Representatives of the United States, 1789-1793|page=85|date=Friday, August 21, 1789|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/memory.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/query\/r?ammem\/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(hj001139)):}}\">http:\/\/memory.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/query\/r?ammem\/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(hj001139)):}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/08/26", "description": " The Declaration of the Rights of Man is proclaimed in France by the Constituent Assembly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/08/28", "description": " William Herschel discovers Enceladus, one of Saturn's moons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/09/02", "description": " The United States Department of the Treasury is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/09/15", "description": " Department of State", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/09/22", "description": " Russo-Turkish War, 1787-1792 ampndash Battle of Rymnik: Alexander Suvorov roundly defeats 100,000 Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/09/24", "description": " The Judiciary Act of 1789 establishes the federal judiciary and the United States Marshals Service.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history.do?action=VideoArticleampid=5371\">http:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history.do?action=VideoArticleampid=5371<\/a> |title=The First Supreme Court |publisher=History.com |accessdate=2008-09-24}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/09/25", "description": " The United States Congress proposes a set of 12 amendments for ratification by the states. Ratification for 10 of these proposals is completed on December 5, 1791, creating the  United States Bill of Rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/09/29", "description": " The U.S. Department of War establishes the nation's first regular army, with a strength of several hundred men.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/09/29", "description": "October ampampndash Some 7,000 women march {{convert|12|mi|km}} from Paris to Versailles to demand action.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/11/06", "description": " Pope Pius VI appoints John Carroll the first Roman Catholic bishop in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/11/20", "description": " New Jersey ratifies the United States Bill of Rights, the first state to do so.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/11/21", "description": " North Carolina ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the 12th U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/11/26", "description": " A national Thanksgiving Day is observed in the United States as recommended by President George Washington and approved by Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/12/11", "description": " The University of North Carolina, the  oldest public university in the United States, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/12/23", "description": " A leaflet circulated in France accuses marquis de Favras of plotting to rescue  the royal family.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/12/23", "description": "February - King Gustav III of Sweden\u00a0enforces the Union and Security Act, delivering the ''coup de grace'' to Sweden's 70-year old parliamentarian system in favor of absolute monarchy", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/12/23", "description": "The Bengal Presidency first establishes a penal colony in the Andaman Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/12/23", "description": "Thomas Jefferson returns from Europe, bringing the first ''macaroni'' machine to the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/12/23", "description": "Influenced by Dr. Benjamin Rush's argument against the excessive use of alcohol, about 200 farmers in a Connecticut community form a temperance association.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/12/23", "description": "Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, decrees that all peasant labor obligations be converted into cash payments.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1789/12/23", "description": "Fort Washington, Cincinnati, Ohio, is built to protect early U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/01/09", "description": " U.S. President George Washington gives the first State of the Union Address.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/01/26", "description": " Mozart's opera quotCosi Fan Tuttequot premiered in Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/01/30", "description": " The first boat specialized as a lifeboat is tested on the River Tyne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/02/01", "description": " In New York City the Supreme Court of the United States convenes for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/02/04", "description": " Louis XVI of France declares to the National Assembly that he will maintain the constitutional laws.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/02/11", "description": " Two Quaker delegates petition the United States Congress for the abolition of slavery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/03/01", "description": " The first United States census is authorized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/03/04", "description": " France is divided into 83 d\u00e9partements, which cut across the former provinces, in an attempt to dislodge regional loyalties based on noble ownership of land.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/03/21", "description": " Thomas Jefferson reports to President George Washington in New York as the new United States Secretary of State.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/04/10", "description": " The United States patent system is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/05/13", "description": " Battle of Reval: Gustav III of Sweden sends the battlefleet to eliminate the Russian squadron wintering at Reval (Estonia), but is defeated: 8 Russians, 51 Swedes are killed, 250 captured, and 2 ships are sunk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/05/29", "description": " Rhode Island ratifies the United States Constitution and becomes the last of the 13 original states to do so.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/06/09", "description": "  Royal Assent Given To The Town Of Milford Haven.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/06/20", "description": " Compromise of 1790: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton come to an agreement: Madison agrees to not be quotstrenuousquot in opposition for the assumption of state debts by the federal government Hamilton agrees to support the capital site being above the Potomac.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/06/23", "description": " The alleged ''London Monster'' is arrested in London: he later receives 40 years for 10 assaults.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/06/23", "description": "July ampampndash Louis XVI of France accepts a constitutional monarchy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/07/09", "description": " Russo-Swedish War ampndash Second Battle of Svensksund: In a massive Baltic Sea battle of 300 ships, the Swedish navy captures one third of the Russian fleet: 304 Swedes are killed, 3,500 Russians killed and 6,000 captured, 51 Russian ships are sunk and 22 are taken.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/07/12", "description": " French Revolution: The Civil Constitution of the Clergy is passed. This completes the destruction of the monastic orders, legislating out of existence all regular and secular chapters for either sex, abbacies and priorships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/07/14", "description": " French Revolution: Citizens of Paris celebrate the constitutional monarchy and national reconciliation in the F\u00eate de la F\u00e9d\u00e9ration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/07/16", "description": " The signing of the Residence Bill establishes a site along the Potomac River as the District of Columbia, the capital district of the United States", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/07/27", "description": " The Convention of Reichenbach is signed between Prussia and Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/07/31", "description": " Inventor Samuel Hopkins becomes the first to be issued a U.S. patent (for an improved method of making potash).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/08/04", "description": " A newly passed U.S. tariff act creates the system of cutters for revenue enforcement (later named the United States Revenue Cutter Service), the forerunner of the Coast Guard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/08/14", "description": " The Treaty of V\u00e4r\u00e4l\u00e4 ends the Russo-Swedish War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/09/30", "description": " Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor starts to rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/12/10", "description": " The Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars begins in New South Wales, Australia as a result of deterioration in relations and increasing colonization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/12/11", "description": " Russo-Turkish War, 1787-1792: 26,000 Turkish soldiers lose their lives during Suvorov's storm of Izmail.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/12/11", "description": "Prime Minister of Great Britain William Pitt refuses to recognize Belgian independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/12/11", "description": "The first United States federal budget bill is introduced by Alexander Hamilton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1790/12/11", "description": "The 1790 United States Census is taken.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/01/25", "description": " The British Parliament passes the Constitutional Act of 1791, splitting the old province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/03/02", "description": " Long-distance communication speeds up with the unveiling of a semaphore machine in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/03/04", "description": " Vermont is admitted as the 14th U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/04/21", "description": " The first of forty boundary stones delineating the borders of the new District of Columbia is laid at Jones Point Light, in Alexandria, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/05/03", "description": " The Sejm  of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth proclaims the Constitution of May 3, 1791, the first modern codified constitution in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/06/20", "description": " The French Royal Family is captured when they try to flee in disguise.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/07/08", "description": " Composer Joseph Haydn awarded an honorary doctorate of music at Oxford University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/07/14", "description": " The Priestley Riots break out in Birmingham, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/07/17", "description": " The Champ de Mars Massacre occurs during the French Revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/08/04", "description": " The Treaty of Sistova is signed, ending the Ottoman-Habsburg wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/08/06", "description": " The Brandenburg Gate in Berlin is finished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/08/22", "description": " A slave rebellion breaks out in the French colony of Saint-Domingue.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/08/26", "description": " John Fitch is granted a patent for the steamboat in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/09/13", "description": " Louis XVI of France accepts the final version of the completed constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/09/25", "description": " Mission Santa Cruz is founded by Father Ferm\u00edn Francisco de Lasu\u00e9n, becoming the 12th mission in the California mission chain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/09/28", "description": " promulgation of the law  on the emancipation of the french jews.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/09/30", "description": " Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's singspiel ''Die Zauberfl\u00f6te'' ''(Magic Flute)'' premieres in the Freihaustheater in Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/09/30", "description": "October ampampndash The Legislative Assembly (France) convenes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/10/09", "description": " Mission Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de la Soledad is founded by Father Ferm\u00edn Francisco de Lasu\u00e9n, becoming the 13th mission in the California mission chain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/12/04", "description": " The first issue of ''The Observer'', the world's first Sunday newspaper, is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/12/05", "description": " Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/12/15", "description": " Ratification by the states of the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution is completed, creating the United States Bill of Rights. Two additional amendments remain pending, and one of these is finally ratified in 1992, becoming the Twenty-seventh Amendment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/12/15", "description": "The first American ship reaches Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/12/15", "description": "A slave rebellion begins in Haiti see Haitian Revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/12/15", "description": "An ordinance is written barring the game of baseball within 80 yards of the Meeting House in Pittsfield, Massachusetts (first known reference to the game of baseball in North America).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1791/12/15", "description": "The metric system is adopted in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/01/09", "description": " The Treaty of Jassy ends Russia's war with the Ottoman Empire over Crimea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/02/20", "description": " The Postal Service Act, establishing the United States Post Office Department, is signed by President George Washington.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/03/01", "description": " Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, the last emperor, takes office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/03/16", "description": "  King Gustav III of Sweden is shot in the back by Jacob Johan Anckarstr\u00f6m at a midnight masquerade at the Royal Opera in Stockholm he lives until March 29, and is succeeded by Gustav IV Adolf.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/03/20", "description": " A new capital of North Carolina and county seat of the newly formed Wake County is established after North Carolina State Senator and surveyor William Christmas submits his design for the city.  A few months later the capital is officially named Raleigh in honor of Sir Walter Raleigh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/04/02", "description": " The Coinage Act is passed, establishing the United States Mint.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/04/05", "description": " United States President George Washington vetoes a bill designed to apportion representatives among U.S. states. This is the first time the presidential veto is used in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/04/20", "description": " France declares war against Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/04/21", "description": " Tiradentes, prime figure in the Inconfid\u00eancia Mineira plot, is executed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/04/24", "description": " The guillotine is first used experimentally in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/04/24", "description": "Highwayman Nicolas J. Pelletier becomes the first person executed by guillotine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/04/24", "description": "''La Marseillaise'', the French national anthem, is composed by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/05/08", "description": " The Revenue Commission is established.{{Where|date=July 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/05/11", "description": " Captain Robert Gray on the ''Columbia Rediviva'' becomes the first white man to enter the Columbia River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/05/17", "description": " The Buttonwood Agreement is signed, beginning the New York Stock Exchange.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/05/18", "description": " War in defence of the constitution: Russia invades Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/05/21", "description": " An old lava dome collapses in Ky\u016bsh\u016b, Japan when Mount Unzen volcano erupts the resulting avalanche and tsunami kills about 14,300 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/06/01", "description": " Kentucky becomes the 15th state of The United States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/06/04", "description": " Captain George Vancouver claims Puget Sound for Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/06/04", "description": "Vancouver becomes the first European to enter Burrard Inlet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/06/04", "description": "Prussia declares war against France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/08/10", "description": " French Revolution: The Tuileries Palace is stormed, and Louis XVI of France is arrested and taken into custody.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/08/10", "description": "September ampampndash George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney sails from Portsmouth to China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/09/02", "description": " During what becomes known as the September Massacres of the French Revolution, rampaging mobs slaughter 3 Roman Catholic Church bishops and more than 200 priests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/09/11", "description": " Six men steal some of the former French Crown jewels from a warehouse where the revolutionary government had stored them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/09/20", "description": " Battle of Valmy: The French revolutionary army defeats Prussians under the Duke of Brunswick, after a 7-hour artillery duel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/09/21", "description": " The French Convention abolishes the monarchy and establishes the First Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/09/22", "description": " The Era of the historical French Republican Calendar begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/10/12", "description": " The first Columbus Day celebration in the USA is held in New York, 300 years after his arrival in the New World.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/10/13", "description": " Foundation of Washington, DC: The cornerstone of the United States Executive Mansion, known as the White House after 1818, is laid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/10/29", "description": " Mount Hood (Oregon) is named after the British naval officer Samuel Hood by Lt. William E. Broughton, who spots the mountain near the mouth of the Willamette River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/12/03", "description": " George Washington is re-elected President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/12/26", "description": " The trial of Louis XVI of France begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/12/26", "description": "The Baptist Missionary Society is founded in Kettering, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/12/26", "description": "Dominique-Jean Larrey, chief surgeon of the Grand Armee of France, creates the first ambulance wagons specifically designed as ambulances.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/12/26", "description": "Tipu Sultan invades Kerala in India, but is repulsed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/12/26", "description": "Franz Xaver, Baron Von Zach, an astronomer, publishes ''The Tables of the Sun'', an essential early work for navigation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/12/26", "description": "Claude Chappe successfully demonstrates the first semaphore line, between Paris and Lille.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/12/26", "description": "William Murdoch begins experimenting with gas lighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/12/26", "description": "George Anschutz constructs the first blast furnace in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/12/26", "description": "Thomas Holcroft produces the play ''Road to Ruin'' in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/12/26", "description": "Barthelemy Catherine Joubert, later general, becomes sub-lieutenant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/12/26", "description": "Johann Georg Albrechtberger becomes Kapellmeister in Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/12/26", "description": "The State Street Corporation is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/12/26", "description": "Shiloh Meeting House, predecessor of Shiloh United Methodist Church in Lynchburg, Virginia, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/12/26", "description": "Mary Wollstonecraft's ''A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1792/12/26", "description": "The first written examinations in Europe are held at Cambridge University, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/01/02", "description": " Russia and Prussia partition the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/01/09", "description": " Jean-Pierre Blanchard becomes the first to fly in a gas balloon in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/01/21", "description": " After being found guilty of treason by the French Convention, ''Citizen Capet'', Louis XVI of France, is guillotined.{{cite web|title=Louis XVI|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/349122\/Louis-XVI|work=work=Encyclop\u00e6dia<\/a> Britannica}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/02/01", "description": " French Revolutionary Wars: France declares war on Great Britain and the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/02/25", "description": " George Washington holds the first Cabinet meeting as President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/02/27", "description": " The Giles resolutions are introduced to the United States House of Representatives, asking the House to condemn Alexander Hamilton's handling of loans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/03/01", "description": "3 ampndash John Langdon serves as President pro tempore of the United States Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/03/04", "description": " George Washington is sworn in as President of the United States in Philadelphia for his second term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/03/05", "description": " French troops are defeated by Austrian forces and Li\u00e8ge is recaptured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/03/07", "description": " France declares war on Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/03/18", "description": " The first republican state in Germany, the Republic of Mainz, is declared by Andreas Joseph Hofmann.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/04/06", "description": " The Committee of Public Safety is established in France with Georges Danton as its head.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/04/22", "description": " George Washington signs the Neutrality Proclamation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/04/25", "description": " The pioneer parishes of New Orleans and Louisiana are erected as well as incorporated into the Diocese of Louisiana and the Two Floridas", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/05/31", "description": " Regular troops under Fran\u00e7ois Hanriot demand that the Girondins be expelled from the national convention.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/05/31", "description": "June ampampndash The Macartney Embassy, a British diplomatic mission to China led by George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney, reaches Canton, but will be rebuffed by the Qianlong Emperor.ampref name=ampquotThe People's Chronologyampquotamp{{cite book|chapter=1793|title=The People's Chronology|editor=Everett, Jason M.|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2006}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/06/02", "description": " The Girondins are overthrown in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/06/10", "description": " The Jardin des Plantes and the Mus\u00e9um national d'histoire naturelle are created by the National Convention. The museum opens in Paris the following year and the garden houses one of the first public zoos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/07/09", "description": " The Act Against Slavery is passed in Upper Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/07/13", "description": " Charlotte Corday kills Jean-Paul Marat in his bath.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/07/17", "description": " Charlotte Corday is executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/07/20", "description": " Scottish explorer Alexander Mackenzie's 1792ampndash1793 Peace River expedition to the Pacific Ocean reaches its goal at Bella Coola, British Columbia, making him the first known person to complete a transcontinental crossing of northern North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/07/29", "description": " John Graves Simcoe decides to build a fort and settlement at Toronto, having sailed into the bay there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/08/10", "description": " French Revolution ampndash Feast of Unity: Crowds in Paris burn monarchist emblems.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/08/23", "description": " The following universal conscription decree is enacted in France: quotThe young men shall go to battle and the married men shall forge arms. The women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals children shall tear rags into lint. The old men will be guided to the public places of the cities to kindle the courage of the young warriors and to preach the unity of the Republic and the hatred of kings.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/09/05", "description": " In Paris, the Louvre Palace is opened to the public as a museum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/10/24", "description": " The French Republican Calendar is adopted by the National Convention.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/11/10", "description": " The dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution reaches a climax with the celebration of the Goddess quotReasonquot in the cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/12/08", "description": " Madame du Barry is executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/12/09", "description": " New York City's first daily newspaper, the ''American Minerva'', is established by Noah Webster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/12/18", "description": " French forces under Dugommier capture Toulon from royalists and British forces under Vice Admiral Lord Hood. The British fire the dockyards and take 16 ships, one of which, the ''Lutine'', becomes a famous treasure ship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/12/18", "description": "The First Coalition against France is formed during the year by Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, Spain, Portugal, the Holy Roman Empire, Naples and Tuscany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/12/18", "description": "British troops invade the island of Saint-Domingue (now Haiti) to suppress a slave rebellion but are forced to withdraw by disease and the army of Toussaint Louverture.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/history\/british\/launch_tl_british.shtml|publisher=BBC\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/history\/british\/launch_tl_british.shtml|publisher=BBC<\/a> History|title=British History Timeline|accessdate=2007-09-04|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070909012414\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/history\/british\/launch_tl_british.shtml|archivedate=09\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070909012414\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/history\/british\/launch_tl_british.shtml|archivedate=09<\/a> September 2007 amp!--Added by DASHBot--amp}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/12/18", "description": "The Al Bu Falah move to Abu Dhabi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/12/18", "description": "The first year of regular production begins for the United States Mint and the half cent is minted for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/12/18", "description": "In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania more than 4,000 die from yellow fever.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1793/12/18", "description": "Niccol\u00f2 Paganini debuts as a violin virtuoso at age 11.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/02/04", "description": " The French Republic abolishes slavery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/02/11", "description": " The first session of the United States Senate is open to the public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/03/11", "description": " Canonsburg Academy (now Washington amp Jefferson College) is chartered by the General Assembly.{{cite book|last=Coleman|first=Helen Turnbull Waite|title=Banners in the Wilderness: The Early Years of Washington and Jefferson College|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press|year=1956|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/bannersinthewild012852mbp|oclc=2191890|page=204}}\">http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/bannersinthewild012852mbp|oclc=2191890|page=204}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/03/14", "description": " Eli Whitney is granted a patent for the cotton gin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/03/27", "description": " The United States Government authorizes the building of the first six United States Navy vessels (in 1797 the first three frigates, USS ''United States'', USS ''Constellation'' and USS ''Constitution'' go into service), not to be confused with October 13, 1775 which is observed as the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/birthday.htm\">http:\/\/www.history.navy.mil\/birthday.htm<\/a> Navy's Birthday.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/04/05", "description": " Georges Danton is executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/04/29", "description": "May 1 ampndash Battle of Boulou: The French defeat the Spanish  and Portuguese forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/05/08", "description": " French chemist Antoine Lavoisier is executed by guillotine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/05/18", "description": " Battle of Tourcoing: French troops defeat British forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/05/28", "description": " June 1 ampndash The Glorious First of June (Battle of Ushant): British and French ships battle to a draw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/06/04", "description": " British troops capture Port-au-Prince in Haiti.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/06/26", "description": " Battle of Fleurus: French forces defeat the Austrians and their allies, leading to permanent loss of the Austrian Netherlands and destruction of the Dutch Republic. French use of an observation balloon marks the first participation of an aircraft in battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/07/12", "description": " Horatio Nelson loses the sight in his right eye at Calvi in Corsica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/07/27", "description": " (9 Thermidor) ampndash Maximilien Robespierre is arrested.  Executed the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/09/10", "description": " The University of Tennessee is established at Knoxville.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/09/10", "description": "October ampampndash A Federal army quells the Whiskey Rebellion in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/11/04", "description": " Russian General Alexander Suvorov stormed Warsaw in the war against the Polish uprising and captured Praga, one of its suburbs, killing many civilians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/11/14", "description": " The first recorded meeting of the Franklin Literary Society was held at Canonsburg Academy (now Washington amp Jefferson College).{{Cite book| last = McClelland| first = W.C.|chapter= A History of Literary Societies at Washington amp Jefferson College|chapterurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=t1QyAAAAYAAJamppg=PA111\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=t1QyAAAAYAAJamppg=PA111<\/a> | publisher = George H. Buchanan and Company|title=The Centennial Celebration of the Chartering of Jefferson College in 1802| year= 1903 | location = Philadelphia| pages = 111\u2013132| url = <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?output=textampid=t1QyAAAAYAAJ}}\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?output=textampid=t1QyAAAAYAAJ}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/11/14", "description": "Coffee is forbidden by royal decree in Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/11/14", "description": "France occupies Aachen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/11/14", "description": "The Ayrshire (Earl of Carrick's Own) Yeomanry, a British Yeomanry Cavalry Regiment, is formed by the Earl of Cassillis at Culzean Castle, Ayrshire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/11/14", "description": "The Reign of Terror ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/11/14", "description": "Colombian Antonio Nari\u00f1o translates and publishes the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/11/14", "description": "Britain agrees to evacuate border forts in the Northwest Territory (roughly the area north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi) and thereby end British support for the Indians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/11/14", "description": "Bowdoin College is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1794/11/14", "description": "The Oban Distillery is built.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/01/14", "description": " The University of North Carolina opens to students at Chapel Hill, becoming the first state university in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/01/16", "description": " The French occupy Utrecht, Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/01/17", "description": " Revolution breaks out in Amsterdam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/01/19", "description": " The Batavian Republic is proclaimed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/01/20", "description": " French troops enter Amsterdam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/01/21", "description": " The Dutch fleet, frozen in IJsselmeer, is captured by the French 8th Hussars.{{citation needed|date=August 2011}}!--Nolfi <a href=\"http:\/\/www.strategypage.com\/cic\/docs\/cic123a.asp\">http:\/\/www.strategypage.com\/cic\/docs\/cic123a.asp<\/a> dates it 25 January, amp credits Lt Col Lahure, adding a coy of infantry--", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/02/07", "description": " The Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/02/07", "description": "March ampampndash English Benedictine monks expelled from Douai are permitted to proceed to England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/04/05", "description": " Peace of Basel signed between France and Prussia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/04/07", "description": " Adoption of the metric system in France.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/smdsi.quartier-rural.org\/histoire\/18germ_3.htm|title=Decree\">http:\/\/smdsi.quartier-rural.org\/histoire\/18germ_3.htm|title=Decree<\/a> on weights and measures|year=1795|accessdate=2008-10-02}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/04/08", "description": " George, Prince of Wales, marries Caroline of Brunswick.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/04/23", "description": " Former Governor-General of India Warren Hastings is acquitted by the British House of Lords of misconduct.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=345\u2013346}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/05/01", "description": " Battle of Nu'uanu: Kamehameha I of the Island of Hawaii defeats the Oahuans, solidifying his control of the major islands of the archipelago and officially founding the Kingdom of Hawaii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/05/15", "description": " War of the First Coalition: Napoleon I of France enters Milan in triumph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/05/15", "description": "MayampampndashJune ampampndash The ''Battle of Richmond Hill'' is fought in the colony of New South Wales, between the Darug people and British colonial forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/06/05", "description": "7 ampndash The Copenhagen fire of 1795, starting in a naval warehouse, destroys 941 houses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/06/08", "description": " The Dauphin, would-be-Louis XVII, dies. Louis XVIII becomes titular king of France (he becomes the actual king on April 6, 1814).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/06/28", "description": " The French government announces that the heir to the French throne has died of illness (many doubt the statement).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/06/28", "description": "Mary Robinson writes the poem ''January, 1795''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/06/28", "description": "British forces land off Quiberon to aid the revolt in Brittany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/06/28", "description": "French troops recapture St. Lucia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/07/22", "description": " Second Treaty of Basel between the French First Republic and Spain, ending the War of the Pyrenees. Spain cedes its half of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola to France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/07/25", "description": " Construction of the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct in Wales begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/08/03", "description": " Signing of the Treaty of Greenville puts an end to the Northwest Indian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/08/22", "description": " The French Constitution of 1795 is ratified by the National Convention.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/08/25", "description": " British forces capture Trincomalee in Ceylon.ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=234\u2013235|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/08/28", "description": " Third Treaty of Basel between the French First Republic and the Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/09/11", "description": " Battle of Krtsanisi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/09/16", "description": " British forces capture Cape Town from the Netherlands.ref name=CBH\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/09/21", "description": " Battle of the Diamond: Protestant forces defeat Catholic troops in Loughgall, Ireland, leading to the foundation of the Orange Order.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/09/28", "description": " The Alliance of St Petersburg is formed between Britain, Russia and Austria against France.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/10/01", "description": " Austrian Netherlands is annexed to the French Republic as the ''Belgian departments''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/10/02", "description": " British forces capture the Ile d'Yeu off the coast of Brittany.ref name=CBH\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/10/05", "description": " 13 Vend\u00e9miaire: Royalist riots in Paris are crushed by troops under Paul Barras and newly reinstalled artillery officer Napoleon Bonaparte.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/10/24", "description": " The Third Partition of Poland is made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/10/27", "description": " The United States and Spain sign the Treaty of Madrid, which establishes the boundaries between Spanish colonies and the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/11/02", "description": " The French Directory takes power. Influence of the Sans-culottes declines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/12/13", "description": " Wold Newton meteorite: A meteorite falls at Wold Newton, a hamlet in Yorkshire in England. This meteorite fall is subsequently used as a literary premise by science fiction writer Philip Jos\u00e9 Farmer as the basis for the Wold Newton family.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/12/13", "description": "Sweden becomes the first monarchy to recognize the French Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/12/13", "description": "The Hudson's Bay Company trading post Fort Edmonton is constructed the city of Edmonton, Alberta, eventually grows from it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/12/13", "description": "A large slave rebellion occurs in Cura\u00e7ao.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/12/13", "description": "The British Royal Navy makes the use of lemon juice mandatory to prevent scurvy.ampamp{{cite book|first=Stephen R.|last=Bown|title=Scurvy: How a Surgeon, a Mariner and a Gentleman Solved the Greatest Medical Mystery of the Age of Sail|publisher=Penguin Books Australia|year=2003|page=222}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/12/13", "description": "The harvest fails in Munich.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1795/12/13", "description": "Daniel McGinnis discovers the supposed Money Pit on Oak Island, Nova Scotia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/01/16", "description": " The first Dutch (and general) elections are held for the National Assembly of the Batavian Republic (the next Dutch general elections are held in 1888).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/02/01", "description": " The capital of Upper Canada is moved from Newark to York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/02/09", "description": " The Qianlong Emperor abdicates at age 84 to make way for his son, the Jiaqing Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/02/16", "description": " The Kingdom of Great Britain is granted control of Ceylon by the Dutch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/03/09", "description": " Widow Jos\u00e9phine de Beauharnais marries General Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/03/30", "description": " Carl Gauss obtains conditions for the constructibility by ruler and compass of regular polygons, and is able to announce that the regular 17-gon is constructible by ruler and compasses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/04/02", "description": " The only night of the would-be Shakespearean play ''Vortigern and Rowena'' (actually written by William Henry Ireland) ends in the audience's laughter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/04/12", "description": " War of the First Coalition ampndash Battle of Montenotte: Napoleon Bonaparte gains his first victory as an army commander.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/04/27", "description": " Case of the Lyons Mail: During the night of April 27, 5 highwaymen attack the mail between Paris and Lyon, kill the postmen, and steal the funds sent to the armies in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/04/27", "description": "Persian Expedition of 1796: Russian troops storm Derbent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/04/27", "description": "War of the First Coalition ampampndash Battle of Lodi: General Napoleon Bonaparte defeats Austrian rearguard in forcing a crossing of the bridge over the River Adda in Italy. The Austrians lose some 2,000 men, 14 guns, and 30 ammunition wagons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/05/14", "description": " Edward Jenner administers the first smallpox vaccination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/05/15", "description": " Napoleon's troops take Milan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/05/20", "description": " The last mock Garrat Elections are held in Surrey, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/06/01", "description": " Tennessee is admitted as the 16th U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/07/10", "description": " Carl Friedrich Gauss discovers that every positive integer is representable as a sum of at most 3 triangular numbers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/07/11", "description": " The United States takes possession of Detroit from Great Britain under the terms of the Jay Treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/07/21", "description": " Mungo Park reaches S\u00e9gou, the capital of the Bamana Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/07/22", "description": " Surveyors of the Connecticut Land Company name an area in Ohio quotClevelandquot after Gen. Moses Cleaveland, the superintendent of the surveying party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/08/09", "description": " Opening to traffic of the Wearmouth Bridge in England, designed by Thomas Paine in cast iron. Its span of 72 m (237 feet) makes it the world's longest single-span vehicular bridge extant at this date.{{cite book|last=Tyrrell|first=Henry Grattan|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=l0pDAAAAIAAJamplpg=PA153ampdq=210.%20The%20Sunderland%20bridge%20over%20the%20Wear%20at%20Wearmouthamppg=PA153|title=History\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=l0pDAAAAIAAJamplpg=PA153ampdq=210.%20The%20Sunderland%20bridge%20over%20the%20Wear%20at%20Wearmouthamppg=PA153|title=History<\/a> of Bridge Engineering|pages=153\u2013154|location=Chicago|year=1911|accessdate=2011-08-16}}{{cite book|first=Leonardo Fern\u00e1ndez|last=Troyano|title=Bridge Engineering: a Global Perspective|publisher=Thomas Telford Publishing|location=London|year=2003|isbn=0-7277-3215-3|page=49}}{{cite web|work=Wearside Online|title=Sunderland Wearmouth Bridge|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wearsideonline.com\/Sunderland_Wearmouth_Bridge.html|accessdate=2011-08-16}}\">http:\/\/www.wearsideonline.com\/Sunderland_Wearmouth_Bridge.html|accessdate=2011-08-16}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/09/08", "description": " French Revolutionary Wars ampndash Battle of Bassano: French forces defeat Austrian troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/09/17", "description": " U.S. President George Washington issues his ''Farewell Address'', which warns against partisan politics and foreign entanglements.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/11/03", "description": " John Adams defeats Thomas Jefferson in the U.S. presidential election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/11/04", "description": " The Treaty of Tripoli (between the United States and Tripoli) is signed at Tripoli (see also 1797).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/11/06", "description": "O.S.) ampndash Catherine II of Russia (called ''Catherine The Great'') dies and is succeeded by her son Paul I of Russia. His wife Sophie Marie Dorothea of W\u00fcrttemberg becomes Empress consort.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/11/17", "description": " French Revolutionary Wars ampndash Battle of Arcole: French forces defeat the Austrians in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/11/17", "description": "December ampampndash The British government begins work on a 40-acre (162,000ampampnbspm\u00b2) site at Norman Cross for the world's first purpose-built prisoner-of-war camp.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-1201352\/Time-Team-help-unearth-worlds-prisoner-war-camp--Britain.html|title=Time\">http:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-1201352\/Time-Team-help-unearth-worlds-prisoner-war-camp--Britain.html|title=Time<\/a> Team help unearth world's first prisoner of war camp|newspaper=Daily Mail|location=London|date=2009-07-22|accessdate=2012-07-23}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/12/07", "description": " The U.S. Electoral College meets to elect John Adams president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/12/07", "description": "Spanish government lifts the restrictions against neutrals trading with the colonies, thus acknowledging Spain's inability to supply the colonies with needed goods and markets.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/12/07", "description": "Jane Austen writes her first draft of ''Pride and Prejudice'', under the title ''First Impressions''. The book will not be published until 1813.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/12/07", "description": "Robert Burns' version of the Scots poem ''Auld Lang Syne'' is first published, in this year's volume of ''The Scots Musical Museum''.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/robertburns\/works\/auld_lang_syne\/|title=Robert\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/robertburns\/works\/auld_lang_syne\/|title=Robert<\/a> Burns - Auld Lang Syne|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2012-01-26}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1796/12/07", "description": "Annual British iron production reaches 125,000 tons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/01/03", "description": " The Treaty of Tripoli (a peace treaty between the United States and Tripoli) is signed at Algiers (see also 1796).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/01/07", "description": " The parliament of the Cisalpine Republic adopts the Italian green-white-red tricolour as the official flag (this is considered the birth of the flag of Italy).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/01/15", "description": " London haberdasher John Hetherington wears a silk top hat in public and attracts a large crowd of onlookers. He is later fined \u00a3500 for causing a public nuisance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/02/14", "description": " The Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1797), part of the Wars of the French Revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/02/18", "description": " Spanish Governor Jos\u00e9 Maria Chac\u00f3n peacefully surrenders the colony of Trinidad to a British naval force commanded by Sir Ralph Abercromby.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/02/22", "description": " The Last invasion of Britain begins. French forces under the command of American Colonel William Tate land near Fishguard in Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/02/25", "description": " William Tate surrenders to the British at Fishguard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/02/26", "description": " The Bank of England (national bank of Britain) issues the first one-pound and two-pound notes (discontinued March 11, 1988).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/03/04", "description": " John Adams is sworn in as the second President of the United States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/04/16", "description": " Spithead and Nore mutinies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/04/17", "description": " Sir Ralph Abercromby unsuccessfully invades San Juan, Puerto Rico in what will be one of the largest British attacks on Spanish territories in the western hemisphere, and one of the worst defeats of the English navy for years to come.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/05/10", "description": " The first ship of the United States Navy, the frigate ''USS UNITED STATES'', is commissioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/05/12", "description": " First Coalition: Napoleon I of France conquers Venice, ending the city's 1,100 years of independence. The last doge of Venice, Ludovico Manin, steps down.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/05/30", "description": " William Wilberforce marries Barbara Ann Spooner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/07/24", "description": " Horatio Nelson is wounded at the Battle of Santa Cruz, losing an arm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/10/17", "description": " The Treaty of Campo Formio ends the War of the First Coalition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/10/21", "description": " In Boston Harbor, the 44-gun United States Navy frigate ''USS Constitution'' is launched to fight Barbary pirates off the coast of Tripoli.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/12/17", "description": " Napoleon leads a successful French charge against Fort l'Aiguilette to secure Toulon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/12/17", "description": "Joseph Haydn composes the music to ''Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser,'' the tune of which also became the music to the German national anthem, ''Deutschland, Deutschland \u00fcber alles''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/12/17", "description": "The XYZ Affair inflames tensions between France and the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1797/12/17", "description": "Foundation of the Lautaro Lodge by Francisco de Miranda, membership will include many independence leaders such as Bernardo O'Higgins and Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/01/22", "description": " A coup d'\u00e9tat is staged in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic). Unitarian Democrat Pieter Vreede makes an end to the power of the parliament (with a conservative-moderate majority).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/02/10", "description": " The papacy is removed from power by French General Louis Alexandre Berthier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/03/05", "description": " French troops enter Bern.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/03/07", "description": " French forces invade the Papal States and establish the Roman Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/04/07", "description": " The Mississippi Territory is organized by the United States from territory ceded by Georgia and South Carolina later it is twice expanded to include disputed territory claimed by both the U.S. and Spain (which acquired territory in trade with Great Britain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/04/12", "description": " Helvetic Republic, a French client republic, proclaimed following collapse of the Old Swiss Confederacy on French invasion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/04/26", "description": " France annexes Geneva.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/05/23", "description": " Irish republicans and nationalists, known as the Society of United Irishmen, launch a rebellion against British rule in expectation of support from France. The United Irishmen are unique amongst Irish nationalist movements in that they unify Catholics and Protestants around republican ideals. The rebellion rages sporadically but is defeated by the British by October.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/05/23", "description": "The French take Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/05/23", "description": "A moderate ''coup d'\u00e9tat'' in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic) deposes Pieter Vreede.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/06/13", "description": " Mission San Luis Rey de Francia is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/07/01", "description": " Napoleon's troops land in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/07/07", "description": " Quasi-War: The United States Congress rescinds treaties with France, sparking the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/07/11", "description": " The United States Marine Corps is re\/established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/07/12", "description": " Battle of Shubra Khit between French and Mamelukes, during Napoleon's march from Alexandria to take Cairo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/07/14", "description": " The Alien and Sedition Acts become United States law, making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false or malicious statements about the United States government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/07/16", "description": " The Relief of Sick and Disabled Seamen Act is signed into law, creating the Marine Hospital Service, the forerunner to the current United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/07/21", "description": " Battle of the Pyramids: Napoleon defeats Ottoman forces near the Pyramids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/07/24", "description": " Napoleon occupies Cairo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/07/31", "description": " A second round of elections are held in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic) no general elections this time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/08/01", "description": " Battle of the Nile (near Abu Qir): Lord Nelson defeats the French navy under Admiral Brueys Nelson himself is wounded in the head.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/08/22", "description": " French troops land at Kilcummin in County Mayo to assist the Irish rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/08/22", "description": "September ampampndash Charles Brockden Brown publishes the first significant American novel, the Gothic fiction ''Wieland: or, The Transformation an American Tale''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/09/10", "description": " Battle of St. George's Caye: Off the coast of British Honduras (now Belize), a group of British nationals and African slaves defeat a force sent from Mexico to drive them out.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/09/18", "description": " ''Lyrical Ballads'' is published anonymously by Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth, inaugurating the English Romantic movement in literature.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/10/12", "description": " Battle of Tory Island: A British Royal Navy squadron under Sir John Borlase Warren prevents French Republican ships commanded by Jean-Baptiste-Fran\u00e7ois Bompart landing reinforcements for the Society of United Irishmen on the Donegal coast Irish leader Wolfe Tone is captured and later dies of wounds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/11/04", "description": " Beginning of the Russo-Ottoman siege of Corfu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/11/08", "description": " British whaler John Fearn becomes the first European to land on Nauru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/11/08", "description": "The first (anonymous) publication occurs of ''An Essay on the Principle of Population'' by Thomas Malthus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/11/08", "description": "Aarau becomes the temporary capital of the Helvetic Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/11/08", "description": "Alois Senefelder invents lithography.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/11/08", "description": "Eli Whitney contracts with the U.S. federal government for 10,000 rifles, which he produces with interchangeable parts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/11/08", "description": "The first census in Brazil counts 2 million blacks in a total population of 3.25 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1798/11/08", "description": "The Ayrshire (Earl of Carrick's Own) Yeomanry, a British Yeomanry Cavalry Regiment, formed by The Earl of Cassillis at Culzean Castle, Ayrshire in 1794, is adopted onto the British Army List.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/01/09", "description": " British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger introduces an income tax of two shillings to the pound to raise funds for Great Britain's war effort in the Napoleonic Wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/03/01", "description": " Federalist James Ross becomes President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/03/03", "description": " The Russo-Ottoman siege of Corfu ends with the surrender of the French garrison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/03/07", "description": " Napoleon captures Jaffa in Palestine and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/03/29", "description": " New York passes a law aimed at gradually abolishing slavery in the state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/05/04", "description": " Battle of Seringapatam: Tippu Sultan is defeated and killed by the British.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/05/21", "description": " Siege of Acre ends after two months: Napoleon's attempt to widen his Middle Eastern campaign into Syria is frustrated by Ottoman forces, and he withdraws to Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/05/27", "description": " Battle of Winterthur: Habsburg forces secure control of north east Switzerland from the French Army of the Danube.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/07/07", "description": " Ranjit Singh's men take their positions outside Lahore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/07/12", "description": " Ranjit Singh the Great conquers Lahore and becomes ruler of the Punjab.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/07/15", "description": " In the Egyptian port city of Rosetta, French Captain Pierre Bouchard finds the Rosetta Stone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/07/25", "description": " At Aboukir in Egypt, Napoleon defeats 10,000 Ottoman Mamluk troops under Mustafa Pasha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/08/27", "description": " War of the Second Coalition: Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland ampndash Britain and Russia send an expedition to the Batavian Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/08/30", "description": " Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland: Vlieter Incident: A squadron of the Batavian Republic's navy, commanded by Rear-Admiral Samuel Story, surrenders to the British Royal Navy under Sir Ralph Abercromby and Admiral Sir Charles Mitchell near Wieringen without joining action.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/10/06", "description": " Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland: Battle of Castricum ampndash Franco-Dutch forces defeat the Russo-British expedition force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/10/09", "description": " {{HMS|Lutine|1779}} (a famous treasure wreck) is sunk in the West Frisian Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/10/12", "description": " Jeanne Genevi\u00e8ve Labrosse becomess the first woman to jump from a balloon with a parachute, from an altitude of 900 meters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/10/18", "description": " Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland: Anglo-Russian expedition forces surrender in North Holland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/11/09", "description": " Napoleon overthrows the French Directory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/11/09", "description": "December", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/11/09", "description": "A new constitution is approved in a plebiscite in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/11/09", "description": "Napoleon becomes First Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/12/14", "description": " George Washington, the first President of the United States, dies in Mount Vernon, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/12/14", "description": "The Place Royale in Paris is renamed ''Place des Vosges'' when the Department of Vosges becomes the first to pay new Revolutionary taxes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/12/14", "description": "Eli Whitney, holding a 1798 United States government contract for the manufacture of muskets, is introduced by Oliver Wolcott, Jr. to the French concept of interchangeable parts, an origin of the American system of manufacturing.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Woodbury|first=Robert S.|year=1960|title=The Legend of Eli Whitney and Interchangeable Parts|journal=Technology and Culture|volume=1}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/12/14", "description": "The small town of Tignish, PE, Canada is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/12/14", "description": "12-year-old Conrad John Reed finds what he describes as a ampquotheavy yellow rockampquot along Little Meadow Creek in Cabarrus County, North Carolina and makes it a doorstop in his home. Conrad's father John Reed learns that the rock is actually gold in 1802, initiating the first gold rush in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/12/14", "description": "The assassination of the 14th Tu'i Kanokupolu, Tuku\u02bbaho, plunges Tonga into half a century of civil war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/12/14", "description": "The Nawab (provincial governor) of Oudh in northern India sends to George III of England the Padshah Nama, an official history of the reign of Shah Jahan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/12/14", "description": "William Cockerill begins building cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1799/12/14", "description": "Dutch government takes over Dutch East India Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800", "description": "World population was nearing 1 billion people. The 1 billion milestone would not be reached until two years later, in 1802. The population distribution by region:", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800", "description": "Africa: 107,000,000", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800", "description": "Asia: 635,000,000", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800", "description": "China: 300\u2013400,000,000ampampRoberts,  J: ampquotHistory of the World.ampquot. Penguin, 1994.ampamp", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800", "description": "Europe: 203,000,000", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800", "description": "Latin-America: 24,000,000", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800", "description": "Northern America: 7,000,000", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800", "description": "Oceania: 2,000,000", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/01/01", "description": " Dutch East India Company dissolves", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/02/13", "description": " The Bank of France is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/02/28", "description": " United Irishman Roddy McCorley is executed in Toomebridge for his part in the Irish Rebellion of 1798.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/03/14", "description": "  Cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti succeeds Pius VI as Pius VII, the 251st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/03/20", "description": " Alessandro Volta describes his new invention, the voltaic pile, the first chemical battery, in a letter to the Royal Society.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/03/20", "description": "April ampampndash Voting begins in the United States presidential election, 1800 it will last until October. The result is not announced until February 1801.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/04/24", "description": " The U.S. Library of Congress is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/05/05", "description": " Great Britain passes the Act of Union to join Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom (to take effect on 1 January 1801). The act is signed by King George III in August.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/05/15", "description": " Napoleon Bonaparte crosses the Alps and invades Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/06/02", "description": " First smallpox vaccination is made in North America, at Trinity, Newfoundland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/06/14", "description": " Battle of Marengo: Napoleon defeats the Austrian troops near Marengo, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/09/05", "description": " At the invitation of the Maltese, British troops liberate the Islands of Malta and Gozo from the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/09/30", "description": " The Convention of 1800, or Treaty of Mortefontaine, is signed between France and the United States of America, ending the Quasi-War.{{cite web |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/avalon.law.yale.edu\/19th_century\/fr1800.asp\">http:\/\/avalon.law.yale.edu\/19th_century\/fr1800.asp<\/a> |title=France - Convention of 1800 : Text of the Treaty |work=The Avalon Project | publisher=Yale Law School}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/09/30", "description": "U.S. President John Adams becomes the first President of the United States to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the White House).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/09/30", "description": "Middlebury College is granted its charter by the Vermont General Assembly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/11/17", "description": " The U.S. Congress holds its first Washington, D.C. session.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/12/03", "description": " Battle of Hohenlinden: the French army defeats German troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/12/03", "description": "An assault on Napoleon Bonaparte fails in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/12/03", "description": "Pierre Coudrin and Henriette Aymer de la Chevalerie found the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1800/12/25", "description": " Christmas Day first becomes a Public Holiday on an international scale.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801", "description": "The legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland is completed under the Act of Union 1800, bringing about the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801", "description": "Giuseppe Piazzi discovers the asteroid and former dwarf planet Ceres.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/01/03", "description": " Toussaint L'Ouverture triumphantly enters Santo Domingo, the capital of the former Spanish colony of Santo Domingo, which has become a colony of Napoleonic France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/01/21", "description": " John Marshall is appointed Chief Justice of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/02/04", "description": " William Pitt the Younger resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/02/16", "description": " The Treaty of Lun\u00e9ville ends the War of the Second Coalition between France and Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/02/17", "description": " An electoral tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr is resolved, when Jefferson is elected President of the United States and Burr Vice President by the United States House of Representatives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/02/27", "description": " Washington, D.C. is placed under the jurisdiction of the Congress of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/03/04", "description": " Thomas Jefferson succeeds John Adams as President of the United States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/03/10", "description": " The first census is held in Great Britain. The population of England and Wales is determined to be 8.9 million,{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chronology.ndo.co.uk\/1800-1849.htm|title=Chronology\">http:\/\/www.chronology.ndo.co.uk\/1800-1849.htm|title=Chronology<\/a> of State Medicine|accessdate=2007-08-10| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070809081353\/http:\/\/www.chronology.ndo.co.uk\/1800-1849.htm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070809081353\/http:\/\/www.chronology.ndo.co.uk\/1800-1849.htm|<\/a> archivedate= 09 August 2007 !--Added by DASHBot--}} with London revealed to have 860,035 residents. 1.5 million people live in cities of 20,000 or more in England and Wales, accounting for 17% of the total English population.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/03/14", "description": " Henry Addington becomes First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer effectively Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/03/21", "description": " Second Battle of Abukir in Egypt: British troops defeat the French, but the British commander, Sir Ralph Abercromby, dies later of a wound received in the action.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/03/23", "description": " Tsar Paul I of Russia is murdered. He is succeeded by his son Alexander I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/04/02", "description": " First Battle of Copenhagen: The British fleet under Admiral Sir Hyde Parker, along with Admiral Horatio Nelson, attack Copenhagen the Armed Neutrality of the North is dissolved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/05/10", "description": " The pascha of Tripoli declares war on the United States by having the flagpole on the consulate chopped down.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/06/07", "description": " Portugal and Spain sign the Treaty of Badajoz Portugal loses the city of Olivenza.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/06/15", "description": " A bull breaks through barriers at a bullfight in Madrid, killing two people (including the mayor of Torrej\u00f3n de Ardoz)quot<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nationalgalleries.org\/index.php\/collection\/online_az\/4:322\/results\/0\/34098\/\">http:\/\/www.nationalgalleries.org\/index.php\/collection\/online_az\/4:322\/results\/0\/34098\/<\/a> Dreadful events in the front rows of the ring at Madrid and the death of the mayor of Torrej\u00f3n, Plate 21 of La Tauromaquiaquot. National Galleries of Scotland. Retrieved on 25 February 2010. and injuring a number of other spectators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/06/27", "description": " Cairo falls to British troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/07/06", "description": " Battle of Algeciras: The French fleet defeats the British fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/07/07", "description": " Toussaint Louverture promulgates a reforming constitution for Santo Domingo, declaring himself emperor for life of the entire island of Hispaniola and nominally abolishing slavery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/07/18", "description": " Napoleon signs a Concordat with Pope Pius VII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/09/30", "description": " The Treaty of London is signed for preliminary peace between the First French Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/10/17", "description": " A coup d'\u00e9tat is staged in the Netherlands (Batavian Republic).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/11/16", "description": " The first edition of ''New-York Evening Post'' is printed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/11/16", "description": "The first census is held in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/11/16", "description": "Aachen is officially annexed by France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/11/16", "description": "Joseph-Marie Jacquard develops a loom where the pattern being woven is controlled by punched cards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/11/16", "description": "Philippe Pinel publishes ''Trait\u00e9 m\u00e9dico-philosophique sur l'ali\u00e9nation mentale ou la manie'', presenting his enlightened humane psychological approach to the management of psychiatric hospitals. Translated into English by D. D. Davis as ''Treatise on Insanity'' in 1806, it is influential on both sides of the Atlantic during the nineteenth century.ampamp{{cite book|first=Michel|last=Foucault|authorlink=Michel Foucault|title=Folie et d\u00e9raison: histoire de la folie \u00e0 l'\u00e2ge classique|year=1961}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/11/16", "description": "Ultraviolet radiation is discovered by Johann Wilhelm Ritter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1801/11/16", "description": "The magnum opus ''Disquisitiones Arithmeticae'' of Carl Friedrich Gauss is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/01/15", "description": "  Canonsburg Academy (now Washington amp Jefferson College) is chartered by the Pennsylvania General Assembly.{{cite book| last =Coleman | first =Helen Turnbull Waite| title = Banners in the Wilderness: The Early Years of Washington and Jefferson College| publisher = University of Pittsburgh Press| year= 1956| url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/bannersinthewild012852mbp|\">http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/bannersinthewild012852mbp|<\/a> oclc = 2191890|page=206}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/03/16", "description": " Army Corps of Engineers re-established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/03/16", "description": " The United States Military Academy at West Point is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/03/25", "description": "March 27 ampndash Napoleonic Wars: The Treaty of Amiens between France and the United Kingdom ends the War of the Second Coalition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/03/28", "description": " H. W. Olbers discovers the asteroid Pallas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/04/06", "description": " Revenue Commission disbanded.{{where|date=July 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/04/10", "description": " Great Trigonometric Survey of India begins with the measurement of a baseline near Madras.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/04/26", "description": " A general amnesty signed by Napoleon Bonaparte allows all but about 1,000 of the most notorious \u00e9migr\u00e9s of the French Revolution to return to France, as part of a reconciliary gesture to make peace with the various factions of the ''Ancien Regime'' that ultimately consolidates his own rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/05/19", "description": " Napoleon Bonaparte establishes the French ''L\u00e9gion d'honneur'' (Legion of Honour).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/05/20", "description": " By the Law of 20 May 1802, Napoleon Bonaparte reinstates slavery in the French colonies, revoking its abolition in the French Revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/06/01", "description": " Patent and Trademark Office within Department of State", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/06/02", "description": " Indigenous Australian Pemulwuy, a leader of the resistance to European settlement of Australia, is shot dead by Henry Hacking.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/06/08", "description": " Haitian revolutionary Toussaint L'Ouverture is seized by French troops and is imprisoned at the Fort de Joux.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/06/08", "description": "June ampampndash Gia Long is crowned as first Emperor of the Nguy\u1ec5n Dynasty in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/06/08", "description": "July ampampndash Eleuth\u00e8re Ir\u00e9n\u00e9e du Pont founds E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, the modern DuPont Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/07/04", "description": " At West Point, New York the United States Military Academy opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/07/05", "description": "August 28 ampndash A general election in the United Kingdom brings victory for the Tories, led by Henry Addington.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/07/22", "description": " Gia Long captures Hanoi, completing his unification of Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/08/02", "description": " In a plebiscite, Napoleon Bonaparte is confirmed as the First Consul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/09/03", "description": " William Wordsworth publishes the poem ''Westminster Bridge''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/09/11", "description": " The Italian region of Piedmont becomes a part of the French First Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/10/02", "description": " War ends between Sweden and Tripoli. The United States also negotiates peace, but war continues over the size of compensation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/10/02", "description": "October ampampndash The French army enters Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/10/02", "description": "Thomas Wedgwood publishes an account of his experiments in photography, along with Humphry Davy. Since they have no means of fixing the image, their photographs quickly fade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/10/02", "description": "Ludwig van Beethoven performs his ''Moonlight Sonata'' for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1802/10/02", "description": "The English Parliament forbids pauper apprentices.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/01/05", "description": " William Symington demonstrates his ''Charlotte Dundas'', the quotfirst practical steamboatquot, in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/01/30", "description": " Monroe and Livingston sail for Paris to discuss, and possibly buy, New Orleans they end up completing the Louisiana Purchase.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/02/19", "description": " Act of Mediation issued by Napoleon Bonaparte establishes the Swiss Confederation to replace the Helvetic Republic. Under the terms of the act, Graub\u00fcnden, St. Gallen, Thurgau, the Ticino and Vaud become Swiss cantons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/02/21", "description": " Edward Despard and six others are hanged and beheaded for plotting to assassinate King George III of the United Kingdom and to destroy the Bank of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/02/24", "description": " ''Marbury v. Madison'': The Supreme Court of the United States establishes the principle of judicial review.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/02/25", "description": " A major redistribution of territorial sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire is enacted via an act known as the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/03/01", "description": " Ohio is admitted as the 17th U.S. state, retroactive from August 7, 1953.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/03/09", "description": " Aargau becomes a Swiss canton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/03/09", "description": "MarchampampndashApril ampampndash The ''franc germinal'' is introduced in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/04/30", "description": " Louisiana Purchase is made by the United States from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/04/30", "description": "May ampampndash The First Consul of France Citizen Bonaparte begins making preparations to invade England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/05/18", "description": " The United Kingdom resumes war on France after France refuses to withdraw from Dutch territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/05/19", "description": " Master Malati, a Coptic Christian leader, is beheaded by a Muslim mob in Cairo, Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/07/04", "description": " The Louisiana Purchase is announced to the American people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/07/05", "description": " The convention of Artlenburg leads to the French occupation of Hanover (which had been ruled by the British king).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/07/23", "description": " Robert Emmet's uprising in Ireland begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/07/26", "description": " The wagonway between Wandsworth and Croydon is opened, being the first public railway line in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/08/03", "description": " The British begin the Second Anglo-Maratha War against Sindhia of Gwalior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/09/03", "description": " William Wordsworth writes quotUpon Westminster Bridge.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/09/11", "description": "  Battle of Delhi, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, between British troops under General Lake, and Marathas of Scindia's army under General Louis Bourquin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/09/20", "description": " Irish rebel Robert Emmet is executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/09/23", "description": " Battle of Assaye (India): British-led troops defeat Maratha forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/10/20", "description": " The Senate ratifies the Louisiana Purchase Treaty, doubling the size of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/11/18", "description": " Battle of Verti\u00e8res: The Haitian army led by Jean-Jacques Dessalines defeats the army of Napoleon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/11/30", "description": " At the Cabildo building in New Orleans, Spanish representatives Governor Manuel de Salcedo and the Marqu\u00e9s de Casa Calvo, officially transfer the Louisiana Territory to French representative Prefect Pierre Cl\u00e9ment de Laussat (just 20 days later, France transfers the same land to the United States as the Louisiana Purchase).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/11/30", "description": "Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin begins removal of the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens where they are at risk of destruction during the Ottoman occupation of Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/11/30", "description": "Orissa, India is occupied by the British under the British East India Company after the Second Anglo-Maratha War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1803/11/30", "description": "Major breakthroughs in chemistry occur, with the identification of the elements Rhodium, Palladium, Osmium, Iridium, and Cerium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/01/01", "description": " Haiti gains independence from France and becomes the first black republic, having the only successful slave revolt ever.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/02/14", "description": " The First Serbian Uprising begins as an intro into Serbian Revolution. By 1817, Principality of Serbia proclaims self-rule from Ottoman Empire, thus becoming the first nation-state in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/02/15", "description": " New Jersey becomes the last northern state to abolish slavery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/02/16", "description": " First Barbary War: Stephen Decatur leads a raid to burn the pirate-held frigate ''Philadelphia''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/02/16", "description": " The USS ''Philadelphia'' burns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/02/18", "description": " Ohio University is chartered by the Ohio General Assembly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/02/21", "description": " The Cornishman Richard Trevithick's newly-built quotPenydarrenquot steam locomotive operates on the Merthyr Tramroad between Penydarren in Merthyr Tydfil and Abercynon in South Wales, following several trials since February 13, the world's first locomotive to work on rails.{{cite book|last=Rattenbury|first=Gordon|coauthors=Lewis, M. J. T.|title=Merthyr Tydfil Tramroads and their Locomotives|year=2004|publisher=Railway and Canal Historical Society|location=Oxford|isbn=0-901461-52-0}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/02/21", "description": "February ampampndash The 1804 Haiti Massacre, an ethnic cleansing, eradicates the white population on Haiti it is not stopped until 22 April.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/02/21", "description": "John Wedgwood founds the Royal Horticultural Society.ampref name=ampquotPocket On This Dayampquotamp{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/02/21", "description": "Thomas Charles is instrumental in founding the British and Foreign Bible Society.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.biblesociety.org.uk\/about-bible-society\/history\/our-timeline\/|title=Our\">http:\/\/www.biblesociety.org.uk\/about-bible-society\/history\/our-timeline\/|title=Our<\/a> timeline|publisher=Bible Society|accessdate=2010-11-26}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/03/10", "description": " Louisiana Purchase: In St. Louis, a formal ceremony is conducted to transfer ownership of Louisiana Territory from France to the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/03/17", "description": " First performance of Friedrich Schiller's play ''Wilhelm Tell'', at Weimar under the direction of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/03/21", "description": " The ''Napoleonic Code'' is adopted as French civil law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/04/02", "description": " Forty merchantmen are wrecked when a convoy led by the HMS ''Apollo'' runs aground off Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/04/04", "description": " Samuel Taylor Coleridge aboard ''The Speedwell'' sails to the Mediterranean", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/04/05", "description": " The first recorded meteorite falls in Possil, Scotland (High Possil meteorite).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/04/26", "description": " Henry Addington resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/05/10", "description": " William Pitt the Younger begins his second term as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/05/14", "description": " The Lewis and Clark Expedition departs from Camp Dubois and begins their historic journey by traveling up the Missouri River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/05/18", "description": " Napoleon Bonaparte is proclaimed Emperor of the French by the French Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/06/09", "description": " Beethoven's ''Symphony No. 3 in Eampndashflat'' premiered in Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/06/15", "description": " The Twelfth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified by New Hampshire, and arguably becomes effective (subsequently vetoed by the Governor of New Hampshire).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/07/11", "description": " Alexander Hamilton is shot during a duel with Aaron Burr and dies the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/07/27", "description": " The Twelfth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution ratified by Tennessee, removing doubt surrounding adoption.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/08/20", "description": " Lewis and Clark Expedition: The ''Corps of Discovery'', whose purpose is to explore the Louisiana Purchase, suffers its only death when Sergeant Charles Floyd dies, apparently from acute appendicitis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/09/01", "description": " German astronomer K. L. Harding discovers the asteroid Juno.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/11/03", "description": " The Treaty of St. Louis (1804) is signed by Quashquame and William Henry Harrison controversy surrounding the treaty eventually causes the Sauks to ally with the British during the War of 1812 and is the main cause of the Black Hawk War of 1832.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/11/20", "description": " Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman starts to rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/11/30", "description": " The Democratic-Republican-controlled United States Senate begin an impeachment trial against Federalist-partisan Supreme Court of the United States Justice Samuel Chase (he was charged with political bias but was acquitted by the United States Senate of all charges on March 1, 1805).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/12/02", "description": " At Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, Napoleon Bonaparte crowns himself as the first Emperor of the French in a thousand years (the Napoleonic Code is adopted).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/12/03", "description": " Thomas Jefferson defeats Charles C. Pinckney in the U.S. presidential election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/12/12", "description": " Spain declares war on Britain", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/12/12", "description": "The Nguy\u1ec5n Dynasty Emperor Gia Long changes his country's official name from \u0110\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7t to Vi\u1ec7t Nam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/12/12", "description": "P\u00e8re Lachaise Cemetery a {{convert|118|acre|km2}} cemetery in Paris, France is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/12/12", "description": "Morphine is first isolated from the opium poppy by the German pharmacist, Friedrich Sert\u00fcrner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/12/12", "description": "Matthew Flinders recommends that New Holland be renamed ''Australia'' (from the Latin ampquotaustralisampquot meaning ampquotof the southampquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1804/12/12", "description": "World population reaches 1 billion people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/01/11", "description": " Michigan Territory is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/02/15", "description": " The Harmony Society is officially formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/03/01", "description": " Justice Samuel Chase is acquitted of impeachment charges by the U.S. Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/03/04", "description": " Thomas Jefferson is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/03/05", "description": "  The New Brunswick Legislature passes a bill to advance literacy in the province, which eventually leads to the creation of public education in what is now Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/04/27", "description": " United States Marines and Berbers attack the Tripolitan city of Derna (The quotShores of Tripoliquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/04/29", "description": " Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck is appointed as Grand Pensionary of the Batavian Republic by Napoleon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/06/01", "description": " Luigi Boccherini is buried in Italy after being found dead on May 28.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/06/04", "description": " The First Barbary War ends between Tripoli and the United States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/06/04", "description": " The first Trooping the Colour ceremony is held at the Horse Guards Parade in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/06/11", "description": " Detroit burns to the ground most of the city is destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/06/13", "description": " Lewis and Clark Expedition: Scouting ahead of the expedition, Meriwether Lewis and four companions sight the Great Falls of the Missouri River, confirming they are heading in the right direction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/07/09", "description": " Muhammad Ali Pasha founds his dynasty in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/10/17", "description": " Napoleonic Wars ampndash Battle of Ulm: Austrian General Mack von Leiberich is forced to surrender his entire army to Napoleon after being surrounded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/10/21", "description": " Napoleonic Wars ampndash Battle of Trafalgar: British naval  fleet led by Admiral Horatio Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain however, Admiral Nelson is fatally shot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/11/07", "description": " The Lewis and Clark Expedition arrives at the Pacific Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/11/11", "description": " Napoleonic Wars ampndash Battle of D\u00fcrenstein: 8,000 French troops attempt to slow the retreat of a vastly superior Russian and Austrian force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/11/16", "description": " Napoleonic Wars ampndash Battle of Sch\u00f6ngrabern: ampndash Russian forces under Pyotr Bagration delay the pursuit by French troops under Murat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/11/26", "description": " The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct is opened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/12/02", "description": " Napoleonic Wars ampndash Battle of Austerlitz: French troops  under Napoleon decisively defeat a joint Russo-Austrian force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/12/26", "description": " The Peace of Pressburg is signed between France and Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/12/26", "description": "James Squire becomes the first person in  Australia to cultivate Hops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/12/26", "description": "The Horse Patrol, a mounted law enforcement force, is founded in London, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/12/26", "description": "King Anouvong becomes ruler of Vientiane.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/12/26", "description": "Napoleon annuls the 10-day week of the French Revolutionary Calendar he also orders his soldiers to be vaccinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/12/26", "description": "Sweden declares war on France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/12/26", "description": "Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar dedicates himself to liberating Venezuela from Spanish rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1805/12/26", "description": "Old Man of the Mountain is born (first mention). (d. 2003)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/01/01", "description": " Kingdom of Bavaria established by Napoleon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/01/05", "description": " The body of Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson, lies in state in the Painted Hall of the Greenwich Hospital prior to his funeral.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/01/08", "description": " Cape Colony becomes a British colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/01/09", "description": " Lord Nelson is given a state funeral at St Paul's Cathedral, attended by the Prince of Wales.Hibbert, Christopher ''Nelson: A Personal History'' (1994) p. 382", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/01/10", "description": " The Dutch in Cape Town surrender to the British.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/01/19", "description": " The British occupy the Cape of Good Hope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/01/23", "description": " Grenville succeeds William Pitt the Younger as wartime Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, upon Pitt's death this day amidst worsening health caused by the stresses of the Napoleonic Wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/02/06", "description": " The Royal Navy gains a victory off Santo Domingo (see Action of 6 February 1806).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/03/23", "description": " After traveling through the Louisiana Purchase and reaching the Pacific Ocean, explorers Lewis and Clark and their ''Corps of Discovery'' begin their journey home.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/03/28", "description": " Washington College (now Washington amp Jefferson College) is chartered by the Pennsylvania General Assembly.{{cite book| last =Coleman | first =Helen Turnbull Waite| title = Banners in the Wilderness: The Early Years of Washington and Jefferson College| publisher = University of Pittsburgh Press| year= 1956| url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/bannersinthewild012852mbp|\">http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/bannersinthewild012852mbp|<\/a> oclc = 2191890|page=210}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/03/29", "description": " Construction is authorized of the ''National Road'' (the first United States federal highway).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/04/08", "description": " Stephanie de Beauharnais, adopted daughter of Napoleon Bonaparte, marries Prince Karl Ludwig Friedrich of Baden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/05/30", "description": " Andrew Jackson kills a man in a duel after the man had accused Jackson's wife of bigamy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/06/05", "description": " Louis Bonaparte is appointed as King of Holland by his brother, Emperor Napoleon I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/07/04", "description": " Battle of Maida: Britain defeats the French in Calabria. The legendary ''Irish Rover'' sets sail from the Cove of Cork, Ireland for New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/07/10", "description": " Vellore Mutiny, the first mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/07/15", "description": " Pike expedition: Near St. Louis, Missouri, United States Army Lieutenant Zebulon Pike leads an expedition from Fort Bellefontaine to explore the west.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/07/15", "description": "August ampampndash English seal hunter Abraham Bristow discovers the Auckland Islands.ampamp{{cite book|last=Mawar|first=Granville|title=Ahab's Trade: The Saga of South Seas Whaling|year=1999|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=0-312-22809-0}}ampampampamp{{cite journal|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/nq.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/17\/10\/369.full.pdf+html|format=PDF|first=A.\">http:\/\/nq.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/17\/10\/369.full.pdf+html|format=PDF|first=A.<\/a> G. E.|last=Jones|title=Captain Abraham Bristow and the Auckland Islands|journal=Notes and Queries|year=1970|volume=17|issue=10|pages=369\u2013371|doi= 10.1093\/nq\/17.10.369|accessdate=2011-12-14}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/08/06", "description": " Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor, abdicates, thus ending the Holy Roman Empire after about a millennium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/08/06", "description": "September ampampndash France invades Prussia. Prussia declares war on France, and is joined by Saxony and other minor German states.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/09/23", "description": " The Lewis and Clark Expedition reaches St. Louis, Missouri, ending a successful exploration of the Louisiana Territory and the Pacific Northwest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/10/14", "description": " Battle of Jena-Auerst\u00e4dt: Napoleon defeats the Prussian army of Prince Hohenlohe at Jena while Marshal Davout defeats the main Prussian army under the Duke of Brunswick, who is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/10/17", "description": " Emperor Jacques I of Haiti (Jean-Jacques Dessalines) is assassinated at the Pont-Rouge, Haiti, and Alexandre P\u00e9tion becomes first President of the Republic of Haiti.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/10/24", "description": " French forces enter Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/10/24", "description": "November ampampndash Napoleon declares a Continental Blockade against the British.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/11/15", "description": " Pike expedition: During his second exploratory expedition, Lieutenant Zebulon Pike sees a distant mountain peak while near the Colorado foothills of the Rocky Mountains (later named Pikes Peak in his honor).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/11/24", "description": " The last major Prussian field force, under Gebhard Leberecht von Bl\u00fccher, surrenders to the French near L\u00fcbeck. Frederick William III has by this time fled to Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/11/28", "description": " French troops enter Warsaw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/12/26", "description": " 1806 Battles of Pultusk and Golymin. Battle of Pultusk: Russian forces under General Bennigsen narrowly escape from a direct confrontation with Napoleon, who goes into winter quarters. Battle of Golymin: Russian forces under General Golitsyn fight a successful rearguard action against French forces under Marshall Murat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/12/26", "description": "Noah Webster publishes his first American English dictionary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/12/26", "description": "Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin, removes the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon in Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1806/12/26", "description": "Annual British iron production reaches 260,000 tons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807", "description": "February ampampndash Napoleon attacks Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/02/07", "description": " Battle of Eylau: Napol\u00e9on's French Empire begins fighting against Russian and Prussian forces of the Fourth Coalition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/02/08", "description": " Battle of Eylau: Napoleon fights a hard, but inconclusive battle against the Russians under Bennigsen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/02/10", "description": " The United States Coast Survey is established work begins on August 3, 1816.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/02/17", "description": " Henry Christopher is elected first President of the State of Haiti, ruling the northern part of the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/02/19", "description": " In Alabama, former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr is tried for conspiracy and acquitted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/03/02", "description": " The U.S. Congress passes an act to quotprohibit the importation of slaves into any port or place within the jurisdiction of the United States ... from any foreign kingdom, place, or countryquot (to take effect 1 January 1808).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/03/02", "description": "The Slave Trade Act becomes law, abolishing the slave trade in the British Empire. (Slavery is abolished in 1833).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/03/02", "description": "The Swansea and Mumbles Railway in South Wales, at this time known as the Oystermouth Railway, becomes the first passenger carrying railway in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/03/29", "description": " H. W. Olbers discovers the asteroid Vesta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/04/27", "description": " French forces capture Danzig after a 6-week siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/05/22", "description": " A grand jury indicts former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr for treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/05/22", "description": "June ampampndash Chesapeake-Leopard Affair: The British warship ''HMS Leopard'' captures and boards the ''USS Chesapeake''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/06/06", "description": " An earthquake strikes Lisbon, Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/06/09", "description": " The Duke of Portland wins the United Kingdom general election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/06/14", "description": " Battle of Friedland: Napoleon decisively defeats Bennigsen's Russian army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/07/05", "description": " A disastrous British attack is mounted against Buenos Aires during the second failed invasion of the R\u00edo de la Plata.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/07/07", "description": "July 9 ampndash The Peace of Tilsit is signed between France, Prussia and Russia. Napoleon and Russian Emperor Alexander I ally together against the British. The Prussians are forced to cede more than half their territory, which is formed into the Duchy of Warsaw in their former Polish lands and the Kingdom of Westphalia in western Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/07/13", "description": " With the death of Henry Benedict Stuart, the last Stuart claimant to the throne of the United Kingdom, the movement of Jacobitism comes to an effective end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/07/20", "description": " Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce was awarded a patent by Napoleon Bonaparte for the Pyr\u00e9olophore, the world's first internal combustion engine, after it successfully powered a boat upstream on the river Sa\u00f4ne in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/08/17", "description": " The ''Clermont'', Robert Fulton's first American steamboat, leaves New York City for Albany, New York on the Hudson River, inaugurating the first commercial steamboat service in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/09/01", "description": " Former U.S. Vice President Aaron Burr is acquitted of treason. He had been accused of plotting to annex parts of Louisiana and Mexico to become part of an independent republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/09/02", "description": " September 7 ampndash Battle of Copenhagen: The Royal Navy bombards Copenhagen with fire bombs and phosphorus rockets to prevent Denmark from surrendering its fleet to Napoleon 30% of the city is destroyed and 2,000 citizens are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/09/04", "description": " Robert Morrison, the first Protestant missionary to China, arrives in Guangzhou.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/10/09", "description": " Serfdom is abolished in Prussia by law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/10/13", "description": "Geological Society of London founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/11/29", "description": " The Portuguese Queen Maria I and the Court embark at Lisbon bound for Brazil. Rio de Janeiro becomes the Portuguese capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/12/22", "description": " The U.S. Congress passes the Embargo Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/12/22", "description": "Ottoman Emperor Selim III (1789\u20131807) is deposed in favour of his nephew Mustafa IV,", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/12/22", "description": "Battle of Abrantes: The French under Jean-Andoche Junot take the town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/12/22", "description": "Napoleon purchases the Borghese art collection, including the Antinous Mondragone, and brings it to Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/12/22", "description": "The municipality of Mogpog in Marinduque, Philippines, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1807/12/22", "description": "The world's oldest international football stadium, the Racecourse Ground, opens in Wrexham, Wales, although it will not host football games until 1872.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/01/01", "description": " The importation of slaves into the United States is banned by the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves this is also the earliest day under the United States Constitution that an amendment can be made restricting slavery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/01/12", "description": " The organizational meeting leading to the creation of the Wernerian Natural History Society, a former Scottish learned society, is held in Edinburgh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/01/22", "description": " The Bragan\u00e7a Portuguese Royal Family arrives in Brazil, running away from the French army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/01/22", "description": "26 January ampampndash Rum Rebellion: On the 20th anniversary of the foundation of the colony of New South Wales, disgruntled military officers of the New South Wales Corps (the ''Rum Corps'') overthrow and imprison Governor William Bligh and seize control of the colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/01/22", "description": "February ampampndash Russia issues an ultimatum to Sweden to join Napoleon's Continental System against Great Britain and Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/02/02", "description": " French troops occupy the Papal States (Vatican).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/02/06", "description": " The ship ''Topaz'' (from Boston April 5, 1807 hunting seals) rediscovers the Pitcairn Islands only one HMS ''Bounty'' mutineer is still alive, Alexander Smith (John Adams).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/02/11", "description": " Anthracite coal is first burned as residential heating fuel by Jesse Fell in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/02/21", "description": " Finnish War: Russian troops cross the border into Finland without a declaration of war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/03/02", "description": " Russian troops occupy Helsinki and threaten Sveaborg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/03/02", "description": " The inaugural meeting of the Wernerian Natural History Society, a former Scottish learned society, is held in Edinburgh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/03/08", "description": " Brazil: With the arrival of the Portuguese royal family in Brazil (1808), the colony became the seat of Portuguese Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/03/11", "description": " Russian troops occupy Tampere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/03/13", "description": " Upon the death of Christian VII, Frederick VI becomes king of Denmark. The next day (March 14), Denmark declares war on Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/03/22", "description": " Russian troops occupy Turku.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/03/26", "description": " Charles IV of Spain abdicates in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/03/26", "description": "A volcano erupts from an unknown location in the western Pacific.  This causes a localized drop in marine air temperatures during this year, and a world-wide drop in marine air temperature for the following decade.ampamp Chenoweth, M. (2001), Two major volcanic cooling episodes derived from global marine air temperature, AD 1807\u20131827, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28(15), 2963\u20132966, doi:10.1029\/2000GL012648. ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/04/06", "description": " John Jacob Astor incorporates the American Fur Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/04/16", "description": " Troops under colonel Carl von D\u00f6beln clash with Russian troops in Pyh\u00e4joki, Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/05/02", "description": " Peninsular War: The people of Madrid rise up against the French troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/05/02", "description": "Finnish War: The fortress of Sveaborg is lost by Sweden to Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/05/02", "description": "Peninsular War: The Madrid rebels who rose on May 2 are executed near Pr\u00edncipe P\u00edo Hill (Francisco Goya paints the fight and the execution in 1814).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/06/12", "description": " Finnish War: A landing of Swedish troops at Ala-Lemu, near Turku, fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/06/19", "description": " Finnish War: A second landing of Swedish troops at Ala-Lemu fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/07/14", "description": " Troops under Colonel Adlercreutz force the Russians to withdraw in Lapua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/07/22", "description": " French General Dupont surrenders to Spanish irregular forces following the Battle of Bail\u00e9n.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/08/10", "description": " Troops under Carl von D\u00f6beln defeat a Russian attack in Kauhajoki.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/08/21", "description": "August 21  ampndash Battle of Vimiero: British troops under Duke of Wellington defeat the French under General Junot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/09/27", "description": " The Congress of Erfurt between the emperors Napoleon I of France and Alexander I of Russia starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/09/29", "description": " A truce is declared between Swedish and Russian troops in Finland it ends on October 19.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/11/15", "description": " Mahmud II (1808\u20131839) succeeds Mustafa IV (1807\u20131808) as  sultan of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/11/19", "description": " A new truce ends fighting in Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/11/23", "description": " Battle of Tudela: French Marshal Lannes defeats a Spanish army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/11/23", "description": "November", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/11/23", "description": "Swedish troops evacuate Finland. Tsar Alexander I of Russia proclaims Finland a part of Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/11/23", "description": "James Madison defeats Charles C. Pinckney in the U.S. presidential election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/11/23", "description": "December ampampndash Napoleon joins his army in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/12/09", "description": " At 20:34 UTC Mercury occults Saturn (there are no observation records).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/12/20", "description": " The original Covent Garden Theatre in London is destroyed by a fire, along with most of the scenery, costumes and scripts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/12/22", "description": " Ludwig van Beethoven conducts and performs in concert at the Theater an der Wien, Vienna, with the premiere of his ''Fifth Symphony'', ''Sixth Symphony'', ''Fourth Piano Concerto'' (performed by Beethoven himself) and ''Choral Fantasy'' (with Beethoven at the piano).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/12/22", "description": "The British siege of Mauritius begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/12/22", "description": "The Academy of Fine Arts, Munich is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/12/22", "description": "Goethe publishes ''Faust'', part I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/12/22", "description": "Earliest preparation of magnesium metal by Sir Humphry Davy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1808/12/22", "description": "1808 ampampndash 1865 ampampndash 500,000 African slaves arrive in Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/01/05", "description": " The Treaty of the Dardanelles between the United Kingdom and the Ottoman Empire is concluded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/01/10", "description": " Peninsular War: French Marshal Jean Lannes begins the Siege of Zaragoza.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/01/16", "description": "  Peninsular War: Battle of Corunna: The French are defeated by the British.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/02/03", "description": " The Illinois Territory is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/02/08", "description": " Franz I of Austria declares war on France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/02/11", "description": " Robert Fulton patents the steamboat in the United States.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thinkfinity.org\/2011-02-11_Fulton-patents-steamboat|title=Robert\">http:\/\/www.thinkfinity.org\/2011-02-11_Fulton-patents-steamboat|title=Robert<\/a> Fulton patented the steamboat in 1809|work=Thinkfinity|publisher=Verizon|accessdate=2011-04-15}}{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.todayinsci.com\/F\/Fulton_Robert\/FultonPatents.htm|title=The\">http:\/\/www.todayinsci.com\/F\/Fulton_Robert\/FultonPatents.htm|title=The<\/a> Fulton Patents|work=Today in Science History|accessdate=2011-04-15}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/02/17", "description": " Miami University (Ohio) is established on the township of land required to be set aside for it under the conditions of the Miami Purchase in 1794.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/02/17", "description": "A decision by the Supreme Court of the United States states that the power of the federal government is greater than any individual state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/02/17", "description": "The Siege of Zaragoza grinds to a halt as Jose Palafox surrenders. Over 60,000 have been killed on both sides in 41 days of street fighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/02/25", "description": " Battle of Valls: Spanish forces are defeated in Catalonia by Marshal Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/03/01", "description": " Embargo Act of 1807 is repealed in the United States the Non-Intercourse Act replaces it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/03/04", "description": " James Madison succeeds Thomas Jefferson as the President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/03/13", "description": " A military coup ousts Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden he is confined in Gripsholm Castle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/03/13", "description": "At the Diet of Porvoo, Finland's four Estates pledge allegiance to Alexander I of Russia, commencing the secession of the future Grand Principality of Finland from Sweden. The Emperor in return, promises to retain and uphold former laws and privileges as well as the dominant Lutheran religion. His pledge is later interpreted by the Finns as a confirmation of constitutional laws, which had, effectively, established Finland as a separate state in real union with the Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/03/13", "description": "King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden abdicates and is later exiled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/03/13", "description": "Peninsular War", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/03/13", "description": "First Battle of Porto: 18,000 Portuguese soldiers are drowned in a rout after defeat by the French under Marshal Soult.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/03/13", "description": "Battle of Medell\u00edn at Extremadura: massive Spanish casualties in a rout by French cavalry under Marshal Victor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/04/09", "description": " Tiroleans rise under the command of Andreas Hofer against French and Bavarian occupation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/04/14", "description": " Battle of Abensberg, Bavaria: Napoleon I defeats Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/04/18", "description": " The 2,000 Guineas Stakes horse race is first run in England.ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=243\u2013244|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/04/19", "description": " Battle of Raszyn: The armies of Austria are defeated by the Duchy of Warsaw as a part of the struggles of the Fifth Coalition .", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/04/22", "description": " Battle of Eckm\u00fchl: French troops under Napoleon I and Marshal Davout defeat the Austrians under Archduke Charles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/04/22", "description": "Mary Kies is the first American woman to be awarded a patent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/04/22", "description": "The Swiss canton of Aargau denies Jews citizenship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/05/10", "description": " Gustav IV Adolf is officially deposed from the Swedish throne by the Riksdag of the Estates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/05/17", "description": " Napoleon I of France orders the annexation of the Papal States to the French Empire. When he announces that the Pope's secular power has ended, the Pope excommunicates him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/05/21", "description": " Battle of Aspern-Essling: Austrian troops under Archduke Karl beat the French under Napoleon in a hard fought battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/05/24", "description": " Dartmoor Prison opens in England to house French prisoners of war.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/06/06", "description": " Sweden promulgates a new Instrument of Government, which restores political power to the Riksdag of the Estates after authoritarian rule since 1772. On the same day, Duke Charles (uncle of the deposed king Gustav IV Adolf) is elected King under the name Charles XIII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/06/07", "description": " Shoja Shah of Afghanistan signs a treaty with the British. Only weeks later, he is succeeded by Mahmud Shah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/07/05", "description": "July 6 ampndash Battle of Wagram: Napoleon defeats the Austrians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/07/06", "description": " French troops arrest Pope Pius VII and take him to Liguria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/07/10", "description": " French Marshal Marmont engages in the inconclusive Battle of Znaim against the Austrians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/07/16", "description": " The city of La Paz (current Bolivia) declares its independence from the Spanish Crown and forms the ''Junta Tuitiva'', the first independent government in Spanish America, led by Pedro Domingo Murillo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/07/28", "description": " Peninsula War: Battle of Talavera: Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force.ref name=CBH\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/07/30", "description": " Walcheren Campaign: A British invasion army lands on Walcheren.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/08/08", "description": " Seventy disciples of Vilna Gaon arrive in Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/08/10", "description": " Ecuador declares independence from Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/08/10", "description": "Severe earthquakes strike the Azores and the village of S\u00e3o Miguel sinks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/08/10", "description": "Battle of Almonacid de Toledo: A poorly led Spanish army is defeated by King Joseph Bonaparte's French army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/09/17", "description": " The Peace of Hamina is signed between Russia and Sweden in the Finnish War. The territory to become the Grand Principality of Finland is ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/09/18", "description": " A new theatre to hold the Royal Opera House opens in London to replace the first, burnt down in a fire in 1808. The price increases lead to the Old Price Riots which last for 64 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/10/08", "description": " Prince Klemens von Metternich becomes Austrian foreign minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/10/11", "description": " Along the Natchez Trace in Tennessee, explorer Meriwether Lewis dies under mysterious circumstances at an inn called Grinder's Stand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/10/14", "description": " The Treaty of Schoenbrunn cedes the Illyrian provinces to France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/11/10", "description": " Berners Street Hoax: Theodore Hook manages to attract dozens of people to 54 Berners Street in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/11/19", "description": " Battle of Ocana: A Spanish army is ridden down and 20,000 are killed by French forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/11/25", "description": " Benjamin Bathurst, a British diplomat, mysteriously disappears (possibly murdered) in Perleberg, west of Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/11/25", "description": "December ampampndash Boyd massacre: Whangaroa M\u0101ori people kill and eat 66 crew and passengers of the brigantine ''Boyd'' in New Zealand.ampamp{{cite web|title=The ''Boyd'' incident - a frontier of chaos?|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nzhistory.net.nz\/culture\/maori-european-contact-before-1840\/the-boyd-incident|work=New\">http:\/\/www.nzhistory.net.nz\/culture\/maori-european-contact-before-1840\/the-boyd-incident|work=New<\/a> Zealand History online|publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage|date=2011-12-07|accessdate=2012-03-03}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/12/26", "description": " A British invasion force leaves Vlissingen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/12/30", "description": " Wearing masks at balls is forbidden in Boston, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/12/30", "description": "William Combe begins publication of the verse ''Tour of Dr Syntax in search of the Picturesque'' in Ackermann's ''Political Magazine'' (London), illustrated with cartoons by Thomas Rowlandson, depicting comic and ridiculous scenes involving a hapless country physician and coming to represent British Regency humour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/12/30", "description": "The {{USS|Constitution}} (ampquotOld Ironsidesampquot) is recommissioned as the flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/12/30", "description": "Louis Poinsot describes the two remaining Kepler-Poinsot polyhedra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/12/30", "description": "Jean-Baptiste Lamarck publishes ''Philosophie Zoologique'', outlining the concept of evolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1809/12/30", "description": "British recruits to the British East India Company and subsequently to the Indian Civil Service are required to learn at least one Indian language fluently.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/01/04", "description": " Australian seal hunter Frederick Hasselborough discovers Campbell Island in the subantarctic.{{cite book|last=Mills|first=William James|title=Exploring polar frontiers: a historical encyclopedia|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2003|location=Santa Barbara|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4Campprintsec=frontcoverampdq=Exploring+polar+frontiersamphl=enampei=I21UTKSmJYWcsQOa2YDbAgampsa=Xampoi=book_resultampct=resultampresnum=1ampved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepageampqampf=false}}\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4Campprintsec=frontcoverampdq=Exploring+polar+frontiersamphl=enampei=I21UTKSmJYWcsQOa2YDbAgampsa=Xampoi=book_resultampct=resultampresnum=1ampved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepageampqampf=false}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/01/12", "description": " The marriage of Napoleon and Josephine is annulled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/02/20", "description": " Tyrolean rebel leader Andreas Hofer is executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/03/04", "description": " Peninsular War: The French Army, under the command of Andr\u00e9 Mass\u00e9na, retreats from Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/03/11", "description": " Napoleon marries Marie-Louise of Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/03/20", "description": " Venezuela achieves home rule: Vicente Empar\u00e1n, Governor of the Captaincy General, is removed by the people of Caracas and a junta is installed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/03/20", "description": "April through Summer ampampndash Kingdom of Hawaii unified.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/04/27", "description": " Beethoven composes his famous piano piece, ''F\u00fcr Elise''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/05/01", "description": " Macon's Bill Number 2 becomes law in the United States, intending to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/05/03", "description": " Lord Byron swims across the Hellespont in Turkey.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This 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conserver pendant plusieurs ann\u00e9es toutes les substances animales ou v\u00e9g\u00e9tales'', the first description of modern food preservation using airtight containers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/07/09", "description": " Napoleon annexes the Kingdom of Holland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/07/11", "description": " Frederick Hasselborough discovers Macquarie Island in the subantarctic.{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Jeff|title=Antarctica|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=A7Y5vXE9grICamppg=PA170ampdq=%22Frederick+Hasselborough%22amphl=enampei=nUkrTOq5IMbBnAe--ZSxDgampsa=Xampoi=book_resultampct=book-preview-linkampresnum=1ampved=0CCgQuwUwAA#v=onepageampq=%22Frederick%20Hasselborough%22ampf=false|accessdate=2010-06-30|year=2005|publisher=Lonely\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=A7Y5vXE9grICamppg=PA170ampdq=%22Frederick+Hasselborough%22amphl=enampei=nUkrTOq5IMbBnAe--ZSxDgampsa=Xampoi=book_resultampct=book-preview-linkampresnum=1ampved=0CCgQuwUwAA#v=onepageampq=%22Frederick%20Hasselborough%22ampf=false|accessdate=2010-06-30|year=2005|publisher=Lonely<\/a> Planet|isbn=1-74059-094-5|page=170}}{{cite book|title=The Australian Geographic book of Antarctica|last=Scott|first=Keith|year=1993|publisher = Australian Geographic|location=Terrey Hills, NSW|isbn=1-86276-010-1|page=14}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/07/20", "description": " 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"event": {"date": "1810/11/17", "description": "A peace treaty in Haiti confirms its division between the northern State of Haiti ruled autocratically by the ''gen de couleur'' Henri Christophe and the southern Republic ruled by the mulatto Alexandre P\u00e9tion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/11/17", "description": "Russia acquires Sukhumi through a treaty with the Abkhazian dukes, and declares a protectorate over the whole of Abkhazia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/11/17", "description": "Amadou Lobbo initiates his jihad in present-day Mali.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/11/17", "description": "Ching Shih and Chang Pao surrender their pirate fleet to the Chinese government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/11/17", "description": "The first steamboat sails on the Ohio River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/11/17", "description": "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe publishes his ''Theory of Colours''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/11/17", "description": "King George III of the United Kingdom is recognized as insane.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/11/17", "description": "General Union of Spinners organizes strike action to raise wages in the smaller U.K. cotton centres to the Manchester level.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1810/11/17", "description": "The Saint Petersburg main military engineering school becomes the first engineering higher learning institution in the Russian Empire, after addition of officers' classes and application of a five-year term of teaching.", "lang": "en", 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Indian restaurant in London.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1800-1820|title=Icons,\">http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1800-1820|title=Icons,<\/a> a portrait of England 1800-1820|accessdate=2007-09-11|archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071017042835\/http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1800-1820|archivedate=17\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071017042835\/http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1800-1820|archivedate=17<\/a> October 2007amp!--Added by DASHBot--amp}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/01/08", "description": " An unsuccessful slave revolt is led by Charles Deslandes in St. Charles and St. James, Louisiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/01/22", "description": " The Casas Revolt begins in San Antonio, Texas.", 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Aires.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/05/14", "description": " Paraguay declares independence from Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/05/16", "description": " Battle of Albuera: Spain, Portugal and Great Britain defeat the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/05/18", "description": " The Battle of Las Piedras is fought near Las Piedras, Banda Oriental, resulting in the first victory for the independentists of Uruguay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/06/09", "description": " The Great fire of the Podil breaks out in Kiev, Ukraine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/07/05", "description": " Venezuela becomes the first South American country to gain independence from Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/07/05", "description": " Venezuela declares its independence from Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/07/14", "description": " Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro publishes his memoire about the molecular content of gases.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/07/14", "description": "ampampampmdash David Thompson reaches the mouth of the Columbia River, finding Fort Astoria under construction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/07/30", "description": "ampampampmdash Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla is executed as a rebel by the Spanish government of New Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/08/03", "description": " First ascent of Jungfrau, third highest summit in the Bernese Alps,", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/08/03", "description": "September ampampndash Nathan of Breslov leads the first annual Rosh Hashana kibbutz (pilgrimage) of Breslov Hasidim to the grave of Rabbi Nachman of Breslov in Uman, Ukraine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/10/11", "description": " Inventor John Stevens' boat, the ''Juliana'', begins operation as the first steam-powered ferry service, between New York City and Hoboken, New Jersey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/10/23", "description": " Jos\u00e9 Gervasio Artigas and 16.000 ''orientales'' leave the Banda Oriental del Uruguay to go into exile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/10/26", "description": " The Argentine Government declares freedom of expression for the press.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/10/26", "description": "November ampampndash Luddite uprisings begin in northern England and the Midlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/11/07", "description": " Battle of Tippecanoe: American troops led by William Henry Harrison defeat the Native American chief Tecumseh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/11/17", "description": " Jos\u00e9 Miguel Carrera, Chilean founding father, is sworn in as President of the executive Junta of the government of Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/12/16", "description": " The New Madrid earthquake in the Mississippi Valley near New Madrid reverses the course of the river for a while. Other earthquakes along the fault occur on January 23, 1812 and February 7, 1812.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/12/21", "description": " First Constitution of Republic of Venezuela after declares its independence from Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1811/12/21", "description": "The Red River Colony is founded in Manitoba, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/01/01", "description": " The ''Allgemeines b\u00fcrgerliches Gesetzbuch'' (the Austrian civil code) enters into force in the Austrian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/02/07", "description": " The last New Madrid Earthquake strikes New Madrid, Missouri, with an estimated moment magnitude of over 8", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/02/11", "description": " Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry invents gerrymandering.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/02/12", "description": " Napoleon authorizes the usage of ''Mesures usuelles'', the basis of the Metric System.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/02/13", "description": " First Chilean newspaper La Aurora de Chile is dealing with political philosophy and standing in favor of the new national government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/02/27", "description": " Poet Lord Byron gives his first address as a member of the House of Lords, in defense of Luddite violence against Industrialism in his home county of Nottinghamshire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/03/15", "description": " Luddites attack the wool processing factory of Frank Vickerman in West Yorkshire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/03/19", "description": " The C\u00e1diz Cortes, in exile, create the first modern Spanish constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/03/26", "description": " An earthquake destroys Caracas, Venezuela.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/04/04", "description": " U.S. President James Madison enacts a 90-day embargo on trade with the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/04/30", "description": " Louisiana is admitted as the 18th U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/05/11", "description": " John Bellingham assassinates British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval in the lobby of the British House of Commons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/05/16", "description": " Russian Field Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov signs the Treaty of Bucharest, ending the Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812. Bessarabia is illegitimately annexed by Imperial Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/05/25", "description": " Felling mine disaster: A mine explosion at the Felling colliery near Jarrow, England leaves 96 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/06/01", "description": " War of 1812: U.S. President James Madison asks the U.S. Congress to declare war on the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/06/04", "description": " Following Louisiana's admittance as a U.S. state, the territory by that name is renamed the Missouri Territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/06/16", "description": " New York State charters City Bank of New York, which later became Citibank.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/06/18", "description": " The War of 1812 begins between the United States and the British Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/06/24", "description": " Napoleon's Grande Arm\u00e9e crosses the Niemen River and invades Russia (see French invasion of Russia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/07/12", "description": " Americans invade Canada at Windsor, Ontario.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/07/18", "description": " Russia's Patriotic War ampndash Battle of Klyastitsy: Kulnev defeats Oudinot but sustains a mortal wound.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/07/22", "description": " Peninsular War ampndash Battle of Salamanca: British forces led by Lord Wellington defeat French troops near Salamanca in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/08/05", "description": " War of 1812: Tecumseh's Indian force ambushes Thomas Van Horne's 200 Americans at Brownstone Creek, causing them to flee and retreat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/08/12", "description": " Peninsular War: The combined English and Portuguese army under the command of Wellington enters Madrid following the Battle of Salamanca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/08/16", "description": " War of 1812: American General William Hull surrenders Fort Detroit without a fight to the British Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/08/19", "description": " War of 1812: The ''USS Constitution'' defeats the British frigate ''Guerri\u00e8re'' off the coast of Nova Scotia. The British shot is said to have bounced off the ''Constitution'''s sides, earning her the nickname quotOld Ironsidesquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/09/07", "description": " Napoleonic Wars ampndash Battle of Borodino: The bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic wars ends in a tactical victory for Napoleon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/09/14", "description": " Napoleon's troops enter Moscow, which is deliberately set on fire by Muscovites on orders of Fyodor Rostopchin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/09/14", "description": "October ampampndash The capital of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States is permanently moved from Lancaster to Harrisburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/10/09", "description": " War of 1812: American naval forces under Lieutenant Jesse Duncan Elliott capture two British warships, {{HMS|Detroit|1812|6}} and HMS ''Caledonia''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/10/13", "description": " War of 1812 ampndash Battle of Queenston Heights: As part of the Niagara campaign in Ontario, Canada, United States forces under General Stephen Van Rensselaer are repulsed from invading Canada by British and native troops led by Sir Isaac Brock  (he dies during the battle).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/10/18", "description": "October 20 ampndash Second Battle of Polotsk ampndash Russia", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/10/19", "description": " Napoleon begins his retreat from Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/10/24", "description": " Napoleonic Wars ampndash Battle of Maloyaroslavets: An inconclusive encounter between the French vanguard and a Russian force leads Napoleon to decide to retreat along the same line as his advance, with disastrous results.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/11/05", "description": " James Madison defeats DeWitt Clinton in the U.S. presidential election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/11/07", "description": " Napoleonic Wars ampndash Battle of Vyazma: Napoleon's retreating army is defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/11/10", "description": " A general election in the United Kingdom sees victory for the Tory Party under Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/12/20", "description": " The first volume of Grimm's Fairy Tales is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/12/29", "description": " War of 1812: The USS ''Constitution'' defeats the British frigate ''Java'' off the coast of Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/12/30", "description": " Convention of Tauroggen is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/12/30", "description": "The Bishop James Madison Society is founded at the College of William ampamp Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/12/30", "description": "The Old Oscar Pepper Distillery (now the Woodford Reserve Distillery), the oldest Kentucky Bourbon distillery, is established along Glenn's Creek in Woodford County, Kentucky.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1812/12/30", "description": "The capital of Finland is moved from Turku to Helsinki.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/01/24", "description": " The Philharmonic Society founded in London (later the Royal Philharmonic Society).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/01/28", "description": " Jane Austen's ''Pride and Prejudice'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/02/11", "description": " Fort Meigs: Leftwich is not successful, and when he leaves, Major Amos Stoddard assumes the command of the post.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/02/11", "description": "February ampampndash General Harrison sends out an expedition to burn the British vessels at Fort Malden by going across Lake Erie via the Bass Islands in sleighs, but the ice is not hard enough and the expedition returns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/03/04", "description": " James Madison is sworn in as President of the United States, for his second term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/03/29", "description": " Mexican War of Independence ampndash Battle of Rosillo Creek: The Republican Army of the North defeats the Spanish Royalist Army in present-day Bexar County, Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/04/08", "description": "  Colonel James Ball arrives at Fort Meigs with 200 dragoons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/04/27", "description": " War of 1812 ampndash Battle of York: United States troops raid, destroy, but do not hold the capital of Ontario, York (present day Toronto, Ontario).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/05/02", "description": " Battle of L\u00fctzen: Napoleon wins against the German alliance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/05/11", "description": " Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth leave on an expedition to cross the Blue Mountains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/05/20", "description": "May 21 ampndash Battle of Bautzen: Napoleon again defeats his combined enemies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/05/27", "description": " War of 1812: In Canada, American forces capture Fort George.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/05/27", "description": "War of 1812 ampampndash Battle of Stoney Creek: A British force of 700 under John Vincent defeat an American force three times its size under William Winder and John Chandler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/05/27", "description": "Gregory Blaxland, William Lawson and William Wentworth succeed in crossing the Blue Mountains and return home.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/06/21", "description": " Peninsular War ampndash Battle of Vitoria: A British, Spanish, and Portuguese force of 78,000 with 96 guns under Wellington defeats a French force of 58,000 with 153 guns under Joseph Bonaparte.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/07/05", "description": " War of 1812: Three weeks of British raids on Fort Schlosser, Black Rock and Plattsburgh, New York begin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/07/05", "description": "The Carabinieri, the national military police of Italy, are founded by Victor Emmanuel I as the police force of the Kingdom of Sardinia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/07/05", "description": "Missionaries Adoniram Judson and his wife Ann Hasseltine Judson arrive in Burma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/08/19", "description": " Gervasio Antonio de Posadas joins Argentina's second triumvirate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/08/23", "description": " Battle of Gro\u00dfbeeren: Napoleon is defeated by Prussia and Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/08/26", "description": " Battle of Katzbach: Napoleon's troops are defeated by Prussia and Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/08/26", "description": "27 ampndash Battle of Dresden: Napoleon's troops are victorious.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/08/29", "description": "30 ampndash Battle of Kulm: Napoleon's troops are defeated by Russia, Prussia and Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/08/31", "description": " After besieging San Sebastian, allied troops of Spain rampage, ransack and burn down the town almost entirely.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/08/31", "description": "September ampampndash Robert Southey becomes Poet Laureate of Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/09/06", "description": " Battle of Dennewitz: The armies of Napoleon are again defeated by Prussia and Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/09/10", "description": " War of 1812 ampndash Battle of Lake Erie: An American squadron under Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry defeats a British squadron, capturing 6 ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/10/05", "description": " War of 1812 ampndash Battle of the Thames in Upper Canada: William Henry Harrison defeats the British, and native leader Tecumseh is killed in battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/10/14", "description": " After a ceremony in Caracas, Venezuela, the municipality gives Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar the title of ''El Libertador''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/10/16", "description": "October 19 ampndash Battle of Leipzig: Napoleon is defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/10/24", "description": "November 5 ampndash Persia and Russia sign the Treaty of Gulistan of 1813 at the end of the Russo-Persian War by which Persia (Iran) loses all its territories to the north of Aras River to the Russians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/10/26", "description": " War of 1812 ampndash Battle of Chateauguay: Charles de Salaberry defeats an American invasion", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/11/11", "description": " War of 1812 ampndash Battle of Crysler's Farm: the Americans are defeated by the British.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/11/21", "description": " An independent government is restored in the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/12/18", "description": "December 19 ampndash War of 1812:  British soldiers and native allies invade the United States and are successful in the Capture of Fort Niagara and attack Lewiston, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/12/29", "description": " War of 1812: British soldiers burn Buffalo, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/12/29", "description": "Russian troops reach and take Berlin without a fight after the French garrison evacuates the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/12/29", "description": "Mathieu Orfila publishes his groundbreaking ''Trait\u00e9 des poisons'', formalizing the field of toxicology.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/12/29", "description": "Charles Waterton begins the process of turning his estate at Walton Hall, West Yorkshire, England, into what is, in effect, the world's first nature reserve.ampamp{{cite book|first=Julia|last=Blackburn|authorlink=Julia Blackburn|title=Charles Waterton, 1782-1865: traveller and conservationist|location=London|publisher=The Bodley Head|year=1989|isbn=0-370-31248-1|pages=52ampampndash9}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/12/29", "description": "George Hamilton-Gordon serves as ambassador extraordinaire in Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/12/29", "description": "Following the death of his father Wossen Seged, Sahle Selassie arrives at the capital Qundi before his other brothers, and is made Meridazmach of Shewa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1813/12/29", "description": "The Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania is founded (the oldest continuously existing literary society in the United States).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814", "description": "s transferred from the Netherlands to Britain as part of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 it is renamed ''British Guiana''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/01/14", "description": " Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden in exchange for west Pomerania, as part of the Treaty of Kiel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/01/29", "description": " Battle of Brienne: Emperor Napoleon I of France is victorious against von Bl\u00fccher.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/01/31", "description": " Gervasio Antonio de Posadas becomes Supreme Director of Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/01/31", "description": "February ampampndash George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, represents Britain at the Congress of Chatillon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/02/01", "description": " Lord Byron's semi-autobiographical tale in verse ''The Corsair'' is published by John Murray in London and sells 10,000 copies on this day.{{cite book|editor=Jones, Neal T.|title=A Book of Days for the Literary Year|location=London New York|publisher=Thames and Hudson|year=1984|isbn=0-500-01332-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/02/11", "description": " Norway's independence is proclaimed, marking the ultimate end of the Kalmar Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/02/12", "description": " A fire destroys the Custom House, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/02/14", "description": " Battle of Vauchamps: Napoleon I of France is victorious against von Bl\u00fccher.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/02/18", "description": " Battle of Montereau: Napoleon is victorious against Austrian forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/02/21", "description": " Great Stock Exchange Fraud in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/03/07", "description": " Battle of Craonne: Napoleon is victorious against von Bl\u00fccher.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/03/09", "description": " The USS Enterprise reaches Wilmington, North Carolina, returning from the Caribbean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/03/10", "description": " Battle of Laon: von Bl\u00fccher defeats Napoleon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/03/12", "description": " Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoul\u00eame enters Bordeaux, marking the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/03/25", "description": " De Nederlandsche Bank is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/03/27", "description": " War of 1812 ampndash Battle of Horseshoe Bend: In northern Alabama, United States forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat the Creek Indians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/03/30", "description": " Napoleonic Wars: Sixth Coalition forces march into Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/03/31", "description": " Anti-Napoleonic troops occupy Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/04/06", "description": " Bourbon Restoration: Louis XVIII is invited to occupy the restored French throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/04/10", "description": " The Duke of Wellington wins the Battle of Toulouse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/04/11", "description": " Napoleon abdicates unconditionally as Emperor of the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/04/12", "description": " The Royal Norwegian Navy is re-established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/05/03", "description": " The Duke of Provence, the future Louis XVIII of France, returns to Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/05/05", "description": " British-American War (War of 1812): The British attack Fort Ontario at Oswego, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/05/17", "description": " The Constitution of Norway is signed and the Danish Crown Prince Christian Frederik is elected King of Norway by the Norwegian Constituent Assembly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/05/17", "description": " The occupation of Monaco changes from French to Austrian hands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/05/30", "description": " The First Treaty of Paris is signed returning France's borders to their 1792 extent. Napoleon is exiled to Elba on the same day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/07/05", "description": " War of 1812 ampndash Battle of Chippawa: American Major General Jacob Brown defeats British General Phineas Riall at Chippawa, Ontario.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/07/24", "description": " War of 1812: General Phineas Riall advances toward Niagara Falls, Ontario to halt Jacob Brown's American invaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/07/24", "description": "George Stephenson tests his first locomotive ''Blucher'' successfully in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/07/24", "description": "War of 1812 ampampndash Battle of Lundy's Lane: Reinforcements arrive near Niagara Falls, Ontario for General Riall's British and Canadian force, and a bloody, all-night battle with Jacob Brown's Americans commences at 1800ampampnbsphours Americans retreat to Fort Erie.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/08/07", "description": " Pope Pius VII decrees the bull Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum reestablishing the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) all over the world, after having approved their survival and existence in Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/08/12", "description": " In England, the last hanging under the Black Act is carried out, of William Potter for cutting down an orchard (although the judge petitioned for reprieve).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/08/13", "description": " The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/08/24", "description": " War of 1812: British troops occupy Washington, D.C., setting numerous buildings on fire, including the Capitol.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/08/28", "description": " Alexandria, Virginia, offers surrender to the British fleet without a fight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/09/11", "description": " War of 1812 ampndash Battle of Lake Champlain: An American squadron under Thomas Macdonough defeats the British squadron, ultimately forcing the invading army to retreat back into Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/09/13", "description": " War of 1812: The British bombard Fort McHenry at Baltimore. The British failure at the Battle of Baltimore is a turning point in the war, and the American defense of the fort inspires Francis Scott Key to compose the poem later set to music as ''The Star-Spangled Banner''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/10/17", "description": " London Beer Flood: A large vat full of porter (beer) owned by Meux's Brewery of London bursts, demolishing buildings and killing nine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/11/07", "description": " War of 1812: Andrew Jackson seizes Pensacola, Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/11/07", "description": "November ampampndash Congress of Vienna: The settling of the many issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars, the Napoleonic Wars, and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/12/15", "description": " The Hartford Convention is convened by members of the American Federalist Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/12/24", "description": " War of 1812: The Treaty of Ghent is signed, officially ending the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/12/25", "description": " Samuel Marsden of the Church Missionary Society preaches the first sermon in New Zealand at Oihi", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/12/25", "description": "Missionaries attempt to write down the M\u0101ori language.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/12/25", "description": "The world's first complex machine mass-produced from interchangeable parts, Eli Terry's wooden pillar-and-scroll clock, comes off the production line in Plymouth, Connecticut.ampamp{{cite book|authorlink=Diana Muir|first=Diana|last=Muir|title=Reflections in Bullough's Pond: Economy and Ecosystem in New England|location=Lebanon, New Hampshire|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=978-0-87451-909-9|chapter=Chapter 10}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1814/12/25", "description": "Sir Walter Scott writes ''Waverley''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/01/02", "description": " Lord Byron marries Anna Isabella Milbanke in Seaham, County Durham.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/01/03", "description": " Austria, Britain, and Bourbon-restored France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against Prussia and Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/01/08", "description": " War of 1812 ampndash Battle of New Orleans: American forces under General Andrew Jackson defeat an invading British force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/01/08", "description": "February ampampndash The Hartford Convention arrives in Washington DC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/02/03", "description": " The first commercial cheese factory is founded in Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/02/04", "description": " The first Dutch student association, the Groninger Studenten Corps, Vindicat atque Polit is founded in the Netherlands. The first rector of the senate was B.J. Winter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/02/06", "description": " New Jersey grants the first American railroad charter to a John Stevens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/02/17", "description": " The  Spanish reconquest of Latin America begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/02/18", "description": " The War of 1812 between the United States, Canada and the British Empire ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/02/26", "description": " Napoleon Bonaparte escapes from Elba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/03/01", "description": " Napoleon returns to France from his banishment on Elba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/03/02", "description": "March 18 ampndash The last King of Ceylon, Sri Vikrama Rajasinha is deposed under the terms of the Kandyan Convention, which results in Ceylon becoming a British colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/03/03", "description": " The first student association in the Netherlands, Vindicat atque Polit, has its first fraternity, Mutua Fides, opened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/03/15", "description": " Joachim Murat, King of Naples declares war on Austria in an attempt to save his throne, starting the Neapolitan War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/03/16", "description": " William I becomes King of the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/03/20", "description": " Napoleon enters Paris after escaping from Elba with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of around 200,000 beginning his quotHundred Daysquot rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/04/05", "description": "April 12 ampndash Mount Tambora in the Dutch East Indies blows its top explosively during an eruption, killing upwards of 92,000 and propelling thousands of tons of aerosols (Sulfide gas compounds) into the upper atmosphere (stratosphere). The high level gases reflect sunlight and cause the widespread cooling (known as a volcanic winter) and heavy rains of 1816, causes snows in June and July in the northern hemisphere, widespread crop failures, and subsequently famine, which is why 1816 is later known as the Year Without a Summer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/04/23", "description": " The Second Serbian Uprising against Ottoman rule takes place in Takovo, Serbia. By the end of the year Serbia is acknowledged as a semi-independent state the ideals of the First Serbian Uprising have thus been temporarily achieved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/05/03", "description": " Battle of Tolentino: Austria defeats the Kingdom of Naples, which quickly ends the Neapolitan War. Joachim Murat, the defeated King of Naples, is forced to flee to Corsica and is later executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/05/30", "description": " The ''Arniston'', an East Indiaman repatriating wounded troops to England from Ceylon, is wrecked near Waenhuiskrans, South Africa with the loss of 372 of the 378 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/06/09", "description": " Final Act of the Congress of Vienna is signed: A new European political situation is set. The German Confederation is created and the neutrality of Switzerland is guaranteed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/06/16", "description": " Battle of Ligny: Napoleon defeats a Prussian army under Gebhard Leberecht von Bl\u00fccher.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/06/16", "description": " Battle of Quatre Bras: Marshal Ney wins a strategic victory over an Anglo-Dutch force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/06/18", "description": " Battle of Waterloo: The Duke of Wellington decisively defeats Napoleon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/06/22", "description": " Napoleon abdicates again Napoleon II (1811\u20131832), age 4, rules for two weeks (22 June to 7 July).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/07/08", "description": " Louis XVIII returns to Paris, and is 'restored' as King of France (he had declared himself king on 8 June 1795, at the death of his nephew, 10-year-old Louis XVII, and had lived in Westphalia, Verona, Russia, and England).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/07/15", "description": " Napoleon boards {{HMS|Bellerophon|1786|6}} off Rochefort and surrenders to Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland of the Royal Navy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/07/15", "description": "September ampampndash Austria, Prussia and Russia sign a Holy Alliance to uphold the European status quo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/09/23", "description": " The Great September Gale of 1815 is the first hurricane to strike New England in 180 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/09/23", "description": "October ampampndash Robert Adams, American sailor and first white man to visit Timbuktu, was found wandering the streets of London, starving and half-naked. His discovery was significant because it led to the invitation for him to tell his story as a Barbary captive, which later was published as ''The Narrative of Robert Adams''.ampamp{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Charles Hansford|title=The Narrative of Robert Adams: A Barbary Captive|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|pages=x}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/10/03", "description": " The Chassigny Mars meteorite falls in Chassigny, Haute-Marne, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/10/15", "description": " Napoleon begins his exile on Saint Helena in the Atlantic Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/10/21", "description": " Humphry Davy patents the miner's safety lamp for use in coal mining.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/10/21", "description": "British missionaries arrive in New Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/10/21", "description": "In the United Kingdom, use of the pillory is limited to punishment for perjury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/10/21", "description": "The second wave of Amish immigration to North America begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/10/21", "description": "First-class cricket begins.ampamp{{cite book|title=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1815/10/21", "description": "The Spanish Empire is expelled from Veracruz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/01/06", "description": " Tsar Alexander I of Russia signs an order for the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Russian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/01/07", "description": " Sir Humphry Davy tests the Davy lamp for miners at Hebburn Colliery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/01/17", "description": " Fire nearly destroys the city of St. John's, Newfoundland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/02/08", "description": " Estonia emancipates its peasants from serfdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/02/10", "description": " Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck dies and is succeeded by the later Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl\u00fccksburg, his son and founder of the Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl\u00fccksburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/02/20", "description": " Gioachino Rossini's opera ''Il Barbiere di Siviglia'' premieres at the Teatro Argentina in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/04/10", "description": " The Second Bank of the United States obtains its charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/04/11", "description": " In Philadelphia, the African Methodist Episcopal Church is established by Richard Allen and other African-American Methodists, the first such denomination completely independent of White churches.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/05/02", "description": " Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (later King of the Belgians) marries Charlotte Augusta, but she dies the next year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/06/19", "description": " Battle of Seven Oaks: The Hudson's Bay Company is defeated by the North West Company, near Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/06/19", "description": "July ampampndash Lord Byron, Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Polidori, gathered at the Villa Diodati by Lake Geneva in a rainy Switzerland, tell each other tales. This gives rise to two classic Gothic narratives, Mary Shelley's ''Frankenstein'' and Polidori's ''The Vampyre''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/07/09", "description": " Argentina declares independence from Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/07/17", "description": " The French passenger ship ''Medusa'' runs aground off the coast of Senegal, with 140 lives lost in the botched rescue that takes weeks, leading to a scandal in the French government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/08/24", "description": " The Treaty of St. Louis is signed in St. Louis, Missouri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/08/27", "description": " Bombardment of Algiers: Various European Allies ships force the Dey of Algiers to free Christian slaves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/10/21", "description": " Penang Free School was founded by Rev. Sparke Hutchings on the island of Penang, Malaysia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/11/06", "description": " James Monroe defeats Rufus King in the U.S. presidential election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/12/11", "description": " Indiana is admitted as the 19th U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/12/12", "description": " Merger of the thrones of  Sicily and  Naples into the throne of  the Two Sicilies under Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/12/21", "description": " American Colonization Society established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/12/21", "description": "Banjul, capital of The Gambia, is founded as a trading post, and named Bathurst.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/12/21", "description": "Ren\u00e9 Laennec invents the stethoscope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/12/21", "description": "E. Remington and Sons (the famous firearm and later typewriter manufacturing company) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/12/21", "description": "Robert Stirling patents his Stirling engine, then known as Stirling's air engine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1816/12/21", "description": "A rail capable of supporting a heavy locomotive is developed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/01/19", "description": " An army of 5,423 soldiers, led by General Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn, starts crossing the Andes from Argentina to liberate Chile and then Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/01/20", "description": " Rammohun Roy and David Hare found Hindu College in Kolkata, offering instructions in Western languages and subjects.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/02/12", "description": " Battle of Chacabuco: The Argentine\/Chilean patriotic army defeats the Spanish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/02/12", "description": "President James Madison vetoes John C. Calhoun's Bonus Bill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/02/12", "description": "U.S. Congress passes law to split the Mississippi Territory, after Mississippi drafts a constitution, creating the Alabama Territory effective in August.ampref name=TN\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/03/04", "description": " James Monroe succeeds James Madison as President of the United States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/03/04", "description": "April ampampndash An earthquake strikes Palermo, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/04/03", "description": " Princess Caraboo appears in Almondsbury in Gloucestershire, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/04/15", "description": " The American School for the Deaf opens in Hartford, Connecticut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/04/29", "description": " The Rush-Bagot Treaty is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/04/29", "description": "May ampampndash The General Convention of the Episcopal Church founds the General Theological Seminary while meeting in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/06/25", "description": " A large riot breaks out in Copenhagen Prison the army is sent to quell it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/07/04", "description": " At Rome, New York, construction on the Erie Canal begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/08/15", "description": " By act of the U.S. Congress (March 3), the Alabama Territory is created by splitting the Mississippi Territory in half, on the day the Mississippi constitution is drafted, four months before Mississippi became a State of the United States.ref name=TN\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/08/22", "description": " The town of Araraquara, Brazil is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/08/23", "description": " An earthquake near the site of the ancient Greek city of Helike results in 65 deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/10/31", "description": " Emperor Nink\u014d accedes to the throne of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/11/05", "description": " Third Anglo-Maratha War breaks out with the Battle of Khadki.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/11/20", "description": " The first Seminole War begins in Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/11/22", "description": " Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Cailliaud discovers the old Roman emerald mines at Sikait, Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/12/10", "description": " Mississippi is admitted as the 20th U.S. state, formerly the Mississippi Territory.ref name=quotTNquotquotAn 1820 Claim to Congress: Alabama Territory : 1817quot, ''The Intruders'', TNGenNet Inc., 2001, quick webpage: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.tngenweb.org\/tnland\/intruders\/claim-537\">http:\/\/www.tngenweb.org\/tnland\/intruders\/claim-537<\/a> TN-537.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/12/10", "description": "Elgin Marbles are displayed in the British Museum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/12/10", "description": "John Kidd extracts naphthalene from coal tar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/12/10", "description": "Samuel Taylor Coleridge publishes ''Biographia Literaria''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/12/10", "description": "A typhus epidemic occurs in Edinburgh and Glasgow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/12/10", "description": "The Pernambucan Revolt breaks out in Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1817/12/10", "description": "King Ferdinand VII of Spain, by royal decree, makes the production and sale of tobacco a legal endeavor in Cuba, thus sparking the birth of the Cuban cigar industry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/01/01", "description": " Mary Shelley's ''Frankenstein'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/01/03", "description": "21:52 UTC) ampndash Venus occults Jupiter. It is the last occultation of one planet by another before November 22, 2065.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/01/06", "description": " Treaty of Mandeswar brings an end to the Third Anglo-Maratha War, ending the dominance of Marathas, and enhancing the power of the British East India Company, which controls territory occupied by 180 million Indians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/02/05", "description": " Upon his death, King Charles XIII of Sweden (Charles II of Norway) is succeeded on both thrones by his adoptive son Charles XIV\/III John, starting the Royal House of Bernadotte.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/02/12", "description": " Chile proclaims its independence from Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/03/15", "description": " First Seminole War: General Andrew Jackson and his American army invade Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/03/22", "description": " Easter Day in Western Christianity falls on its earliest possible date. In Western Christianity, it will not occur on this date again until 2285.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/04/04", "description": " The U.S. Congress adopts the flag of the United States as having thirteen red and white stripes and one star for each state (twenty) with additional stars to be added whenever a new state is added to the Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/04/07", "description": "  Brooks Brothers, the oldest men's clothier in the United States, opens its first store on the northeast corner of Catherine and Cherry Streets in New York City, where the South Street Seaport now stands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/04/14", "description": "August 9 ampndash U.S. Survey of the Coast operations suspended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/05/11", "description": " Charles XIV of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/08/01", "description": " Separate Topographical Bureau of the US War Department.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/09/07", "description": " Carl III of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Norway, in Trondheim.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/09/23", "description": " Border markers are formally installed for the European territory of Moresnet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/10/05", "description": " Claudine Th\u00e9venet (known as 'Mary of St. Ignatius') founds the Roman Catholic order ''Religieuses de J\u00e9sus-Marie'' (quotReligious of Jesus And Maryquot) in Lyon, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/10/20", "description": " Treaty between the U.S. and the United Kingdom establishes the boundary between the U.S. and British North America as the 49th parallel from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, also creating the Northwest Angle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/11/11", "description": " Anglo-Chinese College is founded by Robert Morrison in Malacca (later renamed Ying Wa College).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/11/16", "description": " The Saint Louis Academy, which later becomes Saint Louis University, is founded by Reverend Louis William Valentine Dubourg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/12/03", "description": " Illinois is admitted as the 21st U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/12/24", "description": " ''Silent Night'' composed by Franz Xaver Gruber and Josef Mohr.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/12/24", "description": "Lord Hastings, the governor-general of India, gives approval to Sir Stamford Raffles to establish a trading station at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula (modern-day Singapore).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/12/24", "description": "Shaka starts to rule the Zulu Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/12/24", "description": "John Ross sets sail in search of the Northwest Passage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/12/24", "description": "Old Vic theatre founded (as the ''Royal Coburg Hall'') in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/12/24", "description": "Besses o' th' Barn brass band is formed in Whitefield, near Manchester.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/12/24", "description": "The first edition of the ''Farmers' Almanac'' is published in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1818/12/24", "description": "First Serbian dictionary, made by Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/01/02", "description": " The Panic of 1819, the first major financial crisis in the United States, begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/01/17", "description": " Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar proclaims the Republic of Gran Colombia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/01/25", "description": " Thomas Jefferson founds the University of Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/01/29", "description": " Sir Stamford Raffles lands on the island of Singapore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/02/02", "description": " The Supreme Court of the United States under John Marshall rules in favor of Dartmouth College in the famous ''Dartmouth College v. Woodward'' case, allowing Dartmouth to keep its charter and remain a private institution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/02/06", "description": " A formal treaty between Hussein Shah of Johor and the British Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles establishes a trading settlement in Singapore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/02/15", "description": " The United States House of Representatives agrees to the Tallmadge Amendment barring slaves from the new state of Missouri (the opening vote in a controversy that leads to the Missouri Compromise).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/02/19", "description": " Captain William Smith in British merchant brig ''Williams'' sights Williams Point, the northeast extremity of Livingston Island in the South Shetlands, the first land discovered south of latitude 60\u00b0 S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/02/22", "description": " Spain cedes Florida to the United States by the Adams-On\u00eds Treaty in exchange for the American renunciation of any claims on Texas that it might have from the Louisiana Purchase and $5 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/03/01", "description": " The U.S. naval vessel USS ''Columbus'' is launched in Washington, DC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/03/06", "description": " ''McCulloch v. Maryland'': The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Bank of the United States is constitutional.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/03/20", "description": " Burlington Arcade opens in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/05/22", "description": "  The ''SS Savannah'' leaves port at Savannah, Georgia on a voyage to become the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean, although only a fraction of the trip will be made under steam. The ship arrives at  Liverpool, England on June 20.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/08/06", "description": " Norwich University is founded by Captain Alden Partridge in Vermont as the first private military school in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/08/07", "description": " Battle of Boyac\u00e1: Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar is victorious over the Royalist Army in Colombia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/08/16", "description": " Peterloo Massacre:  The cavalry charges into a crowd of protesters in Manchester, UK, resulting in 11 deaths and over 400 injuries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/09/20", "description": " The Carlsbad Decree is issued throughout the German Confederation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/12/14", "description": " Alabama is admitted as the 22nd U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/12/14", "description": "The 'Ai Noa Movement takes power in Hawaii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/12/14", "description": "Serfdom is abolished in Livonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/12/14", "description": "The city of Fernandina of Jagua (later Cienfuegos) is founded in Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1819/12/14", "description": "A British Arctic expedition under William Edward Parry comprising HMS ''Hecla'' and HMS ''Griper'' reaches longitude 112\u00b051' W in the Northwest Passage, the furthest west which will be attained by any single-season voyage for 150 years.ampamp''Journal of a Voyage to Discover a North-west Passage''. 1821.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/01/01", "description": " Trienio Liberal in Spain: A constitutionalist military insurrection at C\u00e1diz leads to the summoning of the Spanish Parliament (March 7).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/01/20", "description": " Indiana University Bloomington is founded as the Indiana State Seminary (renamed Indiana College, 1846).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/01/28", "description": "NS) ampndash History of Antarctica: An Imperial Russian Navy expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev sights the coast of Antarctica.ref name=Jones{{cite book|first=A. G. E.|last=Jones|year=1982|title=Antarctica Observed: who discovered the Antarctic Continent?|publisher=Caedmon of Whitby|isbn=0-905355-25-3}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/01/29", "description": " George IV of the United Kingdom ascends the throne on the death at Windsor Castle of his father George III (after 59 years on the throne), ending the period known as the British Regency. There will be a gap of 21 years before the title Prince of Wales is next used.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/01/30", "description": " History of Antarctica: British Royal Navy captain Edward Bransfield lands on the mainland of Antarctica.ref name=Jones\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/01/30", "description": "Lord Cochrane occupies Valdivia in the name of the Republic of Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/01/30", "description": "86 free African American colonists sail from New York City to Freetown, Sierra Leone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/02/14", "description": " Minh Mang starts to rule in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/02/20", "description": " A revolt begins in Santa Mar\u00eda Chiquimula, Totonicap\u00e1n department of Guatemala.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/02/20", "description": "he Daoguang Emperor succeeds the throne of the Qing Dynasty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/02/23", "description": " The Cato Street conspiracy is exposed in England the principals are executed on May 1.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/03/09", "description": " King Ferdinand VII of Spain accepts the new constitution, beginning the ''Trienio Liberal''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/03/15", "description": " Maine is admitted as the 23rd U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/03/15", "description": "April ampampndash Hans Christian \u00d8rsted discovers the relationship between electricity and magnetism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/04/01", "description": " A Proclamation, signed quotBy order of the Committee of Organisation for forming a Provisional Governmentquot, begins the quotRadical Warquot in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/04/08", "description": " The statue of the Venus de Milo (Aphrodite of Milos, c.150 BC-125 BC) is discovered on the Greek island of Milos by a peasant named Yorgos Kentrotas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/04/15", "description": " King William I of W\u00fcrttemberg marries his cousin, Pauline Therese, in Stuttgart.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/05/01", "description": " The last hanging, drawing and quartering in Britain is meted out to the Cato Street conspirators for treason (only hanged and beheaded).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/05/11", "description": " {{HMS|Beagle}} (the ship that will later take young Charles Darwin on his scientific voyage) is launched at Woolwich Dockyard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/05/20", "description": " John Stuart Mill sets out on his formative boyhood trip to France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/05/20", "description": "July ampampndash A revolt under Guglielmo Pepe forces Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies to sign a constitution modeled on the Spanish Constitution of 1812.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/07/20", "description": " Saint Cronan's Boys National School opens in Bray, Co. Wicklow, Ireland under the title ''Bray Male School''. It is the oldest school in Bray and its notable pupils will include President of Ireland Cearbhall \u00d3 D\u00e1laigh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/07/26", "description": " Opening of Union Chain Bridge across the River Tweed between England and Scotland, a  wrought iron suspension bridge designed by Captain Samuel Brown. Its span of 449ampnbspft (137 m) is the world's longest for a vehicular bridge at this time.{{cite book|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Hw8LAAAAIAAJamppg=PA37|title=A\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Hw8LAAAAIAAJamppg=PA37|title=A<\/a> Memoir of Suspension Bridges: Comprising The History Of Their Origin And Progress|chapter=Section III|last=Drewry|first=Charles Stewart|year=1832|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green amp Longman|location=London|pages=37\u201341|accessdate=2011-08-16}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/08/24", "description": " A Constitutionalist insurrection breaks out at Oporto, Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/09/15", "description": " Revolution breaks out in Lisbon against John VI of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/10/09", "description": " History of Ecuador: Guayaquil declares independence from Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/10/25", "description": "November 20 ampndash The Congress of Troppau (Opava) is convened between the rulers of Russia, Austria and Prussia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/11/20", "description": " After the sinking of the whaleship ''Essex'' of Nantucket by a whale the survivors are left afloat in three small whaleboats. They eventually resort, by common consent, to cannibalism to allow some to survive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/12/03", "description": " U.S. presidential election: James Monroe is re-elected, virtually unopposed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/12/20", "description": " The town of Tuscumbia, Alabama, is incorporated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/12/20", "description": "Early Spring ampampndash Joseph Smith, Jr. receives his First Vision in Palmyra, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/12/20", "description": "The Argentine Confederation (Argentina) establishes a penal colony in the Malvinas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/12/20", "description": "Robert Owen devises the labour voucher.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/12/20", "description": "Mount Rainier erupts over what is today Seattle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/12/20", "description": "18,957 black slaves leave Luanda, Angola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/12/20", "description": "The 6th edition of the ''Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica'' appears.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/12/20", "description": "Construction work is completed on the Citadelle Laferri\u00e8re in Haiti, the largest fortification in the Americas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1820/12/20", "description": "Anchor coinage is issued for use in some British colonies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/01/21", "description": " Peter I Island in the Antarctic first sighted by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/01/28", "description": " Alexander Island is first discovered by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/02/09", "description": " The George Washington University is chartered as The Columbian College of the District of Columbia by President Monroe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/03/04", "description": " James Monroe is sworn in for his second term as President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/03/25", "description": "O.S.)\/April 6 (N.S.) ampndash Greece's traditional Independence Day (although more recent historical evidence suggests that the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire had started before this date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/04/10", "description": " Ecumenical Patriarch Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople is blamed by the Ottoman government for being unable to suppress Greek independence and is hung outside the main gate of the Patriarchal Cathedral immediately after the celebration of Easter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/05/05", "description": " Emperor Napol\u00e9on I dies in exile on Saint Helena of stomach cancer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/05/26", "description": " Establishment of the Peloponnesian Senate by the Greek rebels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/06/14", "description": " King Badi VII of Sennar surrenders his throne and realm to Ismail Pasha, general of the Ottoman Empire, ending the existence of that Sudanese kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/06/19", "description": " The Philik\u00ed Etaire\u00eda are decisively defeated by the Ottomans at Dr\u0103g\u0103\u015fani (in Wallachia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/06/24", "description": " Battle of Carabobo: Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar wins Venezuela's independence from Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/06/27", "description": " The New Hampton School is founded in the United States state of New Hampshire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/07/10", "description": " The United States takes possession of its newly bought territory of Florida from Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/07/19", "description": " George IV is crowned king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/07/28", "description": " Peru declares independence from Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/08/10", "description": " Missouri is admitted as the 24th U.S. state (''see'' History of Missouri).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/08/19", "description": " Navarino Massacre: Greek rebels massacre 3,000 inhabitants of the city of Navarino.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/08/21", "description": " Jarvis Island is discovered by the crew of the ''Eliza Frances''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/09/04", "description": " Chilean general Jos\u00e9 Miguel Carrera is executed by an Argentinian military tribunal in the city of Mendoza.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/09/04", "description": " The Ukase of 1821: Russia proclames territorial sovereignty over Northwestern North America, now present day Alaska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/09/07", "description": " The Republic of Gran Colombia (a federation covering much of present day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) is established, with Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar as the founding President and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/09/15", "description": " Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica gain independence from Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/09/18", "description": " Amherst College is founded in Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/09/23", "description": " Greek War of Independence: Siege of Tripolitsa ends when Greek rebels massacre all 35,000 Turkish and Jewish inhabitants of Tripoli, Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/09/27", "description": " Mexico gains its independence from Spain following the Mexican War of Independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/11/16", "description": " American Old West: The Santa Fe Trail is first used by William Becknell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/11/28", "description": " Panama declares independence from Spain, joining Gran Colombia (''see'' History of Panama).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/12/01", "description": " The Dominican Republic declares independence from Spain (''see'' History of the Dominican Republic). It will be invaded by Haiti in 1822.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/12/06", "description": " The South Orkney Islands are discovered by George Powell and Nathaniel Palmer.{{cite book|author=Headland, Robert K.|title=Chronological list of Antarctic expeditions and related historical events|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-521-30903-5|oclc=185311468}}{{cite web|title=South Orkney Islands|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/556316\/South-Orkney-Islands|work=work=Encyclop\u00e6dia<\/a> Britannica|Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Online Academic Edition}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/12/19", "description": " The Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull volcano in Iceland begins to erupt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1821/12/19", "description": "High-quality cotton is introduced in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/02/06", "description": " Chinese junk ''Tek Sing'' sinks in the South China Sea with the loss of around 1600 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/02/09", "description": " The invading Haitian forces led by Jean Pierre Boyer arrive in Santo Domingo, to overthrow the newly founded Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/03/31", "description": " Greek War of Independence: Start of Chios Massacre, during which 20,000 Greeks on the island of Chios are slaughtered by Ottoman troops and 23,000 exiled.{{cite book|last=Dadrian|first=Vahakn N.|title=Warrant for Genocide: Key Elements of Turko-Armenian Conflict|location=New Brunswick|publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=1999|page=153|isbn=1560003898}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/05/24", "description": " Battle of Pichincha: Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar secures the independence of Quito.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/05/26", "description": " 116 people die in the Grue Church fire, the biggest fire disaster in Norway's history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/06/06", "description": " Alexis St. Martin accidentally shot in the stomach, which leads the way to William Beaumont's studies on digestion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/07/03", "description": " Charles Babbage publishes a proposal for a quotdifference enginequot, a forerunner of the modern computer for calculating logarithms and trigonometric functions. Construction of an operational version will proceed under British Government sponsorship 1823ampndash32 but it will never be completed.{{cite book|first=Anthony|last=Hyman|title=Charles Babbage: pioneer of the computer|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1982|isbn=0-19-858170-X|page=51ff}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/07/08", "description": " The Chippewas turn over huge tract of land in Ontario to the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/07/13", "description": " Greek War of Independence: Greeks defeat Ottoman forces at Thermopylae.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/07/26", "description": " Guayaquil conference: Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn arrives in Guayaquil, Ecuador, to meet with Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/07/27", "description": " Guayaquil Conference: Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar and General Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn meet in Guayaquil, which Bol\u00edvar later annexes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/07/31", "description": " The last public whipping is carried out in Edinburgh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/08/12", "description": " St David's College (now the University of Wales, Lampeter) is founded by Thomas Burgess, Bishop of St David's.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/08/15", "description": "29 ampndash Visit of King George IV to Scotland.{{cite book|last=Prebble|first=John|authorlink=John Prebble|title=The King's Jaunt: George IV in Scotland, August 1822 'One and Twenty Daft Days'|location=London|publisher=Collins|year=1988|isbn=0-00-215404-8}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/08/22", "description": " The English ship ''Orion'' lands at Yerba Buena, now named San Francisco, under the command of William A. Richardson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/09/07", "description": " Brazilian independence: Brazil declares its independence from Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/09/16", "description": " George Canning is appointed British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/09/16", "description": " Constituent Congress of Peru begins its first session.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/09/22", "description": " Portugal approves its first Constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/10/12", "description": " Peter I of Brazil is declared the constitutional emperor of Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/10/12", "description": "OctoberampampndashDecember ampampndash Congress of Verona: Russia, Austria and Prussia approve French intervention in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/11/13", "description": " Greek War of Independence: Nafplion falls to the Greek rebels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/11/13", "description": " Congregation of St. Basil founded in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/12/01", "description": " Peter I is crowned as Emperor of Brazil (''see'' The reign of Pedro I, 1822\u201331).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/12/01", "description": "Hieroglyphs are deciphered by Thomas Young and Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Champollion, using the Rosetta Stone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/12/01", "description": "Galileo Galilei's ''Dialogue'' is taken off the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'', the Roman Catholic Church's list of banned books.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/12/01", "description": "Ashley's Hundred leave from St. Louis, setting off a major increase in fur trade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/12/01", "description": "An earthquake in Chile raises the coastal area.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/12/01", "description": "Coffee is no longer banned in Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1822/12/01", "description": "History of Liberia: The first group of freed slaves from the United States arrive in modern-day Liberia and found Monrovia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823", "description": "January ampampndash In Paviland Cave on the Gower Peninsula of Wales, William Buckland discovers the ampquotRed Lady of Pavilandampquot, the first identification of a prehistoric (male) human burial.ampamp{{cite journal|first=Stephen|last=Aldhouse-Green|title=Great Sites: Paviland Cave|journal=British Archaeology|issue=61|month=October|year=2001|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.britarch.ac.uk\/ba\/ba61\/feat3.shtml|accessdate=2010-07-16}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.britarch.ac.uk\/ba\/ba61\/feat3.shtml|accessdate=2010-07-16}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823/02/03", "description": " Gioachino Rossini's ''Semiramide'' is first performed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823/02/20", "description": " Explorer James Weddell's expedition to Antarctica reaches latitude 74\u00b015'ampnbspS and longitude 34\u00b016'45quotampnbspW: the southernmost position any ship had reached before, a record that will hold for more than 80 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823/03/19", "description": " Agustin de Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico, abdicates thus ending the short-lived First Mexican Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823/04/13", "description": " Eleven-year-old Franz Liszt gives a concert after which he is personally congratulated by Ludwig van Beethoven.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823/06/05", "description": " Raffles Institution established as the Singapore Institution by the founder of Singapore, Sir Stamford Raffles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823/07/01", "description": " The congress of Central America declares absolute independence from Spain, Mexico, and any other foreign nation, including North America, and a Republican system of government is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823/07/01", "description": "July ampampndash Robert Peel ensures the passage of five Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom, effectively abolishing the death penalty for over one hundred offencesampref name=CBHamp{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=252\u2013253|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp in particular, the Judgement of Death Act allows judges to commute sentences for capital offences other than murder or treason to imprisonment or transportation.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.capitalpunishmentuk.org\/timeline.html|title=Timeline\">http:\/\/www.capitalpunishmentuk.org\/timeline.html|title=Timeline<\/a> of capital punishment in Britain|accessdate=2012-03-03}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823/07/10", "description": " Gaols Act passed by Parliament of the United Kingdom, based on the prison reform campaign of Elizabeth Fry.ref name=CBH\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823/07/15", "description": " The Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls in Rome is almost completely destroyed by fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823/09/10", "description": " Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar is named President of Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823/09/22", "description": " Joseph Smith, Jr. clamied in 1838 that on this day he had first come to the place where the Golden plates were stored, having been directed there by God through an angel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823/09/23", "description": " First Burmese War: Burmese attack the British on Shapura, an island close to Chittagong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823/10/05", "description": " Medical journal ''The Lancet'' is founded by Thomas Wakley in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823/10/05", "description": "November ampampndash According to tradition, William Webb Ellis invents the sport of Rugby football at Rugby School in England.ampref name=CBH\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823/12/02", "description": " James Monroe first introduces the Monroe Doctrine in the State of the Union Address, declaring that any European attempts to recolonize the Americas would be considered a hostile act towards the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823/12/02", "description": "Beginning of the first Anglo-Ashanti war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823/12/02", "description": "Olbers' paradox is described by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823/12/02", "description": "Jackson Male Academy, precursor of Union University, is founded in Tennessee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1823/12/02", "description": "The Oxford Union is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/01/08", "description": " After much controversy, Michael Faraday is finally elected as a member of the Royal Society with only one vote against him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/01/22", "description": " The Ashanti crush British forces in the Gold Coast, killing the British governor Sir Charles MacCarthy (see also Wars between Britain and Ashanti in Ghana and Ashanti Confederacy).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/01/24", "description": " The Westminster Review, No1. is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/02/10", "description": " Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar is proclaimed dictator of Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/02/21", "description": " Chumash Revolt of 1824 begins against the Spanish presence in The Californias.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/03/07", "description": " Florida State Capitol moves from St. Augustine, Florida to Tallahassee, Florida", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/03/11", "description": " The United States War Department creates the Bureau of Indian Affairs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/03/17", "description": " The Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/03/17", "description": "MayampampndashJuly ampampndash King Kamehameha II of Hawaii and his Queen Consort Kam\u0101malu make a state visit to London, where they both die of smallpox.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/05/07", "description": " Beethoven's ''Symphony No. 9'', premieres in Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/05/24", "description": " The British take Rangoon, Burma in the First Anglo-Burmese War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/06/16", "description": " The Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is established in Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/08/16", "description": " Lafayette visits the United States, departing in September 7, 1825", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/09/13", "description": " With his crew and 29 convicts aboard the ''Amity'', John Oxley arrives at and founds the Moreton Bay Penal Settlement at what is now Redcliffe in Queensland, Australia, after leaving Sydney.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/09/16", "description": " Charles X succeeds his brother Louis XVIII as King of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/10/10", "description": " The Edinburgh Town Council founds the Edinburgh Municipal Fire Brigade, the first fire brigade in Britain, under the leadership of  James Braidwood.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/10/21", "description": " Joseph Aspdin patents Portland Cement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/11/05", "description": " Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (the first technological university in the English-speaking world) is founded in Troy, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/11/07", "description": " In the worst flood to date in Saint Petersburg, water rises 421ampnbspcm above normal and 200 lose their lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/11/30", "description": " The first sod is turned in Ontario, for the first of four Welland Canals (the canal opens for a trial run exactly 5 years later to the day).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/12/03", "description": " U.S. presidential election, 1824: None of the four candidates for U.S. President gain a majority of the electoral votes, so the election is thrown into the U.S. House of Representatives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/12/09", "description": " Battle of Ayacucho: Peruvian forces defeat the Spanish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/12/23", "description": " Chief Pushmataha of the Choctaw Nation dies in Washington.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/12/24", "description": " The First American Fraternity, Chi Phi (\u03a7\u03a6), is founded at Princeton University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/12/24", "description": "The Egyptians capture Crete.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/12/24", "description": "The ''Cimeti\u00e8re du Montparnasse'' is established in Paris, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/12/24", "description": "The Dutch sign the Masang Agreement, temporarily ending hostilities in the Padri War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/12/24", "description": "The name ''Australia'', recommended by Matthew Flinders in 1804, is finally adopted as the official name of the country once known as ''New Holland''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/12/24", "description": "The Panoramagram is developed, creating the first volumetric display.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1824/12/24", "description": "The Fort Vancouver trading post  is established on the lower Columbia River by the Hudson's Bay Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/01/04", "description": " King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies is succeeded by his son Francis I of the Two Sicilies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/02/03", "description": " Vendsyssel-Thy, once part of the Jutland peninsula that formed westernmost Denmark, becomes an island after a flood drowns its 1ampnbspkm wide isthmus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/02/09", "description": " After no presidential candidate receives a majority of electoral votes, the United States House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/02/10", "description": "  Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar gives up his title of dictator of Peru and takes the alternative title of ''El Libertador''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/02/12", "description": " The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government, and migrate west.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/03/04", "description": " John Quincy Adams succeeds James Monroe as President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/04/17", "description": " Charles X of France recognizes Haiti, 21 years after it expelled the French following the successful Haitian Revolution, and demands the payment of 150 million gold francs, 30 million of which Haiti must finance through France itself, as down payment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/07/06", "description": " The Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck gains possession of Gl\u00fccksburg and changes his title to Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl\u00fccksburg. The line of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Gl\u00fccksburg later becomes the Royal House of Greece, Denmark and Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/07/18", "description": " Uruguay secedes from Brazil (see Uruguay's independence).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/07/30", "description": " Malden Island (an uninhabited island in the central Pacific Ocean) is discovered. !-- this is really not noteworthy, but i can't think of a better place to put it for now. Can't find a quottimeline of discoveriesquot or such --", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/08/06", "description": " Bolivia gains its independence from Spain as a republic with the instigation of Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/08/18", "description": " Gregor MacGregor issues a \u00a3300,000 loan with 2.5% interest through the London bank of Thomas Jenkins amp Company.  His actions lead to the Panic of 1825, the first modern stock market crash in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/08/18", "description": "September ampampndash The Lady Margaret Boat Club is founded by 12 members of St John's College, Cambridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/09/25", "description": " General Hendrik Merkus de Kock lifts the siege of Jogjakarta, the first major action of the Java War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/09/27", "description": " The world's first modern railway, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, opens in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/10/07", "description": " The Miramichi Fire breaks out in New Brunswick.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/10/21", "description": " The PS Comet II sinks off Gourock with the loss of 62 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/10/26", "description": " The Erie Canal opens, providing passage from Albany, New York to Buffalo and Lake Erie.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/10/26", "description": "December ampampndash The Decembrist Revolt breaks out in Russia, but is thoroughly suppressed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/12/01", "description": " Nicholas I of Russia succeeds his older brother Alexander I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/12/01", "description": "The first horse-drawn omnibuses established in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/12/01", "description": "Hans Christian \u00d8rsted reduces aluminium chloride to make aluminium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/12/01", "description": "The City of Brisbane is founded (see History of Brisbane).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/12/01", "description": "Estimation: London becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Beijing.<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/12/01", "description": "Artisans and skilled mechanics receive a right to leave Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/12/01", "description": "Trade unions become tolerated in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/12/01", "description": "Minh Mang outlaws the teaching of Christianity in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1825/12/01", "description": "The United States Postal Service started a dead letter office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1826/01/30", "description": " The Menai Suspension Bridge, built by engineer Thomas Telford, is opened between the island of Anglesey and the mainland of Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1826/02/08", "description": " Unitarian Bernardino Rivadavia becomes the first President of Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1826/02/08", "description": "University College London is founded, under the name ''University of London''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1826/02/08", "description": "Swaminarayan wrote the Shikshapatri, an important test within the Swaminarayan faith.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1826/02/13", "description": " The American Temperance Society is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1826/04/01", "description": " Samuel Morey patents the internal combustion engine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1826/05/28", "description": " Pedro I of Brazil abdicates as King of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1826/05/28", "description": "June ampampndash Photography: Nic\u00e9phore Ni\u00e9pce makes a true photograph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1826/06/14", "description": "June 15 ampndash The Auspicious Incident: Mahmud II, sultan of Ottoman Empire, crushes the last mutiny of janissaries in Istanbul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1826/06/22", "description": " The Pan-American Congress of Panama tries (unsuccessfully) to unify the American republics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1826/06/22", "description": "Early July ampampndash Ludwig van Beethoven puts the finishing touches on the ''String Quartet in C sharp Minor, Opus 131'', the jewel in the crown of his late string quartets.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1826/07/04", "description": " Former US Presidents Thomas Jefferson and John Adams both die on the 50th Anniversary of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1826/07/26", "description": " The last ''auto-da-f\u00e9'' is held in Valencia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1826/07/26", "description": "August ampampndash The town of Crawford Notch suffers a landslide.  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href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/241709\/Granite-Railway|\">http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/241709\/Granite-Railway|<\/a> title=Granite Railway| work=Britannica Online Encyclopedia| accessdate=2008-05-19}}ref name=Elks{{cite web| url=<a href=\"http:\/\/catskillarchive.com\/rrextra\/abnegr1.Html|\">http:\/\/catskillarchive.com\/rrextra\/abnegr1.Html|<\/a> title=The First Railroad in America| publisher=Granite City B.P.O.E. - Quincy Lodge No. 943| work=Catskill Archive| year=1924| accessdate=2008-05-19}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1826/10/07", "description": "The Eggnog Riot breaks out at the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York during the early morning hours, but is squelched by Christmas chapel service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1826/10/07", "description": "Major 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{"date": "1826/10/07", "description": "Mahmud II's council orders the janissaries to drill in the European manner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1826/10/07", "description": "Britain annexes Assam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/02/20", "description": " Battle of Ituzaingo (Passo do Ros\u00e1rio): A force of the Brazilian Imperial Army meets Argentine\u2013Uruguayan troops in combat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/02/28", "description": " The Baltimore amp Ohio Railroad is incorporated, becoming the first railroad in America offering commercial transportation of both people and freight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/03/07", "description": " Brazilian marines sail up the Rio Negro and attack the temporary naval base of Carmen de Patagones, Argentina they are defeated by the local citizens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/03/07", "description": " Shrigley Abduction: Ellen Turner, a wealthy heiress in Cheshire, England, is abducted by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, the future politician in colonial New Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/03/16", "description": " ''Freedom's Journal'', the first African-American owned and published newspaper in the United States, is founded in New York City by John Russwurm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/03/16", "description": "April ampampndash Ottoman Algeria: Husain Dei slaps the French consul Decalina on the face, eventually leading to war and French rule in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/04/07", "description": "April 8 ampndash Battle of Monte Santiago: A squadron of the Brazilian Imperial Navy defeats Argentine vessels in a major naval engagement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/04/10", "description": " UK: George Canning succeeds Lord Liverpool as British Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/04/24", "description": " Greek War of Independence ampndash Battle of Phaleron: Ottoman troops defeats the Greek rebels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/04/26", "description": "May 24 ampndash The Royal Netherlands Navy's British-built paddle steamer ''Cura\u00e7ao'' makes the first Transatlantic Crossing by steam, from Hellevoetsluis to Paramaribo.{{cite web|title=Steamship Cura\u00e7ao|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vrcurassow.com\/2dvrc\/sscuracao\/sscuracao.html|accessdate=2011-02-02|\">http:\/\/www.vrcurassow.com\/2dvrc\/sscuracao\/sscuracao.html|accessdate=2011-02-02|<\/a> archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101224202256\/http:\/\/vrcurassow.com\/2dvrc\/sscuracao\/sscuracao.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101224202256\/http:\/\/vrcurassow.com\/2dvrc\/sscuracao\/sscuracao.html|<\/a> archivedate= 24 December 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/05/20", "description": "July 9 ampndash  Zarafa, a giraffe presented by the Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt, Mehmet Ali Pasha, to King Charles X of France, the first to be seen in Europe for over three centuries, walks from  Marseilles to Paris.{{cite book|last=Allin|first=Michael|title=Zarafa: A Giraffe's True Story, from Deep in Africa to the Heart of Paris|year=1999|publisher=Delta Books|isbn=0-385-33411-7}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/05/21", "description": " The Maryland Democratic Party is founded by supporters of Andrew Jackson in Baltimore and hosts its first meeting at the Baltimore Atheneum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/05/25", "description": " Romanian inventor Petrache Poenaru receives a French patent for the invention of the first fountain pen with a replaceable ink cartridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/07/06", "description": " Greek War of Independence: The Treaty of London between France, Britain, and Russia, demands that the Turks agree to an armistice in Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/07/14", "description": " Kingdom of Hawaii: The Diocese of Honolulu is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/08/31", "description": " UK: Frederick John Robinson, 1st Viscount Goderich, becomes Prime Minister of the UK, following the death of George Canning.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/09/04", "description": " Finland: The Great Fire of Turku destroys 3\/4 of the city, with many human casualties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/09/22", "description": " Joseph Smith, Jr. clamied in 1838 that on this day he had taken the Golden plates from the place where they were stored, and that he began writing down the Book of Mormon from them the following December.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/10/01", "description": " Russo-Persian War, 1826-1828: The Russians under Ivan Paskevich storm Yerevan, ending a millennium of Muslim domination in Eastern Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/10/20", "description": " Greek War of Independence ampndash Battle of Navarino: British, French, and Russian naval forces destroy the Turko-Egyptian fleet in Greece. This is the last naval action to be fought under sail alone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/10/20", "description": "Laos: King Anouvong of Vientiane leads the Laotian Rebellion against  Siam and successfully attacks Nakhon Ratchasima (the Siamese later invade Vientiane and nearly destroy the whole city).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/10/20", "description": "Englishman John Walker invents the first friction match which he names ''Lucifer''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/10/20", "description": "Egypt: Cairo University School of Medicine is established as the first African medical school in the Middle East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1827/10/20", "description": "J. J. Audubon begins publishing ''Birds of America''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1828/01/04", "description": " France: The Vicomte de Martignac succeeds the Comte de Vill\u00e8le as Prime Minister of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1828/01/22", "description": " UK: The Duke of Wellington succeeds Lord Goderich as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1828/02/22", "description": "Treaty of Turkmenchay: Russian-Persian peace treaty: Russia captures Eastern Armenia from Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1828/04/11", "description": " Bah\u00eda Blanca is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1828/04/26", "description": " Treaty of Commerce and Navigation signed between Brazil and Denmark, establishing diplomatic relations between the two countries.<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.dk\/books?id=FZsAAAAAYAAJamppg=PA717ampdq=amphl=daampei=2DswTeTRJoXtOdTuuKwKampsa=Xampoi=book_resultampct=resultampresnum=2ampved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageampq=%22denmark%20and%20brazil%22ampf=false\">http:\/\/books.google.dk\/books?id=FZsAAAAAYAAJamppg=PA717ampdq=amphl=daampei=2DswTeTRJoXtOdTuuKwKampsa=Xampoi=book_resultampct=resultampresnum=2ampved=0CCgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageampq=%22denmark%20and%20brazil%22ampf=false<\/a> British and foreign state papers", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1828/05/26", "description": " Feral child: Kaspar Hauser is discovered in Nuremberg, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1828/06/03", "description": " Gran Colombia \u2013 Peru War: President Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar declares war on Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1828/06/23", "description": " Portugal: King Miguel I overthrows his niece Queen Maria II, beginning the Liberal Wars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1828/08/11", "description": " William Corder is hanged at Bury St. Edmunds, England, for the murder of Maria Marten at the Red Barn a year ago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1828/08/27", "description": " South America: Brazil and Argentina recognize the independence of Uruguay.  Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar declares himself dictator of Gran Colombia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1828/09/29", "description": " Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829: Varna is taken by the Russian army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1828/11/12", "description": " Anouvong, ruler of the Kingdom of Vientiane, is deposed and the kingdom is annexed by Siam.  During the war, the city of Vientiane is obliterated by Siamese forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1828/12/03", "description": " U.S. presidential election: Andrew Jackson is elected President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1828/12/03", "description": "Friedrich W\u00f6hler synthesizes Urea, possibly discrediting a cornerstone of vitalism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1828/12/03", "description": "\u00c1nyos Jedlik creates the world's first electric motor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1828/12/03", "description": "A typhoon kills approximately 10,000 people in Ky\u016bsh\u016b, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1828/12/03", "description": "32,000 Angolans are sold in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/01/19", "description": " August Klingemann's adaptation of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's ''Faust'' premieres in Braunschweig.ref name=quotArmstrong1881quot{{cite book|author=Richard Acland Armstrong|title=The Modern review|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Jr0RAAAAYAAJamppg=PA152|accessdate=27\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=Jr0RAAAAYAAJamppg=PA152|accessdate=27<\/a> November 2011|year=1881|publisher=J. Clarke amp Co.|pages=152\u2013}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/03/04", "description": " Andrew Jackson succeeds John Quincy Adams as the  seventh President of the United States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/03/11", "description": " Felix Mendelssohn performs St Matthew Passion. The success of this performance sparks a revival of interest in the music of Johann Sebastian Bach.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/03/22", "description": " Greece receives autonomy from the Ottoman Empire. This effectively ends the Greek War of Independence. Greece continues to seek full independence through diplomatic negotiations with the Empire as well as with Russia, France and Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/03/31", "description": " Pope Pius VIII succeeds Pope Leo XII as the 253rd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/03/31", "description": "AprilampampndashSeptember ampampndash Felix Mendelssohn pays his first visit to Britain. This includes the first London performance of his concert overture to ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' and his trip to Fingal's Cave.ampamp{{cite journal|first=George|last=Grove|authorlink=George Grove|title=Mendelssohn's Scotch Symphony|jstor=904111|journal=The Musical Times|volume=45|issue=740|date=1 October 1904|page=644}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/04/01", "description": " Vicente Guerrero becomes the president of Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/04/04", "description": " The Mexican city of Cuautla, Morelos, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/04/13", "description": "Passage of the Catholic Relief Act by Parliament of the United Kingdom granting a substantial measure of Catholic Emancipation in Britain and Ireland.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/05/06", "description": " The patent for an instrument called the accordion is applied for by <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ksanti.net\/free-reed\/history\/demian.html\">http:\/\/www.ksanti.net\/free-reed\/history\/demian.html<\/a> Cyrill Demian  (Officially approved on May 23.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/05/15", "description": " Joseph Smith claims to receive the Aaronic Priesthood from John the Baptist.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/06/01", "description": " ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'' is founded as ''The Pennsylvania Inquirer''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/06/03", "description": " The Swan River Colony (later to become the cities of Perth and Fremantle) is founded in Western Australia. This secures the western 'third' of the Australian landmass for the British.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/06/05", "description": " Slave trade: {{HMS|Pickle}} captures the armed slave ship ''Voladora'' off the coast of Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/06/10", "description": " The Oxford University Boat Club wins the first inter-university Boat Race,ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot\/ rowed at Henley-on-Thames.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/theboatrace.org\/origins|title=Foundations\">http:\/\/theboatrace.org\/origins|title=Foundations<\/a> of The Boat Race|work=The Xchanging Boat Race|publisher=Theboatrace.org|accessdate=2012-03-29}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/06/19", "description": " Robert Peel's Metropolitan Police Act establishes the Metropolitan Police Service in London, the first modern police force. The first officers, known by the nicknames quotbobbiesquot or quotpeelersquot, go on patrol on September 29.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/07/02", "description": " Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829: Russian Field-Marshal Hans Karl von Diebitsch launches the Transbalkan offensive, which brings the Russian army within 68ampnbspkm of Istanbul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/07/04", "description": " George Shillibeer begins operating the first bus service in London.ref name=quotIconsquot{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1820-1840|title=Icons,\">http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1820-1840|title=Icons,<\/a> a portrait of England 1820-1840|accessdate=2007-09-12| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070922055840\/http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1820-1840|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070922055840\/http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1820-1840|<\/a> archivedate= 22 September 2007 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/07/23", "description": " In the United States, William Burt obtains the first patent for a form of typewriter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/08/08", "description": " France: The Prince de Polignac succeeds the Vicomte de Martignac as Prime Minister of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/08/10", "description": " First ascent of Finsteraarhorn, the highest summit of the Bernese Alps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/08/12", "description": " Mrs. Helen Dance, wife of the captain of the ship ''Sulphur'', cuts down a tree to mark the day of the founding of the town of Perth, Western Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/09/16", "description": " Russo-Turkish War, 1828-1829: The Treaty of Adrianople gains for Russia some territory at the mouth of the Danube and along the eastern coast of the Black Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/10/01", "description": " South African College inaugurated in Cape Town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/10/08", "description": " Rail transport: Stephenson's ''Rocket'' wins the Rainhill Trials.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/11/30", "description": " The original Welland Canal opens for a trial run with a ceremony at Port Dalhousie.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/12/04", "description": " India: In the face of fierce opposition, British Lord William Bentinck carries a regulation declaring that all who abet suttee in India are guilty of culpable homicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/12/04", "description": "King's College London is founded under the patronage of King George IV and the Prime Minister The Duke of Wellington. It will become the third official university in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/12/04", "description": "The Chalmers University of Technology is founded in Gothenburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1829/12/04", "description": "The last of the ''Bounty'' mutineers dies at Pitcairn Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/01/11", "description": " LaGrange College (now the University of North Alabama) opens its doors, becoming the first publicly chartered college in Alabama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/01/12", "description": "January 27 ampndash Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina debates the question of states' rights vs. federal authority with Daniel Webster of Massachusetts in the United States Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/02/03", "description": " Greece is liberated from the Ottoman forces as the final result of the Greek War of Independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/03/12", "description": " ''Craig vs. Missouri'': The United States Supreme Court rules that state loan certificates are unconstitutional because they were bills of credit emitted by a state in violation of Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/03/26", "description": " The Book of Mormon is published in Palmyra, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/04/06", "description": " Joseph Smith and 5 others organize the Church of Christ (later renamed the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), the first formally organized church of the Latter Day Saint movement, in northwestern New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/05/13", "description": " Ecuador separates from Gran Colombia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/05/28", "description": " The United States Congress passes the Indian Removal Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/06/26", "description": " William IV succeeds his brother George IV as King of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/07/05", "description": " France invades Algeria (see French period in Algeria).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/07/13", "description": " The General Assembly's Institution, now the Scottish Church College, one of the pioneering institutions that ushered the Bengal Renaissance, is founded by Alexander Duff and Raja Ram Mohan Roy, in Calcutta, India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/07/17", "description": " Barth\u00e9lemy Thimonnier is granted a patent (#7454) for a sewing machine in France it chains stitches at 200\/minute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/07/18", "description": " Uruguay adopts its first constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/07/20", "description": " Greece grants citizenship to Jews.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/07/27", "description": " France: The July Revolution begins (see also 1830 in France).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/08/09", "description": " France: Louis Philippe becomes King of the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/08/13", "description": " France: Duc de Broglie becomes Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/08/25", "description": " The Belgian Revolution begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/08/31", "description": " Edwin Beard Budding is granted a patent for the invention of the lawnmower.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/09/15", "description": " The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opens, the world's first intercity passenger railway operated solely by steam locomotives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/09/27", "description": " The Belgian Revolution ends by liberating Brussels from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/10/04", "description": " The Provisional Government in Brussels declares the creation of the independent state of Belgium, in revolt against the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/10/04", "description": "October ampampndash Start of the Regeneration in Switzerland: more liberal constitutions adopted in most cantons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/11/02", "description": " France: Jacques Laffitte succeeds the Duc de Broglie as Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/11/08", "description": " Ferdinand II becomes King of the Two Sicilies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/11/22", "description": " The Whig Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey succeeds Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/11/29", "description": " The Polish insurrection begins in Warsaw against Russian rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/12/05", "description": " Hector Berlioz's most famous work, ''Symphonie Fantastique'', has its world premiere in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/12/20", "description": " The independence of Belgium is recognized by the Great Powers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/12/20", "description": "The Java War ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/12/20", "description": "10,000 chests of opium are sold in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1830/12/20", "description": "Austins of Derry established in Northern Ireland. {{As of|2010}} it will be the world's oldest independent department store.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/02/09", "description": " The Florida Legislative Council grants a city charter for Jacksonville, Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/02/09", "description": "Ecuador annexes the Galapagos Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/02/09", "description": "Cholera breaks out in London, claiming at least 3,000 victims. It spreads to France and North America later this year. amp!-- maybe also other countries, but these were the only ones mentioned in different places in this article --amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/03/24", "description": " In Hiram, Ohio a group of men beat, tar and feather Mormon leader Joseph Smith, Jr..", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/04/06", "description": " USA: The Black Hawk War begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/05/07", "description": " The Treaty of London creates an independent Kingdom of Greece. Otto of Wittelsbach, Prince of Bavaria, is chosen King. Thus begins the history of modern Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/05/10", "description": " The Egyptians, aided by Maronites, seize Acre from the Ottoman Empire after a 7-month siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/05/11", "description": " Greece is recognized as a sovereign nation the Treaty of Constantinople ends the Greek War of Independence in July.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/05/24", "description": " Francois Arban, early French balloonist makes his 1st ascent.{{cite web|last=Recks|first=Robert|title=Who's Who of Ballooning|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ballooninghistory.com\/whoswho\/who%27swho-a.html|accessdate=24\">http:\/\/www.ballooninghistory.com\/whoswho\/who%27swho-a.html|accessdate=24<\/a> May 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/05/24", "description": "Germany: Hambacher Fest, a demonstration for civil liberties and national unity, ends with no result.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/05/24", "description": "Canada: The Rideau Canal in eastern Ontario is opened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/06/05", "description": "6 ampndash France: June Rebellion, anti-monarchist riots, chiefly by students, in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/06/07", "description": " The Reform Act becomes law in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/07/02", "description": " Andre-Michel Guerry presents his ''Essay on moral statistics of France'', to the French Academy of Sciences, a significant step in the founding of empirical social science.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/07/04", "description": " The University of Durham is founded by an act of Parliament and given royal assent by King William IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/07/09", "description": " Commissioner of Indian Affairs post created within the War Department.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/07/10", "description": " U.S. Survey of the Coast revived (with US Department of Treasury).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/08/02", "description": " Bad Axe Massacre ends the last major Native American rebellion east of the Mississippi in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/08/17", "description": " China ceases production of iron shuriken.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/08/17", "description": "September ampampndash Belvedere College, Dublin, is founded by the order of the Jesuit Society of Ireland.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/10/19", "description": " Alpha Delta Phi Fraternity is founded at Hamilton College.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/11/14", "description": " Charles Carroll, the last surviving signer of the Declaration of Independence dies at his home in Maryland at age 95.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/11/21", "description": " Wabash College, a small, private, liberal arts college for men, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/12/03", "description": " U.S. presidential election, 1832: Andrew Jackson is re-elected president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/12/04", "description": " Battle of Antwerp: The last remaining Dutch enforcement, the citadel, is under French attack.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/12/21", "description": " Battle of Konya: The Egyptians defeat the main Ottoman army in central Anatolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/12/23", "description": " The Battle of Antwerp ends with the Netherlands losing the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/12/23", "description": "George Catlin starts to live among the Sioux in the Dakota Territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/12/23", "description": "William Howley Archbishop of Canterbury has his coach attacked by an angry mob on his first official visit to Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/12/23", "description": "Publication of the first Baedeker guidebook, ''Voyage du Rhin de Mayence \u00e0 Cologne'', in Koblenz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1832/12/23", "description": "Publication begins (posthumously) of Carl von Clausewitz's ''Vom Kriege'' (ampquot''On War''ampquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/01/23", "description": " Britain retakes the Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/03/04", "description": " Andrew Jackson is sworn in for his second term as President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/05/06", "description": " Carl Friedrich Gauss and Wilhelm Weber obtain permission to build an electromagnetic telegraph in G\u00f6ttingen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/05/25", "description": " The Chilean Constitution of 1833 is promulgated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/06/05", "description": " Ada Lovelace is introduced to Charles Babbage by Mary Somerville.{{cite book|first=Anthony|last=Hyman|title=Charles Babbage: pioneer of the computer|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1982|isbn=0-19-858170-X|pages=177\u20138}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/06/29", "description": " William Fraser Tolmie experiences an earthquake at Fort Nisqually. His journal entry records the first written eyewitness account of an earthquake in the Puget Sound region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/07/05", "description": " Liberal Wars ampndash Battle of Cape St. Vincent: The forces of Queen Maria II of Portugal win decisively.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/07/05", "description": "The British Parliament passes the Slavery Abolition Act, giving all slaves in the British Empire their freedom (enacted 1834).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/07/05", "description": "King William's College on the Isle of Man officially opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/08/03", "description": " In Switzerland, troops of the city of Basel march on rebels in Liestal, but are beaten back at the Battle of H\u00fclftenschanz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/08/12", "description": " The city of Chicago is established at the estuary of the Chicago River by 350 settlers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/08/18", "description": " The Canadian ship SS ''Royal William'' sets out from Pictou, Nova Scotia on a 25-day passage of the Atlantic Ocean largely under steam to Gravesend, Kent, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/08/20", "description": " Future United States President Benjamin Harrison is born in Ohio. From this date until the death of Former U.S. President James Madison on June 28 1836, there are a total of 19 Presidents of the United States (3 former, 1 current, and 15 known future) living which is more than any other time period in U.S. history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/08/26", "description": " The Canton of Basel is partitioned by the Swiss ''Tagsatzung'', to create the two half-cantons of Basel-City and Basel-Country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/08/29", "description": " The British Parliament enacts the Factory Acts limiting child labour (''see also History of the United Kingdom)''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/09/29", "description": " Three-year old Isabella II becomes Queen of Spain, under the regency of her mother, Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. 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Prince Mongkut of Siam founds the Dhammayut Buddhist reform movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/12/14", "description": "Foundation of:", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/12/14", "description": "Kalamazoo College in Kalamazoo, Michigan", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/12/14", "description": "Madras College, St Andrews", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1833/12/14", "description": "Oberlin College in Oberlin, Ohio", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/01/01", "description": " Zollverein: Customs charges are abolished at borders within Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/01/03", "description": " The government of Mexico imprisons Stephen F. 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"year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/01/03", "description": "February ampampndash Robert Owen organizes the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/03/06", "description": " York, Upper Canada, is incorporated as Toronto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/03/11", "description": " U.S. Survey of the Coast transferred to the Department of the Navy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/03/14", "description": " John Herschel discovers the open cluster of stars now known as NGC 3603, observing from the Cape of Good Hope.ref name=Sher1965{{cite journal|last=Sher|first=D.|title=The Curious History of NGC 3603|journal=Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada|volume=59|page=76|year=1965|bibcode=1965JRASC..59...67S}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/03/19", "description": " Founding of Cavendish Villa Football Club.{{where|date=December 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/03/27", "description": " Andrew Jackson is censured by the Congress of the United States (expunged in 1837).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/04/14", "description": " The Whig Party is officially named by United States Senator Henry Clay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/06/07", "description": " Greek independence: General Theodoros Kolokotronis is sentenced to death for treason for resisting the rule of Otto of Greece (he is released next year).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/06/10", "description": " Thomas Carlyle moves to Cheyne Row (Carlyle's House) in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/07/15", "description": " The Spanish Inquisition, which began in the 15th century, is suppressed by royal decree.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/07/16", "description": " William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne succeeds Earl Grey as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/07/24", "description": " The Liberal Wars end in Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/07/29", "description": " Office of Indian Affairs organized in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/08/01", "description": " Slavery is abolished in the British Empire by the Slavery Abolition Act 1833).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/08/11", "description": "August 12 ampndash Ursuline Convent Riots: A convent of Ursuline nuns is burned near Boston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/08/14", "description": "  The Poor Law Amendment Act in the UK states that no able-bodied British man can receive assistance unless he enters a workhouse (a kind of poorhouse).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/08/15", "description": " The South Australia Act allows for the creation of a colony there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/10/16", "description": " The Palace of Westminster is destroyed by fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/11/04", "description": " Delta Upsilon fraternity is founded at Williams College.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/12/10", "description": " Sir Robert Peel succeeds Lord Melbourne as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/12/11", "description": " The Sixth Xhosa War is characterized by severe clashes between white settlers and Bantu peoples in Cape Colony Dutch-speaking settlers colonize the area north of Orange River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/12/11", "description": "A pro-republic uprising fails in Piedmont one of the activists is Giuseppe Garibaldi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/12/11", "description": "The British East India Company monopoly on China trade ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/12/11", "description": "Athens becomes Greece's capital city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/12/11", "description": "Medical School of Louisiana is founded, later to become Tulane University in New Orleans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/12/11", "description": "Charles Babbage begins the conceptual design of an ampquotanalytical engineampquot, a mechanical forerunner of the modern computer. It will not be built in his lifetime.ampamp{{cite book|first=Anthony|last=Hyman|title=Charles Babbage: pioneer of the computer|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1982|isbn=0-19-858170-X}}ampampampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencemuseum.org.uk\/objects\/computing_and_data_processing\/1878-3.aspx|title=Babbage\">http:\/\/www.sciencemuseum.org.uk\/objects\/computing_and_data_processing\/1878-3.aspx|title=Babbage<\/a>'s Analytical Engine, 1834-1871 (Trial model)|publisher=Science Museum (London)|accessdate=2010-10-01| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100920230519\/http:\/\/www.sciencemuseum.org.uk\/objects\/computing_and_data_processing\/1878-3.aspx|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100920230519\/http:\/\/www.sciencemuseum.org.uk\/objects\/computing_and_data_processing\/1878-3.aspx|<\/a> archivedate= 20 September 2010 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/12/11", "description": "Thomas Davenport, the inventor of the first American DC electrical motor, installs his motor in a small model car, creating one of the first electric cars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1834/12/11", "description": "The Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad is chartered in Wilmington, North Carolina.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroad-WWRR.htm|title=Railroad\">http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroad-WWRR.htm|title=Railroad<\/a> \u2014 Wilmington ampamp Raleigh (later Weldon)|work=North Carolina Business History|year=2006|accessdate=2011-12-02}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/01/07", "description": " {{HMS|Beagle}} anchors off the Chonos Archipelago on the voyage of 1831\u20131836 with Charles Darwin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/01/08", "description": " The United States public debt contracts to $0 for the only time in history<a href=\"http:\/\/www.publicdebt.treas.gov\/history\/history.htm\">http:\/\/www.publicdebt.treas.gov\/history\/history.htm<\/a> www.publicdebt.treas.gov", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/01/26", "description": " Queen Maria II of Portugal marries Auguste de Beauharnais, 2nd Duke of Leuchtenberg, in Lisbon he dies only two months later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/01/30", "description": " An assassination is attempted against President Andrew Jackson in the United States Capitol (the first assassination attempt against a President of the United States).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/02/01", "description": " Slavery is abolished in Mauritius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/02/20", "description": " Concepci\u00f3n, Chile, is destroyed by an earthquake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/03/02", "description": " Ferdinand becomes Emperor of Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/03/23", "description": " The Mexican Academy of Language is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/04/18", "description": " Lord Melbourne succeeds Sir Robert Peel as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/04/18", "description": "Rail transport in Belgium: a railway is opened between Brussels and Mechelen, the first in continental Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/04/18", "description": "Braulio Carrillo is sworn in as Head of State of Costa Rica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/05/09", "description": " End of the quotfive balds dictatorshipquot in Elony which later became the independence day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/05/23", "description": " The Mexican State of Aguascalientes is formed by decree of President Santa Anna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/06/01", "description": " Kingston Penitentiary in Kingston, Ontario opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/06/08", "description": " The Australian city of Melbourne is founded by John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.melbourne.vic.gov.au\/info.cfm?top=52amppg=703\">http:\/\/www.melbourne.vic.gov.au\/info.cfm?top=52amppg=703<\/a> Melbourne.vic.gov.au", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/07/14", "description": " Organisation of the universal Catholic Apostolic Church, initially in the U.K.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/07/14", "description": "August ampampndash H. Fox Talbot exposes the world's first known photographic negatives at Lacock Abbey in England.ampamp{{cite book|first=Patrick|last=Robertson|title=The Shell Book of Firsts|location=London|publisher=Ebury Press|year=1974|isbn=0-7181-1279-2|pages=127\u20138}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/08/25", "description": " In the U.S., the ''New York Sun'' prints the first of six installments of the Great Moon Hoax.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/08/28", "description": " Castleknock College is founded by the Vincentian order in Dublin, Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/09/07", "description": " Charles Darwin arrives at the Galapagos Islands aboard the {{HMS|Beagle}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/09/19", "description": " William Lloyd Garrison publishes Angelina Grimk\u00e9's anti-slavery letter in ''The Liberator''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/09/20", "description": " Farroupilha's Revolution begins in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/10/02", "description": " Texas Revolution ampndash Battle of Gonzales: Mexican soldiers attempt to disarm the people of Gonzales, Texas but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/10/03", "description": " Staedtler Company founded by J.S. Staedtler in Nuremberg, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/10/28", "description": " United Tribes of New Zealand founded at Waitangi with the Declaration of Independence of New Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/11/16", "description": " Comet Halley reaches perihelion, its closest approach to the sun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/11/19", "description": " A force of 500 M\u0101ori people invade and enslave the peoples of the Chatham Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/11/27", "description": "Two men John Smith en John Pratt were hanged in Newgate Prison in Londen after a conviction of sodomy. They were the last deadly victims of the judicial persecution of homosexual men in Engeland.See <a href=\"http:\/\/www.capitalpunishmentuk.org\/newgate.html\">http:\/\/www.capitalpunishmentuk.org\/newgate.html<\/a> 2012", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/12/01", "description": " Hans Christian Andersen publishes his first book of fairy tales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/12/01", "description": "The Bavarian Ludwig Railway opens between Nuremberg and F\u00fcrth, with a train hauled by ''Der Adler'' (ampquot''The Eagle''ampquot), the first railway in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/12/01", "description": "Future U.S. President James K. Polk becomes Speaker of the House", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/12/09", "description": " The Army of the Republic of Texas captures San Antonio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/12/16", "description": "December 17 ampndash The Great Fire of New York destroys 530 buildings, including the New York Stock Exchange.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/12/20", "description": " The Texas Declaration of Independence is first signed at Goliad, Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/12/21", "description": " The Raleigh and Gaston Railroad is chartered in Raleigh, North Carolina.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroads.htm|title=Railroads\">http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroads.htm|title=Railroads<\/a> \u2014 prior to the Civil War|work=North Carolina Business History|year=2006|accessdate=2011-12-02}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/12/28", "description": " USA: The Second Seminole War breaks out.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/12/29", "description": " The Treaty of New Echota is signed between the United States Government and members of the Cherokee Nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/12/29", "description": "The British Geological Survey is founded as the world's first national geological survey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/12/29", "description": "Civil war erupts in Uruguay between supporters of Blanco and Colorado parties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/12/29", "description": "The Cachar Levy, forerunner of the Assam Rifles, is founded in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/12/29", "description": "The first Bulgarian-language school opens in the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/12/29", "description": "The French word for their language changes to ''fran\u00e7ais'', from ''fran\u00e7ois''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/12/29", "description": "Fort Cass is established, the military headquarters and site of the largest internment camps during the 1838 Trail of Tears.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/12/29", "description": "Charles-Louis Havas creates Havas, the first news agency in the world (which later spawns Agence France-Presse).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/12/29", "description": "English becomes the official language of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/12/29", "description": "Juan Manuel de Rosas becomes Caudillo of Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1835/12/29", "description": "Edward Strutt Abdy publishes his ''Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States of North America: From April, 1833, to October 1834''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1836/01/01", "description": " Queen Maria II of Portugal marries Prince Ferdinand Augustus Francis Anthony of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1836/01/05", "description": " Davy Crockett arrives in Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1836/01/12", "description": " {{HMS|Beagle}} with Charles Darwin reaches Sydney.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1836/01/18", "description": " Dade County, Florida, is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1836/02/08", "description": " London and Greenwich Railway opens its first section, the first railway in London, England.{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=R. H. 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Library of Congress catalog card number 70-79247.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1836/03/17", "description": " Texas abolishes the slave trade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1836/03/27", "description": " United States Survey of the Coast returned to U.S. Treasury Department renamed U.S. Coastal Survey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1836/03/27", "description": " 342 Texan prisoners are shot and killed in the Goliad Massacre along with Texan General James Walker Fannin by Mexican troops in Goliad near the Presidio La Bahia during the Texas Revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1836/04/20", "description": " The Territory of Wisconsin is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": 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href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=90N6G-y0TCgCampamppg=PA3ampamplpg=PA3ampampdq=%22chatsworth+head%22+british+museumampampsource=blampampots=Hd511sotmiampampsig=iiH4tXfMZO0hHPyHGiqPB-AOM1campamphl=enampampei=eExxTO7hN-bV4waFqbHeCAampampsa=Xampampoi=book_resultampampct=resultampampresnum=1ampampved=0CBYQ6AEwADgK#v=onepageampampq=%22chatsworth%20head%22%20british%20museumampampf=false|title=Greek\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=90N6G-y0TCgCampamppg=PA3ampamplpg=PA3ampampdq=%22chatsworth+head%22+british+museumampampsource=blampampots=Hd511sotmiampampsig=iiH4tXfMZO0hHPyHGiqPB-AOM1campamphl=enampampei=eExxTO7hN-bV4waFqbHeCAampampsa=Xampampoi=book_resultampampct=resultampampresnum=1ampampved=0CBYQ6AEwADgK#v=onepageampampq=%22chatsworth%20head%22%20british%20museumampampf=false|title=Greek<\/a> Bronze Statuary: from the beginnings through the fifth century B.C.|first=Carol C.|last=Mattusch|page=3|location=Ithaca, N.Y.|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=1988|isbn=0801421489|accessdate=August 2010}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1837/01/01", "description": " Galilee earthquake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1837/01/26", "description": " Michigan becomes the 26th state admitted to the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1837/01/26", "description": "February ampampndash Charles Dickens's ''Oliver Twist'' begins publication in serial form in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1837/02/04", "description": " Seminoles attack Fort Foster in Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1837/02/25", "description": " In Philadelphia, The Institute for Colored 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She will reign for more than 63 years.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1820-1840|title=Icons,\">http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1820-1840|title=Icons,<\/a> a portrait of England 1820\u20131840|accessdate=2007-09-12|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070922055840\/http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1820-1840|archivedate=22\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070922055840\/http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1820-1840|archivedate=22<\/a> September 2007!--DASHBot--|deadurl=no}} Under Salic law, the Kingdom of Hanover passes to William's brother, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, ending the personal union of Britain and Hanover which has persisted since 1714.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1837/06/20", "description": "July ampampndash Charles W. 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"category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1837/12/17", "description": "The 5th century BC Berlin Foundry Cup is acquired for the Antikensammlung Berlin in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1838/01/10", "description": " A fire destroys Lloyd's Coffee House and the Royal Exchange in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1838/04/04", "description": "April 22 ampndash The paddle steamer SS ''Sirius'' (1837) makes the Transatlantic Crossing to New York from Cork, Ireland, in eighteen days, though not using steam continuously.{{cite web|title=Steamship Cura\u00e7ao|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vrcurassow.com\/2dvrc\/sscuracao\/sscuracao.html|accessdate=2011-02-02|archiveurl=http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101224202256\/http:\/\/vrcurassow.com\/2dvrc\/sscuracao\/sscuracao.html|\">http:\/\/www.vrcurassow.com\/2dvrc\/sscuracao\/sscuracao.html|accessdate=2011-02-02|archiveurl=http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101224202256\/http:\/\/vrcurassow.com\/2dvrc\/sscuracao\/sscuracao.html|<\/a> archivedate=24 December 2010 !--DASHBot--|deadurl=no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1838/04/08", "description": "April 23 ampndash Isambard Kingdom Brunel's paddle steamer SS ''Great Western'' (1838) makes the Transatlantic Crossing to New York from Avonmouth, England, in fifteen days, inaugurating a regular steamship service.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1820-1840|title=Icons,\">http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1820-1840|title=Icons,<\/a> a portrait of England 1820-1840|accessdate=2007-09-12| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070922055840\/http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1820-1840|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070922055840\/http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1820-1840|<\/a> archivedate= 22 September 2007 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1838/04/30", "description": " Nicaragua declares independence from the Central American Federation (''see'' Nicaragua's early history).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1838/04/30", "description": "May", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1838/04/30", "description": "The People's Charter is drawn up in the United Kingdom, demanding universal suffrage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1838/04/30", "description": "Lord Durham and his entourage arrive in Upper Canada to investigate the cause of the 1837 rebellion in that province. 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P. Borrell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/01/02", "description": " First photo of the Moon taken by photographer Louis Daguerre", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/01/09", "description": " The French Academy of Sciences announces the Daguerreotype photography process.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/01/19", "description": " The British East India Company captures Aden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/01/20", "description": " Battle of Yungay: Chile defeats the Peruvian-Bolivian confedration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/01/29", "description": " British naturalist Charles Darwin marries his cousin Emma Wedgwood.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/02/11", "description": " The University of Missouri is established, becoming the first public university west of the Mississippi River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/02/24", "description": " William Otis receives a patent for the steam shovel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/03/05", "description": " Longwood University is founded in Farmville, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/03/07", "description": " Baltimore City College, the third public high school in the United States, is established in Baltimore, Maryland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/03/23", "description": " The ''Boston Morning Post'' first records the use of quotOKquot (oll korrect).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/03/26", "description": " The first Henley Royal Regatta is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/03/26", "description": "April ampampndash Sultan Mahmud II of the Ottoman Empire dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/04/09", "description": " The world's first commercial electric telegraph line comes into operation alongside the Great Western Railway line, from Paddington Station to West Drayton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/04/19", "description": " The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/06/22", "description": " Louis Daguerre receives a patent for his camera (commercially available by September at the price of 400 francs).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/06/22", "description": "Slaves aboard the ''Amistad'' rebel and capture the ship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/06/22", "description": "Abd-ul-Mejid I (1839\u20131861) succeeds Mahmud II (1808\u20131839) as Ottoman Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/07/23", "description": " First Anglo-Afghan War ampndash Battle of Ghazni: British forces capture the fortress city of Ghazni, Afghanistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/08/08", "description": " The Beta Theta Pi fraternity is founded in Oxford, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/08/19", "description": " The French government gives Louis Daguerre a pension and gives the daguerreotype quotfor the whole worldquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/08/23", "description": " British forces seize Hong Kong as a base, as it prepares to wage war against Qing China.  The ensuing 3-year conflict becomes known as the First Opium War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/08/31", "description": " The First Carlist war (Spain) ends with the Convenio de Vergara, also known as the Abrazo de Vergara (quotthe embrace in Vergaraquot Bergara in Basque), between liberal general Baldomero Espartero, Count of Luchana and Carlist General Rafael Maroto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/09/09", "description": " In the Great Fire of Mobile, Alabama hundreds of buildings are burned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/10/03", "description": " In the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, a railway between Naples and Portici (7.4ampnbspkm length) is inaugurated by H.M. King Ferdinand II of Bourbon (the first railway in the Italian peninsula).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/10/15", "description": " Abd al-Kader declares a jihad against the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/11/04", "description": " The Newport Rising is the last large-scale armed rebellion against authority in mainland Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/11/11", "description": " The Virginia Military Institute is founded in Lexington, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/11/17", "description": " Giuseppe Verdi's first opera, ''Oberto, conte di San Bonifacio'', opens in Milan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/11/25", "description": " A disastrous cyclone slams India with terrible winds and a giant 40-foot storm surge, wiping out the port city of Coringa 300,000 people die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/11/27", "description": " In Boston, Massachusetts, the American Statistical Association is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/11/27", "description": "In the United States, the first state law permitting women to own property is passed in Jackson, Mississippi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/11/27", "description": "The first parallax measurement of the distance to Alpha Centauri is published by Thomas Henderson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/11/27", "description": "Michael Faraday publishes <a href=\"http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/14986\/14986-8.txt\">http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/14986\/14986-8.txt<\/a> ampquotExperimental Researches in Electricityampquot clarifying the true nature of electricity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/11/27", "description": "An archaeological excavation on Copan begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/11/27", "description": "Half of the Limburg province of Belgium is added to the Netherlands (since 1839 there is a Belgian Limburg and Dutch Limburg).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/11/27", "description": "Episcopal High School in Alexandria, Virginia is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/11/27", "description": "Charles Goodyear vulcanizes rubber.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/11/27", "description": "The Anti-Corn Law League is founded in Manchester.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/11/27", "description": "The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, backed by the Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire, compels July Monarchy France to abandon Muhammad Ali of Egypt, and it forces him to return Syria and Arabia to the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/11/27", "description": "Tanzimat starts in the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/11/27", "description": "The Emperor Minh M\u1ea1ng renames Vi\u1ec7t Nam to \u0110\u1ea1i Nam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1839/11/27", "description": "The Chinese government dispatches Lin Zexu to Guangzhou.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/01/03", "description": " One of the predecessor papers of the ''Herald Sun'' of Melbourne, Australia, ''The Port Phillip Herald'', is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/01/10", "description": " Uniform Penny Post is introduced in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/01/13", "description": " The steamship ''Lexington'' burns and sinks in icy waters, four miles off the coast of Long Island 139 die, only four survive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/01/19", "description": " Captain Charles Wilkes' United States Exploring Expedition sights what becomes known as Wilkes Land in the southeast quadrant of Antarctica, claiming it for the United States and providing evidence that Antarctica is a complete continent.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.quarkexpeditions.com\/antarctica\/exploration.shtml|title=Antarctic\">http:\/\/www.quarkexpeditions.com\/antarctica\/exploration.shtml|title=Antarctic<\/a> Exploration \u2014 Chronology|accessdate=2006-10-20|publisher=Quark Expeditions|year=2004|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060908120017\/http:\/\/www.quarkexpeditions.com\/antarctica\/exploration.shtml|archivedate=2006-09-08}}\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060908120017\/http:\/\/www.quarkexpeditions.com\/antarctica\/exploration.shtml|archivedate=2006-09-08}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/01/21", "description": " Dumont D'Urville discovers Ad\u00e9lie Land in Antarctica, claiming it for France.{{cite book|last=Guillon|first=Jacques|title=Dumont d'Urville|publisher=France-Empire|year=1986|location=Paris|isbn=2-7048-0472-9}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/01/22", "description": " British colonists reach New Zealand, officially founding Wellington.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/01/22", "description": "February ampampndash The Rhodes blood libel is made against the Jews of Rhodes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/02/05", "description": " The murder of a Capuchin friar and his Greek servant leads to the Damascus affair, a highly publicized case of blood libel against the Jews of Damascus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/02/06", "description": " The Treaty of Waitangi, granting British sovereignty in New Zealand, is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/02/10", "description": " Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland marries her cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/02/11", "description": " Gaetano Donizetti's opera ''La fille du r\u00e9giment'' premieres in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/02/11", "description": "William Hobson, the first Governor of New Zealand, suffers a stroke.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/02/11", "description": "Adolphe Thiers becomes prime minister of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/03/09", "description": " The Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad is completed from Wilmington, North Carolina to Weldon, North Carolina. At 161.5 miles (260ampnbspkm), it is the world's longest railroad.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroad-WWRR.htm|title=Railroad\">http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroad-WWRR.htm|title=Railroad<\/a> \u2014 Wilmington amp Raleigh (later Weldon)|work=North Carolina Business History|year=2006|accessdate=2011-12-02}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/03/09", "description": "April ampampndash The Raleigh and Gaston Railroad is completed from Raleigh, North Carolina to near Weldon, North Carolina.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroads.htm|title=Railroads\">http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroads.htm|title=Railroads<\/a> \u2014 prior to the Civil War|work=North Carolina Business History|year=2006|accessdate=2011-12-02}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/04/15", "description": " King's College Hospital opens in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/05/01", "description": " Britain issues the Penny Black, the world's first postage stamp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/05/06", "description": " The Penny Black, the world's first postage stamp, becomes valid for the pre-payment of postage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/05/07", "description": " The Great Natchez Tornado: A massive tornado strikes Natchez, Mississippi during the early afternoon hours. Before it is over, 317 people are killed and 109 injured. It is the second deadliest tornado in U.S. history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/05/21", "description": " New Zealand is declared a British colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/07/04", "description": " The Cunard Line's 700-ton wooden paddlewheel steamer {{RMS|Britannia}} departs from Liverpool, bound for Halifax, Nova Scotia on the first steam transatlantic passenger mail service.{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=263\u2013264|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/07/15", "description": " The Austrian Empire, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Prussia, and the Russian Empire sign the Convention of London with the Sublime Porte, ruler of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/07/15", "description": "Pedro II is declared ampquotof ageampquot prematurely and begins to reassert central control in Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/07/15", "description": "The Province of Canada is created by the Act of Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/08/10", "description": " Fortsas hoax: A number of book collectors gather in Binche, Belgium, to attend a non-existent book auction of the late quotCount of Fortsasquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/09/10", "description": " Ottoman and British troops bombard Beirut and land troops on the coast to pressure Egyptian Muhammad Ali to retreat from the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/09/16", "description": " Joseph Strutt hands over the deeds and papers concerning the Derby Arboretum, which is to become England's first public park.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/09/30", "description": " The frigate ''Belle-Poule'' arrives in Cherbourg, bringing back the remains of Napol\u00e9on from Saint Helena to France. He is buried in the Invalides.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/10/07", "description": " Willem II becomes King of the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/10/14", "description": " Maronite leader Bashir Shihab II surrenders to the British forces and goes into exile in Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/11/04", "description": " U.S. presidential election, 1840: William Henry Harrison defeats Martin Van Buren.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/12/07", "description": " David Livingstone leaves Britain for Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/12/15", "description": " The corpse of Napoleon is placed in the Hotel des Invalides in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/12/21", "description": " Stockport Viaduct is completed in North West England.{{cite book|first=Geoffrey O.|last=Holt|title=A Regional History of the Railways of Great Britain. Vol. 10: The North West|location=Newton Abbot|publisher=David and Charles|year=1978|isbn=0-7153-7521-0|page=117}} It is one of the largest brick structures in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/12/21", "description": "By July ampampndash August Borsig completes the first steam locomotive built in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/12/21", "description": "Louis Agassiz publishes his ''Etudes sur les glaciers'' (ampquotStudy on Glaciersampquot, 2 volumes), the first major scientific work to propose that the Earth has seen an ice age.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/12/21", "description": "Mount Allison University is founded in Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/12/21", "description": "The Washingtonian Temperance Society is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/12/21", "description": "The first English translation of Goethe's ''Theory of Colours'' by Charles Eastlake is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/12/21", "description": "J. M. W. Turner first displays his painting ''The Slave Ship''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/12/21", "description": "United States Census Bureau reports 6,000 free Negroes holding slaves in the nation.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/12/21", "description": "First Opium War (1839\u20131842)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Ongoing", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1840/12/21", "description": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839\u20131842)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Ongoing", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/01/20", "description": " Charles Elliot of Britain and Qishan of the Qing Dynasty agree to the Convention of Chuenpee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/01/26", "description": " Britain occupies Hong Kong. Later in the year, the first census of the island records a population of about 7,500.{{cite book|first=John|last=Thomson|authorlink=John Thomson (photographer)|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/irc.aa.tufs.ac.jp\/thomson\/vol_1\/mother\/102.html|chapter=Hong-Kong|title=Illustrations\">http:\/\/irc.aa.tufs.ac.jp\/thomson\/vol_1\/mother\/102.html|chapter=Hong-Kong|title=Illustrations<\/a> of China and Its People|volume=1|location=London|year=1873}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/01/27", "description": " The active volcano Mount Erebus in Antarctica is discovered and named by James Clark Ross.Ross, ''Voyage to the Southern Seas'', '''1''', pp. 216\u20138.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/01/28", "description": " Ross discovers the quotVictoria Barrierquot, later known as the Ross Ice Shelf.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/01/30", "description": " A fire ruins and destroys two-thirds of the then villa (now city) of Mayag\u00fcez, Puerto Rico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/02/04", "description": " First known reference to Groundhog Day, in the diary of a James Morris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/02/10", "description": " Act of Union (1840) proclaimed in Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/02/11", "description": " The two colonies of The Canadas are merged into the United Province of Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/02/18", "description": " The first ongoing filibuster in the United States Senate begins and lasts until March 11.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/02/20", "description": " The ''Governor Fenner'', carrying emigrants to the United States, sinks off Holyhead (Wales) with the loss of 123 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/03/04", "description": " Martin Van Buren is succeeded as President of the United States by William Henry Harrison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/03/09", "description": " ''Amistad'': The Supreme Court of the United States rules in the case that the Africans who seized control of the ship had been taken into slavery illegally.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/03/12", "description": " {{SS|President}} under the command of the legendary captain Richard Roberts founders in rough seas with all passengers and crew lost.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/04/04", "description": " President William Henry Harrison dies of pneumonia, becoming the first President of the United States to die in office and at one month, the American president with the shortest term served. He is succeeded by Vice President John Tyler, who becomes the tenth President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/04/06", "description": " President John Tyler is sworn in.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/04/06", "description": "May ampampndash Start of the Sino-Sikh war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/05/03", "description": " New Zealand becomes a British colony.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/05/11", "description": " Lt. Charles Wilkes lands at Fort Nisqually in Puget Sound.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/06/06", "description": "Sunday)", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/06/06", "description": "United Kingdom Census held, the first to record names and approximate ages of every household member and to be administered nationally.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/06/06", "description": "Marian Hughes becomes the first woman to take religious vows in communion with the Anglican Province of Canterbury since the Reformation, making them privately to E. B. Pusey in Oxford.ampamp{{cite web|first=Valerie|last=Bonham|title=Hughes, Marian Rebecca (1817\u20131912)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/39553|accessdate=2010-11-26}}\">http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/39553|accessdate=2010-11-26}}<\/a> {{ODNBsub}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/06/28", "description": " Ballet ''Giselle'' first presented by the Ballet du Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de l'Acad\u00e9mie Royale de Musique at the Salle Le Peletier in Paris, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/06/28", "description": "July ampampndash Scottish missionary David Livingstone arrives at Kuruman in the Northern Cape, his first posting in Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/07/05", "description": " Thomas Cook arranges his first railway excursion, in England.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/07/17", "description": " First edition of the humorous magazine ''Punch'' published in London.{{cite book|title=The History of quotPunchquot|first=Marion Harry|last=Spielmann|year=1895|page=27}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/07/18", "description": "Sunday) ampndash The sixth bishop of Calcutta, Daniel Wilson, and Dr. James Taylor, Civil Surgeon at Dhaka, establish the first modern educational institution in the Indian subcontinent, Dhaka College.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/07/20", "description": " The Mercantile Agency (ancestor of Dun amp Bradstreet is founded in New York City by Lewis Tappan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/08/11", "description": "Wednesday) Frederick Douglass spoke in front of the Anti-Slavery Covention in Nantucket, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/08/16", "description": " U.S. President John Tyler vetoes a bill which called for the re-establishment of the Second Bank of the United States. Enraged Whig Party members riot outside the White House in the most violent demonstration on White House grounds in U.S. history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/09/24", "description": " The Britain annexes Sarawak from Brunei James Brooke is appointed rajah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/10/16", "description": " Queen's University is founded in Kingston, Ontario, by Rev. Thomas Liddell, who carries a Royal Charter from Queen Victoria and becomes the school's first principal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/10/30", "description": " A fire at the Tower of London destroys its Grand Armoury and causes a quarter of a million pounds worth of damage.{{cite book|title=The London Encyclopaedia|first=Ben|last=Weinreb|coauthors=Hibbert, Christopher|publisher=Macmillan|year=1995|isbn=0-333-57688-8|page=287}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/11/13", "description": " Scottish surgeon James Braid first sees a demonstration of ''animal magnetism'' by Charles Lafontaine in Manchester, which leads to his study of the phenomenon that he (Braid) eventually calls ''hypnotism''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/12/23", "description": " First Anglo-Afghan War: At a meeting with the Afghan general Akbar Khan, the British diplomat Sir William Hay Macnaghten is shot dead at close quarters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/12/23", "description": "Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross additionally discovers the Ross Sea, Victoria Land and Mount Terror.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/12/23", "description": "John Augustus develops the concept of probation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/12/23", "description": "The city of Dallas, Texas is founded by John Neely Bryan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/12/23", "description": "Fordham University is founded in The Bronx by the Society of Jesus. Its name at its founding is St. John's College.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/12/23", "description": "The Scroll and Key secret society of Yale University is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/12/23", "description": "First Opium War (1839\u20131842)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Ongoing", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1841/12/23", "description": "First Anglo-Afghan War (1839\u20131842)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Ongoing", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/01/06", "description": "13 ampndash First Anglo-Afghan War: Massacre of Elphinstone's army (Battle of Gandamak): British East India Company troops destroyed by Afghan forces on the road from Kabul to Jalalabad, Afghanistan, by Akbar Khan, son of Dost Mohammed Khan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/01/23", "description": " Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross, charting the eastern side of James Ross Island, reaches a Farthest South of 78\u00b009'30quotS.{{cite book|last=Coleman|first=E. C.|title=The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration, from Frobisher to Ross|publisher=Tempus Publishing|location=Stroud|year=2006|isbn=0-7524-3660-0|page=335}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/02/07", "description": " Battle of Debre Tabor: Ras Ali Alula, Regent of the Emperor of Ethiopia, defeats warlord Wube Haile Maryam of Semien.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/02/07", "description": "March ampampndash Commonwealth v. Hunt: the Massachusetts Supreme Court makes strikes and unions legal in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/03/02", "description": " Gaylad, ridden by Tom Olliver, wins the Grand National at Aintree Racecourse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/03/05", "description": " Mexican troops led by Rafael Vasquez invade Texas, briefly occupy San Antonio, and then head back to the Rio Grande. This is the first such invasion since the Texas Revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/03/09", "description": " Giuseppe Verdi's third opera ''Nabucco'' premieres in Milan its success establishes Verdi as one of Italy's foremost opera writers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/03/17", "description": " The Relief Society, a philanthropic and educational women's organization of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) was founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/03/30", "description": " Anesthesia is used for the first time in an operation (Dr. Crawford Long performed the operation using ether).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/03/31", "description": " Middleton Junction and Oldham Branch Railway line opened up to Werneth in North West England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/04/13", "description": " First Anglo-Afghan War: British victory at the Battle of Jellalabad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/05/08", "description": " Versailles train crash: Two trains collide near Paris and catch fire, killing 59.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/05/11", "description": " Income Tax Act establishes the first peacetime income tax in the United Kingdom 7 pence in the pound, for incomes over 150 pounds.ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=264\u2013266|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/05/19", "description": " Dorr Rebellion: Militiamen supporting Thomas Wilson Dorr attack the arsenal in Providence, Rhode Island, but are repulsed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/06/04", "description": " In South Africa, hunter Dick King rides into a British military base in Grahamstown to warn that the Boers have besieged Durban (he had left 11 days earlier). The British army dispatches a relief force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/06/13", "description": " Queen Victoria becomes the first reigning British monarch to travel by train, on the Great Western Railway between Slough and London Paddington station.{{cite book|last=Green|first=Oliver|authorlink=Lawrence Leonard|title=Discovering London Railway Stations|publisher=Shire Publications|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7478-0806-0}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/06/20", "description": " Anselmo de Andrade, Portuguese economist and politician, is born in Vila Real de Santo Ant\u00f3nio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/06/20", "description": "June ampampndash James Nasmyth patents the steam hammer in the United Kingdom.ampamp{{cite book|last=Smiles|first=Samuel|authorlink=Samuel Smiles|title=James Nasmyth Engineer: an Autobiography|publisher=John Murray|year=1912|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/jamesnasmythengi00nasmiala|accessdate=2009-11-14}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/jamesnasmythengi00nasmiala|accessdate=2009-11-14}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/07/13", "description": " The Tri-Kap fraternity is founded at Dartmouth College. It is the oldest local fraternity in the nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/08/04", "description": " The Armed Occupation Act is signed, providing for the armed occupation and settlement of the unsettled part of the Peninsula of East Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/08/09", "description": " The Webster-Ashburton Treaty is signed, establishing the United States\u2013Canada border east of the Rocky Mountains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/08/10", "description": " The Mines Act 1842 becomes law, prohibiting underground work for all women and boys under 10 years old in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/08/29", "description": " The Treaty of Nanking ends the First Opium War and establishes Hong Kong as a British colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/08/29", "description": "September ampampndash The Treaty of Chushul ends the Sino-Sikh war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/10/29", "description": " The Iberian Peninsula is struck by a category 2 hurricane.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/12/20", "description": " The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/12/20", "description": "English palaeontologist Richard Owen coins the name ''Dinosauria'', hence the Anglicized ''dinosaur''.ampampOwen, R. (1842). ampquotReport on British Fossil Reptiles.ampquot Part II. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Plymouth, England.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/12/20", "description": "Julius Robert von Mayer proposes that work and heat are equivalent.ampamp{{cite journal|last=von Mayer|first=J. R.|year=1842|title=Bemerkungen \u00fcber die Kr\u00e4fte der  unbelebten Nature (ampquotRemarks on the forces of inorganic natureampquot)|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/jlac.18420420212\/abstractjsessionid=C4EDC835147959DFF63FB8464A62DB4D.d02t02|journal=journal=Liebigs<\/a> Annalen|Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie|volume=43|pages=233\u201340|doi=10.1002\/jlac.18420420212|accessdate=2012-01-27}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/12/20", "description": "Pentonville Prison is built in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/12/20", "description": "The New Zealand seat of government moves from Russell to Auckland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/12/20", "description": "The first pils beer is brewed in the Czech city of Pilsen. The Pils is the original lager beer of which all modern lagers are copies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/12/20", "description": "The Sons of Temperance is founded in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/12/20", "description": "Founding of:", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/12/20", "description": "Cumberland University", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/12/20", "description": "Wesleyan University", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/12/20", "description": "University of Notre Dame (by Father Edward Sorin, CSC of the Congregation of Holy Cross)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/12/20", "description": "Hollins University (in Roanoke, Virginia by Charles Cocke)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/12/20", "description": "Villanova University (in Villanova, Pennsylvania by the Augustinian order)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/12/20", "description": "Indiana University Bloomington", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/12/20", "description": "Indiana University Maurer School of Law", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1842/12/20", "description": "Willamette University in Salem, Oregon", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/01/06", "description": " Antarctic explorer James Clark Ross discovers Snow Hill Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/02/03", "description": " Argentina supports Rosas of Uruguay and begins a siege of Montevideo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/02/06", "description": " The Virginia Minstrels perform the first minstrel show (Bowery Amphitheatre, New York City).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/02/11", "description": " Giuseppe Verdi's opera ''I Lombardi'' premieres in Milan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/02/14", "description": " The event that inspired the Beatles song ''Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!'' is held in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/02/25", "description": " The Provisional Cession of the Hawaiian or Sandwich Islands established by Lord George Paulet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/03/15", "description": " Victoria, British Columbia, is founded by the Hudson's Bay Company as a trading post and fort.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/03/21", "description": " The world does not end, contrary to the first prediction by American preacher William Miller.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/03/25", "description": " Marc Isambard Brunel's Thames Tunnel, the first tunnel under the River Thames and the world's first bored underwater tunnel, is opened in London.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/03/25", "description": "April ampampndash Eta Carinae is temporarily the second-brightest star in the night sky.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/05/04", "description": " Natal is proclaimed a British colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/05/18", "description": " The Disruption in Edinburgh of the Free Church of Scotland from the Church of Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/05/22", "description": " The first major wagon train headed for the American Northwest sets out with one thousand pioneers from Elm Grove, Missouri on the Oregon Trail.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/05/23", "description": " Chile takes possession of the Strait of Magellan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/06/06", "description": " In Barbados, Samuel Jackman Prescod is the first non-white person elected to the House of Assembly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/06/06", "description": "Ulysses S. Grant graduates from West Point 21st from a class of 39.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/06/06", "description": "John J. Peck graduates from West Point 8th from a class of 39.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/07/19", "description": " Isambard Kingdom Brunel's {{SS|Great Britain}} is launched from Bristol it will be the first iron-hulled, propeller-driven ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean.{{cite news|title=Royal Visit|work=The Bristol Mirror|pages=1\u20132|date=20 July 1843}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/08/15", "description": "August 15  ampndash Tivoli Gardens, one of the oldest still intact amusement parks in the world, opens in Copenhagen, Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/08/15", "description": "September ampampndash''The Economist'' newspaper is first published in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/09/03", "description": " Popular uprising in Athens, Greece, including citizens and military captains, to require from King Otto to issue a liberal Constitution to the state, which was governed since independence (1830) by various domestic and foreign centres of profits.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/09/03", "description": "S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard's philosophical book ''Fear and Trembling'' is first published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/09/03", "description": "William Rowan Hamilton discovers the calculus of quaternions and deduces that they are non-commutative.ampamp{{cite web|title=William Rowan Hamilton Plaque|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.geograph.org.uk\/photo\/347941|work=Geograph|year=2007|accessdate=2011-03-08}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.geograph.org.uk\/photo\/347941|work=Geograph|year=2007|accessdate=2011-03-08}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/12/09", "description": " Bishop's University is founded as Bishop's College by Bishop George Jehoshaphat Mountain in Lennoxville, Quebec, for the education of members of the Church of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/12/13", "description": " Basutoland becomes a British protectorate.ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=266\u2013267|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/12/19", "description": " Charles Dickens' novella ''A Christmas Carol'' is first published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/12/21", "description": " The first total solar eclipse of saros 139 occurs over southern Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/12/21", "description": "December ampampndash The world's first Christmas cards, commissioned by Sir Henry Cole in London from the artist John Callcott Horsley, are sent.ampamp{{cite journal|first=Gy\u00f6rgy|last=Buday|year=1992|title=The history of the Christmas card|page=8|journal=Omnigraphics}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/12/21", "description": "The Danish government re-establishes the Althing in Iceland as an advisory body.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/12/21", "description": "James Joule experimentally finds the mechanical equivalent of heat.ampamp{{cite journal|title=On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat|last=Joule|first=J. P.|journal=Abstracts of the Papers Communicated to the Royal Society of London|year=1843|volume=5|page=839|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/rspl.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/5\/839|doi=10.1098\/rspl.1843.0196|accessdate=2012-01-27}}ampamp\">http:\/\/rspl.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/5\/839|doi=10.1098\/rspl.1843.0196|accessdate=2012-01-27}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/12/21", "description": "Ada Lovelace translates and expands Menabrea's notes on Charles Babbage's analytical engine, including an algorithm for calculating a sequence of Bernoulli numbers, regarded as the world's first computer program.ampamp{{cite journal|first1=John|last1=Fuegi|first2=Jo|last2=Francis|title=Lovelace ampamp Babbage and the creation of the 1843 'notes'|journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing|volume=25|issue=4|month=October\u2013December|year=2003|pages=16\u201326|doi=10.1109\/MAHC.2003.1253887|accessdate=2010-10-01}}ampampampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/cs-www.cs.yale.edu\/homes\/tap\/Files\/ada-bio.html|title=Ada\">http:\/\/cs-www.cs.yale.edu\/homes\/tap\/Files\/ada-bio.html|title=Ada<\/a> Byron, Lady Lovelace|accessdate=2010-07-11| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100721013509\/http:\/\/cs-www.cs.yale.edu\/homes\/tap\/Files\/ada-bio.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100721013509\/http:\/\/cs-www.cs.yale.edu\/homes\/tap\/Files\/ada-bio.html|<\/a> archivedate= 21 July 2010 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampampampamp{{cite journal|last=Menabrea|first=L. F.|authorlink=Federico Luigi, Conte Menabrea|year=1843|title=Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage|journal=Scientific Memoirs|volume=3|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fourmilab.ch\/babbage\/sketch.html|accessdate=2010-10-01|\">http:\/\/www.fourmilab.ch\/babbage\/sketch.html|accessdate=2010-10-01|<\/a> archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100913042032\/http:\/\/www.fourmilab.ch\/babbage\/sketch.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100913042032\/http:\/\/www.fourmilab.ch\/babbage\/sketch.html|<\/a> archivedate= 13 September 2010 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/12/21", "description": "The steam powered rotary printing press is invented by Richard March Hoe in the United States.ampamp{{cite book|last=Meggs|first=Philip B.|authorlink=Philip B. Meggs|title=A History of Graphic Design|publisher=Wiley|year=1998|edition=3rd|page=147|isbn=978-0-471-29198-5}} It receives {{US Patent|5199}} in 1847 and is placed in commercial use the same year.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/12/21", "description": "''The Friend'', a Quaker weekly, is first published in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/12/21", "description": "Saint Louis University School of Law becomes the first law school west of the Mississippi River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/12/21", "description": "Abbeville, Louisiana, is founded by descendants of Acadians from Nova Scotia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/12/21", "description": "Edgar Allan Poe's short story ''The Tell-Tale Heart'' is first published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/12/21", "description": "Germans from the Black Forest region of Southern Baden migrate to Venezuela.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1843/12/21", "description": "The export of British textile machinery and other equipment is allowed.{{Vague|date=May 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/01/15", "description": " The University of Notre Dame receives its charter from Indiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/02/27", "description": " The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/02/28", "description": " A gun on the USS ''Princeton'' explodes while the boat is on a Potomac River cruise, killing 2 United States Cabinet members and several others.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/03/08", "description": " King Oscar I ascends to the throne of Sweden-Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/03/12", "description": " The Columbus and Xenia Railroad, the first railroad planned to be built in Ohio, is chartered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/03/21", "description": " The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed calendar begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/03/23", "description": " Edict of Toleration, allowing Jews to settle in the Holy Land.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/03/23", "description": "April ampampndash The Fleet Prison for debtors in London is closed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/05/01", "description": " Hong Kong Police Force, the world's second, Asia's first modern police force is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/05/23", "description": " Persian Prophet The B\u00e1b privately announces his revelation to Mull\u00e1 Husayn, just after sunset, founding the B\u00e1b\u00ed Faith (later revolving to the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith as the B\u00e1b intended) in Shiraz, Persia (now Iran).  Contemporaneously, on this day in nearby Tehran, was the birth of `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 the eldest Son of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, Prophet-Founder of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith, the inception of which, the B\u00e1b's proclaimed His own mission was to herald.  `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 Himself was later proclaimed by Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h to be His own successor, thus being the third quotcentral figurequot of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/05/24", "description": " The first electrical telegram is sent over the telegraph by Samuel F. B. Morse from the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. to the BampO Railroad quotouter depotquot in Baltimore, Maryland, saying quotWhat hath God wroughtquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/05/24", "description": "JuneampampndashJuly ampampndash The Great Flood of 1844 hits the Missouri River and Mississippi River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/06/06", "description": " George Williams founds the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/06/15", "description": " Charles Goodyear receives a patent for vulcanization, a process to strengthen rubber.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/06/22", "description": " Influential North American fraternity Delta Kappa Epsilon is founded at Yale University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/06/27", "description": " Joseph Smith, Jr., founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, and his brother Hyrum, are killed in Carthage Jail, Carthage, Illinois. John Taylor, future president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is severely injured but survives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/06/27", "description": "The United States signs The Sino-American Treaty of Wanghia with the Chinese Government (the first diplomatic agreement between China and the United States in history).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/06/27", "description": "The last pair of Great Auks are killed on the island of Eldey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/08/08", "description": " During a meeting held in Nauvoo, the Quorum of the Twelve, headed by Brigham Young, is chosen as the leading body of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/08/14", "description": " Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri is defeated at Isly in Morocco the sultan of Morocco soon repudiates his ally.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/08/28", "description": " Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx meet in Paris, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/09/25", "description": "September 27 ampndash The first ever international cricket match is played in New York City, United States v Canadian Provinces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/10/22", "description": " This second date, predicted by the Millerites for the Second Coming of Jesus, leads to the Great Disappointment.  The Seventh-day Adventist Church denomination of the Christian religion believe this date to be the starting point of the Investigative judgment just prior to the Second Coming of Jesus as declared in the 26th of 28 fundamental doctrines of Seventh-day Adventists. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.adventist.org\/beliefs\/fundamental\/index.html\">http:\/\/www.adventist.org\/beliefs\/fundamental\/index.html<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/10/23", "description": " The B\u00e1b publicly proclaimed to be the promised one of Islam (the Q\u00e1'im, or Mahdi). He is also considered to be simultaneously the return of Elijah, John the Baptist, and the quotUsh\u00eddar-M\u00e1hquot referred to in the Zoroastrian scriptures.ref name=quotgpb_58quot{{cite book |first=Effendi |last=Shoghi |authorlink=Shoghi Effendi |year=1944 |title=God Passes By |publisher=Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Publishing Trust |location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA |isbn=0-87743-020-9 |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/reference.bahai.org\/en\/t\/se\/GPB\/gpb-5.html#pg58\">http:\/\/reference.bahai.org\/en\/t\/se\/GPB\/gpb-5.html#pg58<\/a> | pages = 58|accessdate=2012-03-06|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/6630BBdyB|archivedate=2012-03-09|deadurl=no}}\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/6630BBdyB|archivedate=2012-03-09|deadurl=no}}<\/a> He announces to the world the coming of quotHe whom God shall make manifestquot. He is considered the forerunner of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h ampndash the founder of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith ampndash whose claims include being the return of Jesus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/11/03", "description": " Giuseppe Verdi's ''I due Foscari'' debuts at Teatro Argentina, Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/11/06", "description": " The Dominican Republic drafts its first Constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/12/04", "description": " U.S. presidential election, 1844: James K. Polk defeats Henry Clay .", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/12/21", "description": " The Rochdale Pioneers commence business at their cooperative in Rochdale, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/12/21", "description": "Swedish chemistry professor Gustaf Erik Pasch invents the safety match.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/12/21", "description": "Carlos Antonio L\u00f3pez becomes dictator of Paraguay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/12/21", "description": "The anonymously written ''Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation'' is published and paves the way for the acceptance of Darwin's book ''The Origin of Species''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/12/21", "description": "The Free Church Institution is established by Reverend Alexander Duff in Calcutta, India. This is later merged with the General Assembly's Institution to form the Scottish Church College, one of the pioneering institutions that ushers in the Bengal Renaissance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1844/12/21", "description": "Annual British iron production reaches 3 million tons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/01/23", "description": " The United State Congress establishes a uniform date for federal elections, which will henceforth be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/01/29", "description": " quotThe Ravenquot by Edgar Allan Poe is published for the first time (''New York Evening Mirror'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/02/01", "description": " Anson Jones, President of the Republic of Texas, signs the charter officially creating Baylor University.  Baylor is the oldest university in the State of Texas operating under its original name.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/02/06", "description": " Potato blight breaks out in Ireland:ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=267\u2013268|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}} beginning of the Great Famine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/02/07", "description": " In the British Museum, a drunken visitor smashes the Portland Vase, which takes months to repair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/02/28", "description": " The United States Congress approves the annexation of Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/03/01", "description": " President John Tyler signs a bill authorizing the United States to annex the Republic of Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/03/03", "description": " Florida is admitted as the 27th U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/03/03", "description": "The United States Congress passes legislation overriding a presidential veto for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/03/03", "description": "James K. Polk succeeds John Tyler as President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/03/11", "description": " Flagstaff War: Chiefs Kawiti and Hone Heke lead 700 M\u0101oris in the burning of the British colonial settlement of Kororareka (now known as Russell, New Zealand).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/03/13", "description": " The ''Violin Concerto'' by Felix Mendelssohn premieres in Leipzig, with Ferdinand David as soloist.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/03/17", "description": " The rubber band is invented in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/03/30", "description": " Due to different transition dates to the Gregorian calendar, Finland (then part of the Russian Empire) is the only place in the world to have Easter day on this particular Sunday.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/04/10", "description": " A great fire destroys much of the American city of Pittsburgh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/04/20", "description": " Ram\u00f3n Castilla becomes president of Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/04/20", "description": "May ampampndash Frederick Douglass's ''Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave'' written by himself is published by the Boston Anti-Slavery Society.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/05/02", "description": " A suspension bridge collapses in Great Yarmouth, England, leaving around 80 dead, mostly children.{{cite web|title=The Great Yarmouth Suspension Bridge Disaster \u2013 May 2nd 1845|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.broadlandmemories.co.uk\/documents\/news\/news_pre1900\/gy_suspensionbridge_1845.pdf|work=Broadland\">http:\/\/www.broadlandmemories.co.uk\/documents\/news\/news_pre1900\/gy_suspensionbridge_1845.pdf|work=Broadland<\/a> Memories|accessdate=2010-10-14}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/05/19", "description": " HMS ''Erebus'' and HMS ''Terror'' with 134 men, comprising Sir John Franklin's expedition to find the Northwest Passage, sail from Greenhithe on the Thames. They will last be seen in August entering Baffin Bay.{{cite book|title=The Hutchinson Factfinder|publisher=Helicon|year=1999|isbn=1-85986-000-1|page=549}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/07/04", "description": " Near Concord, Massachusetts, Henry David Thoreau embarks on a 2-year experiment in simple living at Walden Pond (''see'' ''Walden'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/07/07", "description": " Jules Perrot presents Pas de Quatre to an enthusiastic London audience.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/07/20", "description": " Charles Sturt enters the Simpson Desert in central Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/07/26", "description": "August 10 ampndash Isambard Kingdom Brunel\u2019s iron steamship ''Great Britain'' makes the Transatlantic Crossing from Liverpool to New York, the first screw propelled vessel to make the passage.{{cite book|last=Fox|first=Stephen|year=2003|title=Transatlantic: Samuel Cunard, Isambard Brunel, and the Great Atlantic Steamships|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-019595-3}}{{cite web|title=''Great Britain''|url= <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theshipslist.com\/pictures\/Greatbritain.htm|work=The\">http:\/\/www.theshipslist.com\/pictures\/Greatbritain.htm|work=The<\/a> Ships List|accessdate=2010-10-01}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/08/09", "description": " The Aberdeen Act is signed as part of the abolition of the African slave trade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/08/28", "description": " The journal ''Scientific American'' begins publication.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/09/25", "description": " The Phi Alpha Literary Society is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/10/09", "description": " The eminent and controversial Anglican, John Henry Newman, is received into the Roman Catholic Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/10/10", "description": " In Annapolis, Maryland, the Naval School (later renamed the United States Naval Academy) opens with fifty midshipmen and seven professors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/10/13", "description": " A majority of voters in the Republic of Texas approve a proposed constitution, that if accepted by the United States Congress, will make Texas a U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/10/21", "description": " The ''New York Herald'' becomes the first newspaper to mention the game of baseball.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/10/22", "description": " The ''New York Morning News'' becomes the first newspaper to include a box-score of a baseball game.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/11/20", "description": " Battle of Vuelta de Obligado: The Argentine Confederation is narrowly defeated by an Anglo-French fleet on the waters of the Paran\u00e1 River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/12/02", "description": " Manifest Destiny: U.S. President James K. Polk announces to Congress that the Monroe Doctrine should be strictly enforced and that the United States should aggressively expand into the West.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/12/05", "description": " The Templars of Honor and Temperance is founded in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/12/06", "description": " Alpha Sigma Phi Fraternity is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/12/22", "description": "December 23 ampndash Battle of Ferozeshah: British forces defeat Sikhs in Punjab.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/12/27", "description": " Anesthesia is used for childbirth for the first time (Dr. Crawford Long in Jefferson, Georgia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/12/27", "description": " American journalist John L. O'Sullivan claims in a newspaper article that the United States have a ''quotManifest Destinyquot'' to expand their borders. It is the second time he uses the term and will have a huge influence on the American imperialistic movement of the century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/12/29", "description": " Texas is admitted as the 28th U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/12/30", "description": " Queen's Colleges of Belfast, Cork, and Galway are incorporated in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/12/30", "description": "The Republic of Yucat\u00e1n separates for a second time from Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/12/30", "description": "Ephraim Bee reveals that the Emperor of China has given him a special dispensation: that he has entrusted him with certain sacred and mysterious rituals through Caleb Cushing, the U.S. Commissioner to China, to ampquotextend the work and influence of the Ancient and Honorable Order of E Clampus Vitusampquot in the New World.ampamp{{cite web|title=E. Clampus Vitus|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chamberbyphone.mobi\/mobi_about_us.php?mid=45841787|year=2010|accessdate=2010-10-01}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.chamberbyphone.mobi\/mobi_about_us.php?mid=45841787|year=2010|accessdate=2010-10-01}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/12/30", "description": "In the ''United States Magazine and Democratic Review'' editor John L. O'Sullivan declares that foreign powers are trying to prevent American annexation of Texas in order to impede ampquotthe fullfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millionsampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/12/30", "description": "Elizabeth Barret Browning writes her ''Sonnets from the Portuguese'' (1845\u20131846).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/12/30", "description": "Heinrich Hoffmann publishes a book introducing his character Struwwelpeter, in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1845/12/30", "description": "Frederick Douglass publishes his autobiography ''Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/01/05", "description": " The United States House of Representatives votes to stop sharing the Oregon Territory with the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/01/13", "description": " Opening of the Milan\u2013Venice railway's {{convert|3.2|km|mi|abbr=on}} bridge over the Venetian Lagoon between Mestre and Venice in Italy,{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/en.structurae.de\/structures\/data\/index.cfm?id=s0007311|title=Venice\">http:\/\/en.structurae.de\/structures\/data\/index.cfm?id=s0007311|title=Venice<\/a> Railroad Bridge|work=Structurae|accessdate=2012-02-22}}{{cite book|title=Italian Railways|first=P. M.|last=Kalla-Bishop|year=1971|publisher=David amp Charles|location=Newton Abbot|isbn=0-7153-5168-0|page=20}} the world's longest since 1151.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/01/13", "description": "Many Mormons begin their migration west from Nauvoo, Illinois, to the Great Salt Lake, led by Brigham Young.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/01/13", "description": "First Anglo-Sikh War: British victory at the Battle of Sobraon.ampref name=CBHamp{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=268\u2013269|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/02/18", "description": " Beginning of the Galician peasant revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/02/19", "description": " The newly formed Texas state government is officially installed in Austin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/02/26", "description": " The Liberty Bell is cracked while being rung for George Washington's birthday.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/03/09", "description": " The conclusion of the First Anglo-Sikh War with the signing of the Treaty of Lahore.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}} Kashmir is ceded to the British East India Company and the Koh-i-Noor diamond is surrendered to Queen Victoria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/03/10", "description": " Prince Osahito, fourth son of deceased Emperor Ninko of Japan, becomes Emperor K\u014dmei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/04/25", "description": " Mexican-American War: Open conflict begins over border disputes of Texas' boundaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/05/08", "description": " Mexican-American War ampndash Battle of Palo Alto: Zachary Taylor defeats a Mexican force north of the Rio Grande at Palo Alto, Texas in the first major battle of the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/05/13", "description": " Mexican-American War: The United States declares war on Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/05/13", "description": "Under the leadership of British Prime Minister Robert Peel, the British Parliament repeals the Corn Laws, replacing the old Colonial mercantile trade system with Free Trade.ampref name=ampquotIconsampquotamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1840-1860|title=Icons,\">http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1840-1860|title=Icons,<\/a> a portrait of England 1840\u20131860|accessdate=2007-09-13| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070817165102\/http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1840-1860|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070817165102\/http:\/\/www.icons.org.uk\/theicons\/icons-timeline\/1840-1860|<\/a> archivedate= 17 August 2007 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/05/13", "description": "Revolutionary insurrection in Portugal (crushed by royalist troops on February 22, 1847)", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/05/25", "description": " The Royal Geographical Society awards Pawe\u0142 Edmund Strzelecki a Gold Medal quotfor exploration in the south eastern portion of Australiaquot.{{Citation needed|date=May 2008}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/06/10", "description": " Mexican-American War: The California Republic declares independence from Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/06/14", "description": " Bear Flag Revolt: American settlers in Sonoma, California, start a rebellion against Mexico and proclaim the California Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/06/14", "description": "The Oregon Treaty establishes the 49th parallel as the border between the United States and Canada, from the Rocky Mountains to the Strait of Juan de Fuca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/06/14", "description": "Launceston Church Grammar School opens for the first time in Tasmania", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/06/16", "description": " Pope Pius IX succeeds Pope Gregory XVI as the 255th pope. He will reign for 31\u00bd years (the longest definitely confirmed).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/06/28", "description": "  The Saxophone is patented by Adolphe Sax.{{cite web|first=Hugh|last=Hart|title=June 28, 1846: Parisian Inventor Patents Saxophone|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wired.com\/thisdayintech\/2010\/06\/0628saxophone-patent|work=Wired|date=2010-06-28|accessdate=2011-12-07}}\">http:\/\/www.wired.com\/thisdayintech\/2010\/06\/0628saxophone-patent|work=Wired|date=2010-06-28|accessdate=2011-12-07}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/07/07", "description": " Acting on instructions from Washington, DC, Commodore John Drake Sloat orders his troops to occupy Monterey and Yerba Buena thus beginning the United States annexation of California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/08/22", "description": " The Second Federal Republic of Mexico is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/08/22", "description": "September ampampndash The Second Carlist War, or the War of the Matiners or Madrugadores begins in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/09/10", "description": " Elias Howe is awarded the first United States patent for a sewing machine using a lockstitch design.{{US patent|4750}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/09/19", "description": " The Virgin Mary is said to have appeared to two children in La Salette, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/09/23", "description": " Discovery of Neptune: The planet is observed for the first time by German astronomers Johann Gottfried Galle and Heinrich Louis d'Arrest as predicted by the British astronomer John Couch Adams and the French astronomer Urbain Le Verrier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/10/01", "description": " Christ College, Tasmania, opens with the hope that it would develop along the lines of an Oxbridge college and provide the basis for university education in Tasmania. By the 21st century it will be the oldest tertiary institution in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/12/28", "description": " Iowa is admitted as the 29th U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/12/28", "description": "The portion of the District of Columbia that was ceded by Virginia in 1790 is re-ceded to Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/12/28", "description": "Electric Telegraph Company founded in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/12/28", "description": "Abraham Pineo Gesner develops a process to refine a liquid fuel, which he calls kerosene, from coal, bitumen or oil shale.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/12/28", "description": "Fort Wayne Female College is founded it will later be renamed Taylor University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/12/28", "description": "Cholera epidemic in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1846/12/28", "description": "Great Famine continues in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/01/04", "description": " Samuel Colt sells his first revolver pistol to the U.S government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/01/13", "description": " The Treaty of Cahuenga ends the fighting in the Mexican-American War in California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/01/16", "description": " John C. Fremont is appointed Governor of the new California Territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/01/17", "description": " Saint Anthony Hall is founded at Columbia University, New York City, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/01/30", "description": " Yerba Buena, California is renamed San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/02/05", "description": " A rescue effort, called the First Relief, leaves Johnson's Ranch to save the ill-fated Donner Party. These California bound emigrants became snowbound in the Sierra Nevada in the winter of 1846\u20131847, and some had resorted to cannibalism to survive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/02/22", "description": " Mexican-American War ampndash The Battle of Buena Vista: 5,000 American troops under General Zachary Taylor use their superiority in artillery to drive off 15,000 Mexican troops under Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna, defeating the Mexicans the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/02/22", "description": "The state of Michigan formally abolishes the death penalty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/02/22", "description": "Faustin Soulouque declares himself Emperor of Haiti.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/03/04", "description": " The 30th United States Congress is sworn into office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/03/09", "description": " Mexican-American War: United States forces under General Winfield Scott invade Mexico near Veracruz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/03/14", "description": " Verdi's ''Macbeth'' premieres at Teatro della Pergola in Florence, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/03/29", "description": " Mexican-American War: United States forces led by General Winfield Scott take Veracruz after a siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/04/15", "description": " The Lawrence School, Sanawar is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/05/07", "description": " In Philadelphia, the American Medical Association (AMA) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/06/01", "description": " The first congress of the Communist League is held in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/06/01", "description": " Zeta Psi Fraternity of North America is founded at New York University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/06/27", "description": " The first train journey in Denmark takes place from Copenhagen to Roskilde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/07/01", "description": " The United States issues its first postage stamps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/07/24", "description": " After 17 months of travel, Brigham Young leads 148 Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley, resulting in the establishment of Salt Lake City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/07/26", "description": " Liberia gains independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/07/29", "description": " The Cumberland School of Law is founded at Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee.  At the end of 1847 only 15 law schools exist in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/08/12", "description": " U.S. troops of General Winfield Scott begin to advance along the aqueduct around Chalco and Xochimilco lakes in Mexico", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/08/20", "description": " U.S. troops defeat Mexican troops in Valencia, Mexico", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/09/14", "description": " U.S. general Winfield Scott enters Mexico City, marking the end of organized Mexican resistance in the US-Mexican War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/09/30", "description": " The Vegetarian Society was formed in the United Kingdom. It remains the oldest in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/09/30", "description": "October ampampndash Charlotte Bront\u00eb publishes ''Jane Eyre'' under the pen name of Currer Bell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/10/12", "description": " German inventor and industrialist Werner von Siemens founds Siemens AG amp Halske.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/10/31", "description": " Theta Delta Chi is founded at Union College.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/11/03", "description": "29 ampndash Sonderbund War, a civil war in Switzerland in which General Guillaume-Henri Dufour's federal army defeats the ''Sonderbund'' (an alliance of seven Catholic cantons) with a total of only 86 deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/11/04", "description": "8 ampndash James Young Simpson discovers the anesthetic properties of chloroform and first uses it, successfully, on a patient, in an obstetric case in Edinburgh.First communicated to the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh, November 10, and published in a pamphlet, ''Notice of a New An\u00e6sthetic Agent'', in Edinburgh, November 12.{{cite book|last=Gordon|first=H. Laing|title=Sir James Young Simpson and Chloroform (1811\u20131870)|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=pYer05UwKBYCampph=PA108|accessdate=2011-11-11|date=2002|publisher=Minerva\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=pYer05UwKBYCampph=PA108|accessdate=2011-11-11|date=2002|publisher=Minerva<\/a> Group, Inc|isbn=978-1-4102-0291-8}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/12/21", "description": " Abd al-Kader surrenders and is imprisoned by the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/12/21", "description": "The Ottoman Empire cedes Abadan Island to the Persian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/12/21", "description": "The Architectural Association School of Architecture is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/12/21", "description": "Emily Bront\u00eb and Anne Bront\u00eb publish ''Wuthering Heights'' and ''Agnes Grey'', respectively, in one volume under the pen names of Ellis Bell and Acton Bell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/12/21", "description": "The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the railroad town of Goldsborough, and the Wayne county seat is moved to the new town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1847/12/21", "description": "Radley College, a famous English public school, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/01/03", "description": " Joseph Jenkins Roberts is sworn in as the first president of the independent African Republic of Liberia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/01/12", "description": " The Palermo rising erupts in Sicily, against the Bourbon kingdom of the Two Sicilies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/01/24", "description": " California Gold Rush: James W. Marshall finds gold at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/01/31", "description": " Construction of the Washington Monument begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/01/31", "description": " John C. Fremont court-martialed on grounds of mutiny and disobeying orders. Verdict set aside by President, but Fremont retires to California Territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/01/31", "description": "Mexican\u2013American War formally ends, making the unincorporated, unorganized California Territory a provisional official possession: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is signed, ending the war and ceding to the United States virtually all of what is today the southwest United States. California is never organized by congress as a territory, but passes the requirements directly for statehood in 1850. Some even today claim this treaty did not include Texas, over the annexation of which the quarrel began.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/01/31", "description": "John Henry Newman founds the first Oratory in the English-speaking world when he establishes the Birmingham Oratory at 'Maryvale', Old Oscott, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/02/21", "description": " Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish the Communist Manifesto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/02/24", "description": " Louis Philippe, King of the French, abdicated after days of revolution in France. A republic was later declared.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/03/15", "description": " The start of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/03/22", "description": " Republic of San Marco comes into existence in Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/03/24", "description": " The First Schleswig War begins ({{lang-de|Schleswig-Holsteinischer Krieg}}) or '''Three Years' War''' ({{lang-da|Tre\u00e5rskrigen}}) a military conflict in southern Denmark and northern Germany rooted in the Schleswig-Holstein Question, contesting the issue of who should control the Duchies of Schleswig and Holstein.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/04/10", "description": " A Chartist 'Monster Rally' is held in Kennington Park London, headed by Feargus O'Connor. A petition demanding the franchise is presented to the Parliament of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/04/29", "description": " Pope Pius IX publishes an allocution announcing his refusal to support Piedmont-Sardinia in its war with Austria and dispelling hopes that he might serve as ruler of a pan-Italian republic. The allocution, by which Pius is seen to withdraw his moral support for the Italian unification movement, is a key first step in the soon-to-be crushing reaction against the revolutions of 1848.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/05/01", "description": " Phi Gamma Delta is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/05/15", "description": " Radicals invade the French Chamber of deputies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/05/18", "description": " The first German National Assembly (Nationalversammlung) opens in Frankfurt, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/05/19", "description": " The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ending the Mexican-American War, is ratified by the Mexican government. (cf. February 2, above.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/05/29", "description": " Wisconsin is admitted as the 30th U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/06/17", "description": " The Austrian army bombards Prague and crushes a working class revolt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/06/22", "description": " The French government dissolves the national workshops in Paris, giving the workers the choice of joining the army or going to workshops in the provinces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/06/22", "description": "July ampampndash Public Health Act establishes Boards of Health across England and Wales, the nation's first public health law, giving cities broad authority to build modern sanitary systems.ampref name=CBHamp{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=269\u2013270|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/07/19", "description": " Women's rights ampndash Seneca Falls Convention: The 2-day Women's Rights Convention opens in Seneca Falls, New York and the quotBloomersquot are introduced at the feminist convention.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/07/26", "description": " Matale Rebellion against British rule in Sri Lanka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/07/29", "description": " Young Irelander Rebellion:  a nationalist revolt in County Tipperary against British rule is put-down by a government police force.ref name=CBH\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/08/17", "description": " Yucat\u00e1n officially unites with Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/08/19", "description": " California Gold Rush: The ''New York Herald'' breaks the news to the East Coast of the United States that there is a gold rush in California (although the rush started in January).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/08/24", "description": " The U.S. barque ''Ocean Monarch'' is burnt out off the Great Orme, North Wales, with the loss of 178, chiefly emigrants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/08/28", "description": " Mathieu Luis becomes the first black member to join the French Parliament as a representative of Guadaloupe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/09/12", "description": " One of the successes of the Revolutions of 1848, the Swiss Federal Constitution, patterned on the US Constitution, enters into force, creating a federal republic and one of the first modern democratic states in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/09/13", "description": " Vermont railroad worker Phineas Gage survives a 3-foot-plus iron rod being driven through his head.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/09/16", "description": " William Cranch Bond and William Lassell discover Hyperion, Saturn's moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/10/28", "description": " In Catalonia, Spain, the Barcelona\u2013Matar\u00f3 railroad route (the first to be constructed in the Iberian Peninsula) is inaugurated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/11/01", "description": " In Boston, Massachusetts, the first medical school for women, The Boston Female Medical School (which later merges with Boston University School of Medicine), opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/11/03", "description": " A greatly revised Dutch constitution is proclaimed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/11/04", "description": " France ratifies a new constitution. The Second Republic of France is set up, ending the state of temporary government lasting since the Revolution of 1848.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/11/07", "description": " U.S. presidential election, 1848: Whig Zachary Taylor of Louisiana defeats Democrat Lewis Cass of Michigan in the first US presidential election held in every state on the same day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/02", "description": " Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria abdicates in favor of his nephew, Emperor Franz Josef I of Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/10", "description": " Prince Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte is elected first president of the French Second Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/18", "description": " Punta Arenas, the first major settlement in the Strait of Magellan, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/20", "description": " President Bonaparte takes his Oath of Office in front of the French National Assembly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/20", "description": " Slavery is abolished in R\u00e9union. This day is celebrated every year since 1981.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": " Phi Delta Theta Fraternity is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "The Independent Republic of Yucat\u00e1n joins Mexico in exchange for Mexican help in suppressing a revolt by the indigenous Maya population.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "A cholera epidemic in New York kills 5,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "The Associated Press founded in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "The Illinois and Michigan Canal is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "British, Dutch, and German governments lay claim to New Guinea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "Admiral Nevelskoi explores the Strait of Tartary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "Dunedin, New Zealand is founded by Scots settlers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "The University of Ottawa is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "The University of Mississippi is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "The University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "Geneva College in Pennsylvania is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "Queen's College, London, for women, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "Rhodes College is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "The Boston Public Library is founded by an act of the Great and General Court of Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "Prince Klemens von Metternich ends his work as Austrian foreign minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "John Bird Sumner becomes archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "Elizabeth Gaskell publishes ''Mary Barton'' anonymously.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "The Shaker song ''Simple Gifts'' is written by Joseph Brackett in Alfred, Maine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "Richard Wagner begins writing the libretto that will become ''Der Ring des Nibelungen'' (''The Ring of the Nibelung'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1848/12/26", "description": "Irish Potato Famine (1845\u20131849)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Ongoing events", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/01/01", "description": "- France issues Ceres, France's first postage stamp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/01/12", "description": " Palermo, Sicily rises up against Austrian troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/01/13", "description": " Second Anglo-Sikh War ampndash British forces retreat from the Battle of Tooele.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/01/21", "description": " General elections are held in the Papal States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/01/23", "description": " Elizabeth Blackwell is awarded her M.D. by the Medical Institute of Geneva, New York, thus becoming the United States' first woman doctor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/01/27", "description": " The Fayetteville and Western Plank Road Company is incorporated to build a plank road from Fayetteville, North Carolina to Bethania, North Carolina.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historync.org\/plankroadslist.htm\">http:\/\/www.historync.org\/plankroadslist.htm<\/a> CommunicationSolutions\/ISI, quotPlank Roads Chartered in North Carolinaquot, ''North Carolina Business History'', 2006, accessed 1 Feb 2010", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/01/31", "description": " The Corn Laws are abolished the next  year in the United Kingdom (following legislation in 1846).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/02/08", "description": " The New Roman Republic is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/02/14", "description": " In New York City, James Knox Polk becomes the first President of the United States to have his photograph taken.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/02/28", "description": " Regular steamboat service from the west to the east coast of the United States begins with the arrival of the SS ''California'' in San Francisco Bay. The ''California'' leaves New York Harbor on October 6, 1848, rounds Cape Horn at the tip of South America, and arrives at San Francisco, California after the 4 month 21 day journey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/02/28", "description": "March ampampndash The Frankfurt Parliament completes its drafting of a liberal constitution and elects Frederick William IV emperor of the new German national state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/02/28", "description": "Census Office within the Department of Interior (Census Board).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/02/28", "description": "GLO transferred to the Department of Interior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/02/28", "description": "Minnesota becomes a United States territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/02/28", "description": "Office of Indian Affairs transferred to Department of the Interior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/02/28", "description": "Patent and Trademark Office transferred to the Department of Interior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/02/28", "description": "The United States Department of the Interior is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/02/28", "description": "The U.S. Congress passes the Gold Coinage Act allowing the minting of gold coins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/03/04", "description": " Zachary Taylor refuses to be sworn in office on a Sabbath (Sunday). Urban legend holds that David Rice Atchison, President pro tempore of the United States Senate was President ''de jure'' for a single day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/03/05", "description": " Zachary Taylor, the 12th President of the United States of America, takes his oath of office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/03/28", "description": " Four Christians are ordered burnt alive in Antananarivo, Madagascar by Queen Ranavalona I and 14 others are executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/03/29", "description": " The United Kingdom annexes the Punjab.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/04/01", "description": " After 10 days, the insurrection in Brescia is ended by Austrian troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/04/02", "description": " The Revolutions of 1848 in the German states end and fail.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/04/14", "description": " Hungary declares independence from Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/04/21", "description": " Irish Potato Famine: 96 inmates of the overcrowded Ballinrobe Union Workhouse die over the course of the preceding week from illness and other famine-related conditions, a record high.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/04/25", "description": " James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, the Governor General of Canada, signs the Rebellion Losses Bill, outraging Montreal's English population and triggering the Montreal Riots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/04/27", "description": " Giuseppe Garibaldi enters Rome to defend it from the French troops of General Oudinot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/04/27", "description": "May ampampndash The Second Carlist War ends in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/04/27", "description": "The May Uprising in Dresden (the last of the German revolutions of 1848) begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/04/27", "description": "The Mississippi River levee at Sauv\u00e9's Crevasse breaks, flooding much of New Orleans, Louisiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/05/10", "description": " The Astor Place Riot takes place in Manhattan over a dispute between two Shakesperean actors. Over 20 people are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/05/15", "description": " Troops of the Two Sicilies take Palermo and crush the republican government of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/05/17", "description": " The St. Louis Fire starts when a steamboat catches fire and nearly burns down the entire city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/06/05", "description": " Denmark becomes a constitutional monarchy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/06/06", "description": " Fort Worth, Texas, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/07/03", "description": " French troops occupy Rome the Roman Republic surrenders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/07/06", "description": " The Danish Army beats the Prussian army at Fredericia, Jutland, thereby putting an end to the Prussian\/Danish War until 1864.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/08/08", "description": " Austria crushes the Hungarian rebellion with Russian aid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/08/24", "description": " Venice surrenders to Austrian troops after a 4-month siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/09/01", "description": " The first segment of the Pennsylvania Railroad, from Lewiston, Pennsylvania to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, opens for service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/10/06", "description": " The 13 Martyrs of Arad are executed after the Hungarian War of Independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/10/06", "description": "November ampampndash Austin College receives a charter in Huntsville.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/11/13", "description": " The Constitution of California is ratified in a general election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/11/16", "description": " A Russian court sentences Fyodor Dostoevsky to death for anti-government activities linked to a radical intellectual group, but his  execution is cancelled at the last minute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1849/11/16", "description": "The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the North Carolina Railroad to complete a rail line from Goldsboro through Raleigh and Salisbury to Charlotte.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroads.htm\">http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroads.htm<\/a> CommunicationSolutions\/ISI, ampquotRailroads \u2014 prior to the Civil Warampquot, ''North Carolina Business History'', 2006, accessed 1 Feb 2010ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/01/18", "description": " British foreign secretary Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston, sends ships to blockade the port of Piraeus, ostensibly as a result of the Don Pacifico affair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/01/20", "description": " The ships of the McClure Arctic Expedition set sail from Plymouth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/01/29", "description": " Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the U.S. Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/02/28", "description": " The University of Utah opens in Salt Lake City, Utah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/03/05", "description": " Opening of the Britannia Bridge over the Menai Strait.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/03/07", "description": " United States Senator Daniel Webster gives his quotSeventh of Marchquot speech in which he endorses the Compromise of 1850 in order to prevent a possible civil war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/03/16", "description": " Nathaniel Hawthorne's ''The Scarlet Letter'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/03/19", "description": " American Express is founded by Henry Wells amp William Fargo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/03/31", "description": " The paddle steamer {{RMS|Royal Adelaide|1838}}, bound from Cork to London, sinks in the English Channel with the loss of all 250 on board.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wrecksite.eu\/wreck.aspx?16085|title=\">http:\/\/www.wrecksite.eu\/wreck.aspx?16085|title=<\/a>''Royal Adelaide'' (+1850)|work=wrecksite|accessdate=2011-08-18}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/04/04", "description": " Los Angeles, California is incorporated as a city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/04/15", "description": " San Francisco, California is incorporated as a city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/04/19", "description": " Clayton\u2013Bulwer Treaty is signed by the United States and Great Britain, allowing both countries to share Nicaragua and not claim complete control over the proposed Nicaragua Canal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/05/23", "description": " The ''USS Advance'' puts to sea from New York to search for John Franklin's Arctic expedition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/06/01", "description": " The transportation of British convicts to Western Australia begins, as the transportation of British convicts to other parts of Australia is phased out, when the ship ''Scindian'' arrives in Fremantle with 75 male prisoners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/06/01", "description": " The postage stamp issues of Austria begin with a series of imperforate typographed stamps featuring the coat of arms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/06/03", "description": " The traditional date of Kansas City, Missouri's founding. This is the date on which it is incorporated by Jackson County, Missouri as the quotTown of Kansasquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/06/03", "description": "July ampampndash Taiping Rebellion: Hong Xiuquan orders the general mobilisation of rebel forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/06/03", "description": "M\u00edrz\u00e1 'Al\u00ed-Muhammad, known as the B\u00e1b, is executed by a firing squad in Tabriz, Persia for claiming to be a prophet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/06/03", "description": "Vice President Millard Fillmore becomes the 13th President of the United States following the death of President Taylor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/07/10", "description": " President Millard Fillmore is sworn in.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/08/28", "description": " Richard Wagner's opera ''Lohengrin'' premieres.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/08/28", "description": "California is admitted as the 31st U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/08/28", "description": "The New Mexico Territory is organized by order of the United States Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/09/13", "description": " First ascent of Piz Bernina, the highest summit of the eastern Alps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/09/18", "description": " The Fugitive Slave Law is passed by the United States Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/09/29", "description": " The Catholic hierarchy is re-established in England and Wales by Pope Pius IX and future Pope Pius X  .", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/10/01", "description": " The University of Sydney (the oldest in Australia) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/10/19", "description": " Phi Kappa Sigma International Fraternity was founded at the University of Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/10/28", "description": " Delegate Edward Ralph May delivers speech on behalf of African American suffrage to the Indiana Constitutional Convention.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/10/28", "description": "November ampampndash Taiping Rebellion: The first clashes of the Taiping Rebellion occur between Imperialist militia and the Heavenly Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/11/29", "description": " The treaty called Punctation of Olm\u00fctz is signed in Olomouc. It means diplomatic capitulation of Prussia to the Austrian Empire, which takes over the leadership of the German Confederation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/12/16", "description": " The first settlers for the settlement of Christchurch arrive at the Port of Lyttelton (New Zealand).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/12/16", "description": "The American System of Watch Manufacturing starts in Roxbury, Massachusetts, U.S.A.  (the Waltham Watch Company).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/12/16", "description": "Bingley Hall, the world's first purpose-built exhibition hall, opens in Birmingham, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/12/16", "description": "Allan Pinkerton forms the North-Western Police Agency, later the Pinkerton National Detective Agency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/12/16", "description": "Harriet Tubman becomes an official conductor of the Underground Railroad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/12/16", "description": "The temperance organisation, International Organisation of Good Templars, is established in Utica, New York, as the order of the Knights of Jericho.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/12/16", "description": "St. Mary\u2019s Institute (the future University of Dayton) is founded in Dayton, OH.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/12/16", "description": "US census shows that 11.2% of the population classed as ampquotNegroampquot are of mixed race.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/12/16", "description": "The city of Manchester reaches 400,000 inhabitants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/12/16", "description": "Europeans make up 22% of the world population.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/12/16", "description": "1850 ampampndash 1880 ampampndash 144,000 East Indian laborers go to Trinidad and 39,000 East Indians come to Jamaica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/12/16", "description": "University of Rochester is founded in Rochester, NY.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/12/16", "description": "Lehman Brothers is established in Montgomery, Alabama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1850/12/16", "description": "Great Famine in Ireland", "lang": "en", "category1": "Ongoing", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/01/11", "description": " Taiping Rebellion: Hong Xiuquan officially begins the Taiping Rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/01/15", "description": " Christian Female College, now Columbia College, receives its charter from the Missouri General Assembly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/01/23", "description": " The flip of a coin determines whether a new city in the Oregon Territory is named after Boston, Massachusetts, or Portland, Maine, with Portland winning.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/01/28", "description": " Northwestern University is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/02/12", "description": " Edward Hargraves claims to have found gold in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/02/15", "description": " In Boston, Massachusetts, members of the anti-slavery Boston Vigilance Committee rescue fugitive slave Shadrach Minkins from a courtroom following his arrest by US marshals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/03/01", "description": " Victor Hugo uses the phrase ''United States of Europe'' in a speech to the French National Assembly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/03/11", "description": " Giuseppe Verdi's opera ''Rigoletto'' is first performed at ''La Fenice'' in Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/03/27", "description": " The first white men reportedly see Yosemite Valley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/03/30", "description": " A population census is taken in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/04/09", "description": " San Luis, the oldest permanent settlement in the state of Colorado, is founded by settlers from Taos, New Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/04/20", "description": " Ram\u00f3n Castilla loses power in Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/04/21", "description": " John Stuart Mill marries Harriet Taylor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/04/28", "description": " Santa Clara College is chartered in Santa Clara, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/05/01", "description": " The ''Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations'' in the Crystal Palace, Hyde Park, London is opened by Queen Victoria (it runs until October 18).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/05/01", "description": "Alpha Delta Pi Sorority, the first secret society for women, is founded at Wesleyan College in Macon, Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/05/01", "description": "Mongkut (Rama IV) is crowned King of Siam at the Grand Palace in Bangkok.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/05/01", "description": "Mid-May to mid-July ampampndash The Great Flood of 1851: extensive flooding across Midwest U.S., town of Des Moines virtually washed away, many rainfall records hold for 160 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/06/21", "description": "The Colony of Victoria separates from New South Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/06/21", "description": "Serial poisoner H\u00e9l\u00e8ne J\u00e9gado is arrested in Rennes, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/07/10", "description": " The University of the Pacific is chartered as California Wesleyan College in Santa Clara, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/07/29", "description": "  Annibale de Gasparis, in Naples, Italy discovers asteroid ''15 Eunomia''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/08/01", "description": " Virginia closes its Reform Constitutional Convention deciding that all white men have the right to vote.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/08/22", "description": " The yacht ''America'' wins the first America's Cup race.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/09/15", "description": " Saint Joseph's University is founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/09/18", "description": " ''The New York Times'' is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/09/30", "description": " The ''Fregatten Eugenies'' (or the Frigate Eugenie) leaves from Karlskrona, Sweden to begin its voyage as the first Swedish Royal Navy vessel to circumnavigate the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/09/30", "description": "October ampampndash The Reuters news service is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/10/15", "description": " The City of Winona, Minnesota is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/10/18", "description": " The Great Exhibition in London is closed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/10/24", "description": " Ariel and Umbriel, moons of Uranus, are discovered by William Lassell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/10/24", "description": "The Denny Party lands at Alki Point, the first settlers of what later becomes Seattle, Washington.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/10/24", "description": "First protected submarine telegraph cable laid, across the English Channel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/11/14", "description": " Herman Melville's novel ''Moby-Dick or The Whale'' is published in the U.S. by Harper amp Brothers, New York, after being first published on October 18 in London by Richard Bentley, in 3 volumes as ''The Whale''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/12/02", "description": " In what amounts to a coup, Louis Napoleon, president of France, dissolves the French National Assembly and declares a new constitution to extend his term. A year later he declares himself as Emperor Napoleon III, ending the Second Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/12/06", "description": " The trial of H\u00e9l\u00e8ne J\u00e9gado begins she is eventually sentenced to death and executed by guillotine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/12/09", "description": " The first YMCA (1844) in North America is established in Montreal, Quebec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/12/24", "description": " The Library of Congress burns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/12/26", "description": "December 27 ampndash A Royal Navy warship bombards Lagos Island Oba Kosoko is wounded and flees to Epe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/12/26", "description": "St. Paul's College, Hong Kong is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/12/26", "description": "Western Union is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1851/12/26", "description": "The population of Britain reaches 21 million. 6.3 million live in cities of 20,000 or more in England and Wales and cities of 20,000 or more account for 35% of the total English population.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/01/14", "description": " President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte proclaims a new constitution for the French Second Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/01/15", "description": " Nine men representing various Hebrew charitable organizations come together to form what will become the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/01/17", "description": " The United Kingdom recognizes the independence of the Transvaal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/02/03", "description": " Battle of Caseros or Battle of Monte Caseros, Argentina: The Argentine provinces of Entre Rios and Corrientes allied with Brazil and members of Colorado Party of Uruguay, defeat Buenos Aires troops under Juan Manuel de Rosas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/02/11", "description": " The first British public toilet for women opens in Bedford Street, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/02/15", "description": " The Great Ormond Street Hospital for Sick Children, London, admits its first patient.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/02/16", "description": " The Studebaker Brothers Wagon Company, precursor of the automobile manufacturer, is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/02/19", "description": " The Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity is founded at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/02/25", "description": " The ''HMS Birkenhead'' sinks near Cape Town, South Africa. Only 193 of the 643 on board survive after troops stand firm on the deck so as not to flood the lifeboats containing women and children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/03/01", "description": " Archibald William Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/03/02", "description": " The first American experimental steam fire engine was tested.{{cite book|first=William T.|last=King|title=History of the American Steam Fire-Engine|year=1896}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/03/04", "description": " Phi Mu Sorority is founded in Macon Georgia", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/03/20", "description": " ''Uncle Tom's Cabin'' by Harriet Beecher Stowe is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/04/01", "description": " The Second Burmese War begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/04/18", "description": " Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces begin the siege of Guilin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/05/19", "description": " Taiping Rebellion: The siege of Guilin is lifted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/06/12", "description": " Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces enter Hunan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/07/01", "description": " United States statesman Henry Clay is the first to receive the honor of lying in state in the United States Capitol rotunda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/07/04", "description": " Frederick Douglass delivers his famous speech quotThe Meaning of July Fourth for the Negroquot in Rochester, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/07/28", "description": " ''Henry Clay'' steamboat disaster in Riverdale, Bronx, with several deaths including Stephen Allen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/08/03", "description": " The first Boat Race between Yale and Harvard, the first American intercollegiate athletic event, is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/09/24", "description": " French engineer Henri Giffard makes the first airship trip from Paris to Trappes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/11/02", "description": " U.S. presidential election, 1852: Democrat Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire defeats Whig Winfield Scott of Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/11/04", "description": " Count Cavour becomes the Piedmontese prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/11/11", "description": " The new Palace of Westminster opens in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/11/21", "description": "November 22 ampndash The New French Empire is confirmed by plebiscite: 7,824,000 ''for'', 253,000 ''against''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/11/21", "description": "December ampampndash The Western Railroad is chartered to build a rail line from Fayetteville, North Carolina to the coal fields of Egypt, North Carolina.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroad-WRR.htm\">http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroad-WRR.htm<\/a> CommunicationSolutions\/ISI, ampquotRailroad \u2014 Western Railroad Companyampquot, ''North Carolina Business History'', 2006, accessed 1 Feb 2010ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/12/02", "description": " Napoleon III becomes Emperor of the French.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/12/23", "description": " Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping army takes Hanyang and begins the siege of Wuchang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/12/29", "description": " Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping army takes Hankou.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/12/29", "description": "The semaphore line in France is superseded by the telegraph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/12/29", "description": "Justin Perkins, an American Presbyterian missionary, produces the first translation of the Bible in Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, which is published with the parallel text of the Syriac Peshitta by the American Bible Society.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/12/29", "description": "The Devil's Island penal colony opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/12/29", "description": "In Hawaii sugar planters bring over the first Chinese laborers on 3 or 5 year contracts, giving them 3 dollars per month plus room and board for working a 12-hour day, 6 days a week.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/12/29", "description": "Loyola College is chartered in Baltimore, Maryland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/12/29", "description": "Germans are encouraged to immigrate to Chile", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/12/29", "description": "Gef's supposed birth", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/12/29", "description": "Antioch College is founded, its first president is Horace Mann.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/12/29", "description": "Mills College is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1852/12/29", "description": "Leo Tolstoy's first novel, ''Childhood'', is published in book form.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/01/08", "description": " Taiping Rebellion: Zeng Guofan is ordered to assist the governor of Hunan in organising a militia force to search for local bandits.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/01/12", "description": " Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping army occupies Wuchang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/01/19", "description": " Giuseppe Verdi's opera ''Il Trovatore'' premieres in performance at Teatro Apollo in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/02/10", "description": " Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces assemble at Hanyang, Hankou and Wuchang for the march on Nanjing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/02/12", "description": " Puerto Montt is founded in the Reloncav\u00ed Sound, Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/02/22", "description": " Washington University in St. Louis is founded as Eliot Seminary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/03/04", "description": " Franklin Pierce succeeds Millard Fillmore as the 14th President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/03/20", "description": " Taiping Rebellion: A rebel army of around 750,000 seizes Nanjing, killing 30,000 Imperial troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/04/26", "description": " Foundation of Indian Railways.  Opening of first railway in India from Bombay to Thana, Maharashtra: 22 miles, 36 km.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/04/26", "description": "May", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/04/26", "description": "The first Public Aquarium opens at the London Zoo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/04/26", "description": "An outbreak of yellow fever kills 7,790 in New Orleans.ampamp{{cite journal |last=Pritchett |first=Jonathan B. |last2=Tunali |first2=Insan |year=1995 |title=Strangers\u2032 Disease: Determinants of Yellow Fever Mortality during the New Orleans Epidemic of 1853 |journal=Explorations in Economic History |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=517\u2013539 |doi=10.1006\/exeh.1995.1022 }}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/05/12", "description": "October 31 ampndash Great Industrial Exhibition held in Dublin, Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/05/23", "description": " The first plat for Seattle, Washington is laid out.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/06/27", "description": " Taiping Rebellion: The Northern Expeditionary Force crosses the Yellow River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/07/08", "description": " U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry arrives in Edo Bay with a request for a trade treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/07/25", "description": " Outlaw and bandit Joaquin Murietta is killed in California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/08/12", "description": " New Zealand acquires self-government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/08/23", "description": " The first true International Meteorological Organization is established in Brussels, Belgium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/08/24", "description": " Potato chips are first prepared.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/09/19", "description": " Hudson Taylor first leaves for China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/10/04", "description": "October 5 ampndash Crimean War: The Ottoman Empire starts war with Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/10/28", "description": " Crimean War: The Ottoman army crosses the Danube into Vidin\/Kalafat in Wallachia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/10/30", "description": " Taiping Rebellion: The Taiping Northern Expeditionary Force comes within three miles (5ampnbspkm) of Tianjin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/11/03", "description": " Troops of William Walker capture La Paz in Baja California and declare the (short-lived) Republic of Lower California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/11/04", "description": " Crimean War ampndash Battle of Oltenitza: Turkish victory over Russians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/11/15", "description": " Maria II of Portugal is succeeded by her son Pedro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/11/30", "description": " Crimean War ampndash Battle of Sinop: The Russian fleet destroys the Turkish fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/12/06", "description": " Taiping Rebellion: French minister de Bourboulon arrives at the Heavenly Capital aboard the ''Cassini''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/12/30", "description": " Gadsden Purchase: The United States buys land from Mexico to facilitate railroad building in the Southwest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/12/30", "description": "The Independent Santa Cruz Maya of Eastern Yucatan are recognized as an independent nation by the British Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/12/30", "description": "Iesada succeeds Ieyoshi as Japanese Shogun. The Late Tokugawa shogunate (the last part of the Edo period in Japan) begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/12/30", "description": "Georges-Eug\u00e8ne Haussmann is selected as ''prefect'' to begin the re-planning of Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/12/30", "description": "Alexander Wood invents the hypodermic syringe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/12/30", "description": "Donald McKay builds the ''Great Republic'', the world's biggest sailing ship, which at 4,500 tons is too large to be successful.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/12/30", "description": "Isambard Kingdom Brunel begins work on the ''Great Eastern'' passenger steamer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/12/30", "description": "The University of Florida is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/12/30", "description": "Wheaton Academy founded in West Chicago, Illinois.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/12/30", "description": "The Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China is incorporated in London by Scotsman James Wilson, under a Royal Charter from Queen Victoria.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.standardchartered.com\/about-us\/history\/en\/index.html|publisher=Standard\">http:\/\/www.standardchartered.com\/about-us\/history\/en\/index.html|publisher=Standard<\/a> Chartered|title=Our History|accessdate=2012-08-07}}ampampampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.atsnotes.com\/catalog\/banknotes\/hong-kong.html|work=World\">http:\/\/www.atsnotes.com\/catalog\/banknotes\/hong-kong.html|work=World<\/a> Paper Money Catalog and History|title=Hong Kong banknotes|date=2010|accessdate=2012-08-07}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/12/30", "description": "The clothing company Levi Strauss ampamp Co. is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/12/30", "description": "The Swiss watch company ''Tissot'' is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/12/30", "description": "ampquotGolden yearampquot in the history of the piano: Bechstein, Julius Bl\u00fcthner and Steinway ampamp Sons, three prominent piano makers, are founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/12/30", "description": "Stephen Foster writes ''My Old Kentucky Home''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/12/30", "description": "The Royal Norwegian Navy Museum is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1853/12/30", "description": "1853\u20131873 ampampndash More than 130,000 Chinese laborers come to Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/01/03", "description": " Charles Dickens commences writing the novel ''Hard Times''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/01/09", "description": " The Teutonia M\u00e4nnerchor in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was founded.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pghmannerchor.com\/history\/quotThe\">http:\/\/www.pghmannerchor.com\/history\/quotThe<\/a> Teutonia M\u00e4nnerchor was founded in 1854.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/01/21", "description": " The iron clipper {{RMS|Tayleur}} runs aground off the east coast of Ireland on her maiden voyage out of Liverpool bound for Australia with the loss of at least 300 of around 650 on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/02/11", "description": " Major streets are lit by coal gas for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/02/13", "description": " Mexican troops force William Walker and his troops to retreat to Sonora.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/02/14", "description": " Texas is linked by telegraph with the rest of the United States, when a connection between New Orleans and Marshall, Texas is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/02/17", "description": " The British recognize the independence of the Orange Free State its official independence is declared 6 days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/02/27", "description": " Britain sends Russia an ultimatum to withdraw from two Romanian provinces it had conquered, Moldavia and Wallachia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/02/28", "description": " The Republican Party (United States) is founded in Ripon, Wisconsin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/03/01", "description": " German psychologist Friedrich Eduard Beneke disappears 2 years later his remains are found in the canal near Charlottenburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/03/03", "description": " Australia's first telegraph line, linking Melbourne and Williamstown, opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/03/11", "description": " A Royal Navy fleet sails from Britain under Vice Admiral Sir Charles Napier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/03/20", "description": " The Boston Public Library opens to the public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/03/27", "description": " Crimean War: The United Kingdom declares war on Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/03/28", "description": " France declares war on Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/03/31", "description": " Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy signs the Treaty\/Convention of Kanagawa with the Japanese government (the Tokugawa Shogunate), opening the ports of Shimoda and Hakodate to American trade (see History of Japan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/04/01", "description": " ''Hard Times'' begins serialisation in Charles Dickens' magazine, ''Household Words''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/04/16", "description": " The United States packet ship Powhattan is wrecked off the New Jersey shore with more than 200 + victims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/05/18", "description": " The Catholic University of Ireland (forerunner of University College Dublin) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/05/27", "description": " Taiping Rebellion: United States diplomatic minister Robert McLane arrives at the Heavenly Capital aboard the American warship USS Susquehanna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/05/30", "description": " The Kansas-Nebraska Act becomes law, replacing the Missouri Compromise (of 1820), which had already been declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States. Thus act creating the Kansas Territory and the Nebraska Territory, west of the State of Missouri and the State of Iowa. The Kansas-Nebraska Act also lick that these two new Territories would decide either to allow or disallow slavery depending on ballots by the residents of these two territories. These areas would have been strictly quotfree territoryquot by the Missouri Compromise, which allowed slavery in the State of Missouri but disallowed it everywhere north of the latitude 36 degrees, 30 minutes, which forms most of the southern boundary of Missouri. This prohibiition of slavery extended all the way from the western boundary of Missouri to the Pacific Ocean. This provision of the Missouri Compromise had already been declared null-and-void by the Supreme Court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/05/30", "description": "June ampampndash The Grand Excursion takes prominent Eastern United States inhabitants from Chicago, Illinois to Rock Island, Illinois by railroad, then up the Mississippi River to St. Paul, Minnesota by steamboat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/06/10", "description": " The first class of the United States Naval Academy graduated at Annapolis, Maryland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/06/21", "description": " Battle of Bomarsund in the \u00c5land Islands (which later became part of Finland - in 1920:) The Royal Navy seaman's mate Charles D. Lucas throws a live Russian artillery shell overboard by hand before it explodes, for which he was awarded the first Victoria Cross in 1857.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/06/21", "description": "In Jackson, Michigan, the first convention of the U.S. Republican Party is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/06/21", "description": "Said Pasha succeeds his nephew Abbas as the Pasha of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/07/17", "description": " ''Bienio progresista'': Revolutionary coup in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/08/09", "description": " King Johann succeeds to the throne of Saxony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/08/16", "description": " Russian troops in the island of Bomarsund in \u00c5land surrender to French\u2013British troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/08/27", "description": " English lawyer Alfred Wills and party set out for the first ascent of the Wetterhorn in Switzerland, regarded as the start of the quotgolden age of alpinismquot.{{cite web|title=Wetterhorn during the golden and the post golden age|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.summitpost.org\/wetterhorn-during-the-golden-and-the-post-golden-age\/593265|publisher=summitpost.org|year=2010|accessdate=2011-01-26}}\">http:\/\/www.summitpost.org\/wetterhorn-during-the-golden-and-the-post-golden-age\/593265|publisher=summitpost.org|year=2010|accessdate=2011-01-26}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/08/31", "description": "September 8 ampndash An epidemic of cholera in London kills 10,000. Dr John Snow traces the source of one outbreak (that killed 500) to a single water pump, validating his theory that cholera is water-borne, and forming the starting point for epidemiology.{{cite book|first=Steven|last=Johnson|title=The Ghost Map: a street, an epidemic and the two men who battled to save Victorian London|location=London|publisher=Allen Lane|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7139-9974-7}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/09/20", "description": " Crimean War ampndash Alma: The French\u2013British alliance wins the first battle of the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/10/01", "description": " The watch company founded in 1850 in Roxbury, Massachusetts by Aaron Lufkin Dennison relocates to Waltham to become the Waltham Watch Company, pioneer in the American System of Watch Manufacturing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/10/06", "description": " The great fire of Newcastle and Gateshead is ignited by a spectacular explosion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/10/17", "description": " ''The Age'' newspaper is founded in Melbourne, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/10/21", "description": " Florence Nightingale leaves for the Crimea with 38 other nurses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/10/25", "description": " Crimean War ampndash Battle of Balaclava: The allies gain an overall victory, except for the disastrous cavalry Charge of the Light Brigade, from which only 200 of 700 men survive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/11/05", "description": " Crimean War ampndash Battle of Inkerman: The Russians are defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/11/17", "description": " In Egypt, the Suez Canal company is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/12/03", "description": " The Eureka Stockade Miner's Rebellion breaks out in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/12/08", "description": " Pope Pius IX in the Papal Bull ''Ineffabilis Deus'' defines ''ex Cathedra'' the dogma of Immaculate Conception, which holds that the Blessed Virgin Mary was conceived without original sin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/12/08", "description": "Ignacy Lukasiewicz drills the world's first oil well in Poland, in B\u00f3brka near Krosno County.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/12/08", "description": "Professor Benjamin Silliman of Yale University is the first person to fractionate petroleum into its individual components by distillation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/12/08", "description": "James Ambrose Cutting takes out three United States patents for improvements to the wet plate collodion process (Ambrotype photography).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/12/08", "description": "The Icelandic trade is opened to merchants other than Danes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/12/08", "description": "The General Assembly charters the Atlantic ampamp North Carolina Railroad to run from Goldsboro through New Bern to the newly-created seaport of Morehead City near Beaufort.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroad-ANCRR.htm\">http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroad-ANCRR.htm<\/a> CommunicationSolutions\/ISI, ampquotRailroad \u2014 Atlantic ampamp North Carolinaampquot, ''North Carolina Business History'', 2006, accessed 1 Feb 2010ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/12/08", "description": "Manchester is granted city status.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/12/08", "description": "A Russian fort is established at the present site of Almaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/12/08", "description": "Aurora, Ontario is first settled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/12/08", "description": "The French fashion label ''Louis Vuitton'' is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1854/12/08", "description": "The Waterbury Clock Company is founded in Waterbury, Connecticut, the  predecessor of Timex Group USA in timepiece manufacturing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855", "description": "ampampWine-Searcher quotClassification of Medoc and Graves of 1855 \u2013 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.wine-searcher.com\/recipes\/pickled.htmquot\">http:\/\/www.wine-searcher.com\/recipes\/pickled.htmquot<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/01/01", "description": " Ottawa, Ontario is incorporated as a city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/01/01", "description": "The first bridge over the Mississippi River opens in what is now Minneapolis, Minnesota (a crossing made today by the Father Louis Hennepin Bridge).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/01/01", "description": "The region of Wairarapa, New Zealand is hit by the strongest earthquake ever recorded in New Zealand (Magnitude 8.1 on the Richter Scale) there are five deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/01/26", "description": " The Point No Point Treaty is signed in the Washington Territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/01/27", "description": " The Panama Railway becomes the first railroad to connect the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/01/29", "description": " Lord Aberdeen resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom over the management of the Crimean War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/02/05", "description": " Lord Palmerston becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/02/11", "description": " Kassa Hailu is crowned Tewodros II, Emperor of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/02/12", "description": " Michigan State University (the quotpioneerquot land-grant college) is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/02/15", "description": " The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the Western North Carolina Railroad to build a rail line from Salisbury to the western part of the state.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroad-WNCRR.htm\">http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroad-WNCRR.htm<\/a> CommunicationSolutions\/ISI, quotRailroad \u2014 Western North Carolina Railroadquot, ''North Carolina Business History'', 2006, accessed 1 Feb 2010", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/02/22", "description": " Pennsylvania State University is founded as the Farmers' High School of Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/02/22", "description": "The U.S. Congress appropriates $30,000 to create the U.S. Camel Corps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/02/22", "description": "Alexander II of Russia ascends the Russian throne, upon the death of his father Nicholas I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/03/16", "description": " Bates College is founded by abolitionists in Lewiston, Maine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/03/17", "description": " Taiping Rebellion: A Taiping army of 350,000 invades Anhui.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/03/30", "description": " Elections are held for the first Kansas Territory legislature.  Missourians cross the border in large numbers to elect a pro-slavery body.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/03/30", "description": "April ampampndash The Nepalese invasion of Tibet starts the Nepalese-Tibetan War (1855-1856).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/05/01", "description": " Van Dieman's Land separated from New South Wales and granted self-government", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/05/01", "description": "The Great Gold Robbery of 1855 occurs in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/05/01", "description": "Walt Whitman registers the title ''Leaves of Grass'' with the clerk of the United States District Court, Southern District of New Jersey, and receives its copyright.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/05/17", "description": " The Mount Sinai Hospital is dedicated (as the Jews' Hospital) in New York City it opens to patients on June 5.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/05/22", "description": " The Province of Victoria separated from New South Wales", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/06/28", "description": " The Sigma Chi Fraternity is founded at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/06/29", "description": " The ''Daily Telegraph'' begins publication.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/07/01", "description": " Quinault Treaty signed, Quinault and Quileute cede their land to the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/07/02", "description": " The Kansas territorial legislature convenes in Pawnee and begins passing proslavery laws.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/08/01", "description": " First ascent of Monte Rosa, the second highest summit in the Alps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/09/03", "description": " The last Bartholomew Fair is held in London, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/09/11", "description": " Sevastopol falls to French and British troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/10/17", "description": " Henry Bessemer files his patent in the United Kingdom for the Bessemer process of steelmaking.{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=van Dulken|title=Inventing the 19th Century: the great age of Victorian inventions|location=London|publisher=British Library|year=2001|isbn=0-7123-0881-4|pages=30\u20131}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/10/24", "description": " Van Dieman's Land officially renamed Tasmania", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/11/17", "description": " David Livingstone becomes the first European to see Victoria Falls in what is now present-day Zambia\u2013Zimbabwe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/11/21", "description": " Large-scale Bleeding Kansas violence begins with events leading to the ''Wakarusa War'' between antislavery and proslavery forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/12/22", "description": " The Metropolitan Board of Works is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/12/22", "description": "Stamp duty is removed from newspapers in Britain, creating mass market media in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/12/22", "description": "Palm oil sales from West Africa to Britain reach 40,000 tons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/12/22", "description": "Ram\u00f3n Castilla starts to rule for a second time in Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1855/12/22", "description": "Dante Gabriel Rosetti paints Alfred, Lord Tennyson reading ''Maud''.", "lang": "en", "category1": 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2011 !--DASHBot--}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1857/05/10", "description": " Indian rebellion of 1857: The 3rd Light Cavalry of the British East India Company's army rebels against its British officers, thus beginning the rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1857/05/11", "description": " Indian rebellion of 1857: Indian combatants capture Delhi from the East India Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1857/06/06", "description": " Sophia of Nassau marries the future King Oscar II of Sweden-Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1857/06/26", "description": " At a ceremony in London, Queen Victoria awards the first sixty-six Victoria Crosses to British troops, for actions during the Crimean 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1793-1900|publisher=Mansell|isbn=0-7201-1816-6|page=114}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1857/08/28", "description": " Matrimonial Causes Act makes divorce without parliamentary approval legally possible in the United Kingdom.ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=277\u2013278|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1857/08/28", "description": "September ampampndash Panic of 1857 begins: Speculation in U.S. railroad shares and collapse of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company trigger a financial crisis which will extend to Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1857/09/11", "description": " Mountain Meadows massacre in Utah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1857/09/12", "description": " The {{SS|Central America}} sinks off the coast of North Carolina, killing 425 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1857/09/20", "description": " India British forces recapture Delhi,ref name=CBH\/ compelling the surrender of Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1857/10/13", "description": " Panic of 1857: New York banks close and do not reopen until December 12.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1857/10/24", "description": " Sheffield F.C., the world's first association football team, is founded in Sheffield, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": 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Because of the involvement of French \u00e9migr\u00e9s living in Britain, there is a brief anti-British feeling in France, but the emperor refuses to support it. Orsini is executed by guillotine on March 13 of the same year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/01/25", "description": " The ''Wedding March'' by Felix Mendelssohn becomes a popular wedding recessional after it is played on this day at the marriage of Queen Victoria's daughter Victoria, Princess Royal to Prince Friedrich of Prussia in St. James's Palace, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/02/11", "description": " The Virgin Mary is said to have first appeared to St Bernadette of Lourdes at the Rock of Massabielle.  This was the first in a series of apparitions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/02/13", "description": " Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke become the first Europeans to discover Lake Tanganyika.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/02/13", "description": "March ampampndash Indian Rebellion: British troops retake Lucknow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/03/30", "description": " Hyman Lipman patents a pencil with an attached eraser.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/04/16", "description": " The Wernerian Natural History 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"event": {"date": "1858/05/14", "description": " Dr David Livingstone's 6-year Second Zambesi Expedition arrives at the African coast.{{cite web|title=The Zambesi Expedition|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk\/companion.php?id=HIST4|work=Livingstone\">http:\/\/www.livingstoneonline.ucl.ac.uk\/companion.php?id=HIST4|work=Livingstone<\/a> Online|accessdate=2011-08-26}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/05/19", "description": " The Marais des Cygnes massacre is perpetrated by pro-slavery forces in Bleeding Kansas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/06/02", "description": " Donati's Comet, the first comet to be photographed, is discovered by Giovanni Battista Donati and remains visible for several months afterwards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/06/13", "description": "June 17 ampndash Treaty of Tientsin signed, ending the first part of the Second Opium War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/06/16", "description": " Abraham Lincoln accepts the Republican Party (United States) nomination for a seat in the US Senate, delivering his quotHouse Dividedquot speech in Springfield, Illinois.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/06/17", "description": " The Atlantic amp North Carolina Railroad opens, operating 95 miles from Goldsboro, North Carolina to New Bern, North Carolina.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroads.htm\">http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroads.htm<\/a> CommunicationSolutions\/ISI, quotRailroads \u2014 prior to the Civil Warquot, ''North Carolina Business History'', 2006, accessed 1 Feb 2010", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/06/20", "description": " The last rebels of the Indian Mutiny surrender in Gwalior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/06/23", "description": " Police of the Papal States seize Jewish boy Edgardo Mortara and take him away to be raised as a Catholic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/06/23", "description": "July", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/06/23", "description": "Count Camillo Benso di Cavour goads Austria into attacking Sardinia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/06/23", "description": "Fifty-Niners stream into the Rocky Mountains of the western United States during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/07/01", "description": " Papers by Darwin and Wallace announcing a theory of evolution by natural selection are read at London's Linnean Society.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/07/08", "description": " Peace treaty to end the Indian Rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/07/12", "description": "  ''The Advertiser'', the daily news paper still in circulation, begins publication in Adelaide, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/07/17", "description": " The Lutine bell, is salvaged and subsequently hung in Lloyd's of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/07/28", "description": " In Bengal\/India, British officer William James Herschel uses the hand impression of Rajyadhar Konai as a contract fingerprint signature.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/07/29", "description": "  The United States and Japan sign the Harris Treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/08/02", "description": " The Government of India Act, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, transfers the territories of the British East India Company and their administration to the direct rule of the British Crown, through a Secretary of State for India.{{cite book|last=Wolpert|first=Stanley|year=1989|title=A New History of India|edition=3rd|pages=239\u201340|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-505637-X}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/08/03", "description": " John Hanning Speke discovers Lake Victoria, source of the River Nile.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/08/05", "description": " Cyrus West Field and others complete the first transatlantic telegraph cable after several unsuccessful attempts. The service ends on September 1 due to weak current.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/08/07", "description": " A football match played under unknown set of rules is held between Melbourne Grammar School and Scotch College.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/08/11", "description": " First ascent of the Eiger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/08/16", "description": " U.S. President James Buchanan inaugurates the new trans-Atlantic telegraph cable by exchanging greetings with Queen Victoria. However, a weak signal forces a shutdown of the service in a few weeks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/08/16", "description": "September ampampndash French warships under Charles Rigault de Genouilly attack and occupy Da Nang in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/08/21", "description": " The first of the Lincoln-Douglas debates is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/09/11", "description": " First ascent of Dom, the third highest summit in the Alps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/10/28", "description": " Macy's department store, founded by R.H. Macy, opens for business in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/11/16", "description": " The 2,400,000th day of the Epoch of the Modified Julian Day is reached.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/11/17", "description": " The city of Denver, Colorado, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/11/17", "description": "William M. Tweed begins his 13-year term as ampquotBossampquot of Tammany Hall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/11/17", "description": "Homosexuality legalised in Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/11/17", "description": "The ''haute couture'' firm of Worth and Bobergh is established in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/11/17", "description": "The Miners Association is established in Cornwall, UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1858/11/17", "description": "Feudalism and serfdom in Bulgaria are abolished in the Ottoman Empire (practically in 1880).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/01/24", "description": " Wallachia and Moldavia are united under Alexander John Cuza under the name Romania (see December 1, 1918 for the final unification, Transylvania and other regions are still missing at that time).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/01/28", "description": " The city of Olympia is incorporated in the Territory of Washington in the United States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/02/14", "description": " Oregon is admitted as the 33rd U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/02/18", "description": " French forces under Charles Rigault de Genouilly capture Sai Gon in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/02/27", "description": " U.S. Congressman Daniel Sickles shoots Philip Barton Key for having an affair with his wife.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/03/09", "description": " The army of Piedmont-Sardinia mobilizes against Austria, beginning the crisis which will lead to the Austro-Sardinian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/03/21", "description": " The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania issues the charter establishing the Zoological Society of Philadelphia, the first organization of its kind in the United States and founder of the nation's first zoo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/03/26", "description": " A French amateur astronomer claims to have noticed a planet closer to the Sun than Mercury ampndash later named Vulcan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/04/20", "description": " ''A Tale of Two Cities'' by Charles Dickens is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/04/25", "description": " Ground is broken for the Suez Canal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/04/26", "description": " Austro-Sardinian War: Giuseppe Garibaldi's Hunters of the Alps confront Austrian forces led by Field Marshal-Lieutenant Carl Baron Urban at Varese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/04/28", "description": " The ''Pomona'' is wrecked off the English coast, with 424 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/04/29", "description": " Austrian troops begin to cross the Ticino River to Piedmont.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/05/04", "description": " The Cornwall Railway opens across the Royal Albert Bridge, linking the counties of Devon and Cornwall in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/05/05", "description": " Border Treaty between Brazil and Venezuela: The two countries agree their borders should be traced at the water divide between the Amazon and the Orinoco basins.<a href=\"http:\/\/html.rincondelvago.com\/venezuela_4.html\">http:\/\/html.rincondelvago.com\/venezuela_4.html<\/a> Problemas Lim\u00edtrofes de Venezuela (In Spanish)", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/05/22", "description": " Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies is succeeded by his 23-year-old son Francis II of the Two Sicilies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/05/26", "description": "ampampamp June 2 ampndash Geologist Joseph Prestwich and amateur archaeologist John Evans report (to the Royal Society and Society of Antiquaries of London, respectively) the results of their investigations of gravel-pits in the Somme valley and elsewhere, extending human history back to what will become known as the Paleolithic Era.{{cite journal|first=Joseph|last=Prestwich|title=On the Occurrence of Flint-implements, associated with the Remains of Animals of Extinct Species in Beds of a late Geological Period, in France at Amiens and Abbeville, and in England at Hoxne|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/150\/277.full.pdf+html|journal=journal=Philosophical<\/a> Transactions of the Royal Society|location=London|volume=150|month=January|year=1860|pages=277\u2013317|doi=10.1098\/rstl.1860.0018|accessdate=2012-02-24|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/65kLWh2Hu|archivedate=2012-02-26|deadurl=no}}{{cite\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/65kLWh2Hu|archivedate=2012-02-26|deadurl=no}}{{cite<\/a> journal|first=John|last=Evans|title=On the Occurrence of Flint Implements in undisturbed Beds of Gravel, Sand, and Clay|journal=Archaeologia|location=London|volume=38|month=January|year=1860|pages=280\u2013307|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/gateway.proquest.com\/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004ampres_dat=xri:bp:amprft_dat=xri:bp:article:ea02-1860-038-00-002668|accessdate=2012-02-24|archiveurl=http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/65kLX6roV|archivedate=2012-02-26|deadurl=no}}\">http:\/\/gateway.proquest.com\/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004ampres_dat=xri:bp:amprft_dat=xri:bp:article:ea02-1860-038-00-002668|accessdate=2012-02-24|archiveurl=http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/65kLX6roV|archivedate=2012-02-26|deadurl=no}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/05/30", "description": " Battle of Palestro: The Sardinians defeat the Austrian army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/05/31", "description": " The Great Clock at the Palace of Westminster, London was started, and its bells ring for the very first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/06/04", "description": " Austro-Sardinian War ampndash Battle of Magenta: The French and Sardinians defeat the Austrians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/06/06", "description": " The British Crown colony of Queensland in Australia is created by devolving part of the territory of New South Wales (Queensland Day).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/06/08", "description": " The discovery of the Comstock Lode in the western Utah Territory setting off the Rush to Washoe", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/06/15", "description": " The so-called Pig War border dispute between the Americans and the British on the San Juan Islands begins by the death of the namesake pig.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/06/17", "description": " The only recorded Simoom ever in North America hit Goleta, California and Santa Barbara, CA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/06/18", "description": " Aletschhorn, second summit of the Bernese Alps, is first ascended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/06/24", "description": " Battle of Solferino: The Kingdom of Sardinia and the armies of Napoleon III of France defeat Franz Josef I of Austria in northern Italy the battle inspires Henri Dunant to found the Red Cross.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/06/30", "description": " Charles Blondin crosses Niagara Falls on a tightrope for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/06/30", "description": "July", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/06/30", "description": "Count Camillo Benso di Cavour resigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/06/30", "description": "Pike's Peak Gold Rush begins in the Colorado Territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/07/01", "description": " The first intercollegiate baseball game is played, between Amherst and Williams Colleges.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/07/01", "description": "Charles XV succeeds his father Oscar I of Sweden and Norway (as Charles IV).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/07/01", "description": "An armistice is declared between Austria and others.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/07/11", "description": " The chimes of Big Ben ring for the first time in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/07/11", "description": " By the preliminary treaty signed at Villafranca, Italy, Lombardy is ceded to the French (who immediately cede it to Sardinia), while the Austrians keep Venetia and the French promise to restore the Central Italian rulers expelled in the course of the war. This brings the Austro-Sardinian War effectively to a close.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/07/30", "description": " Grand Combin, one of the highest summits in the Alps, is first ascended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/08/16", "description": " The Tuscan National Assembly formally deposes the House of Habsburg-Lorraine ending an ascendancy of 109 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/08/27", "description": " Edwin Drake drills the first oil well in the United States, near Titusville, Pennsylvania, starting the Pennsylvanian oil rush.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/08/28", "description": " September 2 ampndash The solar storm of 1859, the largest geomagnetic solar storm on record, causes the Northern lights to be visible as far south as Cuba and knocks out telegraph communication. (This is also called the Carrington event).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/09/17", "description": " In San Francisco, California, Joshua Norton proclaims himself to be His Imperial Majesty Emperor Norton I, quotEmperor of the United Statesquot and quotProtector of Mexicoquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/10/16", "description": " John Brown raids the Harpers Ferry Armory in Harper's Ferry, Virginia, in an unsuccessful bid to spark a general slave rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/10/18", "description": "  Troops under Colonel Robert E. Lee overpower Brown at the Federal arsenal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/10/26", "description": " The steamship ''Royal Charter'' is wrecked on the coast of Anglesey, Wales with 454 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/11/01", "description": " The current Cape Lookout, North Carolina, lighthouse is lighted for the first time (its first-order Fresnel lens can be seen for 19 miles).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/11/10", "description": " The Treaty of Z\u00fcrich, reaffirming the terms of Villafranca, brings the Austro-Sardinian War to an official close.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/11/24", "description": " The French Navy's ''La Gloire'' (quotGloryquot), the first ocean-going ironclad warship in history, is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/11/24", "description": " British naturalist Charles Darwin publishes ''The Origin of Species'', a book which argues that species gradually evolve through natural selection (it immediately sells out its initial print run).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/12/02", "description": " Militant abolitionist leader John Brown is hanged for his October 16 raid on Harpers Ferry, West Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/12/04", "description": " The Mekteb-i M\u00fclkiye School is founded in the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/12/10", "description": " Queensland separated from New South Wales", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/12/10", "description": " The Ateneo Municipal de Manila is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/12/10", "description": "District nursing begins in Liverpool, England, when philanthropist William Rathbone employs Mary Robinson to nurse the sick poor in their own homes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/12/10", "description": "The island of Timor is divided between Portugal and the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/12/10", "description": "The Rancho Rincon de Los Esteros Land Grant is confirmed to Rafael Alvisa, (part of the present Santa Clara County, California).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/12/10", "description": "The ''Codex Sinaiticus'' is found by Constantin von Tischendorf on his third visit to Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/12/10", "description": "Bernhard Riemann formulates the Riemann hypothesis, one of the most important open problems of contemporary mathematics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/12/10", "description": "Brisbane is declared the capital of newly separated colony Queensland, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/12/10", "description": "The University of Michigan Law School is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/12/10", "description": "Marx publishes ''A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1859/12/10", "description": "Mary Institute is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/01/10", "description": " The Pemberton Mill collapses in Lawrence, Massachusetts, killing 145 workers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/01/10", "description": " Ezequiel Zamora, leader of the Federalist Army in Venezuela, was assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/01/13", "description": " Spanish victory (under General Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuanat) at the Battle of T\u00e9touan in the Spanish-Moroccan War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/01/20", "description": " Count di Cavour is recalled as Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/02/22", "description": " Shoe-making workers of Lynn, Massachusetts, struck successfully for higher wages. The strike in Lynn and Natick, Massachusetts, spread throughout New England and involved 20,000 workers. The strike was for higher wages and included women. The workers won their major demands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/02/26", "description": " White settlers massacred a band of Wiyot Indians at the village of Tuluwat on Indian Island near Eureka, California. At least 60 women, children and elders were killed. Bret Harte, newspaper reporter in Arcata, fed the news to newspapers in San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/02/28", "description": " The Artists Rifles is established, as the '''38th Middlesex (Artists) Rifle Volunteer Corps''', with headquarters at Burlington House.ref name=WebsiteSee <a href=\"http:\/\/www.artistsriflesassociation.org\/regiment-artists-rifles.htm.\">http:\/\/www.artistsriflesassociation.org\/regiment-artists-rifles.htm.<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/03/06", "description": " While campaigning for the presidency, Abraham Lincoln made a speech defending the right to strike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/03/09", "description": " The first Japanese ambassador to the United States, Niimi Buzennokami, and his staff arrived in San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/03/12", "description": " US Congress accepted the Pre-emption Bill. It provided free land in West for colonists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/03/17", "description": " The First Taranaki War begins at Waitara, New Zealand, when M\u0101ori refuse to sell land to British settlers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/03/22", "description": " The Grand Duchy of Tuscany is annexed to the newly formed Kingdom of Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/03/22", "description": "MarchampampndashAugust ampampndash The second rout of the Jiangnan DaYing (Army Group Jiangnan) destroys the Qing's army of 180,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/04/02", "description": " The first Italian Parliament met at Turin. Italy was unified. The Rothschild banking empire bankrolled Italy\u2019s independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/04/03", "description": " The Pony Express begins its first run from Saint Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/04/04", "description": " A new uprising erupts in Palermo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/04/09", "description": " French typesetter Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville sings the French folk song quotAu Clair de la Lunequot to his phonautograph producing the world's earliest known sound recording (however, it is not rediscovered until 2008).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/05/01", "description": " A Chondrite type meteorite falls to earth in Muskingum County, Ohio near the town of New Concord.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/05/06", "description": " Giuseppe Garibaldi and his troops depart from Quarto on the Expedition of the Thousand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/05/08", "description": " In New Granada (modern-day Colombia) the southern state of Cauca secedes from the central government in protest at the suggestion of increase of presidential powers Magdalena and Bol\u00edvar join it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/05/09", "description": " The U.S. Constitutional Union Party holds its convention and nominates John Bell for President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/05/15", "description": " Battle of Calatafimi: Troops under Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat the army of Naples in Sicily, during the Second Italian independence war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/05/17", "description": " The German soccer club ''TSV 1860 M\u00fcnchen'' is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/05/18", "description": " Abraham Lincoln is selected as the U.S. presidential candidate for the Republican Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/05/27", "description": " Garibaldi's forces take Palermo, the capital of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/05/28", "description": " One of the worst storms ever experienced in the region hits the east coast of England, sinking more than 100 ships and killing at least 40 people.Among those rescued at sea is the crew of the brig ''Hannah'', captained by George Jezzard, the great-great-great-grandfather of the actor David Suchet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/05/28", "description": "{{OldStyleDate|12 June|1860|31 May}} ampampndash The State Bank of the Russian Empire is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/06/30", "description": " The historic debate about evolution is held at the Oxford University Museum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/07/02", "description": " Vladivostok is founded in Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/07/09", "description": " The Nightingale Training School and Home for Nurses, the first nursing school based on the ideas of Florence Nightingale, is opened at St Thomas' Hospital in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/07/11", "description": " Mutsuhito (the future Emperor Meiji) becomes Crown Prince of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/07/20", "description": " Battle of Milazzo: The forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat royal Neapolitan forces near Messina, bringing nearly all of Sicily under Garibaldi's control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/08/22", "description": " Assisted by the British navy, the troops of Giuseppe Garibaldi cross from Sicily to the Italian mainland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/09/03", "description": "September 5 ampndash The First International Chemistry Congress is held in Karlsruhe, Baden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/09/03", "description": "The {{PS|Lady Elgin}} is accidentally rammed and sunk in Lake Michigan hundreds drown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/09/03", "description": "Giuseppe Garibaldi's forces capture Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/09/10", "description": " Piedmontese forces invade the Papal States, hoping to link up with Garibaldi in Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/09/18", "description": " Battle of Castelfidardo: The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces, allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory, and effectively reducing the Papal States to the territory around Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/09/24", "description": " Battle of Guayaquil: Ecuadorian forces led by Juan Jos\u00e9 Flores and Gabriel Garc\u00eda Moreno take the port of Guayaquil from Supreme Chief Guillermo Franco, who is backed by Peruvian forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/09/24", "description": "October ampampndash John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant leave Zanzibar to search for the source of the Nile River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/10/01", "description": " Battle of the Volturno: Garibaldi defeats the last organized army of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/10/05", "description": " Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire form a commission to investigate the causes of the massacres of Maronite Christians, committed by Druzes in Lebanon earlier in the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/10/17", "description": " The Open Championship, also known as the British Open, is played for the first time at Prestwick Golf Club in Ayrshire, Scotland. The event is won by Willie Park Snr.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/10/18", "description": " The first Convention of Peking formally ends the Second Opium War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/10/18", "description": "21 ampndash Beijing's Old Summer Palace is burned to the ground by orders of British general Lord Elgin in retaliation for mistreatment of several prisoners of war during the Second Opium War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/10/19", "description": " A new M\u0101ori revolt begins in New Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/10/19", "description": "Garibaldi again defeats the Neapolitan forces, advancing on Gaeta, the last remaining Neapolitan strong-point.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/10/19", "description": "Meeting at Teano: Giuseppe Garibaldi gives Naples to the king Victor Emmanuel II, recognizing him as King of Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/11/03", "description": " The combined forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel II besiege King Francis II of the Two Sicilies in Gaeta, his last remaining stronghold.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/11/06", "description": " U.S. presidential election: Abraham Lincoln beats John C. Breckinridge, Stephen A. Douglas, and John Bell and is elected as the 16th President of the United States, the first Republican to hold that office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/12/01", "description": " Charles Dickens publishes the first installment of ''Great Expectations'' in his magazine ''All the Year Round''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/12/07", "description": " after a fiercely contested campaign, Monier Williams is elected as the new Boden Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/12/20", "description": " South Carolina becomes the first state to secede from the United States Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/12/29", "description": " The world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled and armoured battleship, the (British) ''HMS Warrior'', is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/12/29", "description": "Christians and Druzes clash in Damascus, Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/12/29", "description": "In Buenos Aires, leader Bartolom\u00e9 Mitre subverts the Argentine Confederation and begins to establish a new centralist government with the help of Uruguayan Colorado party leader Venancio Flores.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/12/29", "description": "China agrees in an unequal treaty imposed on it to allow missionaries to proselytize throughout the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/12/29", "description": "Discovery of the chemical elements: Robert Wilhelm Bunsen discovers caesium and rubidium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/12/29", "description": "Augustana College is founded in Chicago, Illinois, United States by Scandinavian immigrants.ampampThe college moves to Paxton, Illinois, in 1862 and eventually splits into a Swedish college in Rock Island, Illinois, in 1875 and a Norwegian college in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, in 1918.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/12/29", "description": "Britain produces 20% of the entire world's output of industrial goods.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/12/29", "description": "The Russian Empire has c. {{convert|1250|mi|km}} of railroads.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/12/29", "description": "The American South has c. 4 million slaves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1860/12/29", "description": "1860ampampndash1900 ampampndash 14 million immigrants come to the USA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861", "description": "Benito Ju\u00e1rez captures Mexico City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861", "description": "First steam-powered carousel recorded, in Bolton, England.ampamp{{cite web|title=Fairground Rides - A Chronological Development|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nfa.dept.shef.ac.uk\/history\/rides\/history.html|work=National\">http:\/\/www.nfa.dept.shef.ac.uk\/history\/rides\/history.html|work=National<\/a> Fairground Archive|publisher=University of Sheffield|year=2007|accessdate=2011-08-24}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/01/02", "description": " Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia dies and is succeeded by Wilhelm I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/01/03", "description": " American Civil War: Delaware votes not to secede from the Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/01/09", "description": " American Civil War: Mississippi becomes the second state to secede from the Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/01/10", "description": " American Civil War: Florida secedes from the Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/01/11", "description": " American Civil War: Alabama secedes from the Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/01/12", "description": " American Civil War: Major Robert Anderson sends dispatches to Washington.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/01/19", "description": " American Civil War: Georgia secedes from the Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/01/21", "description": " American Civil War: Jefferson Davis resigns from the United States Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/01/26", "description": " American Civil War: Louisiana secedes from the Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/01/29", "description": " Kansas is admitted as the 34th U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/02/01", "description": " American Civil War: Texas secedes from the Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/02/04", "description": " American Civil War: In Montgomery, Alabama, the Provisional Confederate Congress is formed by representatives from the first six break-away states.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/02/08", "description": " American Civil War: The Confederate States of America are formed, comprising the first six break-away States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/02/09", "description": " American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is elected the Provisional President of the Confederate States of America by the Weed Convention at Montgomery, Alabama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/02/09", "description": "American Civil War: The U.S. House unanimously passes a resolution guaranteeing non-interference with slavery in any state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/02/09", "description": "About 850 convicts at Chatham Dockyard in England take over their prison in a riot.ampamp''BBC History Magazine'' (February 2011) p. 11.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/02/13", "description": " Italian unification: The Siege of Gaeta, last stronghold of the Neapolitan King Francis II, is ended by Piedmontese forces. Francis goes into exile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/02/18", "description": " American Civil War: In Montgomery, Alabama, Jefferson Davis is inaugurated as the provisional president of the Confederate States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/02/23", "description": " President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, D.C. after an assassination attempt in Baltimore, Maryland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/02/27", "description": " Russian troops fire upon a crowd in Warsaw protesting Russian rule over Poland, killing 5 protesters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/02/28", "description": " Colorado is organized as a United States territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/02/28", "description": "Nevada is organized as a United States territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/02/28", "description": "American Civil War: Texas is admitted to the Confederate States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/02/28", "description": "(February 19 O.S.) ampampndash Serfdom is abolished in Imperial Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/02/28", "description": "President Abraham Lincoln takes office, succeeding James Buchanan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/02/28", "description": "American Civil War: The ''Stars and Bars'' is adopted as the flag of the Confederate States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/03/10", "description": " El Hadj Umar Tall seizes the city of S\u00e9gou, destroying the Bambara Empire of Mali.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/03/11", "description": " American Civil War: The Constitution of the Confederate States of America is adopted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/03/17", "description": " Italian unification: The Kingdom of Italy is proclaimed by the new Parliament, with Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia becoming its king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/03/19", "description": " The First Taranaki War ends in New Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/03/19", "description": "An earthquake completely destroys Mendoza, Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/03/19", "description": "Italian unification: The surrender of Civitella del Tronto ends the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/03/21", "description": " Alexander Stephens, Vice President of the Confederacy,  gives the infamous Cornerstone Speech in Savannah, Georgia, in which he declares that slavery is the natural condition of blacks and the foundation of the Confederacy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/03/30", "description": " Discovery of the chemical elements: Sir William Crookes announces his discovery of Thallium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/04/07", "description": " A population census is taken in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/04/12", "description": " The American Civil War begins with the bombardment of Fort Sumter, South Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/04/13", "description": " American Civil War: Fort Sumter surrenders to Southern forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/04/15", "description": " American Civil War: President Abraham Lincoln issues a Proclamation calling for 75,000 men to confront in the South, quotcombinations too powerful to be suppressed in the ordinary wayquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/04/17", "description": " American Civil War: The state of Virginia secedes from the Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/04/20", "description": " American Civil War: Robert E. Lee resigns his commission in the United States Army in order to command the forces of the state of Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/04/25", "description": " American Civil War: The Union Army arrives in Washington, D.C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/04/26", "description": " Giovanni Schiaparelli discovers the asteroid 69 Hesperia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/04/27", "description": " American Civil War:", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/04/27", "description": "President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/04/27", "description": "West Virginia secedes from Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/05/06", "description": " American Civil War: Arkansas secedes from the Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/05/07", "description": " American Civil War: Tennessee secedes from the Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/05/08", "description": " American Civil War: Richmond, Virginia is named the capital of the Confederate States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/05/08", "description": "American Civil War: Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom issues a ampquotproclamation of neutralityampquot which recognizes the breakaway states as having belligerent rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/05/08", "description": "Comet C\/1861 J1 (the ampquotGreat Comet of 1861ampquot) is discovered in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/05/14", "description": " The Canellas meteorite, an 859 gram chondrite type meteorite, strikes Earth near Barcelona, Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/05/20", "description": " American Civil War: Kentucky proclaims its neutrality which lasts until September 3, when Confederate forces enter the state. North Carolina secedes from the Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/06/09", "description": " Lebanon is separated from Syrian administration and reunited under an Ottoman governor with the approval of the European powers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/06/15", "description": " Benito Ju\u00e1rez is formally elected President of Mexico he temporarily stops the payments of foreign debt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/06/22", "description": " Tooley Street fire starts and takes the life of James Braidwood first director of the London Fire Brigade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/06/25", "description": " Abd-ul-Mejid I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1839\u20131861) dies and is succeeded by Abd-ul-Aziz (1861\u20131876).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/07/01", "description": " The first issue of the Vatican's newspaper ''L'Osservatore Romano'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/07/01", "description": " Taiping Rebellion: French and Imperial Chinese troops defeat Taiping forces at the Battle of Shanghai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/07/02", "description": " Ivan Kasatkin lands on Hakodate and introduces the Eastern Orthodox Church into Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/07/13", "description": " American Civil War: The Battle of Corrick's Ford takes place in western Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/07/21", "description": " American Civil War: First Battle of Bull Run: At Manassas Junction, Virginia, the first major battle of the war ends in a Confederate victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/07/25", "description": " American Civil War: The Crittenden-Johnson Resolution is passed by the U.S. Congress, stating that the war is being fought to preserve the Union and not to end slavery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/07/26", "description": " American Civil War: George B. McClellan assumes command of the Army of the Potomac following the disastrous Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/07/26", "description": "American Civil War:  In order to help pay for the war effort, the United States government issues the first income tax as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 (3% of all incomes over US $800 rescinded in 1872).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/07/26", "description": "The U.S. Army abolishes flogging.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/08/19", "description": " First ascent of Weisshorn, fifth highest summit in the Alps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/08/27", "description": " Martin Doyle's is the last execution in Britain for attempted murder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/09/03", "description": "  American Civil War: Confederate General Leonidas Polk invades neutral Kentucky, prompting the state legislature to ask for Union assistance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/09/06", "description": " American Civil War: Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant bloodlessly capture Paducah, Kentucky, which gives the Union control the mouth of the Tennessee River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/10/09", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Santa Rosa Island: Confederate forces are defeated in their effort to take the island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/10/21", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Ball's Bluff: Union forces under Colonel Edward Baker are defeated by Confederate troops in the second major battle of the war. Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, is killed in the fighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/10/24", "description": " ''HMS Warrior'', the world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled armored battleship, is completed and commissioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/10/26", "description": " The Pony Express announces its closure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/10/28", "description": " American Civil War: The Missouri legislature takes up a bill for Missouri's secession from the Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/10/30", "description": " American Civil War: The bill for Missouri's secession from the Union is passed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/10/30", "description": "The Missouri secession bill is signed by Governor Jackson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/10/30", "description": "American Civil War: Citing failing health, Union General Winfield Scott resigns as Commander of the United States Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/11/01", "description": " American Civil War: U.S. President Abraham Lincoln appoints George B. McClellan as commander of the Union Army, replacing the aged General Winfield Scott.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/11/02", "description": " American Civil War: Western Department Union General John C. Fremont is relieved of command and replaced by David Hunter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/11/05", "description": " The first Melbourne Cup horse race is held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/11/06", "description": " American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is elected president of the Confederate States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/11/07", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Belmont: In Belmont, Missouri, Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant overrun a Confederate camp but are forced to retreat  when Confederate reinforcements arrive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/11/08", "description": " American Civil War ampndash ''Trent Affair'': The ''USS San Jacinto'' stops the United Kingdom mail ship ''Trent'' and arrests two Confederate envoys, James Mason and John Slidell, sparking a diplomatic crisis between the U.K. and U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/11/21", "description": " American Civil War: Confederate President Jefferson Davis appoints Judah Benjamin Secretary of War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/11/25", "description": " A tenement collapses in the Old Town of Edinburgh and buries 50 rescuers find 15 of them alive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/11/28", "description": " Acting on the ordinance passed by the Jackson government, the Confederate Congress admits Missouri as the 12th Confederate state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/12/10", "description": " American Civil War: Kentucky is accepted into the Confederate States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/12/10", "description": "News of Henri Mouhot's discovery of Angkor Wat is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/12/10", "description": "In Britain, the death penalty is limited to murder, high treason, espionage, piracy with violence and acts of arson perpetrated upon docks or ammunition depots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/12/10", "description": "The British Empire establishes bases in Lagos to stop the slave trade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1861/12/10", "description": "First industrial meat packing plant in Uruguay established at Fray Bentos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/01/01", "description": " Britain annexes Lagos Island in modern-day Nigeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/01/06", "description": " French, Spanish, and British forces arrive in Veracruz, Mexico, beginning the French intervention in Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/01/10", "description": " John Gately Downey, 7th Governor of California, is succeeded by Amasa Leland Stanford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/01/30", "description": " American Civil War: The first US ironclad warship, the USS ''Monitor'', is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/01/31", "description": "  Alvan Graham Clark makes the first observation of Sirius B, a white dwarf star, through an eighteen inch telescope at Northwestern University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/02/01", "description": " American Civil War: Julia Ward Howe's  ''Battle Hymn of the Republic'' is published for the first time in the ''Atlantic Monthly''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/02/02", "description": " First railway opens in New Zealand, by Dun Mountain Copper Mining Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/02/06", "description": " American Civil War: General Ulysses S. Grant gives the United States its first victory of the war, by capturing Fort Henry, Tennessee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/02/15", "description": " American Civil War: General Ulysses S. Grant attacks Fort Donelson, Tennessee and captures it the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/02/20", "description": " \u00c1ngel de Saavedra, Duke of Rivas, named director of Spain's La Real Academia Espa\u00f1ola de la Lengua ( Royal Academy of Spanish Language ).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/02/21", "description": " American Civil War: Battle of Valverde fought near Fort Craig in New Mexico Territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/02/22", "description": " American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is officially inaugurated in Richmond, Virginia, to a 6-year term as president of the Confederate States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/03/07", "description": " American Civil War: The Battle of Pea Ridge: The Confederates are shut out of Missouri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/03/08", "description": " American Civil War: The iron-clad CSS ''Virginia'' (formerly USS ''Merrimack'') is launched at Hampton Roads, Virginia the Battle of Hampton Roads starts the same day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/03/09", "description": " American Civil War: First battle between two ironclad warships, the USS ''Monitor'' and the CSS ''Virginia'', begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/03/13", "description": " American Civil War: The U.S. federal government forbids all Union army officers from returning fugitive slaves, thus effectively annulling the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 and setting the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/03/28", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Glorieta Pass: In New Mexico, Union forces succeed in stopping the Confederate invasion of New Mexico territory (the battle began on March 26).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/04/01", "description": " The Spanish and the British end their alliance with France in the French intervention in Mexico..", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/04/05", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Yorktown: The battle begins when Union forces under General George B. McClellan close in on the Confederate capital Richmond, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/04/06", "description": " American Civil War: In Tennessee, the Battle of Shiloh begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/04/07", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Shiloh: The Union Army under General Ulysses S. Grant defeats the Confederates near Shiloh, Tennessee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/04/12", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Andrew's Raid - Union volunteers steal a Confederate locomotive, setting off The Great Locomotive Chase, famously involving the use of ''The General'' steam locomotive, which still exists in the 21st century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/04/13", "description": " Government of Vietnam is forced to cede the territories of Bi\u00ean H\u00f2a, Gia \u0110\u1ecbnh and Dinh Tuong to France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/04/25", "description": " American Civil War  ampndash Capture of New Orleans: Forces under Union Admiral David Farragut capture the Confederate city of New Orleans, Louisiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/04/26", "description": " American Civil War: The besieged Confederate garrison at Fort Macon, North Carolina surrenders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/05/02", "description": " The California State Normal School (later San Jose State University) is created by an Act of the California Legislature.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/05/05", "description": " French intervention in Mexico ampndash Battle of Puebla: Mexican General Ignacio Zaragoza defeats the French Army commemorated each year as quotCinco de Mayoquot (Spanish quotFifth of Mayquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/05/11", "description": " American Civil War: The ironclad CSS ''Virginia'' is scuttled in the James River northwest of Norfolk, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/05/15", "description": " President Abraham Lincoln signs a bill into law creating the U.S. Bureau of Agriculture (later renamed U.S. Department of Agriculture).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/05/20", "description": " President Abraham Lincoln signs the Homestead Act into law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/05/24", "description": " Westminster Bridge is opened in England. This new bridge designed by Thomas Page had replaced the old bridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/06/01", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Fair Oaks. Both sides claim victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/06/04", "description": " American Civil War: Confederate troops evacuate Fort Pillow on the Mississippi River, leaving the way clear for U.S. Army troops to capture Memphis, Tennessee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/06/06", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Memphis: U.S. Army troops capture Memphis, Tennessee from the Confederate States", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/06/08", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Cross Keys: Confederate troops under General Stonewall Jackson save the Army of Northern Virginia from a U.S. Army attack on the James Peninsula that was led by General George McClellan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/06/12", "description": " John Winter Robinson, the Secretary of State of Kansas, is convicted and removed from office as the result of a bond scandal, becoming the first state executive official to be impeached and removed from office in American history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/06/26", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Mechanicsville: Confederate General Robert E. Lee defeats the troops of General George McClellan in the first of the Seven Days' Battles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/06/26", "description": "The Bureau of Internal Revenue, the forerunner of the Internal Revenue Service, is established in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/06/26", "description": "Princess Alice, the second daughter of Queen Victoria, marries Prince Ludwig of Hesse and by Rhine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/06/26", "description": "President Abraham Lincoln signs into law the Pacific Railway Acts, authorizing construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/06/26", "description": "The Russian State Library is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/07/02", "description": " President Abraham Lincoln signs the Morrill Land Grant Act into law, creating a system of land grant colleges to teach agricultural and mechanical sciences across the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/07/04", "description": " Charles Dodgson (better known as Lewis Carroll) extemporises the story that becomes ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' for the 10-year-old Alice Liddell and her sisters on a rowboat trip on The Isis from Oxford to Godstow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/07/16", "description": " American Civil War: David G. Farragut becomes the first rear admiral in the U.S. Navy", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/07/18", "description": " First ascent of Dent Blanche, one of the highest summits in the Alps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/07/23", "description": " American Civil War: Henry W. Halleck takes command of the Union Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/08/05", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Baton Rouge: Along the Mississippi River near Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Confederate troops drive Union forces back into the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/08/06", "description": " American Civil War: The Confederate ironclad CSS ''Arkansas'' is scuttled on the Mississippi River after suffering damage in a battle with the USS ''Essex'' near Baton Rouge, Louisiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/08/09", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Cedar Mountain: At Cedar Mountain, Virginia, Confederate General Stonewall Jackson narrowly defeats Union forces under General John Pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/08/14", "description": " President Abraham Lincoln meets with a group of prominent African-Americans ampndash the first time an American President had done so. He suggests that Black people should migrate to Africa or to Central America, but this advice is rejected.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/08/17", "description": "  Dakota War of 1862 begins in Minnesota as Lakota Sioux attack white settlements along the Minnesota River. They are overwhelmed by the U.S. Army six weeks later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/08/19", "description": " Dakota War of 1862: During an uprising in Minnesota, Lakota warriors decide not to attack heavily defended Fort Ridgely and instead turn to the settlement of New Ulm, killing white settlers along the way.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/08/21", "description": " The Vienna Stadtpark opens its gates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/08/28", "description": "August 30 ampndash American Civil War ampndash Second Battle of Bull Run: Confederate forces inflict a crushing defeat on Union General John Pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/09/01", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Chantilly: Confederate General Robert E. Lee leads his forces in an attack on retreating Union troops in Chantilly, Virginia, driving them away.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/09/02", "description": " American Civil War: President Abraham Lincoln reluctantly restores Union General George B. McClellan to full command after General John Pope's disastrous defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/09/05", "description": " American Civil War: In the Confederacy's first invasion of the North, General Robert E. Lee leads 55,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River at White's Ford near Leesburg, Virginia, into Maryland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/09/17", "description": " American Civil War ampndash", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/09/17", "description": "Battle of Antietam: Union forces defeat Confederate troops at Sharpsburg, Maryland, in the bloodiest day in U.S. history (with over 22,000 casualties).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/09/17", "description": "American Civil War: The Allegheny Arsenal explosion results in the single largest civilian disaster during the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/09/19", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Iuka: Union troops under Major General William Rosecrans defeat a Confederate force commanded by Major General Sterling Price at Iuka, Mississippi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/09/19", "description": "Otto von Bismarck becomes prime minister of Prussia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/09/19", "description": "American Civil War: Preliminary announcement of the Emancipation Proclamation by President Abraham Lincoln", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/09/29", "description": " Prussian prime minister Otto von Bismarck delivers his ''Blood and Iron'' speech to the Prussian Landtag.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/10/08", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Perryville: Union forces under General Don Carlos Buell halt the Confederate invasion of Kentucky by defeating troops led by General Braxton Bragg at Perryville, Kentucky.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/10/11", "description": " American Civil War: In the aftermath of the Battle of Antietam,  Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart and his men loot Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, during a raid into the North.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/10/25", "description": " In the Granadine Confederation, rebel troops of southern states defeat the government troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/10/25", "description": "American Civil War:  President Abraham Lincoln removes George B. McClellan as commander of the Union Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/10/25", "description": "American Indian Wars: In Minnesota, more than 300 Santee Sioux are found guilty of rape and murder of white settlers and are sentenced to hang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/11/14", "description": " American Civil War: President Abraham Lincoln approves the plan by General Ambrose Burnside to capture the Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia. This plan leads to a disastrous Union defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13th).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/11/28", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Cane Hill: U.S. Army troops led by General John Blunt push back Confederate troops  commanded by General John Marmaduke into northwestern the Boston Mountains of Arkansas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/11/28", "description": "December ampampndash Peruvian slave raiders land on Easter Island, beginning a decade of Preuvian atrocities on this island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/12/01", "description": " In his State of the Union Address, President Abraham Lincoln reaffirms the necessity of ending slavery as he ordered ten weeks earlier in his Emancipation Proclamation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/12/02", "description": " The first U.S. Navy hospital ships enter service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/12/13", "description": " Battle of Fredericksburg: The U.S. Army suffers massive casualties and abandons its attempts to capture the Confederate capital city of Richmond, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/12/17", "description": " ''General Order No. 11'', which expelled all Jews from his military district, is issued by General Ulysses S. Grant. This order is rescinded a just few weeks later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/12/26", "description": " William D. Duly hangs 38 Dakota Sioux Indians in Minnesota.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/12/26", "description": "29 ampndash American Civil War ampndash Battle of Chickasaw Bayou: Another victory for the Confederate Army, outnumbered two to one, results in six times as many Union casualties, defeating several assaults commanded by the Union general, William T. Sherman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/12/30", "description": " The USS ''Monitor'' sinks in storm in the Atlantic off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/12/31", "description": " American Civil War: President Abraham Lincoln signs an act that admits West Virginia to the Union, thus dividing Virginia into two pieces. Meanwhile, the Battle of Stones River is fought near Murfreesboro, Tennessee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/12/31", "description": "Richard Jordan Gatling patents the Gatling gun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/12/31", "description": "A smallpox epidemic breaks out in California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/12/31", "description": "Francisco Solano L\u00f3pez becomes the dictator of  Paraguay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/12/31", "description": "Donald McIntyre builds a settlement in northwest Queensland. This later becomes the town of Julia Creek, Queensland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/12/31", "description": "The Notts County Football Club is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/12/31", "description": "The Prussian Assembly rejects the military budget.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/12/31", "description": "Ram\u00f3n Castilla loses power second time in Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1862/12/31", "description": "Anna Leonowens accepts an offer made by the Siamese consul in Singapore, Tan Kim Ching, to teach the wives and children of Mongkut, the Kking of Siam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863", "description": "Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the second year of the American Civil War, making the abolition of slavery in the confederate states an official war goal. It proclaims the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's four million slaves, and immediately frees 50,000 of them, with the rest freed as Union armies advanced.ampamp{{cite book|first=Eric|last=Foner|title=The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery|location=New York|publisher=Norton|year=2010|isbn=978-0-393-06618-0|pages=239\u201342}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863", "description": "The first claim under the Homestead Act is made, for a farm in Nebraska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/01/03", "description": " ''Harper's Weekly'' publishes Thomas Nast's first drawing of the modern Santa Claus (although Santa existed previously).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/01/04", "description": " The New Apostolic Church, a Christian and chiliastic church, established in Hamburg, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/01/07", "description": " In the Swiss Canton Ticino, the village of Bedretto is partly destroyed, and 29 killed, by an avalanche.ref name=Resoconto{{cite book|title=Resoconto del Comitato cantonale di Soccorso intorno ai sussidi raccolti e distribuiti pei danni cagionati dalle nevi nel gennaio 1863|location=Lugano|publisher=Tip. Cantonale|year=1864}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/01/07", "description": "Ground is broken in Sacramento, California, on the construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/01/07", "description": "The Yorkshire County Cricket Club is founded at the Adelphi Hotel in Sheffield, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/01/10", "description": " The first section of the London Underground Railway (Paddington to Farringdon Street) opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/01/10", "description": "American Civil War ampampndash Battle of Arkansas Post: General John McClernand and Admiral David Dixon Porter capture the Arkansas River for the Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/01/10", "description": "In the Swiss Canton Ticino, the roof of the church of Sant'Antonio in Locarno collapses under the weight of snow, killing 47.ampref name=Resoconto\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/01/15", "description": " French intervention in Mexico ampndash French forces bombard Veracruz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/01/21", "description": " Adam Opel founds Opel AG.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/01/22", "description": " The January Uprising breaks out in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus. The aim of the national movement is to liberate the Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth from Russian occupation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/02/07", "description": " HMS ''Orpheus'' sinks attempting to enter Manukau Harbour in New Zealand, with the loss of 189 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/02/07", "description": "The world-famous midgets General Tom Thumb and Lavinia Warren get married in New York City P. T. Barnum takes an entrance fee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/02/07", "description": "Alanson Crane patents a fire extinguisher.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/02/16", "description": " Kansas State Agricultural College is established as the first land grant college created under the 1862 Morrill Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/02/17", "description": " First meeting of the quotCommittee of the Fivequot in Geneva, Switzerland, regarded as the foundation of the International Committee of the Red Cross, following the lead of humanitarian businessman Henry Dunant.{{cite book|first=Pierre|last=Boissier|title=History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume I: From Solferino to Tsushima|publisher=Henry Dunant Institute|location=Geneva|year=1985|isbn=2-88044-012-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/02/24", "description": " Arizona is organized as a United States territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/02/26", "description": " Abraham Lincoln signs the National Banking Act into law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/02/26", "description": "Idaho Territory is organized by the U.S. Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/02/26", "description": "The U.S. National Conscription Act is signed, leading to the week-long New York Draft Riots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/03/10", "description": " Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VII) marries Princess Alexandra of Denmark (later Queen Alexandra).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/03/19", "description": " The {{SS|Georgiana}} is destroyed on her maiden voyage while attempting to run the blockade into Charleston, South Carolina. The wreck is discovered exactly 102 years later by E. Lee Spence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/03/30", "description": " Prince Wilhelm George of Denmark is elected by the Hellenic Parliament as George, King of the Hellenes he will reign in Greece for fifty years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/04/17", "description": " May 2 ampndash The Grierson's Raid: Union cavalrymen are ambushed while crossing the Tickfaw river in Mississippi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/04/20", "description": " American Civil War ampndash The Battle of Washington ends inconclusively in Beaufort County, North Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/04/21", "description": " Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h declares His station as quotHe whom God shall make manifestquot. This date is celebrated in the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith as The Festival of Ridv\u00e1n.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/04/30", "description": " Battle of Camar\u00f3n in Mexico: 65 soldiers of the French Foreign Legion fight 2,000 Mexicans 3 of them survive the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/05/01", "description": " 4 ampndash American Civil War ampndash The Battle of Chancellorsville: General Robert E. Lee defeats Union forces with 13,000 Confederate casualties, among them Stonewall Jackson (lost to friendly fire), and 17,500 Union casualties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/05/14", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Jackson (MS): Union General Ulysses S. Grant defeats Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston, opening the way for the Siege of Vicksburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/05/14", "description": "After a 2-month siege, the French army of Bazaine takes Puebla, Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/05/14", "description": "Opening of Salon des Refus\u00e9s in Paris draws attention to paintings by modern artists, notably Manet's ''Le d\u00e9jeuner sur l\u2019herbe''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/05/18", "description": " American Civil War: The Siege of Vicksburg begins (ends Saturday, July 4, when 30,189 Confederate men surrender).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/05/18", "description": "American Civil War: The Siege of Port Hudson, Louisiana by Union forces begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/05/18", "description": "The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists is formed in Battle Creek, Michigan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/05/23", "description": " Ferdinand Lassalle founds the ''Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein'' (General German Workers' Association, ADAV), the first socialist workers party in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/05/26", "description": " American Civil War ampndash The Siege of Vicksburg starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/05/28", "description": " American Civil War ampndash The 54th Massachusetts, the first African-American regiment, leaves Boston, Massachusetts to fight for the Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/05/31", "description": " The first Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe horse race is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/06/07", "description": " French intervention in Mexico ampndash French forces enter Mexico City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/06/09", "description": " American Civil War ampndash The Battle of Brandy Station, Virginia ends inconclusively.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/06/12", "description": " The Arts Club ampndash was founded by Charles Dickens,  Frederic Leighton and others in Hanover Square, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/06/14", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Second Battle of Winchester: A Union garrison is defeated by the Army of Northern Virginia in the Shenandoah Valley town of Winchester, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/06/17", "description": " American Civil War ampndash The Battle of Aldie in the Gettysburg Campaign ends inconclusively.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/06/20", "description": " West Virginia is admitted as the 35th U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/07/01", "description": " 3 ampndash American Civil War: Union forces under George G. Meade turn back a Confederate invasion by Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg, the largest battle of the war (28,000 Confederate casualties, 23,000 Union).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/07/04", "description": " American Civil War: Battle of Vicksburg ampndash Ulysses S. Grant and the Union army capture the Confederate city Vicksburg, Mississippi, after the town surrendered. The siege lasted 47 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/07/09", "description": " The Siege of Port Hudson ends and the Union controls the entire Mississippi River for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/07/13", "description": " American Civil War ampndash (New York Draft Riots): In New York City, opponents of conscription begin 3 days of violent rioting, which would later be regarded as the worst in the history of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/07/16", "description": " Battle of Shimonoseki Straits: The screw sloop {{USS|Wyoming|1859}} engages with the Ch\u014dsh\u016b Domain fleet before withdrawing, Japan's first naval engagement between elements of modern navies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/07/18", "description": " American Civil War: The first formal African American military unit, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, unsuccessfully assaults Confederate-held Fort Wagner but their valiant fighting still proves the worth of African American soldiers during the war. Their commander, Colonel Robert Shaw is shot leading the attack and was buried with his men (450 Union, 175 Confederate).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/07/26", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Morgan's Raid: At Salineville, Ohio, Confederate cavalry leader John Hunt Morgan and 375 of his volunteers are captured by Union forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/07/30", "description": " American Indian Wars: Chief Pocatello of the Shoshone tribe signs the Treaty of Box Elder, promising to stop harassing the emigrant trails in southern Idaho and northern Utah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/08/08", "description": " American Civil War: Following his defeat in the Battle of Gettysburg, General Robert E. Lee sends a letter of resignation to Confederate President Jefferson Davis (Davis refuses the request upon receipt).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/08/11", "description": " Cambodia becomes a protectorate of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/08/17", "description": " American Civil War: In Charleston, South Carolina, Union batteries and ships bombard Confederate-held Fort Sumter (the bombardment does not end until Thursday, December 31).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/08/21", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Lawrence: Lawrence, Kansas is attacked by William Quantrill's raiders, who kill an estimated 200 men and boys. The raid  becomes notorious in the North as one of the most vicious atrocities of the Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/08/21", "description": "September ampampndash The Western Railroad from Fayetteville, North Carolina to the coal fields of Egypt, North Carolina is completed.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroad-WRR.htm\">http:\/\/www.historync.org\/railroad-WRR.htm<\/a> CommunicationSolutions\/ISI, ampquotRailroad \u2014 Western Railroad Companyampquot, ''North Carolina Business History'', 2006, accessed 1 Feb 2010ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/09/06", "description": " American Civil War: Confederates evacuate Battery Wagner and Morris Island in South Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/09/16", "description": " Robert College of Istanbul\u2013Turkey, the first American educational institution outside the United States, is founded by Christopher Robert, an American philanthropist.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/09/19", "description": "September 20 ampndash American Civil War: Confederate forces turn back a Union invasion of Georgia in the Battle of Chickamauga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/10/03", "description": " President Lincoln proclaims a national Thanksgiving (United States) day to be celebrated the final Thursday in November.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/10/05", "description": " The Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Rail Road starts operations in Brooklyn, New York this is now the oldest right-of-way on the New York City Subway, the largest rapid transit system in the United States and one of the largest in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/10/14", "description": " American Civil War: Battle of Bristoe Station ampndash Confederate General Robert E. Lee forces fail to drive the Union army out of Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/10/15", "description": " American Civil War: The first operable submarine, the CSS ''Hunley'' sinks during a test, killing Horace Lawson Hunley (its inventor) and a crew of seven.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/10/26", "description": " The Football Association is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/10/26", "description": " 29 ampndash The Resolutions of the Geneva International Conference are signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/10/26", "description": "Sixteen countries meeting in Geneva agree to form the International Red Cross.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/10/26", "description": "American Civil War ampampndash Battle of Wauhatchie: Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant ward-off a Confederate attack led by General James Longstreet. Union forces thus open a supply line into Chattanooga, Tennessee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/11/15", "description": " The death of King Frederick VII of Denmark and his succession by his distant cousin Christian IX marks the beginning of the Second Schleswig-Holstein crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/11/16", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Campbell's Station: Near Knoxville, Tennessee, Confederate troops led by General James Longstreet unsuccessfully attack Union forces under General Ambrose Burnside.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/11/17", "description": " American Civil War ampndash The Siege of Knoxville begins: Confederate forces led by General James Longstreet place Knoxville, Tennessee under siege (the 2-week-long siege and 1 failed attack are unsuccessful).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/11/18", "description": " King Christian IX of Denmark signs the November constitution, which declares Schleswig to be part of Denmark, regarded by the German Confederation as a violation of the London Protocol of 1852, leading to the German\u2013Danish war of 1864.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/11/19", "description": " American Civil War: U. S. President Abraham Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address at the military cemetery dedication ceremony in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/11/23", "description": " American Civil War ampndash The Battle of Chattanooga III begins: Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant reinforce troops at Chattanooga, Tennessee and counter-attack Confederate troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/11/24", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Lookout Mountain: Near Chattanooga, Tennessee, Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant capture Lookout Mountain and begin to break the Confederate siege of the city led by General Braxton Bragg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/11/25", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Missionary Ridge: At Missionary Ridge in Tennessee, Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant break the Siege of Chattanooga by routing Confederate troops under General Braxton Bragg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/11/26", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Mine Run: Union forces under General George Meade position against troops led by Confederate General Robert E. Lee (Meade's forces can not find any weaknesses in the Confederate lines and give up trying after 5 days).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/11/27", "description": " American Civil War: Confederate cavalry leader John Hunt Morgan and several of his men escape the Ohio state prison, and return safely to the South.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/12/08", "description": " Church of the Company Fire in Santiago, Chile, kills between 2,000 and 3,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/12/08", "description": "Romania opens its first mountain railway (from Anina to Oravita).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/12/08", "description": "22-year-old Gerard Adriaan Heineken buys the brewery 'De Hooiberg' (ampquotThe Haystackampquot) in Amsterdam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/12/08", "description": "Bartolom\u00e9 Mitre secretly backs the revolt of Venancio Flores against the Uruguayan Blanco government", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/12/08", "description": "Douglas becomes the capital of the Isle of Man, after its parliament (Tynwald) moves its chambers from Castletown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1863/12/08", "description": "Jules Verne's first novel, ''Five Weeks in a Balloon'', is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/01/16", "description": " Denmark rejects a Prussian-Austrian ultimatum to repeal the Danish Constitution, which says that Schleswig-Holstein is part of Denmark.Claus Bj\u00f8rn amp Carsten Due-Nielsen, ''Dansk Udenrigspolitiks Historie'', 2nd edition, vol. III quotFra Helstat til Nationalstatquot 1814-1914, Copenhagen: Gyldendal, 2006, pages 238\u201339 {{da icon}}Meyers Konversationslexikon, 4th edition, entry: ''<a href=\"http:\/\/susi.e-technik.uni-ulm.de:8080\/Meyers2\/seite\/werk\/brockhaus\/band\/53\/seite\/0995\/brockhaus_b53_s0995.html\">http:\/\/susi.e-technik.uni-ulm.de:8080\/Meyers2\/seite\/werk\/brockhaus\/band\/53\/seite\/0995\/brockhaus_b53_s0995.html<\/a> Deutsch-D\u00e4nischer Krieg von 1864'' {{de icon}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/01/21", "description": " M\u0101ori Wars: The Tauranga Campaign starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/02/01", "description": " Danish-Prussian War (Second war of Schleswig): 57,000 Austrian and Prussian troops cross the Eider River into Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/02/17", "description": "  American Civil War: The tiny Confederate submarine ''Hunley'' torpedoes the ''USS Housatonic'', becoming the first submarine to sink an enemy ship (the sub and her crew of 8 are also lost).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/02/25", "description": " American Civil War: The first Northern prisoners arrive at the Confederate prison at Andersonville, Georgia (the 500 prisoners had left Richmond, Virginia seven days before).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/03/01", "description": " Alejandro Mon Men\u00e9ndez takes office as Prime Minister of Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/03/09", "description": " American Civil War: Abraham Lincoln appoints Ulysses S. Grant commander in chief of all Union armies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/03/10", "description": " American Civil War: The Red River Campaign begins as Union troops reach Alexandria, Louisiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/03/11", "description": " A reservoir near Sheffield, England bursts 250 die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/04/18", "description": " Danish-Prussian War (Second War of Schleswig) ampndash Battle of Dybb\u00f8l: The Prussian army fielding 10,000 men defeats the Danish defending army of 9,200 at Dybb\u00f8l Mill, after an artillery bombardment from April 7 to April 18.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/04/22", "description": " The U.S. Congress passes the Coinage Act of 1864 which mandates that the inscription quotIn God We Trustquot be placed on all coins minted as United States currency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/05/02", "description": " Treaty of London: The United Kingdom voluntarily cedes control of the United States of the Ionian Islands to the Kingdom of Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/05/05", "description": " American Civil War: The Battle of the Wilderness begins in Spotsylvania County, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/05/07", "description": " Clipper Ship ''City of Adelaide'' launched in Sunderland, United Kingdom.  The ship has become the world's oldest surviving clipper ship of only two that survive - ''Cutty Sark'' is the other.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/05/07", "description": "  American Civil War: The Army of the Potomac, under General Ulysses S. Grant, breaks off from the Battle of the Wilderness and moves southwards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/05/09", "description": " The American general John Sedgwick is shot dead during the Battle of Spotsylvania, shortly after he uttered the famous last words: ''quotThey couldn't hit an elephant from this distance!quot''", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/05/09", "description": " Danish-Prussian War (Second War of Schleswig) ampndash Battle of Heligoland: the navy of Denmark and the allied navies of Austria and Prussia fought near the island of Heligoland with a tactical victory for Denmark. It was the last significant naval battle fought by squadrons of wooden ships and also the last one involving Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/05/11", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Yellow Tavern: Confederate General JEB Stuart is mortally wounded at Yellow Tavern, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/05/12", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Spotsylvania Court House: The quotBloody Anglequot ampndash thousands of Union and Confederate soldiers die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/05/13", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Resaca: The battle begins with Union General Sherman fighting toward Atlanta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/05/15", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of New Market: Cadets from the Virginia Military Institute fight alongside the Confederate Army to force Union General Franz Sigel out of the Shenandoah Valley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/05/18", "description": " Civil War gold hoax: The ''New York World'' and the ''New York Journal of Commerce'' publish a fake proclamation that President Abraham Lincoln has issued a draft of 400,000 more soldiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/05/20", "description": " Australian Bushranger Ben Hall and his gang escape from a shootout with police after attempting to rob the Bang Bang Hotel in Koorawatha, New South Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/05/20", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Ware Bottom Church: In the Virginia Bermuda Hundred Campaign, 10,000 troops fight in this Confederate victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/05/20", "description": "May 20  Death of John Clare Northampton peasant poet 1793 - 1864", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/05/21", "description": " The Russian Empire commits the Circassian Genocide. More than 1.5 Million Circassians are murdered and surviving Circassians were driven from their homeland to the Ottoman Empire, ending the Russian-Circassian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/05/28", "description": " Montana is organized as a United States territory out of parts of Washington Territory and Dakota Territory, and is signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/06/05", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Piedmont: Union forces under General David Hunter defeat a Confederate army at Piedmont, West Virginia, taking nearly 1,000 prisoners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/06/09", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Petersburg: Union forces under General Grant and troops led by Confederate General Robert E. Lee battle for the last time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/06/09", "description": "American Civil War: Battle of Noonday Creek near Kennesaw, Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/06/09", "description": "American Civil War ampampndash Battle of Brice's Crossroads: Confederate troops under Nathan Bedford Forrest defeat a much larger Union force led by General Samuel D. Sturgis in Mississippi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/06/12", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Cold Harbor: General Ulysses S. Grant pulls his troops from their positions at Cold Harbor, Virginia and moves south.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/06/15", "description": " Arlington National Cemetery is established when {{convert|200|acre|km2}} of the grounds of Robert E. Lee's home Arlington House are officially set-aside as a military cemetery by U.S. Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/06/21", "description": " M\u0101ori Wars: The Tauranga Campaign ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/06/21", "description": "American Civil War: Battle of Kennesaw Mountain near Kennesaw, Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/06/21", "description": "On this date, the first condom was made by the International Condom Company (ICC).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/07/18", "description": " President Lincoln issues a true proclamation of conscription of 500,000 men for the U.S. Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/07/20", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Peachtree Creek: Near Atlanta, Georgia, Confederate forces led by General John Bell Hood unsuccessfully attack Union troops under General William T. Sherman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/07/22", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Atlanta: Outside of Atlanta, Georgia, Confederate General Hood leads an unsuccessful attack on Union troops under General Sherman on Bald Hill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/07/24", "description": " American Civil War ampndash The Second Battle of Kernstown: Confederate General Jubal Early defeats Union troops led by General George Crook in an effort to keep the Yankees out of the Shenandoah Valley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/07/28", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Ezra Church: Confederate troops led by General Hood make a third unsuccessful attempt to drive Union forces under General Sherman from Atlanta, Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/07/29", "description": " American Civil War: Confederate spy Belle Boyd is arrested by Union troops and detained at the Old Capitol Prison in Washington, DC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/07/30", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of the Crater: Union forces attempt to break Confederate lines by exploding a large bomb under their trenches.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/08/01", "description": " The Elgin Watch Company is founded in Elgin, Illinois.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/08/05", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Mobile Bay: At Mobile Bay near Mobile, Alabama, Admiral David Farragut leads a Union flotilla through Confederate defenses and seals one of the last major Southern ports.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/08/13", "description": " The first fish and chips shop opens in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/08/18", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Globe Tavern: Forces under Union General Ulysses S. Grant try to cut a vital Confederate supply-line into Petersburg, Virginia, by attacking the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad, forcing the Confederates to use wagons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/08/22", "description": " First Geneva Convention: The International Red Cross is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/08/31", "description": " American Civil War: Union forces led by General William T. Sherman launch an assault on Atlanta, Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/09/01", "description": " American Civil War: Confederate General Hood evacuates Atlanta after a 4-month siege mounted by Union General Sherman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/09/02", "description": " American Civil War: Union forces under General Sherman enter Atlanta a day after the Confederate defenders fled the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/09/07", "description": " American Civil War: Atlanta, Georgia is evacuated on orders of Union General William Tecumseh Sherman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/09/08", "description": " Delegates from the Canadian colonies meet at the Charlottetown Conference to discuss the Canadian Confederation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/09/28", "description": " The International Workingmen's Association was founded in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/10/02", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Saltville: Union forces  attack Saltville, Virginia but are defeated by Confederate troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/10/05", "description": " A cyclone kills 70,000 in Calcutta, India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/10/09", "description": "  American Civil War ampndash Battle of Tom's Brook: Union cavalrymen in the Shenandoah Valley defeat Confederate forces at Tom's Brook, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/10/28", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Second Battle of Fair Oaks: Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant withdraw from Fair Oaks, Virginia, after failing to breach the Confederate defenses around Richmond, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/10/28", "description": "The Second war of Schleswig is concluded. Denmark renounces all claim to Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg, which come under Prussian and Austrian administration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/10/28", "description": "Helena, Montana is founded after four prospectors (the so-called ''Four Georgians'') discover gold at ''Last Chance Gulch'' it is their last and agreed final attempt at weeks of trying to find gold in the northern Rockies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/10/31", "description": " Nevada is admitted as the 36th U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/11/04", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Johnsonville: At Johnsonville, Tennessee, troops under the command of Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest bombard a Union supply base with artillery and destroy millions of dollars in material.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/11/07", "description": " The capital of Idaho Territory is moved from Lewiston to Boise North Idaho declares the move illegal and proposes secession.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/11/08", "description": " U.S. presidential election, 1864: Abraham Lincoln is reelected in an overwhelming victory over George B. McClellan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/11/15", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Sherman's March to the Sea begins: Union General Sherman burns Atlanta and starts to move south, causing extensive devastation to crops and mills and living off the land.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/11/20", "description": " The Judicial reform of Alexander II is launched in Imperial Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/11/22", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Sherman's March to the Sea: Confederate General John Bell Hood invades Tennessee in an unsuccessful attempt to draw Union General Sherman from Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/11/25", "description": " American Civil War: A group of Confederate operatives calling themselves the Confederate Army of Manhattan starts fires in more than 20 locations in an unsuccessful attempt to burn down New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/11/29", "description": " American Indian Wars ampndash Sand Creek Massacre: Colorado volunteers led by Colonel John Chivington massacre at least 400 Cheyenne and Arapahoe noncombatants at Sand Creek, Colorado (where they had been given permission to camp). Many of the dead are subsequently mutilated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/11/30", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Second Battle of Franklin: The Army of Tennessee led by General Hood mounts a dramatically unsuccessful frontal assault on Union positions around Franklin, Tennessee (Hood loses 6 generals and almost a third of his troops).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/12/04", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Sherman's March to the Sea: At Waynesboro, Georgia, forces under Union General Judson Kilpatrick prevent troops led by Confederate General Joseph Wheeler from interfering with Union General Sherman's campaign of destroying a wide swath of the South on his march to Savannah, GA (Union forces suffer more than 3 times the casualties as the Confederates, however).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/12/04", "description": "James Clerk Maxwell presents his paper ''A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field'' to the Royal Society in London, treating light as an electromagnetic wave.ampamp{{cite journal|doi=10.1098\/rstl.1865.0008|last=Maxwell|first=J. Clerk|title=A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/19\/A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_Field.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Philosophical\">http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/19\/A_Dynamical_Theory_of_the_Electromagnetic_Field.pdf|format=PDF|journal=Philosophical<\/a> Transactions of the Royal Society of London|volume=155|pages=459\u2013512|year=1865|accessdate=2011-08-30}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/12/04", "description": "''Syllabus errorum'': Pope Pius IX condemns theological liberalism as an error and claims for the supremacy of Roman Catholic Church authority over the civil society. He also condemns rationalism and socialism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/12/15", "description": "December 16 ampndash American Civil War ampndash Battle of Nashville: Union forces decisively defeat the Confederate Army of Tennessee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/12/15", "description": "Imperial forces assault the Taiping capital of Nanking in the last great battle of the civil war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/12/15", "description": "Brazil invades Uruguay in support of Venancio Flores. Paraguay attacks Brazil and loses terribly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/12/15", "description": "John Wisden publishes the first edition of ''Wisden Cricketer's Almanack''. It goes on to become the major annual cricket publication.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/12/15", "description": "Asa Shinn Mercer travels from Seattle to the U.S. East Coast and recruits 11 ''Mercer Girls'', potential wives for men on the West Coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/12/15", "description": "The Korean government executes the founder of the Tonghak movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/12/15", "description": "The Dutch conquer southern Sumatra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1864/12/15", "description": "The first Quanjude roast duck restaurant opened in Beijing Qianmen Street.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/01/13", "description": " American Civil War: The Second Battle of Fort Fisher begins when United States forces launch a major amphibious assault against the Confederate stronghold of Fort Fisher, North Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/01/15", "description": " American Civil War: United States forces capture Fort Fisher.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/01/31", "description": " American Civil War: Confederate General Robert E. Lee becomes general-in-chief.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/01/31", "description": "February ampampndash American Civil War: Columbia, South Carolina burns as Confederate forces flee from advancing Union forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/02/22", "description": " Tennessee adopts a new constitution that abolishes slavery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/03/03", "description": " The U.S. Congress authorizes formation of the Freedmen's Bureau.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/03/04", "description": " U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is inaugurated for a second term Andrew Johnson becomes Vice President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/03/04", "description": " Washington College and Jefferson College are merged to form Washington amp Jefferson College.{{cite book| last =Coleman | first =Helen Turnbull Waite| title = Banners in the Wilderness: The Early Years of Washington and Jefferson College| publisher = University of Pittsburgh Press| year= 1956| url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/bannersinthewild012852mbp|\">http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/bannersinthewild012852mbp|<\/a> oclc = 2191890|page=214| accessdate= 28 April 2011 !--DASHBot--}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/03/13", "description": " American Civil War: The Confederate States of America agrees to the use of African American troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/03/18", "description": " American Civil War: The Congress of the Confederate States of America adjourns for the last time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/03/19", "description": " American Civil War: The Battle of Bentonville begins by the end of the battle on March 21 the Confederate forces retreat from Four Oaks, North Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/03/19", "description": "The ampquotClaywater Meteoriteampquot explodes just before reaching ground level in Vernon County, Wisconsin fragments having a combined mass of 1.5ampampnbspkg are recovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/03/19", "description": "American Civil War: In Virginia, Confederate forces capture Fort Stedman from the Union. Lee's army suffers heavy casualties during the battle of Fort Stedman\u2014about 2,900, including 1,000 captured in the Union counterattack. Confederate positions are weakened. After the battle, Lee's defeat is only a matter of time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/04/01", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Five Forks: In Petersburg, Virginia, Confederate General Robert E. Lee begins his final offensive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/04/02", "description": " American Civil War: Confederate President Jefferson Davis and most of his Cabinet flee the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, which is taken by Union troops the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/04/06", "description": " German chemicals producer ''Badische Anilin- und Sodafabrik (BASF)'' is founded in Mannheim.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/04/09", "description": " American Civil War: General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, effectively ending the American Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/04/09", "description": "U. S. President Abraham Lincoln is shot at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. by John Wilkes Booth. Doctors attend to the President in the theater then move him to a house across the street. He goes into a coma upon being laid diagonally on a bed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/04/09", "description": "U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward and his family are attacked in his home by Lewis Powell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/04/15", "description": " Abraham Lincoln dies from his gunshot wound and Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes the 17th President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/04/18", "description": " Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his entire cabinet arrive in Charlotte with a contingent of 1,000 soldiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/04/21", "description": " German Chemicals producer ''BASF'' moves its headquarters and factories from Mannheim to the Hemshof District of Ludwigshafen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/04/21", "description": "Union cavalry corner John Wilkes Booth in a barn, and cavalryman Boston Corbett shoots the assassin dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/04/21", "description": "American Civil War: General Joseph Johnston surrenders his army to Major General William Tecumseh Sherman at Durham Station, North Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/04/21", "description": "The steamboat ''Sultana'', carrying 2,300 passengers, explodes and sinks in the Mississippi River, killing 1,700, most of whom were Union survivors of the Andersonville Prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/04/21", "description": "Governor of New York Reuben Fenton signs a bill formally creating Cornell University in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/05/01", "description": " The Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay against Paraguay is formally signed the Paraguayan War has already begun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/05/04", "description": " American Civil War: Lieutenant General Richard Taylor, commanding all Confederate forces in Alabama, Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana, surrenders his forces to Union General E.R.S. Canby at Citronelle, Alabama, effectively ending all Confederate resistance east of the Mississippi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/05/04", "description": "In North Bend, Ohio (a suburb of Cincinnati), the first train robbery in the United States takes place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/05/04", "description": "Jefferson Davis meets with his Confederate Cabinet (14 officials) for the last time, in Washington, Georgia, and the Confederate Government is officially dissolved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/05/10", "description": " American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is captured by Union troops near Irwinville, Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/05/13", "description": " American Civil War ampndash Battle of Palmito Ranch: In far south Texas, more than a month after Confederate General Lee's surrender, the last land battle of the civil war ends with a Confederate victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/05/13", "description": "International Telegraph Union founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/05/13", "description": "French missionary Father Armand David first observes P\u00e8re David's deer in Peking, China.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ultimateungulate.com\/Artiodactyla\/Elaphurus_davidianus.html|work=Ultimate\">http:\/\/www.ultimateungulate.com\/Artiodactyla\/Elaphurus_davidianus.html|work=Ultimate<\/a> Ungulate|title=''Elaphurus davidianus''|year=2004|accessdate=2011-05-05| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110605153301\/http:\/\/www.ultimateungulate.com\/Artiodactyla\/Elaphurus_davidianus.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110605153301\/http:\/\/www.ultimateungulate.com\/Artiodactyla\/Elaphurus_davidianus.html|<\/a> archivedate= 05 June 2011 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/05/23", "description": " Union troops parade down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, DC to celebrate the end of the American Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/05/25", "description": " Mobile magazine explosion: 300 are killed in Mobile, Alabama when an ordnance depot explodes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/05/29", "description": " American Civil War: U. S. President Andrew Johnson issues a proclamation of general amnesty for most citizens of the former Confederacy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/06/02", "description": " American Civil War: Confederate forces west of the Mississippi under General Edmund Kirby Smith surrender at Galveston, Texas, becoming the last to do so.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/06/11", "description": " Battle of Riachuelo: The Brazilian Navy squadron defeats the Paraguayan Navy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/06/19", "description": " American Civil War: Union Major General Gordon Granger lands at Galveston, Texas and informs the people of Texas of the Emancipation Proclamation. (an event now celebrated each year as Juneteenth).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/06/23", "description": " American Civil War: At Fort Towson in Oklahoma Territory, Confederate General Stand Watie, a Cherokee Indian, surrenders the last significant Rebel army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/06/25", "description": " James Hudson Taylor founds the China Inland Mission at Brighton, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/06/25", "description": "July ampampndash The Christian Mission, later renamed the Salvation Army, is founded in Whitechapel, London by William and Catherine Booth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/07/04", "description": " Lewis Carroll publishes ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/07/04", "description": "The U.S. Secret Service is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/07/04", "description": "The first speed limit is introduced in Britain: {{convert|2|mi\/h|km\/h|abbr=on}} in town and {{convert|4|mi\/h|km\/h|abbr=on}} in the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/07/07", "description": " Following Abraham Lincoln's assassination on April 14, the four conspirators condemned to death during the trial are hanged, including David Herold, George Atzerodt, Lewis Payne and Mary Surratt. Her son, John Surratt, escapes execution by fleeing to Canada, and ultimately to Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/07/14", "description": " First ascent of the Matterhorn: The summit of the Matterhorn in the Alps is reached for the first time, by a party of seven led by the Englishman Edward Whymper four die in a fall during the descent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/07/21", "description": " In the market square of Springfield, Missouri, Wild Bill Hickok shoots Dave Tutt dead in what is regarded as the first true western showdown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/07/27", "description": " Welsh settlers arrive in Argentina at Chubut Valley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/07/30", "description": " The steamer ''Brother Jonathan'' sinks off the California coast, killing 225.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/07/31", "description": " The first narrow gauge mainline railway in the world opens at Grandchester, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/08/16", "description": " The Dominican Republic regains independence from Spain", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/08/25", "description": " The Shergotty meteorite Mars meteorite falls in Sherghati, Gaya, Bihar, India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/10/11", "description": " Paul Bogle leads hundreds of black men and women in a march in Jamaica, starting the Morant Bay rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/10/25", "description": "October 25", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/10/25", "description": "Florida drafts its constitution in Tallahassee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/10/25", "description": "The paddlewheel steamer {{SS|Republic|1853|6}} sinks off the Georgia coast, with a cargo of $400,000 in coins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/11/06", "description": "November 6  ampndash American Civil War. Surrender to the British at Liverpool of the commerce raider CSS Shenandoah (Captain James Waddell), last significant organized Confederate unit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/11/10", "description": " Major Henry Wirz, the superintendent of a prison camp in Andersonville, Georgia, is hanged, becoming the only American Civil War soldier to be executed for war crimes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/11/26", "description": " Battle of Papudo: The Spanish ship ''Covadonga'' is captured by the Chileans and the Peruvians, north of Valpara\u00edso, Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/12/10", "description": " L\u00e9opold II becomes King of the Belgians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/12/11", "description": " The U.S. Congress creates the House Appropriations Committee and the Committee on Banking and Commerce, reducing the tasks of the Committee on Ways and Means.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/12/18", "description": " The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (which completely and permanently abolishes slavery) is declared ratified by three-quarters of the states.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/12/21", "description": " The Kappa Alpha Order is founded at Washington College, Lexington, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/12/24", "description": " Jonathan Shank and Barry Ownby form the Ku Klux Klan in the American South, to resist Reconstruction and intimidate quotcarpetbaggersquot and quotscalawagsquot, as well as to repress the freed slaves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/12/24", "description": "Gregor Mendel formulates his theories of Mendelian inheritance in Moravia they are mainly ignored for years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/12/24", "description": "A forest fire near Silverton, Oregon destroys about one million acres (4,000ampampnbspkm\u00b2) of timber.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/12/24", "description": "The National Temperance Society and Publishing House is founded by James Black in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1865/12/24", "description": "Francis Galton, polymath inventor of the weather map and the silent dog whistle, introduces eugenics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/01/01", "description": " Fisk University established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/01/01", "description": " The last issue of the abolitionist magazine ''The Liberator'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/01/06", "description": " Ottoman troops clash with men of a Maronite leader Karam in St. Doumit in Lebanon the Ottomans are defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/01/12", "description": " The ''Royal Aeronautical Society'' is formed (London).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/01/18", "description": " Wesley College, Melbourne was established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/02/07", "description": " Battle of Abtao: A Spanish naval squadron fights a combined Peruvian-Chilean fleet, at the island of Abtao in the Chilo\u00e9 Archipelago of central Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/02/13", "description": " The first daylight bank robbery in United States history during peacetime takes place in Liberty, Missouri. This is considered to be the first robbery committed by Jesse James and his gang, although James's role is disputed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/02/26", "description": " The Calaveras Skull is discovered. Purported to be evidence of humans during the Pliocene Age, it turns out to be a hoax.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/02/28", "description": " The month concludes without having a full moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/04/04", "description": " Alexander II of Russia narrowly escapes an assassination attempt in the city of Kiev.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/04/10", "description": " The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) is founded in New York City by Henry Bergh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/04/10", "description": "May ampampndash Student Ferdinand Cohen-Blind fails to assassinate Otto von Bismarck in Unter den Linden in Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/05/02", "description": " Battle of Callao: Peruvian defenders fight the Spanish fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/05/11", "description": " London bank Overend, Gurney and Company collapses, precipitating a financial crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/05/16", "description": " The U.S. Congress approves the minting of a nickel 5-cent coin (nickel), eliminating its predecessor, the half dime.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/05/24", "description": " Battle of Tuyut\u00ed: 32,000 soldiers of the Triple Alliance defeat 24,000 Paraguayan soldiers few miles north of the Paran\u00e1, Argentina in the Paraguayan War, with 16,000 casualties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/05/26", "description": " First Production of Cox and Box by Francis Burnand and Arthur Sullivan at Moray Lodge, Kensington", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/06/02", "description": " Fenian forces skirmish with Canadian militia at Ridgeway and Fort Erie.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/06/05", "description": " Calculations indicate Pluto reaches its most recent aphelion (furthest point from Sun) on this day (the next aphelion will occur in ''August 2113'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/06/08", "description": " The Canadian Parliament meets for the first time in Ottawa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/06/11", "description": " The Agra High Court is established (later shifted to the Allahabad High Court).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/06/14", "description": " The Austro-Prussian War begins, when the Austrians and most of the medium German states declare war on Prussia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/06/20", "description": " The Kingdom of Italy declares war on Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/06/27", "description": "June 29 ampndash Battle of Langensalza: The Prussians defeat the Hanoverian army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/07/01", "description": " The first Constitution of Romania is issued.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/07/03", "description": " Battle of K\u00f6niggratz: the Prussian army under King Wilhelm and Helmuth von Moltke defeats the Austrian army of Ludwig von Benedek, leading to a decisive Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/07/05", "description": " Princess Helena, third daughter of Queen Victoria, marries Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/07/20", "description": " Naval Battle of Lissa: The Austrian fleet under Wilhelm von Tegetthoff defeats the Italian fleet of Carlo di Persano.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/07/24", "description": " Reconstruction: Tennessee becomes the first U.S. state to be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/07/25", "description": " The U.S. Congress passes legislation authorizing the rank of General of the Army (now called quot5-star generalquot) Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant becomes the first to have this rank.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/07/27", "description": " The Atlantic Cable is successfully completed, allowing transatlantic telegraph communication for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/07/28", "description": " The ''Metric Act of 1866'' becomes law and legalizes the standardization of weights and measures in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/08/23", "description": " The Treaty of Prague ends the Austro-Prussian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/08/23", "description": "September ampampndash The Great Tea Race of 1866 ends in London, narrowly won by the clipper ship ''Taeping''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/09/22", "description": " Paraguay successfully defends Curupaity against the Triple Alliance in the Paraguayan War, killing more than 5,000 with just about 50 casualties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/10/12", "description": " The Treaty of Vienna ends the war between Austria and Italy it formalizes the annexation of Venetia by Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/10/14", "description": " French troops under the command of Rear Admiral Pierre-Gustave Roze land at Ganghwa Island, Korea as part of a punitive expedition against that kingdom for the execution of French Jesuit priests. It is the first military contact between Korea and a Western force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/11/07", "description": " The Ruse-Varna railway line (the first railway in Bulgaria) officially opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/12/18", "description": " The College of Wooster was founded.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wooster.edu\/About-Wooster\/History-Traditions\">http:\/\/www.wooster.edu\/About-Wooster\/History-Traditions<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/12/18", "description": "Federalist revolts occur in Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/12/18", "description": "In Sweden, the Riksdag of the Estates is replaced by an elected 2-chamber assembly, the Riksdag.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/12/18", "description": "Alfred Nobel invents dynamite in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1866/12/18", "description": "Cereal partners Nestle and General Mills are founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/01/01", "description": " The CovingtonampndashCincinnati Suspension Bridge opens between Cincinnati, Ohio and Covington, Kentucky in the United States, becoming the longest single-span bridge in the world. It will be renamed after its designer, John A. Roebling, in 1983.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/01/08", "description": " African-American men are granted the right to vote in the District of Columbia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/01/11", "description": " Benito Ju\u00e1rez becomes Mexican president again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/01/30", "description": " Emperor K\u014dmei dies suddenly, age 36, leaving his 14-year-old son Crown Prince Mutsuhito to succeed as the next Emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/01/31", "description": " Maronite nationalist leader Karam leaves Lebanon aboard a French ship for Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/02/03", "description": " Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu abdicates, and the late Emperor K\u014dmei's son, Prince Mutsuhito becomes Emperor Meiji of Japan in a brief ceremony in Kyoto, ending the Late Tokugawa shogunate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/02/07", "description": " West Virginia University is established in Morgantown, West Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/02/17", "description": " The first ship passes through the Suez Canal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/02/19", "description": " Battle of Inlon River in Hubei China", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/02/19", "description": "March ampampndash The University of Illinois at Urbana\/Champaign is established (opened 1 year later).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/03/01", "description": " Nebraska is admitted as the 37th U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/03/05", "description": " Fenian rising in Ireland.{{cite book|editor=Moody, T. W. Martin, F. X.|year=1967|title=The Course of Irish History|publisher=Mercier Press|location=Cork|page=370}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/03/16", "description": " An article by Joseph Lister, outlining the discovery of antiseptic surgery, is first published in ''The Lancet''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/03/23", "description": " William III of the Netherlands accepts an offer of 5,000,000 guilders from Napoleon III for the sale of Luxembourg, leading to the Luxembourg Crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/03/29", "description": "  The British North America Act receives royal assent, forming the Dominion of Canada in an event known as the Confederation. This unites the Province of Canada (Quebec and Ontario), New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia as of July 1. Ottawa becomes the capital, and John A. Macdonald becomes the Dominion's first prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/03/30", "description": " Alaska is purchased for $7.2 million from Alexander II of Russia, about 2 cent\/acre ($4.19\/km\u00b2), by United States Secretary of State William H. Seward. The news media call this quotSeward's Follyquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/04/01", "description": " The Strait Settlement of Singapore, formerly ruled from Calcutta, becomes a Crown Colony under the jurisdiction of the Colonial Office in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/05/07", "description": " Alfred Nobel patents dynamite in the United Kingdom.{{citation|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/416842\/Alfred-Bernhard-Nobel|work=work=Encyclop\u00e6dia<\/a> Britannica|title=Alfred Nobel}}{{cite book|last1=Sch\u00fcck|first1=H.|last2=Sohlman|first2=R.|year=1929|title=The Life of Alfred Nobel|location=London|publisher=Heinemann|page=101}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/05/07", "description": "First public performance of ''Cox and Box'' by Francis Burnand and Arthur Sullivan, at the Adelphi Theatre, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/05/07", "description": "Treaty of London: the great powers of Europe reaffirm the neutrality of Luxembourg, ending the Luxembourg Crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/05/07", "description": "The Austro-Hungarian agreement (called ''Ausgleich'' in German or ''kiegyez\u00e9s'' in Hungarian (ampquotthe Compromiseampquot)) is born through Act 12, which establishes the Austro-Hungarian Empire on June 8 Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria is crowned King of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/05/07", "description": "Canadian Confederation: Queen Victoria signs the British North America Act, creating the Dominion of Canada with effect from July 1.ampamp{{cite web|title=Constitution Act, 1867|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/laws-lois.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/Const\/page-1.html|publisher=publisher=Department<\/a> of Justice (Canada)|date=2012-07-09|accessdate=2012-08-14}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/06/08", "description": " Architect Frank Lloyd Wright is born in Richland Center, Wisconsin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/06/15", "description": " The Atlantic Cable Quartz Lode gold mine is named in Montana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/06/19", "description": " A firing squad executes Emperor Maximilian of Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/06/19", "description": "July ampampndash The Reverend Thomas Baker, a Wesleyan Methodist missionary (born in Playden, East Sussex, England) is cooked and eaten by Navatusila tribespeople at Nabutautau on Fiji, together with eight of his local followers, the last missionary in that country to suffer cannibalism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/06/19", "description": "Canadian Confederation: British North America Act of 29 March comes into force, creating the Dominion of Canada, the first independent dominion in the British Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/06/19", "description": "Constitution of the North German Confederation comes into effect, creating a confederation of states under the leadership of Prussia and Otto von Bismarck.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/07/09", "description": " Queen's Park F.C., the oldest Association football league team in Scotland, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/07/17", "description": " In Boston, Massachusetts, the Harvard School of Dental Medicine is established as the first dental school in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/07/18", "description": " The Battle of Fandane-Thiouthioune a religious war between the Serer people and the Muslim Marabouts of Senegambia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/08/07", "description": "September 20 ampndash The first Canadian elections sees John A. Macdonald's Conservatives elected to government", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/08/15", "description": " Benjamin Disraeli's Second Reform Act enfranchises many urban working men and adds 938,000 to an electorate of 1,057,000 in England and Wales.ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=287\u2013288|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/09/02", "description": " Emperor Meiji of Japan marries Empress Sh\u014dken (n\u00e9e Masako Ichij\u014d). The Empress consort is thereafter known as ''Lady Haruko''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/09/04", "description": " The Sheffield Wednesday F.C. is founded at the Adelphi Hotel in Sheffield.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/09/15", "description": " ''The Dynamikos Sheta-Maat Spellbook: A book of the powerful hidden truth'', a Grimoire by Ciara Sullivan, is published to widespread displeasure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/09/30", "description": " The United States takes control of Midway Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/10/21", "description": " ''Manifest Destiny'' ampndash Medicine Lodge Treaty: Near Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas, a landmark treaty is signed by southern Great Plains Indian leaders. The treaty requires Native American Plains tribes to relocate to a reservation in western Oklahoma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/10/27", "description": " Giuseppe Garibaldi's troops march into Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/11/15", "description": " Former Minnesota farmer Oliver Hudson Kelley founds the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry (better known today as The Grange).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/11/23", "description": " The so-called Manchester Martyrs are hanged in Manchester, England for the murder of a policeman whilst attempting to rescue two Irish men from jail.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/12/02", "description": " In a New York City theater, British author Charles Dickens gives his first public reading in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/12/02", "description": "The first volume of ''Das Kapital'' is published by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/12/02", "description": "Pierre Michaux invents the front wheel-driven velocipede, the first mass-produced bicycle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/12/02", "description": "Yellow fever kills 3,093 in New Orleans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/12/02", "description": "South African diamond fields are discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/12/02", "description": "The Prohibition National Committee is formed in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/12/02", "description": "The Wasps Rugby Football Club is formed in Middlesex, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/12/02", "description": "At Fountain Point, Michigan, an artesian water spring begins to gush continuously.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com\/MI\/Leelanau\/districts.html|publisher=publisher=National<\/a> Register of Historic Places|title=Fountain Point|year=2003|accessdate=2011-10-31}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/12/02", "description": "1867\u20131873 ampampndash Chinese, Scandinavian and Irish immigrants lay {{convert|30000|mi|km}} of railroad tracks in the USA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/12/02", "description": "Pedro Figueredo creates the Cuban national anthem, ''El Himno de Bayamo''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/12/02", "description": "Clarke School for the Deaf in Western Massachusetts opens its doors for the first time, becoming the first school for the deaf in the United States to teach its children how to communicate using the ampquotoral methodampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/12/02", "description": "The modern rose is born, with the introduction of Rosa 'La France' by Jean-Baptiste Guillot (1803\u20131882).ampamp{{cite book|first=D.G.|last=Hessayon|title=The Rose Expert|publisher=Mohn Media Mohndrunk|page=9}}ampampampamp{{cite web|title=La France: Hybrid Tea Rose amp!-- BOT GENERATED TITLE --amp|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.rosegathering.com\/lafrance.html|work=|archiveurl=http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5jxxJC7nI|archivedate=2009-09-21|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-09-19}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.rosegathering.com\/lafrance.html|work=|archiveurl=http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5jxxJC7nI|archivedate=2009-09-21|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-09-19}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/12/02", "description": "Gorse is naturalised in New Zealand, where it soon becomes the worst invasive weed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1867/12/02", "description": "Paraguayan War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Ongoing", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/01/03", "description": " The 15-year-old Mutsuhito, Emperor Meiji of Japan, declares the quotMeiji Restorationquot, his own restoration to full power, under the influence of supporters from the Ch\u014dsh\u016b and Satsuma Domains and against the supporters of the Tokugawa Shogunate, triggering the Boshin War.{{cite book|first=Ernest|last=Satow|authorlink=Ernest Mason Satow|title=A Diplomat in Japan: the inner history of the critical years in the evolution of Japan when the ports were opened and the monarchy restored|location=London|publisher=Seeley, Service|year=1921}}{{cite book|last=Jansen|first=Marius B.|year=2000|title=The Making of Modern Japan|location=Cambridge, Mass.|publisher=Harvard University Press}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/01/05", "description": " Paraguayan War: Brazilian Army commander Lu\u00eds Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias enters Asunci\u00f3n, Paraguay's capital. Some days later he declares the war is over. Nevertheless, Francisco Solano L\u00f3pez, Paraguay's president, prepares guerrillas to fight in the countryside.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/01/07", "description": " Arkansas constitutional convention meets in Little Rock.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/01/09", "description": " Penal transportation from Britain to Australia ends with arrival of the convict ship ''Hougoumont'' in Western Australia after an 89-day voyage from England. There are 62 Fenians among the transportees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/01/10", "description": " Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu declares the emperor's declaration quotillegalquot and prepares to attack Kyoto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/01/27", "description": "31 ampndash Battle of Toba-Fushimi: forces of the Tokugawa shogunate and the allied pro-Imperial forces of the Ch\u014dsh\u016b, Satsuma and Tosa Domains clash near Fushimi, Kyoto, ending in a decisive victory for the Imperial forces (although in the January 28 naval Battle of Awa the Shogunate is victorious against Satsuma).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/01/27", "description": "February ampampndash Foreign ministers meeting in Hy\u014dgo are persuaded to recognise the restored Emperor Meiji of Japan with promises that harbours will be open in accordance with international treaties.ampamp{{cite book|authorlink=Christian Polak|last=Polak|first=Christian|year=2001|title=Soie et lumi\u00e8res: l'\u00e2ge d'or des \u00e9changes franco-japonais (des origines aux ann\u00e9es 1950)|location=Tokyo|publisher=Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Fran\u00e7aise du Japon|page=75}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/02/13", "description": " The British War Office sanctions the formation of what becomes the Army Post Office Corps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/02/16", "description": " In New York City the Jolly Corks organization is renamed the ''Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks'' (BPOE).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/02/24", "description": " The first parade to have floats occurs at Mardi Gras in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/02/24", "description": " After Andrew Johnson tries to dismiss United States Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, he becomes the first President of the United States to be impeached by the United States House of Representatives. Johnson is later  acquitted by the United States Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/02/24", "description": "March ampampndash French geologist Louis Lartet discovers the first identified skeletons of Cro-Magnon, the first early modern humans (early ''Homo sapiens sapiens''), at Abri de Cr\u00f4-Magnon, a rock shelter at Les Eyzies, Dordogne, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/03/01", "description": " The Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity is founded at the University of Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/03/12", "description": " Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke of Edinburgh, is shot in the back in Sydney, Australia, at a fund raising event for the Sydney Sailors Home by Irishman Henry James O'Farrell. The prince survives and quickly recovers, O'Farrell is executed on 21 April 1868 despite attempts by the prince to gain clemency for him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/03/23", "description": " The University of California is founded in Oakland, California when the Organic Act is signed into California law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/03/24", "description": " The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/03/27", "description": " The Lake Ontario Shore Railroad Company is organized in Oswego, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/04/01", "description": " The Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute is established in Hampton, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/04/07", "description": " The Charter Oath, drawn up by his councilors, is promulgated at the enthronement of the Emperor Meiji of Japan, promising deliberative assemblies and an end to feudalism.{{cite book|authorlink=Donald Keene|last=Keene|first=Donald|year-2002|title=Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852-1912|location=New York|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12340-2|page=137}} <a href=\"http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/wcpa\/oclc\/46731178\">http:\/\/www.worldcat.org\/wcpa\/oclc\/46731178<\/a> OCLC 46731178", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/04/09", "description": " Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia massacres at least 197 of his own people at Magdala. These are prisoners incarcerated, for the most part, for very trivial offenses, and are killed for requesting bread and water.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/04/10", "description": " Battle of Magdala: A British-Indian task force inflicts 700 deaths and a crushing defeat on the army of Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia the British and Indians suffer 30 wounded, 2 of whom die subsequently.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/04/11", "description": "July ampndash Fall of Edo: the Japanese city is surrendered to the Emperor Meiji. The Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu submits to the Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/04/13", "description": " The Napier Expedition ends with the suicide of Tewodros and the capture of Magdala by the British-Indian task force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/04/29", "description": " General William Tecumseh Sherman brokers the Treaty of Fort Laramie between the United States the Plains Indians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/05/16", "description": " President Andrew Johnson is acquitted during his impeachment trial, by one vote in the United States Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/05/26", "description": " Fenian bomber Michael Barrett becomes the last person publicly hanged in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/05/29", "description": " The Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Capital Punishment Amendment Act, thus ending public hanging.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/05/30", "description": " Memorial Day is observed in the United States for the first time (it was  proclaimed on May 5 by General John A. Logan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/05/30", "description": "Thomas Spence declares himself president of the Republic of Manitoba he soon alienates the locals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/05/30", "description": "The first popular bicycle race is held at Parc de Saint-Cloud, Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/06/02", "description": " The first Trades Union Congress is held in Manchester, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/06/02", "description": "June ampampndash Titokowaru's War breaks out in the South Taranaki District of New Zealand's North Island between the Ng\u0101ti Ruanui M\u0101ori tribe and the New Zealand Government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/06/20", "description": " Fort Fred Steele is established to protect what is at this time the western terminus of the Union Pacific Railway, near the present-day Sinclair, Wyoming .", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/07/01", "description": " The cable-operated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway in Manhattan becomes the first elevated railway in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/07/04", "description": " Battle of Ueno: Imperial Japanese troops defeat the Sh\u014dgitai (forces remaining loyal to the Shogun).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/07/05", "description": " Preacher William Booth establishes the Christian Mission, predecessor of the Salvation Army, in the East End of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/07/09", "description": " The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/07/18", "description": " The Navajo people begin their long march home.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/07/25", "description": " Wyoming becomes a United States territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/07/27", "description": " The United States ''<a href=\"http:\/\/home.earthlink.net\/~walterk1\/Patr\/US\/ExpatriationAct.html\">http:\/\/home.earthlink.net\/~walterk1\/Patr\/US\/ExpatriationAct.html<\/a> Expatriation Act'' (''An Act concerning the Rights of American Citizens in foreign States'') is adopted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/07/28", "description": " The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is adopted, legally, if not actually, guaranteeing African Americans full citizenship and equal protection and all persons in the United States due process of law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/08/13", "description": " Arica earthquake in southern Peru (at this time) with an estimated magnitude between 8.5 and 9.0 kills around 25,000 with the resultant tsunami recorded on the far side of the Pacific Ocean.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/iisee.kenken.go.jp\/utsu\/index_eng.html|title=Catalog\">http:\/\/iisee.kenken.go.jp\/utsu\/index_eng.html|title=Catalog<\/a> of Damaging Earthquakes in the World (Through 2009)|publisher=IISEE|accessdate=2012-08-13|archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100306180217\/http:\/\/iisee.kenken.go.jp\/utsu\/index_eng.html|archivedate=06\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100306180217\/http:\/\/iisee.kenken.go.jp\/utsu\/index_eng.html|archivedate=06<\/a> March 2010!--DASHBot--|deadurl=no}}{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/earthquake.usgs.gov\/earthquakes\/world\/events\/1868_08_13.php|title=Arica,\">http:\/\/earthquake.usgs.gov\/earthquakes\/world\/events\/1868_08_13.php|title=Arica,<\/a> Peru (now Chile) 1868 August 13 21:30 UTC |publisher=USGS|date=2009-10-26|work=Historic Earthquakes|accessdate=2012-08-13|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100116170411\/http:\/\/earthquake.usgs.gov\/earthquakes\/world\/events\/1868_08_13.php|archivedate=16\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100116170411\/http:\/\/earthquake.usgs.gov\/earthquakes\/world\/events\/1868_08_13.php|archivedate=16<\/a> January 2010!--DASHBot--|deadurl=no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/08/18", "description": " The element later named as helium is first detected in the spectrum of the Sun's chromosphere by French astronomer Jules Janssen during a total eclipse in Guntur, India, but assumed to be sodium.{{cite journal|title=French astronomers in India during the 17thampnbsp\u201319th centuries|journal=Journal of the British Astronomical Association|volume=101|issue=2|pages=95\u2013100|bibcode=1991JBAA..101...95K|last=Kochhar|first=R. K.|year=1991}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/08/20", "description": " Abergele Train Disaster in  Wales: An ''Irish Mail'' passenger train collides with 4 cargo trucks loaded with paraffin: 33 are killed (the first major train disaster in Britain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/08/22", "description": " The Yangzhou riot in China targets a station of the China Inland Mission, and nearly leads to war between Britain and China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/08/22", "description": "September ampampndash Glorious Revolution: Queen Isabella II of Spain is effectively deposed and sent into exile she formally abdicates on June 25, 1870.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/09/03", "description": " The Emperor Meiji of Japan announces that the name of the city of Edo is to be changed to Tokyo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/09/07", "description": " Titokowaru's War: M\u0101ori leader Titokowaru defeats a New Zealand military force at Te Ngutu o Te Manu, North Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/09/18", "description": " The University of the South holds its first convocation in Sewanee, Tennessee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/09/23", "description": " Rebels (some 400\u2013600) in the town of Lares declare Puerto Rico independent the local militia easily defeats them a week later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/09/24", "description": " Croatian\u2013Hungarian Settlement ({{lang-hr|Hrvatsko-ugarska nagodba}}, {{lang-hu|Horv\u00e1t\u2013magyar kiegyez\u00e9s}}, {{lang-de|Kroatisch-Ungarischer Ausgleich}}) is concluded, governing Croatia's political status in the Hungarian-ruled part of Austria-Hungary until 1918.{{cite book|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/681041\/Nagodba|title=title=Encyclop\u00e6dia<\/a> Britannica|year=2009|chapter=Nagodba}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/10/01", "description": " Chulalongkorn starts to rule in Siam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/10/06", "description": " The City of New York grants Mount Sinai Hospital a 99-year lease for a property on Lexington Avenue and 66th Street, for the sum of $1.00.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/10/10", "description": " Carlos Manuel de C\u00e9spedes declares a revolt against Spanish rule in Cuba in an event known as ''El Grito de Yara'', initiating a war that lasts ten years (Cuba ultimately loses the war at a cost of 400,000 lives and widespread destruction).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/10/20", "description": " English astronomer Norman Lockyer observes and names the Dsub3\/sub Fraunhofer line in the solar spectrum and concludes that it is caused by a hitherto unidentified element which he later names helium.{{cite book|title= The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements|pages=256\u2013268|first=Clifford A.|last=Hampel|location=New York|isbn=0-442-15598-0|year=1968|publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/10/23", "description": " The current Japanese era name is changed to the Meiji period. The 265-year-long Edo period is at an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/10/28", "description": " Thomas Edison applies for his first patent, the electric vote recorder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/11/02", "description": " New Zealand officially adopts nationally observed standard time, and is perhaps the first country to do so.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/11/03", "description": " U.S. presidential election, 1868: Ulysses S. Grant defeats Horatio Seymour in the election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/11/27", "description": " American Indian Wars ampndash Battle of Washita River: In the early morning, United States Army Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer leads an attack on a band of Cheyenne living on reservation land with Chief Black Kettle, killing 103 Cheyenne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/12/04", "description": " Battle of Hakodate begins in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/12/06", "description": " Paraguayan War ampndash Battle of Itoror\u00f3 or Ytoror\u00f3: Field-Marshal Lu\u00eds Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias leads 13,000 Brazilian troops against a Paraguayan fortified position of 5,000 troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/12/09", "description": " The world's first traffic signal lights are installed at the junction of Great George Street and Bridge Street in the London borough of Westminster.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/nottingham\/content\/articles\/2009\/07\/16\/john_peake_knight_traffic_lights_feature.shtml|title=The\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/nottingham\/content\/articles\/2009\/07\/16\/john_peake_knight_traffic_lights_feature.shtml|title=The<\/a> man who gave us traffic lights|publisher=BBC|location=Nottingham|month=July|year=2009|accessdate=2012-08-13}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/12/25", "description": " U.S. President Andrew Johnson grants unconditional pardon to all Civil War rebels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/12/25", "description": "Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron patents methods of color photography.ampamp{{cite book|last=Coe|first=Brian|title=Colour Photography: the first hundred years 1840-1940|year=1978|location=London|publisher=Ash ampamp Grant|isbn=0-904069-24-9}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/12/25", "description": "Thomas Henry Huxley discovers what he thinks is primordial matter and names it ''bathybius haecklii'' (he admits his mistake in 1871).ampamp{{cite book|last=Ley|first=Willy|authorlink=Willy Ley|year=1959|title=Exotic Zoology|location=New York|publisher=Viking Press}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/12/25", "description": "The Acad\u00e9mie Julian, a major art school in Paris, France that admits women, is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/12/25", "description": "Brisbane Grammar School is founded, providing the opportunity for secondary education for the first time in the colony of Brisbane in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/12/25", "description": "Maryland School for the Deaf is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/12/25", "description": "The Dortmunder Actien Brauerei is founded in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/12/25", "description": "Herrenhauser Brewery is established in Hanover, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/12/25", "description": "The Roman Catholic See of Tucson is established as the Apostolic Vicariate of Arizona in 1868, taking its territory from the former Diocese of Santa Fe. The Diocese of Tucson is canonically erected on May 8, 1897.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1868/12/25", "description": "The population of Japan reaches c. 30 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/01/20", "description": " Elizabeth Cady Stanton is the first woman to testify before the United States Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/01/21", "description": " The P.E.O. Sisterhood, a philanthropic educational organization for women, is founded at Iowa Wesleyan College in Mount Pleasant, Iowa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/01/27", "description": " The Republic of Ezo is proclaimed on the northern Japanese island of Ezo (which will be renamed Hokkaid\u014d on September 20) by remaining adherents to the Tokugawa shogunate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/02/20", "description": " Ranavalona II, the Merina Queen of Madagascar, is baptized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/02/26", "description": " The 2\u00bd-year-old Mahbub Ali Khan begins a 42-year reign as Nizam of Hyderabad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/02/26", "description": "March ampampndash In Japan, the daimyo of the Tosa, Hizen, Satsuma and Ch\u014dsh\u016b Domains are persuaded to 'return their domains' to the Emperor Meiji, leading to creation of a fully centralized government in the country.ampamp\u5929\u4e0bampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/03/01", "description": " North German Confederation issues 10gr and 30gr value stamps, printed on goldbeater's skin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/03/04", "description": " Ulysses S. Grant succeeds Andrew Johnson as the 18th President of the United States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/03/06", "description": " Mendeleev makes a formal presentation of his periodic table to the Russian Chemical Society.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/03/24", "description": " Titokowaru's War ends with surrender of the last M\u0101ori troops at large in the South Taranaki District of New Zealand's North Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/04/06", "description": " The American Museum of Natural History is founded in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/04/06", "description": "May ampampndash In France, the opposition, consisting of republicans, monarchists and liberals, polls almost 45% of the vote in national elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/05/04", "description": "10 ampndash Naval Battle of Hakodate: The Imperial Japanese navy defeats adherents of the Tokugawa shogunate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/05/06", "description": " Purdue University is founded in West Lafayette, Indiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/05/10", "description": " The First Transcontinental Railroad in North America is completed at Promontory, Utah, by driving of the quotgolden spikequot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/05/15", "description": " Woman's suffrage: In New York, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton form the National Woman Suffrage Association.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/05/22", "description": " Sainsbury's first store, in Drury Lane, London, is opened.{{cite book|first=Maurice|last=Baren|title=How it All Began Up the High Street|location=London|year=1996|publisher=Michael O'Mara Books|isbn=1-85479-667-4}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/05/26", "description": " Boston University is chartered by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/06/01", "description": " The Cincinnati Red Stockings open the baseball season as the first fully professional team.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/06/02", "description": " Sherwood College is founded in Nainital, India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/06/15", "description": " John Wesley Hyatt patents celluloid, in Albany, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/06/18", "description": " The first Estonian Song Festival takes place in Tartu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/06/27", "description": " The fortress of Gory\u014dkaku is turned over to Imperial Japanese forces, bringing an end to the Republic of Ezo, the Battle of Hakodate and the Boshin War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/07/04", "description": " The University of Bucharest is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/08/09", "description": " August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht found the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany (SDAP).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/08/27", "description": " The University of Oxford win the first international boat race held on the River Thames against Harvard University.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/08/31", "description": " Irish scientist Mary Ward is killed in a steam car accident, probably the world's first victim of a mechanically-propelled road vehicle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/09/05", "description": " The foundation stone is laid for Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria (southern Germany).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/09/11", "description": " Work on the Wallace Monument is completed in Stirling, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/09/12", "description": "13 ampndash The PampO's {{SS|Carnatic}} runs aground and sinks in the Red Sea 31 drowned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/09/24", "description": " quotBlack Fridayquot: The Fisk-Gould Scandal causes a financial panic in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/10/11", "description": " Red River Rebellion against British forces in Canada.ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=290\u2013291|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/10/16", "description": " England's first residential university-level women's college, the College for Women, predecessor of Girton College, Cambridge, is founded at Hitchin by Emily Davies and Barbara Bodichon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/10/25", "description": " John B. Shelden (of Millville, New Jersey) claims to have discovered the North Pole.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/11/04", "description": " The first issue of the scientific journal ''Nature'' is published in London, edited by Norman Lockyer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/11/06", "description": " The first game of American Football between two American colleges is played. Rutgers University defeats Princeton University 6\u20134 in a forerunner to American football and College football.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/11/17", "description": " In Egypt, the Suez Canal, linking the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/11/17", "description": "November 19 ampampndash The Hudson's Bay Company surrenders its claim to Rupert's Land in Canada under its letters patent back to the British Crown.ampref name=CBH\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/11/23", "description": " In Dumbarton, Scotland, the clipper ship ''Cutty Sark'' is launched (it is one of the last clippers built, and the only one to survive into the 21st century).ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/12/07", "description": " American outlaw Jesse James commits his first confirmed bank robbery in Gallatin, Missouri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/12/08", "description": " First Vatican Council opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/12/10", "description": " The first American chapter of Kappa Sigma is founded at the University of Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/12/10", "description": " The Wyoming territorial legislature gives women the right to vote, the first such law in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/12/31", "description": " Triple Alliance forces take Asunci\u00f3n in the Paraguayan War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/12/31", "description": "Basutoland becomes a British protectorate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/12/31", "description": "The capital of the Isle of Man moves from Castletown to Douglas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/12/31", "description": "Abdur Rahman Khan is exiled from Afghanistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/12/31", "description": "Arabella A. Mansfield became the first woman in the United States awarded a license to practice law, at Mount Pleasant, Iowa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/12/31", "description": "James Gordon Bennett, Jr. of the ''New York Herald'' asks Henry Morton Stanley to find Dr. Livingstone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/12/31", "description": "The Co-operative Central Board (later Co-operatives UK) is founded in Manchester.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/12/31", "description": "Leo Tolstoy's novel ''War and Peace'' is published complete in book form.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/12/31", "description": "Friedrich Miescher discovers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/12/31", "description": "French missionary and naturalist P\u00e8re Armand David receives the skin of a giant panda from a hunter, the first time this species has become known to a Westerner.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/441032\/giant-panda|title=Giant\">http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/441032\/giant-panda|title=Giant<\/a> Panda|year=2010|work=Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica Online|accessdate=2010-08-09}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/12/31", "description": "Southern Illinois University, Carbondale is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/12/31", "description": "The Glasgow University Rugby Football Club is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/12/31", "description": "Farmington Senior High School (Minnesota) is built", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1869/12/31", "description": "Marcus Jastrow arrives in the United States to become rabbi of Congregation Rodeph Shalom in Philadelphia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870", "description": "The first edition of ''The Northern Echo'' newspaper is published in Priestgate, Darlington, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870", "description": "Plans for the Brooklyn Bridge are completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/01/03", "description": " Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/01/06", "description": " The Musikverein, Vienna is inaugurated in Austria-Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/01/10", "description": " John D. Rockefeller incorporates Standard Oil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/01/15", "description": " A political cartoon for the first time symbolizes the United States Democratic Party with a donkey (quotA Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lionquot by Thomas Nast for ''Harper's Weekly'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/01/20", "description": " SS City of Boston vanishes at sea with all 177 aboard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/01/26", "description": " Reconstruction: Virginia rejoins the Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/01/27", "description": " The first college sorority, Kappa Alpha Theta, is established at DePauw University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/01/27", "description": "February ampampndash Vrain Denis-Lucas is sentenced to 2 years in prison for multiple forgery in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/02/01", "description": " Goodna State School in Goodna, Queensland, Australia is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/02/02", "description": " It is revealed that the famed Cardiff Giant is just carved gypsum and not the petrified remains of a human.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/02/03", "description": " The 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution, guaranteeing African-Americans the right to vote, is passed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/02/09", "description": " The Army Weather Bureau (within the Army Signal Corps) is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/02/09", "description": "Anaheim, California is incorporated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/02/09", "description": "The YWCA is founded in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/02/12", "description": " Women gain the right to vote in Utah Territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/02/23", "description": " Military control of Mississippi ends and it is readmitted to the Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/02/25", "description": " Hiram Rhodes Revels, a Republican from Mississippi, is sworn into the United States Senate, becoming the first African American ever to sit in the U.S. Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/02/26", "description": " In New York City, the first pneumatic subway is opened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/02/28", "description": " The Bulgarian Exarchate is established by decree of Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz of the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/03/01", "description": " Marshal Francisco Solano L\u00f3pez' last troops are cornered by Triple Alliance troops at Cerro Cora. L\u00f3pez refuses to surrender and is killed. Fighting ends in Paraguay ampndash the Paraguayan War is over.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/03/04", "description": " Thomas Scott is executed by Louis Riel's provisional government during the Red River Rebellion in modern day Manitoba Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/03/05", "description": " First ever international Association Football match between England and Scotland at the Oval, London.  Organized by the Football Association.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/03/19", "description": " The Ohio Legislature passes the Cannon Act, thereby establishing the Ohio Agriculture and Mechanical College, later Ohio State University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/03/24", "description": " Syracuse University is established and officially opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/03/24", "description": "The 15th Amendment to the United States Constitution, giving blacks the right to vote, is ratified.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/03/24", "description": "Texas is readmitted to the Union following Reconstruction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/03/31", "description": " Thomas Mundy Peterson is the first African-American to vote in an election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/03/31", "description": "April ampampndash The '''Chicago Base Ball Club''', later to be known as the Chicago White Stockings, and ultimately the Chicago Cubs, play their first game against the St. Louis Unions of the National Association of Base Ball Players, an amateur league.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/04/27", "description": " Antonio Guzm\u00e1n Blanco begins his first term as President of Venezuela.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/05/12", "description": " The Canadian province of Manitoba is created in response to Louis Riel's Red River Rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/05/14", "description": " The first rugby match is played in New Zealand, between the Nelson Football Club and Nelson College.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/05/24", "description": " The Port Adelaide Football Club plays their first match of Australian rules football at Buck's Flat, Glanville, South Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/06/09", "description": " Death of Charles Dickens at Gad's Hill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/06/09", "description": "The office of the Solicitor General of the United States is set up to supervise and conduct government litigation in the United States Supreme Court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/06/09", "description": "The U.S. Congress creates the United States Department of Justice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/06/09", "description": "Christmas is declared a federal holiday in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/06/09", "description": "Richard Wagner's opera ''Die Walk\u00fcre'' is first performed at Munich's National Theatre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/07/13", "description": " The ''Ems Dispatch'' serves as a reason for a war between Prussia and France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/07/13", "description": "Reconstruction Era of the United States: Georgia becomes the last former Confederate state to be readmitted to the Union, and the Confederate States of America is dissolved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/07/13", "description": "The British government admits the former Hudson's Bay Company territory of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to the Dominion of Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/07/18", "description": " ''Pastor Aeternus'': Pope Pius IX declares papal infallibility in matters of faith and morals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/07/19", "description": " Franco-Prussian War: France declares war on Prussia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/08/02", "description": " Official opening of the Tower Subway beneath the River Thames in London, the world's first underground quottubequot railway.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}} Although this lasts as a railway operation only until November, it demonstrates the technologically successful first use of the cylindrical wrought iron tunnelling shield devised by Peter W. Barlow and James Henry Greathead{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Denis|title=Civil Engineering Heritage: London and the Thames Valley|publisher=Thomas Telford|year=2001|pages=22\u201323|isbn=0-7277-2876-8}} and of a permanent tunnel lining of cast iron segments.{{cite book|last=West|first=Graham|title=Innovation and the Rise of the Tunnelling Industry|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|pages=116\u2013118|isbn=0-521-33512-4}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/08/08", "description": " The ''Republic of Ploie\u015fti'', an uprising against Domnitor Carol of Romania, fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/08/24", "description": " The Red River Rebellion ends with the arrival of the Wolseley Expedition and the fleeing of Louis Riel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/09/02", "description": " Franco-Prussian War ampndash Battle of Sedan: Prussian forces defeat the French armies and take emperor Napoleon III and 100,000 of his soldiers prisoner at Sedan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/09/04", "description": " Emperor Napoleon III of France is deposed and the Third Republic is declared. Empress Eug\u00e9nie flees to England with her children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/09/06", "description": " Louisa Ann Swain of Laramie, Wyoming, becomes the first woman in the United States to cast a vote legally since 1807.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/09/18", "description": " Old Faithful Geyser is observed and named by Henry D. Washburn during the Washburn-Langford-Doane Expedition to Yellowstone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/09/20", "description": " With ''Bersaglieri'' soldiers entering Rome at Porta Pia, the unification of Italy is completed, ending the last remnant of the Papal States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/10/02", "description": " A plebiscite held in Rome supports, by 133,681 votes to 1,507, the annexation of the city by Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/10/06", "description": " Rome becomes the capital of unified Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/10/08", "description": " Leon Michel Gambetta escapes the besieged Paris in a hot-air balloon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/10/20", "description": " First Vatican Council adjourned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/11/01", "description": " In the United States, the newly created Weather Bureau (later renamed the National Weather Service) makes its first official meteorological forecast: quotHigh winds at Chicago and Milwaukee... and along the Lakesquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/11/16", "description": " The Spanish Cortes Generales proclaims Amadeo de Saboya as King Amadeus I of Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/12/30", "description": " Juan Prim, prime minister of Spain, is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/12/31", "description": " The 12.8-km Fr\u00e9jus Rail Tunnel through the Alps is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/12/31", "description": "Infanticide is banned in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1870/12/31", "description": "Just one of the 916 members of the Indian Civil Service is Indian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/01/02", "description": " Amadeus I becomes King of Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/01/18", "description": " The member-states of the North German Federation and the south German states unite into a single nation-state known as the German Empire. The King of Prussia is declared the first German Emperor as Wilhelm I of Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/01/21", "description": " Giuseppe Garibaldi's group of French and Italian volunteer troops in support of the French Third Republic win a battle against the Prussians in Dijon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/02/09", "description": " U.S. Commission on Fish and Fisheries", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/03/21", "description": " John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne, whose father, the 8th Duke of Argyll, is the serving Secretary of State for India, marries Princess Louise.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/03/21", "description": "In North Carolina, William Holden becomes the first governor of a U.S. state to be removed from office by impeachment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/03/21", "description": "The U.S. Army issued an order for the abandonment of Fort Kearny, Nebraska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/03/26", "description": " The Paris Commune is formally established in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/03/27", "description": " The first Rugby Union International results in a 4\u20131 win by  Scotland over England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/03/27", "description": "First Surgeon General appointed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/03/27", "description": "The Royal Albert Hall is opened by Queen Victoria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/03/27", "description": "April ampampndash The Stockholms Handelsbank is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/04/20", "description": " U.S President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Civil Rights Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/04/24", "description": " Murder of servant girl Jane Clouson in Eltham.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/05/04", "description": " The first supposedly Major League Baseball game is played.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/05/08", "description": " The First Major League Baseball home run is hit by Ezra Sutton of the Cleveland Forest Citys.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/05/10", "description": " Treaty of Frankfurt is signed confirming the frontiers between Germany and France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/05/11", "description": " The first trial in the case of Tichborne Claimant begins in the London Court of Common Pleas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/05/21", "description": " Opening of the first rack railway in Europe, the Vitznau \u2013 Rigi Railway on Mount Rigi in Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/05/28", "description": " Following the invasion of the Paris Commune by Government troops, 147 Communards, the last defenders of the workers' district of Belleville, are shot, on the last day of the quotBloody Weekquot (Semaine Sanglante) in which the Commune is crushed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/05/30", "description": " French Third Republic: Government suppression of the Paris Commune rebellion is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/06/01", "description": " Bombardment of the Selee River Forts: Koreans attack two United States Navy warships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/06/10", "description": " United States expedition to Korea: Captain McLane Tilton leads 109 members of the United States Marine Corps in a naval attack on the Han River forts on Ganghwa Island in Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/06/18", "description": " The University Tests Act removes restrictions limiting access to Oxford, Cambridge and Durham universities to members of the Church of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/06/18", "description": "British Columbia joins the confederation of Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/06/18", "description": "C. W. Alcock proposes that ampquota Challenge Cup should be established in connection with the Associationampquot, giving birth to the FA Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/07/21", "description": " August 26 ampndash First ever photographs of Yellowstone National Park region taken by the photographer William Henry Jackson during the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/07/22", "description": " The foundation stone of the first Tay Rail Bridge is laid''BBC History'', July 2011, p12 the bridge collapses in a storm eight years later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/07/28", "description": " The ''Annie'', the first boat ever launched on Yellowstone Lake in Yellowstone National Park region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/08/29", "description": " The abolition of the han system is carried out in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/08/31", "description": " Adolphe Thiers becomes the President of the French Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/08/31", "description": "September ampampndash Whaling Disaster of 1871: 1,219 people abandon 33 whaling ships caught in the ice pack off the northern coast of Alaska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/10/08", "description": " Four major fires break out on the shores of Lake Michigan in Chicago, Illinois, Peshtigo, Wisconsin, Holland, Michigan, and Manistee, Michigan. The Great Chicago Fire is the most famous of these, leaving nearly 100,000 people homeless, although the Peshtigo Fire kills as many as 2,500 people, making it the deadliest fire in United States history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/10/12", "description": " Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) enacted by British rule in India, which named over 160 communities quotCriminal Tribesquot, i.e. hereditary criminals. It was Repealed in 1949, after Independence of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/10/20", "description": " The Royal Regiment of Artillery forms the first regular Canadian army units when they create two batteries of garrison artillery, which later become the Royal Canadian Artillery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/10/20", "description": "Henry, Count of Chambord, refuses to be crowned ampquotKing Henry V of Franceampquot until France abandons its tricolor and returns to the old Bourbon flag.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/10/20", "description": "The ''Grand Sachem'' of Tammany Hall (Boss Tweed) is arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/11/05", "description": " Wickenburg massacre: six men travelling by stagecoach are reportedly murdered by the Yavapai Indians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/11/10", "description": " Henry Morton Stanley locates the missing explorer and missionary Dr. David Livingstone in Ujiji, near Lake Tanganyika, and greets him by saying quotDr. Livingstone, I presume?quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/11/17", "description": " The National Rifle Association is granted a charter by the state of New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/12/10", "description": " German chancellor Otto von Bismarck tries to ban Catholics from the political stage by introducing harsh laws concerning the separation of church and state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/12/19", "description": " The city of Birmingham, Alabama, is incorporated with the merger of three existing towns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/12/24", "description": " Aida opens in Cairo", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/12/25", "description": " The Reading Football Club is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/12/26", "description": " ''Thespis'', the first of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas, premi\u00e8res. It does modestly well, but the two composers will not collaborate again for four years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/12/26", "description": "The provinces of Alsace and Lorraine are transferred from France to Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/12/26", "description": "British trade unions are legalized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/12/26", "description": "Heinrich Schliemann begins the excavation of Troy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/12/26", "description": "Japan forms its own nationwide police force based on the French model.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/12/26", "description": "George Biddell Airy discovers that astronomical aberration is independent of the local medium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/12/26", "description": "William M. Tweed serves his last year as the ampquotBossampquot of the Tammany Hall political machine in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/12/26", "description": "The South Improvement Company is formed by John D. Rockefeller and a group of major railroad interests in an early effort to organize and control the petroleum industry in the U.S.A.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/12/26", "description": "The Harvard Summer School is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/12/26", "description": "The Constitution of the German Empire abolishes all restrictions on Jewish marriage, choice of occupation, place of residence, and property ownership. Exclusion from government employment and discrimination in social relations remain in effect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/12/26", "description": "The American minister to China takes five warships to attempt to ampquotopen upampquot Korea, but his forces leave after exchanges of fire result in 250 Koreans dying and the Korean government still unwilling to make any concessions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1871/12/26", "description": "Virginia adopts a new Constitution, taking into account, among other things, all of the counties that had left Virginia in 1863 to form the new non-slave state of West Virginia. No other state has ever formed by breaking off from another without the consent of the legislature of the parent state, as in the cases of Vermont, Kentucky, and Maine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/01/12", "description": " Yohannes IV is crowned Emperor of Ethiopia in Axum, the first ruler crowned in that city in over 500 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/02/13", "description": " Rex, the most famous parade on Mardi Gras, parades for the first time in New Orleans for Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/02/17", "description": " Execution of the Filipino priests: Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez, and Jacinto Zamora in Bagumbayan Fields, Manila, Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/02/20", "description": " In New York City, the Metropolitan Museum of Art closes for quoturban renovationquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/03/01", "description": " In the United States, Yellowstone National Park (once laughingly dubbed quotColter's Hellquot after John Colter, of the Lewis amp Clark Expedition) is established as the world's first national park.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/03/01", "description": "George Westinghouse patents the ampquotfailsafeampquot automatic railway air brake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/03/01", "description": "The case of the Tichborne Claimant is decided against the claimant Arthur Orton (who, as a result, is convicted of perjury in 1874).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/03/11", "description": " Work begins erecting the Seven Sisters Colliery, South Wales, located on one of the richest coal sources in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/03/26", "description": " An earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 7.2 strikes Lone Pine, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/04/14", "description": " The Third Carlist War begins in northern Spain. Don Carlos, the Carlist pretender (Carlos VII) appointed General Rada commander-in-chief in Spain, and called for a general rising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/05/01", "description": " Yellowstone becomes the world's first national park.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/05/04", "description": "The Third Carlist War in Spain-Carlist Army is defeated at the Battle of Oroquieta, Navarra, Spain.1,000 government troops (Moriones) easily defeated the much larger number of Carlists at Oroquieta. 50 Carlists were killed and Moriones takes 700 prisoners but Don Carlos escapes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/05/04", "description": "Rangers F.C. play their first ever game on the public pitches of Glasgow Green.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/05/04", "description": "The magazine ''Popular Science'' is first published in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/05/10", "description": " Victoria Woodhull becomes the first woman nominated for President of the United States, although she is a year too young to qualify and does not appear on the ballot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/05/10", "description": "Reconstruction: U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Amnesty Act of 1872 into law, restoring full civil rights to all but about 500 Confederate sympathizers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/05/10", "description": "Georges Bizet's comic opera Djamileh premieres at the Opera-Comique in Paris, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/06/14", "description": " Trade unions are legalised in Canada.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com\/index.cfm?PgNm=ArchivedFeaturesampParams=A218\">http:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com\/index.cfm?PgNm=ArchivedFeaturesampParams=A218<\/a> Reference from the Canada Encyclopedia", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/07/04", "description": " The Society of Jesus is pronounced illegal in the German Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/08/22", "description": " The Overland Telegraph is completed in Australia, providing a telegraphic link between Australia and the rest of the world for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/09/01", "description": " A group of Icaiche Maya under Marcos Canul attack Orange Walk Town in British Honduras the British send troops against them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/09/26", "description": " The first Shriners Temple (called Mecca) is established in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/09/26", "description": "The Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College begins its first academic session (the university is later renamed Virginia Tech).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/09/26", "description": "First case reports in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, of the Great Epizootic of 1872 (equine influenza, or the ampquothorse fluampquot) which will substantially disrupt life in North America by mid-December.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/09/26", "description": "U.S. presidential election, 1872: Ulysses S. Grant defeats Horace Greeley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/09/26", "description": "Women's suffrage: In defiance of the law, American suffragist Susan B. Anthony votes for the first time (on November 18 she is served an arrest warrant and in the subsequent trial she is fined $100 ampampndash she never pays the fine).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/11/07", "description": " The ''Mary Celeste'' sets sail from New York bound for Genoa, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/11/09", "description": " Great Boston Fire of 1872: In Boston, Massachusetts, a large fire begins to burn on Lincoln Street (the 2-day disaster destroys about {{convert|65|acre|km2}} of the city, 776 buildings, much of the financial district and causes US$60 million in damage).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/11/11", "description": " U.S. government geologist Clarence King reveals the diamond hoax in Wyoming.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/11/27", "description": " A meteor shower display is seen over France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/11/27", "description": "American Indian Wars: The Modoc War begins with the Battle of Lost River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/11/27", "description": "Horace Greeley, President Ulysses S. Grant's opponent in the 1872 U.S. presidential election, dies.   His electoral votes are divided among several candidates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/11/30", "description": " First international football match to be recognised (retrospectively) by FIFA as quotofficialquot takes place at Hamilton Crescent, Scotland the result is Scotland 0, England 0.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.londonhearts.com\/scotland\/games\/18721130.html\">http:\/\/www.londonhearts.com\/scotland\/games\/18721130.html<\/a> Londonhearts.com summary Earlier international soccer matches had already taken place in 1870, in 1871 and again in 1872 at the Oval, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/12/03", "description": " George Smith presents the first translation of the ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' to a meeting of the Society of Biblical Archaeology in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/12/04", "description": " The now-crewless American ship ''Mary Celeste'' is found (still seaworthy) by the British brig ''Dei Gratia''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/12/06", "description": " The Springwell Pit Disaster (a coal-mining incident) in Dawley, UK claims eight lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/12/21", "description": " ''HMS Challenger'' sails from Portsmouth on the 4-year scientific expedition that lays the foundation for the science of oceanography.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/12/21", "description": "The London Metropolitan Police go on strike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/12/21", "description": "In the aftermath of the Paraguayan War, the new government of Paraguay makes peace with Brazil, grants reparations and territorial concessions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/12/21", "description": "The ''Kolozsv\u00e1ri Egyetem'', predecessor of the University of Szeged, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/12/21", "description": "Thomas Hardy anonymously publishes his romantic novel ''Under the Greenwood Tree''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/12/21", "description": "Alfred B. Miller and Elmer Crockett found the South Bend Tribune.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/12/21", "description": "A conscription law, modeled on the French version, is issued in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/12/21", "description": "Universal public schools are called for in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/12/21", "description": "The first Marist Brothers arrive in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1872/12/21", "description": "Birth of S.T. Dupont, a French Luxury House.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873", "description": "Japan adopts the Gregorian calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873", "description": "The California Penal Code goes into effect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/01/17", "description": " American Indian Wars: The first Battle of the Stronghold is fought during the Modoc War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/02/11", "description": " The Spanish Cortes deposes King Amadeus I and proclaims the First Spanish Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/02/12", "description": " Former foreign minister Emilio Castelar becomes prime minister of the new Spanish Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/02/20", "description": " The University of California opens its first medical school in San Francisco, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/03/03", "description": " Censorship: The U.S. Congress enacts the Comstock Law, making it illegal to send any quotobscene, lewd, or lasciviousquot books through the mail.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/03/04", "description": " President of the United States Ulysses S. Grant begins his second term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/03/15", "description": " The Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity is founded at the Massachusetts Agricultural College.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/03/22", "description": " Emancipation Day for Puerto Rico: Slaves are freed (with a few exceptions).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/03/29", "description": " The Rio Tinto Company is formed in Spain, following the February 17 purchase of the Rio Tinto mine from the Spanish government by a British investment group.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/04/01", "description": " The British steamer RMS ''Atlantic'' sinks off Nova Scotia, killing 547.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/04/15", "description": "April 17 ampndash American Indian Wars: The Second Battle of the Stronghold is fought.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/04/15", "description": "May ampampndash Henry Rose exhibits barbed wire at an Illinois county fair, which is taken up by Joseph Glidden and Jacob Haish, who invent a machine to mass-produce it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/04/15", "description": "Battle of Eraul-Carlists (General Dorregaray) defeat Republicans at Eraul, near Estella during the Third Carlist War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/04/15", "description": "''Der Krach'': The Vienna stock market crash heralds the Long Depression.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/04/15", "description": "Battle of Montejurra: Navarra, Spain was fought during the Third Carlist War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/04/15", "description": "Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis received United States patent#139121 for using copper rivets to strengthen the pockets of denim work pants. Levi Strauss ampamp Co. began manufacturing the famous Levi's brand of jeans, using fabric from the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company in Manchester, New Hampshire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/04/15", "description": "In Chipping Norton, England rioters attempt to free the Ascott Martyrs \u2013 sixteen women sentenced to imprisonment for attempting to dissuade strikebreakers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/04/15", "description": "The Canadian Parliament establishes the North-West Mounted Police (which is renamed the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in 1920).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/04/15", "description": "The Preakness Stakes horse race is run for the first time in Baltimore, Maryland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/04/15", "description": "C. Laan brings order to the chaos created by the dockworker riots of Tripoli, Lebanon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/04/15", "description": "The city of Khiva falls to Imperial Russian forces, under the command of General Konstantin Petrovich Von Kaufman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/06/04", "description": " American Indian Wars: The Modoc War ends with the capture of Captain Jack.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/06/09", "description": " Alexandra Palace in London is destroyed by fire only a fortnight after its opening.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/07/01", "description": " Prince Edward Island joins the Canadian Confederation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/07/09", "description": "Battle of Alpens (Third Carlist War)-Campaigning in Catalonia, a Government column under General Jos\u00e9 Cabrinety was ambushed at Alpens, 15 miles east of Berga, by Carlist forces under General Francisco Savalls. After heavy fighting, with Cabrinety killed, virtually the entire column of 800 men was killed or captured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/07/21", "description": " At Adair, Iowa, Jesse James and the James-Younger Gang pull off the first successful train robbery in the American Old West (US$3,000 from the Rock Island Express).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/08/04", "description": " American Indian Wars: While protecting a railroad survey party in Montana, the Seventh Cavalry, under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, clashes for the first time with the Sioux, near the Tongue River (only 1 man on each side is killed).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/08/12", "description": " A peace treaty is signed between Imperial Russia and the Khanate of Khiva, making the khanate a Russian protectorate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/09/15", "description": " International Meteorological Organization (IMO).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/09/16", "description": " German troops leave France upon completion of payment of indemnity for the Franco-Prussian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/09/17", "description": " The Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, later The Ohio State University, opens its doors with 25 students, including 2 women.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/09/18", "description": " The New York stock market crash triggers the Panic of 1873, part of the Long Depression.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/09/25", "description": " Classes begin at Drury University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/09/25", "description": "October ampampndash Beginning of the Long Depression", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/10/06", "description": " The Co. Carlow Football Club (Rugby union) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/10/06", "description": "Battle of Ma\u00f1eru-Third Carlist War-In continued campaigning in Navarre, Spanish Republican General Domingo Moriones meets a Carlist force under Nicol\u00e1s Ollo at Ma\u00f1eru, near Puente de la Reina, in a hard-fought but indecisive action. While both sides claim victory, the Carlists are said to have had the advantage, and a month later Moriones is repulsed in a costly assault further west against Estella", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/11/06", "description": " The Halifax Rugby league Club is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/11/07", "description": " Alexander Mackenzie becomes the second Prime Minister of Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/11/07", "description": "Battle of Montejurra-Third Carlist War-Determined to recapture the key city of Estella, in Navarre, Spanish Republican General Domingo Moriones advances on the Carlists under General Joaqu\u00edn El\u00edo at nearby Montejurra. After very heavy fighting both sides claim victory, but Moriones withdraws and Estella remains in Carlist hands. Don Carlos is present in the front line.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/11/17", "description": " From Pest, Buda and \u00d3buda, Budapest, Hungary's capital, is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/11/18", "description": "21 ampndash Irish Home Rule Movement: The Home Government Association reconstitutes itself as the Home Rule League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/11/18", "description": "December ampampndash  Major Walter Clopton Wingfield designs and patents a racquet sport which he calls ''sphairistike'' (Greek \u03c3\u03c6\u03ac\u03af\u03c1\u03af\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae, ampquotskill at playing at ballampquot), soon known simply as ''Stick\u00e9'', for the amusement of his guests at a garden party on his estate of Nantclwyd, in Llanelidan, Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/15", "description": " Women of Fredonia, New York, march against the retail liquor dealers in town to inaugurate the Woman's Crusade of 1873\u201374. This leads to the creation of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (December 23) in Hillsboro, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/16", "description": " The Heineken Brewery is founded in Amsterdam, the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/21", "description": " Francis Garnier is attacked outside Hanoi by Black Flag mercenaries fighting for the Vietnamese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/22", "description": " Battle of Bocairente-Third Carlist War-Campaigning in Valenica, Spanish Republican General Valeriano Weyler is attacked at Bocairente, northwest of Alcoy, by a greatly superior Carlist force under General Jos\u00e9 Sant\u00e9s. Weyler was initially driven back, losing some of his guns, but in a brilliant counter-attack he turns defeat into victory and Sant\u00e9s is heavily repulsed and forced to withdraw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/27", "description": " Siege of Bilbao-Third Carlist War-(27 December 1873 - 2 May 1874)-Campaigning in Navarre, Pretender Don Carlos VII and General Joaqu\u00edn El\u00edo besiege Bilbao, held by General Ignacio del Castillo and 1,200 men. The Carlist force is ten times this number and includes most of the troops from Navarre, Vizcaya and Alava, although a considerable force is left in Guip\u00fazcoa. Despite defeat at nearby Somorrostro, Republic commander Marshal Francisco Serrano, supported by Generals Manuel de la Concha and Arsenio Mart\u00ednez Campos, brilliantly breaks the siege and Concha then marches on Estella.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/27", "description": "The Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition discovers Franz-Josef Land.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/27", "description": "The United Kingdom declares war against Ghana's King Kofi KariKari, who is involved in the trading of slaves. The war ends by July and the British establish the Gold Coast Colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/27", "description": "League of the Three Emperors is created. It links the conservative monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Germany and Russia in an alliance against radical movements.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/27", "description": "Founding of:", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/27", "description": "Toronto Argonauts, the oldest professional sports team still playing in North America", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/27", "description": "Rangers F.C., Glasgow, Scotland", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/27", "description": "Royal Montreal Club in Montreal, Quebec, the first permanent golf club in North America", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/27", "description": "St Mary's School, Calne", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/27", "description": "Clydebank High School, Clydebank, Scotland", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/27", "description": "Liebig's Extract of Meat Company begin producing tinned corned beef, sold under the label Fray Bentos from the town in Uruguay where it is processed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/27", "description": "Coors Brewing Company begins making beer in Golden, Colorado.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/27", "description": "The Swedish arms company ''Bofors'' is incorporated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/27", "description": "DDT is first synthesized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/27", "description": "In Mexico, the Veracruz to Mexico City railroad is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/27", "description": "Britain puts pressure on Sultan Barghash Sayyid, who closes slave markets in Zanzibar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/27", "description": "The Woman's Temperance League is organized by Eliza Daniel Stewart.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/27", "description": "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky composes ''The Tempest''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1873/12/27", "description": "Nine Pekin ducks are imported to Long Island (the first in the United States).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874", "description": "January ampampndash The Pangkor Treaty (also known as the Pangkor Engagement), by which the British extended their control over, first the Sultanate of Perak and later the other independent Malay States, is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/01/01", "description": " New York City annexes The Bronx.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/01/02", "description": " Ignacio Mar\u00eda Gonz\u00e1lez becomes head of state of the Dominican Republic for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/01/03", "description": " Battle of Caspe (Third Carlist War): Campaigning on the Ebro in Aragon for the Spanish Republican Government, Colonel Eulogio Despujol surprised a Carlist force under Manuel Marco de Bello at Caspe, northeast of Alca\u00f1iz. In a brilliant action the Carlists were routed, losing 200 prisoners and 80 horses, while Despujol was promoted to Brigadier and became Conde de Caspe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/01/03", "description": "Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, second son of Queen Victoria, marries Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia, only daughter of Tsar Alexander III of Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/01/03", "description": "Camille Saint-Sa\u00ebns' composition ''Danse Macabre'' receives its premi\u00e8re.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/02/21", "description": " The ''Oakland Daily Tribune'' publishes its first newspaper.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/02/23", "description": " Walter Clopton Wingfield patents a game called quotsphairistikequot which is more commonly called lawn tennis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/02/24", "description": "February 25 ampndashFirst Battle of Somorrostro (Third Carlist War): Determined to raise the siege of Bilbao by the Pretender Don Carlos VII, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano sent General Domingo Moriones with a relief force of 14,000 men. Carlists, under General Nicol\u00e1s Ollo, entrenched at Somorrostro outside Bilbao drive back a courageous assault by General Fernando Primo de Rivera and then the entire Republican army. The republicans lose 1,200 men, and Moriones loses his nerve demanding reinforcements and a replacement for himself. Moriones men entrenched and waited.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/03/14", "description": " Battle of Castellfullit de la Roca (Third Carlist War): Appointed to command the Spanish Republican army in the north, General Ram\u00f3n Nouvilas attempted to relieve the Carlist siege of Olot in Gerona. But at Castellfullit de la Roca, in one of the Government\u2019s worst defeats, Nouvilas was routed by Carlist General Francisco Savalls, and captured along with about 2,000 of his men. Olot capitulated two days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/03/14", "description": "Hawaii signs a treaty with the United States granting exclusive trading rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/03/14", "description": "The Dresden English Football Club is founded, first soccer club on European mainland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/03/14", "description": "March 25\u201327 ampampndash Second Battle of Somorrostro (Third Carlist War): In a renewed attempt to raise the siege of Bilbao by Don Carlos VII, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano himself arrived with 27,000 men and 70 cannon. However in three days of fierce fighting, the Carlist General Joaqu\u00edn El\u00edo, with just 17,000 men, once again drove off the attack at nearby Somorrostro, and it was another six weeks before Serrano managed to relieve Bilbao.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/03/14", "description": "March ampampndash The Young Men's Hebrew Association in Manhattan (which still operates today  as the 92nd Street Y) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/04/15", "description": "May 15 ampndash First exhibition of the group of young painters, ''Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Anonyme Coop\u00e9rative des Artistes, Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs'', at the studio of the photographer Nadar in Paris. Louis Leroy's critical review of it published on 25 April gives rise to the term Impressionism for the movement, with reference to Claude Monet's ''Impression, Sunrise''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/05/02", "description": " Siege of Bilbao (Third Carlist War): The siege is lifted", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/05/09", "description": " The first commercial horse drawn carriage debuts in the city of Bombay, plying two routes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/05/20", "description": " Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis receive a U.S. patent for blue jeans with copper rivets. The price is $13.50 per dozen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/06/04", "description": " The flag of Estonia is taken as the flag of the Estonian Students Society in Otep\u00e4\u00e4.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/06/14", "description": " Michel Domingue becomes head of state of Haiti.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/06/22", "description": " Andrew Taylor Still starts the Osteopathic Medicine movement in the United States at Kirksville, MO.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/06/25", "description": "June 27 ampndash Third Carlist War : Battle of Monte Muro: Carlist forces entrenched around Ab\u00e1rzuza, on the approach to Estella in Navarre, repel an attack by Isabelino\/Liberal (supporters of Queen Isabella II) troops led by General Manuel Guti\u00e9rrez de la Concha, Marqu\u00e9s del Duero, who is killed on the third day of fighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/07/01", "description": " Universal Postal Union is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/07/01", "description": " Philadelphia Zoo opens, the first public zoo in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/07/23", "description": " Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos is appointed the Archbishop of the Portuguese colonial enclave of Goa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/07/24", "description": " Mathew Evans and Henry Woodward patent the first incandescent lamp with an electric light bulb.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/07/24", "description": " Sack of Cuenca (Third Carlist War): After Carlist forces successfully defended Estella, Don Alfonso de Bourbon, brother of the Don Carlos VII, led 14,000 Catalan Carlists south to attack Cuenca 136ampnbspkm from Madrid, held by Republicans under Don Hilario Lozano. After two days the outnumbered garrison capitulated but Don Alfonso permitted a terrible slaughter. The city is sacked. Subsequently another republican force defeats the disorderly Catalans who flee back to the Ebro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/08/11", "description": " Battle of Oteiza (Third Carlist War): Two months after Government forces were repulsed from Carlist-held Estella, in Navarre, Republican General Domingo Moriones made a fresh diversionary attack a few miles to the southeast at Oteiza. In heavy fighting Moriones secured a costly tactical victory over Carlist General Torcuato Mend\u00edri, but the war continued another 18 months before Estella finally fell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/10/19", "description": " The modern University of Zagreb is founded in Zagreb.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/11/04", "description": " Democrats gain control of the United States House of Representatives for the first time since 1860.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/11/07", "description": " ''Harper's Weekly'' publishes a cartoon by Thomas Nast which is the first use of an elephant as a symbol for the Republican Party. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.harpweek.com\/09Cartoon\/CartoonOfTheDay.asp?Year=2003?Month=November?Date=7.\">http:\/\/www.harpweek.com\/09Cartoon\/CartoonOfTheDay.asp?Year=2003?Month=November?Date=7.<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/11/09", "description": " The New York Zoo hoax, a supposed breakout of animals from the Central Park Zoo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/11/10", "description": " John Ernst Worrell Keely demonstrates his quotinduction resonance motion motorquot ampmdash a perpetual motion machine. It turns out to be a fraud.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/11/11", "description": " The Gamma Phi Beta sorority is founded at Syracuse University. This is the first women's Greek letter organization to be called a sorority.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/11/25", "description": " The United States Greenback Party is established as a political party, made primarily of farmers financially hurt by the Panic of 1873.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/12/01", "description": " Iceland is granted a constitution and limited home rule from Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/12/29", "description": " General Mart\u00ednez and Brigadier General Lu\u00eds Daban stage a ''pronunciamento'' at Sagunto and proclaim Isabel's son Alfonso as King of Spain. Subsequently the Madrid garrison follows suit and the First Spanish Republic comes to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/12/29", "description": "The Agra canal opens in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/12/29", "description": "St. Nicholas' Church, Hamburg, designed by English architect George Gilbert Scott, is completed. Its {{convert|147|m|ft}}-tall spire makes it (briefly, and by 5m) the world's tallest building (a title held since 1647 by Strasbourg Cathedral).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/12/29", "description": "Tynwald, the legislature of the Isle of Man, moves its seat from Castletown to Douglas.ampamp{{cite web|title=Old House of Keys|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.iomguide.com\/oldhouseofkeys.php|work=Isle\">http:\/\/www.iomguide.com\/oldhouseofkeys.php|work=Isle<\/a> of Man Guide|accessdate=2012-08-11}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/12/29", "description": "Charles Taze Russell and the Bible Student movement claim this year marks the invisible return of Jesus Christ to earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/12/29", "description": "Gold is discovered in the Black Hills.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/12/29", "description": "The San Diego Natural History Museum is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/12/29", "description": "The following Association football clubs are founded in Great Britain:", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/12/29", "description": "Aston Villa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/12/29", "description": "Bolton Wanderers (as Christ Church F.C.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/12/29", "description": "Greenock Morton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1874/12/29", "description": "Heart of Midlothian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/01/01", "description": " Midland Railway abolishes Second Class passenger leaving First Class and Third Class. Other British Railway companies follow Midland's lead during the rest of the year (Third Class is renamed Second Class in 1956).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/01/12", "description": " Kwang-su becomes emperor of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/01/14", "description": " Alfonso (Queen Isabel IIof Spain's son) arrives in Spain and becomes Alfonso XII(Third Carlist War).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/02/03", "description": " Battle of L\u00e1car (Third Carlist War) -Carlist commander Torcuato Mend\u00edri secured a brilliant victory when he surprised and routed a Government force under General Enrique Barg\u00e9s at L\u00e1car, east of Estella, nearly capturing newly crowned King Alfonso XII. The Carlists take several pieces of artillery, more than 2,000 rifles, and 300 prisoners. 800 men of both sides are killed - mostly government troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/02/24", "description": " The ''SS Gothenburg'' sinks off the Australian east coast with the loss of approximately 102 lives, including a number of high profile civil servants and dignitaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/02/25", "description": " The majority of the Yavapai (Wipukyipai) and Tonto Apache (Dil Zh\u00e9\u00e9) tribes are forced by the U.S. Cavalry under command of Brigadier General George Crook to walk at gunpoint from the Arizona's Verde Valley, to the San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, 180 miles to the southeast. The two tribes are not allowed to return to the Verde Valley until 1900.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/02/27", "description": " Newton Booth, 11th Governor of California, resigns, having been elected Senator. Lieutenant Governor of California Romualdo Pacheco becomes acting Governor. He is later replaced by elected governor William Irwin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/03/01", "description": " The United States Congress passes the Civil Rights Act, which prohibits racial discrimination in public accommodations and jury duty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/03/03", "description": " Bizet\u2019s ''Carmen'' is first performed at the Op\u00e9ra Comique, Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/03/03", "description": " The first organized indoor game of ice hockey is played between two teams at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/04/10", "description": " The Arya Samaj is founded in Mumbai by Swami Dayananda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/04/25", "description": " Ten sophomores from Rutgers College (now Rutgers University) steal a one-ton cannon from the campus of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) and start the Rutgers-Princeton Cannon War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/05/07", "description": " The Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) is signed between Japan and Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/05/07", "description": " The S.S. ''Schiller'' wrecks on the rocks off the Isles of Scilly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/05/17", "description": " Aristides wins the first Kentucky Derby.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/05/20", "description": " The Metre Convention is signed in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/05/20", "description": "June ampampndash The record-setting clipper ''Flying Cloud'' is burned for scrap metal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/06/04", "description": " Two American colleges play each other in arguably the first game of College Football Smith, R.A. quotSports and Freedom: The Rise of Big-Time College Athleticsquot, New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.: Tufts University and Harvard University at Jarvis Field in Cambridge, Mass..", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/07/01", "description": " General Postal Union established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/07/01", "description": " Battle of Trevi\u00f1o-(Third Carlist War)-Advancing on the key city of Vitoria, in Navarre, the Spanish Republican commander General Jenardo de Quesada sent General Tello to attack the Carlist lines just to the southwest at Trevi\u00f1o. The newly-appointed Carlist commander General Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rula was heavily defeated and withdrew and soon afterwards Quesada entered Victoria in triumph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/08/25", "description": " Captain Matthew Webb becomes the first person to swim the English Channel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/09/01", "description": " A murder conviction effectively forces the violent Irish anti-owner coal miners, the quotMolly Maguiresquot, to disband.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/09/07", "description": " Battle of Agurdat: An Egyptian invasion of Ethiopia fails when Emperor Yohannes IV defeats an army led by Werner Munzinger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/10/15", "description": " Chief Lone Horn of the Minneconjou dies at the Cheyenne River, leaving his son Big Foot as the new chief.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/10/16", "description": " Brigham Young University is founded in Provo, Utah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/10/25", "description": " The first performance of the Piano Concerto No. 1 by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky is given in Boston, Massachusetts with Hans von B\u00fclow as soloist.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/10/30", "description": " The Theosophical Society is founded in New York by Helena Blavatsky, H. S. Olcott, W. Q. Judge, and others.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/11/09", "description": " American Indian Wars: In Washington, D.C., Indian Inspector E.C. Watkins issues a report stating that hundreds of Sioux and Cheyenne associated with Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse are hostile to the United States (the Battle of the Little Bighorn is fought in Montana the next year).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/11/16", "description": " Battle of Gundat: Ethiopian Emperor Yohannes defeats another Egyptian army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/12/04", "description": " Notorious New York City politician Boss Tweed escapes from prison and flees to Cuba, then to Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/12/09", "description": " The Massachusetts Rifle Association, quotAmerica's Oldest Active Gun Clubquot, is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/12/20", "description": " ICRM renamed International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/12/25", "description": " The first Edinburgh derby is played: The Hearts win 1\u20130 against the Hibs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/12/25", "description": "Asia's first stock exchange was established. ampquotThe Native Share ampamp Stock Brokers Associationampquot now called as the Bombay Stock Exchange.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/12/25", "description": "Wimbledon: Henry Cavendish Jones convinces the ampquotAll England Croquet Clubampquot to replace a croquet court with a lawn tennis court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/12/25", "description": "The Tong wars begin in San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/12/25", "description": "The Hibernian F.C. is founded in the Cowgate area of Edinburgh, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/12/25", "description": "The Birmingham City F.C. is founded, as Small Heath Alliance, in Small Heath, Birmingham, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/12/25", "description": "The Artisan's and Labourers' Dwellings Improvement Act 1875 is passed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/12/25", "description": "The Ottoman state declares partial bankruptcy and places its finances in the hands of European creditors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/12/25", "description": "Widespread nationalist rebellion in the Ottoman Empire has resulted in Turkish repression, Russian intervention and Great Power tensions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/12/25", "description": "Convent Scandal: During the winter in Montreal, typhoid fever strikes at a convent school. The corpses of the victims are filched by body-snatchers before relatives arrive from America, causing much furor.ampamp{{cite book | last = Gordon | first = Richard | title = The Alarming History of Medicine | publisher = St. Martin's Press | location = New York | year = 1994 | isbn = 0-312-10411-1 | page = 12 }}ampamp Eventually the Anatomy Act of Quebec is changed over it.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.hom.ucalgary.ca\/Dayspapers2000.pdf\">http:\/\/www.hom.ucalgary.ca\/Dayspapers2000.pdf<\/a> History of Medicine Days, pg 132ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/12/25", "description": "The opening of Flushing High School.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1875/12/25", "description": "Third Carlist War: Two government armies (General Quesada and Mart\u00ednez Campos) start encroaching on Carlist territory. Both they and their Carlist opponent (Mendiri) drive opposing sympathisers from their homes and burn crops in areas they can not hold. Several Carlist generals (Dorregaray, Savalls, and others) are unjustly put on trial for disloyalty. Mendiri is also removed from his command, and is replaced by the Count of Caserta. Despite having 48 infantry battalions, three cavalry regiments, two engineer battalions, and 100 pieces of artillery at his disposal, Caserta is heavily outnumbered by the government forces opposing him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876", "description": "The Reichsbank bank opens in Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876", "description": "The Bass Brewery Red Triangle becomes the world's first registered trademark symbol.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ipo.gov.uk\/tm\/t-find\/t-find-number?detailsrequested=Campamptrademark=1|title=United\">http:\/\/www.ipo.gov.uk\/tm\/t-find\/t-find-number?detailsrequested=Campamptrademark=1|title=United<\/a> Kingdom Intellectual Property Office}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/02/02", "description": " The National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs is formed at a meeting in Chicago, Illinois it replaced the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players. Morgan Bulkeley of the Hartford Dark Blues is selected as the league's first President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/02/02", "description": " Battle of Montejurra-(Third Carlist War)-The new commander General Fernando Primo de Rivera marched on the remaining Carlist stronghold at Estella, where he met a force of about 1,600 men under General Carlos Calder\u00f3n at nearby Montejurra. After a courageous and costly defence Calder\u00f3n was forced to withdraw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/02/19", "description": " (Third Carlist War)-Government troops under General Primo de Rivera drove through the weak Carlist forces protecting Estella, Spain and took the city by storm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/02/22", "description": " Johns Hopkins University is founded in Baltimore, Maryland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/02/24", "description": " Premiere of first stage production of the verse-play Peer Gynt by Henrik Ibsen with incidental music by Edvard Grieg, in Oslo (then called Christiania), Norway", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/02/28", "description": " The Third Carlist War (Spain):The Carlist forces did not succeed, and the promises were never fulfilled. The Carlist pretender (Carlos Mar\u00eda de Borb\u00f3n y Austria-Este-quotduque de Madridquot y quotconde de la Alcarriaquot) AKA:Carlos VII went into exile in France bringing the conflict to an end after four years of war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/02/28", "description": "Spring ampampndash Vast numbers of Indians move north to an encampment of the Sioux chief Sitting Bull in the region of the Little Bighorn River, creating the last great gathering of native peoples on the Great Plains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/03/07", "description": " Alexander Graham Bell is granted a patent for an invention he calls the telephone (patent #174,466).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/03/10", "description": " Alexander Graham Bell makes the first successful call by saying quot''Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you.''.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/04/16", "description": " The Bulgarian April uprising occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/04/16", "description": "May ampampndash Batak massacre refers to the massacre of Bulgarians in Batak by Ottoman troops in 1876 at the beginning of the April Uprising. The number of victims ranges from 3,000 to 5,000, depending on the source.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/04/16", "description": "Queen Victoria takes the title ''Empress of India''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/04/16", "description": "The Settle-Carlisle Railway in England is opened to passenger traffic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/05/10", "description": " The Centennial Exposition begins in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/05/11", "description": " May 12 ampndash Berlin Memorandum: Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary propose an armistice between Turkey and its insurgents.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/05/16", "description": " British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli rejects the Berlin Memorandum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/05/17", "description": " Nikolaus Otto files his patent for the four-stroke cycle internal combustion engine.{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=van Dulken|title=Inventing the 19th Century|location=London|publisher=British Library|year=2001|isbn=0-7123-0881-4|pages=104\u20135}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/05/18", "description": " Wyatt Earp starts work in Dodge City, Kansas, serving under Marshal Larry Deger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/06/04", "description": " The Transcontinental Express arrives in San Francisco, California via the First Transcontinental Railroad, 83 hours and 39 minutes after having left New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/06/17", "description": " American Indian Wars ampndash Battle of the Rosebud: 1,500 Sioux and Cheyenne led by Crazy Horse beat back General George Crook's forces at Rosebud Creek in Montana Territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/06/24", "description": " First published review of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain, in a British magazine the book's first edition had appeared earlier in June in England. (The book was published in the U.S. in December 1876.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/06/25", "description": " American Indian Wars ampndash Battle of the Little Bighorn: 300 men of the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer are wiped out by 5,000 Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/07/01", "description": " Serbia declares war on the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/07/02", "description": " Montenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/07/04", "description": " The United States celebrates its centennial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/07/08", "description": " Reichstadt Agreement: Russia and Austria-Hungary agree on partitioning the Balkan peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/07/13", "description": " The prosecution of Arthur Tooth, an Anglican clergyman, for using ritualist practices begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/08/01", "description": " Colorado is admitted as the 38th U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/08/08", "description": " Thomas Edison receives a patent for his mimeograph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/08/13", "description": " Richard Wagner inaugurates Bayreuth Festival", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/08/31", "description": " Murat V, sultan of the Ottoman Empire is deposed and succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/09/05", "description": " Gladstone publishes his ''Bulgarian Horrors'' pamphlet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/09/07", "description": " In Northfield, Minnesota, Jesse James and the James-Younger Gang attempt to rob the town's bank but are surrounded by an angry mob and are nearly wiped out.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/09/12", "description": " King Leopold II of Belgium hosts the Brussels Geographic Conference on the subject of colonizing and exploring central Africa. By the event's conclusion a new international body named the International African Association is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/10/04", "description": " Texas AampM University opens for classes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/10/31", "description": " A catastrophic cyclone strikes the east coast of India, killing 200,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/11/02", "description": " A giant squid, 6.1 meters long, washes ashore at Thimble Tickle Bay in Newfoundland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/11/04", "description": " The long-awaited First Symphony of Johannes Brahms is premiered at Karlsruhe under the baton of Otto Dessoff.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/11/07", "description": " U.S. presidential election, 1876: After long and heated disputes, Rutherford Birchard Hayes is eventually declared the winner over Samuel Jones Tilden. A failed grave robbery of the Lincoln Tomb took place on the same night.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/11/10", "description": " The Centennial Exposition ends in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/11/23", "description": " Corrupt Tammany Hall leader William Marcy Tweed (better known as Boss Tweed) is delivered to authorities in New York City after being captured in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/11/25", "description": " American Indian Wars: In retaliation for the dramatic American defeat at the Battle of the Little Bighorn, United States Army troops under General Ranald S. Mackenzie sack Chief Dull Knife's sleeping Cheyenne village at the headwaters of the Powder River (the soldiers destroy all of the villagers' winter food and clothing, and then slash their ponies' throats).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/11/29", "description": " Porfirio D\u00edaz becomes President of Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/12/05", "description": " The Brooklyn Theater Fire kills at least 278, possibly more than 300.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/12/06", "description": " The first cremation in the United States takes place in a crematory built by Francis Julius LeMoyne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/12/29", "description": " The Ashtabula River Railroad bridge disaster occurs, leaving 92 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/12/29", "description": "Dewey Decimal Classification invented by Melvil Dewey", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/12/29", "description": "Heinz Tomato Ketchup introduced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/12/29", "description": "Adolphus Busch's brewery, Anheuser-Busch in St. Louis, Missouri, first markets Budweiser, a pale lager, as a nationally sold beer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/12/29", "description": "Charles Wells opens his brewery based in Bedford, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/12/29", "description": "Lyford House, by Richardson Bay, Tiburon, California, is constructed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/12/29", "description": "Construction of Spandau Prison is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/12/29", "description": "Samurai are banned from carrying swords in Japan and their stipends are replaced by one-time grants of income-bearing bonds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/12/29", "description": "Japan brings a fleet to Incheon, the port of Seoul. The Japanese force the Korean government to sign an unequal treaty, open 3 ports to Japanese trade and cease considering itself a tributary of China. On China's urging Korea also signs treaties with the European powers in effort to counterbalance Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/12/29", "description": "The ''Harvard Lampoon'' is  founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/12/29", "description": "The Conchological Society of Great Britain ampamp Ireland is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/12/29", "description": "Lars Magnus Ericsson and Carl Johan Andersson start a small mechanical workshop in Stockholm, Sweden, dealing with telegraphy equipment, which grows into the worldwide company ''Ericsson''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/12/29", "description": "Friends Academy is founded by Gideon Frost.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/12/29", "description": "Tanzimat ends in the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/12/29", "description": "Heinrich Schliemann begins excavation at Mycenae.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/12/29", "description": "The Clontarf Cricket Club is established. The 2008 2nd XI calls their assault on all Senior II competitions ampquotOperation 1876ampquot in honour of this fantastic year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1876/12/29", "description": "Stockport Lacrosse Club is founded at Cale Green Cricket Club Davenport, Greater Manchester where they still play to this day. Stockport Lacrosse Club are thought to be the oldest existing lacrosse club in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/01/01", "description": " Queen Victoria is proclaimed ''Empress of India'' by the ''Royal Titles Act 1876'', introduced by Benjamin Disraeli, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom .", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/01/08", "description": " American Indian Wars ampndash Battle of Wolf Mountain: Crazy Horse and his warriors fight their last battle with the United States Cavalry in Montana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/01/20", "description": " The Conference of Constantinople ends with Ottoman Turkey rejecting proposals of internal reform and Balkan provisions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/03/02", "description": " In the Compromise of 1877, the U.S. presidential election, 1876 is resolved with the selection of Rutherford B. Hayes as the winner, even though Samuel J. Tilden had won the popular vote on November 7, 1876.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/03/02", "description": "Emile Berliner invents the microphone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/03/02", "description": "Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet ''Swan Lake'' debuts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/03/02", "description": "Rutherford B. Hayes becomes President of the United States, succeeding Ulysses S. Grant as a result of the Compromise of 1877", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/03/15", "description": " 1877 Australia v. England series: The first Test cricket match is held between England and Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/03/24", "description": " For the only time in history, the Boat Race between the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford is declared a quotdead heatquot (i.e. a draw).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/04/24", "description": " Russo-Turkish War, 1877\u20131878: the Russian Empire declares war on the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/05/05", "description": " American Indian Wars: Sitting Bull leads his band of Lakota into Canada to avoid harassment by the United States Army under Colonel Nelson Miles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/05/06", "description": " Realizing that his people are weakened by cold and hunger, Chief Crazy Horse of the Oglala Sioux surrenders to United States troops in Nebraska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/05/08", "description": " At Gilmore's Gardens in New York City, the first Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show opens and had a massive impact on the Civil rights movement. (ends May 11).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/05/16", "description": " The May 16, 1877 political crisis occurs in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/05/21", "description": " (May 9 O.S.) ampndash Romania declares itself independent from the Ottoman Empire (recognized in 1878 after the end of the Romanian independence war).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/06/15", "description": " Henry Ossian Flipper becomes the first African American cadet to graduate from the United States Military Academy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/06/17", "description": " American Indian Wars ampndash Battle of White Bird Canyon: The Nez Perce defeat the U.S. Cavalry at White Bird Canyon in the Idaho Territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/06/21", "description": " The Molly Maguires are hanged at Carbon County Prison in Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/06/26", "description": " The eruption of Mount Cotopaxi in Ecuador causes severe mudflows that wipe out surrounding cities and valleys, killing 1,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/06/30", "description": " The British Mediterranean fleet is sent to Besika Bay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/07/09", "description": " The All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club begins its first lawn tennis tournament at Wimbledon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/07/16", "description": " Great railroad strike of 1877: Riots by Baltimore and Ohio Railroad railroad workers in Baltimore, Maryland lead to a sympathy strike and rioting in Pittsburgh, and a full-scale worker's rebellion in St. Louis, briefly establishing a Communist government before U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes calls in the armed forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/07/19", "description": " Russo-Turkish War, 1877\u20131878: The first battle in the Siege of Plevna is fought.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/07/30", "description": " The second battle in the Siege of Plevna is fought.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/08/09", "description": " American Indian Wars ampndash Battle of Big Hole: Near Big Hole River in Montana, a small band of Nez Perc\u00e9 Indians who refused government orders to move to a reservation, clash with the United States Army. The army loses 29 soldiers and Indians lose 89 warriors in a U.S. Army victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/08/11", "description": " Asaph Hall discovers Deimos, the outer moon of Mars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/08/18", "description": " Asaph Hall discovers Phobos, the inner moon of Mars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/09/01", "description": " The Battle of Lovcha, third battle in the Siege of Plevna, is fought.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/09/05", "description": " American Indian Wars: Oglala Sioux chief Crazy Horse is bayoneted by a United States soldier, after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at Fort Robinson in Nebraska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/10/22", "description": " The Blantyre mining disaster in Scotland kills 207 miners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/11/21", "description": " Thomas Edison announces his invention of the phonograph, a machine that can record sound, considered Edison's first great invention. Edison demonstrates the device for the first time on November 29.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/11/22", "description": " The first college lacrosse game is played between New York University and Manhattan College.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/12/09", "description": " The fourth battle of the Russo-Turkish War, 1877\u20131878 is fought, concluding the Siege of Plevna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/12/14", "description": " Serbia restates its previous declaration of war against Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/12/14", "description": "''Nineteenth Century'' magazine is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/12/14", "description": "Leo Tolstoy's novel ''Anna Karenina'' is published complete in book form.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1877/12/14", "description": "A professionally led army of draftees crushes a major rebellion by feudal elements protesting the loss of their privileges in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878", "description": "January ampampndash ''Cleopatra's Needle'' arrives in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/01/05", "description": " Battle of Shipka Pass IV: Russian and Bulgarian forces defeat the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/01/09", "description": " Humbert I becomes King of Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/01/17", "description": " Battle of Philippopolis: Russian troops defeat the Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/01/23", "description": " Benjamin Disraeli orders the British fleet to the Dardanelles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/01/24", "description": " The revolutionary Vera Zasulich shoots at Fyodor Trepov, the Governor of Saint Petersburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/01/28", "description": " ''The Yale News'' becomes the first daily college newspaper in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/01/31", "description": " Turkey agrees to an armistice at Adrianople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/02/02", "description": " Greece declares war on Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/02/07", "description": " Pope Pius IX dies after a 31\u00bd year reign (the longest definitely confirmed).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/02/08", "description": " The British fleet enters Turkish waters and anchors off Istanbul Russia threatens to occupy Istanbul but does not carry out the threat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/02/18", "description": " The Lincoln County War begins in Lincoln County, New Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/02/19", "description": " The phonograph is patented by Thomas Edison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/02/20", "description": " Pope Leo XIII succeeds Pope Pius IX as the 256th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/02/24", "description": " Anti-Russian demonstrations occur in Hyde Park, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/02/28", "description": " Mississippi State University is created by the Mississippi Legislature (under the name The Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/02/28", "description": "Bulgaria regains its independence from the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/02/28", "description": "The Treaty of San Stefano concludes the Russo-Turkish War", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/03/24", "description": " The UK frigate ''Eurydice'' sinks, killing 300.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/03/25", "description": " Russia rejects a British proposal to lay the San Stefano treaty before a European congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/03/27", "description": " In anticipation of war with Russia, Disraeli mobilizes the reserves and calls up Indian troops to Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/04/20", "description": " The Stawell Gift is run for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/05/02", "description": " The Washburn quotAquot Mill in Minneapolis, Minnesota explodes, killing 18.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/05/15", "description": " The Tokyo Stock Exchange is established", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/06/01", "description": " Universal Postal Union (UPU)", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/06/04", "description": " Cyprus Convention: The Ottoman Empire cedes Cyprus to the United Kingdom but retains the nominal title.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/06/10", "description": " The League of Prizren is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/06/12", "description": " July 12 ampndash The Congress of Berlin convenes to discuss the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/06/15", "description": " Sallie Gardner at a Gallop, the first motion picture ever made was recorded on this day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/06/20", "description": " U.S. Coastal Survey renamed U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/06/22", "description": " Adolf Erik Nordenski\u00f6ld leaves Karlskrona on a voyage that will make him the first to navigate the Northern Sea Route, a shipping lane from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean along the Siberian coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/07/04", "description": " A match race between champion thoroughbred racehorses Ten Broeck and Mollie McCarty draws more than 30,000 fans to Louisville and insprires the folk song, Molly and Tenbrooks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/07/13", "description": " The Treaty of Berlin makes Serbia, Montenegro and Romania completely independent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/07/26", "description": " In California, the poet and American West outlaw calling himself quotBlack Bartquot makes his last clean getaway when he steals a safe box from a Wells Fargo stagecoach. The empty box is found later with a taunting poem inside.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/08/07", "description": " The Salvation Army quotfoundation deedquot is signed.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.salvationarmy.org\/heritage.nsf\/titles\/1878_Foundation_Deed_Of_The_Salvation_Army|title=1878\">http:\/\/www.salvationarmy.org\/heritage.nsf\/titles\/1878_Foundation_Deed_Of_The_Salvation_Army|title=1878<\/a> Foundation Deed Of The Salvation Army|publisher=Salvation Army International Heritage Centre|year=2003|accessdate=2011-08-26}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/08/09", "description": " The Wallingford Tornado of 1878, the deadliest tornado in Connecticut history, destroys the town of Wallingford, killing 34 people and injuring 70 or more.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/08/26", "description": " Uyedineniya Island is discovered in the Kara Sea by Norwegian explorer Captain Edvard Holm Johannesen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/09/03", "description": " Over 640 die when the crowded pleasure boat {{SS|Princess Alice|1865|2}} collides with the ''Bywell Castle'' in the River Thames.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/09/20", "description": " ''The Hindu'', an Indian newspaper, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/09/30", "description": " The ship ''Priscilla'' arrives in Hawaii from Funchal, Madeira, marking the beginning of the Portuguese immigration to the Hawaiian Islands (1878\u20131913).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/10/01", "description": " Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech) opens as Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/10/14", "description": " The world's first recorded floodlit football fixture is played at Bramall Lane in Sheffield.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/10/17", "description": " John A. Macdonald returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/11/17", "description": " The first assassination attempt is made against Umberto I of Italy by anarchist Giovanni Passannante, armed with a dagger. The King survived with a slight wound in one arm. Prime minister Benedetto Cairoli blocked the aggressor, receiving an injury to one of his legs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/11/21", "description": " The Second Afghan War commences when the British attack Ali Masjid in the Khyber Pass.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/11/21", "description": "U.S. arbitration rejects Argentine claims to Paraguay's part of the Chaco region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/11/21", "description": "Otto von Bismarck abandons his ''Kulturkampf'' and forces through legislation outlawing the Social Democrats.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/11/21", "description": "10-year Nauruan Tribal War breaks out.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/11/21", "description": "Yellow fever in the Mississippi Valley kills over 13,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/11/21", "description": "Foundation of:", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/11/21", "description": "Nainital Cantonment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/11/21", "description": "The Buchan School, Isle of Man.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/11/21", "description": "The Johns Hopkins University Press, America's oldest university press.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/11/21", "description": "Geiger (Corporation), formed as Geiger Brothers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/11/21", "description": "The following English Association football clubs:", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/11/21", "description": "Everton Football Club, formed as St Domingo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/11/21", "description": "Grimsby Town FC, formed as Grimsby Pelham.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/11/21", "description": "Ipswich Town Football Club, formed as amateur club Ipswich A.F.C. They will not turn professional until 1936.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/11/21", "description": "Newton Heath Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Football Club, the team that will become Manchester United.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/11/21", "description": "West Bromwich Albion F.C..", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/11/21", "description": "Lester Allan Pelton produces the first operational Pelton wheel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1878/11/21", "description": "Death of last confirmed Cape Lion.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.novinky.cz\/domaci\/169450-v-muzeu-emila-holuba-se-ukryval-kapsky-lev.html|title=V\">http:\/\/www.novinky.cz\/domaci\/169450-v-muzeu-emila-holuba-se-ukryval-kapsky-lev.html|title=V<\/a> muzeu Emila Holuba se ukr\u00fdval kapsk\u00fd lev|work=Novinky.cz|language=Czech|date=2009-05-22|accessdate=2011-08-26}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879", "description": "January ampampndash The current constitution of The State of California, USA is ratified.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/01/01", "description": " The Specie Resumption Act takes effect. The Greenback is valued the same as gold for the first time since the Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/01/02", "description": " Fred Spofforth claims the first Hat-trick in Test cricket.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/01/11", "description": " The Anglo-Zulu War begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/01/22", "description": " Anglo-Zulu War ampndash Battle of Isandlwana: Zulu troops massacre British troops.  At Rorke's Drift, outnumbered British soldiers drive the attackers away after hours of fighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/02/12", "description": " At New York City's Madison Square Garden, the first artificial ice rink in North America opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/02/14", "description": " Chilean troops disembark at Antofagasta, Chile,  at the time a Bolivian port. The event marks the beginning of the War of the Pacific between Chile and the joint forces of Peru and Bolivia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/02/15", "description": " Women's rights: American President Rutherford B. Hayes signs a bill allowing female attorneys to argue cases before the Supreme Court of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/02/22", "description": " In Utica, New York, Frank Woolworth opens the first of many 5 and 10-cent Woolworth stores.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/02/27", "description": " The discovery of saccharin is announced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/03/03", "description": " The United States Geological Survey is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/03/12", "description": " Anglo-Zulu War ampndash Battle of Intombe: A British force over one-hundred strong is ambushed and destroyed by Zulu forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/03/13", "description": " Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, third son of Queen Victoria, marries Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/03/14", "description": "March 14  ampndash Albert Einstein ampndash Theoretical physicist, philosopher and author who is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists and intellectuals of all time was born.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/03/28", "description": " Anglo-Zulu War ampndash Battle of Hlobane: British forces suffer a defeat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/03/29", "description": " Anglo-Zulu War ampndash Battle of Kambula: British forces defeat 20,000 Zulus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/05/02", "description": " The Spanish Socialist Worker's Party is founded in Casa Labra Pub (city of Madrid) by the historical Spanish workers' leader Pablo Iglesias.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/05/14", "description": " The first group of 463 Indian indentured labourers arrive in Fiji abroad the ''Leonidas''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/05/26", "description": "  Russia and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Gandamak, establishing an Afghan state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/05/30", "description": "  New York City's Gilmore's Garden is renamed Madison Square Garden by William Henry Vanderbilt, and is opened to the public at 26th Street and Madison Avenue.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/06/01", "description": " Napol\u00e9on Eug\u00e8ne, Prince Imperial (Napol\u00e9on IV), great-nephew of Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte, Bonapartist pretender to the throne, dies in Africa during the Anglo-Zulu War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/06/14", "description": " Sidney Faithorn Green, a priest in the Church of England, is tried and convicted for using Ritualist practices.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/07/04", "description": " Anglo-Zulu War: The Anglo-Zulu War effectively ends at the Battle of Ulundi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/07/19", "description": " Doc Holliday kills for the first time after a man shoots up Holliday's New Mexico saloon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/08/21", "description": " The Virgin Mary, along with St. Joseph and St. John the Evangelist, allegedly appears in Knock, Ireland to local people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/09/08", "description": " The Octagon fire claims 12 victims in Dunedin, New Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/09/25", "description": " Deadwood, South Dakota  fire: Two-thousand people left homeless. Three hundred buildings destroyed. Total loss of property is estimated at $3 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/09/29", "description": " Meeker Massacre: Nathan Meeker and others are killed in an uprising at the White River Ute Indian Reservation in Colorado.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/10/07", "description": " The Dual Alliance is formed by Germany and Austria-Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/10/08", "description": " The Naval Battle of Angamos was fought during the naval stage of the War of the Pacific.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/10/17", "description": " Sunderland Association Football Club formed in the North East Of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/10/22", "description": " Using a filament of carbonized thread, Thomas Edison tests the first practical electric light bulb (it lasts 13\u00bd hours before burning out).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/12/28", "description": " The Tay Bridge disaster ampndash the central part of the Tay Rail Bridge in Dundee, Scotland collapses as a train passes over it, killing 75.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/12/30", "description": " ''The Pirates of Penzance'' is first performed in Paignton, Devon, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/12/31", "description": " Thomas Edison demonstrates incandescent lighting to the public for the first time  in Menlo Park, New Jersey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/12/31", "description": "Ferdinand Cheval begins to build his ''Palais Id\u00e9al'' in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/12/31", "description": "The Fulham F.C. is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/12/31", "description": "The Hall effect is discovered by Dr. Edwin Hall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/12/31", "description": "Henrik Ibsen (while living in Italy)  publishes his masterpiece, ''A Doll\u2019s House''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/12/31", "description": "Henry George self-publishes his major work ''Progress and Poverty'' in September, published in 1880 by Appleton ampamp Co.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/12/31", "description": "Simmons College of Kentucky, a historically black school, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/12/31", "description": "Somerville College, Oxford, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/12/31", "description": "The Stefan-Boltzmann law is discovered by Jozef Stefan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/12/31", "description": "The Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/12/31", "description": "Wilhelm Wundt establishes the first psychology research laboratory at the University of Leipzig.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/12/31", "description": "Tetteh Quarshie first brings cocoa to Ghana from Equatorial Guinea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/12/31", "description": "Colonel Ahmed Arabi forms the Egyptian Nationalist Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1879/12/31", "description": "Age of Gabriel ends and the Age of Michael begins according to Johannes Trithemius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880", "description": "Toowong State School is founded in Queensland, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880", "description": "The first electric streetlight is installed in Wabash, Indiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880", "description": "The first successful shipment of frozen mutton from Australia arrives in London aboard the SS ''Strathleven''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880", "description": "The Black Donnelly Massacre killed five Donnellys: James, Johannah, Tom, Bridget, and John.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/03/31", "description": " Wabash, Indiana becomes the first electrically lit city in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/03/31", "description": "April - The government of Cape Colony sets a deadline for the surrender of weapons by the Basuto people. Non-compliance leads to the Basuto Gun War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/04/18", "description": " William Ewart Gladstone defeats Benjamin Disraeli in the United Kingdom general election to become Prime Minister for the second time.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historic-uk.com\/HistoryUK\/England-History\/PrimeMinisters.htm\">http:\/\/www.historic-uk.com\/HistoryUK\/England-History\/PrimeMinisters.htm<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/05/13", "description": " In Menlo Park, New Jersey, Thomas Edison performs the first test of his electric railway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/06/01", "description": "June 1  ampndash Tinius Olsen awarded a United States Patent for the Little Giant Testing Machine", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/06/29", "description": " France annexes Tahiti.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/07/14", "description": " Dorchester Penitentiary opens in Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/07/22", "description": " Abdur Rahman Khan becomes Emir of Afghanistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/07/22", "description": "October ampampndash The ampquotBlizzard of 1880ampquot begins in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/10/06", "description": " The University of Southern California opens its doors to 53 students and 10 faculty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/10/15", "description": " Mexican soldiers kill Victorio, one of the greatest Apache military strategists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/10/28", "description": " The first stone is laid for the Clarkson Memorial in Wisbech.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/11/02", "description": " U.S. presidential election, 1880: James Garfield defeats Winfield S. Hancock.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/11/04", "description": " The first cash register is patented by James and John Ritty of Dayton, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/11/04", "description": "Cologne Cathedral is completed, after construction began in 1248, 632 years earlier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/11/04", "description": "The journal ''Science'' is founded by Thomas Edison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/11/04", "description": "Cocaine is isolated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/11/04", "description": "The Capuchin catacombs of Palermo are officially closed (there will be some burials afterwards).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/11/04", "description": "The Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction of the Women's Christian Temperance Union is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/11/04", "description": "Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza signs a treaty of protection with the chief on the large Teke tribe and begins to establish a French protectorate on the north bank of the Congo River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/11/11", "description": " Australian bushranger and bank robber Ned Kelly is hanged in Melbourne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/11/22", "description": " Vaudeville actress Lillian Russell makes her debut at Tony Pastor's Theatre in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/12/20", "description": " First Boer War: The Action at Bronkhorstspruit results in a Boer victory over the British.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/12/30", "description": " The Transvaal becomes a republic and Paul Kruger becomes its first president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1880/12/30", "description": "Piezoelectricity is discovered by Pierre Curie and Jacques Curie.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/01/16", "description": "January 24 ampndash Siege of Geok Tepe: Russian troops under General Mikhail Skobelev defeat the Turkomans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/01/24", "description": " William Edward Forster, the chief secretary for Ireland, introduces his Coercion Bill, which temporarily suspended habeas corpus so that those people suspected of committing an offence could be detained without trial it goes through a long debate before it is accepted February 2.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/01/25", "description": " Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell form the Oriental Telephone Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/02/02", "description": " The Parkfield Earthquake occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/02/05", "description": " Phoenix, Arizona is incorporated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/02/13", "description": " The first issue of the feminist newspaper ''La Citoyenne'' is published by Hubertine Auclert.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/02/19", "description": " Kansas becomes the first U.S. state to prohibit all alcoholic beverages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/03/04", "description": " Inauguration of James A. Garfield as President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/03/12", "description": " Andrew Watson makes his Scotland debut as the world's first black international football player.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/03/13", "description": " Alexander II of Russia is killed near his palace when a bomb is thrown at him.  He is succeeded by his son, Alexander III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/03/23", "description": " First Boer War comes to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/04/11", "description": " Spelman College is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/04/14", "description": " The Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight erupts in El Paso, Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/04/15", "description": " Temuco, Chile is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/04/15", "description": " Anti-Semitic pogroms in Southern Russia start.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/04/21", "description": " The University of Connecticut is founded as the Storrs Agricultural School.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/04/25", "description": " Caulfield Grammar School is founded in Melbourne, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/04/28", "description": " Billy the Kid escapes from his 2 jailers at the Lincoln County Jail in Mesilla, New Mexico, killing James Bell and Robert Ollinger before stealing a horse and riding out of town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/05/12", "description": " In North Africa, Tunisia becomes a French protectorate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/05/13", "description": " The Pacific island of Rotuma cedes to Great Britain, becoming a dependency of the Colony of Fiji.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/05/21", "description": " The American Red Cross is established by Clara Barton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/05/21", "description": " The United States Tennis Association is established by  a small group of tennis club members.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/06/12", "description": " The USS ''Jeannette'' is crushed in an Arctic Ocean ice pack.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/06/20", "description": " The current Cincinnati Reds baseball team plays its first game.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/07/01", "description": " General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell-Childers reforms of the British Army's organization, comes into effect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/07/02", "description": " James Garfield, President of the United States, is shot by Charles Julius Guiteau. The wound becomes infected killing Garfield on September 19.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/07/04", "description": " In Alabama, the Tuskegee Institute opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/07/14", "description": " Billy the Kid is shot and killed by Pat Garrett outside Fort Sumner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/07/20", "description": " American Indian Wars: Sioux chief Sitting Bull leads the last of his fugitive people in surrender to United States troops at Fort Buford in Montana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/07/23", "description": " The Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina is signed in Buenos Aires.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/08/03", "description": " The Pretoria Convention peace treaty is signed, officially ending the war between the Boers and Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/08/27", "description": " The fifth hurricane of the Atlantic season hits Florida and the Carolinas, killing about 700.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/09/05", "description": " The Thumb Fire in the U.S. state of Michigan destroys over a million acres (4,000ampnbspkm\u00b2) and kills 282 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/09/12", "description": " Francis Howell High School (Howell Institute) in St. Charles, Missouri, and Stephen F. Austin High School in Austin, Texas open on the same day, putting them in a tie for the title of the oldest public high school west of the Mississippi River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/09/19", "description": " U.S. President James A. Garfield dies eleven weeks after being shot. Vice President Chester A. Arthur becomes the 21st President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/09/20", "description": " U.S. President Chester A. Arthur is sworn in.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/09/26", "description": " Godalming in England becomes the first town to have its streets illuminated by electric light (hydroelectrically generated).{{cite web|title=Godalming Power Station|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.engineering-timelines.com\/scripts\/engineeringItem.asp?id=744|work=Engineering\">http:\/\/www.engineering-timelines.com\/scripts\/engineeringItem.asp?id=744|work=Engineering<\/a> Timelines|accessdate=2010-07-06}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/10/05", "description": "December 31 ampndash International Cotton Exposition in Atlanta, Georgia", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/10/10", "description": " Richard D'Oyly Carte's Savoy Theatre opens in London, the world's first public building to be fully lit by electricity, using Joseph Swan's incandescent light bulbs.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=434\u2013435}}{{cite news|title=The Savoy Theatre|newspaper=The Times|location=London|date=1881-10-03|page=7}}{{cite journal|last=Burgess|first=Michael|title=Richard D'Oyly Carte|journal=The Savoyard|month=January|year=1975|pages=7\u201311}} The stage is first lit electrically on December 28.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/math.boisestate.edu\/GaS\/carte\/savoy\/electric.html|title=Savoy\">http:\/\/math.boisestate.edu\/GaS\/carte\/savoy\/electric.html|title=Savoy<\/a> Theatre|newspaper=The Times|date=1881-12-29|page=4|accessdate=2012-01-30}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/10/26", "description": " The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral occurs in Tombstone, Cochise County, Arizona, USA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/10/29", "description": " ''Judge'' (U.S. magazine) is first published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/11/11", "description": " The Clarkson Memorial in Wisbech is completed and unveiled to the public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/11/19", "description": " A meteorite strikes earth near the village of Gro\u00dfliebenthal, a few kilometers southwest of Odessa, Ukraine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/12/08", "description": " Ringtheaterbrand: At least 380 die in a fire at the Vienna Ringtheater.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/12/28", "description": " Virgil Earp is ambushed in Tombstone and loses the use of his left arm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/12/28", "description": "Kinshasa is founded by Henry Morton Stanley as a trading outpost called L\u00e9opoldville.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/12/28", "description": "New York City's oldest independent school for girls, the Convent of the Sacred Heart New York (91st Street), is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/12/28", "description": "Edward Rudolf founds the 'Church of England Central Society for Providing Homes for Waifs and Strays' (now The Children's Society).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/12/28", "description": "The Pali Text Society is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/12/28", "description": "University College Dublin is established in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/12/28", "description": "The United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA) is founded, and the first U.S. Tennis Championships are played.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/12/28", "description": "The League of the Three Emperors is resurrected.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/12/28", "description": "Some Vatican archives are opened to scholars for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/12/28", "description": "Abilene, Texas is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/12/28", "description": "The Newcastle United F.C. is founded as the Stanley F.C., with a further name change to Newcastle East End F.C. a few months later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/12/28", "description": "The Leyton Orient F.C. is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/12/28", "description": "Minto, North Dakota is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/12/28", "description": "Rafaela, Argentina is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1881/12/28", "description": "Culford School, a public school in Suffolk, United Kingdom, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/02/03", "description": " P. T. Barnum purchases the elephant Jumbo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/03/02", "description": " Roderick Maclean fails to assassinate Queen Victoria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/03/20", "description": " British gunboats enter Monrovia, with Arthur Havelock demanding that Liberia cede disputed territory to the British colony of Sierra Leone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/03/22", "description": " Polygamy is made a felony by the Edmunds Act as passed by the U.S. Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/03/24", "description": " Robert Koch announces the discovery of the bacterium responsible for tuberculosis (''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/03/28", "description": " Republican Jules Ferry makes primary education in France free, non-clerical (laique) and obligatory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/03/29", "description": " The ''Knights of Columbus'' are established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/04/03", "description": " Old West outlaw Jesse James is shot in the back of the head and killed by Robert Ford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/05/02", "description": " Charles Stewart Parnell is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/05/06", "description": " The quotInvinciblesquot (militant Irish republicans) kill Lord Frederick Cavendish, chief secretary for Ireland and permanent undersecretary T.H. Burke in Phoenix Park, Dublin", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/05/08", "description": " The ''Chinese Exclusion Act'' is the first important law which restricts immigration into the U.S.A.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/05/20", "description": " The Triple Alliance is formed between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/05/20", "description": "A cyclone in the Arabian Sea causes flooding in Bombay harbor, leaving about 100,000 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/05/20", "description": "Battle of Embabo: The Shewan forces of Menelik defeat the Gojjame army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/06/11", "description": " The Urabi Revolt breaks out in Egypt against the Khedive and European influence in that country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/06/28", "description": " Anglo-French Convention of 1882 signed marking territorial boundaries between Guinea and Sierra Leone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/06/30", "description": " U.S. presidential assassin Charles Guiteau is hanged.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/07/11", "description": " British troops occupy Alexandria and the Suez Canal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/07/11", "description": "Boers establish the republic of Stellaland in southern Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/07/11", "description": "Richard Wagner's opera ''Parsifal'' debuts at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus in Bavaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/07/31", "description": " The Hebrew Moshava of Rishon Le-Zion is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/08/03", "description": " The U.S. Congress passes the 1882 Immigration Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/08/05", "description": " Standard Oil of New Jersey is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/08/18", "description": " The Married Women's Property Act 1882 receives royal assent in Britain it enables women to buy, own and sell property and to keep their own earnings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/08/20", "description": " Piotr Ilyitch Tchaikovsky's ''1812 Overture'' debuts in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/09/04", "description": " Thomas Edison flips the switch to the first commercial electrical power plant in history, lighting one square mile of lower Manhattan. This is considered by many as the day that began the electrical age.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/09/05", "description": " The first United States Labor Day parade is held in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/09/13", "description": " 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War: British troops occupy Cairo, and Egypt becomes a British protectorate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/09/18", "description": " Great Comet of 1882: Her Majesty's Astronomer at the Cape, David Gill, reported watching the comet rise a few minutes before the Sun and described it as quotThe nucleus was then undoubtedly single, and certainly rather under than over 4\u2033 in diameter in fact, as I have described it, it resembled very much a star of the 1st magnitude seen by daylight.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/10/05", "description": " The Society for Ethical Culture of Chicago ampndash (currently the Ethical Humanist Society of Chicago) is founded by Felix Adler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/10/14", "description": " The University of the Punjab is founded in present day Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/10/16", "description": " The Nickel Plate Railroad opens for business.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/11/14", "description": " Franklin Leslie shoots Billy Claiborne dead in the streets of Tombstone, Arizona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/11/16", "description": " The Royal Navy's HMS ''Flirt'' destroys Abari village in Niger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": " The last transit of the planet Venus until 2004 occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "December ampampndash Zichron Yaakov is founded in northern Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "Nikola Tesla conceives the rotating magnetic field principle and uses it to invent the alternating current generator\/motor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "First International Polar Year, an international scientific program, begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "Ferdinand von Lindemann publishes his proof of the transcendentality of pi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "Zulu king Cetshwayo returns to South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "A peace treaty is signed between Paraguay and Uruguay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "Pogroms in Southern Russia{{Disambiguation needed|date=June 2011}} end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "The British Chartered Institute of Patent Agents is founded (now called Chartered Institute of Patent Attorneys).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "Redruth Mining School opens in Cornwall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "The Personal Liberty League is established to oppose the temperance movement in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "Carolyn Merrick is elected president of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "St Andrew's Ambulance Association in Glasgow, Scotland, and St. John Ambulance in Canada are founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "\u00c9douard Manet exhibits his painting ''A Bar at the Folies-Berg\u00e8re'' at the Paris Salon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "Founding of:", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "Waterloo Rugby Club", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "Tottenham Hotspur F.C. (as Hotspur F.C.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "Albion Rovers F.C. (through the amalgamation of two Coatbridge clubs, Albion and Rovers)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "Queens Park Rangers F.C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "Burnley F.C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "Thames Ditton Lawn Tennis Club", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1882/12/06", "description": "Glentoran F.C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/01/04", "description": " ''Life'' magazine is founded is founded in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/01/10", "description": " A fire at the Newhall Hotel in Milwaukee kills 73 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/01/16", "description": " The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, establishing the United States civil service, is passed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/01/19", "description": "  The first electric lighting system employing overhead wires begins service in Roselle, New Jersey (it was built by Thomas Edison).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/02/13", "description": " The German composer Richard Wagner dies of a heart attack in Venice, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/02/16", "description": " The ''Ladies Home Journal'' is published for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/02/23", "description": " Alabama becomes the first U.S. state to enact an antitrust law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/02/28", "description": " The first vaudeville theater is opened, in Boston, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/03/02", "description": " The Hong Kong Observatory is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/03/05", "description": " The Gloucester City A.F.C. is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/03/20", "description": " Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/04/05", "description": " Oxygen is liquefied for the very first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/05/05", "description": " Construction of the Swanage Railway begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/05/24", "description": " Brooklyn Bridge is opened to traffic after 13 years of construction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/05/30", "description": " In New York City, a rumor that the Brooklyn Bridge is going to collapse causes a stampede which crushes 12 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/06/16", "description": " Victoria Hall disaster: A rush for treats results in 183 children being asphyxiated in a concert hall in Sunderland, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/06/28", "description": " In Milan, Italy the first central European electricity power station is inaugurated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/06/30", "description": " ''The Black Arrow'' by Robert Louis Stevenson first appears as a serial in ''Young Folks A Boys' and Girls' Paper of Instructive and Entertaining Literature''. Stevenson completes the novel at the end of summer in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/07/03", "description": " The ''SS Daphne'' disaster in Glasgow leaves 124 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/07/04", "description": " The world's first rodeo is held in Pecos, Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/07/22", "description": " Zulu King Cetshwayo barely escapes a rebel attack with his life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/07/22", "description": "August ampampndash King William's College is opened on the Isle of Man.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/08/12", "description": " The last quagga dies at the Artis Magistra zoo in Amsterdam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/08/21", "description": " An F5 tornado strikes Rochester, Minnesota, leading to the creation of the Mayo Clinic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/08/26", "description": "August 28 ampndash Krakatoa or Krakatau volcano erupts at 10:02 AM (local time) 163 villages are destroyed, 36,380 killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/09/11", "description": " Major Evelyn Baring becomes Consul-General of Egypt under British rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/09/11", "description": "The Bombay Natural History Society is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/09/11", "description": "The University of Texas at Austin opens to students.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/09/29", "description": " A consortium of flour mill operators in Minneapolis, Minnesota forms the Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie and Atlantic Railway as a means to get their product to the Great Lakes ports but avoid the high tariffs of Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/10/01", "description": " Sydney Boys High School (the first boys' public school) is founded in Sydney, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/10/01", "description": "The Boys' Brigade (the first uniformed youth organization in existence) is founded in Glasgow, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/10/01", "description": "The Orient Express begins operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/10/15", "description": " The Supreme Court of the United States declares part of the Civil Rights Act of 1875 to be unconstitutional, allowing individuals and corporations to discriminate based on race.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/10/20", "description": " Peru and Chile sign the Treaty of Anc\u00f3n, by which the Tarapac\u00e1 province is ceded to Chile, ending Peru's involvement in the War of the Pacific.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/10/24", "description": " Cardiff University, Wales, opens (under the name of University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/10/30", "description": " Two Clan na Gael dynamite bombs explode in the London underground, injuring several people. The next day, Home Secretary Vernon Harcourt drafts 300 policemen to guard the underground and introduces the Explosives Bill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/01", "description": " Amsterdam: The first international colonial and export exhibition closes, having had over 1 million visitors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/03", "description": " American Old West: Self-described quotBlack Bart the Po-8quot makes his last stagecoach robbery, but leaves a handkerchief with a laundry mark that eventually leads to his capture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/14", "description": " Chile's National Library of Congress is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/18", "description": " U.S. and Canadian railroads institute 5 standard continental time zones, ending the confusion of thousands of local times.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": " Whitman College is chartered as a 4-year college in Walla Walla, Washington.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "German bacteriologist Robert Koch discovers the cholera bacillus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "Antoni Gaud\u00ed begins to work on the Sagrada Fam\u00edlia Cathedral in Barcelona (it will be consecrated in 2010).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "Duncan, Arizona, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "The suburb of Ingleburn, in Sydney, Australia, is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "During construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 1883, blasting and excavation reveal high concentrations of nickel\u2013copper ore at Murray Mine on the edge of the Sudbury Basin located near Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "Otto von Bismarck pushes the first social security law through the Reichstag.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "A depression starts in Seattle, United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "The British Parliament considers a major bill to allow Indian judges to try Europeans in India. The British community rises in protest and defeats the measure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "Bernard Kroger establishes the first Kroger grocery store, in Cincinnati, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "The first Carnegie library is opened in Andrew Carnegie's hometown, Dunfermline, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "''The Adventures of Pinocchio'' by Carlo Collodi is first published complete in book form in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "The Wolf's Head Society (known as ''The Third Society'' until 1888) is founded at Yale University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "The Mexican government passes a law allowing real estate companies (controlled by General Porfirio D\u00edaz's political associates) to survey public and ampquotvacantampquot lands and to retain one third of the land they survey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "Founding of:", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "Houghton College", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "Wagner College", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "Baltimore Polytechnic Institute", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "Footscray Football Club (now the Western Bulldogs).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "Raith Rovers Football Club", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "The Black Arabs F.C (now Bristol Rovers)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1883/11/28", "description": "Dunstable Town F.C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/01/04", "description": " The Fabian Society is founded in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/01/05", "description": " Gilbert amp Sullivan's ''Princess Ida'' has its premi\u00e8re at the Savoy Theatre, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/01/18", "description": " Dr William Price attempts to cremate the body of his infant son, Iesu Grist (Jesus Christ) Price, setting a legal precedent for cremation in the U.K.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/02/01", "description": " The first edition of the ''Oxford English Dictionary'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/02/05", "description": " The Derby County Football Club is founded", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/03/07", "description": " The Diocese of Madrid-Alcal\u00e1 is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/03/13", "description": " The siege of Khartoum, Sudan begins (ends on January 26, 1885).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/04/22", "description": " The Colchester earthquake, England, the UK's most destructive, occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/04/22", "description": " German protectorate in South-West Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/05/01", "description": " The eight-hour workday is first proclaimed by the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions in the United States. May 1, called ''May Day'' or ''Labour Day'', is now a holiday recognized in almost every industrialized country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/05/16", "description": " Angelo Moriondo of Turin is granted a patent for an espresso machine.#33\/256. ''Bollettino delle privative industriali del Regno d\u2019Italia'' 2nd Series '''15''' (1884) pp. 635\u2013655.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/06/04", "description": " The Estonian flag is consecrated as the flag of the Estonian Students Society.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/07/05", "description": " Germany takes possession of Togoland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/07/14", "description": " German administration in Cameroon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/07/23", "description": " Today's ''Courier'' records the first tennis tournaments held on the grounds of Shrubland Hall, Leamington Spa, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/08/05", "description": " The cornerstone for the Statue of Liberty is laid on Bedloe's Island in New York Harbor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/08/10", "description": " A severe earthquake, magnitude 5.5, (intensity VII) occurs off the northeast Atlantic coast. The area affected extends from central Virginia to southern Maine, and west as far as Cleveland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/08/22", "description": " Sino\u2013French War (for control of Tonkin) breaks out (continues to April 1885).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/08/23", "description": " Sino\u2013French War: Battle of Fuzhou: French Admiral Am\u00e9d\u00e9e Courbet's Far East Squadron virtually destroys China's Fujian Fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/09/05", "description": " Staten Island Academy is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/09/15", "description": "Medicine: The invention of local anaesthesia by Karl Koller was made public at a medical congress in Heidelberg, Germany", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/09/15", "description": "October ampampndash International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C. fixes the Greenwich meridian as the world's prime meridian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/10/06", "description": " The United States Naval War College is established in Newport, Rhode Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/10/18", "description": " The University of Wales, Bangor (UK) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/10/22", "description": " Letitia Alice Walkington becomes the first woman to receive a degree from the Royal University of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/11/01", "description": " The Irish Gaelic Athletic Association is founded in Thurles, Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/11/02", "description": " Timi\u015foara is the first town of Europe with streets illuminated by electric light.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/11/04", "description": " United States presidential election, 1884: Democrat Grover Cleveland defeats Republican James G. Blaine in a very close contest to win the first of his non-consecutive terms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/11/15", "description": " The Berlin Conference which regulates European colonisation and trade in Africa begins (ends February 26, 1885).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/11/15", "description": "American Old West: Near Frisco, New Mexico, deputy sheriff Elfego Baca holds off a gang of 80 Texan cowboys who want to kill him for arresting cowboy Charles McCarthy (the cowboys were terrorizing the area's Hispanos and Baca was working against them).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/11/15", "description": "Porfirio D\u00edaz returns as President of Mexico, an office he will hold until 1911.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/12/06", "description": " The Washington Monument is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/12/16", "description": " The World Cotton Centennial World's Fair opens in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/12/16", "description": "The Stefan-Boltzmann law is reformulated by Ludwig Boltzmann.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/12/16", "description": "Mexican General Manuel Mondrag\u00f3n creates the Mondrag\u00f3n rifle, the worlds first automatic rifle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/12/16", "description": "Mark Twain publishes ''The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/12/16", "description": "The first ascent is made of Castle Mountain by geologist Arthur Philemon Coleman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/12/16", "description": "Scottish Plymouth Brethren missionary Frederick Stanley Arnot identifies the source of the Zambezi river, near Kalene Hill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/12/16", "description": "The water hyacinth is introduced in the U.S. and quickly becomes an invasive species.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/12/16", "description": "Parliamentarism is introduced in Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/12/16", "description": "The Yellow Crane Tower last burns in Wuhan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/12/16", "description": "Leicester City Football Club is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/12/16", "description": "The Third Reform Act widens the adult male electorate in the United Kingdom to around 60%.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/12/16", "description": "Police training schools are established in every prefecture in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/12/16", "description": "Reformers in Korea who admire the Meiji Restoration in Japan stage a coup with Japan's help. China intervens to rescue the king and help suppress the rebels. Afterward both China and Japan agree to withdraw their troops and military advisers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/12/16", "description": "The first Christian missionary arrives in Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1884/12/16", "description": "Economic depression in the USA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/01/04", "description": " The first successful appendectomy is performed by Dr. William W. Grant on Mary Gartside.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/01/20", "description": " L.A. Thompson patents the roller coaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/01/24", "description": " Edge Hill College opens in Liverpool", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/01/26", "description": " Troops loyal to the Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad conquer Khartoum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/02/05", "description": " King L\u00e9opold II of Belgium establishes the Congo Free State as a personal possession.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/02/07", "description": " The play ''La vida alegre y muerte triste'' by dramatist Jos\u00e9 Echegaray opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/02/09", "description": " The first Japanese arrive in Hawaii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/02/21", "description": " United States President Chester A. Arthur dedicates the Washington Monument.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/02/23", "description": " A British executioner fails to hang John 'Babbacombe' Lee. Lee, sentenced for the murder of Emma Keyse, has his sentence commuted to life imprisonment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/02/26", "description": " The final act of the Berlin Conference regulates European colonization and trade in Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/02/28", "description": " February concludes without having a full moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/02/28", "description": "MarchampampndashMay ampampndash The North-West Rebellion is suppressed in Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/03/03", "description": " A subsidiary of the American Bell Telephone Company, American Telephone and Telegraph (ATampT), is incorporated in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/03/04", "description": " Grover Cleveland succeeds Chester A. Arthur as President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/03/14", "description": " W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan's ''The Mikado'' opens at the Savoy Theatre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/03/26", "description": " ''The Times'' reports that quotA lady well-known in literary and scientific circlesquot has been cremated by the Cremation Society in Woking, Surrey. Jeannette C. Pickersgill is the first person to be officially cremated in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/03/26", "description": " The Prussian government, motivated by Otto von Bismarck, expels all ethnic Poles and Jews without German citizenship from Prussia in the Prussian deportations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/03/30", "description": " The Battle for Kushka triggers the Panjdeh Incident, which nearly gives rise to war between the British Empire and Russian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/03/31", "description": " The United Kingdom establishes a protectorate over Bechuanaland.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/04/02", "description": " The battle of Frog Lake, Alberta between the Cree and mounties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/04/03", "description": " Gottlieb Daimler is granted a German patent for his single-cylinder water-cooled engine design.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/04/11", "description": " Luton Town Football Club are created by the merger of (Luton) Wanderers F.C. and Luton Excelsior F.C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/04/14", "description": " Final engagement of Sino\u2013French War, with a French victory at K\u00e9p. China withdraws its forces from Tonkin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/04/30", "description": " A bill is signed in the New York State legislature forming the Niagara Falls State Park.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/04/30", "description": "''Good Housekeeping'' Magazine goes on sale for the first time in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/04/30", "description": "North-West Rebellion ampampndash Battle of Cut Knife: Cree and Assiniboine warriors win their largest victory over Canadian forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/04/30", "description": "The Congo Free State is established by King L\u00e9opold II of Belgium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/05/09", "description": " May 12 ampndash Battle of Batoche: Canadian government forces inflict a decisive defeat on M\u00e9tis rebels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/05/20", "description": " The first public train departs Swanage station on the newly built Swanage Railway in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/06/17", "description": " The Statue of Liberty arrives in New York Harbor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/06/23", "description": " Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury becomes British Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/06/24", "description": " Randolph Churchill becomes Secretary of State for India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/07/06", "description": " Louis Pasteur successfully tests his vaccine against rabies. The patient is Joseph Meister, a boy who was bitten by a rabid dog.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/07/14", "description": " Sarah E. Goode is the first female African-American to apply for and receive a patent, for the invention of the hideaway bed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/07/15", "description": " The Reservation at Niagara Falls opens, enabling access to all for free. Thomas V. Welch is the first Superintendent of the Park.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/07/20", "description": " Professional football (soccer) is legalized in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/07/23", "description": " Ulysses S. 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Barnum Circus kills giant elephant Jumbo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/09/18", "description": " The union of Eastern Rumelia with Bulgaria is proclaimed at Plovdiv.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/09/30", "description": " A British force abolishes the Boer republic of Stellaland and adds it to British Bechuanaland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/10/13", "description": " The Georgia Institute of Technology is established in Atlanta, Georgia as the Georgia School of Technology.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/10/13", "description": "November ampampndash The Third Burmese War begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/11/07", "description": " Canadian Pacific Railway: In Craigellachie, British Columbia, construction ends on a railway extending across Canada. 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It will remain in print through the 20th Century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1885/12/28", "description": "Michigan Technological University (originally Michigan Mining School) opens its doors for the first time in what is now the Houghton County Fire Hall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/01/01", "description": " Burma is presented to Queen Victoria as a birthday gift, after the country is annexed into British India in November 1885.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/01/16", "description": " A resolution is passed in the German Parliament, to condemn the Prussian deportations, the politically motivated mass expulsion of ethnic Poles and Jews from Prussia, initiated by Otto von Bismarck.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/01/18", "description": " Modern field hockey is born with the formation of The Hockey Association in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/01/29", "description": " Karl Benz patents the first successful gasoline-driven automobile, the Benz Patent Motorwagen (built in 1885).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/02/14", "description": " The first train load of oranges leaves Los Angeles via the transcontinental railroad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/03/03", "description": " The Treaty of Bucharest ends the Serbo-Bulgarian War in the Balkans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/03/08", "description": " Anti-Chinese sentiments result in riots in Seattle, USA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/03/16", "description": " A law establishing the Kiel Canal is adopted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/03/17", "description": " Carrollton Massacre: 20 African Americans are killed in Mississippi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/03/29", "description": " Wilhelm Steinitz becomes first recognized World Chess Champion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/04/04", "description": " William Ewart Gladstone introduces the First Irish Home Rule Bill in the British Parliament it is defeated on June 8.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/04/25", "description": " Easter occurs on the latest possible date (the next time in 1943).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/05/01", "description": " A general strike begins in the United States, which escalates into the Haymarket Riot and eventually wins the eight-hour workday in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/05/04", "description": " Emil Berliner starts work that leads to the invention of the gramophone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/05/08", "description": " Pharmacist Dr. John Stith Pemberton invents a carbonated beverage that would be named ''Coca-Cola''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/05/15", "description": " Portugal and France agree to regulate the borders of their colonies in Guinea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/05/15", "description": "Motherwell Football Club was Founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/05/15", "description": "''Santa Clara County v. 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She is 27 years his junior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/06/09", "description": " The centennial of the Stoughton Musical Society is celebrated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/06/10", "description": " The Mount Tarawera volcano erupts in New Zealand, resulting in the deaths of over 150 people and the destruction of the famous Pink and White Terraces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/06/12", "description": " King Ludwig II of Bavaria is captured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/06/13", "description": " A fire devastates much of Vancouver, British Columbia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/06/30", 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"July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/09/09", "description": " Bern Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/09/15", "description": " The first day of school begins in the newly founded Alhambra School District.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/09/21", "description": " William Stanley, Jr. patents the first practical alternating current transformer device, the induction coil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/10/07", "description": " Spain abolishes slavery in Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/10/28", "description": " In New York Harbor, U.S. President Grover Cleveland dedicates the Statue of Liberty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/10/28", "description": "November ampampndash extremely harsh Winter of 1886\u20131887 begins, killing tens of thousands of cattle on the Great Plains", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/11/03", "description": " In Pakistan one of the biggest schools in the country, Aitchison College, Lahore, was founded by Sir Charles Umpherston Aitchison", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/11/11", "description": " Heinrich Hertz verifies at the University of Karlsruhe the existence of the electromagnetic waves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/11/30", "description": " The ''Folies Berg\u00e8re'' stages its first revue.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/12/17", "description": " English adventurer Thomas Stevens concludes the first circumnavigation by bicycle in Yokohama, having set out on his penny-farthing from San Francisco in 1884.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/12/25", "description": " Arsenal Football Club is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/12/25", "description": "The Maidenhead Citadel Band of The Salvation Army is founded by William Thomas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/12/25", "description": "Heinz Baked Beans are first launched at the Fortnum ampamp Mason department store in London, United Kingdom, although they are manufactured in Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/12/25", "description": "Scotch whisky distiller ''William Grant ampamp Sons'' is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/12/25", "description": "The establishment of the Yorkshire Tea merchants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/12/25", "description": "The village of Skorenovac is founded, mostly by Sz\u00e9kely Hungarians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/12/25", "description": "An inexpensive method for refining aluminum, the Hall-H\u00e9roult process, is discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/12/25", "description": "Father Augustine Tolton, the first Roman Catholic priest from the United States to proclaim himself African American, is ordained in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1886/12/25", "description": "Horse-drawn streetcars of Austria-Hungary, France, Germany and Great Britain are carrying c. 900 million riders per year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/01/11", "description": " Louis Pasteur's anti-rabies treatment is defended in the French Academy of Medicine by Dr. Joseph Grancher.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/01/20", "description": " The United States Senate allows the Navy to lease Pearl Harbor as a naval base.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/01/20", "description": "The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/01/20", "description": "Brisbane receives a daily rainfall of 465 millimetres ampampndash a record for any Australian capital city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/01/24", "description": " Battle of Dogali: Abyssinian troops defeat the Italians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/01/28", "description": " In a snowstorm at Fort Keogh, Montana, USA, the largest snowflakes on record are reported. They are 15ampnbspinches (38ampnbspcm) wide and 8ampnbspinches (20ampnbspcm) thick.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/01/28", "description": " Construction of the foundations of the Eiffel Tower starts in Paris, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/02/02", "description": " In Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, the first Groundhog Day is observed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/02/04", "description": " The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, as passed by the 49th United States Congress, is signed into law by President Grover Cleveland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/02/05", "description": " The Giuseppe Verdi opera ''Otello'' premieres at La Scala.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/02/08", "description": " The Dawes Act, or the General Allotment Act, is enacted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/02/23", "description": " The French Riviera is hit by a large earthquake, killing around 2,000 along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/02/26", "description": " At the Sydney Cricket Ground, George Lohmann becomes the first bowler to take eight wickets in a Test innings.  The famous William Frawley was born.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/03/03", "description": " Anne Sullivan begins teaching Helen Keller.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/03/04", "description": " Gottlieb Daimler unveils his first automobile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/03/07", "description": " North Carolina State University is established as North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/03/13", "description": " Chester Greenwood patents earmuffs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/03/19", "description": " Henry Cogswell College is established by Henry D. Cogswell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/04/01", "description": " Mumbai Fire Brigade is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/04/04", "description": " Argonia, Kansas elects Susanna M. Salter as the first female mayor in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/04/10", "description": " The Catholic University of America is founded on Easter Sunday.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/04/20", "description": " Occidental College is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/04/21", "description": " Schnaebele incident ampndash French\/German border incident nearly leads to war between the two countries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/05/03", "description": " An earthquake hits Sonora, Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/05/09", "description": "  ''Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show'' opens in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/05/14", "description": " The cornerstone of the new Stanford University, in northern California, is laid (the college opens in 1891).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/06/08", "description": " Herman Hollerith receives a patent for his punched card calculator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/06/18", "description": " The Reinsurance Treaty is closed between Germany and Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/06/21", "description": " The British Empire celebrates Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee, marking the 50th year of her reign.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.royal.gov.uk\/output\/page929.asp\">http:\/\/www.royal.gov.uk\/output\/page929.asp<\/a> Royal.gov.uk", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/06/23", "description": " The Rocky Mountains Park Act becomes law in Canada, creating that nation's first national park, Banff National Park.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pc.gc.ca\/apps\/cseh-twih\/archives2_E.asp?id=25\">http:\/\/www.pc.gc.ca\/apps\/cseh-twih\/archives2_E.asp?id=25<\/a> pc.gc.ca", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/06/28", "description": " Minot, North Dakota is incorporated as a city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/06/29", "description": " The United Retail Federation is established in Brisbane.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/07/01", "description": " Construction of the iron structure of the Eiffel Tower starts in Paris, France", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/07/06", "description": " King Kal\u0101kaua of Hawai'i is forced by anti-monarchists to sign the 'Bayonet Constitution', stripping the Hawaiian monarchy of much of its authority as well as disfranchising most native Hawaiians, all Asians and the poor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/07/12", "description": " Odense Boldklub, the Danish football team, is founded as the Odense Cricket Club.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/07/19", "description": " Dorr Eugene Felt receives the first U.S. patent for his comptometer.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/patents\/about?id=-FxEAAAAEBAJ\">http:\/\/www.google.com\/patents\/about?id=-FxEAAAAEBAJ<\/a> U.S. Patent No. 366,945, filed July 6, 1886 second patent granted October 11, 1887: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/patents\/about?id=TptMAAAAEBAJ\">http:\/\/www.google.com\/patents\/about?id=TptMAAAAEBAJ<\/a> U.S. Patent No. 371,496, filed March 12, 1887.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/07/26", "description": " Blackpool F.C. is created in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/07/26", "description": "August ampampndash The earliest constituent of the U.S. National Institutes of Health is established at the Marine Hospital, Staten Island, as the Laboratory of Hygiene.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/08/13", "description": " Hibernian F.C. of Scotland defeats Preston North End of England to win the quotChampionship of the Worldquot after the two teams win the Association football Cup competitions in their respective countries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/09/05", "description": " The Theatre Royal, Exeter, England, burns down, killing 186 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/09/28", "description": " Start of the 1887 Yellow River flood in China, killing 900,000 to 2,000,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/10/01", "description": " The British Empire takes over Balochistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/10/03", "description": " Florida AampM University opens its doors in Tallahassee, Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/10/03", "description": "November", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/10/03", "description": "Results of the Michelson-Morley experiment are published, indicating that the speed of light is independent of motion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/10/03", "description": "Arthur Conan Doyle's detective character Sherlock Holmes makes his first appearance, in the novel ''A Study in Scarlet'' published in ''Beeton's Christmas Annual''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/11/03", "description": " The Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Acad\u00e9mica de Coimbra, the students' union of the University of Coimbra in Portugal, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/11/08", "description": " Emile Berliner is granted a patent for his Gramophone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/11/10", "description": " Louis Lingg, sentenced to be hanged for his alleged role in the Haymarket Riot bomb, kills himself by dynamite.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/11/11", "description": " August Spies, Albert Parsons, Adolph Fischer, George Engel, Michael Schwab, and Samuel Fielden are hanged for inciting riot and murder in the Haymarket Riot of May 4, 1886.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/11/13", "description": " Bloody Sunday: Police clash with pro-Irish independence protesters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/12/05", "description": " International Bureau of Intellectual Property.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/12/25", "description": " ''Glenfiddich'' single malt Scotch whisky is first produced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/12/25", "description": "Franz K\u00f6nig publishes ampquot\u00dcber freie K\u00f6rper in den Gelenkenampquot in the medical journal ''Deutsche Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Chirurgie'', describing (and naming) the disease Osteochondritis dissecans for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/12/25", "description": "Teachers College, later part of Columbia University, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/12/25", "description": "The New Gate is built in Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/12/25", "description": "The first All-Ireland Hurling and Football Finals are held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/12/25", "description": "Japan annexes Iwo Jima.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/12/25", "description": "Zululand becomes a British colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/12/25", "description": "Construction of Spandau Prison in Berlin is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/12/25", "description": "Heinrich Hertz discovers the photoelectric effect on the production and reception of electromagnetic (EM) waves (radio). This was an important step towards the understanding of the quantum nature of light.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/12/25", "description": "Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick invents the contact lens, made of a type of brown glass.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/12/25", "description": "A. G. Edwards, Inc., is founded by General Albert Gallatin Edwards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/12/25", "description": "Heyl ampamp Patterson Inc., a pioneer in coal unloading equipment, is founded by Edmund W. Heyl and William J. Patterson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/12/25", "description": "Laos and Cambodia are added to French Indochina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/12/25", "description": "Antonio Guzm\u00e1n Blanco ends his term as President of Venezuela.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/12/25", "description": "Publication in Barcelona of Enrique Gaspar's ''El anacron\u00f3pete'', the first work of fiction to feature a time machine.ampamp{{cite web|first=Kathryn|last=Westcott|title=HG Wells or Enrique Gaspar: Whose time machine was first?|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/mobile\/world-europe-12900390|work=work=BBC<\/a> News|date=2011-04-09|accessdate=2011-04-09}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1887/12/25", "description": "Publication begins of Futabatei Shimei's ''Ukigumo'', the first modern novel in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/01/03", "description": " The 91-centimeter telescope is first used at Lick Observatory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/01/12", "description": " Blizzards (see: ''Schoolhouse Blizzard'') hit Dakota Territory, the states of Montana, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas, leaving 235 dead, many of whom are children on their way home from school.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/01/13", "description": " In Washington, DC, the National Geographic Society is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/02/27", "description": " In West Orange, New Jersey, Thomas Edison meets with Eadweard Muybridge, who proposes a scheme for sound film.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/03/08", "description": " The Agriculture College of Utah, (later Utah State University) is founded in Logan, Utah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/03/09", "description": " Frederick III is crowned German Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/03/11", "description": " The quotGreat Blizzard of '88quot begins along the eastern seaboard of the United States, shutting down commerce and killing more than 400.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/03/15", "description": " Start of the Sikkim Expedition. A British military expedition to expel the Tibetans from northern Sikkim.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/03/20", "description": " The very first Romani language operetta premieres in Moscow, Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/03/22", "description": " The Football League is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/03/27", "description": " Dorus Rijkers saves the 30-man crew of the ''Renown'', risking his own life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/04/03", "description": " The  Brighton Beach Hotel in Coney Island is moved 520 feet using six steam locomotives by Civil Engineer B.C. Miller to save it from ocean storms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/04/06", "description": " first New Year's Day of the solar calendar adopted by Siamese King Chulalongkorn with the 106th anniversary of Bangkok's founding in 1782 as its epoch (reference date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/04/11", "description": " The Concertgebouw in Amsterdam is inaugurated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/05/01", "description": " The United States Congress establishes the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/05/13", "description": " Brazil abolishes the last remnants of slavery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/05/28", "description": " In Scotland, the Celtic F.C. plays its first official match winning 5\u20132 against Rangers F.C..", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/05/30", "description": " Hong Kong Peak Tram began operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/05/30", "description": "June ampampndash Annie Besant organizes the London matchgirls strike of 1888.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/05/30", "description": "The ''Kingdom of Sedang'' is formed in modern-day Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/05/30", "description": "''Casey at the Bat'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/06/15", "description": " Wilhelm II is crowned German Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/06/19", "description": " In Chicago, the Republican Convention opens at the Auditorium Building. Benjamin Harrison amp Levi Morton win the nominations for President and Vice President, respectively.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/06/29", "description": " Handel's ''Israel in Egypt'' is recorded onto wax cylinder at The Crystal Palace, it being the earliest known recording of classical music.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/06/30", "description": " The Marine Biological Association Laboratory opens on Plymouth Hoe, Devon, UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/07/25", "description": " Frank Edward McGurrin, a court stenographer from Salt Lake City, Utah,  purportedly the only person using touch typing at the time, wins a decisive victory over Louis Traub in a typing contest held in Cincinnati, Ohio. This date can be called the birthday of the touch typing method that is widely used now.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/07/27", "description": " The British Parliament passes an act that permits bicycles on the road, on condition that they are equipped with a bell that should be rung while on the carriageway. The law is eventually abolished in 1930.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/08/05", "description": " Berta Benz arrives in Pforzheim, having driven {{convert|40|mi|km}} from Mannheim in a car manufactured by her husband Karl Benz, thus completing the first quotlong-distancequot drive in the history of the automobile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/08/07", "description": " The body of Martha Tabram is found, a possible murder victim of Jack the Ripper.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/08/09", "description": "August 9  ampndash A fire destroyed Main Building, the heart of Wells College in Aurora, NY causing a loss of $130,000.<a href=\"http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/mem\/archive-free\/pdf?res=F60715FA395413738DDDA90994D0405B8884F0D3\">http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/mem\/archive-free\/pdf?res=F60715FA395413738DDDA90994D0405B8884F0D3<\/a> Query.nytimes.com", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/08/20", "description": " There is a mutiny at Dufile, India, and the Emin Pasha is imprisoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/08/31", "description": " Mary Ann Nichols is murdered. She is considered the first of Jack the Ripper's victims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/09/04", "description": " George Eastman registers the trademark ''Kodak'', and receives a patent for his camera which uses roll film.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/09/06", "description": " Charles Turner becomes the first cricket bowler to take 250 wickets in an English season ampndash a feat since accomplished only by Tom Richardson (twice), J.T. Hearne, Wilfred Rhodes (twice) and Tich Freeman (six times).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/09/06", "description": "In London, the dead body of Annie Chapman is found. She is considered to be the second victim of Jack the Ripper.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/09/06", "description": "In England, the first 6 Football League matches are played.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/09/30", "description": " In London, the bodies of Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes are found. They are generally considered Jack the Ripper's third and fourth victims, respectively.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/10/01", "description": " Sofia University officially opens, becoming the first university in liberated Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/10/09", "description": " The Washington Monument officially opens to the general public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/10/14", "description": "", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/10/14", "description": "Louis Le Prince films the first motion picture: ''Roundhay Garden Scene'' in Roundhay, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK (followed by his movie ''Leeds Bridge'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/10/14", "description": "Seeking to extend Mahdist control over what is now southwestern Ethiopia, governor Khalil al-Khuzani is routed at the Battle of Gut\u00e9 Dili by an alliance of Shewan forces under ''Ras'' Gobana Dacche and Moroda Bekere, ruler of Leqa Naqamte. Only a handful, including Khalil, barely manage to flee the battle field.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/10/25", "description": " St. Cuthbert's Society, University of Durham is founded after a general meeting, chaired by the Reverend Hastings Rashdall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/11/06", "description": " U.S. presidential election, 1888: United States Democratic Party incumbent Grover Cleveland wins the popular vote, but loses the Electoral College vote to Republican challenger Benjamin Harrison, therefore losing the election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/11/07", "description": " Birthday of Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, Indian physicist and Nobel laureate, discoverer of Raman scattering.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/11/09", "description": " In London, England, the dead body of Mary Jane Kelly is found. She is considered to be the fifth, and last, of Jack the Ripper's victims. A number of similar murders in England follow, but the police attribute them to copy-cat killers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/11/20", "description": " the first St V-parade by students in Brussels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/11/27", "description": " Delta Delta Delta was founded at Boston University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/12/18", "description": " Richard Wetherill and his brother-in-law discover the Indian ruins of Mesa Verde in southwestern Colorado.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/12/23", "description": " During a bout of mental illness, Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh infamously cuts off the lower part of his own left ear.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/12/23", "description": "John Robert Gregg first publishes Gregg Shorthand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/12/23", "description": "Prosecution of Edward King, Anglican bishop of Lincoln, for using ritualistic practices begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/12/23", "description": "The first Tram line was opened in Tallinn. See more at Public transport in Tallinn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/12/23", "description": "Sarawak and Sabah become British protectorates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/12/23", "description": "Susan B. Anthony organizes a ''Congress for Women's Rights'' in Washington, DC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/12/23", "description": "A national library in Athens, Greece is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/12/23", "description": "The first railway in China goes into operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/12/23", "description": "The Kodak camera increases the popularity of photography as a hobby.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/12/23", "description": "The dolphin Pelorus Jack is first sighted in Cook Strait, New Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/12/23", "description": "The Camborne School of Mines is founded in Cornwall, United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/12/23", "description": "Rudyard Kipling's short story collection ''Plain Tales from the Hills'' is published in Calcutta, India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/12/23", "description": "The Finnish epic ''Kalevala'' is published for the first time in the English Language by John Martin Crawford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/12/23", "description": "The Baldwin School is founded in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/12/23", "description": "Chin Gee Hee starts the Quong Tuck Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/12/23", "description": "U.S. President Grover Cleveland declares the Chinese ampquotimpossible of assimilation with our people and dangerous to our peace and welfareampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/12/23", "description": "Texas finishes its 3 million dollar state capital building in Austin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1888/12/23", "description": "Katz's Delicatessen is founded in the Lower East Side of Manhattan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889", "description": "A total eclipse is seen over parts of California and Nevada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889", "description": "Jack Wilson (Wovoka) experiences a vision leading to the start of the Ghost Dance movement in the Dakotas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/01/04", "description": " An Act to Regulate Appointments in the Marine Hospital Service of the United States is signed by President Grover Cleveland. It establishes a Commissioned Corps of officers as a predecessor to the current U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/01/05", "description": " Preston is declared the winner of the inaugural Football League in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/01/08", "description": " Herman Hollerith receives a patent for his electric tabulating machine in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/01/15", "description": " The ''Coca-Cola Company'', then known as the Pemberton Medicine Company, is originally incorporated in Atlanta, Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/01/22", "description": " ''Columbia Phonograph'' is formed in Washington, DC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/01/30", "description": " Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria and his mistress Baroness Mary Vetsera commit a double suicide (or a murder suicide) in the Mayerling hunting lodge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/02/05", "description": " The first issue of ''Glasgow University Magazine'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/02/11", "description": " The Meiji Constitution of Japan is adopted the 1st Diet of Japan convenes in 1890.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/02/22", "description": " President Grover Cleveland signs a bill admitting North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington as U.S. states.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/03/04", "description": " Grover Cleveland, 22nd President of the United States (1885 ampndash 1889) is succeeded by Benjamin Harrison (1889\u20131893).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/03/09", "description": " Yohannes IV is killed in the Battle of Metemma Sudanese forces, who had been almost defeated, rally and destroy the Ethiopian army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/03/11", "description": " The North Carolina Legislature issues a charter for the creation of Elon College.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/03/15", "description": " A German naval force shells a village in Samoa, destroying some American property three American warships enter the Samoan harbor and prepare to fire on the three German warships found there. Before guns are fired, the 1889 Apia cyclone blows in and sinks all the ships, American and German. A compulsory armistice is called because of the lack of warships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/03/22", "description": " English football team Sheffield United F.C. formed at the Adelphi Hotel, Sheffield.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/03/23", "description": " Claiming to be the Promised Messiah and Mahdi, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad founds the Ahmadiyya Muslim community in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/03/31", "description": " The Eiffel Tower is inaugurated (opens May 6). At 300 m, the its height exceeds the previous tallest structure in the world by 130 m. Contemporary critics regard it as aesthetically displeasing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/04/01", "description": " Following a failed attempt at a coup, French defense minister Georges Boulanger is forced to flee the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/04/10", "description": " The Hammarby Roddf\u00f6rening (later Hammarby Fotboll) is founded in Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/04/22", "description": " At high noon in Oklahoma Territory, thousands rush to claim land in the Land Run of 1889. Within hours the cities of Oklahoma City and Guthrie are formed, with populations of at least 10,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/05/02", "description": " Menelik II, Emperor of Ethiopia, signs a treaty of amity with Italy, giving Italy control over what will become Eritrea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/05/06", "description": " The Exposition Universelle opens in Paris with the Eiffel Tower as its entrance arch. The Galerie des machines, at 111 m, spans the longest interior space in the world at this time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/05/06", "description": "Johnstown Flood: The South Fork Dam collapses in western Pennsylvania, killing more than 2,200 people in and around Johnstown, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/05/06", "description": "The Naval Defence Act dictates that the fleet strength of the British Royal Navy must be equal to that of at least any two other countries.ampref name=CBHamp{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=315\u2013316|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/05/06", "description": "June ampampndash Vincent van Gogh paints ''Starry Night'' at Saint-R\u00e9my-de-Provence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/06/03", "description": " The first long distance electric power transmission line in the United States is completed, running {{convert|14|mi|km}} between a generator at Willamette Falls and downtown Portland, Oregon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/06/06", "description": " The Great Seattle Fire ravages through the downtown area without any fatalities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/06/08", "description": " ''The Wall Street Journal'' is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/06/12", "description": " The Armagh rail disaster near Armagh in Ireland kills 78.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/06/19", "description": " A Neapolitan baker named Raffaele Esposito invents the Pizza Margherita, named after the queen consort of Italy Margherita of Savoy. This is the forerunner of the modern pizza.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/06/29", "description": "June 30 ampndash First Inter-Parliamentary Conference held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/07/08", "description": " The first issue of ''The Wall Street Journal'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/07/14", "description": " International Workers Congresses of Paris open and establish the Second International.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/07/31", "description": " Louise, Princess Royal of the United Kingdom, marries Alexander Duff, 1st Duke of Fife.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/08/03", "description": " Mahdist War: Egyptian and British victory at the Battle of Toski.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/08/06", "description": " The Savoy Hotel in London opens.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/08/10", "description": " At the Vienna Hofburg, the grand opening ceremony is held for the Imperial Natural History Museum ({{Lang-de|K.k. Naturhistorisches Hofmuseum}}), begun in 1871 from August 13 to the end of December, the museum counts 175,000 visitors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/08/14", "description": "September 15 ampndash London Dock Strike: Dockers strike for a minimum wage of sixpence an hour (quotThe dockers' tannerquot), which they eventually receive, a landmark in the development of New Unionism in Britain.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.portcities.org.uk\/london\/server\/show\/ConNarrative.77\/The-Great-Dock-Strike-of-1889.html|title=The\">http:\/\/www.portcities.org.uk\/london\/server\/show\/ConNarrative.77\/The-Great-Dock-Strike-of-1889.html|title=The<\/a> Great Dock Strike|work=PortCities project|accessdate=2008-01-29|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080225051202\/http:\/\/www.portcities.org.uk\/london\/server\/show\/ConNarrative.77\/The-Great-Dock-Strike-of-1889.html|archivedate=25\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080225051202\/http:\/\/www.portcities.org.uk\/london\/server\/show\/ConNarrative.77\/The-Great-Dock-Strike-of-1889.html|archivedate=25<\/a> February 2008 !--DASHBot--|deadurl=no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/08/26", "description": " The Prevention of Cruelty to, and Protection of, Children Act, commonly known as the ''Children's Charter'', is passed in the United Kingdom for the first time it imposes criminal penalties to deter child abuse.{{cite news|first=David|last=Batty|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/society\/2005\/may\/18\/childrensservices2|title=Timeline:\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/society\/2005\/may\/18\/childrensservices2|title=Timeline:<\/a> a history of child protection|work=The Guardian|date=18 May 2005|accessdate=2010-09-15}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/08/30", "description": " Official opening of Royal Mail Mount Pleasant Sorting Office in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/08/30", "description": "August ampampndash The Jewish Settlement of Mois\u00e9s Ville is founded in Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/09/10", "description": " Albert Honor\u00e9 Charles Grimaldi becomes Albert I, Prince of Monaco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/09/17", "description": " Civil War veteran Charles Jefferson Wright founds New York Military Academy with 75 students on {{convert|30|acre|m2}} of land in Cornwall, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/09/23", "description": " The ''Nintendo'' Koppai (Later ''Nintendo'' Company, Limited) is founded by Fusajiro Yamauchi to produce and market Hanafuda playing cards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/10/02", "description": " In Washington, DC, the first International Conference of American States begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/10/06", "description": " The ''Moulin Rouge'' cabaret opens in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/10/24", "description": " Sir Henry Parkes, Premier of New South Wales, delivers the Tenterfield Oration calling for the Federation of Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/10/29", "description": " British South Africa Company receives a Royal Charter.ref name=CBH\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/10/29", "description": "November ampampndash The first free elections are held in Costa Rica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/11/02", "description": " North Dakota and South Dakota are admitted as the 39th and 40th U.S. states.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/11/08", "description": " Montana is admitted as the 41st U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/11/11", "description": " Washington is admitted as the 42nd U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/11/14", "description": " Inspired by Jules Verne, pioneer woman journalist Nellie Bly (Elizabeth Cochrane) begins an attempt to beat travel around the world in less than 80 days (Bly finishes the journey in 72 days, 6 hours and 11 minutes).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/11/15", "description": " Field Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca organizes a military coup which deposes Emperor Pedro II of Brazil and abolishes the Brazilian monarchy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/11/17", "description": " The Brazilian Royal Family is forced into exile in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/11/19", "description": " The Empire of Brazil officially becomes a Federal Republic and Field Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca becomes its first president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/11/20", "description": " Argentina is the first country to recognize the abolition of the monarchy in Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/11/21", "description": " Gustav Mahler's First Symphony premieres.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/11/23", "description": " The first jukebox goes into operation at the Palais Royale Saloon in San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/11/27", "description": " Clemson University is founded in Clemson, South Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/12/04", "description": " The Bayswater Railway Station (Victoria, Australia) officially opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/12/14", "description": " Wofford and Furman play the first intercollegiate football game in the state of South Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/12/23", "description": " The Spanish football team Recreativo de Huelva is formed (currently the oldest club in Spain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/12/23", "description": "An early method of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission as developed by the Swiss engineer Ren\u00e9 Thury ampampDonald Beaty et al., ampquotStandard Handbook for Electrical Engineers 11th Ed.ampquot, McGraw Hill, 1978ampamp is implemented commercially in Italy by the ''Acquedotto de Ferrari-Galliera'' company. This system transmits 630ampampnbspkW at 14 kV DC over a distance of 120ampampnbspkm.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.myinsulators.com\/acw\/bookref\/histsyscable\/\">http:\/\/www.myinsulators.com\/acw\/bookref\/histsyscable\/<\/a> ACW's Insulator Info ampampndash Book Reference Info ampampndash History of Electrical Systems and Cablesamp!-- Bot generated title --ampampampampampR. M. Black ''The History of Electric Wires and Cables'', Peter Perigrinus, London 1983 ISBN 0-86341-001-4 pages 94\u201396ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/12/23", "description": "The first West Virginia tornado is recorded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/12/23", "description": "The ''Wisden Cricketers' Almanack'' publishes its first ''Wisden Cricketers of the Year'' (actually titled ''Six Great Bowlers Of The Year''). The cricketers chosen are George Lohmann, Bobby Peel, Johnny Briggs, Charles Turner, John Ferris and Sammy Woods.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/12/23", "description": "Frederick Abel invents cordite.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/12/23", "description": "Influenza pandemic originates in Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/12/23", "description": "Yellow fever interrupts the building of the Panama Canal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/12/23", "description": "A huge locust swarm crosses the Red Sea and destroys crops in the Nile Valley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/12/23", "description": "The Capilano Suspension Bridge (the longest suspension foot-bridge in the world) is opened. thumb|190px|right| Capilano Suspension Bridge|Capilano Bridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/12/23", "description": "English football team Wimbledon F.C. is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/12/23", "description": "Brook trout is introduced into the upper Firehole River, Yellowstone National Park.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/12/23", "description": "Schools founded include:", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/12/23", "description": "Plattsburgh Normal School (Plattsburgh, New York)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/12/23", "description": "Riverside Elementary School (Wichita, Kansas)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/12/23", "description": "Battle Ground Academy  Franklin, Tennessee", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1889/12/23", "description": "The Indian Religious Code is created which forbids Native Americans to practice their religions.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890", "description": "The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony in the Horn of Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890", "description": "In Michigan, the wooden steamer ''Mackinaw'' burns in a fire on the Black River.ampref name=boats90amp{{cite web|title=Full List of Thunder Bay Region Shipwrecks (by name)|publisher=MSU Sea Grant Extension, Northeast District, Michigan State University|year=2000|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/web1.msue.msu.edu\/iosco\/tbfulllist.htm\">http:\/\/web1.msue.msu.edu\/iosco\/tbfulllist.htm<\/a> MSUE-TB-wrecks}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890", "description": "The steamship ''Persia'' is wrecked off Corsica 130 lives are lost.ampref name=ampquotThe New York Timesampquotamp{{cite news|accessdate=September 14, 2011|cite web|title=MANY GREAT LINERS PAID TOLL OF THE SEA Republic Was First to Utilize the Wireless in Calls for Aid|publisher=The New York Times |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/mem\/archive-free\/pdf?res=FB0814FE3E5813738DDDAF0994DC405B828DF1D3|date=April\">http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/mem\/archive-free\/pdf?res=FB0814FE3E5813738DDDAF0994DC405B828DF1D3|date=April<\/a> 16, 1912}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890", "description": "Alice Sanger becomes the first female staffer in the White House.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history.do?action=Articleampampid=95\">http:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history.do?action=Articleampampid=95<\/a> |title=This Day in History: 1890|work=History.com |publisher=AampampE Television Networks|accessdate=2009-10-27}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/01/11", "description": " 1890 British Ultimatum: the United Kingdom demands Portugal withdraw its forces from the land between the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola (most of present-day Zimbabwe and Zambia)", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/01/15", "description": " The Sleeping Beauty (ballet) with music by Tchaikovsky is premiered at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in St Petersburg, Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/01/15", "description": "The United Mine Workers of America is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/01/15", "description": "Nellie Bly completes her round-the-world journey in 72 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/02/17", "description": "{dubious|Sinking of the Duburg|date=May 2012}} ampndash The British steamship ''Duburg'' is wrecked in the South China Sea: 400 lives are lost.ref name=quotThe New York Timesquot\/{{cite news|title=A Steamer and 400 Lives Lost|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/paperspast.natlib.govt.nz\/cgi-bin\/paperspast?a=dampd=ODT18900117.2.47|accessdate=6\">http:\/\/paperspast.natlib.govt.nz\/cgi-bin\/paperspast?a=dampd=ODT18900117.2.47|accessdate=6<\/a> May 2012|newspaper=Otago Times|date=17 January 1890}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/02/24", "description": " Chicago is selected to host the Columbian Exposition", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/02/24", "description": "The British steamship ''Quetia'' founders in the Lorres Straits: 124 lives are lost.ampref name=ampquotThe New York Timesampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/02/24", "description": "L\u00e9on Bourgeois succeeds Jean Antoine Ernest Constans as French Minister of the Interior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/03/03", "description": " The first football game in Ohio State history is played in Delaware, Ohio against Ohio Wesylan where Ohio State won 20\u201314.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/03/04", "description": " The longest bridge in Britain, the Forth Bridge (8,296ampnbspft) in Scotland, is opened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/03/08", "description": " North Dakota State University is founded in Fargo, North Dakota.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/03/20", "description": " Wilhelm II of Germany dismisses Otto von Bismarck.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/03/27", "description": " A tornado strikes Louisville, Kentucky, killing 76 people and injuring 200.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/03/28", "description": " Washington State University is founded in Pullman, Washington.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/04/14", "description": " Commercial Bureau of the American Republics", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/05/12", "description": " The first ever ''official'' English County Championship cricket match begins in Bristol Yorkshire beats Gloucestershire by 8 wickets.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/05/31", "description": " The 5-story skylight Arcade opens in Cleveland, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/06/01", "description": "  The United States Census Bureau begins using Herman Hollerith's tabulating machine to tabulate census returns using punched card input, a landmark in the history of computing hardware. Hollerith's company eventually becomes IBM.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/06/12", "description": " In Michigan, the wooden steamer ''Ryan'' is lost near Thunder Bay Island.ref name=boats90\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/06/20", "description": " ''The Picture of Dorian Gray'' by Oscar Wilde published by Philadelphia-based ''Lippincott's Monthly Magazine''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/06/27", "description": " Canadian-born boxer George Dixon defeats the British bantamweight champion in London, giving him claim to be the first black world champion in any sport.{{cite web|title=Dixon, George (Little Chocolate)|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.biographi.ca\/009004-119.01-e.php?ampid_nbr=6679|work=work=Dictionary<\/a> of Canadian Biography Online|year=2000|publisher=University of Toronto Universit\u00e9 Laval|accessdate=2012-01-23}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/06/27", "description": "July ampampndash Politics of Japan: In the first general election for the House of Representatives of Japan, c. 5% of the adult male population elect a lower house of the Diet of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/07/01", "description": " Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty is signed by Great Britain and Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/07/02", "description": " The Sherman Antitrust Act and Sherman Silver Purchase Act become United States law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/07/03", "description": " Idaho is admitted as the 43rd U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/07/10", "description": " Wyoming is admitted as the 44th U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/07/13", "description": " In Minnesota, storms result in the Sea Wing disaster on Lake Pepin killing 98.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/07/14", "description": " First recorded use of ''lime-green'' to describe a color.''The Daily News'' (London). {{cite web|title=lime, ''nsup2\/sup''.|work=Oxford English Dictionary online version|publisher=Oxford University Press|month=September|year=2011|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oed.com\/view\/Entry\/108433?rskey=QODUjtampresult=2ampisAdvanced=false#eid116686059|accessdate=2011-11-15}}\">http:\/\/www.oed.com\/view\/Entry\/108433?rskey=QODUjtampresult=2ampisAdvanced=false#eid116686059|accessdate=2011-11-15}}<\/a> {{OEDsub}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/07/26", "description": " In Buenos Aires, the ''Revoluci\u00f3n del Parque'' takes place, forcing President Ju\u00e1rez Celman's resignation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/07/29", "description": " Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh dies near Paris, France, after shooting himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/08/06", "description": " At Auburn Prison in New York, William Kemmler becomes the first person to be executed in the electric chair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/08/20", "description": " Treaty of London: Portugal and the United Kingdom define the borders of the Portuguese colonies of Mozambique and Angola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/09/19", "description": " The Turkish frigate ''Ertogrul'' founders off Japan 540 lives are lost.ref name=quotThe New York Timesquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/10/01", "description": " Weather Bureau (within Department of Agriculture).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/10/09", "description": "  The first brief flight of Cl\u00e9ment Ader's steam-powered fixed-wing aircraft ''Eole'' takes place in Satory, France. It flies uncontrolled approximately {{convert|50|m|ft|abbr=on}} at a height of 20ampnbspcm, the first take-off of a powered airplane solely under its own power.{{cite web|first=Tom D|last=Crouch|title=Cl\u00e9ment Ader|work=Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/5780\/Clement-Ader|accessdate=2011-03-03}}{{cite\">http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/5780\/Clement-Ader|accessdate=2011-03-03}}{{cite<\/a> web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.flyingmachines.org\/ader.html|first=Carroll|last=Gray|title=Clement\">http:\/\/www.flyingmachines.org\/ader.html|first=Carroll|last=Gray|title=Clement<\/a> Ader 1841ampndash1925|work=Flying Machines|date=1998-2003|accessdate=2011-03-03}}{{cite journal|first=Charles H.|last=Gibbs-Smith|authorlink=Charles Harvard Gibbs-Smith|title=Hops and Flights: A Roll Call of Early Powered Take-offs|journal=Flight|volume=75|page=468|year=1959|url= <a href=\"http:\/\/www.flightglobal.com\/pdfarchive\/view\/1959\/1959%20-%200937.html|accessdate=2011-03-03}}\">http:\/\/www.flightglobal.com\/pdfarchive\/view\/1959\/1959%20-%200937.html|accessdate=2011-03-03}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/10/11", "description": " In Washington, D.C., the Daughters of the American Revolution is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/10/11", "description": "In Michigan, the schooner ''J.F. Warner'' is lost at Thunder Bay.ampref name=boats90\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/10/11", "description": "The Delta Chi Fraternity is founded by 11 law students at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/11/21", "description": " Edward King, Anglican bishop of Lincoln, is convicted of using ritualistic practices.{{cite news|title=Read And Others V. The Lord Bishop Of Lincoln: Court Of The Archbishop Of Canterbury, Lambeth Palace, Nov. 21|newspaper=The Times|location=London|date=1890-11-22|page=4|issue=33176}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/11/23", "description": " King William III of the Netherlands dies without a male heir, and his daughter Princess Wilhelmina becomes Queen, causing Luxembourg (who required a male heir) to declare independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/11/23", "description": "The Meiji Constitution goes into effect in Japan and the first Diet convenes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/11/23", "description": "In West Point, New York, the United States Navy defeats the United States Army 24\u20130 in the first Army\u2013Navy Game.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/11/23", "description": "November ampampndash Scotland Yard, headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service, moves to a building on London's Victoria Embankment, as the New Scotland Yard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/11/23", "description": "December ampampndash The British steamship ''Shanghai'' burns in the East China Sea off the coast of Anhui Province 200 lives are lost.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/mem\/archive-free\/pdf?res=F20C10FB395D15738DDDA10A94DA415B8085F0D3\">http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/mem\/archive-free\/pdf?res=F20C10FB395D15738DDDA10A94DA415B8085F0D3<\/a> Two Hundred Drowned - Panic among the Chinese on the burned steamer ''Shanghai''ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/12/29", "description": " Wounded Knee Massacre: At Wounded Knee, South Dakota, a Native American camp, the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment tries to disperse the non-violent quotGhost-Dancequot which was promised to usher in a new era of power and freedom to Native Americans but was feared as a potential rallying tool for violent rebellion by some in the U.S. government.  Shooting begins, and 153 Lakota Sioux and 25 troops are killed about 150 flee the scene.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/12/29", "description": "The corrugated cardboard box is invented by Robert Gair, a Brooklyn printer who developed production of paper-board boxes in 1879.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/12/29", "description": "The United States city of Boise, Idaho, drills the first geothermal well.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/12/29", "description": "Brown trout are introduced into the upper Firehole River in Yellowstone National Park.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/12/29", "description": "''High School Cadets'' is written by John Philip Sousa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/12/29", "description": "William II of Prussia opposes Bismarck's attempt to renew the law outlawing the Social Democratic Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/12/29", "description": "Blackwall Buildings, Whitechapel, noted philanthropic housing, is built in the East End of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/12/29", "description": "English archaeologist Flinders Petrie excavates at Tell el-Hesi, Palestine (mistakenly identified as Lachish), the first scientific excavation of an archaeological site in the Holy Land, during which he discovers how tells are formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/12/29", "description": "American geostrategist Alfred Thayer Mahan publishes his influential book ''The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1890/12/29", "description": "Francis Galton announces a statistical demonstration of the uniqueness and classifiability of individual human fingerprints.ampamp{{cite journal|title=The Patterns in Thumb and Finger Marks ampampndash On Their Arrangement into Naturally Distinct Classes, the Permanence of the Papillary Ridges that Make Them, and the Resemblance of Their Classes to Ordinary Genera|pages=1\u201323|first=Francis|last=Galton|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B|volume=182|year=1891|jstor=91733}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/01/01", "description": " Paying of old age pensions begins in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/01/16", "description": " The Chilean Civil War breaks out.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/01/20", "description": " Jim Hogg becomes the first native Texan to be governor of that state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/01/29", "description": " Liliuokalani is proclaimed Queen of Hawaii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/01/31", "description": " The Portuguese republican revolution breaks out in the northern city of Porto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/02/14", "description": " In the FA Cup Quarter Final, a goal is deliberately stopped by handball on the goal line. An Indirect free kick is awarded, since the Penalty kick was proposed that year but not implemented. This event probably changes public opinion on the penalty kick, which was seen as 'an Irishman's motion' before (see William McCrum).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/02/15", "description": " AIK is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/02/21", "description": " Springhill, Nova Scotia suffers a serious mining disaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/03/03", "description": " The International Copyright Act of 1891 is passed by the Fifty-first United States Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/03/09", "description": "March 12 ampndash A powerful storm off England's south coast sinks 14 ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/03/14", "description": " In New Orleans, a lynch mob storms the Old Parish Prison and lynches 11 Italians arrested but found innocent of the murder of Police Chief David Hennessy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/03/15", "description": " Jesse W. Reno patents the first escalator at Coney Beach.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/03/17", "description": " The British steamship SS ''Utopia'', carrying Italian migrants to New York, sinks in the inner harbor of Gibraltar after collision with the battleship HMS ''Anson'', killing 564.562 passengers and crew from ''Utopia'' and two rescue sailors from HMS ''Immortalit\u00e9'' - {{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/mem\/archive-free\/pdf?res=F10D10F7345F10738DDDA90A94DB405B8185F0D3|title=The\">http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/mem\/archive-free\/pdf?res=F10D10F7345F10738DDDA90A94DB405B8185F0D3|title=The<\/a> Dead of the Utopia|work=The New York Times|date=March 20, 1891}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/03/18", "description": " Official opening of the London-Paris telephone system.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/03/18", "description": "The Wrigley Company is founded in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/03/18", "description": "The London-Paris telephone system is opened to the general public.ampref name=ampquotPocket On This Dayampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/04/05", "description": " Census in the United Kingdom. 15.6 million people live in cities of 20,000 or more in England and Wales. Cities of 20,000 or more account for 54% of the total English population.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/04/05", "description": "May ampampndash Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claims to be the Promised Messiah (The second coming of Jesus) and the Mahdi awaited in Islam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/05/01", "description": " Troops fire on a workers' May Day demonstration in support of the 8-hour workday in Fourmies, France, killing 9 and wounding 30.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/05/01", "description": " The first ''Fascio dei lavoratori'' (Workers League) is founded by Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida in Catania, (Sicily).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/05/05", "description": " The Music Hall in New York (now known as Carnegie Hall) has its grand opening and first public performance, with maestro Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky as the guest conductor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/05/11", "description": " Otsu Incident: Tsesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich (the future Czar Nicholas II) of Russia survives an assassination attempt while visiting Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/05/15", "description": " Pope Leo XIII issues the encyclical ''Rerum Novarum'', resulting in the creation of many Christian Democrat Parties throughout Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/05/20", "description": " Thomas Alva Edison's prototype kinetoscope is first displayed at Edison's Laboratory, for a convention of the National Federation of Women's Clubs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/05/31", "description": ".S. (May 19 O.S.) ampndash In the Kuperovskaya district of Vladivostok, a grand ceremonial inauguration of construction work on the Trans-Siberian Railway is carried out by the Tsesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich and a religious service held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/06/01", "description": " The Johnstown Inclined Plane opens in Johnstown, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/06/16", "description": " John Abbott becomes Canada's third prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/06/21", "description": " First long-distance transmission of alternating current by the Ames power plant near Telluride, Colorado, by Lucien and Paul Nunn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/06/25", "description": " Arthur Conan Doyle's detective Sherlock Holmes appears in ''The Strand Magazine'' for the first time.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/06/25", "description": "July 30 ampampndash The Springboks rugby union team of South Africa play their first international test match against the Lions team of the British Isles and win by 4-0.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/08/27", "description": " France and Russia conclude a defensive alliance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/09/14", "description": " The first penalty kick is awarded in a football (soccer) match John Heath scores it for the Wolverhampton Wanderers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/09/28", "description": " The C.A. Pe\u00f1arol is founded in Montevideo under the name of the CURCC (Central Uruguay Railway Cricket Club).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/09/28", "description": "October ampampndash Eug\u00e8ne Dubois finds the first fragmentary bones of ''Pithecanthropus erectus'' (later redesignated ''Homo erectus''), or 'Java Man', at Trinil on the Solo River.ampamp{{cite book|first=Sean B.|last=Carroll|title=Remarkable Creatures: Epic Adventures in the Search for the Origin of Species|location=London|publisher=Quercus|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84916-072-8|pages=90\u201391}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/10/01", "description": " In California, Stanford University opens its doors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/10/27", "description": " An 8.0 earthquake strikes the village of Utsuzumi in rural Gifu, Japan, killing over 7,000 across the region and creating a 3-meter-tall surface fault that is still visible.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/11/11", "description": " The Jindandao Incident breaks out in the Juu Uda League, Inner Mongolia, massacred tens of thousands of Mongols before being suppressed by government troops in late December.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/11/15", "description": " The Brazilian Old Republic Constitution was promulgated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/11/28", "description": " The International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers was organized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/12/22", "description": " Asteroid 323 Brucia becomes the first asteroid discovered using photography.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/12/22", "description": "Brahmin teacher and nationalist Bal Gangadhar Tilak begins agitation for Indian home Rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/12/22", "description": "New Scotland Yard becomes the HQ of the London Metropolitan Police.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/12/22", "description": "James Naismith invents basketball.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/12/22", "description": "The Tobacco Protest occurs in Iran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/12/22", "description": "Oba Ovonramwen seizes the throne of Benin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/12/22", "description": "The Australian Labor Party is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/12/22", "description": "Seattle University is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/12/22", "description": "Drexel University is founded as the ''Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/12/22", "description": "The Auckland University Students' Association is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/12/22", "description": "Maria Sk\u0142odowska (later Marie Curie) enters the Sorbonne University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/12/22", "description": "Nikola Tesla invents the Tesla coil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/12/22", "description": "Michelin patent the removable pneumatic bicycle tire.ampamp{{cite book|first1=John|last1=Lloyd|authorlink=John Lloyd (writer)|first2=John|last2=Mitchinson|title=The Second Book of General Ignorance|location=London|publisher=Faber|year=2010|isbn=978-0-571-26965-5|page=163}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1891/12/22", "description": "Skansen is established as the world's first open air museum by Artur Hazelius on the island of Djurg\u00e5rden in Stockholm, Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/01/01", "description": " Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/01/15", "description": " James Naismith publishes the rules for basketball.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/01/20", "description": " At the YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts, the first official basketball game is played.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/02/18", "description": " Pennsauken Township, New Jersey is incorporated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/02/27", "description": " Rudolf Diesel applies for a patent on his compression ignition engine (the Diesel engine).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/03/01", "description": " Theodoros Deligiannis ends his term as Prime Minister of Greece and Konstantinos Konstantopoulos takes office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/03/13", "description": " Ernest Louis, a grandson of Queen Victoria, becomes Grand Duke of Hesse and the Rhine on the death of his father, Grand Duke Louis IV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/03/15", "description": " The Liverpool Football Club is founded by John Houlding, the owner of Anfield. Houlding decides to form his own team after Everton leaves Anfield in an argument over rent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/03/20", "description": " The first ever French rugby championship final takes place in Paris. Pierre de Coubertin referees the match, which Racing Club de France wins 4\u20133 over Stade Fran\u00e7ais.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/03/31", "description": " The world's first fingerprinting bureau is formally opened by the Buenos Aires Chief of Police it had been operating unofficially since the previous year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/03/31", "description": "April ampampndash The Johnson County War breaks out between small farmers and large ranchers in Wyoming.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/04/01", "description": " The city of Maebashi is founded by the samurai Makuba Kawai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/04/15", "description": " The General Electric Company is established through the merger of the Thomson-Houston Company and the Edison General Electric Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/04/29", "description": " Redondo Beach, California, USA is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/05/07", "description": " The Cook Islands issue their first postage stamps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/05/19", "description": " Battle of Yemoja River: British troops defeat Ijebu infantry in modern-day Nigeria, using a maxim gun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/05/22", "description": " The British conquest of Ijebu-Ode marks a major extension of colonial power into the Nigerian interior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/05/24", "description": " Prince George (later George V) becomes Duke of York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/05/28", "description": " In San Francisco, California, John Muir organizes the Sierra Club.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/06/04", "description": " Abercrombie amp Fitch is established by David T. Abercrombie.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/06/07", "description": " Homer Plessy (who is black) is arrested for sitting on the whites-only car in Louisiana, leading to the landmark ''Plessy v. Ferguson'' court case.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/06/11", "description": " The Limelight Department, later one of the world's first film studios, is officially established in Melbourne, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/06/30", "description": " The Homestead Strike begins in Homestead, Pennsylvania, culminating in a battle between striking workers and private security agents on July 6.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/07/04", "description": " Samoa: Samoa changes its time zone to being 3 hours behind California, such that it crosses the international date line and July 4 occurs twice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/07/04", "description": "July 18 ampndash British general election: The Unionist government loses its majority.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/07/04", "description": "Dr. Jose Rizal, Filipino writer, philosopher, and political activist is arrested by Spanish authorities in connection with La Liga Filipina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/07/04", "description": "Homestead Strike: The arrival of a force of 300 Pinkerton detectives from New York and Chicago results in a fight in which about 10 men are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/07/08", "description": " The Great Fire of 1892 devastates the city of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/07/12", "description": " A hidden lake bursts out of a glacier on the side of Mont Blanc, flooding the valley below and killing around 200 villagers and holidaymakers in Saint-Gervais-les-Bains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/07/13", "description": " United International Bureau for the Protection of Intellectual Property (UIBPIP or BIRPI).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/08/04", "description": " The father and stepmother of Lizzie Borden are found murdered in their Fall River, Massachusetts home.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/08/09", "description": " Thomas Edison receives a patent for a two-way telegraph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/08/18", "description": " William Ewart Gladstone assumes British premiership at head of Liberal government, with Irish Nationalist Party support.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/09/03", "description": " The Nottingham Forest Football Club plays their first league match, a 2\u20132 draw with Everton FC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/09/15", "description": " Sergei Witte replaces Ivan Vyshnegradsky as Russian finance minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/10/01", "description": " The University of Chicago holds its first classes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/10/01", "description": "The Dalton Gang, attempting to rob 2 banks in Coffeyville, Kansas, is shot by the townspeople only Emmett Dalton, with 23 wounds, survives, to spend 14 years in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/10/01", "description": "Master criminal Adam Worth is captured in Li\u00e8ge, Belgium during an attempted robbery of a money delivery cart.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/10/12", "description": " To mark the 400th anniversary Columbus Day holiday, the quotPledge of Allegiancequot is first recited in unison by students in U.S. public schools.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/10/31", "description": " Sir Arthur Conan Doyle publishes ''The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/10/31", "description": "U.S. presidential election, 1892: Grover Cleveland is elected over Benjamin Harrison and James B. Weaver to win the second of his non-consecutive terms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/10/31", "description": "An anarchist bomb kills six in a police station in Avenue de l'Opera, Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/10/31", "description": "The four-day New Orleans General Strike begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/11/17", "description": " French troops occupy Abomey, capital of the kingdom of Dahomey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/12/05", "description": " John Thompson becomes Canada's fourth prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/12/18", "description": " ''The Nutcracker'' ballet with music by Tchaikovsky is premiered at the Imperial Mariinsky Theatre in St Petersburg, Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/12/22", "description": " The Newcastle East End F.C. is renamed Newcastle United F.C., following the demise of the Newcastle West End F.C. and East End's move to St James' Park, formerly West End's home.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/12/22", "description": "Andrew Carnegie combines all of his separate businesses into the Carnegie Steel Company, allowing him to gain a monopoly in the steel industry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/12/22", "description": "Inter-Parliamentary Bureau for Permanent Arbitration", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/12/22", "description": "The first Canadian National Rugby-Football Championship game is played (Osgoode Hall defeats Montreal 45\u20135).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/12/22", "description": "The Stanley Cup is donated by Sir Frederick Stanley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/12/22", "description": "An oil fire in Oil City, Pennsylvania kills 130.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/12/22", "description": "A cholera outbreak occurs in Hamburg, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/12/22", "description": "A tortoise called ''Timothy'' is brought to the estate of Powderham Castle in England, where she lives until her death in 2004.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/12/22", "description": "Abu Dhabi becomes a British protectorate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/12/22", "description": "The Cadet Band (current day Highty-Tighties) of the Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College (current day Virginia Tech) is established in the Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/12/22", "description": "The Community of the Resurrection, an Anglican religious community for men, is founded by Charles Gore and Walter Frere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/12/22", "description": "Viruses are discovered by the Russian\u2013Ukrainian biologist Dimitri Ivanovski.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/12/22", "description": "Thomas Ahearn is the first person to prepare a meal on an electric stove.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/12/22", "description": "The first electric light bulb in Bulgaria is used at the Plovdiv Fair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/12/22", "description": "Worthington, Ontario, Canada is incorporated as a mining community.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/12/22", "description": "Construction of Trans-Siberian Railway begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1892/12/22", "description": "Founded Unione Sportiva Pro Vercelli", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/01/02", "description": " Webb C. Ball introduces railroad chronometers, which become the general railroad timepiece standards in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/01/13", "description": " The Independent Labour Party of the UK has its first meeting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/01/17", "description": " The U.S. Marines intervene in Hawaii, resulting in overthrow of the government of Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/01/21", "description": " The Cherry Sisters first perform in Marion, Iowa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/02/01", "description": " Thomas A. Edison finishes construction of the first motion picture studio in West Orange, New Jersey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/02/19", "description": " The SS ''Naronic'' is believed to have sunk due to a storm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/02/23", "description": " Rudolf Diesel receives a patent for the diesel engine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/02/24", "description": " American University is established by an Act of Congress in Washington, D.C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/03/04", "description": " Benjamin Harrison is succeeded by Grover Cleveland, as President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/03/10", "description": " C\u00f4te d'Ivoire becomes a French colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/03/20", "description": " In Belgium, Adam Worth is sentenced to 7 years for robbery (he is released in 1897).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/04/01", "description": " The rank of Chief Petty Officer is established in the United States Navy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/04/08", "description": " The first recorded college basketball game occurs in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania between the Geneva College Covenanters and the New Brighton YMCA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/04/17", "description": " Riots of Mons during the Belgian general strike of 1893, The day after, Belgian parliament approved Universal suffrage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/04/17", "description": " Alpha Xi Delta founded", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/04/17", "description": "May ampampndash The Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/05/01", "description": " The 1893 World's Fair, also known as the World's Columbian Exposition, opens to the public in Chicago, USA. The first United States commemorative postage stamps are issued for the Exposition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/05/05", "description": " Panic of 1893: A crash on the New York Stock Exchange starts a depression.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/05/09", "description": " Edison's 1\u00bd inch system of Kinetoscope is first demonstrated in public at the Brooklyn Institute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/05/10", "description": " The United States Supreme Court legally declares the tomato to be a vegetable.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/06/06", "description": " Prince George, Duke of York (later George V) marries Mary of Teck.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/06/07", "description": " Gandhi commits his first act of civil disobedience in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/06/17", "description": " Gold is found in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/06/20", "description": " The Wengernalpbahn railway in Wengen, Switzerland (Canton of Bern) is opened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/06/20", "description": " Lizzie Borden acquitted of murdering her parents.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/06/22", "description": " The flagship ''Victoria'' of the British Mediterranean Fleet collides with ''Camperdown'' and sinks in 10 minutes Vice-admiral Sir George Tryon goes down with his ship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/07/01", "description": " U.S. President Grover Cleveland is operated on in secret.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/07/06", "description": " The small town of Pomeroy, Iowa is nearly destroyed by a tornado 71 people are killed and 200 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/07/11", "description": " Kokichi Mikimoto, in Japan, develops the method to seed and grow cultured pearls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/07/11", "description": "Frederick Jackson Turner gives a lecture titled ampquotThe Significance of the Frontier in American Historyampquot before the American Historical Association in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/07/11", "description": "The Dundee FC, a Scottish football club, is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/08/15", "description": " Ibadan area became a British Protectorate after a treaty signed by Fijabi, the Baale of Ibadan with the British acting Governor of Lagos, George C. Denton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/08/27", "description": " The Sea Islands Hurricane hits Savannah, Charleston, and the Sea Islands, killing 1,000\u20132,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/08/27", "description": "The Genoa Cricket ampamp Athletic Club, the oldest Italian football club, is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/08/27", "description": "Under the pressure of a general strike, the Belgian Federal Parliament accepts a proposal to accept general multiple suffrage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/08/27", "description": "The World Parliament of Religions in Chicago opens its first meeting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/08/27", "description": "Standing ovation to Hindu monk Swami Vivekanda for his address in Response to the welcome at the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/08/27", "description": "Swami Vivekananda delivers an inspiring speech on his paper at the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/08/27", "description": "New Zealand becomes the first country in the world to grant women the right to vote.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/08/27", "description": "The Russian ironclad ''Rusalka'' disappears in a storm en route from Tallinn to Helsinki her hulk is eventually discovered in July 2003, off Helsinki.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/09/21", "description": " Brothers Charles and Frank Duryea drive the first gasoline-powered motorcar in America on public roads in Springfield, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/09/23", "description": " The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith is first publicly mentioned in the United States at the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/09/27", "description": " The World Parliament of Religions holds its closing meeting in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/09/28", "description": " The Portuguese sports club Futebol Clube do Porto is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/10/10", "description": " The first car number plates appear in Paris, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/10/23", "description": " The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) is founded by the Bulgarians in the town of Thessaloniki.Its aim was to libarate the region of Macedonia from the Ottoman Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/10/30", "description": " The 1893 World's Fair, also known as the World's Columbian Exposition, closes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/10/30", "description": "November ampampndash In the United Kingdom, the Local Government Act 1894 is read for the second time in the House of Commons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/11/07", "description": " Colorado women are granted the right to vote.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/11/15", "description": " The FC Basel Club is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/05", "description": " Plural voting is abolished in New South Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": " Anton\u00edn Dvo\u0159\u00e1k's Symphony No. 9 quotFrom the New Worldquot receives its premiere at Carnegie Hall, New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "December", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "Carl Anton Larsen becomes the first man to ski in Antarctica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "Arthur Conan Doyle surprises the reading public by revealing in the story ''The Adventure of the Final Problem'', published in this month's ''Strand Magazine'', that his character Sherlock Holmes had apparently died at the Reichenbach Falls on May 4, 1891.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "The American Council on Alcohol Problems is established, along with the Anti-Saloon League and the Committee of Fifty for the Study of the Liquor Problem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "Physicist Wilhelm Wien formulates Wien's displacement law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "France conquers Laos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "A general strike occurs in Belgium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "American Temperance University is opened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "Millbank Prison in London is demolished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "In the U.S., the National Sculpture Society (NSS) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "The Football Club Dulwich Hamlet is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "The Athletic Club Kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 Vinohrady, later Sparta Prague, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "T.M.I.: The Episcopal School of Texas is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "Colored High becomes the first African American high school in Houston, TX its name is later changed to Booker T. Washington High School.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "The Ardabil Carpet is brought to London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "Evergreen Park, Illinois is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "Sudbury, Ontario, Canada is incorporated as a town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "St Hilda's College, Oxford is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "William Ewart Gladstone introduces a bill to give Ireland self-government but it fails to pass.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "Small anti-Semitic parties secure 2.9% of votes in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "Before 1893 ampampndash 8,000 Chinese arrive in Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1893/12/16", "description": "71.2% of the working population of S\u00e3o Paulo is foreign-born.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/01/04", "description": "A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/01/07", "description": " William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/01/09", "description": " New England Telephone and Telegraph installs the first battery-operated telephone switchboard in Lexington, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/02/12", "description": " French anarchist \u00c9mile Henry set off a bomb in a Parisian cafe, killing one person and wounding twenty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/02/12", "description": "February 12 The bark the 'Elisabeth Rickmers' of Bremerhaven, is wrecked at Haurvig, Denmark, fortunately, all crew and passengers are saved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/02/15", "description": " At 04:51 GMT, French anarchist Martial Bourdin attempts to destroy the Royal Greenwich Observatory, London, United Kingdom with a bomb.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/03/12", "description": " For the first time, ''Coca-Cola'' is sold in bottles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/03/21", "description": " A syzygy of planets occurs as Mercury transits the Sun as seen from Venus, and Mercury and Venus both transit the Sun as seen from Saturn. But no two of the transits are simultaneous.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/03/25", "description": " Coxey's Army, the first significant American protest march, departs from Massillon, Ohio for Washington", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/04/16", "description": " Manchester City Football Club is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/04/21", "description": " A bituminous coal miners' strike closes mines across the central United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/04/21", "description": "May ampampndash The bubonic plague breaks out in the Tai Ping Shan area of Hong Kong (by the end of the year, the death toll is 2,552 people).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/04/21", "description": "Coxey's Army arrives in Washington Coxey is arrested", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/04/21", "description": "The May Day Riots of 1894 break out in Cleveland, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/05/11", "description": " Pullman Strike: Three thousand Pullman Palace Car Company factory workers go on a quotwildcatquot (without union approval) strike in Illinois.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/05/11", "description": "A meteor shower is seen in Southern France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/05/11", "description": "Blackpool Tower is opened in Blackpool, Lancashire, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/05/21", "description": " The Manchester Ship Canal and Docks are opened by Queen Victoria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/06/22", "description": " Dahomey becomes a French colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/06/23", "description": " The International Olympic Committee is founded at the Sorbonne, Paris, at the initiative of Baron Pierre de Coubertin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/06/24", "description": " Sadi Carnot, president of France, is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/06/30", "description": " The Tower Bridge in London opens for traffic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/06/30", "description": "July ampampndash A fire at the site of the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago destroys most of the remaining buildings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/06/30", "description": "The Republic of Hawaii is proclaimed by Sanford B. Dole.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/06/30", "description": "FC La Chaux-de-Fonds founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/08/01", "description": " War is declared between the Qing Empire of China and the Empire of Japan, over their rival claims of influence on their common ally, the Joseon Dynasty of Korea. The event marks the start of the first Sino-Japanese War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/08/15", "description": " Sante Geronimo Caserio is executed for the assassination of Marie Fran\u00e7ois Sadi Carnot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/09/01", "description": " Great Hinckley Fire: A forest fire in Hinckley, Minnesota kills more than 450 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/09/04", "description": " In New York City, 12,000 tailors strike against sweatshop working conditions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/10/01", "description": " The Owl Club of Cape Town, South Africa has its first formal meeting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/10/15", "description": " Dreyfus affair: French Army officer Alfred Dreyfus is arrested for spying.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/10/30", "description": " Domenico Menegatti obtains a patent for a procedure to be applied in producing pandoro industrially.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/11/01", "description": " Russian Tsar Alexander III is succeeded by his son Nicholas II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/11/06", "description": " Major Republican landslide in the United States House of Representatives elections, 1894, which set the stage for the decisive Election of 1896.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/11/07", "description": " The Masonic Grand Lodge de France is founded, splitting from the larger and older Grand Orient de France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/12/18", "description": " Women in South Australia become the first in Australia to gain the right to vote and to be elected to Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/12/21", "description": " Mackenzie Bowell becomes Canada's fifth prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/12/22", "description": " Dreyfus Affair: French Army officer Alfred Dreyfus is convicted of treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/12/22", "description": "Western countries give up their extraterritorial rights in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/12/22", "description": "Grace Kimmins founds the ''Guild of the Poor Brave Things''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/12/22", "description": "Kate Chopin writes ''The Story of An Hour'' (fiction).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/12/22", "description": "The National College of Music, London, is founded by the Moss family.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/12/22", "description": "In the U.S., the Society of Beaux-Arts Architects is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/12/22", "description": "Chatham Episcopal Institute (now known as Chatham Hall ) is founded in Chatham Virginia , U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/12/22", "description": "Sir William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh discover the first noble gas, Argon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/12/22", "description": "Oil is discovered on the Osage Indian reservation, making the Osage the ''richest group of people in the world''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/12/22", "description": "In Korea, peasant unrest erupts in the Donghak Peasant Revolution,  a massive revolt of followers of the Donghak movement. Both China and Japan send military forces, claiming to come to the Korean government's aid. They end up fighting each other instead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/12/22", "description": "Edward B. Marks and Joe Stern published The Little Lost Child, promoting its release with the earliest version of music video known as the illustrated song.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1894/12/22", "description": "New Zealand enacted the world's first minimum wage law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/01/05", "description": " Dreyfus Affair: French officer Alfred Dreyfus is stripped of his army rank and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island.{{cite book|last=Derfler|first=Leslie|year=2002|title=The Dreyfus Affair|page=2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/01/17", "description": " F\u00e9lix Faure was elected President of French Republic after the resignation of Jean Casimir-Perier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/01/21", "description": " The National Trust is founded in Britain by Octavia Hill, Robert Hunter and Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/02/09", "description": " Mintonette, later known as volleyball, is created by William G. Morgan at Holyoke, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/02/11", "description": " The lowest ever UK temperature of {{convert|-27.2|\u00b0C|\u00b0F|abbr=on}} is recorded at Braemar in Aberdeenshire. This record is equalled in 1982 and again in 1995.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/02/14", "description": " Oscar Wilde's last play ''The Importance of Being Earnest'' is first shown at St. James' Theatre in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/02/20", "description": " Venezuela Crisis of 1895: President Grover Cleveland signs into law a bill resulting from the proposition of House Resolution 252 by William Lindsay Scruggs and Congressman Leonidas Livingston to the third session of the 53rd Congress of the United States of America. The bill recommends Venezuela and Great Britain settle their dispute by arbitration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/03/01", "description": " William L. Wilson is appointed United States Postmaster General.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/03/03", "description": " In Munich, bicyclists have to pass a test and display license plates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/03/04", "description": " Japanese troops capture Liaoyang and land in Taiwan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/03/15", "description": " in County Tipperary, Ireland, Bridget Cleary is killed by her husband, believing her to be a fairy changeling.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/03/30", "description": " Rudolf Diesel patents the Diesel engine in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/04/06", "description": " Oscar Wilde is arrested after losing a libel case against the Marquess of Queensberry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/04/14", "description": " A major earthquake severely damages Ljubljana, Slovenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/04/16", "description": " The town of Sturgeon Falls, Ontario, is incorporated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/04/17", "description": " The Treaty of Shimonoseki is signed between China and Japan. This marks the end of the first Sino-Japanese War, and the defeated Qing Empire is forced to renounce its claims on Korea and to concede the southern portion of Fengtien province, Taiwan, and the Pescadores Islands to Japan.ref name=shim{{cite book|last=Weale|first=Bertram Lenox Putnam|authorlink1= Bertram Lenox Simpson|year=1905|title=The Re-shaping of the Far East|pages=431\u2013437}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/04/22", "description": " Gongche Shangshu movement: 603 candidates sign a 10,000-word petition against the Treaty of Shimonoseki.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/05/01", "description": " Dundela Football, Sports amp Association Club were formed", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/05/02", "description": " Gongche Shangshu movement: Thousands of Beijing scholars and citizens protest against the Treaty of Shimonoseki.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/05/24", "description": " Anti-Japanese officials led by Tang Ching-sung in Taiwan declare independence from the Qing Dynasty, forming the short-lived Republic of Formosa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/05/25", "description": " Oscar Wilde is convicted of quotsodomy and gross indecencyquot and is sentenced to serve 2 years in prison at Reading.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/05/27", "description": " ''In re Debs'': The Supreme Court of the United States decides that the federal government has the right to regulate interstate commerce, legalizing the military suppression of the Pullman Strike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/05/27", "description": "The union of Nicaragua, Honduras and El Salvador begins (ends in 1898).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/05/27", "description": "The Court of Private Land Claims rules that James Reavis's claim to Barony of Arizona is ampquotwholly fictitious and fraudulentampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/05/27", "description": "Night of July 10ampampndashJuly 11 ampampndash The Doukhobors' pacifist protests culminate in the ampquotBurning of the assampquot in their villages in the South Caucasus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/07/15", "description": " Archie MacLaren scores County Championship cricket record innings of 424 for Lancashire against Somerset at Taunton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/07/31", "description": " The Basque Nationalist Party (Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea-Partido Nacionalista Vasco) was founded by Basque nationalist leader Sabino Arana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/08/19", "description": " American frontier murderer and outlaw John Wesley Hardin is killed by an off-duty policeman in a saloon in El Paso, Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/08/29", "description": " The Northern Rugby Football Union (now ''Rugby Football League'') is formed at a meeting  of 21 rugby clubs in the George Hotel, Huddersfield, England.{{cite web|last=therfl.co.uk|title=Key Dates|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.therfl.co.uk\/history_and_heritage\/key_dates_anniversaries|work=History\">http:\/\/www.therfl.co.uk\/history_and_heritage\/key_dates_anniversaries|work=History<\/a> amp Heritage|publisher=Rugby Football League|accessdate=27 May 2012}} This event leads to the creation of the sport of rugby league football.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/09/03", "description": " The first professional American football game is played, in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, between the Latrobe YMCA and the Jeannette Athletic Club (Latrobe wins 12\u20130).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/09/07", "description": " The first game of what would become known as rugby league football is played, in England, starting the 1895\u201396 Northern Rugby Football Union season.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/09/07", "description": "Booker T. Washington delivers the Atlanta Compromise speech.ampamp{{cite book|last=Gottheimer|first=Josh|coauthors=Bill Clinton, and Mary Frances Berry|year=2004|title=Ripples of Hope: Great American Civil Rights Speeches|page=128}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/09/07", "description": "Tomoji Tanabe is born in Miyakonojo, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan.  He would become the last living man born in 1895.  Tanabe died on June 19, 2009, at the age of 113.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/09/07", "description": "October ampampndash Rudyard Kipling publishes the story ''Mowgli Leaves the Jungle Forever'' in ''The Cosmopolitan'' illustrated magazine (price 10 cents).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/10/01", "description": " French troops capture Antananarivo in Madagascar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/10/08", "description": " The Eulmi Incident: Empress Myeongseong of Korea, is killed at her private residence within Gyeongbokgung Palace. Japanese agents under Miura Goro attack the Korean Royal Guard.  Her son Sunjong accuses General Woo Beom-seon.  Miura Goro is recalled to Japan, and tried along with 55 other men all were acquitted for lack of evidence.{{cite web | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/english.chosun.com\/w21data\/html\/news\/200505\/200505090012.html\">http:\/\/english.chosun.com\/w21data\/html\/news\/200505\/200505090012.html<\/a> | title = Descendants of Korean Queen's Assassins Apologize | publisher =The Chosun Ilbo | date = 9 May 2005}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/10/22", "description": " A train wreck occurs at Montparnasse Station in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/10/23", "description": " The city of Tainan, last stronghold of the Republic of Formosa, capitulates to the forces of the Empire of Japan, ending the short-lived republic and beginning the Japanese rule era.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/10/31", "description": " A major earthquake occurs in the New Madrid Seismic Zone, the last to date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/11/05", "description": " George B. Selden is granted the first U.S. patent for an automobile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/11/08", "description": " Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen discovers a type of radiation later known as X-rays.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/11/25", "description": " Oscar Hammerstein opens the Olympia Theatre, the first theatre to be built in NYC's Times Square district.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/11/25", "description": " the first American automobile race in history is sponsored by the ''Chicago-Times Herald''. Press coverage first aroused significant American interest in the automobile.Michael L. Berger. ''The automobile in American history and culture: a reference guide'', <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=oRwMv8iNP-MCamppg=PA278\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=oRwMv8iNP-MCamppg=PA278<\/a> pg. 278", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/11/27", "description": " At the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Alfred Nobel signs his last will and testament, setting aside his estate to establish the Nobel Prize after his death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/11/27", "description": "December ampampndash 3,000 Armenians are burned alive in Urfa by Ottoman troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/12/07", "description": " A corps of 2,350 Italian troops, mostly Ascari, are crushed by 30,000 Abyssian troops at Amba Alagi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/12/24", "description": " George Washington Vanderbilt II officially opens his quotBiltmore Housequot estate on Christmas Eve, inviting his family to celebrate his new home in Asheville, NC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/12/24", "description": " Kingstown Lifeboat Disaster- 15 lifeboat crew are lost when their lifeboat capsizes while trying to rescue the crew of the SS Palme off Kingstown, now D\u00fan Laoighaire, near Dublin, Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/12/28", "description": " Auguste and Louis Lumi\u00e8re display their first moving picture film in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/12/28", "description": "The London School of Economics and Political Science is founded in London, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/12/28", "description": "Konstantin Tsiolkovsky proposes a space elevator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/12/28", "description": "Grace Chisholm Young becomes the first woman awarded a doctorate at a German university.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/12/28", "description": "W. E. B. Du Bois becomes the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/12/28", "description": "The Duck Reach Power Station opens in Tasmania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/12/28", "description": "The first Boxer (dog) show is held at Munich, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/12/28", "description": "A huge crowd at the Welsh Grand National at Ely Racecourse, Cardiff, almost overwhelms police trying to keep out gatecrashers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/12/28", "description": "The gold reserve of the U.S. Treasury is saved when J. P. Morgan and the Rothschilds loan $65 million worth of gold to the United States government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/12/28", "description": "The Biltmore Estate near Asheville, North Carolina is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/12/28", "description": "The Swarovski Company opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/12/28", "description": "German trade unions have c. 270,000 members.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/12/28", "description": "The huge indemnity exacted from China is used to establish the Yawata Iron and Steel Works.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/12/28", "description": "Foundation of:", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/12/28", "description": "Dundela FC (Belfast, Ireland)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1895/12/28", "description": "Shelbourne F.C. (Dublin, Ireland)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/01/04", "description": " Utah is admitted as the 45th U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/01/05", "description": " An Austrian newspaper reports that Wilhelm R\u00f6ntgen has discovered a type of radiation later known as X-rays.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/01/07", "description": " Fannie Farmer published her first cookbook.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/01/12", "description": " H.L. Smith takes the first X-ray photograph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/01/18", "description": " The X-ray machine is exhibited for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/01/28", "description": " Walter Arnold, of East Peckham, Kent, England, is fined 1 shilling for speeding at {{convert|8|mph|km\/h|abbr=on}}, thus exceeding the contemporary speed limit of {{convert|2|mph|km\/h|abbr=on}}. The first speeding fine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/02/01", "description": " The opera ''La boh\u00e8me'' premieres in Turin, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/02/04", "description": "International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers was established in  Pittsburgh", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/02/11", "description": " Oscar Wilde's play quotSalom\u00e9'' premieres in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/03/01", "description": " Battle of Adwa: Ethiopia defends its independence from Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/03/09", "description": " Responding to national outrage at the defeat at Adwa, Italian Prime Minister Francesco Crispi resigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/03/23", "description": " The New York State Legislature passes the Raines Law, restricting Sunday alcoholic beverage sales to hotels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/04/03", "description": " The first edition of the Italian sports newspaper ''La Gazzetta dello Sport'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/04/04", "description": " The first known women's basketball game between two colleges was played between Stanford and California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/04/06", "description": " The opening ceremonies of the 1896 Summer Olympics, the first modern Olympic Games, are held in Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/04/09", "description": " The National Farm School (later Delaware Valley College) is chartered in Doylestown, PA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/05/08", "description": " Cricket: Against Warwickshire, Yorkshire sets a still-standing County Championship record when they accumulate an innings total of 887.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/05/18", "description": " ''Plessy v. Ferguson'': The U.S. Supreme Court introduces the quotseparate but equalquot doctrine and upholds segregation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/05/26", "description": " Charles Dow publishes the first edition of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/05/27", "description": " The costliest and third deadliest tornado in U.S. history levels a mile wide swath of downtown St. Louis, Missouri, incurring $2.9 billion (1997 USD) in normalized damages, killing more than 255 and injuring over 1,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/06/04", "description": " The Ford Quadricycle, the first Ford vehicle ever developed, is completed, eventually leading Henry Ford to build the empire that quotput America on wheelsquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/06/12", "description": " J.T. Hearne sets a record for the earliest date of taking 100 wickets. It is equalled by Charlie Parker in 1931.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/06/15", "description": " An earthquake and tsunami in Sanriku, Japan, kills 27,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/06/23", "description": " Liberal leader Wilfred Laurier defeats Charles Tupper during Canadian federal elections for the 8th Canadian Parliament, and becomes the first francophone Prime Minister of Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/06/28", "description": " An explosion in the Newton Coal Company's Twin Shaft Mine in Pittston City, Pennsylvania results in a massive cave-in that killed 58 miners.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.hmdb.org\/marker.asp?marker=10470\">http:\/\/www.hmdb.org\/marker.asp?marker=10470<\/a> HMDB.org<a href=\"http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/abstract.html?res=9B00EEDF1638E033A2575AC2A9609C94679ED7CF\">http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/abstract.html?res=9B00EEDF1638E033A2575AC2A9609C94679ED7CF<\/a> Query.nytimes.com<a href=\"http:\/\/www.gendisasters.com\/data1\/pa\/mines\/pittston-minecavein1896.htm\">http:\/\/www.gendisasters.com\/data1\/pa\/mines\/pittston-minecavein1896.htm<\/a> Gendisasters.com", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/07/09", "description": " William Jennings Bryan delivers his Cross of gold speech at the Democratic National Convention, which nominates him for President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/07/11", "description": " Wilfrid Laurier becomes Canada's seventh prime minister and the first French-speaker to hold that office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/07/21", "description": " In Washington, D.C. in response to a quotcall to conferquot issued by Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin to all women of color, the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs is organized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/07/26", "description": " International Socialist Workers and Trade Union Congress opens in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/07/27", "description": " A causeway is opened between the islands of Saaremaa and Muhu in Estonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/07/30", "description": " Shortly after 6:30 pm, at a crossing just west of Atlantic City, New Jersey, two trains collide, crushing five loaded passenger coaches, killing fifty and seriously injuring approximately sixty, in the 1896 Atlantic City rail crash.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/07/30", "description": "August ampampndash An extraordinary heat wave affects the northeastern United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/08/16", "description": " Skookum Jim Mason, George Carmack and Dawson Charlie discover gold in the Klondike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/08/17", "description": " Bridget Driscoll is run over by a Benz car in the grounds of The Crystal Palace, London, the world's first motoring fatality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/08/27", "description": " The shortest war in recorded history, the Anglo-Zanzibar War, starts at 9 in the morning and lasts for 45 minutes of shelling.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/09/15", "description": " The Crash at Crush train wreck stunt is held in Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/09/22", "description": " Queen Victoria surpasses her grandfather King George III as the longest reigning monarch in British history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/10/30", "description": " Augusta, KY: The Augusta High School cornerstone is laid, marking the end of the Augusta Methodist College.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/11/03", "description": " U.S. presidential election, 1896: Republican William McKinley defeats William Jennings Bryan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/11/30", "description": "", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/11/30", "description": "A large carcass, later postulated to be the remains of a gigantic octopus, is found washed ashore near St. Augustine, Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/11/30", "description": "The Udinese Calcio is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/12/10", "description": " The premiere of Alfred Jarry's absurdist play ''Ubu Roi'' in Paris causes a near-riot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/12/14", "description": " The Glasgow Subway, the third-oldest underground metro system in the world, opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/12/25", "description": " John Philip Sousa composes his magnum opus, the ''Stars and Stripes Forever'', on Christmas Day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/12/30", "description": " Jose Rizal, Filipino scholar and poet, is executed by Spanish authorities in the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/12/30", "description": "Nepalese archaeologists rediscover the great stone pillar of Ashoka at Lumbini, using Fa Xian's records.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/12/30", "description": "The Pontifical University of Maynooth is established by decree of the Vatican.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/12/30", "description": "France establishes an administrative post in Abengourou, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/12/30", "description": "The New York Telephone Company is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/12/30", "description": "The United States Republican Party is realigned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/12/30", "description": "Construction of the Uganda Railway starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/12/30", "description": "The Philippine Revolution erupts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/12/30", "description": "Founding of", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/12/30", "description": "Clarkson University (in Potsdam, New York)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/12/30", "description": "Devonport High School for Boys (in Plymouth UK)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1896/12/30", "description": "Pleasure Beach Blackpool, a popular English theme park (''Britain's Biggest Tourist Attraction''), is founded by Alderman William George Bean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/01/02", "description": " The International Alpha Omicron Pi Sorority is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/01/04", "description": " A British force is ambushed by Chief Ologbosere, son-in-law of the Oba of Benin. This leads to a punitive expedition against Benin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/01/23", "description": " Elva Zona Heaster is found dead in Greenbrier County, West Virginia. The resulting murder trial of her husband is perhaps the only case in United States history where the testimony of a ghost helped secure a conviction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/02/10", "description": " Freedom of religion is proclaimed in Madagascar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/02/18", "description": " Benin is put to the torch by the Punitive Expedition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/02/24", "description": " Foundation of Cekan Mekenroff 1897 Bratislava Slovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/02/26", "description": " The Sigma Pi Fraternity is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/03/04", "description": " William McKinley succeeds Grover Cleveland as President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/03/13", "description": " San Diego State University is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/04/03", "description": " Vienna Secession movement founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/04/05", "description": " The ''Ordinance of April 5,'' equalizing German and Czech in Bohemia, is signed in Austria-Hungary (see Count Kasimir Felix Badeni).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/04/17", "description": " The Aurora, Texas UFO incident.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/04/24", "description": " The first ever Challenge Cup final is played at Headingley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/04/27", "description": " Grant's Tomb is dedicated in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/05/01", "description": " The Tennessee Centennial Exposition opens in Nashville, for 6 months, illuminated by many electric lights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/05/10", "description": " The Snaefell Mining Disaster occurs in the Isle of Man.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/05/11", "description": " The patent for an Exhaust muffler for engines was awarded to Milton and Marshall Reeves of Columbus, Indiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/05/13", "description": " Guglielmo Marconi sends the first ever wireless communication over open sea when the message quotAre you readyquot is transmitted across the Bristol Channel from Lavernock Point in South Wales to Flat Holm Island, a distance of {{convert|3.7|mi|km}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/05/16", "description": " Twenty-two years after the start of construction, Teatro Massimo opens in Palermo, the largest opera theatre in Italy and the third largest in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/05/19", "description": " Oscar Wilde is released from prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/05/26", "description": " ''Dracula'', a novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/06/01", "description": " American miners begin a strike, which successfully establishes the United Mine Workers Union and brings about the 8-hour work day to mines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/06/02", "description": " Mark Twain, responding to rumors that he is dead, is quoted by the ''New York Journal'' as saying, quotThe report of my death was an exaggeration.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/06/12", "description": " The world's first Fingerprint Bureau opens in Calcutta (now Kolkata), India, after the Council of the Governor General approves a committee report that fingerprints should be used for classification of criminal records.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/06/12", "description": "Queen Victoria celebrates her Diamond Jubilee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/06/12", "description": "British colonial officers Rand and Ayerst in Pune, Maharashtra, India are assassinated on their way back from a Government house party celebrating the diamond jubilee coronation anniversary of Queen Victoria, by the Chapekar brothers and Ranade, who are later caught and hanged. Considered the first martyrs to the cause of India's freedom from Britain. The film 22 June 1897 is based on the incident.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/06/16", "description": " Fort Erie Racetrack in Fort Erie, Ontario, opens.  The first race is won by Ellesmere, guided home by Sullivan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/07/11", "description": " S. A. Andr\u00e9e's Arctic balloon expedition of 1897 begins. The ill-fated expedition to fly over the Arctic results in the death of the entire team within months.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/07/17", "description": " The Klondike Gold Rush begins when the first successful prospectors arrive in Seattle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/07/25", "description": " Writer Jack London sails to join the Klondike Gold Rush where he will write his first successful stories.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/07/31", "description": " Mount Saint Elias, the second highest peak in the United States and Canada, is first ascended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/08/21", "description": " The Oldsmobile is founded in Lansing, MI by Ransom E. Olds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/08/29", "description": " The First Zionist Congress convenes in Basel, Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/09/01", "description": " The Boston subway opens, becoming the first underground metro in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/09/10", "description": " Lattimer Massacre: A sheriff's posse kills more than 19 unarmed immigrant miners in Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/09/11", "description": " After months of searching, generals of Menelik II of Ethiopia capture Gaki Sherocho, the last king of Kaffa, bringing an end to that ancient kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/09/12", "description": " The Battle of Saragarhi: Twenty-one Sikhs of the 36th Sikh of the Sikh Regiment of British India, defend an army post against 10,000 Afghan and Orakzai tribesmen. The battle occurs in the North-West Frontier Province Afghanistan, now a part of Pakistan, which then formed part of British India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/09/20", "description": " Greece and Turkey sign a peace treaty to end the Greco-Turkish War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/10/02", "description": " The first issue of the radical paper ''Tocsin'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/10/05", "description": " After a long siege, Brazilian government troops take Canudos in north Brazil, crushing Ant\u00f4nio Conselheiro and his followers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/10/06", "description": " Ethiopia uses the tricolor flag: green is for the land, yellow for gold, and red is symbolic of strength and the blood shed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/10/12", "description": " The USS ''Baltimore'' (Cruiser # 3, later CM-1) is recommissioned, since 1890, for several months of duty in the Hawaiian Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/10/12", "description": " The City of Belo Horizonte, Brazil is created. The construction of the second Brazilian Planned City is completed successfully, an immigration of 1,000,000 people is estimated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/10/13", "description": " The HMS Canopus (1898), a pre-Dreadnought battleship of the Royal Navy, is launched at Portsmouth, England (will be deployed widely in World War I).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/10/23", "description": " The Kappa Delta Sorority is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/11/01", "description": " The Juventus F.C. football club is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/11/25", "description": " Spain grants Puerto Rico autonomy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/12/09", "description": " The first issue of the feminist newspaper ''La Fronde'' is published by Marguerite Durand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/12/28", "description": " The play ''Cyrano de Bergerac'', by Edmond Rostand, premieres in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/12/30", "description": " Natal annexes Zululand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/12/30", "description": "France allows women to study at the ''Ecole des Beaux-Arts''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/12/30", "description": "The word ampquotcomputerampquot, meaning an electronic calculation device, is first used.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/12/30", "description": "Bayer first produces Aspirin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/12/30", "description": "''Dos Equis'' is first brewed in anticipation of new century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/12/30", "description": "J. J. Thomson discovers the electron as a subatomic particle, over 1,800 times smaller than a proton (in the nucleus).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/12/30", "description": "The Ayrshire Yeomanry Cavalry, a British Yeomanry Cavalry Regiment, adopts the sub-title ''Earl of Carrick's Own'' in honour of the future King Edward VII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/12/30", "description": "Karl Lueger becomes mayor of Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/12/30", "description": "The Philippine Revolution is settled with Spanish promises to reform.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/12/30", "description": "Zhejiang University is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/12/30", "description": "Hiram Percy Maxim develops the muffler in conjunction with the suppressor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1897/12/30", "description": "\u00c9mile Durkheim publishes his classic study ''Suicide''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/01/01", "description": " New York City annexes land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York. The city is geographically divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, The Bronx, and Staten Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/01/14", "description": " Emile Zola publishes ''J'Accuse'' a letter accusing the French government of anti-Semitism and wrongfully placing Alfred Dreyfus in jail.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/02/12", "description": " The electric car belonging to Henry Lindfield of Brighton runs away on a hill in Purley, London, England, and hits a tree thus he becomes the world's first fatality from an automobile accident on the public highway.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}{{cite web|first=Malcolm|last=Linfield|year=1999|title=In Memory of Henry Lindfield \u2013 First Victim of the Motor Car|work=Lin(d)field One Name Group|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.longweb.f9.co.uk\/longshot\/volume_7\/in_memory_of_henry_lindfield_-_first_victim_of_the_motor_car.html|accessdate=2010-08-05}}{{cite\">http:\/\/www.longweb.f9.co.uk\/longshot\/volume_7\/in_memory_of_henry_lindfield_-_first_victim_of_the_motor_car.html|accessdate=2010-08-05}}{{cite<\/a> web|title=Henry Lindfield|work=Grace\u2019s Guide|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.gracesguide.co.uk\/wiki\/Henry_Lindfield|accessdate=2010-08-05}}\">http:\/\/www.gracesguide.co.uk\/wiki\/Henry_Lindfield|accessdate=2010-08-05}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/02/15", "description": " Spanish-American War: The USS ''Maine'' explodes and sinks in Havana harbor, Cuba, for then-unknown reasons, killing 266 men.  This event helps lead the United States to declare war on Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/03/23", "description": " The term American Empire is coined in San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/03/24", "description": " Robert Allison of Port Carbon, Pennsylvania, becomes the first person to buy an American-built automobile when he buys a Winton automobile that had been advertised in ''Scientific American''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/03/26", "description": " The Sabi Game Reserve in South Africa, the first officially designated game reserve, is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/04/05", "description": " Annie Oakley promotes the service of women in combat situations with the United States military. On this day, she writes a letter to President McKinley quotoffering the government the services of a company of 50 'lady sharpshooters' who would provide their own arms and ammunition should war break out with Spain.quot<a href=\"http:\/\/www.archives.gov\/research\/recover\/example-02.html\">http:\/\/www.archives.gov\/research\/recover\/example-02.html<\/a> The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). quotLetter to President William McKinley from Annie Oakleyquot Retrieved January 24, 2008. In the history of women in the military, there are records of female U.S. Revolutionary and Civil War soldiers who enlisted using male pseudonyms, but Oakley's letter represents possibly the earliest political move towards women's rights for combat service in the United States military.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/04/22", "description": " Spanish-American War: The United States Navy begins a blockade of Cuban ports and the USS ''Nashville'' captures a Spanish merchant ship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/04/25", "description": " Spanish-American War: The United States declares war on Spain the U.S. Congress announces that a state of war has existed since April 21 (later backdating this one more day to April 20).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/05/01", "description": " Spanish-American War ampndash Battle of Manila Bay: Commodore Dewey destroys the Spanish squadron. The first battle of the war, as well as the first battle in the Philippines Campaign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/05/02", "description": " Thousands of Chinese scholars and Beijing citizens protest in front of the Capital Control Yuan, asking for reform.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/05/07", "description": "May 9 ampndash Bava-Beccaris massacre: Hundreds of demonstrators are killed when General Fiorenzo Bava-Beccaris orders troops to fire on a rally in Milan, Italy (in 1900, King Umberto I of Italy is killed in an act of vengeance for his praise of the shooting).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/05/08", "description": " The first games of the Italian Football League are played.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/05/12", "description": " Bombardment of San Juan, the first major battle of the Puerto Rico Campaign during the Spanish-American War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/05/27", "description": " The territory of Kwang-Chou-Wan is leased by China to France, according to the Treaty of 12 April 1892, as the ''Territoire de Kouang-Tch\u00e9ou-Wan'', forming part of French Indochina.{{cite journal|first=A.|last=Choveaux|title=Situation \u00e9conomique du territoire de Kouang-Tch\u00e9ou-Wan en 1923|journal=Annales de G\u00e9ographie|volume=34|issue=187|pages=74-77|year=1925}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/05/28", "description": " Secondo Pia takes the first photographs of the Shroud of Turin and discovers that the image on Shroud itself appears to be a photographic negative.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/06/01", "description": " The Trans-Mississippi Exposition World's Fair opens in Omaha, Nebraska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/06/12", "description": " Philippine Declaration of Independence: General Emilio Aguinaldo declares the Philippines' independence from Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/06/13", "description": " Yukon Territory is formed, with Dawson chosen as its capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/06/21", "description": " Spanish\u2013American War: The United States captures Guam making it the first U.S. overseas territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/07/03", "description": " Joshua Slocum completes a 3-year solo circumnavigation of the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/07/07", "description": "  The United States annexes the Hawaiian Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/07/17", "description": " Spanish-American War ampndash Battle of Santiago Bay: Troops under United States General William R. Shafter take the city of Santiago de Cuba from the Spanish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/07/25", "description": " Spanish-American War: The United States invasion of Puerto Rico begins with a landing at Gu\u00e1nica Bay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/08/12", "description": " Spanish-American War: Hostilities end between American and Spanish forces in Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/08/20", "description": " Opening of the Gornergratbahn railway, connecting Zermatt to the Gornergrat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/08/25", "description": " 700 Greeks and 15 Englishmen are slaughtered by the Turks in Heraklion, Greece, leading to the establishment of the autonomous Cretan State.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/08/28", "description": " Caleb Bradham names his soft drink ''Pepsi-Cola''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/09/02", "description": " Battle of Omdurman: British and Egyptian troops led by Horatio Kitchener defeat Sudanese tribesmen led by Khalifa Abdullah al-Taashi, thus establishing British dominance in the Sudan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/09/10", "description": " Luigi Lucheni assassinates Empress Elisabeth of Austria-Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/09/18", "description": " Fashoda incident: A diplomatic dispute between France and the United Kingdom ends in victory for the British.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/09/21", "description": " Empress Dowager Cixi of China engineers a coup d'etat, marking the end of the Hundred Days' Reform the Guangxu Emperor is arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/10/01", "description": " The Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration is founded under the name ''K.U.K. Exportakademie''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/10/03", "description": " Battle of Sugar Point: Ojibwe tribesmen defeat U.S. government troops in northern Minnesota.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/10/06", "description": " The Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia Fraternity (then the Sinfonia Club) is founded at the New England Conservatory in Boston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/10/12", "description": " The first town council is established in Mateur.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/10/31", "description": " Lutheran Church of the Redeemer in Jerusalem is dedicated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/11/26", "description": " A 2-day blizzard known as the Portland Gale piles snow in Boston, Massachusetts, and severely impacts the Massachusetts fishing industry and several coastal New England towns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/12/09", "description": "  The first of the two Tsavo maneaters is shot by John Henry Patterson the second is killed 3 weeks later, after 135 workers had been killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/12/10", "description": "  The Treaty of Paris is signed, ending the Spanish-American War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/12/26", "description": " Marie and Pierre Curie announce discovery of a substance they call ''radium''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/12/26", "description": "Exploits of Louis de Rougemont begin to appear in ''Wide World Magazine''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/12/26", "description": "North Petherton becomes the first town in England to install Acetylene lighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/12/26", "description": "John Jacob Abel isolates epinephrine (adrenaline).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/12/26", "description": "William Ramsay and Morris Travers discover neon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/12/26", "description": "Wakita is founded in the Cherokee Strip, Oklahoma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/12/26", "description": "The Fork Union Military Academy is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/12/26", "description": "The British conquer and burn Benin City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/12/26", "description": "Wilhelm van Berkel invents the Berkel meat slicer, the first meat slicer in Rotterdam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1898/12/26", "description": "As a result of the merger of several small oil companies, John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company controls 84% of the USA's oil and most American pipelines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899", "description": "Spanish rule ends in Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899", "description": "Queens and Staten Island merge with New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/01/06", "description": " Lord Curzon becomes Viceroy of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/01/08", "description": " SK Rapid Wien is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/01/10", "description": " The Tau Kappa Epsilon Fraternity is founded at Illinois Wesleyan University in Bloomington, Illinois.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/01/17", "description": " The United States takes possession of Wake Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/01/19", "description": " Anglo-Egyptian Sudan is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/01/21", "description": " Opel Motors opens for business.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/01/22", "description": " The leaders of six Australian colonies meet in Melbourne to discuss the confederation of Australia as a whole.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/01/23", "description": " Emilio Aguinaldo is sworn in as President of the First Philippine Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/02/02", "description": " The Australian Premiers' Conference held in Melbourne agrees that Australia's capital (Canberra) should be located between Sydney and Melbourne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/02/04", "description": " The Philippine\u2013American War begins as hostilities break out in Manila.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/02/06", "description": " Spanish\u2013American War: A peace treaty between the United States and Spain is ratified by the United States Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/02/12", "description": "February 14 ampndash Great Blizzard of 1899: Freezing temperatures and snow extend well south into North America, including southern Florida. 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Furthermore, the manifesto also fails to separate which laws are to be considered local or imperial, leading the Finns to fear that any law could be considered as imperial, therefore in fact stripping the Finnish diet of all its legislative power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/02/16", "description": " Knattspyrnuf\u00e9lag Reykjav\u00edkur (the first football club in Iceland). is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/02/25", "description": " In an accident at Grove Hill, Harrow, London, England, Edwin Sewell becomes the world's first driver of a petrol-driven vehicle to be killed his passenger, Maj. James Richer, dies of injuries three days later.{{cite web|title=Motoring Firsts|publisher=National Motor Museum Trust|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/nationalmotormuseum.org.uk\/?location_id=151|accessdate=2010-08-26|\">http:\/\/nationalmotormuseum.org.uk\/?location_id=151|accessdate=2010-08-26|<\/a> archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100821110033\/http:\/\/nationalmotormuseum.org.uk\/?location_id=151|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100821110033\/http:\/\/nationalmotormuseum.org.uk\/?location_id=151|<\/a> archivedate= 21 August 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/03/01", "description": " In Afghanistan, Capt. George Roos-Keppel makes a sudden attack on a predatory band of Chamkannis that have been raiding in the Kurram Valley, and captures 100 prisoners with 3,000 head of cattle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/03/02", "description": " In Washington State, USA, Mount Rainier National Park is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/03/04", "description": " Cyclone Mahina sweeps in north of Cooktown, Queensland. A 12 m wave reaches up to 5ampnbspkm inland, leaving over 400 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/03/04", "description": "Felix Hoffmann patents aspirin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/03/04", "description": "''Bayer'' registers aspirin as a trademark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/03/08", "description": " The Frankfurter Fu\u00dfball-Club Victoria von 1899 (prequel for Eintracht Frankfurt) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/03/20", "description": "  At Sing Sing, Martha M. Place becomes the first woman executed in an electric chair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/03/24", "description": "  George Dewey is made Admiral of the US Navy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/04/15", "description": " Students at the University of California, Berkeley steal the Stanford Axe from Stanford University yelling at leaders following a baseball game, thus establishing the Axe as a symbol of the rivalry between the schools.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/05/03", "description": " Ferencv\u00e1rosi TC football club is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/05/13", "description": " Esporte Clube Vit\u00f3ria is founded in Salvador, Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/05/14", "description": " Three times world champion Nacional is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/05/18", "description": " The First Hague Peace Conference was opened in The Hague by Willem de Beaufort, Minister of Foreign Affairs of The Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/05/30", "description": " Female outlaw Pearl Hart robs a stage coach {{convert|30|mi|km}} southeast of Globe, Arizona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/05/31", "description": " The launch of the Harriman Alaska Expedition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/06/12", "description": " A tornado completely destroys the town of New Richmond, Wisconsin, killing 117 and injuring more than 200.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/06/22", "description": "June 27 ampndash The highest ever recorded individual cricket score, 628 not out, is made by A. E. J. Collins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/06/25", "description": " Three Denver, Colorado newspapers publish a story (later proved to be a fabrication) that the Chinese government under the Guangxu Emperor is going to demolish the Great Wall of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/06/27", "description": " The paperclip is patented by Johan Vaaler, a Norwegian inventor.<a href=\"http:\/\/inventors.about.com\/library\/inventors\/blpaperclip.htm\">http:\/\/inventors.about.com\/library\/inventors\/blpaperclip.htm<\/a> Inventors: Paperclip", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/06/30", "description": " ''Mile-a-Minute Murphy'' earns his famous nickname this day, after he becomes the first man to ride a bicycle for one mile (1.6ampnbspkm) in under a minute on Long Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/06/30", "description": "America's first juvenile court is established in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/06/30", "description": "NEC Corporation is organized as the first Japanese joint venture with foreign capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/06/30", "description": "Battle of Togbao: The French Bretonnet\u2013Braun mission is destroyed in Chad, by the warlord Rabih az-Zubayr.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/07/19", "description": " The Newsboys Strike takes place when the Newsies of New York go on strike (strike lasts until August 2).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/07/29", "description": " The first Peace Conference ends with the signing of the Hague Convention.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/07/30", "description": " The Harriman Alaska Expedition ends successfully.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/08/03", "description": " The John Marshall Law School is founded in Chicago", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/08/10", "description": " Marshall quotMajorquot Taylor wins the world 1-mile professional cycling championship in Montreal, securing his place as the first African American world champion in any sport.{{cite web|title=Professional Information|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.majortaylor.com\/page3.html|publisher=The\">http:\/\/www.majortaylor.com\/page3.html|publisher=The<\/a> Major Taylor Society|accessdate=2012-01-23}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/08/17", "description": " A hurricane makes landfall in North Carolina's Outer Banks, completely destroying the town of Diamond City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/08/28", "description": " At least 512 are killed when a debris hill from the Sumitomo Besshi copper mine at Niihama, Shikoku, Japan, collapses after heavy rain 122 houses, a smelting factory, hospital and many other facilities are destroyed.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/09/06", "description": " The White Star Line's transatlantic ocean liner RMS Oceanic sails on her maiden voyage. At 17,272 gross tons and {{convert|704|ft|m|abbr=on}}, she is the largest ship afloat, following scrapping of the {{SS|Great Eastern}} a decade earlier.{{cite web|title=R.M.S. Oceanic (II)|publisher=Jeff Newman|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.greatships.net\/oceanic2.html|accessdate=2010-01-18}}\">http:\/\/www.greatships.net\/oceanic2.html|accessdate=2010-01-18}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/09/13", "description": " Mackinder, Ollier and Brocherel make the first ascent of Batian (5,199m ampndash 17,058ampnbspft), the highest peak of Mount Kenya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/09/19", "description": " Alfred Dreyfus is pardoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/10/11", "description": " The Second Boer War: In South Africa, a war between the United Kingdom and the Boers of the Transvaal and Orange Free State erupts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/10/30", "description": " The Augusta High School Building is completed in Augusta, Kentucky Augusta Methodist College shuts down.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/11/04", "description": " The Alpha Sigma Tau Sorority is founded in Ypsilanti, Michigan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/11/08", "description": " The Bronx Zoo opens in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/11/15", "description": " The American Line's {{SS|St. Paul}} becomes the first ocean liner to report her imminent arrival by wireless telegraphy when Marconi's station at The Needles contacts her 66 nautical miles off the coast of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/11/29", "description": " The F.C. Barcelona football club is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/12/02", "description": "", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/12/02", "description": "Philippine\u2013American War ampampndash Battle of Tirad Pass: (ampquotThe Filipino Thermopylaeampquot) General Gregorio del Pilar and his troops are able to guard the retreat of Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo before being wiped out.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/12/02", "description": "During the new moon, a near-grand conjunction of the classical planets and several binocular Solar System bodies occur.   The Sun, Moon, Mercury, Mars and Saturn are all within 15\u00b0 of each other, with Venus 5\u00b0 ahead of this conjunction and Jupiter 15\u00b0 behind. Accompanying the classical planets in this grand conjunction are Uranus (technically visible unaided in pollution-free skies), Ceres and Pallas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/12/02", "description": "The A.C. Milan is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/12/02", "description": "Augusta, KY: Augusta High School burns down due to a heating plant failure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/12/26", "description": " Second Boer War ampndash Battle of Mafeking: The British inflict a crushing defeat on the Boers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/12/31", "description": " A large standing stone at Stonehenge falls over, the most recent time this has happened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/12/31", "description": "David Hilbert creates the modern concept of geometry with the publication of his book ''Grundlagen der Geometrie''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/12/31", "description": "The International Council of Nurses is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/12/31", "description": "The significance of Chinese oracle bones is discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/12/31", "description": "The North Carolina General Assembly incorporates the town of Manteo, which was originally laid out as the Dare county seat in 1870.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/12/31", "description": "Gold is discovered in Nome, Alaska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/12/31", "description": "The German Trade Union Congress recognizes Collective bargaining.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/12/31", "description": "Japan gets the right of extraterritoriality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/12/31", "description": "Riro, the last king of Easter Island, on a visit to Valpara\u00edso, Chile, died either from alcohol poisoning or an assassination plot by the Chilean government.ampampIsland at the End of the World By Steven R. Fischer p. 153ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/12/31", "description": "HP Sauce is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1899/12/31", "description": "Oxo beef stock cubes introduced by Liebig's Extract of Meat Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/01/01", "description": " Hawaii asks for a delegate at the U.S. Republican National Convention.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/01/01", "description": "The first electric bus becomes operational in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/01/01", "description": "U.S. Secretary of State John Hay announces the Open Door Policy to promote American trade with China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/01/03", "description": " The United States Census estimates the country's population to be about 70 million people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/01/04", "description": " Strikes in Belgium and Germany lead to mining riots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/01/04", "description": "The Irish leader John Edward Redmond calls for a revolt against British rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/01/04", "description": "Dr. Henry A. Rowland of Johns Hopkins University announces a theory about the cause of the Earth's magnetism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/01/06", "description": " Second Boer War: Boers attack the town of Ladysmith, South Africa, killing over 1,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/01/08", "description": " President William McKinley of the United States places Alaska under military governance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/01/09", "description": " The first through passenger train goes from Cairo to Khartoum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/01/09", "description": "The opera ''Tosca'' premieres in Rome, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/01/09", "description": "The U.S. Senate accepts the British-German treaty of 1899, in which the United Kingdom renounced its claims to the American Samoa portion of the Samoan Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/01/17", "description": " Brigham H. Roberts of Utah is not seated by the U.S. House of Representatives because of his plural marriage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/01/23", "description": " 5,000 Austrian miners go on strike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/01/24", "description": " The Second Boer War: At the Battle of Spion Kop, Boer troops defeat the British Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/01/26", "description": " The Labor League Conference opens in Sydney, Australia, with plans to form a Federal Labor Party. This is spelled quotLaborquot even in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/01/27", "description": " Boxer Rebellion: Foreign diplomats in Peking, China, demand that the Boxer rebels be disciplined.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/01/29", "description": " The American League of Professional Baseball Clubs is organized in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with eight founding teams.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/01/30", "description": " Governor William Goebel of Kentucky shot by several assassins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/02/01", "description": " Western Australia announced its refusal to join the Australian Federation unless it is given five more years of fiscal freedom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/02/01", "description": "Governor William Goebel of Kentucky dies of wounds after being shot by several assassins on January 30. Goebel, who had prevailed in a dispute over the winner of the election in November 1899, had been sworn in on his deathbed. The former Secretary of State of Kentucky Caleb Powers is later found guilty in the  conspiracy to kill Goebel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/02/01", "description": "Strikers in Aachen, Vienna, and Brussels demand an eight-hour working day and higher wages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/02/01", "description": "The United Kingdom and the United States sign a treaty for the building of a Central American shipping canal across Central America in Nicaragua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/02/01", "description": "Second Boer War: The British House of Commons' vote of censure over the British government's handling of the war is defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/02/06", "description": " The international arbitration court at The Hague is created when the Netherlands' Senate ratifies an 1899 peace conference decree.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/02/08", "description": " Second Boer War: British troops are defeated by the Boers at Ladysmith.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/02/09", "description": " Dwight F. Davis creates the Davis Cup tennis tournament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/02/14", "description": " Second Boer War ampndash Battle of Paardeberg: 20,000 British troops invade the Orange Free State.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/02/15", "description": " Second Boer War: The Siege of Kimberley is lifted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/02/17", "description": " Second Boer War: Battle of Paardeberg: British troops defeat the Boers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/02/17", "description": "The British Labour Party is formed and Ramsay MacDonald is appointed as its first secretary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/02/17", "description": "Second Boer War: British military leaders accept the unconditional notice of surrender from Boer General Piet Cronje.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/02/17", "description": "FC Bayern Munich football club is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/03/02", "description": "beginning) ampndash Groups of officials inspect towns around Australia in order to find a location for the new Federal capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/03/05", "description": " Two U.S. Navy cruisers are sent to Central America to protect American interests in a dispute between Nicaragua and Costa Rica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/03/05", "description": "ampquotBaby-farmerampquot Ada Williams is hanged at Newgate Prison for murdering a 21-month old girl.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/03/05", "description": "A coal mine explosion in West Virginia kills 50 miners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/03/07", "description": " A fire at Buckingham Palace destroys part of its roof.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/03/08", "description": " Londoners celebrate as Queen Victoria makes a rare visit to the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/03/09", "description": " Women in Germany demand the right to participate in university entrance exams.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/03/14", "description": " The botanist Hugo de Vries rediscovers Mendel's Laws of Heredity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/03/15", "description": " The Gold Standard Act is ratified, placing the United States currency on the gold standard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/03/16", "description": " The British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans purchases the land on Crete on which the ruins of the palace of Knossos stand. He begins to unearth some of the palace three days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/03/24", "description": " The Mayor of New York, Van Wyck, breaks ground for a new underground quotRapid Transit Railroadquot that will link Manhattan with Brooklyn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/03/27", "description": " The arrival of a Russian naval fleet in Korea causes concern to the Imperial Japanese government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/03/28", "description": " Over 1,000 tonnes of waste are removed from demolished buildings in Sydney, Australia, in areas affected by an outbreak of the bubonic plague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/03/31", "description": " In France, the length of a legal workday for women and children is limited to 11 hours.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/03/31", "description": "The Irish Guards are formed by Queen Victoria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/03/31", "description": "King George of Greece becomes absolute monarch of Crete.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/04/04", "description": " An anarchist shoots at The Prince of Wales during his visit to Belgium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/04/14", "description": " The Paris World Exhibition opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/04/22", "description": " Battle of Kouss\u00e9ri: French forces secure their domination of Chad. Warlord Rabih az-Zubayr is defeated and killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/04/26", "description": " The Hull-Ottawa fire in Canada kills seven and leaves 15,000 homeless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/04/30", "description": " Hawaii becomes an official U.S. territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/05/01", "description": " An explosion of blasting powder in a coal mine in Scofield, Utah kills 200.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/05/14", "description": " The second Modern Olympic Games opens in Paris (as part of the Paris World Exhibition).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/05/14", "description": "Second Boer War: The British Army relieves the Siege of Mafeking.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/05/14", "description": "Boxer Rebellion: Boxers destroy three villages near Peking and kill sixty Chinese Christians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/05/18", "description": " The United Kingdom proclaims a protectorate over Tonga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/05/21", "description": " Russia invades Manchuria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/05/23", "description": " Sergeant William Harvey Carney is awarded the Medal of Honor for heroism in 1863, as the first African American to have been awarded this medal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/05/24", "description": " Second Boer War: The British annex the Orange Free State as the Orange River Colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/05/28", "description": " Boxer Rebellion: The Boxers attack Belgians in the Fengtai railway station.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/05/29", "description": " N'Djamena, the capital city of Chad, is founded as ''Fort-Lamy'' by French commander \u00c9mile Gentil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/05/31", "description": " Boxer Rebellion: Peacekeepers from various European countries arrive in China where they join with Japanese forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/06/01", "description": " Carrie Nation begins her crusade to demolish saloons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/06/05", "description": " Second Boer War: British soldiers take Pretoria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/06/14", "description": " The Reichstag approves a second law that allows the expansion of the German navy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/06/20", "description": " Boxer Rebellion: Boxers gather about 20,000 people near Peking and kill hundreds of European citizens, including the German ambassador.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/06/30", "description": " A wharf fire at the docks in Hoboken, New Jersey owned by the North German Lloyd Steamship line spreads to German passenger ships ''{{SS|Saale||2}}, {{SS|Main||2}},'' and ''{{SS|Bremen|1897|2}}.''  The fire engulfs the adjacent piers and nearby ships, killing 326 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/07/02", "description": " The first zeppelin flight is carried out over Lake Constance near Friedrichshafen, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/07/05", "description": " The Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act passes the British Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/07/09", "description": " Queen Victoria gives her royal assent to the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/07/12", "description": " A German cruise liner, the SS ''Deutschland'', breaks the record for the Blue Riband for the first time with an average speed of {{convert|22.4|kn|km\/h}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/07/19", "description": " The first line of the Paris M\u00e9tro is opened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/07/25", "description": "  The Robert Charles Riots break out in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/07/29", "description": " King Umberto I of Italy is assassinated by the Italian-born anarchist Gaetano Bresci.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/08/04", "description": "Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother) born in London (died 2002)", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/08/14", "description": " Boxer Rebellion: An international contingent of troops, under British command, invades Peking and frees the Europeans taken hostage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/09/08", "description": " A powerful hurricane hits Galveston, Texas killing about 8,000  people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/09/13", "description": " Philippine-American War: Filipino resistance fighters defeat a large American column in the Battle of Pulang Lupa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/09/17", "description": " Philippine-American War: Filipinos under Juan Cailles defeat the Americans under Colonel Benjamin F. Cheatham at Mabitac.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/09/25", "description": " In the British general election, the recently formed Labour Party gains two seats. Winston Churchill is also elected to Parliament for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/11/03", "description": " The first automobile show in the United States opens at New York City's Madison Square Garden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/11/06", "description": " U.S. presidential election, 1900: Republican incumbent William McKinley is reelected by defeating Democratic challenger William Jennings Bryan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/12/07", "description": " Max Planck announces his discovery of the law of black body emission, marking the birth of quantum physics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/12/07", "description": "Milton S. Hershey introduces the milk chocolate Hershey bar in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/12/07", "description": "In New Haven, Connecticut, U.S., Louis Lassen of Louis' Lunch makes the first modern-day hamburger sandwich.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/12/07", "description": "First ''Michelin Guide'' published in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/12/07", "description": "The Imperial Civil Service in India consists of fewer than 3,500 top officials for a population of 300 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/12/07", "description": "Four out of every 1,000 residents of British India die of cholera each year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/12/07", "description": "World population: 1,650,000,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/12/07", "description": "Africa: 133,000,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/12/07", "description": "Asia: 947,000,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/12/07", "description": "Japan: c. 45,000,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/12/07", "description": "Europe: 408,000,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/12/07", "description": "Latin-America: 74,000,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/12/07", "description": "Northern America: 82,000,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1900/12/07", "description": "Oceania: 6,000,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "January 1", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "The world celebrates the beginning of the 20th century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "The British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia federate as the Commonwealth of Australia. Edmund Barton becomes first Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "Nigeria becomes a British protectorate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "The birth of Pentecostalism at a prayer meeting at Bethel Bible College in Topeka, Kansas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "January 5 ampampndash Typhoid fever breaks out in a Seattle jail, the first of two typhoid outbreaks in the USA during the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "January 7 ampampndash Alferd Packer is released from prison after serving 18 years for cannibalism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "January 10 ampampndash In the first great Texas gusher, oil is discovered at Spindletop in Beaumont, Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "January 22", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom dies at age 81, after more than 63 years on the throne, and her son the Prince of Wales formally succeeds her as King Edward VII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "The Grand Opera House in Cincinnati is destroyed in a fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "January 28 ampampndash Baseball's American League declares itself a Major League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "February 2 ampampndash Funeral of Queen Victoria in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "February 5", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "Hay-Pauncefote Treaty signed by United Kingdom and United States, ceding control of the Panama Canal to the United States", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "J Pierpont Morgan buys mines and steel mills in the United States, marking the first billion dollar business deal", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "In Evansville, IN, a fire burns through the business district, causing $175,000 of damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "February 6 ampampndash First public telephones at railway stations in Paris", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "February 11 ampampndash Anti Jesuit riots sweep across Spain", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "February 12 ampampndash India Viceroy Lord Curzon creates new frontier province in the north of the Punjab, bordering Afghanistan", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "February 14 ampampndash Edward VII opens his first parliament", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "February 15 ampampndash The Alianza Lima Foundation is created in Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "February 20 ampampndash The Hawaii Territory Legislature convenes for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "February 22 ampampndash Pacific mail steamer sinks in Golden Gate Harbor, killing 128", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "February 23 ampampndash United Kingdom and Germany agree the frontier between German East Africa and the British colony of Nyasaland", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "February 26", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "Chi-hsui and Hsu-cheng-yu, Boxer Rebellion leaders, executed in Peking", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "Middelburg peace conference fails in South Africa as Boers continue to demand autonomy", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "February 27 ampampndash The Sultan of Turkey orders 50,000 troops to the Bulgarian frontier because of unrest in Macedonia", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "March 1 ampampndash United Kingdom, Germany and Japan protest at Sino-Russian agreement on Manchuria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "March 2 ampampndash The U.S. Congress passes the Platt Amendment, limiting the autonomy of Cuba as a condition for the withdrawal of American troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "March 4 ampampndash United States President William McKinley begins his second term. Theodore Roosevelt becomes Vice President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "March 5 ampampndash Irish nationalist demonstrators ejected by police from House of Commons of the United Kingdom in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "March 6 ampampndash In Bremen, an assassin attempts to kill Wilhelm II of Germany", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "March 11 ampampndash United Kingdom rejects amended Hay-Pauncefote treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "March 13 ampampndash Benjamin Harrison, 23rd president of the United States, dies of pneumonia at age 67.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "March 17", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "A showing of 71 Vincent van Gogh paintings in Paris, 11 years after his death, creates a sensation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "Student riots in St Petersburg and Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "March 18 ampampndash Patrick Donahoe, businessman and publisher of the Catholic newspaper the Boston Pilot, dies of old age at 90.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "March 31 ampampndash The United Kingdom Census 1901 is taken.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "April 25 ampampndash New York State becomes the first to require automobile license plates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "April 29 ampampndash Anti-Jewish rioting breaks out in Budapest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "May 3 ampampndash The Great Fire of 1901 begins in Jacksonville, FL.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "May 5 ampampndash The Caste War of Yucat\u00e1n officially ends, although Mayan skirmishers continue sporadic fighting for another decade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "May 9 ampampndash Australia opens its first parliament in Melbourne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "May 17 ampampndash The U.S. stock market crashes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "May 24 ampampndash 78 miners die in the Caerphilly pit disaster in South Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "May 25 ampampndash The Club Atl\u00e9tico River Plate is founded in Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "May 27 ampampndash In New Jersey, the Edison Storage Battery Company is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "May 28 ampampndash Iran (known as Persia until 1935) grants William Knox D'Arcy a concession, giving him the right to prospect for oil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "June 2 ampampndash Katsura Taro becomes Prime Minister of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "June 12 ampampndash Cuba becomes a U.S. protectorate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "July 1 ampampndash Bureau of Chemistry within Department of Agriculture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "July 4 ampampndash The 1,282 foot (390 m) covered bridge crossing the St. John River at Hartland, New Brunswick, Canada opens. It is the longest covered bridge in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "July 4 ampampndash William Howard Taft becomes Governor-General of the Philippines\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "July 24 ampampndash O. Henry is released from prison in Columbus, Ohio after serving 3 years for embezzlement from the First National Bank in Austin, Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "August 5 ampampndash Peter O'Connor sets the first International Association of Athletics Federations recognised long jump world record of 24ampampnbspft 11\u00beins. The record will stand for 20 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "August 6 ampampndash Discovery Expedition: Robert Falcon Scott sets sail on the RRS ''Discovery'' to explore the Ross Sea in Antarctica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "August 28 ampampndash Silliman University is founded in the Philippines.  The first American private school in the country.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nhi.gov.ph\/files\/NHI_res_7_s2002.pdf\">http:\/\/www.nhi.gov.ph\/files\/NHI_res_7_s2002.pdf<\/a> ampquotNHI Resolution No.7, Series 2002ampquot. National Historical Institute. Retrieved 2010-03-30.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "August 30 ampampndash Hubert Cecil Booth patents an electric vacuum cleaner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "September 2 ampampndash U.S. Vice President Theodore Roosevelt utters the famous phrase, ampquotSpeak softly and carry a big stickampquot at the Minnesota State Fair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "September 5 ampampndash The National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (later renamed Minor League Baseball), is formed in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "September 6 ampampndash American anarchist Leon Czolgosz shoots U.S. President William McKinley at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo, New York. McKinley dies 8 days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "September 7 ampampndash The Boxer Rebellion in China officially ends with the signing of the Boxer Protocol.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "September 14 ampampndash Theodore Roosevelt succeeds William McKinley as President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "September 26 ampampndash The body of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is exhumed and reinterred in concrete several feet thick.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "October 2 ampampndash The Royal Navy's first submarine is launched at Barrow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "October 4 ampampndash The American yacht ''Columbia'' defeats the Irish ''Shamrock'' in the America's Cup yachting race.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "October 16 ampampndash U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt invites African American leader Booker T. Washington to the White House. The American South reacts angrily to the visit, and racial violence increases in the region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "October 23 ampampndash Yale University celebrates its bicentennial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "October 24 ampampndash Michigan schoolteacher Annie Taylor goes down Niagara Falls in a barrel and survives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "October 29 ampampndash In Amherst, New Hampshire, nurse Jane Toppan is arrested for murdering the Davis family of Boston with an overdose of morphine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "November 1 ampampndash Sigma Phi Epsilon is founded in Richmond, VA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "November 9 ampampndash The Prince George, Duke of Cornwall (later George V) becomes Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "November 15 ampampndash The Alpha Sigma Alpha Fraternity is founded at Longwood University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "November 25 ampampndash Auguste Deter is first examined by German psychiatrist Dr Alois Alzheimer, leading to a diagnosis of the condition that will carry his name.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.whonamedit.com\/doctor.cfm\/177.html|title=Alois\">http:\/\/www.whonamedit.com\/doctor.cfm\/177.html|title=Alois<\/a> Alzheimer|work=Whonamedit?|accessdate=2011-10-21}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "November 28 ampampndash The new state constitution of Alabama requires voters to have passed literacy tests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "December 3 ampampndash U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt delivers a 20,000-word speech to the House of Representatives asking Congress to curb the power of trusts ampquotwithin reasonable limitsampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "December 10 ampampndash The first Nobel Prize ceremony is held in Stockholm on the fifth anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "December 12 ampampndash Guglielmo Marconi receives the first trans-Atlantic radio signal, sent from Poldhu in England to Newfoundland, Canada it is the letter ampquotSampquot in Morse.ampamp{{cite book|first=Gordon|last=Bussey|title=Marconi's Atlantic Leap|location=Coventry|publisher=Marconi|year=2000|isbn=0-9538967-0-6}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "December 20 ampampndash The final spike is driven into the Mombasa-Victoria-Uganda Railway in what is now Kisumu, Kenya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "Scotland Yard creates a fingerprint archive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "Europium is isolated by Eug\u00e8ne-Anatole Demar\u00e7ay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "William S. Harley draws up plans for his first prototype motorcycle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "The okapi is observed for the first time (previously known only to local natives).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "The Independent Maya of Eastern Yucat\u00e1n surrender to Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "The Intercollegiate Prohibition Association is established in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "Sh\u014d Tai (Shang Tai), the last king of the Ry\u016bky\u016b Kingdom in modern Okinawa, Japan, dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "New Zealand inventor Ernest Godward invents the spiral hairpin, one of the most widely used devices on the planet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "The first reliable census in India is taken.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1901", "description": "RMS Lucania is the first Cunard ship to receive a Wireless Radio set.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902", "description": "January", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902", "description": "In France, Alfred Loisy writes ''L'\u00e9vangile et l'Eglise'', which inaugurates the Modernist Crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902", "description": "International Bureau of the American Republics is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902", "description": "The first college football bowl game, the Rose Bowl between Michigan and Stanford, is held in Pasadena, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902", "description": "Nurses Registration Act 1901 comes into effect in New Zealand, making it the first country in the world to require state registration of nurses. On January 10, Ellen Dougherty becomes the world's first registered nurse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/01/08", "description": " A train collision in the New York Central Railroad's Park Avenue Tunnel kills 17, injures 38, and leads to increased demand for electric trains and led to the banning of Steam locomotives in the state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/01/23", "description": " A snowstorm at Mount Hakkoda, northern Honshu, Japan, kills 199 during a military training exercise.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/01/28", "description": " The Carnegie Institution is founded in Washington, DC with a $10 million gift from Andrew Carnegie.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/02/11", "description": " Police and universal suffrage demonstrators are involved in a physical altercation in Brussels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/02/15", "description": " The Berlin U-Bahn underground is opened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/02/18", "description": " U.S. President Roosevelt prosecutes the Northern Securities Company for violation of the Sherman Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/03/06", "description": " Real Madrid: Real Madrid was founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/03/07", "description": " Second Boer War: South African Boers win their last battle over British forces, with the capture of a British general and 200 of his men.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/03/10", "description": " A Circuit Court prevents Thomas Edison from having a monopoly on motion picture technology.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/04/02", "description": " ''Electric Theatre,'' the first movie theater in the United States, opens in Los Angeles, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/04/13", "description": " A new car speed record of {{convert|74|mph|km\/h|abbr=on}} is set in Nice, France, by Leon Serpollet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/04/19", "description": " A magnitude 7.5 earthquake rocks Guatemala, killing 2,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/04/26", "description": " Hibernian FC won the Scottish Cup 1\u20130 against Glasgow Celtic FC, the last time in their history they have won the competition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/05/05", "description": " The Commonwealth Public Service Act creates Australia's Public Service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/05/07", "description": " In Saint Vincent, La Soufri\u00e8re erupts, devastating the northern portion of the island, killing 2,000 people", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/05/08", "description": " In Martinique, Mount Pel\u00e9e erupts, destroying the town of Saint-Pierre and killing over 30,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/05/13", "description": " Alfonso XIII of Spain begins his reign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/05/20", "description": " Cuba gains independence from the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/05/29", "description": " Lord Rosebery opens London School of Economics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/05/31", "description": " The Treaty of Vereeniging ends the Second Boer War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/06/02", "description": " The Anthracite Coal Strike begins in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/06/15", "description": " The New York Central railroad inaugurates the ''20th Century Limited'' passenger train between Chicago and New York City, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/06/16", "description": " Australia: Female British subjects (with the exception of Asians, Aborigines and Africans) win the vote with the Uniform Franchise Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/06/17", "description": " Norwich City Football Club is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/06/26", "description": " Edward VII institutes The Order.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/07/08", "description": " Service of Reclamation within U.S. Geological Survey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/07/10", "description": " The Rolling Mill Mine disaster in Johnstown, PA kills 112 miners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/07/10", "description": "Lord Salisbury retires as British prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/07/10", "description": "The Order of the Garter is conferred on Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/07/14", "description": " St Mark's Campanile in Venice collapses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/07/21", "description": " Fluminense Football Club is founded in Rio de Janeiro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/08/01", "description": " 100 miners die in a pit explosion in Wollongong, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/08/09", "description": " Edward VII is crowned King of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/08/22", "description": " Theodore Roosevelt becomes the first American President to ride in an automobile when he rides in a Columbia Electric Victoria through Hartford, Connecticut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/08/24", "description": " A statue of Joan of Arc was unveiled in Saint-Pierre-le-Mo\u00fbtier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/08/30", "description": " In Martinique, Mount Pel\u00e9e erupts again, destroying the town of Morne-Rouge causing 1000 deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/10/16", "description": " The first Borstal (youth offenders' institution) opens in Borstal, Kent, U.K.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/10/21", "description": " In the United States, a five month strike by the  United Mine Workers ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/11/30", "description": " American Old West: The second-in-command of Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch gang, Kid Curry Logan, is sentenced to 20 years hard labor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/11/30", "description": "DecemberampampndashFebruary 1903 ampampndash Venezuela Crisis, in which Britain, Germany and Italy sustain a naval blockade on Venezuela in order to enforce collection of outstanding financial claims. This prompts the development of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/12/10", "description": " The first Aswan Dam on The Nile is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/12/30", "description": " Discovery Expedition: Scott, Shackleton and Wilson reach the furthest southern point reached thus far by man, south of 82\u00b0S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/12/30", "description": "Nathan B. Stubblefield demonstrates his mobile phone device in Kentucky.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/12/30", "description": "The insurrection ends in the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/12/30", "description": "Capital of French Indochina moved from Saigon (in Cochinchina) to Hanoi (Tonkin).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/12/30", "description": "Completion of Paul Doumer Bridge linking both sections of Hanoi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1902/12/30", "description": "The Potawatomi Zoo (the oldest zoo in Indiana) opens in South Bend.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/01/01", "description": " Edward VII of the United Kingdom is proclaimed Emperor of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/01/19", "description": " The first west-east transatlantic radio broadcast is made from the United States to England (the first east-west broadcast having been made in 1901).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/02/11", "description": " The Oxnard Strike of 1903 becomes the first time in U.S. history that a labor union is formed from members of different races.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/02/15", "description": " Morris and Rose Michtom introduce the first teddy bear in America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/02/17", "description": " El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico becomes part of the United States National Forest System as the Luquillo Forest Reserve.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/02/23", "description": " Cuba leases Guantanamo Bay to the United States quotin perpetuityquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/03/02", "description": " In New York City, the Martha Washington Hotel, the first hotel exclusively for women, opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/03/03", "description": " The British admiralty announces plans to build a naval base at Rosyth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/03/05", "description": " The Ottoman Empire and the German Empire sign an agreement to build the Constantinople-Baghdad Railway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/03/12", "description": " The University of Puerto Rico is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/03/14", "description": " The Hay-Herran Treaty, granting the United States the right to build the Panama Canal, is ratified by the United States Senate. The Colombian Senate later rejects the treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/03/19", "description": " The oldest Turkish football club, Besiktas JK, is founded in Istanbul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/04/07", "description": " Fredrikstad Football Club (FFK) is founded in Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/04/29", "description": " A 30-million-msup3\/sup landslide kills 70 in Frank, Alberta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/05/04", "description": " The leading Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary Gotse Delchev is killed in a skirmish with the Turkish army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/05/18", "description": " The port of Burgas, Bulgaria opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/05/22", "description": " The White Star Liner, ''SS Ionic'', is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/05/24", "description": " The Paris-Madrid race begins, during which at least eight people are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/06/11", "description": " Serbian King Alexander Obrenovi\u0107 and Queen Draga are assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/06/12", "description": " The Sigma Alpha Iota International Music Fraternity is founded at the University of Michigan School of Music.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/06/14", "description": " The town of Heppner, Oregon, is nearly destroyed by a cloud burst that resulted in a flash flood that kills an estimated 238 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/06/27", "description": " 19-year-old American socialite Aida de Acosta becomes the first woman to fly a powered aircraft solo when she pilots Santos-Dumont's motorized dirigible, \u201cNo. 9\u201d, from Paris to Ch\u00e2teau de Bagatelle in France.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fhwa.dot.gov\/ohim\/wmntrans2.pdf|format=PDF|title=Women\">http:\/\/www.fhwa.dot.gov\/ohim\/wmntrans2.pdf|format=PDF|title=Women<\/a> in Transportation ampndash Changing America's History: Reference Materials|publisher=United States Department of Transportation|page=10|month=March|year=1998|accessdate=2012-08-21}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/07/01", "description": "July 19 ampndash First Tour de France bicycle race, won by Maurice Garin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/07/07", "description": " The British take over the Fulani Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/07/23", "description": " Dr. Ernst Pfenning of Chicago becomes the first owner of a Ford Model A.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/07/30", "description": "August 23 (July 17ampndashAugust 10, O.S.) ampndash Second Congress of the All-Russian Social Democratic Labour Party held in exile in Brussels, transferring to London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/08/02", "description": " The Ilinden Uprising, organized by the Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization, breaks out in the Ottoman provinces of Macedonia and Adrianople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/08/04", "description": " Pope Pius X succeeds Pope Leo XIII as the 257th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/08/10", "description": " Paris Metro train fire takes place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/08/25", "description": " Judiciary Act passed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/09/11", "description": " The first stock car event is held at the Milwaukee Mile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/09/14", "description": " Joseph Chamberlain resigns as British Colonial Secretary, in order to campaign publicly for Imperial Preference.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/09/15", "description": " Gr\u00eamio Foot-Ball Porto-Alegrense is founded in Porto Alegre, Brazil", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/09/24", "description": " Edmund Barton steps down as Prime Minister of Australia and is succeeded by Alfred Deakin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/09/27", "description": " The Wreck of the Old 97 engine at Stillhouse Trestle near Danville, Virginia, which kills 11 people, inspires a ballad and song.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/09/29", "description": " Prussia becomes the first locality to require mandatory drivers licenses for operators of motor vehicles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/09/29", "description": "October ampampndash Frank Nelson Cole proves that 2ampsupamp67amp\/supamp-1 is composite by factoring it as 193,707,721  761,838,257,287 after trying every Sunday for 3 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/10/01", "description": " The first modern World Series, pitting the National League's Pittsburgh Pirates against Boston of the American League, begins at Pittsburgh's Exposition Park.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/10/06", "description": " The High Court of Australia sits for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/10/10", "description": " The Women's Social and Political Union is founded in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/10/13", "description": " Boston wins its first of seven World Series titles, beating Pittsburgh at their home park, Huntington Avenue Grounds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/11/03", "description": " Founding of Argentinian football team, Newell's Old Boys in the city of Rosario.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/11/04", "description": " With the encouragement of the United States, Panama proclaims itself independent from Colombia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/11/13", "description": " The United States recognizes the independence of Panama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/11/17", "description": " The Russian Social Democratic Labor Party splits into two groups the Bolsheviks (Russian for quotmajorityquot) and Mensheviks (Russian for quotminorityquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/11/18", "description": " The Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty is signed by the United States and Panama, giving the U.S. exclusive rights over the Panama Canal Zone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/11/23", "description": " Colorado Governor James Hamilton Peabody sends the state militia into the town of Cripple Creek to break up a miners' strike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/12/16", "description": " Taj Mahal Palace amp Tower hotel in Bombay opens its doors to guests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/12/17", "description": " Orville Wright flies an aircraft with a petrol engine at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in the first documented, successful, controlled, powered, heavier-than-air flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/12/30", "description": " Iroquois Theater fire in Chicago kills 600.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/12/30", "description": "The Lincoln-Lee Legion is established to promote the temperance movement and signing of alcohol abstinence pledges by children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/12/30", "description": "The first box of Crayola crayons was made and sold for 5 cents. It contained 8 colors brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet and black.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1903/12/30", "description": "Osea Island in Maldon, Essex, England was bought by Mr. Frederick Charrington.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/01/07", "description": " The distress signal ''CQD'' is established, only to be replaced 2 years later by ''SOS''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/01/16", "description": " The first large-scale bodybuilding competition in America takes place at Madison Square Garden in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/01/18", "description": "Henry Ford sets a new automobile land speed record of 91.37ampampnbspmph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/01/18", "description": "The Herero Rebellion in German South-West Africa begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/01/23", "description": " The \u00c5lesund Fire destroys most buildings in the town of \u00c5lesund, Norway, leaving about 10,000 people without shelter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/02/07", "description": " The Great Baltimore Fire in Baltimore, Maryland destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/02/08", "description": " A Japanese surprise attack on Port Arthur (Lushun) starts the Russo-Japanese War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/02/10", "description": " Roger Casement publishes his account of Belgian atrocities in the Congo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/02/23", "description": " For $10 million, the United States gains control of the Panama Canal Zone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/02/28", "description": " Sport Lisboa e Benfica is founded in Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/03/03", "description": " Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany becomes the first person to make a political recording of a document, using Thomas Edison's cylinder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/03/04", "description": " Russo-Japanese War: Russian troops in Korea retreat toward Manchuria, followed by 100,000 Japanese troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/03/26", "description": " 80,000 demonstrators gather in Hyde Park, London, to protest against the importation of Chinese labourers to South Africa by the British government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/03/31", "description": " British expedition to Tibet ampndash Battle of Guru: British troops under Colonel Francis Younghusband defeat ill-equipped Tibetan troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/03/31", "description": "The Entente Cordiale is signed between the UK and France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/03/31", "description": "Longacre Square in Midtown Manhattan is renamed Times Square after ''The New York Times''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/03/31", "description": "Aleister Crowley begins writing Liber Al vel Legis, better known as The Book of the Law, a text central to Thelema.  He completes this task on April 10.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/04/19", "description": " The Great Toronto Fire destroys much of that city's downtown, but there are no fatalities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/04/27", "description": " The Australian Labor Party becomes the first such party to gain national government, under Chris Watson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/04/30", "description": " The Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's Fair opens in St. Louis, Missouri (closes December 1).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/04/30", "description": "U.S. Army engineers begin work on The Panama Canal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/04/30", "description": "German football club FC Schalke 04 is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/05/05", "description": " Pitching against the Philadelphia Athletics, Cy Young of the Boston Americans throws the first perfect game in the modern era of baseball.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/05/09", "description": " GWR 3440 City of Truro becomes the first railway locomotive to exceed 100ampnbspmph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/05/15", "description": " The Russian minelayer ''Amur'' lays a minefield about {{convert|15|mi|km}} off Port Arthur and sinks Japan's battleship ''Hatsuse'', 15,000 tons, with 496 crew.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/05/21", "description": " The International Federation of Association Football, FIFA, is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/05/30", "description": " Alpha Gamma Delta, now an international women's fraternity, is founded by 11 women at Syracuse University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/06/10", "description": " Irish author James Joyce meets his future wife Nora Barnacle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/06/15", "description": " A fire aboard the steamboat ''General Slocum'' in New York City's East River kills 1,021.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/06/15", "description": "Eugen Schauman assassinates Nikolai Bobrikov, Governor-General of Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/06/15", "description": "James Joyce walks to Ringsend with Nora Barnacle he later uses this date (Bloomsday) as the setting for his novel ''Ulysses''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/06/28", "description": " The Danish ocean liner ''SS Norge'' runs aground and sinks close to Rockall, killing 635, including 225 Norwegian emigrants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/06/28", "description": "June 28 ampampndash The original icon of Our Lady of Kazan was stolen and subsequently destroyed in Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/06/29", "description": " The 1904 Moscow tornado occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/07/01", "description": " The third Modern Olympic Games opens in St. Louis, Missouri, United States as part of the World's Fair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/07/21", "description": " The Trans-Siberian railway is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/08/03", "description": " British expedition to Tibet: The British expedition under Colonel Francis Younghusband takes Lhasa in Tibet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/08/11", "description": " Battle of Waterberg: Lothar von Trotha defeats the Herero in German South-West Africa and drives them into the Omaheke desert, start of the Herero and Namaqua Genocide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/08/14", "description": " Ismael Montes becomes President of Bolivia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/08/17", "description": " Russo-Japanese War: A Japanese infantry charge fails to take Port Arthur.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/08/18", "description": " Chris Watson resigns as Prime Minister of Australia and is succeeded by George Reid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/09/07", "description": " British expedition to Tibet: The Dalai Lama signs the Anglo-Tibetan Treaty with Colonel Francis Younghusband.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/09/25", "description": " The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints President Joseph F. Smith issues a ''Second Manifesto'' against polygamy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/09/26", "description": " New Zealand dolphin Pelorus Jack is individually protected by Order in Council under the Sea Fisheries Act.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.teara.govt.nz\/1966\/P\/PelorusJack\/PelorusJack\/en|accessdate=2006-12-29|last=Alpers|first=A.F.G.|title=\">http:\/\/www.teara.govt.nz\/1966\/P\/PelorusJack\/PelorusJack\/en|accessdate=2006-12-29|last=Alpers|first=A.F.G.|title=<\/a> Pelorus Jack|work=An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand|year=1966}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/10/01", "description": " Phi Delta Epsilon, the international medical fraternity, is founded by Aaron Brown and eight of his friends at Cornell University Medical College.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/10/05", "description": " Alpha Kappa Psi, the co-ed Professional Business Fraternity, is founded on the campus of New York University", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/10/15", "description": " Theta Tau, the Professional Engineering Fraternity, is founded at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/10/19", "description": " Polytechnic University of the Philippines is founded as Manila Business School through the superintendence of the American C.A. O'Reilley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/10/21", "description": " Russo-Japanese War ampndash Dogger Bank incident: The Russian Baltic Fleet fires on British trawlers it mistakes for Japanese torpedo boats in the North Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/10/27", "description": " The first underground line of the New York City Subway opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/11/08", "description": " U.S. presidential election, 1904: Republican incumbent Theodore Roosevelt defeats Democrat Alton B. Parker.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/11/24", "description": " The first successful caterpillar track is made (it later revolutionizes construction vehicles and land warfare).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/12/02", "description": " The St. Petersburg Soviet urges a run on the banks: the attempt fails and the executive committee is arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/12/03", "description": " Charles Dillon Perrine discovers Jupiter's largest irregular satellite, Himalia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/12/04", "description": " The K.U. or Konservativ Ungdom (Young Conservatives) is founded by Carl F. Herman von Rosen in Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/12/06", "description": " Theodore Roosevelt announced his quotCorollaryquot to the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States would intervene in the Western Hemisphere should Latin American governments prove incapable or unstable.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/12/10", "description": " The Pi Kappa Phi Fraternity is founded at the College of Charleston in Charleston, SC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/12/27", "description": " The stage play ''Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up'' premieres in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/12/30", "description": " The East Boston Tunnel opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/12/31", "description": " In New York City, the first New Year's Eve celebration is held in Times Square.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/12/31", "description": "The Loftus Road and Griffin Park football stadiums open in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/12/31", "description": "Stuyvesant High School is founded in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/12/31", "description": "The Daytona Educational and Industrial Training School for Negro Girls, now Bethune-Cookman University, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/12/31", "description": "Halford Mackinder presents a paper on ampquot''The Geographical Pivot of History''ampquot to the Royal Geographical Society of London in which he formulates the Heartland Theory, originating the study of geopolitics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1904/12/31", "description": "The subject of alcohol and heart attacks is first investigated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/01/01", "description": " The Trans-Siberian Railway officially opens after its completion on July 21, 1904.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/01/02", "description": " Russo-Japanese War: The Russian Army surrenders at Port Arthur, China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/01/05", "description": " The play ''The Scarlet Pimpernel'' opens at the New Theatre in London and begins a run of 122 performances and numerous revivals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/01/22", "description": "January 9 O.S.) ampndash The Bloody Sunday massacre of Russian demonstrators, at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, helps trigger the abortive Russian Revolution of 1905.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/01/26", "description": " The Cullinan Diamond is found near Pretoria, South Africa at the Premier Mine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/02/12", "description": " In Christchurch, New Zealand, the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament is opened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/02/16", "description": " At Haulbowline Base in Ireland, two explosions on board HM Submarine A5, due to petrol fumes after refueling, kill six of the eleven crew.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/02/17", "description": " At Fremantle, Western Australia, the R.M.S. ''Orizaba'' is wrecked, but all 160 passengers and the mail are saved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/02/19", "description": " Russo-Japanese War:  The Battle of Mukden begins in Manchuria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/02/23", "description": " Rotary International is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/03/01", "description": " Australian Conservative leader Richard Butler takes office as Premier of South Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/03/03", "description": " Tsar Nicholas II of Russia agrees to create an elected assembly (the Duma).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/03/04", "description": " U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt begins a full term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/03/05", "description": " Russo-Japanese War: Russian troops begin to retreat from Mukden after losing 100,000 troops in 3 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/03/05", "description": "Russo-Japanese War: The Japanese capture of Mukden (now Shenyang) completes the rout of Russian armies in Manchuria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/03/05", "description": "Cassie Chadwick is sentenced for 14 years in Cleveland, Ohio for fraud.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/03/14", "description": " Chelsea FC is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/03/17", "description": " Albert Einstein publishes his paper ''On a heuristic viewpoint concerning the production and transformation of light'', in which he explains the photoelectric effect using the notion of light quanta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/03/20", "description": " Grover Shoe Factory disaster: A boiler explosion, building collapse and fire in Brockton, Massachusetts kills 58.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/03/31", "description": " German Emperor Wilhelm II asserts German equality with France in Morocco, triggering the Tangier or First Moroccan Crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/03/31", "description": "April ampampndash Albert Einstein works on the special theory of relativity as well as the theory of Brownian motion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/04/01", "description": " Penny post established between the United Kingdom and Australia.{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Blake|title=The Book of Postal Dates, 1635-1985|location=Caterham|publisher=Marden|page=20}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/04/02", "description": " The Simplon Tunnel is officially opened through the Alps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/04/04", "description": " In India, the  1905 Kangra earthquake  hits the Kangra valley, kills 20,000, and destroys most buildings in Kangra, Mcleodganj and Dharamshala.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/04/06", "description": " ''Lochner v. New York'': The Supreme Court of the United States invalidates New York's 8-hour-day law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/05/11", "description": " Albert Einstein submits his doctoral dissertation ''On the Motion of Small Particles...'', in which he explains Brownian motion. In the course of the year, Einstein publishes four papers, formulates the theory of special relativity and explains the photoelectric effect by quantization. 1905 is regarded as his quotmiracle yearquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/05/13", "description": " Mata Hari debuts in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/05/15", "description": " Las Vegas, Nevada is founded when {{convert|110|acre|km2}}, in what later becomes downtown, are auctioned off.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/05/17", "description": " Kappa Delta Rho is founded in in room 14 of Old Painter Hall at Middlebury College in Middlebury, VT.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/05/27", "description": "May 28 ampndash Russo-Japanese War ampndash Battle of Tsushima: The Japanese fleet under Admiral Heihachiro Togo destroys the Russian fleet under Admiral Zinovi Petrovich Rozhdestvenski in a 2-day battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/06/07", "description": " The Norwegian Parliament declares the union with Sweden dissolved, and Norway achieves full independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/06/09", "description": " The Charlton Athletic F.C. is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/06/15", "description": " Princess Margaret of Connaught marries Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden, Duke of Sk\u00e5ne (Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/06/27", "description": " (June 14 according to the Julian calendar): Mutiny breaks out on the Russian ironclad ''Potemkin''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/06/29", "description": " The Automobile Association is founded in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/06/30", "description": " Albert Einstein publishes the article ''On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies'' where he reveals his theory of special relativity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/07/22", "description": " Taft-Katsura Agreement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/07/23", "description": " Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the second time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/08/12", "description": " Leopold II of Belgium opens the Antwerpen-Centraal railway station", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/08/25", "description": " 'Ancient Order of Druids' initiate neo-druidic rituals at Stonehenge in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/08/25", "description": "August ampampndash Pablo Valencia gets lost in the Sonoran Desert with no water.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/09/01", "description": " The Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan are established from the southwestern part of the Northwest Territories.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/09/05", "description": " Russo-Japanese War ampndash Treaty of Portsmouth: In New Hampshire, a treaty mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt is signed by victor Japan and Russia. Russia cedes the island of Sakhalin and port and rail rights in Manchuria to Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/09/27", "description": " Albert Einstein submits his paper ''Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?'' in which he develops an argument for the famous equation ''E''ampnbsp=ampnbsp''mc''sup2\/sup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/10/01", "description": " Galatasaray SK is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/10/02", "description": " HMS ''Dreadnought'' is laid down, revolutionizing battleship design and triggering a naval arms race.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/10/05", "description": " The Wright Brothers' third aeroplane (Wright Flyer III) stays in the air for 39 minutes with Wilbur piloting, the first aeroplane flight lasting over half an hour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/10/16", "description": " Russian Revolution of 1905: The Russian army opens fire in a meeting on a street market in Tallinn, killing 94 and injuring over 200.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/10/26", "description": " Sweden agrees to the repeal of the union with Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/10/30", "description": " Tsar Nicholas II is forced to grant Russia's first constitution, conceding a national assembly (Duma) with limited powers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/10/30", "description": "October - The Fauvist artists, led by Henri Matisse and Andr\u00e9 Derain, first exhibit, at the Salon d'Automne in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/11/04", "description": " The application of the infamous and, from the Finnish perspective, unconstititional, February Manifesto, subordinating the local legislation of the autonomous Grand Principality of Finland to Imperial Russian legislation, is interrupted in the November Manifesto. The Senate of Finland is also ordered to prepare a proposition for a new unicameral representative organ elected in accordance to universal and equal suffrage to replace the outdated Diet of the Estates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/11/09", "description": " The Province of Alberta, Canada, holds its first general election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/11/18", "description": " Prince Carl of Denmark becomes King Haakon VII of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/11/28", "description": " Irish nationalist Arthur Griffith founds Sinn F\u00e9in in Dublin as a political party whose goal is independence for all of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/11/28", "description": "A bomb kills Frank Steunenberg, ex-governor of Idaho the case leads to a trial against leaders of the Western Federation of Miners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/11/28", "description": "First performance of Franz Leh\u00e1r's operetta ''The Merry Widow'', at the Theater an der Wien, Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/11/28", "description": "Women are given the vote and admitted to the practice of law in Queensland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/11/28", "description": "Workers' compensation is introduced in Queensland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/11/28", "description": "The title Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is officially recognized by King Edward VII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/11/28", "description": "Path\u00e9 Fr\u00e8res colors black and white films by machine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/11/28", "description": "''Huckleberry Finn'' and ''Tom Sawyer'' are banned from the Brooklyn Public Library for setting a ampquotbad example.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/11/28", "description": "Alfred Einhorn introduces novocaine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/11/28", "description": "Wolves become extinct in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/11/28", "description": "Civil service examinations are abolished in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/11/28", "description": "Germany insists on an international conference on the Moroccan question.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1905/11/28", "description": "Max Weber publishes ''Die Protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/01/12", "description": " Persian Constitutional Revolution: a nationalistic coalition of merchants, religious leaders and intellectuals in Persia forces the shah to grant a constitution and establish a national assembly, the Majlis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/01/16", "description": "April 7 ampndash Algeciras Conference to resolve the First Moroccan Crisis between France and Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/01/22", "description": " The {{SS|Valencia}} strikes a reef off Vancouver Island, Canada, killing over 100 (officially 136) in the ensuing disaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/01/31", "description": " Ecuador-Colombia earthquake (8.8 on the Moment magnitude scale) and associated tsunami.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/02/10", "description": " {{HMS|Dreadnought|1906|6}} is launched and sparks the naval race between Britain and Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/02/11", "description": " Pope Pius X publishes the encyclical ''Vehementer Nos''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January–February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/03/10", "description": " Courri\u00e8res mine disaster: an explosion in a coal mine in France kills 1,060.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March–April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/03/18", "description": " Traian Vuia makes a short flight in a self-propelled, heavier-than-air aircraft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March–April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/04/07", "description": " Mount Vesuvius erupts and devastates Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March–April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/04/18", "description": " San Francisco earthquake (estimated magnitude 7.8) on the San Andreas Fault destroys much of San Francisco, California, USA, killing at least 3,000, with 225,000\u2013300,000 left homeless, and $350 million in damages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March–April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/04/23", "description": " In Tsarist Russia, the Fundamental Laws are announced at the first state Duma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March–April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/04/23", "description": "May ampampndash Jack London's novel ''White Fang'' is serialized in ''The Outing Magazine''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May–June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/06/07", "description": " The {{RMS|Lusitania}} is launched in Glasgow. It is the world's largest ship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May–June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/07/06", "description": " The Second Geneva Convention meets.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July–August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/07/12", "description": " Alfred Dreyfus is exonerated. He is reinstalled in the French Army on July 21, thus ending the Dreyfus affair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July–August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/08/16", "description": " A magnitude 8.2 earthquake in Valpara\u00edso, Chile leaves approximately 20,000 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July–August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/08/22", "description": " The first Victor Victrola, a phonographic record player, is manufactured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July–August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/08/23", "description": " Unable to control a rebellion Cuban President Tom\u00e1s Estrada Palma requests United States intervention. The subsequent provisional occupation administration lasts until 1909.{{citation needed|date=December 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July–August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/09/11", "description": " Mahatma Gandhi coins the term ''Satyagraha'' to characterize the Non-Violence movement in South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September–October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/09/18", "description": " A typhoon and tsunami kill an estimated 10,000 in Hong Kong.{{citation needed|date=December 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September–October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/09/30", "description": " The first Gordon Bennett Cup in ballooning is held, starting in Paris. The winning team, piloting the balloon ''United States'', lands in Fylingdales, Yorkshire, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September–October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/10/01", "description": " The Grand Duchy of Finland becomes the first nation to include the right of women to stand as candidates when it adopts universal suffrage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September–October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/10/06", "description": " The Majlis of Iran convenes for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September–October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/10/11", "description": "  A United States diplomatic crisis with Japan arises when the San Francisco public school board orders Japanese students to be taught in racially segregated schools.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September–October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/10/16", "description": " Imposter Wilhelm Voigt impersonates a Prussian officer and takes over the city hall in K\u00f6penick for a short time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September–October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/10/23", "description": " An aeroplane of Alberto Santos-Dumont takes off at Bagatelle in France and flies 60 meters (200ampnbspfeet). This is the first officially recorded powered flight in Europe..", "lang": "en", "category1": "September–October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/10/28", "description": " The Union Mini\u00e8re du Haut Katanga, a Belgian mining trust, is created in the Congo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September–October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/11/03", "description": " ''SOS'' becomes an international distress signal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/11/22", "description": " Russian Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin introduces agrarian reforms aimed at creating a large class of land-owning peasants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/12/02", "description": " {{HMS|Dreadnought}}, the first all-big-gun warship, is commissioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/12/14", "description": " The first German Imperial Navy submarine, ''U-1'' (launched on August 4), is commissioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/12/24", "description": " Reginald Fessenden makes the first radio broadcast: a poetry reading, a violin solo, and a speech.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/12/26", "description": " The world's first feature film, ''The Story of the Kelly Gang'', is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November–December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/12/26", "description": "The Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) immunization for tuberculosis is first developed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/12/26", "description": "Richard Oldham argues that the Earth has a molten interior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/12/26", "description": "Construction begins on the current Great Mosque of Djenn\u00e9.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1906/12/26", "description": "The Simplo Filler Pen company is founded, later to become the Montblanc Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/01/06", "description": "  The first Montessori school and daycare center for working class children opens in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/01/14", "description": " An earthquake, in Kingston, Jamaica kills more than 1,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/01/14", "description": "March ampampndash The 1907 Romanian Peasants' Revolt results in possibly as many as 11,000 deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/03/05", "description": " At the opening of the new State Duma in St. Petersburg, Russia 40,000 demonstrators are dispersed by Russian troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/03/15", "description": "March 16 ampndash Elections to the new Parliament of Finland are the first in the world with woman candidates, as well as the first elections in Europe where universal suffrage is applied. Nineteen women are elected.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/03/22", "description": " The first taxicabs with taxi meters begin operating in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/06/15", "description": " The Second Hague Peace Conference is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/06/26", "description": " Tiflis bank robbery: Bolsheviks attack a cash-filled bank coach in the centre of Tiflis, Georgia, killing forty people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/07/21", "description": " The SS ''Columbia'' sinks after colliding with the lumber schooner ''San Pedro'' off Shelter Cove, California, U.S.A., resulting in 88 deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/07/25", "description": " Korea becomes a protectorate of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/08/01", "description": "August 9 ampndash Robert Baden-Powell leads the first Scout camp on Brownsea Island, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/08/29", "description": " The partially completed superstructure of the Quebec bridge collapses entirely, claiming the lives of 76 workers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/08/31", "description": " Count Alexander Izvolsky and Sir Arthur Nicolson sign the St. Petersburg Convention, which results in the establishment of the Triple Entente.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/09/07", "description": " The passenger liner ''RMS Lusitania'' makes its maiden voyage from Liverpool, England to New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/09/26", "description": " New Zealand and Newfoundland become dominions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/09/26", "description": "October ampampndash A committee of the Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language, made up of academics including Otto Jespersen, Wilhelm Ostwald and Roland Eotvos meet in Paris to select a language for international use. The committee ultimately decides to reform Esperanto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/10/17", "description": " Guglielmo Marconi initiates commercial transatlantic radio communications between his high power longwave wireless telegraphy stations in Clifden Ireland and Glace Bay, Nova Scotia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/10/18", "description": " Hague Convention revised by (second) Hague Peace Conference (effective 26 January 1910).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/10/27", "description": " \u010cernov\u00e1 tragedy: Fifteen people are shot during the consecration of a Catholic church in Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/10/27", "description": "November ampampndash The new ampamp largest passenger liner ''RMS Mauretania'' makes its maiden voyage from Liverpool, England to New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/12/06", "description": " Monongah Mining Disaster: A coal mine explosion kills 362 workers in Monongah, West Virginia, United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/12/08", "description": " Upon the death of Oscar II, he is succeeded by his son Gustaf V as king of Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/12/19", "description": " An explosion in a coal mine in Jacobs Creek, Pennsylvania kills 239.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/12/21", "description": " Santa Mar\u00eda School massacre. In Chile soldiers fire at striking mineworkers gathered in the Santa Mar\u00eda School in Iquique, over 2000 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/12/21", "description": "The ''Diamond S\u016btra'', a woodblock printed Buddhist scripture dated 868, is discovered by Aurel Stein in the Mogao Caves in China it is ampquotthe earliest complete survival of a dated printed bookampquot.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bl.uk\/onlinegallery\/sacredtexts\/diamondsutra.html|title=Sacred\">http:\/\/www.bl.uk\/onlinegallery\/sacredtexts\/diamondsutra.html|title=Sacred<\/a> Texts: Diamond Sutra|publisher=British Library|date=2003-11-30|accessdate=2012-06-02}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/12/21", "description": "The triode thermionic amplifier invented by Lee DeForest, starting the development of electronics as a practical technology.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/12/21", "description": "The ''Autochrome Lumi\u00e8re'' is the first commercial color photography process.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/12/21", "description": "Peking to Paris motor race, won by Prince Scipione Borghese driving a 7 litre 35\/45 hp Itala.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1907/12/21", "description": "The Moine Thrust Belt in Scotland is identified, one of the first to be discovered anywhere.ampamp{{cite book|author=Peach, B. N. ''et al''|authorlink=Ben Peach|title=The Geological Structure of the North-West Highlands of Scotland|series=Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Scotland|location=Glasgow|publisher=H.M.S.O}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "January 12 ampampndash A long-distance radio message is sent from the Eiffel Tower for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "January 13 ampampndash A fire at the Rhoads Opera House in Boyertown, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. kills 170.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "January 24 ampampndash Robert Baden-Powell begins the Boy Scout movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "February 1 ampampndash King Carlos I of Portugal and Infante Luis Filipe are shot dead in Lisbon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "February 12 ampampndash The first around-the-world car race, the 1908 New York to Paris Race, begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "February 18 ampampndash Japanese immigration to the U.S.A. is forbidden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "March 4 ampampndash The Collinwood School Fire, near Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A., kills 174.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "March 9 ampampndash A team from Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod Expedition becomes the first to reach the crater of Mount Erebus in Antarctica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "March 21 ampampndash French aviator L\u00e9on Delagrange pilots the first passenger flight with Henri Farman inside.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/earlyaviators.com\/edelagra.htmampamp\">http:\/\/earlyaviators.com\/edelagra.htmampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "March 27 ampampndash The first overseas Scout Troop is formed in Gibraltar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "April 20 ampampndash Sunshine train disaster:  Two trains collide in Melbourne, Australia, killing 44 people and injuring more than 400.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ballaratgenealogy.org.au\/goroke\/wwm1908.htm\">http:\/\/www.ballaratgenealogy.org.au\/goroke\/wwm1908.htm<\/a> Ballarat Genealogy: Newspaper Report of the accidentampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "April 21 ampampndash Frederick Cook claims to have reached the North Pole on this date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "April 27 ampampndash The 1908 Summer Olympics begin in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "May 26 ampampndash At Masjid-al-Salaman in southwest Persia, the first major commercial oil discovery in the Middle East is made. The rights to the resource are quickly acquired by the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "June 30 ampampndash The Tunguska event, also known as the ''Russian explosion'', occurs near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in Krasnoyarsk Krai, Siberia, Russian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "July 3 ampampndash Young Turk Revolution in the Ottoman Empire: Major Ahmed Niyazi, with 200 followers (Ottoman troops and civilians), begins an open revolution by defecting from the 3rd Army Corps in Macedonia, decamping into the hill country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "July 6 ampampndash Robert Peary sets sail for the North Pole.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "July 11ampampndashJuly 12 ampampndash The steamship ''Amalthea'', housing 80 British strikebreakers while in Malm\u00f6 harbour, Sweden, is bombed by Anton Nilson 1 is killed, 20 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "July 23 ampampndash Young Turk Revolution: The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) issues a formal ultimatum to Sultan Abdul Hamid II to restore the constitution of 1876, within the Ottoman Empire. It is restored the following day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "July 24 ampampndash Dorando Pietri wins the Olympic marathon in London in one of the most dramatic arrivals of the Olympic history, only to be disqualified soon afterwards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "August 8 ampampndash Wilbur Wright flies in France for the first time demonstrating true controlled powered flight in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "August 8 ampampndash The Hoover Company founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "August 17 ampampndash Emile Cohl makes the first fully animated film, ''Fantasmagorie''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "August 24 ampampndash After an intense power struggle, Sultan Abd al-Aziz IV of Morocco is deposed, and is succeeded by his brother Abd al-Hafiz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "September 17 ampampndash At Ft. Myer, Virginia, U.S.A. Thomas Selfridge becomes the first person to die in an airplane crash. The pilot, Orville Wright, is severely injured in the crash but recovers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "September 27 ampampndash Henry Ford produces his first Model T automobile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "October 5 ampampndash Bulgaria declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire Ferdinand I of Bulgaria becomes Tsar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "October 6 ampampndash The Bosnian Crisis begins after the Austro-Hungarian Empire annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "November 6 ampampndash Western bandits Butch Cassidy and The Sundance Kid are supposedly killed in Bolivia, after being surrounded by a large group of soldiers. There are many rumors to the contrary however, and their grave sites are unmarked.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "November 15 ampampndash King Leopold II of Belgium formally relinquishes his personal control of Congo (known as Congo Free State) over to Belgium (becoming Belgian Congo).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "November 25 ampampndash ''The Christian Science Monitor'' newspaper is first published, in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "December 2 ampampndash Child Emperor Pu Yi ascends the Chinese throne at age 2.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "December 16 ampampndash Construction begins on the RMS ''Olympic'' at the Harland and Wolff Shipyards in Belfast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "December 28 ampampndash An earthquake and tsunami destroys Messina, Sicily and Calabria, killing over 70,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "Due to the evidence collected by Roger Casement, L\u00e9opold II of Belgium is forced to make reforms in the Congo, his personal colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "Penny post established between the United Kingdom and United States.ampamp{{cite book|first=Richard|last=Blake|title=The Book of Postal Dates, 1635-1985|location=Caterham|publisher=Marden|page=20}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "''The Children's Encyclopedia'' is first published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "Henri Matisse opens his own art academy in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1908", "description": "A 40,000-year-old Neanderthal boy skeleton is found at Le Moustier in southwest France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/01/05", "description": " Colombia recognizes the independence of Panama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/01/16", "description": " Ernest Shackleton's expedition claims to have found the magnetic South Pole, but the location recorded may be incorrect.<a href=\"http:\/\/deeptow.whoi.edu\/southpole.html\">http:\/\/deeptow.whoi.edu\/southpole.html<\/a> The Magnetic South Pole", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/01/28", "description": " The last United States troops leave Cuba after being there since the Spanish-American War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January&amp;amp;amp;ndash;February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/03/10", "description": " The Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 is signed in Bangkok.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/03/18", "description": " Einar Dessau uses a short-wave radio transmitter, becoming the first radio broadcaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/03/21", "description": " The remains of the B\u00e1b were placed in his Shrine of the B\u00e1b on Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/03/31", "description": " Serbia accepts Austrian control over Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/04/04", "description": " Sport Club Internacional was founded in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/04/06", "description": " Robert Peary, Matthew Henson, and four Eskimo explorers come within a few miles of the North Pole.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/04/11", "description": " The city of Tel Aviv (then known as Ahuzat Bayit) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/04/18", "description": " Joan of Arc is beatified in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/04/19", "description": " The Anglo-Persian Oil Company, now BP, is incorporated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/04/27", "description": " Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II is overthrown and succeeded by his brother, Mehmed V. He is sent to the Ottoman port city of Thessaloniki (Selanik) the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March&amp;amp;amp;ndash;April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/07/16", "description": " A revolution forces Mohammad Ali Shah, Persian Shah of the Qajar dynasty to abdicate in favor of his son Ahmad Shah Qajar. He proceeds to leave Persia for Imperial Russia, reportedly seeking the assistance of Nicholas II of Russia in regaining the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/07/25", "description": " Louis Bleriot is the first man to fly across the English Channel (thus a large open body of water) in a heavier-than-air craft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/07/25", "description": "August 2 ampndash quotTragic Weekquot: The city of Barcelona experiences a workers' uprising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/08/02", "description": " The United States Army Signal Corp Division purchases the world's first military airplane, a Wright Military Flyer, from the Wright Brothers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July&amp;amp;amp;ndash;August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/09/04", "description": " Japan and China sign the Jiandao\/Gando Treaty, which gives Japan a way to receive railroad concessions in Manchuria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/10/08", "description": " An earthquake in the Zagreb area leads Andrija Mohorovi\u010di\u0107 to identify the Mohorovi\u010di\u0107 discontinuity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/10/13", "description": " An agreement by Germany, Italy and Switzerland gives the Germans and Italians access to the Gotthard Rail Tunnel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/10/26", "description": " Korean nationalist An Jung-geun assassinates Ito Hirobumi, a former Prime Minister of Japan, in Harbin, China, in protest of the Japanese annexation of Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September&amp;amp;amp;ndash;October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/11/18", "description": " In Nicaragua 500 revolutionaries (including 2 Americans) are executed by order of dictator Jos\u00e9 Santos Zelaya. The United States responds by sending 2 warships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/12/17", "description": " King Albert I of Belgium succeeds his uncle, Leopold II, on the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November&amp;amp;amp;ndash;December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/12/17", "description": "Karl Landsteiner develops a system of blood grouping.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1909/12/17", "description": "Ottoman Empire slaughters thousands of Armenian Christians.{{citation needed|date=November 2008}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/01/10", "description": "January 20 ampndash The first aviation meet to be held in the United States, the 1910 Los Angeles International Air Meet at Dominguez Field, is held near Los Angeles, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/02/20", "description": " Boutros Ghali, the first native-born prime minister of Egypt, is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/02/20", "description": "March ampampndash An uprising against Ottoman rule breaks out in Albania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/03/27", "description": " A fire during a barn-dance in \u00d6k\u00f6rit\u00f3f\u00fclp\u00f6s, Hungary kills 312.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/04/20", "description": " Comet Halley is visible from Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/05/06", "description": " George V becomes King of the United Kingdom upon the death of his father, Edward VII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/05/18", "description": " The earth passes through the tail of Comet Halley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/05/31", "description": " The Union of South Africa is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/06/22", "description": " The DELAG Zeppelin dirigible, ''Deutschland'', makes the first commercial passenger flight from Friedrichshafen to D\u00fcsseldorf in Germany. The flight takes nine hours.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/06/25", "description": " The ballet ''The Firebird'' (''L'Oiseau de feu''), the first major work by Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, commissioned by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, is premi\u00e8red in Paris, bringing the composer international fame.{{cite book|first=Harold C.|last=Schonberg|title=The Lives of the Great Composers|publisher=Norton|yeaer=1997|page=479}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/07/04", "description": " African-American boxer Jack Johnson defeats American boxer James J. Jeffries in a heavyweight boxing match, sparking race riots across the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/07/22", "description": " A wireless telegraph sent from the {{SS|Montrose}} results in the identification, arrest and execution of murderer Dr. Hawley Crippen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/07/24", "description": " Ottoman forces capture the city of Shkod\u00ebr to put down the Albanian Revolt of 1910.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/07/24", "description": "August ampampndash Pan-American Union", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/08/14", "description": " A fire at the World Exhibition in Brussels destroys exhibitions of Britain and France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/08/22", "description": " The Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/08/28", "description": " Montenegro is proclaimed an independent kingdom under Nicholas I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/08/29", "description": " Emperor Sunjong of the Korean Empire abdicates and the country's monarchy is abolished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/09/01", "description": " The Vatican introduces a compulsory oath against modernism, to be taken by all priests upon ordination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/09/01", "description": "October ampampndash First publication of infrared photographs, by Professor Robert Williams Wood in the Royal Photographic Society Journal", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/10/05", "description": " Portugal becomes a republic King Manuel II of Portugal flees to England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/10/20", "description": " The hull of the RMS ''Olympic'' is launched at the Harland and Wolff Shipyards in Belfast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/10/23", "description": " Vajiravudh (Rama VI) is crowned King of Siam, after the death of his father, King Chulalongkorn (Rama V).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/11/07", "description": " The first air flight for the purpose of delivering commercial freight takes place in the United States of America. The flight, made by Wright Brothers pilot Philip Parmalee between Dayton, Ohio and Columbus, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/11/20", "description": " Mexican Revolution: Francisco I. Madero proclaims the elections of 1910 null and void, and calls for an armed revolution at 6 p.m. against the illegitimate presidency\/dictatorship of Porfirio D\u00edaz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/11/20", "description": "Late December ampampndash A form of Pneumonic plague spreads through northeastern China, killing more than 40,000.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/news.sina.com.cn\/c\/sd\/2011-01-14\/130221815935.shtml\">http:\/\/news.sina.com.cn\/c\/sd\/2011-01-14\/130221815935.shtml<\/a> Recalling the 1910 Harbin Plague, Sina.com.ampampampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/past.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/190\/1\/147.full\">http:\/\/past.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/190\/1\/147.full<\/a> The Epidemic of Pneumonic Plague in Manchuria 1910\u20131911 Oxfordjournals.orgampampampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/aph.sagepub.com\/content\/1\/1\/99.extract\">http:\/\/aph.sagepub.com\/content\/1\/1\/99.extract<\/a> Wisdom and Western Science: The Work of Dr Wu Lien-Teh, Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, Sagepub.comampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/11/20", "description": "The electric streetcars of Austria-Hungary, France, Germany and Great Britain are carrying 6.7 million riders per year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/11/20", "description": "Karl Lueger retires as mayor of Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1910/11/20", "description": "Henry Ford sells 10,000 automobiles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/01/18", "description": " Eugene B. Ely lands on the deck of  the USS ''Pennsylvania'' stationed in San Francisco harbor, marking the first time an aircraft lands on a ship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/02/18", "description": " The first official air mail flight takes place from Allahabad, India to Naini, India, when Henri Pequet carries 6,500 letters a distance of 13ampnbspkm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/03/19", "description": " International Women's Day is celebrated for the first time.<a href=\"http:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/home\/education\/First-Womens-Day-celebration-took-place-in-1911\/articleshow\/7643681.cms\">http:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/home\/education\/First-Womens-Day-celebration-took-place-in-1911\/articleshow\/7643681.cms<\/a> First Women's Day celebration took place in 1911, ''The Times of India'', 7 March 2011.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/03/25", "description": " A fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York City kills 146.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/04/08", "description": " Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovers Superconductivityvan Delft, D., and Kes, P. The discovery of superconductivity. Physics Today (September 2010), 38\u201343.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/04/13", "description": " Mexican Revolution: Rebels take Agua Prieta on the SonoraampndashArizona border government troops take the town back April 17 when the rebel leader quotRedquot L\u00f3pez is drunk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/04/19", "description": " Mexican Revolution: Francisco I. Madero's troops besiege Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez but General Juan J. Navarro refuses his surrender demand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/05/08", "description": " Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa launches an attack against government troops in Ciudad Juarez without Madero's permission the government troops surrender on May 10.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/05/17", "description": " Mexican Revolution: Porfirio Diaz is convinced to resign but does not do so yet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/05/21", "description": " Mexican Revolution: A peace treaty is signed between Madero' rebels and government troops in Ciudad Juarez.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/05/24", "description": " Mexican Revolution: Government troops fire at anti-Diaz demonstrators in Mexico City, killing about 200 (officials claim only 40).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/05/25", "description": " Mexican Revolution: Porfirio Diaz signs his resignation and leaves for Veracruz on May 31 he leaves for exile in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/05/31", "description": " The hull of the RMS Titanic is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/06/07", "description": " Mexican Revolution: Francisco Madero arrives in Mexico City just after a local earthquake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/07/01", "description": " The presence of the German warship ''Panther'' in the Moroccan port of Agadir triggers the Agadir Crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/07/24", "description": " Hiram Bingham rediscovers Machu Picchu in Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/08/22", "description": " The theft of the ''Mona Lisa'' is discovered in the Louvre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/09/25", "description": " The French Navy ship ''Libert\u00e9'' explodes at anchor in Toulon, France killing around 300 on both ship and the neighbouring area.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/09/29", "description": " Italy declares war on Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/09/30", "description": " The Austin Dam breaks, wiping out the town of Austin, Pennsylvania, United States, killing 78.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/10/10", "description": " The Wuchang Uprising starts the Xinhai Revolution that leads to the founding of the Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/10/16", "description": " Mexican Revolution: Felix Diaz, nephew of Porfirio Diaz, occupies the port of Veracruz as a sign of rebellion against Madero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/11/01", "description": " World's first combat aerial bombing mission takes place in Libya during the Italo-Turkish War. Second Lieutenant Giulio Gavotti of Italy drops several small bombs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/11/05", "description": " Italy annexes Tripoli and Cyrenaica (this act is confirmed by an act of the Italian Parliament on February 25, 1912).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/11/05", "description": "December ampampndash Delhi Durbar held to mark the coronation of King George V of the United Kingdom and Queen Mary as Emperor and Empress of India and the transfer of the capital of the British Raj from Calcutta to Delhi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/12/14", "description": " Roald Amundsen's expedition reaches the South Pole.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/12/18", "description": " Opening of first exhibition by Der Blaue Reiter group of painters, in Munich.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/12/29", "description": " Sun Yat-sen is elected the Provisional President of the Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/12/29", "description": "The ''Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica'' Eleventh Edition is published under American management in England by Cambridge University Press.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1911/12/29", "description": "New Zealand-born British physicist Ernest Rutherford deduces the existence of a compact atomic nucleus from scattering experiments.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/01/01", "description": "The Republic of China is proclaimed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/01/04", "description": "The Scout Association is incorporated throughout the British Commonwealth by Royal Charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/01/05", "description": "Old Style December 23, 1911)", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/01/05", "description": "Prague Party Conference: Vladimir Lenin and the Bolshevik Party break away from the rest of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/01/05", "description": "Moscow Art Theatre production of ''Hamlet'' opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/01/08", "description": "The African National Congress is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/01/17", "description": "British polar explorer Captain Robert Falcon Scott and a team of four become the second expeditionary group to reach the South Pole.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/01/23", "description": "The International Opium Convention is signed at The Hague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/02/12", "description": "The Qing Dynasty of China, also called the Manchu Dynasty, comes to an end after 268 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/02/24", "description": "Italy makes a surprise attack on the Ottoman port of  Beirut, when the  cruiser ''Giuseppe Garibaldi'' and the gunboat ''Volturno'' bombard the harbour.  The attack kills 97 sailors and civilians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/02/29", "description": "Serbia and Bulgaria secretly sign a treaty of alliance for a term of eight years, with each pledging to come to the defense of the other during war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/03/01", "description": "Albert Berry is reported to have made the first parachute jump from a flying airplane.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/03/05", "description": "Italian forces are the first to use airships for a military purpose, using them for reconnaissance west of Tripoli, Libya, behind Turkish lines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/03/05", "description": "Roald Amundsen in Hobart, Tasmania, announces his success in reaching the South Pole the previous December.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/03/05", "description": "French aviator Henri Seimet makes the first nonstop flight from Paris to London, in three hours.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/03/16", "description": "Lawrence Oates, dying member of Scott's South Pole expedition, leaves the tent saying, quotI am just going outside and may be some time.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/03/27", "description": "Mayor Yukio Ozaki of Tokyo gives 3,000 cherry trees to be planted in Washington, D.C., to symbolize the friendship between the two countries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/03/29", "description": "The remaining members of Robert Falcon Scott's South Pole expedition die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/03/30", "description": "France establishes a protectorate over Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/04/14", "description": "{{RMS|Titanic}} strikes  an iceberg in the northern Atlantic Ocean. She sinks the following day with the loss of 1517 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/04/16", "description": "Harriet Quimby becomes the first woman to fly across the English Channel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/05/01", "description": "'Abdu'l-Baha lays the cornerstone for the Baha'i House of Worship in Wilmette, Illinois", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/05/05", "description": "The Olympic Games open in Stockholm, Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/05/13", "description": "In the United Kingdom, the Royal Flying Corps (forerunner of the Royal Air Force) is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/05/23", "description": "The Hamburg America Line's {{SS|Imperator}} is launched in Hamburg and is the world's largest ship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/06/04", "description": "A fire in Istanbul destroys 1,120 buildings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/06/05", "description": "U.S. Marines land in Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/06/08", "description": "Carl Laemmle incorporates ''Universal Pictures''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/07/12", "description": "United States release of Sarah Bernhardt's film ''Les Amours de la reine \u00c9lisabeth'' is influential on the development of the movie feature.  Adolf Zukor, who incorporates Paramount Pictures on May 8, 1914, launches his company as the distributor.  Paramount celebrates its centennial in 2012.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/07/30", "description": "Emperor Meiji of Japan dies. He is succeeded by his son Yoshihito who becomes Emperor Taish\u014d. In Japanese History, the event marks the end of the Meiji era and the beginning of the Taish\u014d era.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/08/04", "description": "United States occupation of Nicaragua: U.S. Marines land from the USS ''Annapolis'' in Nicaragua to support the conservative government at its request.{{cite journal|first=Robert F.|last=Zissa|title=Nicaragua, 1912|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mca-marines.org\/leatherneck\/nicaragua-1912|journal=journal=Leatherneck<\/a> Magazine|month=July|year=1984|accessdate=2011-11-01}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/08/12", "description": "Sultan Abd Al-Hafid of Morocco abdicates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/08/25", "description": "The Kuomintang, the Chinese nationalist party, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/10/08", "description": "The First Balkan War begins: Montenegro declares war against Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/10/16", "description": "Bulgarian pilots Radul Minkov and Prodan Toprakchiev perform the first bombing with an airplane in history, at the railway station of Karaagac near Edirne against Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/10/17", "description": "Krupp engineers Benno Strauss and Eduard Maurer patent austenitic stainless steel.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nirosta.de\/History.22.0.html?ampL=1|title=ThyssenKrupp\">http:\/\/www.nirosta.de\/History.22.0.html?ampL=1|title=ThyssenKrupp<\/a> Nirosta: History|accessdate=August 13, 2007|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070902202906\/http:\/\/www.nirosta.de\/History.22.0.html?ampL=1|archivedate=02\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20070902202906\/http:\/\/www.nirosta.de\/History.22.0.html?ampL=1|archivedate=02<\/a> September 2007!--DASHBot--|deadurl=no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/10/18", "description": "Italy and the Ottoman Empire signed a treaty in Ouchy near Lausanne ending the Italo-Turkish War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/11/28", "description": "Albania declares independence from the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/12/18", "description": "Piltdown Man, thought to be the fossilized skull of a hitherto unknown form of early human, presented to the Geological Society of London. It is revealed to be a hoax in 1953.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/12/24", "description": "Merck files patent applications in Germany for synthesis of the entactogenic drug MDMA (''Ecstasy''), developed by Anton K\u00f6llisch.{{cite journal|doi=10.5555\/phmz.61.11.966|author=Bernschneider-Reif, S. Oxler, F. Freudenmann, R. W.|title=The Origin of MDMA (quotEcstasyquot) - Separating the Facts From the Myths|journal=Die Pharmazie|volume=61|issue=11|pages=966\u2013972|year=2006|pmid=17152992|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.atypon-link.com\/GVR\/doi\/abs\/10.5555\/phmz.61.11.966}}{{dead\">http:\/\/www.atypon-link.com\/GVR\/doi\/abs\/10.5555\/phmz.61.11.966}}{{dead<\/a> link|date=January 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/12/30", "description": "The First Balkan War ends temporarily: Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, and Serbia (the Balkan League countries) sign an armistice with Turkey, ending the two-month-long war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/12/30", "description": "Casimir Funk identifies vitamins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/12/30", "description": "The Scoville Unit (used to measure the heat of peppers) is devised and tested by Wilbur Scoville.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/12/30", "description": "Alfred Wegener proposes the theory of continental drift.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1912/12/30", "description": "Wilfrid Voynich discovers the eponymous manuscript in the Villa Mondragone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/01/01", "description": " British Board of Film Censors receives the authority to classify and censor films.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/01/13", "description": " Ulster Volunteer Force established to fight against Irish Home Rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/01/23", "description": " General election in Tasmania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/01/30", "description": " House of Lords rejects Irish Home Rule Bill for the second time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/02/01", "description": " New York City's Grand Central Terminal, having been rebuilt, reopens as the world's largest train station.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/02/03", "description": " The 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect income taxes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/02/13", "description": " Mexican Revolution: Begins the episode known as ''La Decena Tr\u00e1gica'', the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President Francisco I. Madero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/02/22", "description": " Mexican Revolution: Assassination of President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Pino Su\u00e1rez. Is succeeded by General Victoriano Huerta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/02/22", "description": "March", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/02/22", "description": "The House of Romanov celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, amidst an outpouring of monarchist sentiment in Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/02/22", "description": "Following the assassination of his rival Song Jiaoren, Yuan Shikai uses military force to dissolve China's parliament and rules as a dictator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/02/22", "description": "Woodrow Wilson succeeds William Howard Taft as the 28th President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/03/05", "description": "March 7 ampndash First Battle of Bud Dajo: American troops decisively defeat Moro rebels in the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/03/07", "description": " The British freighter ''Alum Chine'', carrying 343 tons of dynamite, explodes in Baltimore harbour.<a href=\"http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/mem\/archive-free\/pdf?res=9B0CE2D9133BE633A2575BC0A9659C946296D6CF\">http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/mem\/archive-free\/pdf?res=9B0CE2D9133BE633A2575BC0A9659C946296D6CF<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/03/12", "description": " Australia begins building the new federal capital of Canberra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/03/13", "description": " Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa returns to Mexico from his self-imposed exile in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/03/17", "description": " The Uruguayan Air Force is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/03/18", "description": " King George I of Greece is assassinated after 50 years on the throne. He is succeeded by his son Constantine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/03/20", "description": " Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese nationalist party (KMT), is wounded in an assassination attempt and dies 2 days after.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/03/20", "description": "Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza announces his Plan of Guadalupe, and begins his rebellion against Victoriano Huerta's government as head of the ''Constitutionals''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/03/26", "description": " Balkan War: Bulgarian forces take Adrianople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/04/08", "description": " The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed, dictating the direct election of senators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/04/21", "description": " RMS Aquitania, built by John Brown amp Company, is launched on the Clyde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/05/03", "description": " ''Raja Harishchandra'', the first full-length Indian feature film is released, marking the beginning of the Indian film industry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/05/13", "description": " Igor Sikorsky becomes the first person to pilot a 4-engine aircraft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/05/14", "description": " New York Governor William Sulzer approves the charter for the Rockefeller Foundation, which begins operations with a $100,000,000 donation from John D. Rockefeller.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/05/20", "description": " The first Chelsea Flower Show held in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/05/29", "description": " The ballet ''The Rite of Spring'', with music by Igor Stravinsky conducted by Pierre Monteux, choreography by Vaslav Nijinsky and design by Nicholas Roerich, is premi\u00e8red by Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes at the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre des Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es in Paris its modernism provokes one of the most famous classical music riots in history.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wnyc.org\/shows\/radiolab\/episodes\/2006\/04\/21\">http:\/\/www.wnyc.org\/shows\/radiolab\/episodes\/2006\/04\/21<\/a> Radio Lab, Show 202: quotMusical Languagequot, New York: WNYC (21 April 2006). Host\/Producer: Jad Abumrad, Co-Host: Robert Krulwich, Producer: Ellen Horne, Production Executives: Dean Capello and Mikel Ellcessor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/05/30", "description": " First Balkan War: A peace treaty is signed in London, ending the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/06/01", "description": " The Greek-Serbian Treaty of Alliance is signed, paving the way for the Second Balkan War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/06/04", "description": " Emily Davison, a British suffragette, runs out in front of the King's horse, Anmer, at the Epsom Derby. She is trampled and dies 4 days later in the hospital, never having regained consciousness.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/06/08", "description": " The Deutsches Stadion in Berlin is dedicated with the release of 10,000 pigeons, in front of an audience of 60,000 people.  It has been constructed especially for the 1916 Summer Olympics, which are cancelled as a result of World War I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/06/15", "description": " Bud Bagsak Massacre: U.S. troops under General John 'Black Jack' Pershing kill at least 2,000 civilians in Bud Bagsak, the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/06/18", "description": " The Arab Congress of 1913 opened, during which Arab nationalists met to discuss desired reforms under the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/06/24", "description": " Joseph Cook becomes the 6th Prime Minister of Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/06/29", "description": " The Second Balkan War begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/07/27", "description": " Town Foundation of San Javier, Rio Negro, Uruguay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/08/04", "description": " In China, the province of Chungking declares independence Chinese Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/08/10", "description": " Macedonia is divided after the Second Balkan War, according to the Treaty of Bucharest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/08/13", "description": " Invention of stainless steel by Harry Brearley in Sheffield", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/08/20", "description": " {{convert|700|ft|m}} above Buc, France, parachutist Adolphe Pegoud jumps from an airplane and lands safely.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/08/23", "description": " The statue of ''The Little Mermaid'' is unveiled in Copenhagen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/08/26", "description": " The Dublin Lock-out begins in Ireland all trade union members are dismissed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/09/09", "description": "September 9  ampndash In Germany, BASF starts worlds first plant for the production of fertilizer, based on the Haber-Bosch process, feeding today about 1\/3 of the worlds population.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/09/17", "description": " In Chicago, the Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith is founded, with Sigmund Livingston as its first president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/09/23", "description": " French aviator Roland Garros crosses the Mediterranean in an airplane flying from Fr\u00e9jus, France to Bizerte, Tunisia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/09/29", "description": " Second Balkan War: A peace treaty is signed in Constantinople between the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/10/01", "description": " Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa's troops take Torre\u00f3n after a 3-day battle, when government troops retreat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/10/09", "description": " SS ''Volturno'' catches fire and sinks in the North Atlantic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/10/10", "description": " U.S. President Woodrow Wilson triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike, ending construction on the Panama Canal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/10/14", "description": " An explosion at the Universal Colliery, Senghenydd in South Wales kills 439 miners, the worst mining accident in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/10/16", "description": " HMS ''Queen Elizabeth'' launched at Portsmouth Dockyard as the first oil-fired battleship.{{cite web|first=Richard|last=Crowhurst|title=A History of Firsts: Portsmouth Historic Dockyard|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.timetravel-britain.com\/articles\/museums\/portsmouth.shtml|work=TimeTravel-Britain.com|year=2005|accessdate=2010-09-09}}\">http:\/\/www.timetravel-britain.com\/articles\/museums\/portsmouth.shtml|work=TimeTravel-Britain.com|year=2005|accessdate=2010-09-09}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/10/19", "description": " The DLRG (German Life-Saving Society) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/10/31", "description": " The Lincoln Highway, the first automobile road across the United States, is dedicated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/11/05", "description": " The insane King Otto of Bavaria is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title Ludwig III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/11/06", "description": " Mohandas Gandhi is arrested while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/11/07", "description": "11 ampndash The Great Lakes Storm of 1913 kills more than 250.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/11/29", "description": " F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale d'Escrime, the international organizing body of competitive fencing is founded in Paris, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/11/29", "description": "December ampampndash The Gateway of India is constructed in Bombay, to commemorate Queen Victoria's reign as Empress of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/11/29", "description": "The Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving assembly line, reducing chassis assembly time from 12\u00bd hours in October to 2 hours, 40 minutes (although Ford is not the first to use an assembly line, his successful adoption of one sparks an era of mass production).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/11/29", "description": "Crete, having obtained self rule from Turkey after the first Balkan War, is annexed by Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/12/12", "description": " Vincenzo Perugia tries to sell the ''Mona Lisa'' in Florence and is arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/12/21", "description": " Arthur Wynne's quotword-crossquot, the first crossword puzzle, is published in the ''New York World''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/12/23", "description": " The Federal Reserve is created by Woodrow Wilson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/12/24", "description": " In the Italian Hall Disaster, seventy-three men, women, and children are trampled to death when someone falsely yells quotfirequot at a crowded Christmas party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/12/30", "description": " Italy returns the ''Mona Lisa'' to France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/12/30", "description": "Establishment of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Bangladesh", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/12/30", "description": "Female suffrage is enacted in Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/12/30", "description": "The British steamship ''Calvadas'' disappears in the Marmara Sea with 200 hands on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/12/30", "description": "French physicist Georges Sagnac shows that the speed of light is independent of the speed of a rotating platform.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/12/30", "description": "The Camel cigarette brand is introduced by R. J. Reynolds in the United States, the first packaged cigarette.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/12/30", "description": "The United States Soccer Federation is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1913/12/30", "description": "The value of world trade reaches roughly $38 billion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914", "description": "January ampampndash Ambrose Gwinnett Bierce,  American editorialist, journalist, short-story writer and satirist, disappears while traveling with Pancho Villa, documenting the Mexican Civil War, and is never seen again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/01/05", "description": " The Ford Motor Company announces an eight-hour workday and a minimum wage of $5 for a day's labor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/01/09", "description": " The Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Inc. is founded at Howard University in Washington, D.C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/01/10", "description": " Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa's troops take Ojinaga in the Mexican state of Chihuahua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/02/02", "description": " Charles Chaplin makes his film d\u00e9but in the comedy short ''Making a Living''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/02/10", "description": " Release of the film ''Hearts Adrift'' the name of Mary Pickford, the star, is displayed above the title on movie marquees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/02/11", "description": "  Clarence Mackay, president of the Postal Telegraph Cable Company, and his wife Katherine are granted a divorce in Paris, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/02/13", "description": " Copyright: In New York City the ASCAP (for American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers) is established to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/02/26", "description": " The ''Britannic'', sister to the ''Titanic'', is launched at Harland amp Wolff Shipyards in Belfast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/03/01", "description": " The Republic of China joins the Universal Postal Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/03/07", "description": " Prince William of Wied arrives in Albania to begin his reign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/03/10", "description": " Suffragette Mary Richardson damages Vel\u00e1zquez' painting ''Rokeby Venus'' in London's National Gallery with a meat chopper.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/03/16", "description": " Henriette Caillaux, wife of French minister Joseph Caillaux, murders Gaston Calmette, editor of ''Le Figaro'', fearing publication of letters showing she and Caillaux were romantically involved during his first marriage. (She is later acquitted).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/03/25", "description": " The Greek multisport club Aris Thessaloniki is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/03/27", "description": " Belgian surgeon Albert Hustin makes the first successful non-direct blood transfusion, using anticoagulants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/03/29", "description": " Katherine Routledge and her husband arrive in Easter Island to make the first true study of it (they depart August 1915)", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/04/06", "description": " The American Radio Relay League (ARRL) is begun in Hartford, CT by Hiram Maxim and Clarence Tuska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/04/09", "description": " The Tampico Affair results in the occupation of the Mexican port city of Veracruz for over 6 months.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/04/09", "description": "Alpha Rho Chi, a professional architecture fraternity, is founded in the Hotel Sherman in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/04/09", "description": "Canadian Margaret C. MacDonald is appointed Matron-in-Chief of the Canadian Nursing service band and becomes the first woman in the British Empire to reach the rank of major.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/04/14", "description": " The city of Irving, Texas is incorporated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/04/14", "description": "April 18 ampndash First International Criminal Police Congress held in Monaco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/04/20", "description": " Colorado coalfield Massacre or Ludlow Massacre: The Colorado National Guard attacks a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners in Ludlow, Colorado, killing 24 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/04/21", "description": " 3,000 U.S. Marines land in Vera Cruz, Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/05/09", "description": " J.T. Hearne becomes the first bowler to take 3,000 first-class wickets.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/05/14", "description": " Woodrow Wilson signs a Mother's Day proclamation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/05/24", "description": " PFC Levski Sofia is founded at 1st men's school in Sofia (today 22nd gymnasium)", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/05/25", "description": " The United Kingdom's House of Commons passes Irish Home Rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/05/29", "description": " The ocean liner RMS ''Empress of Ireland'' sinks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence 1,012 lives are lost.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/05/30", "description": " The ocean liner RMS ''Aquitania'' makes her maiden voyage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/06/01", "description": " Woodrow Wilson's envoy Edward Mandell House meets with Kaiser Wilhelm II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/06/18", "description": " Mexican Revolution: The ''Constitutionals'' take San Luis Potos\u00ed Venustiano Carranza demands Victoriano Huerta's surrender.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/06/23", "description": " After it had been closed so that it could be deepened, the Kiel Canal is reopened by the Kaiser the British Fleet under Sir G. Warrender visits the Kaiser inspects the dreadnought {{HMS|King George V|1911|6}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/06/24", "description": " In Manchester, NH, a downtown fire causes $400,000 damage and injures 19 firemen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/06/28", "description": " Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip assassinates Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Duchess Sophie, in Sarajevo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/06/28", "description": "Austria-Hungary: The Secretary of the Legation at Belgrade sends a dispatch to Vienna suggesting Serbian complicity in the crime of Sarajevo. Anti-Serb riots erupt in Sarajevo and throughout Bosnia generally.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/06/28", "description": "Chionya Gusyeva attempts and fails to assassinate Grigori Rasputin at his home town in Siberia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/06/30", "description": " Among those addressing the Parliament of the United Kingdom on the murdered Archduke are Lords Crewe and Lansdowne in the House of Lords and Messrs Asquith and Law in the Commons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/02", "description": " The German Kaiser announces that he will not attend the Archduke's funeral.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/04", "description": " The Archduke's funeral takes place at Artstetten (50 miles west of Vienna), Austria-Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/05", "description": " A council is held at Potsdam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/06", "description": " The German Kaiser leaves Kiel for a cruise in northern German waters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/07", "description": " Austria-Hungary convenes a Council of Ministers, including Ministers for Foreign Affairs and War, the Chief of the General Staff and Naval Commander-in-Chief the Council lasts from 11.30 a.m. to 6.15 p.m.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/07", "description": "The House of Lords completes the recasting of the Amendment Bill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/07", "description": "The Emperor of Austria-Hungary receives the report of Austro-Hungarian investigation into the Sarajevo crime. The Times publishes an account of the Austro-Hungarian press campaign against the Serbians (who are described as ampquotpestilent ratsampquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/10", "description": " Mr. Hartwig, Russian Minister to Serbia, dies suddenly at the Austrian Legation in Belgrade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/11", "description": " Baseball legend Babe Ruth makes his major league debut with the Red Sox.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/12", "description": " Demonstrations in Ulster suggest civil war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/12", "description": " U.S. Supreme Court justice Horace H. Lurton succumbs to a heart attack at age 70.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/13", "description": " Reports surface of a projected Serbian attack upon the Austro-Hungarian Legation at Belgrade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/14", "description": " The Government of Ireland Amending Bill is passed by the House of Lords.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/14", "description": "Mexican Revolution: Victoriano Huerta resigns the presidency of Mexico and leaves for Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/14", "description": "Count Istv\u00e1n Tisza makes a statement in the Hungarian chamber regarding relations with Serbia: ampquotThey must be cleared up.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/14", "description": "The Signal Corps of the United States Army is formed, giving definite status to its air service for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/14", "description": "The British Fleet at Spithead is reviewed by the King.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/14", "description": "Austria-Hungary ampampndash A press scare concerning an alleged ampquotGreater Serbiaampquot conspiracy occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/14", "description": "King George V of the United Kingdom summons a conference to discuss the Irish Home Rule problem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/23", "description": " Austria-Hungary presents Serbia with an unconditional ultimatum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/27", "description": " Brother Felix Ysagun Manalo registered the ''Iglesia ni Cristo'' (Church of Christ) with the government of the Philippine islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/27", "description": "Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia and its army bombards Belgrade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/27", "description": "Tsar Nicholas II of Russia orders a partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/29", "description": " Russia orders full mobilization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/07/29", "description": " In Massachusetts, the new Cape Cod Canal opens it will shorten the trip between New York and Boston by 66 miles, but it also turns Cape Cod into an island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/01", "description": " The First World War begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/01", "description": "Marcus Garvey founds the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in Jamaica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/01", "description": "Germany declares war on Russia, following Russia's military mobilization in support of Serbia Germany also begins mobilization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/01", "description": "France orders general mobilization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/01", "description": "New York Stock Exchange closed due to war in Europe, where nearly all stock exchanges were already closed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/01", "description": "German troops occupy Luxembourg in accordance with its Schlieffen Plan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/01", "description": "A secret treaty between Turkey and Germany secures Turkish neutrality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/01", "description": "At 7:00 pm (local time) Germany issues a 12-hour ultimatum to Belgium to allow German passage into France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/01", "description": "Germany declares war on Russia's ally, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/01", "description": "At 7:00 am (local time) Belgium declines to accept Germany's ultimatum of August 2.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/04", "description": " German troops invade neutral Belgium at 8:02 am (local time). Britain declares war on Germany for this violation of Belgian neutrality. This move effectively means a declaration of war by the whole British Commonwealth and Empire against Germany. The United States declares neutrality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/04", "description": "The German minelayer ''K\u00f6nigin Luise'' lays a minefield about {{convert|40|mi|km}} off the Thames Estuary (Lowestoft). She is intercepted and sunk by the British light-cruiser HMS ''Amphion''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/04", "description": "Montenegro declares war on Austria-Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/04", "description": "German zeppelins drop bombs on Li\u00e8ge, killing 9 civilians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/05", "description": " 16 ampndash Battle of Li\u00e8ge: The German Army overruns and defeats the Belgians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/06", "description": " Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/06", "description": "German colonial forces execute Martin-Paul Samba for high treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/06", "description": "Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition leaves British waters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/12", "description": " Battle of Haelen: Belgian troops repulse the Germans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/12", "description": "The Panama Canal is inaugurated with the passage of the steamship USS ''Ancon''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/12", "description": "Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza's troops under general Alvaro Obregon enter Mexico City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/12", "description": "Edward Elgar's ''Sospiri'', a moving adagio for strings and harp, is first performed in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/16", "description": "August 19 ampndash Battle of Cer: Serbian troops defeat the Austro-Hungarian armies, in the first Entente victory in World War I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/17", "description": "September 2 ampndash World War I: The Battle of Tannenberg begins between German and Russian forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/20", "description": " World War I: German forces occupy Brussels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/23", "description": " Japan declares war on Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/26", "description": " Founding date of the Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/26", "description": "August 27 ampndash Battle of Le Cateau: British, French and Belgian forces make a successful tactical retreat from the German advance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/26", "description": "August 30 ampndash The Russian Second Army is surrounded and defeated in the Battle of Tannenberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/28", "description": " Battle of Heligoland: British cruisers under Admiral Beatty sink 3 German cruisers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/29", "description": "August 30 ampndash The Battle of St. Quentin: French forces hold back the German advance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/31", "description": " Australia enters the First World War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/31", "description": "St. Petersburg, Russia changes its name to ''Petrograd''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/08/31", "description": "The last known passenger pigeon ampquotMarthaampquot dies in the Cincinnati Zoo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/09/02", "description": " Moronvilliers is occupied by the Germans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/09/02", "description": "Pope Benedict XV (Giacomo della Chiesa) succeeds  Pope Pius X as the 258th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/09/02", "description": "William, Prince of Albania leaves the country after just 6 months due to opposition to his rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/09/02", "description": "London Agreement: No member of the Triple Entente (Britain, France, or Russia) may seek a separate peace with the Central Powers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/09/02", "description": "World War I ampampndash First Battle of the Marne: Northeast of Paris, the French 6th Army under General Maunoury attacks German forces nearing Paris. Over 2 million fight (500,000 killed\/wounded) in the Allied victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/09/06", "description": " A French and British counterattack at the Marne ends the German advance on Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/09/08", "description": " World War I: Private Thomas Highgate becomes the first British soldier to be excuted for desertion during the Great War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/09/13", "description": " South African troops open hostilities in German South-West Africa (today Namibia) with an assault on the Ramansdrift police station.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/09/13", "description": "September 28 ampndash The First Battle of the Aisne ends indecisively.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/09/17", "description": " Andrew Fisher becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the third time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/09/26", "description": " The U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is established by the Federal Trade Commission Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/09/30", "description": " The Flying Squadron is established to promote the temperance movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/10/03", "description": " World War I: 33,000 Canadian troops depart for Europe, the largest force to ever cross the Atlantic Ocean at the time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/10/07", "description": " Joseph Patrick Kennedy Sr. marries Rose Fitzgerald in Boston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/10/09", "description": " World War I ampndash Siege of Antwerp: Antwerp, Belgium falls to German troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/10/27", "description": " World War I: The British super-dreadnought battleship HMS ''Audacious'' (23,400 tons), is sunk off Tory Island, north-west of Ireland, by a minefield laid by the armed German merchant-cruiser ''Berlin''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/10/28", "description": " World War I ampndash Battle of Penang, Malaya: The German cruiser ''Emden'' sinks a Russian cruiser and French destroyer before escaping.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/10/29", "description": " World War I: Ottoman warships shell Russian Black Sea ports Russia, France, and Britain declare war on November 1\u2013November 5.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/11/01", "description": " World War I ampndash Battle of Coronel: A Royal Navy squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock is met and defeated by superior German forces led by Vice-Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee, in the first British naval defeat of the war, resulting in the loss of HMS ''Good Hope'' and HMS ''Monmouth''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/11/04", "description": " Britain and France declare war on Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/11/05", "description": " The United Kingdom annexes Cyprus, and together with France declares war on the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/11/07", "description": " The Japanese seize Jiaozhou Bay in China, the base of the German East Asia Squadron.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/11/09", "description": " World War I ampndash Battle of Cocos: The German cruiser ''Emden'' is sunk by the Australian cruiser ''Sydney''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/11/11", "description": "24 ampndash World War I ampndash The Battle of Basra results in British Empire forces taking Basra from the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/11/11", "description": "A year after being created by passage of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, the Federal Reserve Bank of the United States officially opens for business.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/11/11", "description": "World War I ampampndash The Battle of Kolubara begins: Serbian forces engaged by Austro-Hungarian forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/11/21", "description": " In New Haven CT, the new Yale Bowl officially opens Harvard defeats Yale 36-0 in the first football game held there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/11/23", "description": " U.S. troops withdraw from Veracruz. Venustiano Carranza's troops take over and Carranza makes the town his headquarters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/11/24", "description": " Benito Mussolini is expelled from the Italian Socialist Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/11/28", "description": " World War I: Following a war-induced closure in July, the New York Stock Exchange re-opens for bond trading.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/05", "description": " The Toronto Argonauts win their first Grey Cup at Varsity Stadium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/08", "description": " Battle of the Falkland Islands, between Doveton Sturdee and Maximilian von Spee squadrons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/12", "description": " The New York Stock Exchange re-opened, having been closed since 1 Aug 1914 except for bond trading.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/15", "description": " A gas explosion at the Mitsubishi Hojyo coal mine, Ky\u016bsh\u016b, Japan, kills 687 (the worst coal mine disaster in Japanese history).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/17", "description": " U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act (initially introduced by Francis Burton Harrison).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/18", "description": " Egypt becomes a British protectorate.{{cite journal|title=Egypt: a constitution|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.time.com\/time\/magazine\/article\/0,9171,880574,00.html|work=work=Time<\/a> (magazine)|Time|date=1923-04-28|accessdate=2012-08-24}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/19", "description": " The Battle of Kolubara ends, resulting in a decisive Serbian victory over Austria-Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/24", "description": " World War I:", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/24", "description": "British and German soldiers interrupt World War I to celebrate Christmas, beginning the Christmas truce.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/24", "description": "German air raid on Dover, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/24", "description": "Oxymorphone, a powerful narcotic analgesic closely related to morphine is first developed in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/24", "description": "Blaise Diagne of Senegal becomes the first black African representative in the French parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/24", "description": "The first everyday items made of stainless steel come into public circulation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/24", "description": "Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi returns to India from South Africa to spearhead the Indian independence movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/24", "description": "The capital of the Guangxi Province of China is moved from Guilin to Nanning.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/24", "description": "The Port of Orange, Texas, is dredged for the fabrication of vessels for the United States Navy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/24", "description": "The United States Power Squadrons is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/24", "description": "Phi Sigma, a local undergraduate classical club, is founded by a group of students in the   Greek Department at the University of Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/24", "description": "Henry Ford sells 248,000 cars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/24", "description": "China declares its neutrality in World War I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1914/12/24", "description": "Fashion and perfumes company Puig was founded", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915", "description": "January ampampndash While working as a cook at New York's Sloan Hospital under an assumed name, ''Typhoid Mary'' infects 25 people, and is placed in quarantine for life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915", "description": "WWI: The battleship HMS ''Formidable'' is sunk off Lyme Regis, Dorset, England, by a German U-Boat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915", "description": "The Battle of Broken Hill, a train ambush near Broken Hill, New South Wales, in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915", "description": "Harry Houdini does one of his straitjacket escape performances.ampamp{{Cite episode|title=The Great Escape|episodelink=|url=|series=Pawn Stars|serieslink=|credits=|network=History|season=4|number=28|city=|airdate=2011-05-9|minutes=}}ampampampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.life.com\/gallery\/23792\/image\/3241191#index\/2\">http:\/\/www.life.com\/gallery\/23792\/image\/3241191#index\/2<\/a> ampquotNo Jacket Can Hold Himampquot, ''Life'', accessed May 9, 2011.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915", "description": "The United States House of Representatives rejects a proposal to give women the right to vote.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/01/13", "description": " An earthquake (6.8 in Richter scale) in Avezzano, Italy, kills more than 29,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/01/18", "description": " Twenty-One Demands from Japan to China are made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/01/18", "description": "Georges Claude patents the neon discharge tube for use in advertising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/01/18", "description": "German zeppelins bomb the cities of Great Yarmouth and King's Lynn in the United Kingdom for the first time, killing more than 20.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/01/21", "description": " Kiwanis International is founded in Detroit, Michigan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/01/26", "description": " The Rocky Mountain National Park is established by an act of the U.S. Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/01/27", "description": " Military casualties begin arriving at the H\u00f4pital Temporaire d'Arc-en-Barrois, established earlier in the month.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/01/28", "description": " An act of the U.S. Congress designates the United States Coast Guard, begun in 1790, as a military branch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/01/31", "description": " WWI: Germany's first large-scale use of poison gas as a weapon occurs when 18,000 artillery shells containing liquid xylyl bromide tear gas are fired on the Imperial Russian Army on the Rawka River west of Warsaw during the Battle of Bolimov however, freezing temperatures prevent it being effective.{{cite web|last=Heller|first=Charles E.|month=September|year=1984|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/usacac.army.mil\/cac2\/cgsc\/carl\/resources\/csi\/Heller\/HELLER.asp|title=Chemical\">http:\/\/usacac.army.mil\/cac2\/cgsc\/carl\/resources\/csi\/Heller\/HELLER.asp|title=Chemical<\/a> Warfare in World War I: The American Experience, 1917-1918|publisher=Combat Studies Institute|series=Leaveanworth Papers, 10|accessdate=2012-08-24}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/02/08", "description": " The controversial film, ''The Birth of a Nation'', directed by D.W. Griffith, premieres in Los Angeles, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/02/12", "description": " In Washington, D.C. the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/02/20", "description": " In San Francisco, CA the Panama-Pacific International Exposition is opened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/02/20", "description": "March ampampndash The 1915 locust plague breaks out in Palestine it continues until October.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/03/03", "description": " NACA, the predecessor of NASA, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/03/03", "description": "WWI: Off the coast of Chile, the Royal Navy force SMS ''Dresden'' to scuttle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/03/03", "description": "Britain, French Third Republic|", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/03/18", "description": " WWI: A British attack on the Dardanelles fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/03/19", "description": " Pluto is photographed for the first time but is not then classified as a planet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/03/25", "description": " The U.S. submarine F-4 sinks off Hawaii 21 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/03/26", "description": " The Vancouver Millionaires Win the Stanley Cup over the Ottawa Senators three games to zero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/03/28", "description": " The first Roman Catholic Liturgy is celebrated by Archbishop John Ireland at the newly consecrated Cathedral of Saint Paul in Saint Paul, Minnesota.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/04/22", "description": " WWI: Start of Second Battle of Ypres. First use of poison gas on the western Front.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/04/24", "description": " Beginning of the Armenian Genocide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/04/25", "description": " WWI: Start of the Gallipoli Campaign (lasting until January 1916): Landing at Anzac Cove by Australian and New Zealand Army Corps and landing at Cape Helles by British and French troops to begin the Allied invasion of the Gallipoli peninsula in the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/05/03", "description": " John McCrae writes ''In Flanders Fields''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/05/05", "description": " WWI: The Turks begin shelling Anzac Cove from a new position behind their lines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/05/06", "description": " Babe Ruth hits his first career home run off of Jack Warhop.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/05/07", "description": " WWI: The RMS ''Lusitania'' is sunk by a German U-boat, killing 1,198.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/05/09", "description": " WWI ampndash Second Battle of Artois: German and French forces fight to a standstill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/05/17", "description": " The last purely Liberal government in the United Kingdom ends when Prime Minister Herbert Henry Asquith forms an all party coalition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/05/22", "description": " The Quintinshill railway disaster in Scotland leaves more than 200 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/05/24", "description": " WWI: Italy joins the Allies after they declare war on Austria-Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/05/25", "description": " China agrees to Twenty-One Demands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/05/29", "description": " Te\u00f3filo Braga becomes president of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/06/03", "description": " Mexican Revolution: Troops of Obregon and Villa clash at Le\u00f3n: Obregon loses his right arm in grenade attack but Villa is decisively defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/06/09", "description": " U.S. Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan resigns over a disagreement regarding his nation's handling of the RMS ''Lusitania'' sinking.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/06/16", "description": " The British Women's Institute is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/07/07", "description": " An extremely overloaded International Railway (New York \u2013 Ontario) trolley with 157 passengers crashes near Queenston, Ontario, resulting in 15 casualties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/07/24", "description": " The steamer ''Eastland'' capsizes in central Chicago, with the loss of 844 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/07/28", "description": " The United States occupation of Haiti begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/08/05", "description": "August 23 ampndash Hurricane Two of the 1915 Atlantic hurricane season over Galveston and New Orleans leaves 275 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/08/06", "description": " WWI ampndash Battle of Sari Bair: The Allies mount a diversionary attack timed to coincide with a major Allied landing of reinforcements at Suvla Bay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/08/16", "description": " The Entente promises the Kingdom of Serbia, should victory be achieved over Austro-Hungary and its allied Central Powers, the territories of Baranja, Srem and Slavonia from the Cisleithanian part of the Dual Monarchy Bosnia and Herzegovina and eastern Dalmatia (from the river of Krka to Bar).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/08/17", "description": " Jewish American Leo Frank is lynched for the alleged murder of a 13-year-old girl in Atlanta, Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/08/31", "description": " Jimmy Lavender of the Chicago Cubs pitches a no hitter against the New York Giants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/09/06", "description": " The first prototype tank is tested for the British Army for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/09/07", "description": " Former cartoonist John B. Gruelle is given a patent for his ''Raggedy Ann'' doll.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/09/08", "description": " WWI: A Zeppelin raid destroys No.61 Farringdon Road, London. It Is rebuilt in 1917 and called The Zeppelin Building.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/09/11", "description": " The Pennsylvania Railroad begins electrified commuter rail service between Paoli and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, using overhead AC trolley wires for power. This type of system is later used in long-distance passenger trains between New York City, Washington, D.C., and Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/09/25", "description": "October 14 ampndash WWI: Battle of Loos: British forces take the French town of Loos but with substantial casualties and are unable to press their advantage. This is the first time the British use poison gas in World War I and also their first large-scale use of 'New' or Kitchener's Army units.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/10/12", "description": " WWI: British nurse Edith Cavell is executed by a German firing squad for helping Allied soldiers escape from Belgium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/10/15", "description": " WWI: Austria-Hungary invades the Kingdom of Serbia.  Kingdom of Bulgaria enters the war, invading Kingdom of Serbia. The retreat of the Serbian First Army towards Greece begins the Serbian Campaign (WWI).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/10/19", "description": " Mexican Revolution: The U.S. recognizes the Mexican government of Venustiano Carranza ''de facto'' (not ''de jure'' until 1917).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/10/23", "description": " WWI: Torpedoing of the armored cruiser SMS ''Prinz Adalbert'' results in only three men being rescued from a crew of 675, the greatest single loss of life for the German Imperial Navy in the Baltic Sea during the War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/10/27", "description": " William Morris Hughes becomes the 7th Prime Minister of Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/10/28", "description": " The St. Johns School Fire in Peabody, Massachusetts kills twenty-one girls between the ages of 7 and 17.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/10/28", "description": "November ampampndash Sykes-Picot Agreement: The governments of Britain and France secretly agree to overtake the Middle-Eastern regions of the Ottoman Empire (mostly Syria and Iraq), and establish their own zones of influence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/11/14", "description": " A vision is allegedly encountered by various military personnel in Europe at 22:30 hours (as recounted on the television series ''One Step Beyond'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/11/18", "description": " Release of the U.S. silent film ''Inspiration'', the first mainstream movie in which a leading actress (Audrey Munson) appears nude.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/11/23", "description": " The ''Triangle Film Corporation'' opens its new motion picture theater in Massillon, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/11/24", "description": " William J. Simmons revives the Civil War era Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain, Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/11/25", "description": " The theory of general relativity is formulated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/12/12", "description": " Chinese president Yuan Shikai declares himself Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/12/23", "description": " The HMHS ''Britannic'', the largest individual British loss in WWI, departs Liverpool on her maiden voyage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/12/25", "description": " In WWI, British and German forces declare a Christmas truce, get out of the trenches and have a free-for-all kick-around football game in no-man's land.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/12/26", "description": " The Irish Republican Brotherhood Military Council decides to stage a rising on Easter Sunday 1916.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/12/26", "description": "Alfred Wegener proposes the theory of Pangaea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/12/26", "description": "Emory College is rechartered as Emory University, and plans to move its main campus from Oxford, Georgia to Atlanta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/12/26", "description": "Lord Beaverbrook buys the ''Daily Express''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/12/26", "description": "The first stop sign appears in Detroit, Michigan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1915/12/26", "description": "Franz Kafka's short novel ''Die Verwandlung'' is first published in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916", "description": "The Royal Army Medical Corps first successful blood transfusion using blood that had been stored and cooled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/01/13", "description": " WWI: The Battle of Wadi occurs between Allied British and Ottoman Empire forces, during the Mesopotamian campaign in modern-day Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/01/13", "description": "In Browning, Montana, the temperature drops from +6.7\u00b0C to -48.8\u00b0C (44\u00b0F to -56\u00b0F) in one day, the greatest change ever on record for a 24-hour period.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/01/13", "description": "''Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad'': The Supreme Court of the United States upholds the national income tax.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/01/29", "description": " WWI: Paris is bombed by German zeppelins for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/02/03", "description": " Parliament buildings in Ottawa, Canada are burned down.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/02/09", "description": " 6.00 p.m. ampndash Tristan Tzara quotfoundsquot the art movement Dadaism (according to Hans Arp).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/02/09", "description": "Emma Goldman is arrested for lecturing on birth control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/02/09", "description": "The Baltimore Symphony Orchestra presents its first concert.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/02/09", "description": "The Romanian football club Sportul Studen\u0163esc is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/02/21", "description": " WWI: The Battle of Verdun begins in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/03/01", "description": " Liberal British Columbia Premier Harlan Carey Brewster's term in office ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/03/08", "description": "March 9 ampndash Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa leads about 500 Mexican raiders in an attack against Columbus, New Mexico, killing 12 U.S. soldiers. A garrison of the U.S. 13th Cavalry Regiment fights back and drives them away.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/03/15", "description": " President Woodrow Wilson sends 12,000 United States troops over the U.S.-Mexico border to pursue Pancho Villa the 13th Cavalry regiment enters Mexican territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/03/15", "description": "Mexican Revolution: The U.S. 7th and 10th Cavalry regiments under John J. Pershing cross the border to join the hunt for Villa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/03/15", "description": "The SS ''Sussex'' is torpedoed, resulting in the Sussex pledge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/03/15", "description": "John Ronald Reuel Tolkien marries Edith Bratt (they would serve as the inspiration for the fictional characters L\u00fathien and Beren).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/03/15", "description": "The last Emperor of China, Yuan Shikai, abdicates the throne and the Republic of China is restored.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/03/15", "description": "April ampampndash The light switch is invented by William J. Newton and Morris Goldberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/04/20", "description": " The Chicago Cubs play their first game at Weeghman Park (currently Wrigley Field), defeating the Cincinnati Reds 7\u20136 in 11 innings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/04/22", "description": " The Chinese steamer ship ''Hsin Yu'' capsizes off the Chinese coast at least 1,000 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/04/24", "description": "April 30 ampndash The Easter Rising occurs in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/04/27", "description": " WWI ampndash Battle of Hulluch: The 47th Brigade, 16th Irish Division is decimated in one of the most heavily concentrated German gas attacks of the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/05/05", "description": " United States Marines invade the Dominican Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/05/16", "description": " Britain and France conclude the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement, which is to divide Arab areas of the Ottoman Empire, following the conclusion of WWI, into French and British spheres of influence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/05/20", "description": " The ''Saturday Evening Post'' publishes its first cover with a Norman Rockwell painting (''Boy with Baby Carriage'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/05/21", "description": " Britain initiates daylight saving time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/05/22", "description": " The  case of ''United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca-Cola'' is decided.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/05/31", "description": " June 1 ampndash Battle of Jutland: The Royal Navy and the German Navy battle to a draw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/06/04", "description": " The Brusilov Offensive, the height of Russian operations in WWI, begins with their breaking through Austro-Hungarian lines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/06/04", "description": "Louis Brandeis is sworn in as a Justice of the United States Supreme Court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/06/04", "description": "The HMS ''Hampshire'' sinks off the Orkney Islands, Scotland, with Lord Kitchener aboard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/06/15", "description": " U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs a bill incorporating the Boy Scouts of America. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.scouting.org\/Media\/FactSheets\/02-507.aspx\">http:\/\/www.scouting.org\/Media\/FactSheets\/02-507.aspx<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/07/01", "description": " November 18 ampndash WWI ampndash More than 1 million soldiers die during the Battle of the Somme, including 60,000 casualties for the British Commonwealth on the first day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/07/01", "description": " July 12: At least one shark mauls 5 swimmers along {{convert|80|mi|km}} of New Jersey coastline during the Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916, resulting in 4 deaths and the survival of one youth who requires limb amputation. This event is the inspiration for author Peter Benchley, over half a century later, to write ''Jaws''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/07/02", "description": " Battle of Erzincan: Russian forces defeat troops of the Ottoman Empire in Armenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/07/08", "description": " July 16- Massive flooding caused by 2 different hurricanes devastates western North Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/07/15", "description": " In Seattle, Washington, William Boeing incorporates ''Pacific Aero Products'' (later renamed ''Boeing'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/07/22", "description": " In San Francisco, California, a bomb explodes on Market Street during a Preparedness Day parade, killing 10 injuring 40 (Warren Billings and Tom Mooney are later wrongly convicted of it).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/07/29", "description": " In Ontario, Canada, a lightning strike ignites a forest fire that destroys the towns of Cochrane and Matheson, killing 233.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/07/30", "description": " German agents cause the Black Tom explosion in Jersey City, New Jersey, an act of sabotage destroying an ammunition depot and killing at least 7 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/08/07", "description": " WWI: Portugal joins the Allies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/08/09", "description": " Lassen Volcanic National Park is established in California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/08/21", "description": "Peru declares neutrality", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/08/25", "description": " U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs legislation creating the National Park Service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/08/29", "description": " The United States passes the Philippine Autonomy Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/08/29", "description": "September ampampndash Bulgaria takes Dobruja from Romania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/09/02", "description": " British pilot William Leefe-Robinson becomes the first to shoot down a German airship over Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/09/05", "description": " Release of D. W. Griffith's film ''Intolerance: Love's Struggle Through the Ages'' in the US.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/09/11", "description": " A mechanical failure causes the central span of the Quebec Bridge, a cantilever-type structure, to crash into the Saint Lawrence River, killing 13 workers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/09/13", "description": " Mary, a circus elephant, is hanged in the town of Erwin, Tennessee for killing her handler, Walter quotRedquot Eldridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/09/27", "description": " Iyasu V of Ethiopia is deposed in a palace coup, in favour of his aunt Zauditu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/10/12", "description": " Hip\u00f3lito Yrigoyen is elected President of Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/10/14", "description": " Perm State University is founded in Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/10/16", "description": " Margaret Sanger opens the first U.S. birth control clinic - a forerunner of Planned Parenthood.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/10/21", "description": " Friedrich Adler shoots Karl von St\u00fcrgkh, Prime Minister of Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/10/27", "description": " Battle of Segale: Negus Mikael of Wollo, marching on the Ethiopian capital in support of his son Emperor Iyasu, is defeated by Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis, securing the throne for Empress Zauditu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/11/01", "description": " Paul Miliukov delivers the famous quotstupidity or treasonquot speech in the Russian State Duma, precipitating the downfall of the Boris St\u00fcrmer government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/11/01", "description": "he first 40 hour work week officially began in the Endicott-Johnson factories of Western New York", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/11/01", "description": "The Kingdom of Poland is proclaimed by a joint act of the emperors of Germany and Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/11/01", "description": "Honan Chapel, Cork, Ireland, a product of the Irish Arts ampamp Crafts Movement (1894\u20131925), is dedicated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/11/01", "description": "U.S. presidential election, 1916: Democratic President Woodrow Wilson narrowly defeats Republican Charles E. Hughes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/11/01", "description": "Republican Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/11/13", "description": " Prime Minister of Australia Billy Hughes is expelled from the Labor Party over his support for conscription.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/11/18", "description": " WWI ampndash Battle of the Somme: In France, British Expeditionary Force commander Douglas Haig calls off the battle, which started on July 1.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/11/21", "description": " The White Star Liner ''HMHS Britannic'', sister ship of the ''RMS Olympic'' and the legendary ''RMS Titanic'', sinks in the Mediterranean Sea after hitting a mine. 30 lives are lost.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/11/23", "description": " WWI ampndash Eastern Front: Bucharest, the capital of Romania, is occupied by troops of the Central Powers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/12", "description": " In the Dolomites, an avalanche buries 18,000 Austrian and Italian soldiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/17", "description": " Grigori Rasputin is murdered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/18", "description": "resident Woodrow Wilson marries Mrs Edith B Galt in Washington", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/22", "description": " The British Sopwith Camel aircraft makes its maiden flight. It was designed to counter the German's Fokker aircraft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/23", "description": " WWI ampndash Battle of Magdhaba: In the Sinai desert, Australian and New Zealand mounted troops capture the Turkish garrison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/30", "description": " Humberto G\u00f3mez and his mercenaries seize Arauca in Colombia and declare the ''Republic of Arauca''. He proceeds to pillage the region before fleeing to Venezuela.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/31", "description": " The Hampton Terrace Hotel in North Augusta, South Carolina, one of the largest and most luxurious hotels in the nation at the time, burns to the ground.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/31", "description": "Oxycodone, a narcotic painkiller closely related to codeine is first synthesized in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/31", "description": "Rodeo's first side-delivery bucking chute is designed and made by the Bascom boys (Raymond, Mel, Earl) and their father John W. Bascom at Welling, Alberta Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/31", "description": "''Cours de linguistique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale'' by Ferdinand de Saussure is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/31", "description": "The Summer Olympic Games in Berlin, Germany, are cancelled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/31", "description": "Food is rationed in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/31", "description": "Ernst R\u00fcdin publishes his initial results on the genetics of schizophrenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/31", "description": "The Netherlands is hit by a North Sea storm that floods the lowlands and kills 10,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/31", "description": "Robert Baden-Powell founds the Wolf Cubs Scouts in Britain, changed to Cub Scouts in the USA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/31", "description": "Louis Enricht claims he has a substitute for gasoline.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/31", "description": "Gustav Holst composes ''The Planets, Opus 32''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/31", "description": "Bray Studios creates the ''Farmer Al Falfa'' series, the first of the ''Terrytoons''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/31", "description": "The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers is founded in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/31", "description": "The ''Enrico Parodi'' sinks while in tow off The Carracks in Cornwall, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1916/12/31", "description": "In the 1941 film ''Citizen Kane'', Charles Foster Kane runs for New York governor and loses. Also in 1916, Emily Monroe Norton divorces him and, in either this year or in 1917, he marries Susan Alexander.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/01/01", "description": " The University of Oregon defeats The University of Pennsylvania 14\u20130 in college football's 3rd Annual Rose Bowl.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/01/02", "description": " The Royal Bank of Canada takes over Quebec Bank.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/01/11", "description": " German saboteurs set off the Kingsland Explosion at Kingsland, NJ (now Lyndhurst, NJ), one of the events leading to U.S. involvement in WWI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/01/19", "description": " Silvertown explosion: A blast at a munitions factory in London kills 73 and injures over 400. The resulting fire causes over \u00a32,000,000 worth of damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/01/22", "description": " WWI: President Woodrow Wilson calls for quotpeace without victoryquot in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/01/22", "description": "The Danish West Indies is sold to the United States for $25 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/01/22", "description": "An anti-prostitution drive in San Francisco attracts huge crowds to public meetings. At one meeting attended by 7,000 people, 20,000 are kept out for lack of room. In a conference with Rev. Paul Smith, an outspoken foe of prostitution, 300 prostitutes make a plea for toleration, explaining they had been forced into the practice by poverty. When Smith asks if they will take other work at $8 to $10 a week, the ladies laugh derisively, which loses them public sympathy. The police close about 200 houses of prostitution shortly thereafter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/01/26", "description": " The sea defences at the English village of Hallsands are breached, leading to all but one of the houses becoming uninhabitable.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/01/28", "description": " The United States ends its search for Pancho Villa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/01/30", "description": " Pershing's troops in Mexico begin withdrawing back to the United States. They reach Columbus, New Mexico February 5.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/01/31", "description": " WWI: Germany announces its U-boats will engage in unrestricted submarine warfare.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/02/03", "description": " WWI: The United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/02/05", "description": " The new constitution of Mexico is adopted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/02/13", "description": " Mata Hari is arrested for spying.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/02/24", "description": " WWI: United States ambassador to the United Kingdom, Walter H. Page, is shown the intercepted Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany offers to give the American Southwest back to Mexico if Mexico declares war on the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/02/26", "description": " The Original Dixieland Jass Band records their first commercial record, with the tunes quotLivery Stable Bluesquot and quotDixie Jazz Band One Stepquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/02/26", "description": "The U.S. government releases the plaintext of the Zimmermann Telegram to the public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/02/26", "description": "Japanese city of Omuta, Fukuoka is founded by Hiroushi Miruku", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/03/02", "description": " The enactment of the Jones Act grants Puerto Ricans United States citizenship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/03/02", "description": "U.S. President Woodrow Wilson begins his second term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/03/02", "description": "Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman member of the United States House of Representatives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/03/02", "description": "(N.S.) (February 23, O.S.) ampampndash The Russian February Revolution begins with the overthrow of the Tsar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/03/02", "description": "Women calling for bread in Petrograd start riots, which spontaneously spread throughout the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/03/02", "description": "The United States Senate adopts the cloture rule in order to limit filibusters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/03/10", "description": " The Province of Batangas is formally founded as one of the Philippines' first encomiendas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/03/11", "description": " Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza is elected president of Mexico the United States gives ''de jure'' recognition of his government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/03/12", "description": " The Duma declares a Provisional Government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/03/15", "description": "N.S.) (March 2, O.S.) ampndash Tsar Nicholas II of Russia abdicates his throne for his son. This is considered to be the end of the Russian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/03/17", "description": "N.S.) (March 4, O.S.) ampndash Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia refuses the throne, and power passes to the newly formed Provisional Government under Prince Georgy Lvov.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/03/25", "description": " The Georgian Orthodox Church restores the autocephaly abolished by Imperial Russia in 1811.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/03/26", "description": " WWI: First Battle of Gaza: British cavalry troops retreat after 17,000 Turks block their advance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/03/30", "description": " The independence of Poland is recognized{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/03/31", "description": " The United States takes possession of the Danish West Indies, which become the US Virgin Islands, after paying $25 million to Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/04/02", "description": " WWI: U.S. President Woodrow Wilson asks the U.S. Congress for a declaration of war on Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/04/06", "description": " WWI: The United States declares war on Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/04/09", "description": "April 12 ampndash WWI: Canadian troops win the Battle of Vimy Ridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/04/10", "description": " An ammunition factory explosion in Chester, Pennsylvania kills 133.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/04/11", "description": " WWI: Brazil severs diplomatic relations with Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/04/11", "description": "Vladimir Lenin arrives in Petrograd.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/04/11", "description": "WWI: The Nivelle Offensive commences.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/04/19", "description": " WWI: The Second Battle of Gaza, a fiasco for the British, causes the dismissal of the commander of the Eastern Expeditionary Force, General Archibald Murray.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/05/09", "description": " WWI: The Nivelle Offensive is abandoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/05/09", "description": "Three peasant children claim to see the Virgin Mary above a Holm Oak tree in Cova da Iria near F\u00e1tima, Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/05/09", "description": "The nuncio Eugenio Pacelli, the future Pope Pius XII, is consecrated Archbishop by Pope Benedict XVampampL'Osservatore Romano, Weekly Edition in English, 12\/19 August 1998, page 9ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/05/18", "description": " WWI: The Selective Service Act passes the U.S. Congress, giving the President the power of conscription.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/05/21", "description": " Over 300 acres (73 blocks) are destroyed in the Great Atlanta fire of 1917.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/05/22", "description": " Commissioned Officer Corps of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/05/23", "description": " A month of civil violence in Milan, Italy ends after the Italian army forcefully takes over the city from anarchists and anti-war revolutionaries. Fifty people are killed and 800 people are arrested.Seton-Watson, Christopher. 1967. Italy from Liberalism to Fascism: 1870 to 1925. London: Methuen amp Co. Ltd. Pp. 468\u20139", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/05/26", "description": " A tornado strikes Mattoon, Illinois, causing devastation and killing 101 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/05/27", "description": " WWI: Over 30,000 French troops refuse to go to the trenches in Missy-aux-Bois.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/06/01", "description": " A French infantry regiment seizes Missy-aux-Bois and declares an anti-war military government. Other French army troops soon apprehend them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/06/04", "description": " The very first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded: Laura E. Richards, Maud Howe Elliott, and Florence Hall receive the first Pulitzer for a biography (for ''Julia Ward Howe''). Jean Jules Jusserand receives the first Pulitzer for history for his work ''With Americans of Past and Present Days.'' Herbert Bayard Swope receives the first Pulitzer for journalism for his work for the ''New York World.''", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/06/05", "description": " WWI: Conscription begins in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/06/08", "description": " A fire at the Speculator and Granite Mountain ore mine outside Butte, Montana kills at least 168 workers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/06/13", "description": " WWI: The first major German bombing raid on London leaves 162 dead and 432 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/06/14", "description": " The 2 millionth Ford Model T rolls off the line.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/06/15", "description": " The United States enacts the Espionage Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/06/15", "description": "July ampampndash Panama Canal Department.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/06/15", "description": "A labor dispute ignites a race riot in East St. Louis, Illinois, which leaves 250 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/06/15", "description": "Russian General Brusilov begins a major offensive in Galicia, initially advancing towards Lemberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/06/15", "description": "WWI: Arabian troops led by T. E. Lawrence capture Aqaba from the Turks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/06/15", "description": "WWI: A conscription crisis in Canada leads to passage of the Military Service Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/07/12", "description": " The Phelps Dodge Corporation deports over 1,000 suspected IWW members from Bisbee, Arizona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/07/16", "description": "July 17 ampndash Russian troops mutiny, abandon the Austrian front, and retreat to the Ukraine hundreds are shot by their commanding officers during the retreat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/07/16", "description": "July 18 ampndash Serious clashes in St. Petersburg in July Days Lenin escapes to Finland Trotsky is arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/07/17", "description": " King George V of the United Kingdom issues a proclamation, stating that thenceforth the male line descendants of the British Royal Family will bear the surname Windsor, vice the Germanic bloodline of ''House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha'', which is an offshoot of the historic (800+ years) House of Wettin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/07/17", "description": "The Parliament of Finland, dominated by Social Democrats, passes the ampquotPower Lawampquot, declaring itself holder of the former Tsar's sovereignty in the Grand Principality of Finland. The Russian Provisional Government does not recognize the law, as it would alter the relationship between Finland and Russia into a real union, with Russia solely responsible for the defence and foreign relations of Finland with no more say in the country's internal affairs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/07/17", "description": "The Corfu Declaration, which enabled the establishment of the post-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia, is signed by the Yugoslav Committee and the Kingdom of Serbia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/07/17", "description": "(July 7, O.S.) ampampndash Alexander Kerensky becomes premier of the Russian Provisional Government, replacing Prince Georgy Lvov.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/07/20", "description": "July 28 ampndash WWI: Austrian and German forces repulse the Russian advance into Galicia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/07/25", "description": " Sir William Thomas White introduces the first income tax in Canada as a quottemporaryquot measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/07/28", "description": " The ''Silent Protest'' is organized by the NAACP in New York to protest the East St. Louis Riot of July 2, as well as lynchings in Texas and Tennessee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/07/30", "description": " The Parliament of Finland is dissolved by the Russian Provisional Government. New elections are held in the autumn, resulting in a bourgeois majority.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/07/31", "description": " WWI: The Battle of Passchendaele: Allied offensive operations commence in Flanders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/07/31", "description": "August ampampndash The Green Corn Rebellion, an uprising by several hundred farmers against the WWI draft, takes place in central Oklahoma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/08/02", "description": " Squadron Commander E.H. Dunning <a href=\"http:\/\/www.royal-navy.mod.uk\/server\/show\/nav.3919\">http:\/\/www.royal-navy.mod.uk\/server\/show\/nav.3919<\/a> lands his aircraft on the ship {{HMS|Furious|47|6}} in Scapa Flow, Orkney.  He is killed 5 days later during another landing on the ship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/08/03", "description": " The New York Guard is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/08/10", "description": " A general strike begins in Spain it is smashed after 3 days with 70 left dead, hundreds of wounded and 2,000 arrests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/08/17", "description": " One of English literature's important meetings takes place when Wilfred Owen introduces himself to Siegfried Sassoon at the Craiglockhart War Hospital in Edinburgh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/08/18", "description": " The  Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 in Greece destroys 32% of the city, leaving 70,000 individuals homeless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/08/29", "description": " WWI: The Military Service Act is passed in the Canadian House of Commons, giving the Government of Canada the right to conscript men into the army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/09/14", "description": " Russia is declared a republic by the Provisional Government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/10/12", "description": " WWI: The biggest loss of life in a single day for New Zealand. Over 800 men and 45 officers were killed at the First Battle of Passchendaele, roughly 1 in 1000 of the nation's population at the time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/10/15", "description": " WWI: At Vincennes outside of Paris, Dutch dancer Mata Hari is executed by firing squad for spying for Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/10/19", "description": " Love Field in Dallas, Texas is opened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/10/25", "description": "O.S.) ampndash (traditional beginning date of the Bolshevik Revolution amp Russian Civil War).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/10/26", "description": " WWI: Brazil declares war against the Central Powers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/02", "description": " Zionism: The Balfour Declaration proclaims British support for the quotestablishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish peoplequot with the clear understanding quotthat nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communitiesquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/02", "description": "WWI: Battle of Passchendaele: After 3 months of fierce fighting, Canadian forces take Passchendaele in Belgium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/02", "description": "Militants from Trotsky's committee join with trusty Bolshevik soldiers to seize government buildings and pounce on members of the provisional government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/02", "description": "(N.S.) (October 25 O.S.) ampampndash Great October Socialist Revolution: The workers of the Petrograd Soviet in Russia, led by the Bolshevik Party and leader Vladimir Lenin, storm the Winter Palace and successfully destroy the Kerensky Provisional Government, resulting in the first overthrow of capitalism in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/02", "description": "Iran (which has provided weapons for Russia) refuses to support the Allied Forces after the October Revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/02", "description": "WWI: Third Battle of Gaza: United Kingdom forces capture Gaza from the Ottoman Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/02", "description": "In the United States, a ampquotNight of Terrorampquot results in the injury of several influential suffragettes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/02", "description": "The Parliament of Finland again declares itself holder of sovereignty, effectively dissolving the 108-year-old union with Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/02", "description": "British troops occupy Tel Aviv and Jaffa in Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/02", "description": "Georges Clemenceau becomes prime minister of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/02", "description": "WWI: Action of 17 November 1917: United States Navy destroyers USS ''Fanning'' and USS ''Nicholson'' capture Imperial German Navy U-boat SM ''U-58'' off the south-west coast of Ireland, the first combat action in which U.S. ships take a submarine (which is then scuttled).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/02", "description": "The People's Dispensary for Sick Animals is founded in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/02", "description": "WWI: Battle of Cambrai: British forces, using tanks, make early progress in an attack on German positions but are soon beaten back.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/02", "description": "The Ukraine is declared a republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/22", "description": " In Montreal, Canada, the National Hockey Association breaks up.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/23", "description": " The Bolsheviks release the full text of the previously secret Sykes-Picot Agreement in ''Izvestia'' and ''Pravda'' it is subsequently printed in the ''Manchester Guardian'' on November 26.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/24", "description": " In Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 9 members of the Milwaukee Police Department are killed by a bomb, the most deaths in a single event in U.S. police history until the September 11 attacks in 2001.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/25", "description": " WWI: German forces defeat Portuguese army of about 1200 at Negomano on the border of modern-day Mozambique and Tanzania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/26", "description": " The National Hockey League is formed in Montreal as a replacement for the recently disbanded National Hockey Association.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/28", "description": " The Bolsheviks offer peace terms to the Germans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/29", "description": " Don Cossacks declare the Don Republic, which lasts two weeks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/11/29", "description": "December ampampndash Annie Besant becomes president of the Indian National Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/12/03", "description": " After nearly 20 years of planning and construction, the Quebec Bridge opens to traffic (the bridge partially collapsed on August 29, 1907 and September 11, 1916).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/12/03", "description": "Finland officially declares independence from Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/12/03", "description": "Halifax Explosion: Two freighters collide in Halifax Harbour at Halifax, Nova Scotia and cause a huge explosion that kills at least 1,963 people, injures 9,000 and destroys part of the city (until the Trinity nuclear test, the biggest manmade explosion in recorded history).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/12/11", "description": " British troops take Jerusalem from the Ottoman Empire in the Battle of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/12/25", "description": " ''Why Marry?'', the first dramatic play to win a Pulitzer Prize, opens at the Astor Theatre in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/12/26", "description": " United States president Woodrow Wilson uses the Federal Possession and Control Act to place most U.S. railroads under the United States Railroad Administration, hoping to more efficiently transport troops and materials for the war effort.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/12/26", "description": "Following the October Revolution, Alexandra Kollontai is appointed People's Commissar for Social Welfare in the Council of People's Commissars of the Government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the first woman cabinet minister in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/12/26", "description": "Female suffrage is enacted in the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/12/26", "description": "The Lions Clubs International is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/12/26", "description": "J. R. R. Tolkien begins writing ''The Book of Lost Tales'' (the first version of ''The Silmarillion'') thus Middle-earth is first chronicled this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/12/26", "description": "The True Jesus Church is established in Beijing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/12/26", "description": "The first of the Cottingley Fairies photographs are taken in Yorkshire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1917/12/26", "description": "A cholera outbreak kills several German prisoners-of-war being held at Shankend in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/01/08", "description": " Woodrow Wilson delivers his Fourteen Points speech.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/01/12", "description": " Finland enacts a quotMosaic Confessorsquot law, granting Finnish Jews civil rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/01/18", "description": " Constituent Assembly meet in Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/01/19", "description": " Russian Constituent Assembly proclaims Russian Democratic Federative Republic, but was dissolved by Bolshevik government on same day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/01/25", "description": " The Ukrainian People's Republic declares independence from Bolshevik Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/01/27", "description": " The Finnish Civil War begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/02/05", "description": " The SS Tuscania is torpedoed off the Irish coast, it is the first ship carrying American troops to Europe to be torpedoed and sunk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/02/14", "description": " Russia switches from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar the date skips from February 1 to February 14.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/02/15", "description": " Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania adopt Gregorian calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/02/16", "description": " The Council of Lithuania adopts the Act of Independence of Lithuania, declaring Lithuania's independence from the Russian Empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/02/21", "description": " The last captive Carolina Parakeet (the last breed of parrot native to the eastern United States) dies at the Cincinnati Zoo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/02/24", "description": " After 7 centuries of foreign rule, Estonia declares its independence from the Russian Empire. Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia also declare their independence from the Russian Empire but as the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/03/01", "description": " The German submarine  {{SMU|U-19|Germany|2}} sinks the {{HMS|Calgarian}} off Rathlin Island, Northern Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/03/03", "description": " WWI: Germany, Austria and Bolshevist Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending Russia's involvement in the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/03/04", "description": " A soldier at Camp Fuston, Kansas falls sick with the first confirmed case of the Spanish flu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/03/05", "description": " Soviet Russia moves its national capital from Petrograd to Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/03/06", "description": " The Finnish Air Force is founded. The blue swastika is adopted as its symbol as a tribute to the Swedish explorer and aviator Eric von Rosen, who donated the first plane. Von Rosen had painted the Buddhist symbol on the plane as his personal lucky insignia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/03/07", "description": " WWI: Finland forms an alliance with Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/03/12", "description": " Moscow becomes the capital of Soviet Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/03/19", "description": " The U.S. Congress establishes time zones and approves daylight saving time (DST goes into effect on March 31).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/03/21", "description": " WWI: The Second Battle of the Somme begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/03/21", "description": "The giant German cannon, the so-called Paris Gun, begins to shell Paris from {{convert|114|km|mi|abbr=on}} away.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/03/21", "description": "In London at the Wood Green Empire, Chung Ling Soo (William E Robinson, U.S.-born magician) dies during his trick where he is supposed to ampquotcatchampquot two separate bullets \u2013 but one of them perforates his lung. He dies the following morning in a hospital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/03/21", "description": "The Social Revolutionary Party declares Belarus independent Bolshevik armies soon crush them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/03/21", "description": "Belarus declares independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/03/21", "description": "Dr. Karl Muck, music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra, is arrested under the Alien Enemies Act and imprisoned for the duration of WWI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/03/27", "description": " Bessarabia votes to become part of Romania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/04/01", "description": " The Royal Flying Corps and the Royal Naval Air Service are merged to form the Royal Air Force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/04/05", "description": " S\u0101lote succeeds as Queen of Tonga she will remain on the throne until her death in 1965.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/04/21", "description": " Manfred Von Richthofen, quotThe Red Baronquot, WWI's most successful fighter pilot, dies in combat at Morlancourt Ridge near the Somme River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/05/01", "description": " German troops enter Don province they take Rostov May 6.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/05/02", "description": " General Motors acquires the Chevrolet Motor Company of Delaware.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/05/11", "description": " The Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus is officially established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/05/11", "description": "The United States Post Office Department (later renamed the United States Postal Service) begins the 3rd regular airmail service in the world (between New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, DC), the 1st being from Allahabad to Naini Junction in India on the 18th February 1911 and the 2nd being from London to Windsor Castle on the 22nd June 1911.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/05/11", "description": "End of the Finnish Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/05/16", "description": " The Sedition Act of 1918 is approved by the U.S. Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/05/20", "description": " The small town of Codell, Kansas is hit for the third year in a row by a tornado.  Coincidentally, all three tornadoes hit on May 20, 1916, 1917, and 1918 respectively.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/05/21", "description": " Army Aviation Section separated from Signal Corps and divided into the Division of Military Aeronautics and the Bureau of Aircraft Production.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/05/26", "description": " The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic is abolished.  Georgia declares its independence as the Democratic Republic of Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/05/27", "description": " The Third Battle of the Aisne commences.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/05/28", "description": " Armenia and Azerbaijan declare their independence as the Democratic Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic respectively.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/06/01", "description": " WWI: The Battle for Belleau Wood begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/06/10", "description": " WWI: The Austro-Hungarian dreadnought battleship SMS ''Szent Istv\u00e1n'' is sunk by two Italian MAS motor torpedo boats off the Dalmatian coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/06/12", "description": " Grand Duke Michael of Russia is murdered, thereby becoming the first of the Romanovs to be murdered by the Bolsheviks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/06/22", "description": " Suspects in the Chicago Restaurant Poisonings are arrested, and more than 100 waiters are taken into custody, for poisoning restaurant customers with a lethal powder called Mickey Finn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/07/03", "description": " The Siberian Expedition is launched to extract the Czechoslovak Legion from the Russian Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/07/04", "description": " Mehmed VI  (1918\u20131922) succeeds Mehmed V (Resad) (1909\u20131918) as Ottoman Sultan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/07/09", "description": " Great train wreck of 1918: In Nashville, Tennessee, an inbound local train collides with an outbound express, killing 101.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/07/12", "description": ", The Japanese Imperial Navy battle ship ''Kawachi'' blows up at Shunan, western Honshu, Japan killing at least 621.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/07/13", "description": " The National Czechoslovak Committee is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/07/15", "description": " WWI ampndash Second Battle of the Marne: The battle begins near the River Marne with a German attack.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/07/15", "description": "Shooting of the Romanov family: By order of the Bolshevik Party and carried out by the Cheka, Tsar Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra Feodorovna, their children, Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Alexei, and retainers are executed at the Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg, Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/07/15", "description": "WWI: {{RMS|Carpathia}} is torpedoed and sunk off the east coast of Ireland by German submarine U-55 218 of the 223 on board are rescued.ampamp{{cite news|title=Carpathia Sunk 5 of Crew Killed|newspaper=New York Times|page=4|date=20 July 1918|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/mem\/archive-free\/pdf?res=FB0B14F73B5F1B7A93C2AB178CD85F4C8185F9}}ampamp\">http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/mem\/archive-free\/pdf?res=FB0B14F73B5F1B7A93C2AB178CD85F4C8185F9}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/07/15", "description": "August ampampndash The ''Spanish Flu'' (influenza) becomes pandemic over 30 million people die in the following 6 months (almost twice as many as died during the war).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/08/01", "description": " British anti-Bolshevik forces occupy Archangel, Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/08/08", "description": " WWI ampndash Battle of Amiens: Canadian and Australian troops begin a string of almost continuous victories with a push through the German front lines. German General Erich Ludendorff later calls this the quotblack day of the German Army.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/08/10", "description": " Russian Revolution: The British commander in Archangel is told to help the White Russians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/08/27", "description": " Battle of Ambos Nogales: U.S. Army forces skirmish against Mexican Carrancistas and their German advisors in the only battle of World War I fought on American soil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/08/27", "description": "20,000 London policemen strike for increased pay and union recognition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/08/27", "description": "Russian Revolution: Vladmir Lenin is shot by Fanya Kaplan, but he survives. Moisei Uritsky, the Petrograd head of the Cheka, is assassinated the same day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/08/27", "description": "September ampampndash British armies and their Arab allies roll into Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/09/11", "description": " The Boston Red Sox defeat the Chicago Cubs for the 1918 World Series championship, their last World Series win until 2004.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/09/29", "description": " Bulgaria requests an armistice in WWI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/09/29", "description": "October ampampndash Mammy Lou becomes the oldest person to ever star in a film, at age 114.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/03", "description": " Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany appoints Max von Baden German chancellor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/03", "description": " King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria abdicates in the wake of the Bulgarian military collapse in WWI.  He is succeeded by his son, Boris III.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/04", "description": " Wilhelm II of Germany forms a new more liberal government to sue for peace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/08", "description": " WWI: In the Forest of Argonne in France, U.S. Corporal Alvin C. York almost single-handedly kills 25 German soldiers and captures 132.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/09", "description": " Landgrave Friedrich Karl of Hessen-Kassel is elected King of Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/11", "description": " Puerto Rico earthquake: The city of Mayag\u00fcez and adjacent towns are nearly destroyed by a 7.5 earthquake and a tsunami.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/12", "description": " Cloquet Fire: The city of Cloquet, Minnesota and nearby areas are destroyed in a fire, killing 453.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/18", "description": " The Washington Declaration proclaims the independent Czechoslovak Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/25", "description": " The steamer ''Princess Sophia'' sinks on Vanderbilt Reef near Juneau, Alaska 353 people die in the greatest maritime disaster in the Pacific Northwest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/25", "description": "Czechoslovakia declares its independence from Austria-Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/25", "description": "A new Polish government is declared in Western Galicia (Central Europe).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/29", "description": " Wilhelmshaven mutiny of the German High Fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/29", "description": "The Martin Declaration is published, including Slovakia in the formation of the Czecho-Slovak state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/29", "description": "The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen is granted independence from the Ottoman Empire by the Armistice of Mudros.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/31", "description": " The Hungarian government terminates the personal union with Austria, officially dissolving the Austro-Hungarian empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/31", "description": "November ampampndash The Allied fleet enters Constantinople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/31", "description": "Malbone Street Wreck: The worst rapid transit accident in world history occurs under the intersection of Malbone Street and Flatbush Avenue, in Brooklyn, New York City, with at least 93 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/31", "description": "Ruthenia in eastern Czechoslovakia declares a brief independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/31", "description": "WWI: Austria-Hungary enters an armistice with the Allies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/31", "description": "Poland declares its independence from Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/10/31", "description": "German Revolution: Sailors in the German fleet at Kiel mutiny and throughout northern Germany soldiers and workers begin to establish revolutionary councils on the Russian soviet model.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/04", "description": " WWI: Austria-Hungary surrenders to Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/06", "description": " A new Polish government is proclaimed in Lublin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/07", "description": " King Ludwig of Bavaria flees his country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/08", "description": " The German army withdraws its support of the Kaiser.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/08", "description": "Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany abdicates and chooses to live in exile in the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/08", "description": "Provisional National Council Minister-President Kurt Eisner declares Bavaria to be a republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/08", "description": "British battleship HMS ''Britannia'' is sunk by German submarine ''U-50'' off Trafalgar with the loss of around fifty lives, the last major naval engagement of WWI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/08", "description": "WWI ends: Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies between 5:12 AM and 5:20 AM in Marshal Foch\u2019s railroad car in Compi\u00e8gne Forest in France. It becomes official on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month.ampamp{{cite book|author=Pitt, Barrie|year=2003|title=1918: The Last Act|location=Barnsley|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=0-85052-974-3}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/08", "description": "Poland regains independence after 123 years of partitions. J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski is appointed Commander-in-Chief.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/08", "description": "Emperor Charles I of Austria gives up his absolute power but does not abdicate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/12", "description": " Austria becomes a republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/12", "description": "Czechoslovakia becomes a republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/12", "description": "J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski is appointed head of state of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/12", "description": "Hungary declares independence from Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/12", "description": "The Hungarian Democratic Republic is declared.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/18", "description": " Latvia declares its independence from Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/18", "description": "The Spartacist League founds the German Communist Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/18", "description": "", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/18", "description": "The Belgian royal family returns to Brussels after the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/26", "description": " The Podgorica Assembly votes for a quotunion of the peoplequot, declaring its union with the Kingdom of Serbia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/28", "description": " Estonian Freedom War: Bolshevist Russia invades Estonia, beginning the war. A socialist republic is established in Narva the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/29", "description": " Serbia annexes Montenegro", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/30", "description": " Ernest Ansermet conducts the first concert by the ''Orchestre de la Suisse Romande''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/30", "description": "Iceland regains independence, yet remains in personal union with the King of Denmark, who also becomes the King of Iceland until 1944.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/30", "description": "New voting laws in Sweden makes votes no longer dependent on taxable assets, each adult having one vote.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/30", "description": "The Union of Alba Iulia is proclaimed: Following the March 27 incorporation of Bessarabia and Bucovina, Transylvania unites with Romania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/11/30", "description": "The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (which later became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia) is proclaimed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/12/04", "description": " President Woodrow Wilson departs by ship to the Paris Peace Conference, becoming the first United States President to travel to any foreign country while holding office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/12/05", "description": " The British light cruiser HMS ''Cassandra'' strikes a mine and sinks in the Gulf of Finland while aiding Estonia against the Bolsheviks, with eleven sailors killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/12/14", "description": " Friedrich Karl renounces the Finnish throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/12/20", "description": " Tom\u00e1\u0161 Garrigue Masaryk returns to the Czechoslovak Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/12/27", "description": " Great Poland Uprising: The Poles in Greater Poland (or Grand Duchy of Pozna\u0144) rise up against the Germans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/12/28", "description": " Constance Markievicz, while detained in Holloway prison, becomes the first woman to be elected MP to the British House of Commons.  She did not take her seat, along with the other Sinn F\u00e9in TDs members.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/12/31", "description": " A British-brokered ceasefire ends two weeks of fighting between Armenians and Georgians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/12/31", "description": "The Grand Duchy of Baden ceases to exist.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/12/31", "description": "The British occupy Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/12/31", "description": "The Native American Church is formally founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/12/31", "description": "The Association Against the Prohibition Amendment is founded to promote repeal of prohibition in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1918/12/31", "description": "''United Business Media'' is founded in London (as ''United Newspapers Ltd.'')", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919", "description": "In Scotland, the ''HMS Iolaire'' sinks on the rocks 206 die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919", "description": "Edsel Ford succeeds his father as head of the Ford Motor Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919", "description": "Spartacist uprising: Socialist demonstrations in Berlin, Germany turn into an attempted communist revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/01/06", "description": " Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States, dies in his sleep at the age of 60.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/01/06", "description": "Tragic week (Argentina)", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/01/06", "description": "Estonian Freedom War: The Soviet Army meets resistance from Estonian forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/01/09", "description": " Friedrich Ebert orders the Freikorps into action in Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/01/10", "description": "January 12 ampndash The Freikorps attacks Spartacist supporters around Berlin, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/01/11", "description": " Romania annexes Transylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/01/13", "description": " Worker's councils in Berlin end the general strike Spartacus Week is over.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/01/13", "description": "Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht are murdered following the Spartacist uprising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/01/13", "description": "The Boston Molasses Disaster: A wave of molasses released from an exploding storage tank sweeps through Boston, killing 21 and injuring 150.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/01/13", "description": "Ignacy Jan Paderewski becomes Premier of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/01/16", "description": " The 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution, authorizing Prohibition, is ratified.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/01/16", "description": "World War I: A peace conference opens in Versailles, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/01/16", "description": "Bentley Motors is founded in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/01/16", "description": "The First D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann meets in the Mansion House in Dublin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/01/16", "description": "An ambush of the police at Soloheadbeg marks the beginning of the Irish War of Independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/01/23", "description": " The Uprising of Khotin breaks out in Khotyn, Ukraine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/01/25", "description": " The League of Nations is founded in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/01/31", "description": " 1919 Battle of George Square: British police battle strikers in Glasgow, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/01/31", "description": "Estonian Freedom War: The Red Army is expelled from the entire territory of Estonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/02/03", "description": " Soviet troops occupy Ukraine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/02/06", "description": " The Seattle General Strike begins. Over 65,000 workers strike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/02/06", "description": "Friedrich Ebert is elected President of Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/02/06", "description": "The Seattle General Strike ends when Federal troops are summoned by the State of Washington's Attorney General.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/02/14", "description": " The Polish-Soviet War begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/02/25", "description": " Oregon places a one cent per US gallon (0.26\u00a2\/liter) tax on gasoline, becoming the first U.S. state to levy a gasoline tax.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/02/26", "description": " An act of the United States Congress establishes most of the Grand Canyon as a United States National Park (see Grand Canyon National Park).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/02/28", "description": " Amanullah Khan becomes King of Afghanistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/03/01", "description": " The March 1st Movement against Japanese colonial rule in Korea is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/03/02", "description": " First Communist International meeting in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/03/03", "description": " The Supreme Court of the United States upholds the conviction of Charles Schenck.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/03/04", "description": " Communist International (\u201cComintern\u201d) founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/03/05", "description": " A. Mitchell Palmer becomes Attorney General of the United States through recess appointment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/03/09", "description": "  The Egyptian Revolution of 1919 breaks out.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/03/15", "description": " The American Legion forms in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/03/21", "description": " The Hungarian Soviet Republic is established by B\u00e9la Kun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/03/23", "description": " In Milan, Italy, Benito Mussolini founds his Fascist political movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/03/31", "description": " A general strike begins in the Ruhr.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/04/06", "description": "April 7 ampndash The Bavarian Soviet Republic is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/04/12", "description": " Murderer Henri D\u00e9sir\u00e9 Landru is arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/04/12", "description": "Amritsar Massacre: British and Gurkha troops massacre 379 Sikhs in the Punjab in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/04/12", "description": "Eugene V. Debs enters prison at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia for speaking out against the draft during World War I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/04/14", "description": " The Emperor of Austria moves to exile in Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/04/15", "description": " Save the Children Fund set up in the UK to raise money for the relief of German and Austrian children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/04/23", "description": " The Constituent Assembly of Estonia convenes its first session.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/04/23", "description": "The ''Bauhaus'' architectural movement is founded in Weimar, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/04/23", "description": "ANZAC day is observed for the first time in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/04/23", "description": "Pancho Villa takes Parral, Chihuahua, in Mexico, and executed by hanging both the mayor and his two sons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/04/30", "description": " Several bombs are intercepted in the first wave of the 1919 United States anarchist bombings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/04/30", "description": "A large left-wing demonstration in France leads to a violent confrontation with the police.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/04/30", "description": "Riots break out in Cleveland, Ohio  2 people are killed, 40 injured, and 116 arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/04/30", "description": "Weimar Republic troops and the Freikorps occupy Munich and crush the Bavarian Soviet Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/04/30", "description": "Amanullah Khan attacks British government in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/05/04", "description": " The May Fourth Movement opposes foreign colonizers in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/05/05", "description": " The League of Red Cross Societies is founded in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/05/08", "description": "Edward George Honey first proposes the idea of a moment of silence to commemorate The Armistice of World War I, which later results in the creation of Remembrance Day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/05/09", "description": " In Belgium, a new electoral law introduces universal manhood suffrage and gives the franchise to certain classes of women.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/05/15", "description": " Winnipeg workers launch a general strike for better wages and working conditions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/05/15", "description": "A U.S. Navy Curtiss aircraft (NC-4), commanded by Albert Cushing Read, departs from Trepassey, Newfoundland, bound for the Azores and thence to Lisbon, Portugal on the first transatlantic flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/05/15", "description": "The Hellenic Army lands at Smyrna carried by British ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/05/17", "description": " The Committee of One Thousand forms to oppose the Winnipeg General Strike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/05/19", "description": " Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk lands at Samsun on the Anatolian Black Sea coast, marking the start of the Turkish War of Independence. The anniversary of this event is also an official day of Turkish Youth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/05/23", "description": " The University of California opens its second campus in Los Angeles. Initially called Southern Branch of the University of California (SBUC), it is eventually renamed the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/05/25", "description": " Volcano Kelut erupts in Java, killing about 20,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/05/25", "description": "Einstein's theory of general relativity is tested\/confirmed by Arthur Eddington's observation of a total solar eclipse in Principe, and by Andrew Crommelin in Sobral, Cear\u00e1, Brazil.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.firstscience.com\/site\/articles\/coles.asp\">http:\/\/www.firstscience.com\/site\/articles\/coles.asp<\/a> Eclipse that Changed the Universe ampampndash Einstein's Theory of Relativityampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/05/25", "description": "The (Republic of Prekmurje) formally declares independence from Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/05/30", "description": " By agreement with the United Kingdom, later confirmed by the League of Nations, Belgium is given the mandate over part of German East Africa (Ruanda-Urundi).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/06/02", "description": " Several mail bombs are sent to prominent figures as part of the 1919 United States anarchist bombings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/06/04", "description": " Women's rights: The United States Congress approves the 19th Amendment to the United States Constitution, which would guarantee suffrage to women, and sends it to the U.S. states for ratification.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/06/06", "description": " The Hungarian Red Army attacks the Prekmurian Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/06/14", "description": " Sir John William Alcock KBE DSC together with navigator Lieutenant Arthur Whitten Brown, piloted the first non-stop transatlantic flight from St. John's, Newfoundland to Clifden, Connemara, Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/06/15", "description": " Pancho Villa attacks Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez, Mexico. When the bullets begin to fly to the American side of the border, two units of the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the U.S. Army crossed the border to repulse Villa's forces away from American territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/06/17", "description": " British Police Sergeant Thomas Green killed during the Epsom Riot by Canadian troops", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/06/17", "description": "Winnipeg General Strike: Royal Northwest Mounted Police fire a volley of bullets into a crowd of unemployed war veterans, killing two of them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/06/17", "description": "Admiral Ludwig von Reuter scuttles the German fleet in Scapa Flow, Scotland. Nine German sailors are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/06/23", "description": " Estonian War of Independence ampndash Battle of C\u0113sis: The Estonian army wins in Northern Latvia against the pro-German ''Baltische Landeswehr''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/06/23", "description": "International Labor Organization (ILO) established as an agency of the League of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/06/23", "description": "The Treaty of Versailles is signed, ending World War I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/07/02", "description": " Syrian National Congress in Damascus. Arab nationalist announce independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/07/06", "description": " The British dirigible ''R34'' lands in New York, completing the first crossing of the Atlantic by an airship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/07/07", "description": " The U.S. Army sends a convoy across the continental U.S., starting in Washington, D.C., to assess the possibility of crossing North America by road. This crossing took many months to complete, because the building of the U.S. Highway System had not even commenced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/07/19", "description": " The Foreign Ministry of Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was established at the decree of the chancellory for foreign affairs.<a href=\"http:\/\/today.az\/news\/politics\/53534.html\">http:\/\/today.az\/news\/politics\/53534.html<\/a> Azerbaijani Foreign Ministry official: result of overcoming obstacles by first Azerbaijani diplomats was international recognition in Versailles Today.az", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/07/21", "description": " The dirigible ''Wingfoot Air Express'' catches fire over downtown Chicago. Two passengers, one aircrewman and 10 people on the ground are killed. However, two people parachute to the ground safely.<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071213041636\/http:\/\/www.chipublib.org\/004chicago\/disasters\/dirigible_crash.html\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071213041636\/http:\/\/www.chipublib.org\/004chicago\/disasters\/dirigible_crash.html<\/a> Chicago Public Library Archive", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/07/27", "description": " The Chicago Race Riot of 1919 begins when a white man threw rocks at a group of 4 black teens on a raft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/07/31", "description": " Policemen in London and Liverpool strike for recognition of the National Union of Police and Prison Officers over 2,000 strikers are dismissed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/08/01", "description": " B\u00e9la Kun's Soviet Republic collapses in Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/08/03", "description": " Romanian army liberates Timi\u0219oara from the Hungarian occupation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/08/04", "description": " Romanian army occupies Budapest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/08/04", "description": "In Germany, the Weimar Constitution is proclaimed to be in effect. (ratified)", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/08/16", "description": "August 26 ampndash First Silesian Uprising: The Poles in Upper Silesia rise against the Germans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/08/18", "description": " The Bolshevik fleet at Kronstadt, near Petrograd, Russia, on the Baltic Sea, is mostly destroyed by German warplanes and torpedo boats in a combined operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/08/19", "description": " Afghanistan gains independence from the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/08/31", "description": " The American Communist Party is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/09/06", "description": " The U.S. Army expedition across America, which started July 7,  ends in San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/09/10", "description": " The Treaty of Saint-Germain is signed, ending World War I with Empire of Austria-Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/09/10", "description": " September 15: The Florida Keys Hurricane kills 600 in the Gulf of Mexico, Florida and Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/09/10", "description": "While working as a spy for the police, Adolf Hitler was ordered to monitor the German Workers Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/09/10", "description": "Gabriele D'Annunzio, with his entourage, marches into Fiume and convinces the Italian troops to join him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/09/22", "description": " The Steel strike of 1919 begins across the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/09/27", "description": " The last British Army troops leave Archangel, Russia and leave the fighting to the Russians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/10/02", "description": " President of the United States Woodrow Wilson suffers a serious stroke, rendering him an invalid through the end of his life - in 1924.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/10/13", "description": " The Convention relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/10/28", "description": " Prohibition in the United States is authorized: The United States Congress passes the Volstead Act over President Woodrow Wilson's veto. Prohibition did not go into effect until January 17, 1920, under the provisions of the 18th Amendment to the United States Constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/11/01", "description": " The Coal Strike of 1919 begins. The United Mine Workers under John L. Lewis announce a strike for November 1, 1919. Final agreement comes on December 10.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/11/07", "description": " The first Palmer Raid is conducted on the second anniversary of the Russian Revolution. Over 10,000 suspected communists and anarchists are arrested in twenty-three different U.S. cities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/11/09", "description": " Felix the Cat appears in Feline Follies, marking the first cartoon character to become popular.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/11/10", "description": " The first national convention of the American Legion is held in Minneapolis, Minnesota (until November 12).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/11/11", "description": " The Centralia Massacre in Centralia, Washington results in the deaths of four members of the American Legion, and the lynching of a local leader of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/11/16", "description": " After Entente pressure Romanian forces withdraw from Budapest and let Admiral Horthy to march in.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/11/16", "description": "The confirmation is announced of Einstein's general relativity theory, tested by Arthur Eddington and Andrew Crommelin during a total solar eclipse on May 29, 1919 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.firstscience.com\/site\/articles\/coles.asp\">http:\/\/www.firstscience.com\/site\/articles\/coles.asp<\/a> FirstScience.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/11/16", "description": "The Treaty of Versailles fails a critical ratification vote in the United States Senate. It will never be ratified by the US.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/11/16", "description": "The Treaty of Neuilly is signed between the Allies and Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/11/30", "description": " Health officials declare that the global Spanish Flu pandemic has ended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/12/01", "description": " Lady Astor, the second female elected to the British House of Commons (first was Constance Markievicz), became the first female MP to take ''her seat''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/12/05", "description": " The Turkish Ministry of War releases Greeks, Armenians and Jews from military service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/12/21", "description": " United States deports 249 people, including Emma Goldman, to Russia on the USAT ''Buford''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/12/25", "description": " Cliftonhill Stadium in Coatbridge opens (the home of the Albion Rovers F.C.) They lose the match 2\u20130 to St. Mirren.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/12/25", "description": "John Maynard Keynes' book ''The Economic Consequences of the Peace'' is published in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/12/25", "description": "Earl W. Bascom, rodeo cowboy and artist, along with his father John W. Bascom at Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, designs and makes rodeo's first reverse-opening side-delivery bucking chute, now the world standard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/12/25", "description": "''Les Champs Magnetiques'', the first automatic book, is written by Andr\u00e9 Breton and Philippe Soupault.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/12/25", "description": "XWA (now CINW), in Montreal, Quebec, becomes the first public radio station in North America to go on the air.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/12/25", "description": "Various strikes occur in the United States: Strike of US railroad workers The Longshoreman's strike The Great Steel Strike and a general strike in Seattle, Washington.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/12/25", "description": "Female suffrage is enacted in Germany and Luxembourg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/12/25", "description": "The International Astronomical Union is founded in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/12/25", "description": "The World League Against Alcoholism is established by the Anti-Saloon League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/12/25", "description": "The fictional character Ham Gravy debuts in ''Thimble Theatre'' Comics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/12/25", "description": "US President Woodrow Wilson promises eventual independence for Philippines, though subsequent Republican administrations see it as a distant goal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/12/25", "description": "John Moses Browning finalizes the design for the M1919 .30 (30-06) caliber medium machine gun, the first widely distributed and practical air cooled medium machine gun introduced to the US Military. It receives an official designation and production is started in the same year, a very uncommon happening. It is later reconfigured to shoot the .50 BMG (Browning Machine Gun) cartridge and is redesignated the M2 Browning .50 caliber heavy machine gun, which is still in use to this day after almost one hundred years of service, with no signs of being de-commissioned in even the far future.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1919/12/25", "description": "Severe inflation in Germany has seen the Papiermark rise to 47 marks next to a American dollar by December, compared to 12 marks in April.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyhome.co.uk\/europe\/weimar.htmampamp\">http:\/\/www.historyhome.co.uk\/europe\/weimar.htmampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/01", "description": " Babe Ruth is traded by the Red Sox for $125,000, the largest sum ever paid for a player at that time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/02", "description": " The second of the Palmer Raids takes place with another 4,025 suspected communists and anarchists arrested and held without trial. These raids take place in several U.S. cities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/02", "description": "The forces of Russian White Admiral Alexander Kolchak surrender in Krasnoyarsk. The Great Siberian Ice March ensues.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/02", "description": "The New York State Assembly refuses to seat five duly elected Socialist assemblymen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/09", "description": " Thousands of onlookers watch as quotThe Human Flyquot George Polley climbs the New York Woolworth Building. He reaches the 30th floor before being arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/10", "description": " League of Nations Covenant enters into force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/11", "description": " The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was recognised de facto by European powers in Versailles.<a href=\"http:\/\/today.az\/news\/politics\/53534.html\">http:\/\/today.az\/news\/politics\/53534.html<\/a>  Azerbaijani Foreign Ministry official: result of overcoming obstacles by first Azerbaijani diplomats was international recognition in Versailles Today.az", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/13", "description": " The New York Times ridicules the American rocket scientist Robert H. Goddard. The newspaper has to publicly take it all back later on July 17 1969 when the Apollo crew is on its trek to the Moon.ref name=quotastronauticsnow_com-indexquotRobert H. Goddard. The New York Times. astronauticsnow.com\/history\/goddard\/index.html 090118 astronauticsnow.com", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/13", "description": "Prohibition begins in the United States with the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution coming into effect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/13", "description": "The World War I Allies demand that the Netherlands extradite the German Kaiser Wilhelm II, who has fled there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/13", "description": "Zeta Phi Beta Sorority, Incorporated, is founded on the campus of Howard University in Washington, D.C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/19", "description": " The United States Senate votes against joining the League of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/22", "description": " The Australian Country Party is officially formed, led by Nelson Pollard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/23", "description": " The Netherlands refuses to extradite the German Kaiser.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/23", "description": "The Spanish Legion is founded and stationed in North Africa to fight lions in Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/23", "description": "Turkey gives up the Ottoman Empire and most of the non-Turkish areas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/30", "description": " The oldest surviving pro wrestling match on film happens, with Joe Stecher defeating Earl Caddock.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/30", "description": "Estonian War of Independence: The Tartu Peace Treaty is signed, ending the war and recognizing Estonian independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/30", "description": "France occupies Memel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/01/30", "description": "Sayyid Muhammad, Khan of Khiva abdicates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/02/07", "description": " Admiral Kolchak and Viktor Pepelyayev are executed by firing squad near Irkutsk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/02/09", "description": " The League of Nations gives Spitzbergen to Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/02/10", "description": " J\u00f3zef Haller de Hallenburg performs the symbolic wedding of Poland to the sea, celebrating the restitution of Polish access to the open sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/02/14", "description": " The League of Women Voters is founded in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/02/17", "description": " A woman named Anna Anderson tries to commit suicide in Berlin and is taken to a mental hospital, where she claims she is Grand Duchess Anastasia of Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/02/19", "description": " US Senate refuses to sign the Treaty of Versailles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/02/20", "description": " An earthquake hits Gori Georgia, killing 114.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/02/21", "description": " The island province of Marinduque in the Philippines archipelago is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/02/22", "description": " In Emeryville, California, the first dog racing track to employ an imitation rabbit opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/02/24", "description": " Adolf Hitler presents his National Socialist program in Munich.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/02/24", "description": "March", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/02/24", "description": "Syrian National Congress proclaim Syria independent with Faisal I of Iraq as king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/02/24", "description": "The world's first peaceful establishment of a social democratic government takes place in Sweden. Hjalmar Branting takes over when Nils Ed\u00e9n resigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/02/24", "description": "Hungarian Admiral and statesman Mikl\u00f3s Horthy becomes the Regent of Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/02/24", "description": "The United States Railroad Administration returns control of American railroads to its constituent railroad companies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/03/10", "description": " The Baylor Business Men's Club changes its name to the Baylor University Chamber of Commerce.  It has operated under this name since the change.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/03/13", "description": "March 17 ampndash Wolfgang Kapp fails in his coup attempt in Germany due to public resistance and a general strike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/03/15", "description": " The Ruhr Red Army, a communist army 60,000 men strong, is formed in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/03/19", "description": " The United States Congress refuses to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/03/23", "description": " Admiral Horthy declares that Hungary is a monarchy without anyone on the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/03/23", "description": "The German government asks France for permission to use its own troops against the rebellious Ruhr Red Army in the French-occupied area.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/03/23", "description": "Irish War of Independence: The Black and Tans special constables arrive in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/03/28", "description": " The 1920 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak hits the Great Lakes region and Deep South states.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/03/29", "description": " Sir William Robertson, who enlisted in 1877, becomes a field marshal in the British Army, the first man to rise to this rank from private.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/03/31", "description": " The Government of Ireland Act 1920 is presented in the British Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/04/02", "description": " The German army marches to the Ruhr to fight the Ruhr Red Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/04/04", "description": " 1920 Palestine riots: Violence erupts between Arab and Jewish residents in Jerusalem 9 killed, 216 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/04/06", "description": " The short-lived Far Eastern Republic is declared in eastern Siberia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/04/11", "description": " Mexican Revolution: \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n flees from Mexico City during a trial intended to ruin his reputation he flees to Guerrero where he joins Fortunato Maycotte.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/04/19", "description": " Germany and Bolshevist Russia agree to the exchange of prisoners of war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/04/19", "description": "Mexican Revolution: \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n announces in Chilpancingo that he intends to fight against the rule of Venustiano Carranza.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/04/19", "description": "The 1920 Summer Olympics opens in Antwerp, Belgium", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/04/23", "description": "he Turkish Council is founded by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.  It denounces the government of Sultan Mehmed VI and announces a temporary constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/04/24", "description": " Polish\u2013Soviet War: Polish and anti-Soviet Ukrainian troops attack the Red Army in Soviet Ukraine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/04/26", "description": " The Khorezm People's Soviet Republic is officially created by Bolshevist Russia as the successor to the Khanate of Khiva.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/05/02", "description": " The first game of Negro National League baseball is played in Indianapolis, Indiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/05/03", "description": " A Bolshevik coup fails in the Democratic Republic of Georgia .", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/05/03", "description": "Polish\u2013Soviet War: Polish troops occupy Kiev. The government of the Ukrainian People's Republic returns to the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/05/03", "description": "Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza leaves Mexico City in a large train.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/05/03", "description": "Treaty of Moscow (1920): Soviet Russia recognizes independence of the Democratic Republic of Georgia only to invade the country six months later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/05/15", "description": " Russian Revolution: Russian White soldier Maria Bochkareva is executed in Soviet Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/05/15", "description": "Canonization of Joan of Arc. Over 30,000 people attend the ceremony in Rome, including 140 descendants of Joan of Arc's family. Pope Benedict XV presides over the rite, for which the interior of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome is richly decorated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/05/15", "description": "A referendum in Switzerland is favorable to joining the League of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/05/15", "description": "French and Belgian troops leave the cities they have occupied in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/05/15", "description": "The first flight of Dutch air company KLM, from Amsterdam to London, takes place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/05/19", "description": " Mexican Revolution: \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n's troops enter Mexico City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/05/20", "description": " Mexican Revolution: Venustiano Carranza arrives in San Antonio Tlaxcalantongo. Troops of Rodolfo Herrero attack him at night and shoot him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/05/24", "description": " Venustiano Carranza is buried in Mexico City all of his mourning allies are arrested. Adolfo de la Huerta is elected provisional president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/05/26", "description": " Anti-Soviet opposition in the Azerbaijan SSR launches an abortive revolt in Ganja.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/05/27", "description": " Tom\u00e1\u0161 Garrigue Masaryk becomes president of Czechoslovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/05/29", "description": " The Great Louth Flood kills 23.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/06/04", "description": " Treaty of Trianon: Peace is restored between the Allied Powers and Hungary. Hungary lost 72% of its territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/06/12", "description": " Polish\u2013Soviet War: The Red Army retakes Kiev.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/06/12", "description": "Essad Pasha Toptani, nominal ruler of Albania, is assassinated by Avni Rustemi in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/06/12", "description": "The United States Post Office Department rules that children may not be sent via parcel post.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.on-this-day.com\/onthisday\/thedays\/alldays\/jun13.htm\">http:\/\/www.on-this-day.com\/onthisday\/thedays\/alldays\/jun13.htm<\/a> June 13 On-This-Day.comampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/06/15", "description": " A new border treaty between Germany and Denmark gives northern Schleswig to Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/06/22", "description": " Greece attacks Turkish troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/07/01", "description": " Germany declares its neutrality in the war between Poland and Soviet Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/07/02", "description": " Polish\u2013Soviet War: Red Army continues offensive into Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/07/12", "description": " Bolshevist Russia recognizes independent Lithuania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/07/13", "description": " London County Council bars foreigners from council jobs.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/07/19", "description": " August 7 ampndash The Second Congress of the Communist International takes place in Saint Petersburg and Moscow. The notorious Twenty-one Conditions are adopted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/07/20", "description": " The United Kingdom cedes its brief control of the key Black Sea port of Batum to the Democratic Republic of Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/07/22", "description": " Polish\u2013Soviet War: Poland sues for peace with Bolshevist Russia (refused).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/07/23", "description": " Arthur Meighen becomes Canada's ninth prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/07/23", "description": " Battle of Maysalun: The French defeat the Syrian army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/07/24", "description": " French troops occupy Damascus and depose Faisal I of Syria as king.ref name=quotFrench occupation of Syriaquot{{cite book|title=World War I|last=Carlisle|first=Rodney|year=2007|page=291|publisher=Facts on File|isbn=0-8160-6061-4}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/07/26", "description": " Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa takes over Sabina and contacts de la Huerta to offer his conditional surrender. He signs his surrender on July 28.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/07/29", "description": " The United States Bureau of Reclamation begins construction of the Link River Dam as part of the Klamath Reclamation Project.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/07/30", "description": "August 8 ampndash 1st World Scout Jamboree held at Olympia, London.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pinetreeweb.com\/1920-jamboree.htm|title=1st\">http:\/\/www.pinetreeweb.com\/1920-jamboree.htm|title=1st<\/a> World Jamboree|work=The Pine Tree Web|year=1998|accessdate=2011-02-23}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/07/30", "description": "Irish-born Australian Catholic Bishop Daniel Mannix is detained onboard ship off Queenstown and prevented from landing in Ireland or from speaking in the main Irish Catholic communities elsewhere in the United Kingdom.ampamp{{cite web|first=Patrick|last=O'Farrell|title=Mannix, Daniel (1864\u20131963)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/55446|accessdate=2011-11-11|doi=10.1093\/ref:odnb\/55446}}\">http:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/55446|accessdate=2011-11-11|doi=10.1093\/ref:odnb\/55446}}<\/a> {{ODNBsub}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/07/30", "description": "France prohibits the sale or prescription of contraceptives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/08/02", "description": " Irish War of Independence: The British Parliament passes a bill to restore order in Ireland, suspending jury trials.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/08/03", "description": " Irish War of Independence: Catholics riot in Belfast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/08/10", "description": " Ottoman Sultan Mehmed VI's representatives sign the Treaty of S\u00e8vres.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/08/11", "description": " Bolshevik Russia recognizes independent Latvia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/08/13", "description": " August 25 ampndash Polish\u2013Soviet War: The Red Army is defeated in the Battle of Warsaw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/08/15", "description": " Irish War of Independence: The town hall of Templemore, Ireland, is burned down during the riots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/08/19", "description": "August 25 ampndash Second Silesian Uprising: The Poles in Upper Silesia rise up against the Germans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/08/20", "description": " The first commercial radio station in the United States, 8MK (WWJ), begins operations in Detroit, Michigan. It is owned by the Detroit News, the first U.S. radio station owned by a newspaper.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/08/26", "description": " The Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed, guaranteeing women's suffrage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/09/04", "description": " ''El Tercio de Extranjeros'', the quotRegiment of Foreignersquot (modern-day Spanish Legion) - which was formed by the Royal decree of King Alfonso XIII on January 28, 1920 - is inaugurated in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/09/05", "description": " Presidential elections begin in Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/09/08", "description": " Gabriele d'Annunzio proclaims the Italian Regency of Carnaro in the city of Fiume.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/09/16", "description": " The Wall Street bombing: A bomb in a horse wagon explodes in front of the J. P. Morgan building in New York City, killing 38 and injuring 400.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/09/17", "description": " The National Football League was founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/09/20", "description": " The first soldier joins the Spanish Legion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/09/21", "description": " Communist Party of Uruguay is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/09/22", "description": " The Flying Squad is formed in the London Metropolitan Police.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/09/27", "description": " Polish\u2013Soviet War: Bolshevist Russia sues for peace with Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/09/27", "description": "The first domestic radio sets come to stores in the United States a Westinghouse radio costs $10.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/09/27", "description": "Adolf Hitler makes his first public political speech, in Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/10/09", "description": " Polish troops take Vilnius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/10/10", "description": " Carinthian Plebiscite: A large part of Carinthia Province votes to become part of Austria rather than Yugoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/10/12", "description": " Polish\u2013Soviet War: After the Polish army captures Tarnopol, Dubno, Minsk, and Dryssa, the ceasefire is enforced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/10/14", "description": " A peace treaty between the Soviet and the Finnish governments is concluded at Tartu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/10/18", "description": " Thousands of unemployed demonstrate in London 50 are injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/10/26", "description": " \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n is announced the elected president of Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/10/27", "description": " The League of Nations moves its headquarters to Geneva, Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/10/27", "description": "United States presidential election, 1920: Republican Warren G. Harding defeats Democrat James M. Cox and Socialist Eugene V. Debs, in the first national U.S. election in which women have the right to vote.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/10/27", "description": "In the United States, KDKA AM of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (owned by Westinghouse) starts broadcasting as a commercial radio station. The first broadcast is the results of the presidential election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/11/11", "description": " The Unknown Warrior is buried in Westminster Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/11/15", "description": " In Geneva, the first assembly of the League of Nations is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/11/16", "description": " Queensland and Northern Territory Aviation Services (''Qantas'') is founded by Hudson Fysh and Paul McGinniss.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/11/17", "description": " The council of the League of Nations accepts the constitution for the Free City of Danzig.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/11/21", "description": " Bloody Sunday: British forces open fire on spectators and players during a football match in Dublin's Croke Park, killing 14 Irish civilians. This follows the assassinations of 12 British agents by the IRA in an earlier attack elsewhere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/11/28", "description": " Kilmichael Ambush: The Third Cork Brigade Flying Column under Tom Barry successfully ambushes 2 lorries of British soldiers at Kilmichael, County Cork,", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/11/28", "description": "The Edmonton Symphony Orchestra holds its first concert in the world, along with Martha Washington.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/12/05", "description": " A referendum in Greece is favorable to the reinstatement of the monarchy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/12/11", "description": " Martial law is declared in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/12/11", "description": "Finland joins the League of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/12/11", "description": "An 8.6 Richter scale Haiyuan earthquake causes a landslide in Gansu Province, China, killing 180,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/12/15", "description": " December 22 ampndash The Brussels Conference establishes a timetable for German war reparations intended to extend for over 42 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/12/22", "description": " The 8th Congress of Soviets of the Russian SFSR adopts the GOELRO plan, the major plan of the economical development of the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/12/23", "description": " The United Kingdom and France ratify the border between French-held Syria and British-held Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/12/25", "description": " The Rosicrucian Fellowship's spiritual healing temple ''The Ecclesia'' is founded at Mount Ecclesia, Oceanside, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1920/12/25", "description": "Hydrocodone, a narcotic analgesic closely related to codeine is first synthesized in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "January 1 ampampndash In American football, the University of California defeats Ohio State 28\u20130 in the Rose Bowl.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "January 2", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "The football club Cruzeiro Esporte Clube from Belo Horizonte is founded as Palestra Italia in Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "The first religious radio broadcast is heard over station KDKA AM in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "The Spanish liner ''Santa Isabel'' sinks off Villa Garcia 244 die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "The DeYoung Museum opens in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "January 20 ampampndash The British K class submarine HMS ''K5'' sinks in the English Channel with the loss of all 56 hands on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "January 21", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "The Italian Communist Party is founded in Livorno.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "Women's suffrage is attained in Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "January 25 ampampndash The Italian battleship ''Leonardo da Vinci'' is righted in Taranto Harbour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "February 12 ampampndash The Democratic Republic of Georgia is invaded by Bolshevist Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "February 21 ampampndash Rez\u0101 Khan and Seyyed Zia'eddin Tabatabaee stage a coup d'\u00e9tat in Iran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "February 25 ampampndash The Red Army enters Georgian capital Tbilisi and installs a Moscow-directed communist government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "February 27 ampampndash The International Working Union of Socialist Parties is formed in Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "February 28 ampampndash Russian sailors rebel in Kronstadt", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "March 1 ampampndash The city of Kiry\u016b, located in Gunma, Japan, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "March 4 ampampndash Warren G. Harding is inaugurated as the 29th President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "March 5 ampampndash Clonbanin Ambush: Irish Republican Army kills Brigadier-General Cumming.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "March 6 ampampndash The Portuguese Communist Party is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "March 8", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "Spanish Premier Eduardo Dato Iradier is assassinated while exiting the parliament building in Madrid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "Allied forces occupy D\u00fcsseldorf, Ruhrort and Duisburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "March 12 ampampndash The ''\u0130stikl\u00e2l Mar\u015f\u0131'' (Independence March), the Turkish National Anthem, is officially adopted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "March 13 ampampndash The Russian White Army captures Mongolia from China.  Roman Ungern von Sternberg declares himself ruler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "March 14 ampampndash Armenian Soghomon Tehlirian assassinates Mehmed Talaat, former Interior Minister of Turkey, in Charlottenburg, Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "March 17", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "The Red Army crushes the Kronstadt rebellion, and a number of sailors flee to Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "Marie Stopes opens the first birth control clinic in London, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "The Second Republic of Poland adopts the March Constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "March 18  ampampndash The second Peace of Riga ends the Polish-Soviet War. A permanent border is established between the Polish and Soviet states.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "March 21", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "New Economic Policy starts in the Soviet Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "Headford Ambush: Irish Republican Army kills at least nine British troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "March 23 ampampndash A plebiscite in Silesia votes for re-annexation to Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "April ampampndash The United States Figure Skating Association is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "April 11 ampampndash The Emirate of Transjordan is created, with Abdullah I as emir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "April 14 ampampndash In Britain, labour unions for mining, railway and transportation workers call for a strike the government threatens to call in the army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "April 20 ampampndash Ferenc Moln\u00e1r's play ''Liliom'' is first produced on Broadway in English.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "April 27 ampampndash The Allies of World War I reparations commission announce that Germany has to pay 132 billion gold marks ($33 trillion) in annual installments of 2.5 billion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "May 1ampampndashMay 7 ampampndash Riots at Jaffa (Mandatory Palestine) result in 47 Jewish and 48 Arab deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "May 2ampampndashJuly 5 ampampndash Third Silesian Uprising: The Poles in Upper Silesia rise against the Germans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "May 3 ampampndash The province of Northern Ireland is created within the United Kingdom", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "May 5 ampampndash Only thirteen spectators attend the soccer match between Leicester City and Stockport County, the lowest attendance in The Football League's history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "May 16  ampampndash The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "May 14ampampndashMay 17 ampampndash Violent anti-European riots occur in Cairo and Alexandria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "May 14ampampndashMay 15 ampampndash Major geomagnetic storm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "May 19 ampampndash The Emergency Quota Act is passed by the U.S. Congress, establishing national quotas on immigration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "May 23  ampampndash In Leipzig the Leipzig War Crimes Trial starts. It will end on July 16.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "May 24 ampampndash Elections are held for the first time for the new Northern Ireland Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "May 26 ampampndash A general strike begins in Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "May 31 ampampndash Tulsa Race Riot: The official death toll is 39, but recent investigations suggest the actual toll may be much higher.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "June 21 ampampndash International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB) established as an agency of the League of Nations continues in this form until April 19, 1946.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "June 28 ampampndash The Constitutional Assembly of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes passes the Vidovdan Constitution, despite a boycott of the vote by the communists, and Croat and Slovene parties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "June 30 ampampndash The death penalty is abolished in Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "July 1", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "The Communist Party of China is officially founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "A coal strike ends in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "July 2 ampampndash U.S. President Warren Harding signs a joint congressional resolution declaring an end to America's state of war with Germany, Austria and Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "July 4 ampampndash A new conservative government is formed in Italy by Ivanoe Bonomi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "July 11", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "The Irish War of Independence comes to an end when a truce is signed between the British Government and Irish forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "The Red Army captures Mongolia from the White Army and establishes the Mongolian People's Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "July 14 ampampndash A Massachusetts jury finds Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti guilty of first degree murder following a widely publicized trial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "July 17 ampampndash The Republic of Mirdita is proclaimed near the Albanian-Serbian border with Yugoslav support.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "July 18 ampampndash The first BCG vaccination against tuberculosis is given.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "July 21 ampampndash Rif War ampampndash Battle of Annual: Spanish troops are dealt a crushing defeat at the hands of Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Karim al-Khattabi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "July 22 ampampndash The Irish Truce is declared in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "July 26 ampampndash U.S. President Warren G. Harding receives Princess Fatima of Afghanistan and Stanley Clifford Weyman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "July 27 ampampndash Researchers at the University of Toronto led by biochemist Frederick Banting announce the discovery of the hormone insulin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "July 29 ampampndash Adolf Hitler becomes F\u00fchrer of the Nazi Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "August ampampndash The United States formally ends World War I, declaring a peace with Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "August 5 ampampndash The first radio baseball game is broadcast Harold Arlin announces the Pirates-Phillies game from Forbes Field over Westinghouse KDKA, in Pittsburgh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "August 11 ampampndash The temperature reaches 39 degrees Celsius in Breslau the heat wave continues elsewhere in Europe as well.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "August 23 ampampndash King Faisal I of Iraq is crowned in Baghdad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "August 24 ampampndash R38 class airship ZR-2 explodes on her fourth test flight near Kingston upon Hull, England, killing 44 of the 49 Anglo-American crew on board.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Driggs|first=Laurence La Tourette|year=1921|month=September 7|title=The Fall of the Airship|journal=The Outlook|volume=129|pages=14\u201315|location=New York|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/?id=sVroBrOJL64Campamppg=PA14|accessdate=2009-07-30}}ampamp\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/?id=sVroBrOJL64Campamppg=PA14|accessdate=2009-07-30}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "August 26", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "Rising prices cause major riots in Munich.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "The assassination of German politician Matthias Erzberger causes the government to declare martial law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "September 1 ampampndash Poplar Strike in London: Nine members of the Poplar borough council are arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "September 7 ampampndash In Atlantic City, New Jersey, the first Miss America Pageant is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "September 8 ampampndash Sixteen-year-old Margaret Gorman wins the Atlantic City Pageant's Golden Mermaid trophy pageant officials later dub her the first Miss America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "September 12 ampampndash The Lotta Sv\u00e4rd women's paramilitary auxiliary is founded in Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "September 21 ampampndash The Oppau explosion occurs at BASF's nitrate factory in Oppau, Germany 500\u2014600 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "October 5  ampampndash The first radio broadcast of a World Series baseball game was aired by Newark, NJ station WJZ Pittsburgh, PA station KDKA, and a group of other commercial and amateur stations throughout the eastern United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "October 8  ampampndash The first Sweetest Day is staged in Cleveland, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "October 10 ampampndash Teaching at the University of Szeged starts in Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "October 19 ampampndash A massacre in Lisbon claims the lives of Portuguese Prime-Minister Ant\u00f3nio Granjo and other politicians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "October 21 ampampndash A peace conference between Ireland and the United Kingdom begins in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "October 24 ampampndash The Spanish Army defeats the rifkabyls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "October 29", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "Construction of the Link River Dam, a part of the Klamath Reclamation Project, is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "Centre College's football team, led by quarterback Bo McMillin, defeats Harvard University 6\u20130 to break Harvard's five-year winning streak. For decades afterward, this is called ampquotfootball's upset of the century.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "November 9", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "Riots in Reykjav\u00edk injure most of the small police force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "Albert Einstein is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work with the photoelectric effect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "The Partito Nazionale Fascista (PNF), National Fascist Party, is founded in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "November 11 ampampndash During an Armistice Day ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery, the Tomb of the Unknowns is dedicated by U.S. President Warren G. Harding.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "November 14  ampampndash The Spanish Communist Party is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "Hyperinflation is still rampant in Germany, where 263 marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar - more than 20 times greater than the 12 marks needed in April 1919.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyhome.co.uk\/europe\/weimar.htmampamp\">http:\/\/www.historyhome.co.uk\/europe\/weimar.htmampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "category2": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "December 1 ampampndash Rising prices cause riots in Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "December 6", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "The Anglo-Irish Treaty establishing the Irish Free State, an independent nation incorporating 26 of Ireland's 32 counties, is signed in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "Agnes Macphail becomes the first woman to be elected to the Canadian Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "December 13 ampampndash In the Four Power Treaty on Insular Possessions, Japan, the United States, United Kingdom, and France agree to recognize the status quo in the Pacific.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "December 23 ampampndash Visva-Bharati University is inaugurated in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "December 29 ampampndash William Lyon Mackenzie King becomes Canada's tenth prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "Abkhazia becomes an autonomous republic within the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "Russian famine: 5 million die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "Regular radio broadcasting services begin in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "Edward Harper, the 'father of broadcasting' in Ceylon, arrives in Colombo to take up his post as Chief Engineer of the Ceylon Telegraph Department.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "The vibraphone in its original form is invented.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "The Sauerl\u00e4nder Heimatbund is founded in Meschede, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "Jewish immigration to Palestine grows rapidly. Before Jews preferred the USA but the USA drastically limited immigration from Eastern Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "E.W. Scripps founds ''Science Service'', later renamed Society for Science ampamp the Public, with the goal of keeping the public informed of scientific achievements.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1921", "description": "Weimar Republic makes its first payment of reparations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/01/07", "description": " D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann, the parliament of the Irish Republic, ratifies the Anglo-Irish Treaty by 64\u201357 votes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/01/08", "description": " The Social Democratic Youth League of Norway is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/01/10", "description": " Arthur Griffith is elected President of D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/01/11", "description": " The first successful insulin treatment of diabetes is made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/01/12", "description": " The British government releases the remaining Irish prisoners captured in the War of Independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/01/13", "description": " The flu epidemic has claimed 804 victims in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/01/15", "description": " Michael Collins becomes Chairman of the Irish Provisional Government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/01/24", "description": " Christian K. Nelson patents the ''Eskimo Pie''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/01/26", "description": " Italian forces occupy Misrata in Libya. The reconquest of Libya begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/01/29", "description": " The union of Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador is dissolved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/01/29", "description": "February ampampndash ''Ring Magazine'' is first published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/02/02", "description": " ''Ulysses'', by James Joyce, is published in Paris on his 40th birthday by Sylvia Beach.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/02/05", "description": " DeWitt and Lila Wallace publish the first issue of ''Reader's Digest''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/02/05", "description": "Pope Pius XI (Achille Ratti) succeeds Pope Benedict XV as the 259th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/02/05", "description": "Five Power Naval Disarmament Treaty signed between United States, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/02/05", "description": "President of the United States Warren G. Harding introduces the first radio in the White House.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/02/05", "description": "In the Soviet Russia, the Cheka becomes the GPU, a section of the NKVD.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/02/05", "description": "Finnish Minister of the Interior Heikki Ritavuori is assassinated by Ernst Tandefelt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/02/05", "description": "Baragoola, last of the Binngarra style Manly ferries, is launched at Balmain", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/02/15", "description": " Inaugural session of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/02/22", "description": " Following intense nationalist agitation after World War I, Great Britain proclaims Egypt formally independent but continues to occupy the country militarily and control its politics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/02/25", "description": " Murderer Henri D\u00e9sir\u00e9 Landru is beheaded by the guillotine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/02/27", "description": "  A challenge to the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, allowing women the right to vote, is rebuffed by the Supreme Court of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/02/28", "description": " The United Kingdom ends its protectorate over Egypt through a Unilateral Declaration of Independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/02/28", "description": "An ice mass breaks the Oder Dam in Breslau.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/02/28", "description": "The British Civil Aviation Authority is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/03/04", "description": " The movie Nosferatu was released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/03/11", "description": " Mohandas Gandhi is arrested in Bombay for sedition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/03/13", "description": " Prince of Wales Edward inaugurates the ''Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College'' in Dehradun, India, marking a capitulation of the British Empire to growing pressure for the Indianization of the Officer Cadre of the British Indian Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/03/15", "description": " Egypt having gained nominal independence from the United Kingdom, Fuad I becomes King of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/03/18", "description": " In India, Mohandas Gandhi is sentenced to 6 years in prison for sedition (he serves only 2 years).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/03/20", "description": " The USS ''Langley'' is commissioned as the first United States Navy aircraft carrier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/03/22", "description": " Radio station WLW in Cincinnati, Ohio begins broadcasting.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.enquirer.com\/editions\/2002\/03\/17\/tem_wlw_700_turns_80.html\">http:\/\/www.enquirer.com\/editions\/2002\/03\/17\/tem_wlw_700_turns_80.html<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/03/23", "description": " Queensland, Australia abolishes the Legislative Council (Upper House).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/04/03", "description": " Joseph Stalin is appointed General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/04/03", "description": "Teapot Dome scandal: The United States Secretary of the Interior leases Teapot Dome oil reserves in Wyoming.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/04/03", "description": "The first midair collision occurs, between a Daimler Airway de Havilland DH.18 and a Compagnie des Grands Express A\u00e9riens Farman Goliath over Poix-de-Picardie, Amiens, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/04/10", "description": " The historic Genoa Conference commences in Genoa. The representatives of 34 countries convene to speak about monetary economics in the wake of World War I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/04/13", "description": " The State of Massachusetts opens all public offices to women.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/04/15", "description": " The United Kingdom's Prince of Wales visits the Japanese paramilitary youth group ''Seinendan'' in annexed Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/04/16", "description": " The Treaty of Rapallo marks a rapprochement between the Weimar Republic and Bolshevik Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/04/22", "description": " The Lambda Chapter of the Joe Whelan Sorority, Incorporated (the first chapter of a black sorority in New York State) is chartered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/05/05", "description": " In The Bronx, construction begins on Yankee Stadium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/05/11", "description": " Radio station KGU begins broadcasting in Hawaii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/05/12", "description": " A 20-ton meteorite lands near Blackstone, Virginia, USA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/05/18", "description": " Sergei Diaghilev, James Joyce, Pablo Picasso, Marcel Proust and Igor Stravinsky dine together in Paris, at the Majestic hotel, their only joint meeting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/05/19", "description": " The All-Russian Young Pioneer Organisation is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/05/29", "description": " British Liberal MP Horatio Bottomley is jailed for seven years for fraud.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/05/30", "description": " In Washington, D.C., the Lincoln Memorial is dedicated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/05/30", "description": "The Royal Ulster Constabulary is officially founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/05/30", "description": "Bolshevik forces defeat Basmachi troops under Enver Pasha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/06/11", "description": " U.S. premi\u00e8re of Robert J. Flaherty's ''Nanook of the North'', the first commercially successful feature length documentary film.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/06/14", "description": " U.S. President Warren G. Harding makes his first speech on the radio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/06/22", "description": " Irish Republican Army agents assassinate British field marshal Henry Hughes Wilson in Belgravia the assassins are sentenced to death July 18.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/06/24", "description": " Weimar Republic foreign minister Walter Rathenau is assassinated the murderers are captured July 17.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/06/26", "description": " Louis Honor\u00e9 Charles Antoine Grimaldi becomes Reigning Prince Louis II of Monaco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/06/28", "description": " The Irish Civil War begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/07/11", "description": " The Hollywood Bowl opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/07/20", "description": " The German protectorate of Togoland is divided into the League of Nations mandates of French Togoland and British Togoland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/07/20", "description": "Undated ampampndash Hyperinflation in Germany means that 563 marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar - almost double the 263 needed eight months ago and dwarfing the mere 12 needed in April 1929 and even the 47 needed in December of that year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/08/02", "description": " A typhoon hits Shantou, China, killing more than 50,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/08/22", "description": " General Michael Collins is assassinated in West Cork.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/08/22", "description": "Morocco revolts against the Spanish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/08/22", "description": "The Turkish large-scale attack opened against Greek forces in Afyon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/08/28", "description": " Japan agrees to withdraw its troops from Siberia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/08/28", "description": "Hyperinflation in Germany has seen the value of the Papiermark against the dollar rise to 1,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "category2": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/09/09", "description": " Turkish forces pursuing withdrawing Greek troops enter \u0130zmir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/09/09", "description": "''The Sun News-Pictorial'', a predecessor of the Melbourne, Australia ''Herald Sun'', is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/09/09", "description": "The Mandate of Palestine is approved by the Council of the League of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/09/09", "description": "The Gdynia Seaport Construction Act is passed by the Polish Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/09/09", "description": "The highest temperature in recorded history is taken in at 136.4 degrees F (58 degrees C), in El Aziziyah, Libya in the shade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/09/13", "description": " 15 ampndash Fire, probably started by Greek troops, destroys most of Smyrna", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/09/17", "description": " Dutch cyclist Piet Moeskops becomes World Champion Sprinter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/09/18", "description": " Hungary joins the League of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/09/29", "description": " ''Drums in the Night'' (''Trommeln in der Nacht'') becomes the first play by Bertolt Brecht to be staged, at the Munich Kammerspiele.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/10/01", "description": " G.I. Gurdjieff opens his Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man at Fontainebleau in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/10/09", "description": " Sir William Horwood, London Metropolitan Police Service commissioner, is poisoned by arsenic-filled chocolates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/10/18", "description": " The British Broadcasting Company is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/10/23", "description": " The German army occupies Saxony and crushes the Soviet Republic of Saxony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/10/25", "description": " The Third D\u00e1il enacts the Constitution of the Irish Free State.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/10/25", "description": "In Italy, with the March on Rome, Fascism obtains power and Benito Mussolini becomes prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/10/25", "description": "The Red Army occupies Vladivostok.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/10/30", "description": " Benito Mussolini becomes the youngest Premier in the history of Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/10/30", "description": "3,000 German marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar - triple the figure three months ago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "category2": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/10/30", "description": "The Ottoman Empire is abolished and its last sultan Mehmed VI Vahdettin abdicates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/10/30", "description": "A broadcasting licence fee of 10 shillings is introduced in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/11/04", "description": " In Egypt, British archaeologist Howard Carter and his men find the entrance to Pharaoh Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/11/12", "description": " Sigma Gamma Rho (\u03a3\u0393\u03a1) Sorority, Incorporated is founded by 7 educators in Indianapolis, Indiana. The group becomes an incorporated national collegiate sorority on December 30, 1929, when a charter is granted to the Alpha Chapter at Butler University in Indianapolis, Indiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/11/14", "description": " The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) begins radio service in the United Kingdom. 2LO becomes the first radio station in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/11/15", "description": " In the United Kingdom general election forced by the Conservatives' withdrawal from the coalition government, the Conservative Party wins an overall majority. (The 1922 Committee, popularly believed to take its name from this occasion, is not founded until the following year.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/11/17", "description": " Former Ottoman sultan Mehmed VI leaves for exile in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/11/19", "description": " Abdul Mejid II, Crown Prince of the Ottoman Empire, is elected Caliph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/11/21", "description": " Rebecca Felton of Georgia takes the oath of office, becoming the first woman United States Senator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/11/24", "description": " Popular author and Irish Republican Army member Robert Erskine Childers is executed by an Irish Free State firing squad for illegally carrying a revolver.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/11/26", "description": " Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon become the first people to enter the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun in over 3,000 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/05", "description": " The British Parliament enacts the Irish Free State Constitution Act, by which it legally sanctions the new Constitution of the Irish Free State.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/06", "description": " The Irish Free State officially comes into existence. George V becomes the Free State's monarch. Tim Healy is appointed first Governor-General of the Irish Free State and W. T. Cosgrave becomes President of the Executive Council.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/11", "description": " End of the trial of Frederick Bywaters and Edith Thompson at the Old Bailey. Both found guilty and sentenced to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/16", "description": " Gabriel Narutowicz, president of Poland, is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/30", "description": " Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, and the Transcaucasia come together to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/30", "description": "The year ends with hyperinflation showing no sign of slowing down in Germany, with 7,000 marks now needed to buy a single American dollar.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyhome.co.uk\/europe\/weimar.htm\">http:\/\/www.historyhome.co.uk\/europe\/weimar.htm<\/a> |title=Weimar Germany 1919-1933 |publisher=Historyhome.co.uk |date=2011-01-05 |accessdate=2012-02-28}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "category2": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/30", "description": "Earl W. Bascom, rodeo cowboy and artist, designs and makes rodeo's first hornless bronc saddle at Lethbridge, Alberta Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/30", "description": "Inter-Parliamentary Union", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/30", "description": "''Vegemite'' is invented by Australian Fred Walker.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/30", "description": "''Kurd Istigdul Djemijetin'', the Kurdish Independence Committee, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/30", "description": "The Molly Pitcher Club is formed to promote the repeal of prohibition in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/30", "description": "Thompson Webb founds the Webb School for Boys.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/30", "description": "The Barbary Lion becomes extinct in the wild, with the last killed in Morocco, in the area of the Zelan and Beni Mguild Forests.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.uwsp.edu\/geo\/faculty\/heywood\/geog358\/extinctm\/BarbLion.htm\">http:\/\/www.uwsp.edu\/geo\/faculty\/heywood\/geog358\/extinctm\/BarbLion.htm<\/a> |title=Extinction: Barbary Lion UWSP GEOG358 Heywoodampamp#93 |publisher=Uwsp.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-02-28}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/30", "description": "The Amur Tiger becomes extinct in South Korea.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.koreanhistoryproject.org\/savethetiger.htm\">http:\/\/www.koreanhistoryproject.org\/savethetiger.htm<\/a> |title=Save the Tiger |publisher=Koreanhistoryproject.org |date= |accessdate=2012-02-28}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/30", "description": "The California grizzly bear becomes extinct.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/30", "description": "Japan signs a naval arms limitation treaty with the Western powers and returns some of its control over the Shandong Peninsula to China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/30", "description": "Wracked by rapid inflation and political assassinations and motivated by hostility and arrogance as well, the Weimar Republic announces its inability to pay more and proposes a moratorium on reparations for 3 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/30", "description": "Bronis\u0142aw Malinowski's influential ethnological text ''Argonauts of the Western Pacific'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/30", "description": "Following the annexation of former German colonies after the First World War, the British Empire reaches its height and largest extent, covering a quarter of the world and ruling over one in four humans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1922/12/30", "description": "Sometime in October the Russian Civil War ends with the colonies remaining part of Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/01/01", "description": " The Grouping: All major British railway companies are grouped into four larger companies, under terms of the Railways Act 1921.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/01/01", "description": "January 7 ampndash Rosewood massacre, a violent, racially motivated conflict in Florida. At least eight people are killed, and the town of Rosewood is abandoned and destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/01/09", "description": " Lithuania begins the Klaip\u0117da Revolt to annex the Klaip\u0117da Region (Memel Territory).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/01/10", "description": " Poland annexes the Republic of Central Lithuania", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/01/11", "description": " Despite strong British protests, troops from France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area to force Germany to pay its reparation payments.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/01/17", "description": " Juan de la Cierva invents the autogyro, a rotary-winged aircraft with an unpowered rotor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/01/18", "description": " Elon College's campus in North Carolina is destroyed by a fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/01/18", "description": "''Undated'' ampampndash Hyperinflation in Germany means that 17,000 marks are now needed to buy an American dollar - well over double the amount needed at the end of the previous year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/02/09", "description": " Billy Hughes resigns as Prime Minister of Australia, after the Country Party refuses to govern in coalition with him as the leader of the Nationalist Party. Hughes is succeeded by his Treasurer, Stanley Bruce.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/02/23", "description": " Albert Einstein visits Barcelona, Spain, at the invitation of scientist Esteban Terradas i Illa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/02/23", "description": "March ampampndash ''Antigone'' by Jean Cocteau appears on a Paris stage (settings by Pablo Picasso, music by Arthur Honegger, and costumes by Gabrielle Chanel).  Antonin Artaud plays the part of Tiresias.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/02/23", "description": "The ''USS Connecticut'' is decommissioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/02/23", "description": "Greece adopts the Gregorian calendar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/03/02", "description": " ''Time'' Magazine hits newsstands in the United States for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/03/09", "description": " Vladimir Lenin suffers his third stroke, which renders him bedridden and unable to speak consequently he retires his position as Chairman of the Soviet government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/03/22", "description": " Hockey Night in Canada is first broadcast on the Toronto Star's private station CFCA, making the first hockey broadcast ever.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/03/28", "description": " ''Regia Aeronautica'', the air force of Fascist Italy, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/04/06", "description": " The first Prefects Board in Southeast Asia is formed in Victoria Institution, Malaysia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/04/12", "description": " The ''Kandersteg International Scout Centre'' comes into existence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/04/18", "description": " Yankee Stadium opens its doors in the Bronx, NY", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/04/23", "description": " The Gdynia seaport is inaugurated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/04/26", "description": " The Prince Albert, Duke of York (later George VI, King of the United Kingdom) marries Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother) in Westminster Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/05/01", "description": " Rahula College is established in Ceylon with the name of quotParakramabhahu Vidyalayaquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/05/01", "description": "Southeastern Michigan receives a record {{convert|6|in|cm}} of snow after temperatures plummeted from 62 to 34 degrees between 1 and 6 pm on the previous day.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.crh.noaa.gov\/dtx\/talesmay.php\">http:\/\/www.crh.noaa.gov\/dtx\/talesmay.php<\/a> National Weather Serviceampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/05/01", "description": "The premiere of Bertolt Brecht's play ''In the Jungle (Im Dickicht)'' at the Residenztheater in Munich is interrupted by Nazi demonstrators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/05/23", "description": " Belgium's ''SABENA'' Airlines is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/05/24", "description": " The Irish Civil War ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/05/26", "description": " The first 24 Hours of Le Mans motor race is held, and is won by Andr\u00e9 Lagache and Ren\u00e9 L\u00e9onard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/05/27", "description": " The Ku Klux Klan in the United States defies a law requiring publication of its members.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/06/09", "description": " A military coup in Bulgaria ousts prime minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski (he is killed June 14).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/06/12", "description": " William Walton's Fa\u00e7ade was performed for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/06/13", "description": " President Li of China abandons his residence because a warlord has commanded forces to surround the mansion and cut off its water and electric supplies, in order to force him to abandon his post.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/06/16", "description": " The storming of Ayan in Siberia concludes the Yakut Revolt and the Russian Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/06/18", "description": " Mount Etna erupts in Italy, making 60,000 homeless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/06/25", "description": " Rapid Bucure\u015fti is formed on the initiative of the Grivi\u0163a railroad workers (first named CFR Bucure\u015fti).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/07/10", "description": " Large hailstones kill 23 in Rostov, Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/07/13", "description": " The Hollywood Sign is inaugurated in California (originally reading ''Hollywoodland'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/07/19", "description": "20 ampndash Pancho Villa is assassinated at Hidalgo del Parral, Chihuahua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/07/24", "description": " The Treaty of Lausanne, settling the boundaries of the modern Republic of Turkey, is signed in Switzerland by Greece, Bulgaria and other countries that fought in the First World War, bringing an end to the Ottoman Empire after 624 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/07/24", "description": "''Undated'' ampampndash Hyperinflation in Germany has seen the number of marks needed to purchase a single American dollar reach 353,000 - more than 200 times the amount needed at the start of the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/08/02", "description": " U.S. President Warren G. Harding, dies of a heart attack and is succeeded by Vice President Calvin Coolidge as President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/08/02", "description": "The first major seagoing ship arrives at Gdynia, the newly constructed Polish seaport.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/08/02", "description": "Gustav Stresemann is named Chancellor of Germany and founds a coalition government for the Weimar Republic, where hyperinflation means that more than 4,600,000 marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/08/30", "description": " Hurricane season begins, with a tropical storm northeast of Turks and Caicos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/09/01", "description": " The Great Kant\u014d earthquake devastates Tokyo and Yokohama, killing  an estimated 142,807 people, but according to a Japanese construction research center report in 2005, 105,000 are confirmed dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/09/04", "description": " In Lakehurst, New Jersey, the first American airship, the USS ''Shenandoah'', takes to the sky for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/09/06", "description": " The Italian navy occupies Corfu in retaliation for the murder of an Italian officer. The League of Nations protests and they leave on September 29.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/09/07", "description": " International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC) created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/09/08", "description": " Honda Point Disaster: Seven U.S. Navy destroyers run aground off the California coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/09/09", "description": " Turkish head of state Atat\u00fcrk founds the CHP.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/09/10", "description": " Ireland joins the League of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/09/13", "description": " Military coup in Spain: Miguel Primo de Rivera takes over, setting up a dictatorship.  Trade unions are banned for 10 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/09/17", "description": " A major fire in Berkeley, California erupts, consuming some 640 structures, including 584 homes in the densely built neighborhoods north of the campus of the University of California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/09/18", "description": " September 26 ampndash Newspaper printers strike in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/09/24", "description": " Second hurricane of the season, a major hurricane north of Hispaniola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/09/26", "description": " In Bavaria, Gustav Ritter von Kahr declares independence from Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/09/30", "description": " Outside Berlin, Major Ernst von Buchrucker, the leader of the Black Reichswehr attempts a ''putsch'' by seizing several forts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/10/02", "description": " After two days of siege, Major Buckrucker and his men surrender.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/10/06", "description": " The great powers of World War I withdraw from Istanbul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/10/06", "description": "Ankara replaces Constantinople as the capital of Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/10/06", "description": "The third hurricane of the season, the first recorded example of a storm crossing from the Eastern Pacific basin into the Atlantic basin, occurred in Oaxaca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/10/14", "description": " Fourth tropical storm of the year, formed just north of Panama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/10/15", "description": " Fifth tropical storm of the year, formed north of the Leeward Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/10/15", "description": "The sixth tropical storm developed in the Gulf of Mexico.  It was a rare occurrence, it consisted of four active tropical storms simultaneously.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/10/15", "description": "Roy and Walt Disney found The Walt Disney Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/10/23", "description": " In Germany, the Communists attempt a ''putsch'' in Hamburg. Street fighting in Hamburg for the next two days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/10/25", "description": " The ''putsch'' in Hamburg ends in failure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/10/26", "description": " In Persia, Reza Khan becomes Ahmad Shah Qajar's prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/10/27", "description": " In Germany, General Hans von Seeckt orders the ''Reichswehr'' to dissolve the Social Democratic-Communist government of Saxony, which was refusing to accept the authority of the ''Reich'' government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/10/27", "description": "Turkey becomes a republic following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. Kemal Atat\u00fcrk is elected as the president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/10/27", "description": "After two days of fighting, the ''Reichswehr'' take control of Saxony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/10/30", "description": " \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc is appointed as the first prime minister of Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/11/01", "description": " The Finnish flag carrier Finnair airline is started in Aero Oy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/11/08", "description": " Beer Hall Putsch: In Munich, Adolf Hitler leads the Nazis in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government police and troops crush the attempt the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/11/12", "description": " Her Highness Princess Maud of Fife marries Captain Charles Alexander Carnegie in Wellington Barracks, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/11/15", "description": " Inflation in the Weimar Republic: Hyperinflation in Germany reaches its height. One United States dollar is worth 4,200,000,000,000 Papiermark{{cite web|first=Stephen|last=Tonge|title=Weimar Germany 1919-1933|work=A Web of English History|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyhome.co.uk\/europe\/weimar.htm|accessdate=2012-03-14}}\">http:\/\/www.historyhome.co.uk\/europe\/weimar.htm|accessdate=2012-03-14}}<\/a> (4.2 trillion on the short scale). Gustav Stresemann abolishes the old currency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/11/23", "description": " Gustav Stresemann's coalition government collapses in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/12/12", "description": " In Italy, the Po River dam bursts, killing 600.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/12/20", "description": " BEGGARS Fraternity (the first social fraternity at a Jesuit college in the United States) is founded by nine men, who secured permission to do so from the Pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/12/27", "description": " The crown prince of Japan survives an assassination attempt in Tokyo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/12/29", "description": " Vladimir K. Zworykin files his first patent (in the United States) for quottelevision systemsquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/12/29", "description": "At the International Police Conference in Vienna, the International Criminal Police (Interpol) is set up.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/12/29", "description": "The Hoda Cha'arawi Association (formerly The Egyptian Feminist Union) is established in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/12/29", "description": "Police strike in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/12/29", "description": "The American Law Institute is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/12/29", "description": "The Moderation League of New York becomes part of the movement for the repeal of prohibition in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/12/29", "description": "Marcel Duchamp's artwork ''The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even'' (''La mari\u00e9e mise \u00e0 nu par ses c\u00e9libataires, m\u00eame'' or ''The Large Glass'') is completed in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/12/29", "description": "Rainbow trout introduced into the upper Firehole River in Yellowstone National Park, US.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1923/12/29", "description": "Struggling for a foothold in southern China, Sun Yatsen decides to ally his Nationalist party or Guomindang (Kuomintang) with the Communist Third International and Chinese Communist Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/01/10", "description": " The British submarine ''L-24'' sinks in the English Channel 43 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/01/12", "description": " Gopinath Saha shoots a man he erroneously thinks is the police commissioner of Calcutta (Charles Augustus Tegart) he is arrested soon after.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/01/21", "description": " Following the death of Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin immediately begins to purge his rivals to clear the way for his leadership.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/01/22", "description": " Ramsay MacDonald becomes the first Labour Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/01/23", "description": " The Soviet Union officially declares that Lenin died January 21.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/01/25", "description": " The 1924 Winter Olympics open in Chamonix, France (in the French Alps).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/01/26", "description": " Petrograd (Saint Petersburg) is renamed Leningrad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/01/27", "description": " Lenin is buried in Lenin Mausoleum in Moscow's Red Square.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/02/01", "description": "The United Kingdom recognizes the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/02/05", "description": "GMT: A radio time signal is broadcast for the first time from the Royal Greenwich Observatory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/02/07", "description": "Death penalty: The first state execution using gas in the United States takes place in Nevada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/02/12", "description": "''Rhapsody in Blue'', by George Gershwin, is first performed in New York City at Aeolian Hall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/02/14", "description": "''IBM'' is founded in New York State.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/02/16", "description": "February 26 ampndash Dock strikes break out in various U.S. harbors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/02/22", "description": "Calvin Coolidge becomes the first President of the United States to deliver a radio broadcast from the White House.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/03/03", "description": " The 1,400-year-old Islamic caliphate is abolished when Caliph Abdul Mejid II of the Ottoman Empire is deposed.  The last remnant of the old regime gives way to the reformed Turkey of President Kemal Atat\u00fcrk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/03/06", "description": " \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc forms a new government in Turkey. (2nd government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/03/08", "description": " The Castle Gate mine disaster kills 172 coal miners in Utah, United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/03/09", "description": " Italy annexes Fiume.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/03/25", "description": " Greece proclaims itself a republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/03/29", "description": " The Third Ministry of Raymond Poincar\u00e9 starts in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/03/29", "description": "Adolf Hitler is sentenced to 5 years in jail for his participation in the Beer Hall Putsch (he serves only 8 months).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/03/29", "description": "The first revenue flight for Belgium's ''SABENA Airlines'' takes place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/04/06", "description": " Fascists win the elections in Italy with  a \u2154 majority.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/04/06", "description": "A referendum in Greece favors the formation of the Second Hellenic Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/04/06", "description": "The ''A.E.K.'' is founded in Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/04/16", "description": " American media company ''Metro Goldwyn Mayer'' (''MGM'') is founded in Los Angeles, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/04/23", "description": "British Empire Exhibition opens. It was the largest colonial exhibition with 58 countries of the empire dramatically represented.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/04/26", "description": " Harry Grindell Matthews demonstrates his quotdeath rayquot in London but fails to convince the British War Office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/04/27", "description": " A group of Alawites kill some Christian nuns in Syria French troops march against them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/04/28", "description": " An explosion in the mine of the Wheeling Steel Corporation in Benwood, West Virginia kills 119 men.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/05/03", "description": " The Aleph Zadik Aleph, the oldest Jewish youth fraternity, is founded in Omaha, Nebraska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/05/04", "description": " The 1924 Summer Olympics opening ceremonies are held in Paris, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/05/10", "description": " J. Edgar Hoover is appointed head of the Bureau of Investigation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/05/11", "description": " ''Mercedes-Benz'' is formed by the merging companies owned by Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/05/21", "description": " University of Chicago students Richard Loeb and Nathan Leopold, Jr. murder 14-year-old Bobby Franks in a thrill killing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/05/24", "description": " The Immigration Act of 1924 was signed into law in the United States, including the Asian Exclusion Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/06/01", "description": " Harry Grindell Matthews returns from Paris to London he tries to use a ''Path\u00e9'' film to demonstrate that his death ray works.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/06/02", "description": " U.S. President Calvin Coolidge signs the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 into law, granting citizenship to all Native Americans born within the territorial limits of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/06/05", "description": " Ernst Alexanderson sends the first facsimile across the Atlantic Ocean (to his father in Sweden).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/06/08", "description": " George Mallory and Andrew Irvine are last seen quotgoing strong for the topquot of Mount Everest by teammate Noel Odell at 12:50ampnbspP.M. The two mountaineers are never seen alive again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/06/10", "description": " Fascists kidnap and kill Italian socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/06/12", "description": " Rondout Heist: Six men of the Egan's Rats gang rob a mail train in Rondout, Illinois the robbery is later found to have been an inside job.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/06/13", "description": " In Hungary, a most devastating tornado called quotWildkansasquot struck, and left a 500-1500m wide and 70ampnbspkm long path of destruction, landed at Bia, and after 3 hours it ended near V\u00e1c, destroyed a village called P\u00e1ty completely, and left many people homless, killed 9 people, and 50 people got wounded. This was one of the strongest tornadoes ever not only in Hungary but in Europe also. It was estimated to be an F4.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/06/16", "description": " Whampoa Military Academy is founded in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/06/23", "description": " American airman Russell Maughan flies from New York to San Francisco in 21 hours and 48ampnbspminutes on a dawn-to-dusk flight in a Curtiss pursuit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/06/28", "description": " A tornado touches down in Lorain, Ohio and kills 78 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/07/17", "description": " Voting in federal elections becomes compulsory in Australia, after a private member's bill proposed by Tasmanian Nationalist senator Herbert Payne results in the passing of the Commonwealth Electoral (Compulsory Voting) Act 1924.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/07/20", "description": " The Soviet sports newspaper ''Sovetskiy Sport'' is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/08/16", "description": " The Dawes Plan is accepted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/08/18", "description": " France begins to withdraw its troops from Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/08/28", "description": " Georgia rises against the Soviet Union in an abortive rebellion, in which several thousands die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/08/28", "description": "The Hanapepe Massacre occurs on Kauai, Hawaii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/08/28", "description": "The 8-hour work day is introduced in Belgium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/09/09", "description": "September 11 ampndash The Kohat riots break out in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/09/28", "description": " U.S. Army pilots John Harding and Erik Nelson complete the first round-the-world flight. It takes them 175 days and 74 stops before they finally returned to Seattle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/10/02", "description": " The Geneva Protocol is adopted by the League of Nations Assembly as a means to strengthen the League, but later fails to be ratified.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/10/10", "description": " The Alpha Delta Gamma Fraternity is founded at the Lake Shore Campus of Loyola University, Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/10/12", "description": "October 15 ampndash Zeppelin LZ-126 makes a transatlantic delivery flight from Friedrichshafen, Germany, to Lakehurst, New Jersey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/10/19", "description": " Abdul Aziz declares himself protector of holy places in Mecca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/10/22", "description": " The Toastmasters Club is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/10/24", "description": " Dixie Dean scores a hat-trick for Tranmere Rovers to become the youngest ever player to score three goals for The Superwhites.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/10/24", "description": "The British Foreign Office publishes the Zinoviev Letter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/10/24", "description": "British authorities in India arrest Subhas Chandra Bose and jail him for the next 2\u00bd years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/10/27", "description": " The Uzbek SSR joins the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/10/27", "description": "Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming is elected as the first woman governor in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/10/27", "description": "U.S. presidential election, 1924: Republican Calvin Coolidge defeats Democrat John W. Davis and Progressive Robert M. LaFollette, Sr.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/11/19", "description": " In Los Angeles, California, famous silent film director Thomas Ince (quotThe Father of the Westernquot) dies, reportedly of a heart attack, in his bed (rumors soon surface that he was shot dead by publishing tycoon William Randolph Hearst).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/11/21", "description": " Ali Fethi Okyar forms new government in Turkey. (3rd government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/11/27", "description": " In New York City the first Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/11/27", "description": "A Soviet-backed communist coup attempt fails in Estonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/11/27", "description": "George Gershwin's ''Lady Be Good'' and ''Fascinating Rhythm'' (book by Guy Bolton and Fred Thompson, lyrics by Ira Gershwin) premiere in New York, NY.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/12/19", "description": " German serial killer Fritz Haarmann is sentenced to death for a series of murders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/12/19", "description": "An air crash at Croydon Air Field in London kills 8.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/12/19", "description": "Albania becomes a republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/12/19", "description": "A flash fire at a Christmas celebration in a one-room schoolhouse in Babbs, Oklahoma kills 36 people, mostly small children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/12/30", "description": " Astronomer Edwin Hubble announces that Andromeda, previously believed to be a nebula, is actually another galaxy, and that the Milky Way is only one of many such galaxies in the universe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/12/30", "description": "International Union of Official Organizations for Tourist Propaganda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/12/30", "description": "The powerful opiate hydromorphone is developed in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/12/30", "description": "Earl W. Bascom, rodeo cowboy and artist, designs and makes rodeo's first one-hand bareback rigging at Stirling, Alberta Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/12/30", "description": "Alice Vanderbilt Morris, a wealthy heiress, founds the International Auxiliary Language Association in New York", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/12/30", "description": "Andr\u00e9 Breton defines surrealism as ampquotpure psychic automatismampquot in the first Surrealist Manifesto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/12/30", "description": "U.S. bootleggers begin to use Thompson submachine guns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/12/30", "description": "The Earth Inductor Compass is invented in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1924/12/30", "description": "In the United States both the Renegade Period and the Apache Wars end which brings the American Indian Wars to a close after 302 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/01/03", "description": " Benito Mussolini (''Il Duce'') announces he is taking dictatorial powers over Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/01/05", "description": " Nellie Tayloe Ross becomes the first female governor (Wyoming) in the United States. Twelve days later, Ma Ferguson becomes first female governor of Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/01/27", "description": "February 1 ampndash The 1925 serum run to Nome (the quotGreat Race of Mercyquot) relays diphtheria antitoxin by dog sled across the U.S. territory of Alaska, to combat an epidemic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/02/15", "description": " The Alice Comedy ''Alice Solves the Puzzle'' is released at 6:54 a.m. by Disney Studios, introducing Bootleg Pete (an early prototype for '''Pegleg Pete''') for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/02/21", "description": " ''The New Yorker'' magazine publishes its first issue.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/02/25", "description": " Art Gillham records for Columbia Records the first Western Electric masters to be commercially released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/02/28", "description": " The 1925 Charlevoix-Kamouraska earthquake strikes northeastern North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/02/28", "description": "\u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc is appointed as the prime minister in Turkey (Turkey's 4th and \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc's 3rd government).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/02/28", "description": "The inauguration of Calvin Coolidge as President of the United States becomes the first to be broadcast on radio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/03/06", "description": " ''Pionerskaya Pravda'', one of the oldest children's newspapers in Europe, is founded in the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/03/15", "description": " The Phi Lambda Chi fraternity (original name quotThe Aztecsquot) is founded on the campus of Arkansas State Teacher's College in Conway, Arkansas (now the University of Central Arkansas).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/03/18", "description": " The Tri-State Tornado, the deadliest in U.S. history, rampages through Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana, killing 695 people and injuring 2,027. It hits the towns of Murphysboro, Illinois Gorham, Illinois Ellington, Missouri and Griffin, Indiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/03/21", "description": " Tennessee Governor Austin Peay signs the Butler Act, prohibiting the teaching of evolution in the state's public schools.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/03/31", "description": " Radio station ''WOWO'' in Ft. Wayne, Indiana begins broadcasting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/03/31", "description": "AprilampampndashOctober ampampndash ''Exposition Internationale des Arts D\u00e9coratifs et Industriels Modernes'' in Paris, giving a name to the Art Deco style.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/03/31", "description": "Frank Heath and his horse ''Gypsy Queen'' leave Washington, D.C. to begin a two-year journey to visit all 48 states.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/03/31", "description": "Patent and Trademark Office transferred to the Department of Commerce.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/04/03", "description": " United Kingdom, South Africa and Australia return to the (bullion) gold standard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/04/10", "description": " F. Scott Fitzgerald publishes ''The Great Gatsby''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/04/15", "description": " Fritz Haarmann, a serial killer convicted of the murder of 24 boys and young men, is beheaded in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/04/16", "description": " The Communist St. Nedelya Church assault claims the lives of 150 and injures 500 in the Bulgarian capital, Sofia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/04/20", "description": " Iranian forces of Rez\u0101 Sh\u0101h occupy Ahwaz, and arrest Sheikh Khaz'al.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/04/20", "description": "Scopes Trial: Dayton, Tennessee, biology teacher John Scopes is arrested for teaching Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/04/20", "description": "The General Election Law is passed in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/05/08", "description": " Tom Lee rescues 32 people from the ''M.E. Norman'', a sinking steamboat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/05/08", "description": "Scopes Trial: John T. Scopes is indicted for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/05/08", "description": "The National Forensic League is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/05/29", "description": " The British explorer Percy Fawcett sends a last telegram to his wife, before he disappears in the Amazon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/06/01", "description": " Percy and Florence Arrowsmith are married. This couple, who celebrated their 80th wedding anniversary June 1, 2005 (Percy aged 105, and wife Florence 100), are acknowledged by the Guinness Book of Records as record-holders for the longest marriage for a living couple and the greatest aggregate age of a married couple.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/06/06", "description": " The Chrysler Corporation is founded by Walter Percy Chrysler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/06/13", "description": " Charles Francis Jenkins achieves the first synchronized transmission of pictures and sound, using 48 lines, and a mechanical system. A 10-minute film of a miniature windmill in motion is sent across 5 miles from Anacostia to Washington, DC. The images are viewed by representatives of the National Bureau of Standards, the U.S. Navy, the Commerce Department, and others. Jenkins calls this quotthe first public demonstration of radiovisionquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/06/13", "description": "The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in Greece is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/06/13", "description": "The Turkish football club G\u00f6ztepe is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/06/29", "description": " Santa Barbara Earthquake of 1925: A 6.8 earthquake destroys downtown Santa Barbara, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/07/09", "description": " In Dublin, Oonagh Keogh becomes the first female member of a stock exchange in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/07/09", "description": "Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, the so-called ampquotMonkey Trialampquot begins with John T. Scopes, a young high school science teacher, accused of teaching evolution in violation of a Tennessee state law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/07/09", "description": "Meher Baba begins his 44 year silence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/07/18", "description": " Adolf Hitler publishes his personal manifesto ''Mein Kampf''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/07/21", "description": " Scopes Trial: In Dayton, Tennessee, high school biology teacher John T. Scopes is found guilty of teaching evolution in class and fined $100.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/07/25", "description": " The Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/08/08", "description": " The Ku Klux Klan demonstrate their popularity by holding a parade in Washington DC as many as 40,000 male and female members of the Klan march down Pennsylvania Avenue. In 1925, an estimated 5,000,000 members belong to the Ku Klux Klan, making it the largest fraternal organization in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/08/14", "description": " The original Hetch Hetchy Moccasin Powerhouse is completed and goes on line.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/08/25", "description": " The French evacuate the Ruhr region of Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/09/03", "description": " The U.S. dirigible ''Shenandoah'' breaks up near Caldwell, Ohio 14 crewmen are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/09/27", "description": " Feast of the Cross according to the Old Calendar A celestial cross appears over Athens, Greece, while the Greek Police pursues a group of Greek Old Calendarists. The phenomenon lasts for half an hour.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.orthodox.net\/articles\/cross-in-athens.html\">http:\/\/www.orthodox.net\/articles\/cross-in-athens.html<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/09/27", "description": "October ampampndash The major money forgery and fraud of Alves Reis is exposed in Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/10/01", "description": " Mount Rushmore is dedicated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/10/02", "description": " London's first enclosed double-decker buses are introduced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/10/05", "description": "16 ampndash Locarno Treaties negotiated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/10/08", "description": " Cubana de Aviaci\u00f3n founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/10/30", "description": " John Logie Baird creates Britain's first television transmitter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/11/06", "description": " Secret agent Sidney Reilly is executed by the OGPU, the secret police of the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/11/24", "description": " The silent film ''Hussar of the Dead'' is released in Santiago de Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/11/26", "description": " Prajadhipok (Rama VII) is crowned as King of Siam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/11/28", "description": " The country-variety show quotWSM Barn Dance,quot later renamed the ''Grand Ole Opry,'' makes its radio debut. It will go on to become the longest-running live music show.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/12/01", "description": " Locarno Treaties are signed in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/12/01", "description": "Reza Shah becomes shah of Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/12/01", "description": "Alpha Phi Omega, a National service fraternity, is founded at Lafayette College.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/12/01", "description": "Colombo Radio launches in Ceylon the station is subsequently known as ''Radio Ceylon''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/12/25", "description": " IG Farben formed by merger of six chemical companies in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/12/26", "description": " The Great Sphinx of Giza is unearthed at the start of a complete excavation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/12/26", "description": "The Australian state of Queensland introduces a 44-hour working week.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/12/26", "description": "New York City becomes the largest city in the world, taking the lead from London.ampamp{{cite web|title=Largest Cities Through History|publisher=About.com|author=<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/mbiopage.htm\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/mbiopage.htm<\/a> Matt Rosenberg|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm|\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htm|<\/a> accessdate= 13 November 2008 amp!--DASHBot--amp}}ampamp{{Verify credibility|date=November 2008}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/12/26", "description": "The Thompson submachine gun sells for $175 in the 1925 Sears, Roebuck and Company mail order catalog.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/12/26", "description": "The National Football League adds 5 teams: the New York Giants, Detroit Panthers, Providence Steam Roller, a new Canton Bulldogs team, and the Pottsville Maroons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/12/26", "description": "First Surrealist exhibition in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/12/26", "description": "In Germany, the Bauhaus moves to a building in Dessau designed by Walter Gropius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/12/26", "description": "Lion Feuchtwanger's novel ''Jud S\u00fc\u00df'' published.ampamp{{cite book|first=Q.D.|last=Leavis|authorlink=Q. D. Leavis|title=Fiction and the Reading Public|edition=rev.|location=London|publisher=Chatto ampamp Windus|year=1965}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/12/26", "description": "The Shueisha Publishing Company is founded in Tokyo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1925/12/26", "description": "The Brisbane City Council, (Brisbane, Australia), is created from the amlgamation of 20 smaller cities, towns and shires.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926", "description": "Flooding in the Rhine River strikes Cologne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926", "description": "Ireland's first regular radio service, 2RN (later ''Radio \u00c9ireann''), begins broadcasting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926", "description": "Turkey switches to the Gregorian calendar after reforms set by Kemal Atat\u00fcrk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/01/03", "description": " Theodoros Pangalos declares himself dictator in Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/01/08", "description": " Abdul-Aziz ibn Saud is crowned King of Hejaz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/01/12", "description": " Freeman Gosden and Charles Correll premiere their radio program ''Sam 'n' Henry'', in which the two white performers portrayed two black characters from Harlem looking to strike it rich in the big city. It is a precursor to Gosden and Correll's more popular later program, ''Amos 'n' Andy''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/01/16", "description": " A ''BBC'' radio play about a worker's revolution causes a panic in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/01/21", "description": " The Belgian Parliament accepts the Locarno treaties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/01/26", "description": " John Logie Baird demonstrates a mechanical television system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/01/29", "description": " Eugene O'Neill's ''The Great God Brown'' opens at the Greenwich Theatre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/01/31", "description": " British and Belgian troops leave Cologne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/02/01", "description": " Land on Broadway and Wall Street in New York City is sold at a record $7 per sq inch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/02/08", "description": " Sean O'Casey's ''Plough and Stars'' opens at Abbey Theater in Dublin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/02/09", "description": " Flooding hits London suburbs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/02/12", "description": " The Irish minister for Justice, Kevin O'Higgins, appoints the Committee on Evil Literature.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/02/20", "description": " Berlin International Green Week in Berlin starts for its first time", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/02/25", "description": " Francisco Franco becomes General of Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/03/06", "description": " The Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon is destroyed by fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/03/16", "description": " Robert Goddard launches the first liquid-fuel rocket, at Auburn, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/03/23", "description": " \u00c9amon de Valera organizes Fianna F\u00e1il in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/04/04", "description": " Greek dictator Theodoros Pangalos is elected president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/04/07", "description": " An assassination attempt against Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/04/12", "description": " By a vote of 45\u201341, the United States Senate unseats Iowa Senator Smith W. Brookhart and seats Daniel F. Steck, after Brookhart had already served for over one year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/04/16", "description": " A train crash in San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica kills 178 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/04/24", "description": " Treaty of Berlin: Germany and the Soviet Union each pledge neutrality in the event of an attack on the other by a third party for the next five years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/04/25", "description": " Reza Khan is crowned Shah of Iran under the name quotPahleviquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/04/30", "description": " African-American pilot Bessie Coleman is killed after falling {{convert|500|ft|m}} from an airplane.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/05/03", "description": " the coal miners are locked-out in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/05/04", "description": " The British General Strike begins at Midnight in support of the coal strike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/05/04", "description": "Martial law is declared in Britain because of the general strike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/05/04", "description": "The French navy bombards Damascus because of the Druze riots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/05/04", "description": "Admiral Richard E. Byrd and Floyd Bennett claim to have flown over the North Pole (later discovery of his diary seems to indicate that this did not happen).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/05/04", "description": "Talks between the government and strikers begin in the U.K.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/05/04", "description": "Planes piloted by Major Harold Geiger and Horace Meek Hickam, students at the Air Corps Tactical School, collide in mid-air at Langley Field, Virginia. Hickam parachutes to safety.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/05/04", "description": "Roald Amundsen flies over the North Pole.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/05/04", "description": "UK General Strike 1926: In the United Kingdom, a general strike by trade unions ends (the strike began on May 3).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/05/12", "description": "May 14 ampndash May Coup: J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski takes over in Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/05/18", "description": " Evangelist Aimee Semple McPherson disappears while visiting a Venice, California beach.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/05/20", "description": " The United States Congress passes the Air Commerce Act, licensing pilots and planes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/05/23", "description": " The first Lebanese constitution is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/05/26", "description": " The Rifkabyl rebels surrender in Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/05/28", "description": " The 1926 coup d'\u00e9tat commanded by Manuel Gomes da Costa in Portugal installs the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship), followed by Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar's Estado Novo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/06/04", "description": " Ignacy Moscicki becomes president of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/06/19", "description": " DeFord Bailey is the first African-American to perform on Nashville's Grand Ole Opry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/06/29", "description": " Arthur Meighen returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/07/01", "description": " The Kuomingtang begins a military unification campaign in northern China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/07/03", "description": " A Caudron C-61 aircraft operated by Compagnie Internationale de Navigation A\u00e9rienne crashes in Czechoslovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/07/09", "description": " General Antonio Carmona takes power in a military coup in Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/07/12", "description": " A lightning strike destroys an ammunition depot in Dover, New Jersey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/07/15", "description": " BEST buses make their d\u00e9but in Bombay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/07/23", "description": " ''Fox Film'' buys the patents of the Movietone sound system for recording sound onto film.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/07/26", "description": " The National Bar Association incorporates in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/07/26", "description": "Gertrude Ederle becomes the first woman to swim the English Channel from France to England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/07/26", "description": "In New York, the Warner Brothers' Vitaphone system premieres with the movie ''Don Juan'' starring John Barrymore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/07/26", "description": "The British miners' union begins negotiations with the government", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/07/26", "description": "A weather map is televised for the first time, sent from NAA Arlington to the Weather Bureau Office in Washington, D.C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/08/22", "description": " In Greece, Georgios Kondylis ousts Theodoros Pangalos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/08/23", "description": " The sudden death of popular Hollywood actor and sex symbol Rudolph Valentino at the age of only 31 years old causes mass grief and hysteria around the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/08/25", "description": " Pavlos Kountouriotis announces that dictatorship is finished in Greece and becomes the president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/09/01", "description": " Lebanon under the French Mandate gets its first constitution, thereby becoming a republic. Charles Debbas is elected president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/09/08", "description": " Weimar Republic joins the League of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/09/08", "description": "Spain leaves the League of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/09/08", "description": "Aloha Tower is officially dedicated at Honolulu Harbor in the Territory of Hawai'i.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/09/14", "description": " Locarno Treaties of 1925 are ratified in Geneva and come into effect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/09/16", "description": " Philip Dunning and George Abbott's play ''Broadway'' premieres in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/09/18", "description": " Great Miami Hurricane: A strong hurricane devastates Miami, Florida, leaving over 100 dead and causing several hundred million dollars in damage (equal to nearly $100 billion dollars today).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/09/20", "description": " Twelve blue cars full of gangsters open fire at the Hawthorne Inn, Al Capone's Chicago headquarters. Only one of Capone's men is wounded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/09/23", "description": " Gene Tunney defeats Jack Dempsey and becomes heavyweight champion of the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/09/23", "description": "The League of Nations Slavery Convention abolishes all types of slavery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/09/23", "description": "William Lyon Mackenzie King returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/10/02", "description": " J\u00f3zef Pi\u0142sudski becomes prime minister of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/10/12", "description": " British miners agree to end their strike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/10/14", "description": " Alan Alexander Milne's book ''Winnie-the-Pooh'' is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/10/19", "description": " The 1926 Imperial Conference opens in London, the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/10/20", "description": " A hurricane kills 650 in Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/10/20", "description": "A decree in Italy bans women from holding public office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/10/20", "description": "Leon Trotsky and Lev Kamenev are removed from the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/10/20", "description": "The Fazal Mosque (one of the first in London) is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/10/31", "description": " Magician Harry Houdini dies of gangrene and peritonitis that developed after his appendix ruptured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/11/10", "description": " In San Francisco, California, a necrophiliac serial killer named Earle Nelson (dubbed quotGorilla Manquot) kills and then rapes his 9th victim, a boardinghouse landlady named Mrs. William Edmonds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/11/11", "description": " ''U.S. Route 66'' is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/11/11", "description": "The ''NBC'' radio network opens with 24 stations (formed by Westinghouse, General Electric and RCA).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/11/11", "description": "The Balfour Declaration is approved by the 1926 Imperial Conference, making the Commonwealth dominions equal and independent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/11/11", "description": "The village of Rocquebillier in the French Riviera is almost destroyed in a massive hailstorm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/11/11", "description": "Sri Aurobindo retires, leaving ''The Mother'' to run the Sri Aurobindo Ashram in Pondicherry, India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/11/25", "description": " The death penalty is re-established in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/11/26", "description": " All Italian Communist deputies are arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/11/26", "description": "Mount Vesuvius erupts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/11/26", "description": "In Williamsburg, Virginia, the restoration of Colonial Williamsburg begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/12/02", "description": " British prime minister Stanley Baldwin ends the martial law that had been declared due to general strike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/12/03", "description": " Agatha Christie disappears from her home in Surrey on December 14 she is found at the Harrogate Hotel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/12/17", "description": " A democratically elected government is overthrown during the 1926 Lithuanian coup d'\u00e9tat Antanas Smetona assumes power in Lithuania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/12/18", "description": " Turkey converts to the Gregorian calendar, making 'tomorrow' January 1 1927", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/12/26", "description": " In Japanese History, the Sh\u014dwa era begins from this day due to the demise of Emperor Taish\u014d on the day before.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/12/26", "description": "Phencyclidine ''(PCP, angel dust)'' is first synthesized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/12/26", "description": "Widows' pensions are introduced in New South Wales, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/12/26", "description": "Earl W. Bascom, rodeo cowboy and artist, designs and makes rodeo's first high-cut rodeo chaps at Stirling, Alberta Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/12/26", "description": "The short-lived Western Australian Secession League is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/12/26", "description": "The International African Institute is founded in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/12/26", "description": "Raymond Pearl publishes his landmark book, ''Alcohol and Longevity''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/12/26", "description": "American microbiologist Selman Waksman publishes ''Enzymes''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/12/26", "description": "The Pike School of Andover, Massachusetts is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/12/26", "description": "U.S. Marines intervene in Nicaragua to bolster the conservative government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1926/12/26", "description": "Industrial output surpasses the level of 1913 in the USSR.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/01/01", "description": " The Cristero War erupts in Mexico when pro-Catholic rebels attack the government, which had banned the Catholic faith.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/01/07", "description": " The first transatlantic telephone call is made ''via radio'' from New York City to London, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/01/09", "description": " A military rebellion is crushed in Lisbon, Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/01/15", "description": " Teddy Wakelam gives the first sports commentary on BBC Radio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/01/19", "description": " Great Britain sends troops to China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/01/30", "description": " Right-wing veterans and the ''Republican Schutzbund'' clash in Schattendorf, Burgenland, Austria. One man and a child are killed by gunshots (see July 15).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/01/30", "description": "February ampampndash Werner Heisenberg formulates his famous uncertainty principle while employed as a lecturer at Niels Bohr's Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of Copenhagen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/02/12", "description": " The first British troops land in Shanghai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/02/14", "description": " An earthquake in Yugoslavia kills 100.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/02/19", "description": " A general strike in Shanghai protests the presence of British troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/02/23", "description": " The U.S. Federal Radio Commission (later renamed the Federal Communications Commission) begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/03/04", "description": " A diamond rush in South Africa includes trained athletes that have been hired by major companies to stake claims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/03/07", "description": " A Richter Scale 7.6 magnitude earthquake kills at least 2,925 at Toyooka and Mineyama area, western Honshu, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/03/10", "description": " Albania mobilizes in case of an attack by Yugoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/03/10", "description": "In New York City, the ''Roxy Theater'' is opened by Samuel Roxy Rothafel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/03/10", "description": "The first armored car robbery is committed by the Flatheads Gang near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/03/13", "description": " Fritz Lang's culturally influential film ''Metropolis'' premieres in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/04/01", "description": " U.S. Bureau of Prohibition founded (under Department of the Treasury).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/04/05", "description": " In Britain, the Trade Disputes and Trade Union Act 1927 forbids strikes of support.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/04/07", "description": " Bell Telephone Co. transmits an image of Herbert Hoover (then the  Secretary of Commerce), which becomes the first successful long distance demonstration of television.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/04/07", "description": "The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 renames the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The change acknowledges that the Irish Free State is no longer part of the Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/04/07", "description": "Kuomintang troops kill number of communist-supporting workers in Shanghai. The incident is called the April 12 Incident, or Shanghai Massacre. The 1st United Front between the Nationalists and Communist ends, and the Civil War lasting until 1949 begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/04/14", "description": " The first Volvo car rolls off the production line in Gothenburg, Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/04/18", "description": " The Kuomintang (Nationalist Chinese) set up a government in Nanking, China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/04/21", "description": " A banking crisis hits Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/04/22", "description": "May 5 ampndash The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 strikes 700,000 people in the greatest natural disaster in American history at that time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/04/22", "description": "The Carabineros de Chile (Chilean national police force and gendarmery) are created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/04/22", "description": "Jo\u00e3o Ribeiro de Barros becomes the first non-European to make a transatlantic flight, from Genoa, Italy, to Fernando de Noronha, Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/04/22", "description": "May ampampndash Philo Farnsworth of the United States transmits his first experimental electronic television pictures, as opposed to mechanical TV systems that others had tried before.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/05/05", "description": " The novel ''To the Lighthouse'' was finished by Virginia Woolf.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/05/07", "description": " A Civil war ends in Nicaragua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/05/09", "description": " The Australian Parliament first convenes in Canberra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/05/11", "description": " The ''Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences'', the quotAcademyquot in quotAcademy Awardsquot, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/05/12", "description": " The British police raid the office of the Soviet trade delegation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/05/13", "description": " George V proclaims the change of his title from King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to King of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/05/17", "description": " The U.S. Army aviation pioneer Major Harold Geiger dies in the crash of his Airco DH.4 de Havilland plane, at Olmsted Field, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/05/18", "description": " Bath School bombings: Criminal bombings result in 45 deaths, mostly school children, in Bath Township, Michigan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/05/20", "description": " Saudi Arabia becomes independent of the United Kingdom by the Treaty of Jedda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/05/20", "description": "May 21 ampndash Charles Lindbergh makes the first solo nonstop transatlantic flight, from New York City to Paris in his single-seat, single-engine monoplane, the Spirit of St. Louis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/05/22", "description": " An 8.6 magnitude earthquake in Xining, China kills 200,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/05/23", "description": " Nearly 600 members of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers viewed a live demonstration of television at the Bell Telephone Building in New York City. This is just over a year after John Logie Baird of Scotland first demonstrated a ''mechanical television system'' to the members of the Royal Society in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/05/24", "description": " Britain severs diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union because of revelations of espionage and underground agitation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/06/04", "description": " Yugoslavia severs diplomatic relations with Albania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/06/07", "description": " Peter Voikov, the Soviet ambassador to Poland, is murdered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/06/09", "description": " The Soviet Union executes 20 Britons for alleged espionage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/06/09", "description": "L\u00e9on Daudet, the leader of the French monarchists, is arrested in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/06/09", "description": "A ticker-tape parade is held for  aviator Charles Lindbergh down 5th Avenue in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/06/29", "description": " A total eclipse of the sun took place over Wales,  northern England, southern Scotland, Norway, northern Sweden, northmost Finland, and the northmost extremes of Russia. This eclipse barely missed the southern edge of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/07/01", "description": " The Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration (FDIA) is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/07/10", "description": " Kevin O'Higgins, the Vice-President of the Irish Free State, is assassinated in Dublin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/07/11", "description": " An earthquake strikes Palestine, killing around 300 people. The effects are especially severe in Nablus, but damage and fatalities are also reported in many areas of Palestine and Trans-Jordan such as Amman, Salt, Jordan, and Lydda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/07/15", "description": " 85 protesters and five policemen are left dead after left-wing protesters and the Austrian police clash in Vienna. More than 600 people are injured. See Massacre of July 15, 1927.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/07/24", "description": "  The Menin Gate War Memorial is dedicated at Ypres, Belgium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/08/01", "description": " The Communist Chinese People's Liberation Army is formed during the Nanchang Uprising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/08/02", "description": " U.S. President Calvin Coolidge announces, quotI do not choose to run for President in 1928.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/08/07", "description": " The Peace Bridge opens between Fort Erie, Ontario and Buffalo, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/08/10", "description": " The Mount Rushmore Park is rededicated. President Calvin Coolidge promises national funding for the proposed carving of the Presidential figures.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/08/22", "description": " In Hyde Park, London, 200 people demonstrate against the death sentencing of Italian immigrant anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/08/23", "description": " Sacco and Vanzetti are executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/08/24", "description": " August 25 ampndash The 1927 Nova Scotia hurricane hits the Atlantic Provinces of Canada, causing massive damage and at least 56 deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/08/26", "description": " Paul R. Redfern leaves Brunswick, Georgia, flying his Stinson Detroiter quotPort of Brunswickquot to attempt a solo non-stop flight to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He later crashes in the Venezuelan jungle, but the crash site was never found.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/08/26", "description": "September ampampndash Autumn Harvest Uprising in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/09/07", "description": " The University of Minas Gerais is founded in Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/09/14", "description": " An underwater earthquake in Japan kills over 100 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/09/18", "description": " The Columbia Phonographic Broadcasting System (later known as ''CBS'') is formed and goes on the air with 47 radio stations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/09/25", "description": " A treaty signed by the League of Nations Slavery Commission abolished all types of slavery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/09/27", "description": " 79 are killed and 550 are injured in the East St. Louis Tornado, the 2nd costliest and at least 24th deadliest tornado in U.S. history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/09/27", "description": "October ampampndash The Fifth Solvay Conference held in the latter half of the month establishes the acceptance of the Copenhagen interpretation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/10/04", "description": " The actual carving begins at Mount Rushmore, South Dakota.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/10/06", "description": " ''The Jazz Singer'' opens in the United States and it becomes a huge success, although it would be a while before silent films are completely gone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/10/08", "description": " ''Murderer's Row'': The New York Yankees complete a four-game sweep of the Pittsburgh Pirates in the World Series.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/10/09", "description": " The Mexican government crushes a rebellion in Vera Cruz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/10/18", "description": " The first flight of Pan American Airways takes off from Key West, Florida, bound for Havana, Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/10/18", "description": "The Italian steamer ship ''Principessa Mafalda'' capsizes off Porto Seguro, Brazil. At least 314 people are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/10/18", "description": "Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands opens the Meuse-Waal Canal in Nijmegen, Holland", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/10/18", "description": "At 5:50 a.m. a ground fault gives way, causing the mine and part of the town of Worthington to collapse into a large chasm located in Ontario. Nobody is injured in the incident, as the area had been evacuated the night before after a mine foreman noticed abnormal rock shifts in the mine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/11/01", "description": " \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc forms the new government in Turkey (The 5th government).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/11/03", "description": " November 4 ampndash Floods devastating Vermont cause the quotworst natural disaster in the state's historyquot.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.erh.noaa.gov\/btv\/events\/27flood.shtml\">http:\/\/www.erh.noaa.gov\/btv\/events\/27flood.shtml<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/11/04", "description": " Frank Heath and his horse ''Gypsy Queen'' return to Washington, D.C., having completed a two-year journey of 11,356 miles to all 48 of the states (of that time).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/11/04", "description": "Mahatma Gandhi makes his first and last visit to Ceylon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/11/04", "description": "Leon Trotsky is expelled from the Soviet Communist Party, leaving Joseph Stalin with undisputed control of the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/11/04", "description": "The Holland Tunnel opens to traffic as the first vehicular tunnel under the  Hudson River linking New Jersey with New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/11/14", "description": " The Pittsburgh Gasometer Explosion: Three ''Equitable Gas'' storage tanks in the North Side of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania explode, killing 26 people and causing damage estimated between $4.0 million and $5.0 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/11/21", "description": " The Colorado state police open fire on 500 rowdy but unarmed miners during a strike, killing six of them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/11/21", "description": "December ampampndash Communist Party congress condemns all ''deviation from the general party line'' in the USSR.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/12/02", "description": " Following 19 years of Ford Model T production, the Ford Motor Company unveils the Ford Model A as its new automobile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/12/15", "description": " Marion Parker, 12, is kidnapped in Los Angeles. Her dismembered body is found on December 19, prompting the largest manhunt to date on the West Coast for her killer, William Edward Hickman, who is arrested on December 22 in Oregon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/12/17", "description": " The ''U.S. submarine S-4'' is accidentally rammed and sunk by the United States Coast Guard cutter ''John Paulding'' off Provincetown, Massachusetts, killing everyone aboard despite several unsuccessful attempts to raise the submarine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/12/19", "description": "3 Indian Revolutionaries viz Pandit Ram Prasad Bismil, Thakur Roshan Singh and Ashfaqulla Khan were executed by the British Empire 4th Rajendra Nath Lahiri had been executed two day's before i.e. on December 17", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/12/27", "description": " Kern and Hammerstein's musical play, ''Show Boat'', based on Edna Ferber's novel, opens on Broadway and then goes on to become the first great classic of the American musical theater.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/12/30", "description": "  The first Japanese commuter metro line, the Ginza Line in Tokyo, opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/12/30", "description": "The ''British Broadcasting Corporation'' is granted a Royal Charter of Incorporation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/12/30", "description": "Harold Stephen Black invents the feedback amplifier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/12/30", "description": "The Voluntary Committee of Lawyers is founded to bring about the repeal of prohibition of alcohol in United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/12/30", "description": "World population reaches two billion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1927/12/30", "description": "In Britain, 1,000 people a week die from an influenza epidemic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/01/01", "description": " Estonia changes its currency from the mark to the kroon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/01/06", "description": "January 7 ampndash The River Thames floods in London 14 drown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/01/07", "description": " The moat at the Tower of London, previously drained in 1843 (and planted with grass), is completely refilled by a tidal wave.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/01/12", "description": " U.S. murderer Ruth Snyder is executed at Ossining.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/01/17", "description": " The OGPU arrests Lev Trotsky in Moscow he assumes a status of passive resistance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/01/26", "description": " The volcanic island Anak Krakatau appears.{{cite web|title=Anak Krakatoa|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.todayinsci.com\/12\/12_29.htm|work=Today\">http:\/\/www.todayinsci.com\/12\/12_29.htm|work=Today<\/a> in Science History|publisher=Todayinsci|accessdate=2012-01-30}}{{cite book|first=Amie Jane|last=Leavitt|title=Anatomy of a Volcanic Eruption|publisher=Capstone Press|year=2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/01/31", "description": " Trotsky is exiled to Alma Ata.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/02/11", "description": " The II Olympic Winter Games open in St. Moritz, Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/02/12", "description": " Heavy hail kills 11 in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/02/20", "description": " A hung parliament is produced in Japan after the general election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/02/25", "description": " Charles Jenkins Laboratories of Washington, D.C. becomes the first holder of a television license from the Federal Radio Commission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/02/25", "description": "Malta becomes a British dominion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/02/25", "description": "In California, the St. Francis Dam north of Los Angeles fails, killing 600.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/03/15", "description": " March 15 incident: Japanese government crackdown on socialists and communists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/03/21", "description": " Charles Lindbergh is presented the Medal of Honor for his first trans-Atlantic flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/03/26", "description": " The China Academy of Art is founded in Hangzhou, Republic of China (first named the National Academy of Art).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/03/26", "description": "April ampampndash The last section (wise ampampndash wyze) of the original ''Oxford English Dictionary'' is completed and ready for publication (''OED'' (1933, 1978 vol. 1, pp. xxv, xxvl)", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/04/10", "description": " quotPineapple Primaryquot: The U.S. Republican Party primary elections in Chicago are preceded by assassinations and bombings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/04/12", "description": " A bomb attack against Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini in Milan kills 17 bystanders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/04/12", "description": "April 14 ampndash The first ever eastampndashwest transatlantic aeroplane flight takes place from Dublin, Ireland, to Greenly Island, Canada, using German Junkers W33 ''Bremen''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/04/14", "description": " Two earthquakes in Chirpan and Plovdiv, in Bulgaria, destroy more than 21,000 buildings and kill almost 130 persons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/04/22", "description": " An earthquake destroys 200,000 buildings in Corinth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/04/28", "description": " 28ampnbspinches of snow fall in southern-central Pennsylvania.{{cite web|first1=Gina|last1=Cherundolo|first2=Carly|last2=Porter|title=Is Winter Finally Over?|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.accuweather.com\/blogs\/news\/story\/26025\/is-winter-finally-over.asp|work=AccuWeather.com|date=2010-03-11|accessdate=2012-01-30}}\">http:\/\/www.accuweather.com\/blogs\/news\/story\/26025\/is-winter-finally-over.asp|work=AccuWeather.com|date=2010-03-11|accessdate=2012-01-30}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/05/03", "description": " Jinan Incident, an armed conflict between the Japanese Imperial Army allied with Northern Chinese warlords against the Kuomintang's southern army, occurs in Jinan, China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/05/10", "description": " The first regular schedule of television programming begins in Schenectady, New York by the General Electric's television station W2XB (the station is popularly known as WGY Television, after its sister radio station WGY).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/05/10", "description": "The Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia commences operations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/05/10", "description": "The animated short ''Plane Crazy'' is released by Disney Studios in Los Angeles, featuring the first appearances of Mickey and Minnie Mouse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/05/23", "description": " A bomb attack against the Italian consulate in Buenos Aires kills 22 and injures 43.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/05/24", "description": " The airship ''Italia'' crashes on the North Pole one of the occupants is Italian general Umberto Nobile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/05/30", "description": " A rescue expedition leaves for the North Pole.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/06/03", "description": " The American serial killer Albert Fish kidnaps and kills 10-year-old Grace Budd.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/06/04", "description": " Huanggutun Incident: Zhang Zuolin,  a warlord, is killed by Japanese agents.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/06/08", "description": " By seizing Beijing and renaming it B\u011bip\u00edng, the NRA puts an end to the Fengtian warlords' B\u011biy\u00e1ng government there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/06/11", "description": " A medical doctors' strike begins in Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/06/14", "description": " Students take over the medical wing of Rosario University in Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/06/17", "description": " Aviator Amelia Earhart starts her attempt to become the first woman to successfully cross the Atlantic Ocean (she succeeds the next day). Wilmer Stultz was the pilot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/06/20", "description": " Puni\u0161a Ra\u010di\u0107 shoots 3 opposition representatives in the Yugoslavian Parliament, and injures 3 others.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/06/24", "description": " A Swedish aeroplane rescues part of the Italian North Pole expedition, including Umberto Nobile. The Soviet icebreaker ''Krasin'' saves the rest July 12.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/06/28", "description": " The International Railway (New York \u2013 Ontario) switches to one-man crews for its trolleys in Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/06/29", "description": " 1928 Democratic National Convention: At the Democratic National Convention in Houston, New York Governor Alfred E. Smith becomes the first Catholic nominated by a major political party for President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/06/29", "description": "Jenkins Laboratories' ''W3XK'' station begins broadcasting on 6.42 MHz using 48 lines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/06/29", "description": "The Representation of the People Act 1928 becomes law, extending the right to vote to all women in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/07/06", "description": " The world's largest hailstone falls in Potter, Nebraska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/07/07", "description": " The first machine-sliced and machine-wrapped loaf of bread is sold in Chillicothe, Missouri, using Otto Frederick Rohwedder's technology.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/07/12", "description": " Mexican aviator Emilio Carranza dies in a solo plane crash in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, while returning from a goodwill flight to New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/07/17", "description": " Jos\u00e9 de Le\u00f3n Toral assassinates \u00c1lvaro Obreg\u00f3n, president of Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/07/25", "description": " The United States recalls its troops from China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/07/25", "description": "Tich Freeman becomes the only bowler ever to take 200 first-class wickets before the end of July.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/07/25", "description": "Radclyffe Hall's novel ''The Well of Loneliness'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/07/28", "description": " The 1928 Summer Olympics officially open in Amsterdam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/08/02", "description": " Italy and Ethiopia sign the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/08/16", "description": " Murderer Carl Panzram is arrested in Washington, D.C. after killing about 20 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/08/22", "description": " Alfred E. Smith accepts the Democratic presidential nomination, with ''WGY\/W2XB'' simulcasting the event on radio and television.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/08/25", "description": " Ahmet Zogu proclaims himself ''King Zog I'' of Albania he is crowned September 1.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/08/26", "description": " May Donoghue finds the remains of a snail in her gingerbeer, launching Donoghue v. Stevenson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/08/27", "description": " The Kellogg-Briand Pact is signed in Paris (the first treaty to outlaw aggressive war).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/08/29", "description": " The Club Deportivo Motagua of Honduras is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/08/31", "description": " ''The Threepenny Opera'' ({{lang-de|Die Dreigroschenoper}}) by Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill opens at the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm, Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/08/31", "description": "Richard Byrd leaves New York for the Arctic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/08/31", "description": "Zog I, Skanderbeg III, the President of Albania, is crowned as the King of Albania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/09/03", "description": " Alexander Fleming, at St Mary's Hospital, London, accidentally rediscovers the antibiotic Penicillin.{{cite press release|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.rsc.org\/pdf\/pressoffice\/2003\/penicillin.pdf|publisher=Royal\">http:\/\/www.rsc.org\/pdf\/pressoffice\/2003\/penicillin.pdf|publisher=Royal<\/a> Society of Chemistry|location=London|title=Culture shock will highlight penicillin discovery|Press Release|format=PDF|date=2003-09-02|accessdate=2011-11-30}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/09/11", "description": " ''The Queen's Messenger'' is the first melodrama broadcast by Ernst F. W. Alexanderson at W2XAD Schenectady, NY Kenmore's WMAK station starts broadcasting in Buffalo, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/09/15", "description": " Tich Freeman sets an all-time record for the number of wickets taken in an English cricket season.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/09/16", "description": " The Okeechobee Hurricane kills at least 2,500 people in Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/09/25", "description": " Paul Galvin and his brother Joseph incorporate the Galvin Manufacturing Corporation (now known as ''Motorola'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/10/02", "description": " Saint Josemaria Escriva founds Opus Dei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/10/07", "description": " Haile Selassie is crowned king (not yet emperor) of Abyssinia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/10/08", "description": " Chiang Kai-shek is named as Generalissimo (Chairman of the National Military Council) of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/10/12", "description": " An iron lung respirator is used for the first time at Children's Hospital, Boston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/10/19", "description": " William Edward Hickman is executed at San Quentin prison for the 1927 murder of Marion Parker.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/10/22", "description": " The Phi Sigma Alpha Fraternity is founded at the University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/10/26", "description": " International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM) formally established with the adoption of \u201cStatutes of the International Red Cross\u201d", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/11/04", "description": " At Park Central Hotel in Manhattan, Arnold Rothstein, New York City's most notorious gambler, is shot to death over a poker game.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/11/04", "description": "Swedes start a tradition of eating Gustavus Adolphus pastries to commemorate the old warrior king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/11/04", "description": "U.S. presidential election, 1928: Republican Herbert Hoover wins by a wide margin over Democrat Alfred E. Smith.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/11/10", "description": " Enthronement ceremony of Japanese Emperor Hirohito is held, after some two years since he actually took the Imperial throne on December 26, 1926, the following day of the demise of Emperor Taish\u014d.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/11/12", "description": " The SS Vestris developed a severe starboard list, was abandoned and sank approximately 200 miles off Hampton Roads, Virginia, USA.  Estimates of the dead vary from between 110-127.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/11/17", "description": " The Boston Garden opens in Boston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/11/18", "description": " Mickey Mouse appears in ''Steamboat Willie'', the third Mickey Mouse cartoon released, but the first sound film.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/11/22", "description": " Maurice Ravel's ''Bol\u00e9ro'' premieres at the Paris Op\u00e9ra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/12/03", "description": " In Rio de Janeiro, a seaplane sent to greet Alberto Santos-Dumont crashes near Cap Arcona, killing all on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/12/05", "description": " Police disperse a Sicilian gangs' meeting in Cleveland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/12/21", "description": " The U.S. Congress approves the construction of Boulder Dam, later renamed Hoover Dam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/12/21", "description": "Drought leading to famine in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/12/21", "description": "''Coca Cola'' enters Europe through the Amsterdam Olympics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/12/21", "description": "Eliot Ness begins to lead the prohibition unit in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/12/21", "description": "The old Canaanite city of Ugarit is rediscovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/12/21", "description": "Turkey switches from the Arabic to the Latin-based modern Turkish alphabet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/12/21", "description": "Frederick Griffith conducts Griffith's experiment, indirectly proving the existence of DNA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/12/21", "description": "Margaret Mead's influential cultural anthropology text ''Coming of Age in Samoa'' is published in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/12/21", "description": "The first (and last) Best Title Writing Academy Award is given.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/12/21", "description": "The Episcopal Church in the United States of America ratifies a new revision of the Book of Common Prayer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/12/21", "description": "W2XBS, RCA's first television station, is established in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/12/21", "description": "Australian farmer Jack Trott finds Rhizanthella gardneri in his garden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/12/21", "description": "The first patent for the transistor principle is registered in Germany to Julius Edgar Lilienfeld.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/12/21", "description": "Joseph Stalin launches the First Five-Year Plan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/12/21", "description": "1928ampampndash1932 ampampndash The average nonfarm wage falls by 50% in the USSR.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1928/12/21", "description": "Flint Institute of Arts opens", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929", "description": "The U.S. Army Air Corps airplane ''?'' begins a six-day non-stop endurance flight over Southern California using aerial refueling.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929", "description": "The British Columbian municipalities of Point Grey and South Vancouver are amalgamated into Vancouver.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929", "description": "6 January Dictatorship: King Alexander of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes suspends his country's constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929", "description": "The Albanian missionary sister Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, later known as Mother Teresa, arrives in Calcutta from Ireland to begin her work among India's poorest and sickest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/01/10", "description": " First appearance of Herg\u00e9's Belgian comic book hero Tintin as ''Tintin in the Land of the Soviets'' (''Les Aventures de Tintin, reporter..., au pays des Soviets''), begins serialization in children's newspaper supplement ''Le Petit Vingti\u00e8me''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/01/15", "description": " ''<a href=\"http:\/\/www.editions.ehess.fr\/revues\/annales-histoire-sciences-sociales\/\">http:\/\/www.editions.ehess.fr\/revues\/annales-histoire-sciences-sociales\/<\/a> Annales d'histoire \u00e9conomique et sociale'' begins publication in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/01/17", "description": " First appearance of comic strip hero Popeye in ''Thimble Theatre''.{{cite web|work=Don Markstein's Toonopedia|title=Popeye the Sailor|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.toonopedia.com\/popeye.htm|accessdate=2011-009-22}}\">http:\/\/www.toonopedia.com\/popeye.htm|accessdate=2011-009-22}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/01/29", "description": " ''All Quiet on the Western Front'' (''Im Westen nichts Neues''), by Erich Maria Remarque, is published in book form.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/02/09", "description": " The Litvinov Protocol is signed in Moscow among the USSR, Poland, Estonia, Romania and Latvia.ref name=Rezun{{cite book|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=vceInEkXX74C|title=The\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=vceInEkXX74C|title=The<\/a> Soviet Union and Iran|first=Miron|last=Rezun|pages=148|publisher=Brill Archive|year=1981|isbn=90-286-2621-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/02/11", "description": " Italy and the Vatican sign the Lateran Treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/02/14", "description": " St. Valentine's Day Massacre: Seven gangsters, rivals of Al Capone, are murdered in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/02/26", "description": " The Grand Teton National Park is established by Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/03/02", "description": " The longest bridge in the world, the San Francisco Bay Toll-Bridge, opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/03/03", "description": " A revolt by Generals Jos\u00e9 Gonzalo Escobar and Jes\u00fas Mar\u00eda Aguirre fails in Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/03/03", "description": "Herbert Hoover is inaugurated as the 31st President of the United States, succeeding Calvin Coolidge. His Vice President, Charles Curtis, became the first person with non-European ancestry to reach such a high office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/03/03", "description": "Establishment of the National Revolutionary Party (''Partido Nacional Revolucionario'') in Mexico by ex-President Plutarco El\u00edas Calles. Under a succession of names, it will hold power in the country continuously for 71 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/03/28", "description": " Japanese forces withdraw from Shandong province to their garrison in Tsingtao bringing an end to the Jinan Incident.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/04/03", "description": " Persia signs the Litvinov Protocol.ref name=Rezun\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/04/14", "description": "he inaugural Monaco Grand Prix is won by William_Grover-Williams.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/04/14", "description": "May ampampndash The Wickersham Commission begins its investigation of alcohol prohibition in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/05/07", "description": " quotThe Battle Of Blood Alleyquot is fought in Sydney, Australia", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/05/16", "description": " The 1st Academy Awards are presented at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Hollywood, California, with ''Wings'' winning Best Picture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/05/31", "description": " The British general election returns a hung parliament yet again the Liberals will determine who has power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/06/01", "description": " The 1st Conference of the Communist Parties of Latin America is held in Buenos Aires.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/06/03", "description": " The Treaty of Lima settles a border dispute between Peru and Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/06/07", "description": " The Lateran Treaty, making Vatican City a sovereign state, is ratified.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/06/08", "description": " Ramsay MacDonald founds a new Labour government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/06/21", "description": " An agreement brokered by U.S. Ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow ends the Cristero War in Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/06/27", "description": " The first public demonstration of color TV is held, by H. E. Ives and his colleagues at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York. The first images are a bouquet of roses and an American flag. A mechanical system is used to transmit 50-line color television images between New York and Washington.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/07/11", "description": " In Russia, a secret decree of the Sovnarkom creates the backbone of the Gulag system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/07/11", "description": "French prime minister Raymond Poincar\u00e9 resigns he is succeeded by Aristide Briand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/07/11", "description": "The Kellogg-Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument of foreign policy, goes into effect (it was first signed in Paris on August 27, 1928 by most leading world powers).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/07/25", "description": " Pope Pius XI emerges from the Vatican and enters St. Peter's square in a huge procession witnessed by about 250,000 persons, thus ending nearly 60 years of papal self-imprisonment within the Vatican.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/07/25", "description": "Red Crescent adopted as an additional LORCS emblem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/07/25", "description": "The Geneva Convention addresses the treatment of prisoners of war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/08/16", "description": " The 1929 Palestine riots breaks out between Palestinians and Jews and continues until the end of the month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Palestinians are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/08/23", "description": "nd August 24 ampndash The 1929 Hebron massacre, in which 65\u201368 Jews are killed by Palestinians and the remaining Jews are forced to leave Hebron.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/08/29", "description": " The 1929 Safed massacre, in which 18\u201320 Jews are killed by Palestinians in Safed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/08/31", "description": " The Young Plan, which set the total World War I reparations owed by Germany at US$26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58\u00bd years, is finalized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/09/03", "description": " The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) peaks at 381.17, a height it would not reach again until November 1954.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/09/05", "description": " Aristide Briand presents his plan for the ''United States of Europe''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/09/17", "description": " A coup ousts Augustinas Voldemaras in Lithuania the new president is Antanas Smetona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/09/30", "description": " Fritz von Opel pilots the first rocket-powered aircraft, the Opel RAK.1, in front of a large crowd in Frankfurt am Main.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/10/18", "description": " Women are announced to be persons by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Britain. Women can be appointed to the Canadian Senate, an achievement by five Canadian women called the Famous Five.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/10/22", "description": " The government of Aristide Briand falls in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/10/24", "description": " October 29 ampndash Wall Street Crash of 1929: Three multi-digit percentage drops wipe out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock Exchange (10 times greater than the annual budget of the federal government).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/10/25", "description": " Former U.S. Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall is convicted of bribery for his role in the Teapot Dome scandal, becoming the first Presidential cabinet member to go to prison for actions in office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/10/25", "description": "November ampampndash Vladimir Zworykin takes out the first patent for color television.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/10/25", "description": "An annular solar eclipse is seen on Atlantic Ocean and Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/10/25", "description": "Conscription in Australia ends.ampamp{{cite book|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=kzMZAr41dn4C|title=The\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=kzMZAr41dn4C|title=The<\/a> Torch and the Sword: A History of the Army Cadet Movement in Australia|first=Craig|last=Stockings|pages=86|publisher=UNSW Press|year=2007|isbn=0-86840-838-7}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/11/07", "description": " In New York City, the Museum of Modern Art opens to the public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/11/18", "description": " 1929 Grand Banks earthquakeref name=quotshunpiking.comquot<a href=\"http:\/\/www.shunpiking.com\/ol0103\/1929_Tsunami_in_NF.pdf\">http:\/\/www.shunpiking.com\/ol0103\/1929_Tsunami_in_NF.pdf<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/11/29", "description": " Bernt Balchen, U.S. Admiral Richard Byrd, Captain Ashley McKinley, and Harold June, become the first to fly over the South Pole.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/12/28", "description": " quotBlack Saturdayquot in Samoa: New Zealand colonial police kill 11 unarmed demonstrators, an event which leads the Mau movement to demand independence for Samoa.ref name=quotMeleisea, Malama 1987, pp.137-8quotMeleisea, Malama, ''Lagaga: A Short History of Western Samoa'', 1987, ISBN 982-02-0029-6, pp.137\u20138", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1929/12/29", "description": " The All India Congress in Lahore demands Indian independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930", "description": "The first diesel engine automobile trip is completed (Indianapolis, Indiana, to New York City) by Clessie Cummins, founder of the Cummins Motor Co..", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930", "description": "The first literary character licensing agreement is signed by A. A. Milne, granting Stephen Slesinger U.S. and Canadian merchandising rights to the Winnie-the-Pooh works.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/01/13", "description": " The Mickey Mouse comic strip makes its first appearance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/01/26", "description": " The Indian National Congress declares 26 January as Independence Day or as the day for Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/01/30", "description": " The first radiosonde is launched in Pavlovsk, USSR.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/01/31", "description": " The 3M company markets Scotch Tape.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/01/31", "description": "2 February -  The Communist Party of Vietnam is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/01/31", "description": "While studying photographs taken in January, Clyde Tombaugh confirms the existence of Pluto, a heavenly body considered a planet until 2006, when the term ampquotplanetampquot was officially defined. Pluto is now considered a Dwarf Planet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/01/31", "description": "Elm Farm Ollie becomes the first cow to fly in an airplane, and also the first cow to be milked in an airplane.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/03/02", "description": " Mahatma Gandhi informs the British viceroy of India that civil disobedience will begin 9 days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/03/05", "description": " Danish painter Einar Wegener goes through a sexual reassignment surgery and takes the name Lili Elbe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/03/06", "description": " The first frozen foods of Clarence Birdseye go on sale in Springfield, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/03/12", "description": " Mahatma Gandhi sets off on a 200-mile protest march towards the sea with 78 followers to protest the British monopoly on sa more will join them during the Salt March that ends on April 5.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/03/28", "description": " Constantinople and Angora change their names to Istanbul and Ankara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/03/29", "description": " Heinrich Br\u00fcning is appointed German ''Reichskanzler''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/03/31", "description": " The Motion Pictures Production Code is instituted in the United States, imposing strict guidelines on the treatment of sex, crime, religion and violence in motion pictures for the next 40 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/04/04", "description": " The Communist Party of Panama is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/04/05", "description": " In an act of civil disobedience, Mahatma Gandhi breaks British law after marching to the sea and making salt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/04/05", "description": "International Left Opposition (ILO) is founded in Paris, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/04/05", "description": "Hostess Twinkies are invented.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/04/17", "description": " Neoprene is invented.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/04/17", "description": "The Chittagong Rebellion begins in India with the Chittagong armoury raid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/04/17", "description": "The BBC Radio Service from London, somewhat infamously, reports on this day that ampquotThere is no newsampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/04/19", "description": " Warner Bros. release their first cartoon series called 'Looney Tunes' which runs until 1970.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/04/19", "description": "A fire in the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus kills 320 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/04/19", "description": "The Turkestan-Siberia Railway is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/04/22", "description": " The United Kingdom, Japan and the United States sign the London Naval Treaty regulating submarine warfare and limiting shipbuilding.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/04/28", "description": " The first night game in organized baseball history takes place in Independence, Kansas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/05/04", "description": "r May 5 ampndash Mahatma Gandhi is arrested again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/05/06", "description": " The Great Salmas Earthquake in Iran (7.3 on the Richter Scale) kills 4,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/05/10", "description": " The National Pan-Hellenic Council is founded in Washington, D.C..", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/05/15", "description": " Aboard a Boeing tri-motor, Ellen Church becomes the first airline stewardess (the flight was from Oakland, California to Chicago, Illinois).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/05/16", "description": " Rafael Le\u00f3nidas Trujillo is elected president of the Dominican Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/05/17", "description": " French Prime Minister Andr\u00e9 Tardieu decides to withdraw the remaining French troops from the Rhineland (they depart by June 30).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/05/24", "description": " Amy Johnson lands in Darwin, Australia, becoming the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia (she left on May 5 for the 11,000 mile flight).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/05/27", "description": " Richard Drew invents the masking tape", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/05/27", "description": "Sergei Eisenstein arrives in Hollywood to work for Paramount Pictures they part ways by October.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/05/27", "description": "William ampquotRedampquot Hill Sr. makes his famous five-hour journey down the Niagara lower rapids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/06/09", "description": " ''Chicago Tribune'' journalist Jake Lingle is shot in Chicago, Illinois. Newspapers promise $55,000 reward for information. Lingle is later found to have had contacts with organized crime.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/06/14", "description": " Bureau of Narcotics (under Department of the Treasury) established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/06/17", "description": " U.S. President Herbert Hoover signs the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act into law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/06/21", "description": " One-year conscription comes into force in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/07/04", "description": " The dedication of George Washington's head is held at Mount Rushmore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/07/05", "description": " The Seventh Lambeth Conference of Anglican Christian bishops opens. This conference approved the use of artificial birth control in limited circumstances, marking a controversial turning point in Christian views on contraception.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/07/05", "description": "The Lapua Movement marches in Helsinki, Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/07/05", "description": "Building of the Boulder Dam (now known as Hoover Dam) is started.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/07/13", "description": " The first FIFA World Cup starts: Lucien Laurent scores the first goal, for France against Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/07/21", "description": " United States Department of Veterans Affairs established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/07/25", "description": " Laurence Olivier marries Jill Esmond.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/07/26", "description": " Charles Creighton and James Hargis of Missouri begin their return journey to Los Angeles, driving 11,555ampnbspkm using only a reverse gear the trip lasts the next 42 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/07/28", "description": " Richard Bennett defeats William Lyon Mackenzie King in federal elections and becomes the Prime Minister of Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/07/28", "description": "Uruguay beats Argentina 4\u20132 in the first association football World Cup Final.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/07/28", "description": "New York station W2XBS is put in charge of NBC broadcast engineers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/07/31", "description": " The radio drama ''The Shadow'' airs for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/08/06", "description": " Judge Joseph Force Crater steps into a taxi in New York and disappears.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/08/06", "description": "Richard Bennett becomes Canada's eleventh prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/08/06", "description": "Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith are lynched in Marion, Indiana. James Cameron survives. This would be the last lynching of African Americans in a northern U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/08/09", "description": " Betty Boop premiers in the animated film ''Dizzy Dishes''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/08/12", "description": " Turkish troops move into Persia to fight Kurdish insurgents.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/08/21", "description": " Her Royal Highness The Princess Margaret,was born. The younger daughter of Prince Albert, Duke of York (second son of King George V and Queen Mary, and later King George VI) and Elizabeth, Duchess of York (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother), and sister to The Princess Elizabeth NB. Prince Albert becomes King George VI in December 1936 after the abdication of his older brother, Edward VIII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/08/27", "description": " A military junta takes over in Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/09/06", "description": " Jos\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Uriburu carries out a successful military coup, overthrowing Hip\u00f3lito Yrigoyen, President of Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/09/12", "description": " Cricket player Wilfred Rhodes ends his 1,110-game first-class career by taking 5 for 95 for H.D.G. Leveson Gower's XI against the Australians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/09/14", "description": " National Socialists win 107 seats in the German Parliament (18.3% of all the votes), making them the second largest party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/09/20", "description": " The Eastern Catholic Rite Syro-Malankara Catholic Church is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/09/27", "description": " \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc forms new government in Turkey. (6th government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/10/05", "description": " the British ''Airship R101'' crashes in France enroute to India on its maiden long-range flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/10/24", "description": " Revolution of 1930: Get\u00falio Dornelles Vargas establishes a dictatorship in Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/10/27", "description": " ratifications exchanged in London on the first London Naval Treaty signed in April modifying the Washington Naval Treaty of 1925. Its arms limitation provisions go into effect immediately, hence putting more limits on the expensive naval arms race between its five signatories (the United Kingdom, the United States, the Japanese Empire, France, and Italy.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/11/02", "description": " Haile Selassie is crowned emperor of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/11/03", "description": " Get\u00falio Vargas becomes president of Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/11/03", "description": "An earthquake in the Izu Peninsula of Japan kills 223 people and destroys 650 buildings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/11/03", "description": "Cecil George Paine, a pathologist at the Sheffield Royal Infirmary in England, achieves the first recorded cure (of an eye infection) using penicillin.ampamp{{cite journal|last1=Wainwright|first1=M.|last2=Swan|first2=H.T.|title=C.G. Paine and the earliest surviving clinical records of penicillin therapy|journal=Medical History|volume=30|pages=42\u201356|year=1986|pmid=3511336|pmc=1139580|accessdate=2010-03-15}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/11/03", "description": "December ampampndash All adult Turkish women are given the right to vote in elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/12/02", "description": " Great Depression: President Herbert Hoover goes before the U.S. Congress to ask for a $150 million public works program to help create jobs and to stimulate the American economy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/12/07", "description": " The television station W1XAV in Boston, Massachusetts, broadcasts video and audio from the radio orchestra program ''The Fox Trappers''. This broadcast also includes the first television commercial in the United States. This was an advertisement for the I.J. Fox Furriers company which sponsored the telecast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/12/19", "description": " Mount Merapi volcano in central Java, Indonesia, erupts, destroying numerous villages and killing thirteen hundred people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/12/24", "description": " In London, Harry Grindell Matthews demonstrates his device to project pictures on the clouds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/12/28", "description": " Mahatma Gandhi leaves India enroute to Britain for freedom negotiations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/12/29", "description": " Sir Muhammad Iqbal's presidential address in Allahabad introduces the Two-Nation Theory, outlining a vision for the creation of Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/12/31", "description": " The Papal encyclical ''Casti Connubii'' issued by Pope Pius XI stresses the sanctity of marriage, prohibits Roman Catholics from using any form of artificial birth control, and reaffirms the Catholic prohibition on abortion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/12/31", "description": "The British White Paper demands restrictions on Jewish immigration into Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/12/31", "description": "The Federal Bureau of Narcotics replaces the Narcotics Division of the Prohibition Unit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/12/31", "description": "A Jake paralysis outbreak occurs in United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/12/31", "description": "Bernhard Schmidt invents the Schmidt camera.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ast.cam.ac.uk\/history\/schmidt\">http:\/\/www.ast.cam.ac.uk\/history\/schmidt<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/12/31", "description": "The chocolate chip cookie is invented in the United States by Ruth Wakefield.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/12/31", "description": "A huge hurricane on the Caribbean Sea demolishes most of the city of Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/12/31", "description": "The experimental television station, W9XAP, in Chicago, Illinois, broadcasts the election for the U.S. Senate, which is the first time that a senatorial race, with continual tallies of the votes, is ever televised.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/12/31", "description": "1930\u20131931 ampampndash Crazy Horse's lifelong friend, ampquotHe Dogampquot, is interviewed by the journalist Eleanor Hinman and the writer Mari Sandoz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/12/31", "description": "Sudbury, Ontario, is incorporated as a city in the northern part of the province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1930/12/31", "description": "The Indochinese Communist Party is formed some time in October.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/01/02", "description": " South Dakota native Ernest Lawrence invents the cyclotron, used to accelerate particles to study nuclear physics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/01/03", "description": " Albert Einstein begins doing research at the California Institute of Technology, along with astronomer Edwin Hubble.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/01/04", "description": " German pilot Elly Beinhorn begins her flight to Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/01/06", "description": " Thomas Edison submits his last patent application.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/01/22", "description": " Sir Isaac Isaacs is sworn in as the first Australian-born Governor-General of Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/01/25", "description": " Mohandas Gandhi is released again in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/01/27", "description": " Pierre Laval forms a government in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/01/30", "description": " The release of the movie City Lights starring Charlie Chaplin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/02/03", "description": " Hawke's Bay earthquake: Much of the New Zealand city of Napier is destroyed in an earthquake measuring 7.9 on the Richter scale.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/02/10", "description": " New Delhi becomes the capital of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/02/12", "description": " ''Radio Vaticana'' first broadcasts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/02/14", "description": " The original film version of ''Dracula'' with Bela Lugosi is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/02/16", "description": " Pehr Evind Svinhufvud is elected president of Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/02/20", "description": " California gets the go-ahead by the U.S. Congress to build the San Francisco \u2013 Oakland Bay Bridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/02/21", "description": " Peruvian revolutionaries hijack a Ford Trimotor aeroplane and demand that the pilot drop propaganda leaflets over Lima.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/03/01", "description": " The USS ''Arizona'' is placed back in full commission after a refit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/03/03", "description": " ''The Star-Spangled Banner'' is adopted as the United States National anthem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/03/04", "description": " The British viceroy of India and Mohandas Gandhi negotiate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/03/07", "description": " The new House of Representatives opens in Helsinki, Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/03/11", "description": " The ''Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR'' programme, abbreviated as GTO, is introduced in the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/03/17", "description": " Nevada legalizes gambling.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/03/23", "description": " Indian revolutionary leaders Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev are hanged by the British Government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/03/25", "description": " The Scottsboro Boys are arrested in Alabama and charged with rape.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/03/27", "description": " British writer Arnold Bennett dies of typhoid in London shortly after returning from a visit to Paris, where he drank local water to prove it was safe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/03/31", "description": " An earthquake destroys Managua, Nicaragua, killing 2,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/04/06", "description": " The Portuguese government declares martial law in Madeira and in the Azores because of an attempted military takeover in Funchal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/04/09", "description": " Argentinian anarchist Severino Digiovanni is executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/04/14", "description": " The Second Spanish Republic is proclaimed in Madrid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/04/15", "description": " The Castellemmarese War ends with the assassination of Joe quotThe Bossquot Masseria, briefly leaving Salvatore Maranzano as ''capo di tutti i capi'' (quotboss of all bossesquot) and undisputed ruler of the American Mafia. Maranzano is himself assassinated less than 6 months later, leading to the establishment of the Five Families.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/04/22", "description": " Austria, Britain, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Sweden and the USA recognize the Spanish Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/05/01", "description": " Construction of the Empire State Building is completed in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/05/04", "description": " Kemal Atat\u00fcrk is re-elected president of Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/05/05", "description": " \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc forms new government in Turkey. (7th government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/05/11", "description": " The ''Creditanstalt'', Austria's largest bank, goes bankrupt, beginning the banking collapse in Central Europe that causes a worldwide financial meltdown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/05/13", "description": " Paul Doumer is elected president of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/06/05", "description": " German Chancellor Dr. Heinrich Br\u00fcning visits London, where he warns the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald that the collapse of the Austrian banking system, caused by the bankruptcy of the ''Creditanstalt'', has left the entire German banking system on the verge of collapse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/06/12", "description": " Charlie Parker equals J.T. Hearne's record for the earliest date to reach 100 wickets.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/06/14", "description": " The overloaded pleasure craft ''Saint-Philibert'', carrying trippers home to Nantes from \u00cele de Noirmoutier, sinks at the mouth of the river Loire in France over 450 drown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/06/19", "description": " In an attempt to stop the banking crisis in Central Europe from causing a worldwide financial meltdown, President Herbert Hoover issues the Hoover Moratorium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/06/23", "description": " Wiley Post and Harold Gatty take off from Roosevelt Field, Long Island in an attempt to accomplish the first round-the-world flight in a single-engine plane.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.centennialofflight.gov\/essay\/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils\/Wiley_Post\/EX27.htm\">http:\/\/www.centennialofflight.gov\/essay\/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils\/Wiley_Post\/EX27.htm<\/a> Centennial of Flight", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/06/23", "description": "July ampampndash John Haven Emerson of Cambridge, Massachusetts perfects the Emerson iron lung just in time for the growing polio epidemic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/07/01", "description": " Milan Central Station officially opens in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/07/09", "description": " Irish racing driver Kaye Don breaks the world water speed record at Lake Garda, Italy.''BBC History'', July 2011, p12", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/07/16", "description": " Emperor Haile Selassie signs the first constitution of Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/07/26", "description": " The millennialist Bible Student movement adopts the name Jehovah's Witnesses at a meeting in Columbus, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/07/26", "description": "The 1931 China floods reach their peak in possibly the deadliest natural disaster yet recorded", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/08/24", "description": " The Labour Government of Ramsay MacDonald resigns in Britain, replaced by a National Government of people drawn from all parties, also under MacDonald.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/09/05", "description": " John Thomson, football player, dies in an accident during a Celtic\u2013Rangers match.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/09/10", "description": " The worst hurricane in Belize history kills an estimated 1,500.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/09/15", "description": " Invergordon Mutiny: Strikes are called in the Royal Navy due to decreased salaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/09/16", "description": " Hanging of Omar Mukhtar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/09/16", "description": "Japan stages the Mukden Incident as a pretext to occupy Manchuria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/09/16", "description": "Geli Raubal commits suicide in Adolf Hitler's apartment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/09/20", "description": " With a gun literally pointed to his head the Chinese commander of Kirin province announces the annexation of that territory to Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/09/22", "description": " United Kingdom abandons gold standard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/09/22", "description": "October ampampndash The Caltech Department of Physics Faculty and graduate students meet with Albert Einstein as a guest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/10/04", "description": " Dick Tracy, the comic strip detective character created by cartoonist Chester Gould, makes his debut appearance in the ''Detroit Mirror'' newspaper.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/10/05", "description": " American aviators Clyde Edward Pangborn and Hugh Herndon, Jr., complete the first non-stop flight across the Pacific Ocean, from Misawa, Japan, to East Wenatchee, Washington, in 41\u00bd hours.{{cite web|title=Pangborn-Herndon Memorial Site|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nps.gov\/nr\/\/travel\/aviation\/pan.htm|work=Aviation:\">http:\/\/www.nps.gov\/nr\/\/travel\/aviation\/pan.htm|work=Aviation:<\/a> From Sand Dunes To Sonic Booms|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2012-05-31}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/10/05", "description": "Leeds Bradford International Airport is opened as Leeds and Bradford Municipal Aerodrome in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/10/05", "description": "American gangster Al Capone is sentenced to 11 years in prison for tax evasion in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/10/24", "description": " The George Washington Bridge is dedicated it opens to traffic the following day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/11/07", "description": " The Chinese Soviet Republic is proclaimed by Mao Zedong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/11/07", "description": "French police launch a large-scale raid against Corsican bandits.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/11/07", "description": "The Panama Canal is closed for a couple of weeks due to damage caused by earthquakes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/11/25", "description": " Heavy Hydrogen, later named Deuterium, is discovered by chemist Harold Clayton Urey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/11/25", "description": "Ali Fethi Okyar forms a new government in Turkey (third government).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/11/25", "description": "Release of James Whale's film of ''Frankenstein'' in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/12/08", "description": " Carl Friedrich Goerdeler is appointed Reich Price Commissioner in Germany to enforce the deflationary policies of the Br\u00fcning government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/12/08", "description": "Jane Addams became the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/12/08", "description": "Niceto Alcal\u00e1-Zamora is elected president of the Spanish Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/12/11", "description": " The British Parliament enacts the Statute of Westminster, which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominions of the Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, the Dominion of New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/12/13", "description": " Wakatsuki Reijir\u014d resigns as Prime Minister of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/12/26", "description": " Phi Iota Alpha, the oldest existing Latino fraternity, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/12/31", "description": " Statute of Westminster creates the British Commonwealth of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/12/31", "description": "The Huang He floods kill between 850,000 and 4,000,000 people (the deadliest historic natural disaster).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/12/31", "description": "Ust-Abakanskoye becomes Abakan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/12/31", "description": "The National Committee for Modification of the Volstead Act is formed to work for the repeal of prohibition in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1931/12/31", "description": "''The Persistence of Memory'' is put on display for the first time in Paris at the Galerie Pierre Colle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/01/05", "description": " Construction of the Golden Gate Bridge begins in San Francisco Bay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/01/11", "description": " Sir Charles Kingsford Smith makes the first commercial flight between Australia and New Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/01/15", "description": " Political violence causes almost 100 deaths in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/01/17", "description": " The U.S. Congress votes favorably for Philippines independence, against the view of President Herbert Hoover.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/01/23", "description": " The Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, changing Inauguration Day from March 4 to January 20 starting in 1937.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/01/28", "description": " The word Pakistan comes into being and is recognized by the Pakistan Movement to press for freedom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/01/28", "description": "Edouard Daladier forms a government in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/01/28", "description": "Nazi leader Adolf Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany by President of Germany Paul von Hindenburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/01/28", "description": "''The Lone Ranger'' debuts on American radio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/01/28", "description": "January ampampndash The London Underground diagram designed by Harry Beck is introduced to the public.ampamp{{cite book|last=Garland|first=Ken|title=Mr Beck's Underground Map|year=1994|publisher=Capital Transport|location=Harrow Weald|isbn=1-85414-168-6}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/02/01", "description": " Adolf Hitler gives his quotProclamation to the German Peoplequot in Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/02/02", "description": " A second  international conference on disarmament ends without results, It tries to limit the army sizes of the major powers, while Germany is entitled to 200,000, Germany leaves the conference because a plan postpones the limitations for 4 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/02/04", "description": " A mutiny starts on the Dutch pantserschip ''De Zeven Provinci\u00ebn''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/02/06", "description": " The 20th Amendment to the United States Constitution goes into effect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/02/06", "description": "February 7 ampndash Officers on the USS ''Ramapo'' record a 34-meter high sea-wave in the Pacific Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/02/09", "description": " The King and Country debate: The Oxford Union student debating society in England passes a resolution stating, quotThat this House will in no circumstances fight for its King and country.quot{{cite journal|last=Ceadel|first=Martin|title=The King and Country Debate, 1933: Student Politics, Pacifism and the Dictators|journal=The Historical Journal|volume=22|issue=2|year=1979|page=397-422}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/02/10", "description": " The New York City-based Postal Telegraph Company introduces the first singing telegram.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/02/15", "description": " In Miami, Florida, Giuseppe Zangara attempts to assassinate President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt, but instead fatally wounds Chicago Mayor Anton J. Cermak.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/02/15", "description": "''Newsweek'' magazine is published for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/02/15", "description": "The Blaine Act passes the United States Senate, submitting the proposed 21st Amendment to the Constitution to the states for ratification.  The amendment is ratified on December 5, ending prohibition in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/02/27", "description": " Germany's parliament building in Berlin, the Reichstag, is set on fire (see Reichstag fire).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/02/28", "description": " The Reichstag Fire Decree is passed in response to the Reichstag fire, nullifying many German civil liberties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/02", "description": " The original film version of ''King Kong'', starring Fay Wray, premieres at Radio City Music Hall and the RKO Roxy Theatre in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/02", "description": "Ching Yun University is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/02", "description": "Mount Rushmore National Memorial is dedicated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/02", "description": "A powerful earthquake and tsunami hit Honsh\u016b, Japan, killing some 3,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/02", "description": "U.S. President Herbert Hoover is succeeded by Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR), who in reference to the Great Depression, proclaims ampquotThe only thing we have to fear, is fear itselfampquot in his inauguration speech. FDR is sworn in by Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes. It is also the last time Inauguration Day in the United States occurs on March 4.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/02", "description": "Frances Perkins becomes United States Secretary of Labor, and the first female member of the United States Cabinet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/02", "description": "The Parliament of Austria is suspended because of a quibble over procedure Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss initiates authoritarian rule by decree (see Austrofascism).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/02", "description": "The Great Depression: President Franklin D. Roosevelt declares a ampquotBank holidayampquot, closing all United States banks and freezing all financial transactions (the 'holiday' ends on March 13).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/02", "description": "German election, 1933: National Socialists gain 43.9% of the votes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/06", "description": " Mayor Anton Cermak of Chicago dies of the wound he received on February 15.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/09", "description": " Great Depression: The U.S. Congress begins its first 100 days of enacting New Deal legislation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/10", "description": " An earthquake in Long Beach, California kills 117 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/12", "description": " Great Depression: Franklin Delano Roosevelt addresses the nation for the first time as President of the United States, in the first of his quotFireside Chatsquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/12", "description": "The Dow Jones Industrial Average rises from 53.84 to 62.10. The day's gain of 15.34%, achieved during the depths of the Great Depression, remains to date as the largest 1-day percentage gain for the index.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/12", "description": "Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss keeps members of the National Council from convening, starting the Austrofascist dictatorship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/20", "description": " Dachau, the first Nazi concentration camp, is completed (it opens March 22).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/22", "description": " President Franklin Roosevelt signs an amendment to the Volstead Act known as the Cullen-Harrison Act, allowing the manufacture and sale of quot3.2 beerquot (3.2% alcohol by weight, approximately 4% alcohol by volume) and light wines. quotROOSEVELT AUTHORIZES BEER SALE BY SIGNING BILL FOR 3.2 BREWquot, ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'', March 23, 1933, p.1.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/23", "description": " The ''Reichstag'' passes the Enabling Act, making Adolf Hitler dictator of Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/24", "description": " Jews call for a boycott of German goods.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/27", "description": " Japan leaves the League of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/03/31", "description": " The Civilian Conservation Corps is established with the mission of relieving rampant unemployment in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/01", "description": " The recently elected Nazis under Julius Streicher organize a one-day boycott of all Jewish-owned businesses in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/02", "description": " In a cricket test match against New Zealand, England batsman Wally Hammond scores a record 336 runs.ref name=quotCassell's Chronologyquot{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=510\u2013512}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/02", "description": "An anti-monarchist rebellion occurs in Siam (Thailand).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/02", "description": "First flight over Mount Everest, a British expedition, led by the Marquis of Clydesdale, and funded by Lucy, Lady Houston", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/04", "description": " The American airship ''Akron'' crashes off the coast of New Jersey, leaving 73 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/04", "description": "The International Court in the Hague decides that Greenland belongs to Denmark and condemns Norwegian landings on eastern Greenland. Norway submits to the decision.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/04", "description": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt declares a national emergency and issues Executive Order 6102, making it illegal for American citizens to own gold.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/04", "description": "Beer is legalized in the United States, eight months before the full repeal of Prohibition in December.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/04", "description": "The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service is passed in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/11", "description": " Aviator Bill Lancaster takes off in England, in an attempt to make a speed record to the Cape of Good Hope, but vanishes (his body is not found in the Sahara Desert until 1962).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/13", "description": " The Children and Young Persons Act is passed in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/19", "description": " The United States officially goes off the gold standard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/21", "description": " Nazi Germany outlaws the kosher ritual shechita.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/21", "description": "The Gestapo is established in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/21", "description": "Editors of the ''Harvard Lampoon'' steal the Sacred Cod of Massachusetts from the State House (it is returned two days later).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/21", "description": "The Jessop ampamp Son department store in Nottingham, England is acquired by John Lewis Partnership (its first store outside of London).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/21", "description": "The Stahlhelm organization joins the Nazi party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/21", "description": "The first alleged modern sighting of the Loch Ness Monster occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/21", "description": "''Gleichschaltung'': Adolf Hitler prohibits trade unions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/21", "description": "In the Irish Free State, D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann abolishes the Oath of Allegiance to the British Crown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/04/21", "description": "Nellie Tayloe Ross becomes the first woman to be named director of the United States Mint.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/05/05", "description": " The detection by Karl Jansky of radio waves from the center of the Milky Way Galaxy is reported in the ''New York Times''. The discovery leads to the birth of radio astronomy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/05/08", "description": " Mohandas Gandhi begins a 3-week hunger strike because of the mistreatment of the lower castes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/05/08", "description": "In Germany, the Nazis stage massive public book burnings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/05/08", "description": "Paraguay declares war on Bolivia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/05/12", "description": " Agricultural Adjustment Act is enacted in the USA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/05/17", "description": " Vidkun Quisling and Johan Bernhard Hjort form The Nasjonal Samling (the National-Socialist Party) of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/05/18", "description": " New Deal: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs an act creating the Tennessee Valley Authority.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/05/26", "description": " The Nazi Party in Germany introduces a law to legalize eugenic sterilization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/05/26", "description": "New Deal: The Federal Securities Act is signed into law, requiring the registration of securities with the Federal Trade Commission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/05/26", "description": "The ''Century of Progress'' World's Fair opens in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/05/26", "description": "Walt Disney's classic ''Silly Symphony'' cartoon ''The Three Little Pigs'' is first released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/06/05", "description": " The U.S. Congress abrogates the United States' use of the gold standard by enacting a joint resolution (48 Stat. 112) nullifying the right of creditors to demand payment in gold.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/06/06", "description": " The first drive-in theater opens in Camden, New Jersey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/06/12", "description": " The London Economic Conference is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/06/17", "description": " Union Station massacre: In Kansas City, Missouri, Pretty Boy Floyd kills an FBI agent, 3 local police, and the person they intended to rescue, captured bank robber Frank Nash.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/06/21", "description": " All non-Nazi parties are forbidden in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/06/25", "description": " Wilmersdorfer Tennishallen delegates convene in Berlin to protest against the persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/06/26", "description": " The ''American Totalisator Company'' unveils its first electronic pari-mutuel betting machine at the Arlington Park race track near Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/07/01", "description": " The London Passenger Transport Board is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/07/04", "description": " Gandhi is sentenced to prison in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/07/06", "description": " The first Major League Baseball All-Star Game is played at Comiskey Park in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/07/14", "description": " Forming new political parties is forbidden in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/07/14", "description": "Signing of the Four-Power Pact by Britain, France, Germany and Italy.ampref name=ampquotCassell's Chronologyampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/07/14", "description": "International Left Opposition (ILO) is renamed International Communist League (ICL).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/07/20", "description": " Vatican state secretary Eugenio Pacelli (later Pope Pius XII) signs an accord with Hitler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/07/20", "description": "Wiley Post becomes the first person to fly solo around the world, traveling {{convert|15596|mi|km|abbr=on}} in 7 days 18 hours 45 minutes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/07/20", "description": "ampquotMachine-Gunampquot Kelly and Albert Bates kidnap Charles Urschel, an Oklahoma oilman, and demand $200,000 ransom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/07/24", "description": " Several members of the Barrow Gang are injured or captured during a running battle with local police near Dexter, Iowa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/08/01", "description": " The Blue Eagle emblem of the National Recovery Administration is displayed publicly for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/08/02", "description": " Opening of the Stalin White Sea ampndash Baltic Sea Canal, a 227 km navigable waterway constructed using forced labour in the Soviet Union connecting the White Sea with Lake Onega and the Baltic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/08/07", "description": " Simele massacre: More than 3,000 Assyrian Iraqis are killed by Iraq government troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/08/12", "description": " Winston Churchill makes his first public speech warning of the dangers of German rearmament.ref name=CBH{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|coauthors=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=376\u2013377|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/08/14", "description": " Loggers cause a forest fire in the Coast Range of Oregon, later known as the first forest fire of the Tillamook Burn. It is extinguished on September 5, after destroying {{convert|240,000|acre|km2}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/08/25", "description": " The Diexi earthquake shakes Mao County, Sichuan, China and kills 9,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/08/25", "description": "Theodor Lessing is assassinated in Marienbad (Mari\u00e1nsk\u00e9 L\u00e1zn\u011b), Czechoslovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/08/25", "description": "Air France begins operations with 250 planes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/09/03", "description": " Alejandro Lerroux forms a new government in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/09/12", "description": " Le\u00f3 Szil\u00e1rd, waiting for a red light on Southampton Row in Bloomsbury, conceives the idea of the nuclear chain reaction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/09/26", "description": " A tornado destroys the town of Tampico, Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/10/01", "description": " A failed assassination attempt against Englebert Dolfuss seriously injures him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/10/10", "description": " A United Airlines Boeing 247 is destroyed near Chesterton, Indiana, by a bomb. This is the first proven case of air sabotage in commercial airline history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/10/12", "description": " The United States Army Disciplinary Barracks on Alcatraz is acquired by the United States Department of Justice, which plans to incorporate the island into its Federal Bureau of Prisons as a federal penitentiary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/10/13", "description": " The British Interplanetary Society is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/10/14", "description": " Germany announces its withdrawal from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference, after the U.S., the U.K. and France denied its request to increase its defense armaments uner the Versailles Treaty..", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/10/17", "description": " Albert Einstein arrives in the United States as a refugee from Nazi Germany he accepts a position at Princeton University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/11/05", "description": " Spanish Basques vote for autonomy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/11/08", "description": " New Deal: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt unveils the Civil Works Administration, an organization designed to create jobs for more than 4 million of the unemployed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/11/11", "description": " Dust Bowl: In South Dakota, a very strong dust storm strips topsoil from desiccated farmlands (one of a series of disastrous dust storms that year).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/11/11", "description": "The United States and the Soviet Union establish formal diplomatic relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/11/11", "description": "President of Brazil Getulio Vargas names himself dictator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/11/19", "description": " Spanish Second Republic: General elections result in victory by the right-wing parties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/11/22", "description": " The Fujian People's Government is declared in Fujian Province, China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/05", "description": " The 21st Amendment to the United States Constitution is passed, repealing Prohibition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/15", "description": " The US 21st Amendment officially goes into effect, alcohol becomes legal in the US.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/15", "description": "Newfoundland returns to Crown Colony status following financial collapse.ampref name=CBH\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/15", "description": "The British Plastics Federation (the oldest in the world) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/24", "description": " A train crash in Lagny{{Disambiguation needed|date=June 2011}}, France kills over 200.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/24", "description": "The Nissan Motor Company is organized in Tokyo, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/24", "description": "FM radio is patented.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/29", "description": " Members of the Iron Guard assassinate Ion Gheorghe Duca, prime minister of Romania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/29", "description": "The United States Federal Government outlaws cannabis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/29", "description": "A coup attempt against Franklin Delano Roosevelt fails in the United States (''see'' Smedley Butler).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/29", "description": "US President Roosevelt rejects socialism and government ownership of industry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/29", "description": "Nazi Germany forms the ''Expert Committee on Questions of Population and Racial Policy'' under Reich Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/29", "description": "The Holodomor famine takes place in Ukraine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/29", "description": "The first doughnut store under the Krispy Kreme name opens in Nashville, Tennessee.ampamp{{cite web |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tennessean.com\/article\/20090718\/COLUMNIST0102\/907180302\/1097\/COLUMNIST|title=First\">http:\/\/www.tennessean.com\/article\/20090718\/COLUMNIST0102\/907180302\/1097\/COLUMNIST|title=First<\/a> Krispy Kreme doughnut shop found home in Nashville|publisher=The Tennessean}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/29", "description": "Jimmie Angel becomes the first foreigner to see the Angel Falls (they are named after him).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/29", "description": "The ''Ad\u00e9la\u00efde Concerto'', a spurious work attributed to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, is published as ampquoteditedampquot (actually composed) by Marius Casadesus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/29", "description": "15 million unemployed in the USA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/29", "description": "Five coalition cabinets form and fall in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/29", "description": "Turkey concludes a treaty with the creditors of the former Ottoman Empire to schedule the payments in Paris. (Turkey succeeds in clearing all the debt in less than twenty years.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/29", "description": "The first dated ISCF group is started in Australia at North Sydney Boys High School, with the group still running today.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/29", "description": "English cricket team in Australia in 1932\u201333: The England cricket team wins The Ashes using the controversial bodyline tactic.ampref name=ampquotCassell's Chronologyampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1933/12/29", "description": "In Australia the Australian Frontier Wars ends after 145 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934", "description": "Alcatraz becomes a prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934", "description": "International Telecommunication Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934", "description": "Nazi Germany passes the ampquotLaw for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspringampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/01/07", "description": " The first ''Flash Gordon'' comic strip is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/01/10", "description": " Marinus van der Lubbe is executed in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/01/13", "description": " The Candidate of Science degree is established in the USSR.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/01/20", "description": " The Japanese company Fuji Photo Film is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/01/20", "description": "The new Constitution of Estonia enters into force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/01/20", "description": "Einstein visits the White House.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/01/20", "description": "The ''Apollo Theater'' opens in Harlem, New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/01/20", "description": "The 10 year German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact is signed by Germany and the Second Polish Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/01/20", "description": "The Republic of Austria abolishes the jury trial by decree.ampamp{{cite book | title= A World View of Criminal Justice | series= International and Comparative Criminal Justice | first= Richard | last= Vogler | year= 2005 | pages=237\u2013238 | isbn= 978-0-7546-2467-7 | url= <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=rN90FSGhr-cCampamppg=PA237\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=rN90FSGhr-cCampamppg=PA237<\/a> | ref= harv}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/02/06", "description": " French political crisis: The French far right leagues rally in front of the Palais Bourbon, in an attempted coup against the Third Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/02/06", "description": "Greece, Romania, Turkey and Yugoslavia have formed the Balkan Pact.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/02/06", "description": "Gaston Doumergue forms a new government in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/02/12", "description": " The Export-Import Bank is incorporated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/02/12", "description": "February 16 ampndash Austrian Civil War", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/02/16", "description": " Commission of Government sworn in as form of direct rule for the Dominion of Newfoundland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/02/21", "description": " Augusto C\u00e9sar Sandino is assassinated in Managua by the National Guard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/02/22", "description": " Frank Capra's ''It Happened One Night'', starring Clark Gable and Claudette Colbert, is released. It becomes a smash hit and the first of Capra's great screen classics. It becomes the first film to win all 5 of the major Academy Awards ampndash Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Screenplay, Best Director, and Best Picture. Gable and Colbert receive their only Oscars for this film.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/02/23", "description": " L\u00e9opold III becomes King of Belgium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/03/01", "description": " Manchuria becomes Manchukuo, following an invasion by the Japanese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/03/01", "description": "John Dillinger escapes from jail in Crown Point, Indiana, using a wooden pistol.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/03/01", "description": "Erich Franke invents the wire bearing (today wire race bearing) and files a patent application.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/03/08", "description": " Prince Sigvard of Sweden loses his titles because of his marriage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/03/12", "description": " Konstantin P\u00e4ts and general Johan Laidoner stage a coup in Estonia, and ban all political parties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/03/13", "description": " John Dillinger, Baby Face Nelson and their gang rob the First National Bank in Mason City, Iowa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/03/13", "description": "All the police forces in Germany come under the command of Heinrich Himmler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/03/13", "description": "The Great Hakodate fire kills at least 2,166 people in southern Hokkaido, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/03/24", "description": " The Philippine Commonwealth becomes established allowing for more self-government from the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/04/01", "description": " Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker kill 2 young highway patrolmen near Grapevine, Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/04/06", "description": " Rudyard Kipling and William Butler Yeats are awarded the Gothenburg Prize for Poetry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/04/06", "description": "U.S. publication of the novel Tender Is the Night by F. Scott Fitzgerald", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/04/06", "description": "The worlds largest ever recorded surface wind speed of 231 miles per hour was recorded on the summit of Mt. Washington NH.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/04/19", "description": " Surgeon R.K. Wilson allegedly photographs the Loch Ness Monster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/04/22", "description": " John Dillinger and two others shoot their way out of an FBI ambush in northern Wisconsin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/04/28", "description": " FA Cup: Manchester City beat Portsmouth 2 ampndash 1 at Wembley Stadium", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/04/30", "description": " The first S-train line in Copenhagen is opened. The Line started in Klampenborg and ended in Frederiksberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/05/01", "description": " The May Constitution of 1934 heralds the beginning of the Austrofascist Federal State of Austria", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/05/05", "description": " The first Three Stooges short, ''Woman Haters'', is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/05/07", "description": " The Pearl of Lao Tzu, 24 x 14ampnbspcm, is found in a giant clam off Palawan, Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/05/11", "description": " Dust Bowl: A strong 2-day dust storm removes massive amounts of Great Plains topsoil in one of the worst dust storms of the Dust Bowl.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/05/11", "description": "The United States Department of Justice offers a $25,000 reward for John Dillinger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/05/11", "description": "K\u0101rlis Ulmanis establishes an authoritarian government in Latvia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/05/19", "description": " Kimon Georgiev stages a coup d'etat in Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/05/23", "description": " A team of police officers, led by former Texas Ranger Frank Hamer, ambush bank robbers Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow near Gibsland, Louisiana, killing them both.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/05/23", "description": "Tom\u00e1\u0161 Masaryk is re-elected president of Czechoslovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/05/23", "description": "The 5-day ampquotBattle of Toledoampquot starts during the Auto-Lite strike in Toledo, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/05/28", "description": " Near Callander, Ontario, the Dionne quintuplets are born to Oliva and Elzire Dionne, becoming the first quintuplets to survive infancy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/05/29", "description": " May 31 ampndash The Confessional Synod of the German Evangelical Church meets in Barmen, Germany to write the Barmen Declaration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/06/06", "description": " New Deal: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Securities Exchange Act into law, establishing the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/06/09", "description": " The animated short ''The Wise Little Hen'', directed by Bert Gillett for the ''Silly Symphonies'' series, and featuring the debut of Donald Duck, is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/06/10", "description": " Italy beats Czechoslovakia 2\u20131 after extra time to win the 1934 World Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/06/12", "description": " Political parties are banned in Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/06/14", "description": " Max Baer defeats champion Primo Carnera for the world heavyweight boxing title.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/06/18", "description": " The Indian Reorganization Act is enacted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/06/18", "description": "The Emir of Yemen and ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia conclude a peace treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/06/18", "description": "The Canberra Times documents the attack of an unknown spider species upon the Chilean town of Antofagasta.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/trove.nla.gov.au\/ndp\/del\/article\/2359868ampamp\">http:\/\/trove.nla.gov.au\/ndp\/del\/article\/2359868ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/06/28", "description": " Division of Grazing created within the Department of the Interior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/06/28", "description": "The Nazi SA camp Oranienburg becomes a national camp, taken over by the SS.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/06/28", "description": "Night of the Long Knives: Nazis purge the SA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/06/28", "description": "Bureau of Air Commerce under Department of Commerce.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/06/28", "description": "The world famous Brookfield Zoo opens in Brookfield, Illinois.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/06/28", "description": "The Hays Office censorship code for motion pictures goes into full effect in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/07/10", "description": " German Social Democrat and author Erich M\u00fchsam is killed in Oranienburg concentration camp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/07/17", "description": " The North Dakota Supreme Court declares Lieutenant Governor Ole H. Olson the legitimate governor and tells William Langer to resign. Langer proceeds to declare North Dakota independent. He revokes the declaration after the Supreme Court justices meet him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/07/22", "description": " Outside Chicago's Biograph Theatre, quotPublic Enemy No. 1quot John Dillinger is mortally wounded by FBI agents.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/07/25", "description": " Austrian Nazis assassinate chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss during a failed coup attempt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/08/02", "description": " Adolf Hitler becomes ''F\u00fchrer'' of Germany, becoming head of state as well as Chancellor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/08/08", "description": " The Wehrmacht swears a personal oath of loyalty to Adolf Hitler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/08/13", "description": " The comic strip ''Li'l Abner'' is first published in US newspapers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/08/13", "description": "The first All-American Soap Box Derby is held in Dayton, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/08/13", "description": "In a referendum, 90% of the German population approves of Hitler's assumption of presidential powers as F\u00fchrer and Reichskanzler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/08/25", "description": " Anti-union vigilantes seize the town of McGuffey, Ohio, during the Hardin County onion pickers strike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/09/05", "description": "10 ampndash 8th Nuremberg Rally", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/09/08", "description": " Off the New Jersey coast, a fire aboard the passenger liner ''Morro Castle'' kills 134 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/09/08", "description": "The Soviet Union joins the League of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/09/08", "description": "Bruno Richard Hauptmann is arrested in connection with the Lindbergh kidnapping case.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/09/21", "description": " A typhoon in Honsh\u016b, Japan kills 3,036 people, and destroys the temple, schools, and other buildings in Osaka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/09/22", "description": " A gas explosion at Gresford Colliery in Wrexham, north-east Wales kills 266 miners and rescuers, one of Britain's worst coal mining disasters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/09/22", "description": "Afghanistan joins the League of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/09/22", "description": "A trial for the custody of young Gloria Vanderbilt begins it lasts seven weeks and ends with a compromise.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/09/29", "description": " Stanley Matthews makes his England debut, beginning a record 23-year international career.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/10/02", "description": " A tornado in Osaka and Kyoto kills 1,660, injures 5,400, and destroys the rice harvest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/10/05", "description": " Miners rebel in Asturias, Spain (see Asturian miners' strike of 1934).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/10/06", "description": " Catalonian separatists rebel in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/10/09", "description": " King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French foreign minister Louis Barthou are assassinated during the king's state visit in Marseilles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/10/16", "description": " The Long March of the Chinese Communists begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/10/22", "description": " Charles Arthur quotPretty Boyquot Floyd is shot and killed by FBI agents near East Liverpool, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/11/13", "description": " The Italian government decrees that teachers must wear a military or party uniform in a class.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/11/13", "description": "The MCC makes an ultimately controversial decision to alter the lbw rule so a batsman can be lbw to a ball pitching outside off stump. The change is later blamed for many problems developing during the 1950s, primarily negative bowling outside leg stump to a field of short-leg fieldsmen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/11/13", "description": "Cole Porter's musical ''Anything Goes'', starring Ethel Merman, premieres in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/11/23", "description": " An Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in the Ogaden discovers an Italian garrison at Walwal, which lays well within Ethiopian territory. This encounter leads to the Abyssinia Crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/11/26", "description": " Universal Pictures releases the first film version of Fannie Hurst's novel, '''''Imitation of Life''''', starring Claudette Colbert and Louise Beavers. It gives Beavers, usually featured in small roles as a maid, her best screen role, and features the largest supporting role played by a black person in a Hollywood film up till then. Its storyline partially revolves around a young mulatto girl rejecting her mother and trying to quotpass for whitequot. It is the first Hollywood film to seriously deal with this subject.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/11/26", "description": "A running gun battle between FBI agents and bank robber Baby Face Nelson results in the death of one FBI agent and the mortal wounding of special agent Samuel P. Cowley, who was still able to mortally wound Nelson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/11/26", "description": "Bolivian President Daniel Salamanca deposed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/11/26", "description": "In the Soviet Union, Politburo member Sergei Kirov is shot and killed at the Communist Party headquarters in Leningrad by Leonid Nikolaev (it is widely thought that Soviet leader Joseph Stalin ordered this murder).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/11/26", "description": "In Mexico, L\u00e1zaro C\u00e1rdenas is inaugurated as President of that country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/12/05", "description": " Abyssinia Crisis: Ethiopian and Italian troops exchange gunfire. Reported casualties for the Ethiopians are 150, and for the Italians 50.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/12/18", "description": " A low-key fascist conference is held in Moreaux.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/12/24", "description": " Actor Lionel Barrymore begins what will become an annual tradition of the Golden Age of Radio ampndash playing the role of Ebenezer Scrooge in  dramatizations of Charles Dickens's ''A Christmas Carol''. Barrymore continues playing Scrooge on radio until shortly before his death in 1954. He will also make a 78-RPM record album of the classic story, which will later be released on LP.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/12/26", "description": " An American Airlines aircraft crashes in the Adirondack Mountains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/12/27", "description": " Persia becomes Iran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/12/29", "description": " Japan renounces the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and the London Naval Treaty of 1930.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/12/29", "description": "International Union of National Tourist Propaganda Organizations (IUNTPO).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/12/29", "description": "The ampquotBritish Committee for Relations with Other Countriesampquot, which will become the British Council, is set up to foster cultural relations.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.britishcouncil.org\/history-when-1930s-1940s.htm|title=1930s\">http:\/\/www.britishcouncil.org\/history-when-1930s-1940s.htm|title=1930s<\/a> and 1940s|publisher=British Council|accessdate=2011-02-17}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/12/29", "description": "The sonoluminescence effect is discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/12/29", "description": "The GPU becomes the NKVD.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/12/29", "description": "Abidjan becomes the capital of the French colony of C\u00f4te d'Ivoire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/12/29", "description": "The U.S. Marines leave Haiti.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/12/29", "description": "US Congress makes the Philippines a self-governing commonwealth and schedules independence for 1944. Sugar imports are reduced and immigration is limited to 50 Filipino people per year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/12/29", "description": "The house Fallingwater in southwestern Pennsylvania is designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/12/29", "description": "The Quintette du Hot Club de France is established and produced two of the most famous Jazz instrumental icons St\u00e9phane Grappelli and Django Reinhardt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1934/12/29", "description": "This year is the hottest year in the United States on record.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/archives\/2007\/08\/1934-and-all-that\/ampamp\">http:\/\/www.realclimate.org\/index.php\/archives\/2007\/08\/1934-and-all-that\/ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935", "description": "January ampampndash Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia creates a military school at Holeta.ampref name=Ethiopia-Military-Tradition-in-National-Lifeamp<a href=\"http:\/\/lcweb2.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/query\/r?frd\/cstdy:@field(DOCID+et0163)\">http:\/\/lcweb2.loc.gov\/cgi-bin\/query\/r?frd\/cstdy:@field(DOCID+et0163)<\/a> Ethiopia Military Tradition in National Life Library of Congressampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/01/01", "description": " The Italian colonies of Tripoli and Cyrenaica are joined together as Libya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/01/03", "description": " The trial of Bruno Richard Hauptmann, accused of the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh, Jr., begins in Flemington, New Jersey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/01/04", "description": " Dry Tortugas National Park is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/01/07", "description": " Italian premier Benito Mussolini and French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval conclude an agreement in which each power agrees not to oppose the other's colonial claims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/01/11", "description": " Amelia Earhart becomes the first person to fly solo from Hawaii to California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/01/13", "description": " A plebiscite in the Territory of the Saar Basin shows that 90.3% of those voting wish to join Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/01/16", "description": " The FBI kills the Barker Gang, including Ma Barker, in a shootout.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/01/19", "description": " Coopers Inc. sells the world's first briefs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/01/24", "description": " The first canned beer is sold in Richmond, Virginia, United States, by Gottfried Krueger Brewing Company.<a href=\"http:\/\/keglined.pssht.com\/main.html\">http:\/\/keglined.pssht.com\/main.html<\/a> Keglined.com: An Illustrated History of the American Beer Can", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/01/28", "description": " Iceland becomes the first country to legalize abortion on medical grounds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/02/13", "description": " Bruno Richard Hauptmann is convicted and sentenced to death for the kidnapping and murder of Charles Lindbergh, Jr.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/02/15", "description": " The discovery and clinical development of Prontosil, the first broadly effective antibacterial drug, is published in a series of articles in Germany's pre-eminent medical journal, ''Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift'', by Gerhard Domagk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/02/22", "description": " Airplanes are banned from flying over the White House.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/02/22", "description": "March ampampndash Anastasios Papoulas leads a coup against the Greek government however, the attempt fails and he is later captured and executed for treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/03/01", "description": " \u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc forms the new government in Turkey. (8th government During Atat\u00fcrk's presidency, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc had served seven times as a prime minister)", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/03/01", "description": "King Prajadhipok (Rama VII) of Siam abdicates the throne. He is succeeded by his 9-year-old-nephew Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/03/08", "description": " Hachik\u014d, the loyal dog who was remembered for his loyalty to his owner, even many years after his owners death, passes away on the very same spot he had waited for over nine years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/03/09", "description": "March 9  ampndash Porky Pig makes his debut as the first major Looney Tunes character in I Haven't Got a Hat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/03/16", "description": " Adolf Hitler announces German rearmament in violation of the Versailles Treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/03/19", "description": " A riot breaks out in Harlem, NYC, after a rumor that police killed a shoplifter in the S. H. Kress amp Co. department store circulates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/03/21", "description": " Persia is renamed Iran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/03/22", "description": " The world's first Television program is transmitted from the Funkturm in Berlin, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/04/14", "description": " Dust Bowl: The great dust storm, made famous by Woody Guthrie in his quotdust bowl balladsquot, hits eastern New Mexico and Colorado, and western Oklahoma the hardest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/04/15", "description": " Roerich Pact signed in Washington D.C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/04/16", "description": " ''Fibber McGee and Molly'' debuts on NBC Radio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/04/17", "description": " Sun Myung Moon claims to have a revelation from Jesus telling him to complete his mission from almost 2,000 years ago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/04/24", "description": " William Christian Bullitt, Jr., the US ambassador to Moscow, hosted the elaborately prepared Spring Ball of the Full Moon which is said to have surpassed all other embassy parties in Moscow's history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/04/27", "description": " FA Cup Sheffield Wednesday beat West Bromwich Albion 4\u20132 at Wembley", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/04/29", "description": " The first edition of the Vuelta a Espa\u00f1a is raced and goes on to become one of the 3 Grand Tours of road bicycle racing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/05/06", "description": " New Deal: Executive Order 7034 creates the Works Progress Administration (WPA).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/05/14", "description": " Northamptonshire gains (over Somerset at Taunton by 48 runs) what proves to be their last victory for 99 matches, easily a record in the County Championship. Their next Championship win is not until ''29 May 1939''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/05/19", "description": " T. E. Lawrence (''Lawrence of Arabia'') dies in a motorcycle accident in Dorset, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/05/24", "description": " The first nighttime Major League Baseball game is played between the Cincinnati Reds and Philadelphia Phillies at Crosley Field in Cincinnati, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/05/27", "description": " ''Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States'' (aka the quotSick Chicken Casequot): The U.S. Supreme Court declares the National Industrial Recovery Act unconstitutional.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/05/30", "description": " Eventual Baseball Hall of Famer Babe Ruth appears in his last career game, playing for the Boston Braves in Philadelphia against the Phillies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/05/31", "description": " A 7.1 magnitude earthquake destroys Quetta in modern-day Pakistan, killing 40,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/06/09", "description": " He-Umezu Agreement: China's Kuomintang government concedes Japanese military control of north-eastern China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/06/10", "description": " Alcoholics Anonymous is founded in Akron, Ohio by William G. Wilson and Dr. Robert Smith.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/06/12", "description": " Senator Huey Long of Louisiana makes the longest speech on Senate record, taking 15\u00bd hours and containing 150,000 words.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/minute\/Huey_Long_Filibusters.htm\">http:\/\/www.senate.gov\/artandhistory\/history\/minute\/Huey_Long_Filibusters.htm<\/a> U.S. Senate", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/06/13", "description": " James J. Braddock defeats Max Baer at Madison Square Garden Bowl to win the heavyweight boxing championship of the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/06/18", "description": " Anglo-German Naval Agreement: Britain agrees to a German navy equal to 35% of her own naval tonnage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/06/24", "description": " Carlos Gardel, the legendary Franco-Argentine quotFather of Tango,quot dies in a plane crash in Medell\u00edn, Colombia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/07/16", "description": " The world's first parking meters are installed in Oklahoma City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/07/25", "description": "August 20 ampndash The seventh and last congress of the Comintern is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/08/05", "description": " The Leo Burnett Advertising Agency opens in Chicago, Illinois.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/08/05", "description": " Eastbourne Bandstand officially opened in Eastbourne, United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/08/14", "description": " United States President Franklin Roosevelt signs the Social Security Act into law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/08/15", "description": " Humorist Will Rogers and aviator Wiley Post are killed when Post's plane crashes shortly after takeoff near Barrow, Alaska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/09/02", "description": " Labor Day Hurricane of 1935: The strongest hurricane ever to strike the United States landfalls in the Upper Florida Keys as a Category 5 storm with 185ampnbspmph winds, killing 423.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/09/08", "description": " Carl Weiss kills Huey Long, U.S. Senator from Louisiana, in the Louisiana Capitol Building in Baton Rouge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/09/13", "description": " Howard Hughes, flying the Hughes H-1 Racer, sets an airspeed record of 352ampnbspmph (566ampnbspkm\/h).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/09/15", "description": " The Nuremberg Laws go into effect in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/09/24", "description": " Earl Bascom and his brother Weldon Bascom produce the first night rodeo held outdoors under electric lights at Columbia, Mississippi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/09/29", "description": " The London and North Eastern Railway's first A4 Class locomotive A4 2509 ''Silver Link'' makes her inaugural journey from London Kings Cross.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/09/29", "description": "U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt dedicates Hoover Dam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/09/29", "description": "The London and North Eastern Railway commences the ''Silver Jubilee'', Britain's first streamline train service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/10/02", "description": "October 3 ampndash The Second Italo-Abyssinian War begins as General Emilio de Bono of Italy invades Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/10/10", "description": " A tornado destroys the 160 metre tall wooden radio tower in Langenberg, Germany. As a result of this catastrophe wooden radio towers are phased out.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/10/14", "description": " In the Canadian federal election, the Liberal Party of William Lyon Mackenzie King wins a majority government, defeating the Conservative Party of Prime Minister R. B. Bennett.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/11/05", "description": " Parker Brothers releases the board game ''Monopoly''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/11/08", "description": " A dozen labor leaders come together to announce the creation of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), an organization charged with pushing the cause for industrial unionism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/11/14", "description": " In the General Election in Britain, Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin returns to office at the head of a National Government led by the Conservative Party with a large but reduced majority.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/11/22", "description": " The ''China Clipper'' takes off from Alameda, California in an attempt to deliver the first airmail cargo across the Pacific Ocean (the aircraft later reaches its destination, Manila, and delivers over 110,000 pieces of mail).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/11/23", "description": " Jacques and Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Tr\u00e9fou\u00ebl, Daniel Bovet and Federico Nitti, in the laboratory of Ernest Fourneau at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, discover that sulfanilamide is the active component of Prontosil.J. et T. Tr\u00e9fou\u00ebl, F. Nitti et D. Bovet, quotActivit\u00e9 du ''p''-aminoph\u00e9nylsulfamide sur l\u2019infection streptococcique exp\u00e9rimentale de la souris et du lapinquot, ''C. R. Soc. Biol.'', '''120''', 23 november 1935, p. 756", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/11/30", "description": " The 1935 British-made film ''Scrooge'', the first all-talking film version of Charles Dickens classic, opens in the U.S. after its British release.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/12/09", "description": "December 9  ampndash American newspaper editor Walter Liggett is killed in a gangland murder plot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/12/09", "description": "Lebensborn Project, a Nazi reproduction program, is founded by Heinrich Himmler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/12/09", "description": "De La Warr Pavilion, Bexhill on Sea, opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/12/17", "description": " Douglas DST, prototype of the Douglas DC-3 airliner, first flies, in the United States. More than 16,000 of the model will eventually be produced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/12/17", "description": "Samuel Hoare resigns as British foreign secretary and is replaced by Anthony Eden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/12/17", "description": "The socialist party of Sri Lanka, the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/12/27", "description": " Mao Zedong issues the Wayaopao Manifesto, ''On Tactics Against Japanese Imperialism'', calling for a National United Front against the Japanese Invasion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/12/28", "description": " ''Pravda'' publishes a letter from Pavel Postyshev, who revives the New Year tree tradition in the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1935/12/28", "description": "Mary McLeod Bethune founds the National Council of Negro Women.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/01/04", "description": " England celebrates its first ever win over the All Blacks in Rugby Union, in particular the 2 famous tries by quotThe Princequot HH Alexander Obolensky.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/01/15", "description": " The first building to be completely covered in glass is completed in Toledo, Ohio, for the Owens-Illinois Glass Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/01/16", "description": " Serial killer Albert Fish is executed in Sing Sing Prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/01/20", "description": " King George V of the United Kingdom dies. His eldest son succeeds to the throne, becoming Edward VIII. The title Prince of Wales is not used for another 22 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/01/31", "description": " ''The Green Hornet'' radio show debuts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/03/01", "description": " Construction of Hoover Dam is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/03/07", "description": " In violation of the Treaty of Versailles,  Nazi Germany reoccupies the Rhineland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/03/09", "description": " Pro-democratic militarist Keisuke Okada steps down as Prime Minister of Japan and is replaced by radical militarist Koki Hirota.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/03/17", "description": "March 18 ampndash St. Patrick's Day Flood: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, suffers the worst flooding in its history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/03/26", "description": " The longest game in the history of the National Hockey League was played. The Montreal Maroons and Detroit Red Wings went scoreless until 16 and a half minutes into the sixth OT when Mud Bruneteau ends it at 2:25 in the morning. It would be the longest game until May 4, 2000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/04/03", "description": " Bruno Richard Hauptmann, convicted of kidnapping and killing Charles Lindbergh III, is executed in New Jersey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/04/05", "description": " A tornado hits Tupelo, Mississippi, killing 216 and injuring over 700 (the 4th deadliest tornado in U.S. history).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/04/06", "description": " Two tornadoes strike Gainesville, Georgia. The smaller tornado hits north Gainsville, the stronger tornado the west side of town. 203 die and 1,600 are injured in the 5th deadliest tornado in U.S. history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/04/11", "description": " The first Butlins holiday camp opens at Skegness. It was officially opened by Amy Johnson from Hull, who was the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/04/19", "description": " The 1936\u20131939 Arab revolt in Palestine against the British government and opposition to Jewish immigration begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/05/02", "description": " ''Peter and the Wolf'', a Russian fairy tale of Sergei Prokofiev's composition, debuts at the Nezlobin Theater in Moscow, Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/05/05", "description": " Italian forces occupy Addis Ababa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/05/07", "description": " Italy annexes Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/05/09", "description": " Italian East Africa is formed from the Italian territories of Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Italian Somaliland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/05/12", "description": " The Santa Fe railroad in the United States inaugurates the all-Pullman ''Super Chief'' passenger train between Chicago, Illinois and Los Angeles, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/05/25", "description": " The Remington Rand strike of 1936\u20131937 begins, spawning the notorious quotMohawk Valley formulaquot, a corporate plan for strikebreaking.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/05/25", "description": "The first flight by the Irish airline Aer Lingus takes place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/05/25", "description": "British luxury liner {{RMS|Queen Mary}} leaves Southampton on her maiden voyage across the Atlantic", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/05/30", "description": " Margaret Mitchell's novel ''Gone with the Wind'' is first published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/05/30", "description": "June", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/05/30", "description": "A major heat wave strikes North America high temperature records are set and thousands die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/05/30", "description": "The first production model PCC trolley  car, built by St. Louis Car Company, is placed in service by Pittsburgh Railways.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/05/30", "description": "The general strike in France is ended by the Matignon Agreements.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/05/30", "description": "The Steel Workers Organizing Committee is founded in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/06/15", "description": " An army laboratory explodes in Estonia, killing 60.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/06/19", "description": " Max Schmeling knocks out Joe Louis in the 12th round of their heavyweight boxing match at Yankee Stadium in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/06/26", "description": " Focke-Wulf Fw 61, the first fully controllable helicopter, makes its maiden flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/06/29", "description": " United States Maritime Commission formed", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/07/11", "description": " Triborough Bridge in New York City is opened to traffic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/07/13", "description": " 14 ampndash Peak of July 1936 heat wave: The U.S. states of Wisconsin, Michigan, and Indiana all set new state records for high temperature. At Mio in northern Michigan, it soars to 113\u00b0F (45\u00b0C).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/07/17", "description": " The Army of Africa launches a ''coup d'\u00e9tat'' against the Second Spanish Republic, beginning the Spanish Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/08/01", "description": " The 1936 Summer Olympics open in Berlin, Germany, and mark the first live television coverage of a sports event in world history. Note that John Logie Baird had previously broadcast the Derby horse race in Britain in 1931.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/08/03", "description": " African-American athlete Jesse Owens wins the 100-meter dash at the Berlin Olympics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/08/03", "description": "Rainey Bethea was hanged in Owensboro, Kentucky, in the last public execution in the United States", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/08/03", "description": "1936 Summer Olympics: The United States men's national basketball team wins the first Olympic basketball tournament in the final game over Canada, 19\u20138.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/08/19", "description": " The first of the Moscow Trials begins in the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/08/26", "description": " Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936 is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/08/26", "description": "Ernest Nash flees Germany for Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/08/26", "description": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt attends the dedication of Thomas Jefferson's head at Mount Rushmore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/08/26", "description": "September ampampndash Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence (1936) is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/09/04", "description": "5 ampndash English-born aviatrix Beryl Markham becomes the first woman to make an East-to-West solo transatlantic flight, from Abingdon-on-Thames, England, to Baleine, Nova Scotia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/09/07", "description": " The last known thylacine (Tasmanian Tiger), named Benjamin, dies in Hobart Zoo in Tasmania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/10/11", "description": " Earl Bascom, rodeo cowboy and artist, designs and builds Mississippi's first permanent rodeo arena at Columbia, Mississippi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/10/19", "description": " H.R. Ekins, reporter for the ''New York World-Telegram'', wins a race to travel around the world on commercial airline flights, beating out Dorothy Kilgallen of the ''New York Journal'' and Leo Kieran of the ''New York Times''.  The flight takes 18\u00bd days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/10/25", "description": " Rome-Berlin Axis is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/10/29", "description": " The historic Uptown Theater opens in Washington D.C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/10/29", "description": "The BBC launches the world's first regular (then) high-definition television service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/10/29", "description": "The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) begins radio in Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/11/03", "description": " U.S. presidential election, 1936: Franklin D. Roosevelt is reelected to a second term in a landslide victory over Alf Landon. Farmers support Roosevelt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/11/12", "description": " In California, the San Francisco\u2013Oakland Bay Bridge opens to traffic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/11/20", "description": " A levee failure and continued massive rain at the Mitsubishi Osarizawa mine, Kazuno, northeastern Akita, Japan, results in at least 375 deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/11/23", "description": " The first edition of ''Life Magazine'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/11/25", "description": " The Abraham Lincoln Brigade sails from New York City on its way to the Spanish Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/11/26", "description": " The Anti-Comintern Pact is signed by Germany and Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/11/30", "description": " In London, the Crystal Palace is destroyed in a fire (it had been built for the 1851 Great Exhibition).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/12/01", "description": " Hitler makes it mandatory that Boys 10 to 18 join Hitler Youth", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/12/03", "description": " Radio station WQXR is officially founded in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/12/05", "description": " The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic is dissolved and Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia become full Republics of the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/12/10", "description": "December 11 ampndash King Edward VIII signs an instrument of abdication at Fort Belvedere in the presence of his three brothers, The Duke of York, The Duke of Gloucester and The Duke of Kent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/12/10", "description": "The British Parliament passes His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 on behalf of the UK, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/12/10", "description": "The King performs his last act as sovereign by giving royal assent to the Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/12/10", "description": "Prince Albert, Duke of York, becomes King, reigning as King George VI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/12/10", "description": "The abdicated King Edward VIII, now HRH Prince Edward, makes a broadcast to the nation explaining his decision to abdicate. He leaves the country for Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/12/10", "description": "The Irish Free State passes the External Relations Act to legislate for Edward VIII's abdication in that realm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/12/10", "description": "Xi'an Incident: Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China is kidnapped by Zhang Xueliang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/12/24", "description": " Release of the film Natalka Poltavka in Ukraine, the first filmed Russian opera.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/12/29", "description": " The United Auto Workers begins the Flint Sit-Down Strike in Flint, Michigan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/12/29", "description": "West China Famine: five million die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/12/29", "description": "Ipswich Town Football Club turns professional.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/12/29", "description": "The YMCA Youth and Government program is founded in Albany, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/12/29", "description": "Mordecai Ham begins his radio ministry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/12/29", "description": "Stress is first recognised as a medical condition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/12/29", "description": "Polaroid sunglasses and Ambre Solaire sunblock both first marketed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1936/12/29", "description": "Cocoa production in the Gold Coast reaches 305,000 tons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/01/01", "description": " Anastasio Somoza Garc\u00eda becomes President of Nicaragua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/01/03", "description": " The first science fiction convention is held in Leeds, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/01/11", "description": " The first issue of ''Look'' magazine goes on sale in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/01/19", "description": " Howard Hughes establishes a record by flying from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/01/20", "description": " Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes swears in Franklin D. Roosevelt for a second term.  This is the first time Inauguration Day in the United States occurs on that date, on which it has occurred ever since the change is due to the ratification in 1933 of the 20th amendment to the U.S. Constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/01/23", "description": " In Moscow, seventeen leading Communists go on trial, accused of participating in a plot led by Leon Trotsky to overthrow Joseph Stalin's regime and assassinate its leaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/01/26", "description": " The U.S. state of Michigan celebrates its Centennial Anniversary of statehood.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/01/26", "description": "The Ohio River floods.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/01/26", "description": "The Soviet Union executes 31 people for alleged Trotskyism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/02/05", "description": " U.S President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposes a plan to enlarge the Supreme Court of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/02/08", "description": " Spanish Civil War: Falangist troops take M\u00e1laga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/02/08", "description": "February 27 ampndash Spanish Civil War ampndash Battle of Jarama: Nationalist and government troops fight to a stalemate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/02/11", "description": " A sit-down strike ends when General Motors recognizes the United Automobile Workers Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/02/16", "description": " Wallace H. Carothers receives a patent for nylon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/02/16", "description": "Airliner VH-UHH (''Stinson'') goes down over Lamington National Park, bound for Sydney, killing five people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/02/16", "description": "Yekatit 12: During a public ceremony at the Viceregal Palace (the former Imperial residence) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, two Eritrean nationalists attempt to kill viceroy Rodolfo Graziani with a number of grenades. The Italian security guard fire into the crowd of Ethiopian onlookers. Authorities exact further reprisals, which include indiscriminately slaughtering native Ethiopians over the next three days, detaining thousands of Ethiopians in inhospitable conditions at Danan in the Ogaden and Nokra in the Dahlak Archipelago, and slaughtering almost 300 monks at Debre Libanos monastery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/02/20", "description": " Roberto Ortiz is elected president of Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/02/21", "description": " The League of Nations Non-Intervention Committee prohibits foreign nationals from fighting in the Spanish Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/02/21", "description": "March ampampndash The first issue of ''Detective Comics'' is published in the United States. Twenty-seven issues later, ''Detective Comics'' introduces Batman. The magazine goes on to become the longest continually published comic book in American history it is still published {{as of|lc=y|2012}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/03/10", "description": " The Encyclical ''Mit brennender Sorge'' of Pope Pius XI is published in Nazi Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/03/17", "description": " The Atherton Report (private investigator Edwin Atherton's report detailing vice and police corruption in San Francisco) is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/03/18", "description": " In the worst school disaster in American history in terms of lives lost, the New London School in New London, Texas suffers a catastrophic natural gas explosion, killing in excess of 295 students and teachers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/03/18", "description": "The Encyclical ''Divini Redemptoris'' of Pope Pius XI about communism is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/03/18", "description": "Mother Frances Hospital opens in Tyler, Texas in response to the New London School explosion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/03/21", "description": " The first successful flying car, Waldo Waterman's ''Aerobile'', makes its initial flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/03/21", "description": "In Crystal City, Texas, spinach growers erect a statue of the cartoon character Popeye.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/03/21", "description": "William Henry Hastie becomes the first African-American appointed to a federal judgeship .", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/04/01", "description": " Aden becomes a British crown colony. Bombing of Ja\u00e9n, Spain by Nazi forces", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/04/09", "description": " The ''Kamikaze'' arrives at Croydon Airport in London it is the first Japanese-built aircraft to fly to Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/04/12", "description": " ''NLRB v. Jones amp Laughlin Steel'': The Supreme Court of the United States rules that the National Labor Relations Act is constitutional.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/04/17", "description": " The animated short ''Porky's Duck Hunt'', directed by Tex Avery for the Looney Tunes series, featuring the debut of Daffy Duck, is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/04/20", "description": " A fire in an elementary school in Kilingi-N\u00f5mme, Estonia, kills seventeen students and injures fifty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/04/26", "description": " Spanish Civil War: Guernica, Spain is bombed. In his report of the Falangist attack on Guernica, British journalist George Steer reports finding German bomb casings, connecting Luftwaffe planes with the attack.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/04/26", "description": "May", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/04/26", "description": "The D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann passes the Executive Authority (Consequential Provisions) Act, 1937, which abolishes the office of Governor-General of the Irish Free State, retrospectively dated to December 1936.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/04/26", "description": "17 million unemployed in the USA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/05/01", "description": " A general strike occurs in Paris, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/05/06", "description": " ''Hindenburg'' disaster: In the United States, the German airship ''Hindenburg'' bursts into flame when mooring to a mast in Lakehurst, New Jersey. Of the 36 passengers and 61 crew on board, 13 passengers and 22 crew die, as well as one member of the ground crew.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/05/07", "description": " Spanish Civil War: The German Condor Legion Fighter Group, equipped with Heinkel He 51 biplanes, arrives in Spain to assist Francisco Franco's forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/05/12", "description": " The coronation of George VI and Queen Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother) takes place at Westminster Abbey, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/05/12", "description": "A Soviet station becomes the first scientific research settlement to operate on the drift ice of the Arctic Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/05/12", "description": "As one of the reprisals for the attempted assassination of Italian viceroy Rodolfo Graziani, a detachment of Italian troops massacres the entire community of Debre Libanos, killing 297 monks and 23 laymen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/05/27", "description": " In California, the Golden Gate Bridge opens to pedestrian traffic, creating a vital link between San Francisco and Marin County. The next day, President Franklin D. Roosevelt pushes a button in Washington, D.C., signaling the start of vehicle traffic over the Golden Gate Bridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/05/28", "description": " Neville Chamberlain becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/05/28", "description": "Spanish Civil War: Spanish ship ''Ciudad de Barcelona'' is torpedoed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/05/28", "description": "The Chicago Police Department shoot and kill ten unarmed demonstrators in Chicago in what is known as the Memorial Day massacre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/06/03", "description": " Wallis Simpson marries The Duke of Windsor (the former Edward VIII), in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/06/03", "description": "The first total solar eclipse to exceed seven minutes of totality in over 800 years, is visible in the Pacific and Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/06/03", "description": "Carl Orff's ''Carmina Burana'' premieres in Frankfurt, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/06/14", "description": " Pennsylvania becomes the first (and only) of the United States to celebrate Flag Day officially as a state holiday.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/06/21", "description": " The coalition government of L\u00e9on Blum resigns in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/06/28", "description": " Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) established in the United States, superseding the Emergency Conservation Work program.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/06/28", "description": "June ampampndash Picasso completes his painting ''Guernica''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/06/28", "description": "June\/July ampampndash The D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann debates and passes the draft new Constitution of Ireland, which is then submitted for public approval by plebiscite.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/06/28", "description": "The Gestapo arrests pastor Martin Niem\u00f6ller.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/06/28", "description": "In a referendum the people of the Irish Free State accept the new Constitution by 685,105 votes to 527,945.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/06/28", "description": "First alleged sighting of the White River Monster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/06/28", "description": "Amelia Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan disappear after taking off from New Guinea during Earhart's attempt to become the first woman to fly around the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/06/28", "description": "A guard takes his place at the Tomb of the Unknowns in Washington, DC continuous guard has been maintained there ever since.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/07/05", "description": " The highest recorded temperature in Canada, at Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan, is 45\u00b0C (113\u00b0F).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/07/05", "description": "Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Lugou Bridge (aka Marco Polo Bridge Incident): Japanese forces invade China (often seen as the beginning of World War II in Asia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/07/05", "description": "Peel Commission proposes partition of the British Mandate of Palestine into separate Arab and Jewish states.ampamp{{cite book|title=League of Nations Mandates - Palestine: Report of the Palestine Royal Commission|month=July|year=1937|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/History\/peel1.html|accessdate=2012-03-08}}ampampampamp{{cite\">http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/History\/peel1.html|accessdate=2012-03-08}}ampampampamp{{cite<\/a> book|title=Population Transfers in Asia|first=Joseph B.|last=Schechtman|authorlink=Joseph Schechtman|location=New York|publisher=Hallsby Press|year=1949|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.archive.org\/stream\/Schechtman-Population-Transfers-in-Asia\/Schechtman--PopulationTransfersInAsia_djvu.txt|accessdate=2012-03-08}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.archive.org\/stream\/Schechtman-Population-Transfers-in-Asia\/Schechtman--PopulationTransfersInAsia_djvu.txt|accessdate=2012-03-08}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/07/11", "description": " American popular composer George Gershwin dies in Los Angeles of a brain tumor, age 38.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/07/20", "description": " The Geibeltbad Pirna is opened in Dresden, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/07/21", "description": " \u00c9amon de Valera is elected President of the Executive Council (prime minister) of the Irish Free State by the D\u00e1il (parliament).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/07/22", "description": " New Deal: The United States Senate votes down President Franklin D. Roosevelt's proposal to add more justices to the Supreme Court of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/07/24", "description": " Alabama drops rape charges against the so-called ''Scottsboro Boys''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/07/25", "description": "July 31 ampndash Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Beiping-Tianjin, a series of actions fought around Beiping and Tianjin, resulting in Japanese victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/07/28", "description": " The Irish Republican Army attempts the assassination by bomb of George VI in Belfast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/08/02", "description": " The Marihuana Tax Act Pub. 238, 75th Congress, 50 Stat. 551 (Aug. 2, 1937), is a significant bill on the path that will lead to the criminalization of cannabis. It was introduced to U.S. Congress by Commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, Harry Anslinger. (The Act is now commonly referred to using the modern spelling as the 1937 Marijuana Tax Act.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/08/05", "description": " The Soviet Union commences one of the largest campaigns of the Great Purge, to quoteliminate anti-Soviet elements.quot Within the following year, at least 724,000 people are killed on order of the troikas, directed by Joseph Stalin. This was an offensive that targeted social classes (such as the kulaks), ethnic or racial backgrounds which were seen as non-Russian, and Stalin's personal opponents from the Communist Party and their sympathizers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/08/06", "description": " Spanish Civil War: Falangist artillery bombards Madrid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/08/08", "description": " Japan occupies Beijing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/08/26", "description": " Sino-Japanese War: Japanese aircraft attack the car carrying the ambassador of Great Britain during a raid on Shanghai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/09/02", "description": " The Great Hong Kong Typhoon kills an estimated 11,000 persons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/09/05", "description": " Spanish Civil War: The city of Llanes falls to the Falangists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/09/07", "description": " CBS broadcasts a two-and-a-half hour memorial concert nationwide on radio in memory of George Gershwin, live from the Hollywood Bowl.  Many celebrities appear, including Oscar Levant, Fred Astaire, Otto Klemperer, Lily Pons, and members of the original cast of ''Porgy and Bess''. The concert is recorded and released complete years later in what is excellent sound for its time, on CD. The Los Angeles Philharmonic is the featured orchestra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/09/17", "description": " Abraham Lincoln's head is dedicated at Mount Rushmore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/09/19", "description": " Swiss professional ice hockey club HC Ambr\u00ec-Piotta founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/09/21", "description": " George Allen amp Unwin, Ltd. of London publishes the first edition of J. R. R. Tolkien's ''The Hobbit''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/09/25", "description": " Sino-Japanese War: Battle of Pingxingguan: The Communist Chinese National Revolutionary Army defeats the Japanese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/09/26", "description": " Street and Smith Publications launches a half-hour radio program, ''The Shadow'', with Orson Welles in the title role.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/09/27", "description": " The last Bali tiger dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/09/27", "description": "The Marihuana Tax Act becomes law in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/09/27", "description": "U.S. Supreme Court associate justice Hugo Black, in a nationwide radio broadcast, refutes allegations of past involvement in the Ku Klux Klan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/10/03", "description": " Sino-Japanese War: Japanese troops advance toward Nanking.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/10/04", "description": " Rabotnicki Skopje is established as a football club .", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/10/05", "description": " Roosevelt gives his famous ''Quarantine Speech'' in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/10/13", "description": " Germany, in a note to Brussels, guarantees the inviolability and integrity of Belgium so long as the latter abstains from military action against Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/10/15", "description": " Ernest Hemingway's novel ''To Have and Have Not'' is first published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/10/18", "description": "October 21 ampndash Spanish Civil War: The whole Spanish northern seaboard falls into the Falangists' hands Republican forces in Gijon, Spain, set fire to petrol reserves prior to retreating before the advancing Falangists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/10/25", "description": " Celal Bayar forms the new (ninth) government of Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/11/03", "description": " Underdog Maurice J. Tobin resoundingly defeats former governor and mayor James Michael Curley in a Boston mayoral election that shocks the political establishment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/11/03", "description": "Spanish Civil War ampampndash 35,000 Republican supporters are massacred in Piedrafita de Babia, near Le\u00f3n.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/11/03", "description": "World War II: In the Reich Chancellery, Adolf Hitler holds a secret meeting and states his plans for acquiring ampquotliving spaceampquot for the German people (recorded in the Hossbach Memorandum).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/11/06", "description": " Italy joins the Anti-Comintern Pact.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/11/09", "description": " Sino-Japanese War: Japanese troops take Shanghai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/11/10", "description": " Brazilian president Get\u00falio Vargas announces the Estado Novo (quotNew Statequot), thence becoming dictator of Brazil until 1945.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/11/11", "description": " The Kogushi sulfur mine collapse, in western Gunma, Japan, kills at least 245 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/12/04", "description": " ''The Dandy'' comic is first published in Scotland it will still be running {{as of|lc=y|2011}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/12/11", "description": " Italy withdraws from the League of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/12/11", "description": "USS ''Panay'' incident: Japanese bombers sink the American gunboat {{USS|Panay|PR-5|6}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/12/11", "description": "Mae West makes a risque guest appearance on the NBC ''Chase and Sanborn Hour'' that eventually results in her being banned from radio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/12/13", "description": " Sino-Japanese War: The Battle of Nanjing ends and the Nanjing Massacre begins. Japanese troops slaughter over 300,000 civilians and prisoners over three months.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/12/16", "description": " The original production of the musical ''Me and My Girl'' opens at the West End Victoria Palace Theatre in London. A later revival of this musical would win an award.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/12/21", "description": " Walt Disney's ''Snow White'' premieres in selected theaters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/12/25", "description": " At the age of 70, legendary conductor Arturo Toscanini conducts the NBC Symphony Orchestra on radio for the first time, beginning his successful 17-year tenure with that orchestra.  This first concert consists of music by Vivaldi (at a time when he was still seldom played), Mozart, and Brahms. Millions tune in to listen, including U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/12/29", "description": " The new Constitution of Ireland (''Bunreacht na h\u00c9ireann'') comes into force. The Irish Free State becomes quotIrelandquot, and \u00c9amon de Valera becomes the first Taoiseach (prime minister) of the new state. A Presidential Commission (made up the Chief Justice, the Speaker of D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann, and the President of the High Court) assumes the powers of the new presidency, pending the popular election of the first President of Ireland in June 1938. The new constitution prohibits divorce.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/12/29", "description": "Switzerland begins construction of its Border Line defences.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/12/29", "description": "The Vibora Luviminda trades union's sugar plantation strike on Maui island, Hawaii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/12/29", "description": "Jimmie Angel lands his plane on top of Devil's Mountain however, the plane gets damaged and he has to trek through the rainforest for help.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/12/29", "description": "Italian psychiatrist Amarro Fiamberti is the first to document a transorbital approach to the brain, which becomes the basis for the controversial medical procedure of transorbital lobotomy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/12/29", "description": "''Of Mice and Men'' by John Steinbeck is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1937/12/29", "description": "Soviet industry produces about four times as much as it had in 1928.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938", "description": "The new Constitution of Estonia enters into force, ending the Era of Silence and the authoritarian regime.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938", "description": "Sir Alexander Cadogan succeeds Sir Robert Vansittart as permanent under-secretary at the British Foreign Office Vansittart is ampquotkicked upstairsampquot by being given the new and unimportant office of Chief Diplomatic Advisor to the Government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938", "description": "The Merrie Melodies cartoon short ''Daffy Duck and Egghead'' is released, being the first cartoon to give Daffy Duck his current name, as well as his second appearance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/01/03", "description": " The March of Dimes is established by Franklin Delano Roosevelt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/01/12", "description": " The German War Minister Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg marries Eva Gruhn in Berlin Hermann G\u00f6ring is best man at the wedding.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/01/16", "description": " Two landmark live recordings are produced this day: the very first of Mahler's Ninth by the Vienna Philharmonic under Bruno Walter in the face of dire circumstance and Benny Goodman and his orchestra become the first jazz musicians to headline a concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/01/20", "description": " King Farouk of Egypt marries Queen Farida Zulficar in Cairo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/01/22", "description": " Thornton Wilder's play ''Our Town'' is performed for the first time anywhere in Princeton, New Jersey.  It premieres in New York City on February 4.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/01/25", "description": " A brilliant aurora borealis described variously as quota curtain of firequot and a quothuge blood-red beam of lightquot startles people across Europe and is visible as far south as Gibraltar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/01/25", "description": "The Niagara Bridge at Niagara Falls, New York collapses due to an ice jam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/01/25", "description": "German War Minister Field Marshal Werner von Blomberg resigns, following the revelation that his new wife had previously posed for pornographic photos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/01/28", "description": " The first ski tow in America begins operation in Vermont.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/01/28", "description": "Adolf Hitler abolishes the War Ministry and creates the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (High Command of the Armed Forces), giving him direct control of the German military. In addition, Hitler sacks political and military leaders considered unsympathetic to his philosophy or policies. General Werner von Fritsch is forced to resign as Commander of Chief of the German Army following accusations of homosexuality, and replaced by General Walther von Brauchitsch. Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath is sacked and replaced by Joachim von Ribbentrop.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/01/28", "description": "Walt Disney's ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'', the first cel-animated feature in motion picture history, is released in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/02/06", "description": " Black Sunday at Bondi Beach, Sydney, Australia: 300 swimmers are dragged out to sea in 3 freak waves 80 lifesavers save all but 5.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/02/10", "description": " Carol II of Romania takes dictatorial powers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/02/12", "description": " Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg of Austria meets Adolf Hitler at Berchtesgaden and, under threat of invasion, is forced to yield to German demands for greater Nazi participation in the Austrian government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/02/14", "description": " The British naval base at Singapore begins operations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/02/20", "description": " Sir Anthony Eden resigns as British Foreign Secretary following major disagreements with Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain over the best policy to follow in regards to Italy, and is succeeded by Lord Halifax.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/02/24", "description": " A nylon bristle toothbrush becomes the first commercial product to be made with nylon yarn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/02/24", "description": "March ampampndash Italian mathematician Ettore Majorana disappears.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/02/24", "description": "The Santa Ana River in California spills over its banks during a rainy winter, killing 58 people in Orange County and causing trouble as far inland as Palm Springs.ampamp{{cite web|title=Daily Pilot - Serving Newport Beach ampampamp Costa Mesa, California amp!-- BOT GENERATED TITLE --amp|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/dailypilot.com\/articles\/2009\/05\/17\/topstory\/dpt-alookback051709.txt|work=|archiveurl=http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5gujSnck0|archivedate=2009-05-20|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-05-18}}ampamp\">http:\/\/dailypilot.com\/articles\/2009\/05\/17\/topstory\/dpt-alookback051709.txt|work=|archiveurl=http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5gujSnck0|archivedate=2009-05-20|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-05-18}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/02/24", "description": "Oil is discovered in Saudi Arabia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/02/24", "description": "Sir Nevile Henderson, British Ambassador to Germany, presents a proposal to Hitler for an international consortium to rule much of Africa (in which Germany would be assigned a leading role) in exchange for a German promise never to resort to war to change her frontiers Hitler rejects the British offer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/03/12", "description": " ''Anschluss:'' German troops occupy Austria annexation is declared the following day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/03/14", "description": " French Premier L\u00e9on Blum reassures the Czechoslovak government that France will honor its treaty obligations to aid Czechoslovakia in event of German invasion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/03/15", "description": " Soviet Union announces officially that Nikholai Bukharin has been executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/03/17", "description": " Poland presents an ultimatum to Lithuania, to establish normal diplomatic relations that were severed over the Vilnius Region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/03/17", "description": "Mexico nationalizes all foreign-owned oil properties within its borders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/03/17", "description": "General Werner von Fritsch is acquitted of charges of homosexuality at his court-martial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/03/17", "description": "\u00c9douard Daladier becomes prime minister of France. He appoints as Foreign Minister a leading advocate of the policy of appeasement, Georges Bonnet, effectively negating Blum's reassurances of March 14.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/03/17", "description": "In a result that astonished even Hitler, the Austrian electorate in a national referendum approved Anschluss by an overwhelming 99.73%.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/04/16", "description": " London and Rome sign an agreement that sees Britain recognise Italian control of Ethiopia in return for an Italian pledge to withdraw all its troops from Spain at the conclusion of the civil war there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/04/18", "description": " First appearance of Superman. The date Action Comics #1 was published (June Cover) according to court documents released during the legal battle over the rights to Superman. DC Comics recognizes May 3, 1938 as the publishing date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/04/24", "description": " Konstantin P\u00e4ts becomes president of Estonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/04/25", "description": " ''Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins'': The U.S. Supreme Court overturns a century of federal common law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/04/28", "description": " The towns of Dana, Enfield, Greenwich, and Prescott in Massachusetts are disincorporated to make way for the Quabbin Reservoir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/04/28", "description": "The Vatican recognizes Franco's government in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/04/28", "description": "General Ludwig Beck, Chief of the German Army's General Staff, submits a memorandum to Hitler opposing ''Fall Gr\u00fcn'' (Case Green), the plan for a war with Czechoslovakia, under the grounds that Germany is ill-prepared for the world war likely to result from such an attack.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/05/09", "description": " Kaarel Eenpalu becomes prime minister of Estonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/05/12", "description": " U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull rejects Russia's offer of a joint defence pact to counter rise of Nazi Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/05/14", "description": " Chile withdraws from the League of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/05/17", "description": " ''Information Please'' debuts on ''NBC'' Radio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/05/20", "description": " Czechoslovakia orders a partial mobilization of its armed forces along the German border.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/05/21", "description": " Matsuo Toi kills 30 people in a village in Okayama, Japan, in the Tsuyama massacre, the world's worst spree killing by an individual until 1982.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/05/23", "description": " Temporarily frustrated by the Czechoslovak mobilization and international diplomatic unity in the face of German demands over the Sudetenland, Hitler orders the Foreign Office to assure the Czechoslovaks that he has no demands on their territory. The world at large mistakenly believes the crisis is averted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/05/23", "description": "Spanish Civil War: Alicante, Spain is bombed, resulting in 313 deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/05/23", "description": "The Soviet ambassador to the United States A.A. Troyanovsky declared that Moscow was ready to defend Czechoslovakia. This offer was ignored by Britain and the U.S.A.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/05/28", "description": " In a conference at the Reichs Chancellery, Hitler declares his decision to destroy Czechoslovakia by military force, and orders the immediate mobilization of 96 Wehrmacht divisions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/05/30", "description": " Poland who had its eyes on the Teschen region of Czechoslovakia was reassured by Rumania that it would block any attempt by the Soviet Union to come to the aid of the Czechs in the event of a Polish invasion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/06/11", "description": " Fire destroys 212 buildings in Ludza, Latvia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/06/12", "description": "June 18 ampndash The Roma and Sinti peoples in Germany and Austria are rounded up, beaten up and jailed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/06/15", "description": " L\u00e1szl\u00f3 B\u00edr\u00f3 patents the ballpoint pen in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/06/19", "description": " Italy beats Hungary 4\u20132 to win the 1938 World Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/06/22", "description": " Heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis knocks out Max Schmeling in the first round of their rematch at Yankee Stadium in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/06/22", "description": "The Civil Aeronautics Act is signed into law, forming the Civil Aeronautics Authority in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/06/22", "description": "Marineland opens near St. Augustine, Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/06/24", "description": " A {{convert|450|MT|ST|0|lk=on|adj=on}} meteorite explodes about {{convert|12|mi|km|0}} above the earth near Chicora, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/06/25", "description": " Dr. Douglas Hyde is elected the first President of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/06/30", "description": " ''Action Comics #1'' is published, which is the first publication featuring the comic book character ''Superman''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/06/30", "description": "July ampampndash The Mauthausen concentration camp is built in Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/06/30", "description": "The steam locomotive ''Mallard'' sets the world speed record for steam by reaching 126ampampnbspmph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/06/30", "description": "The last reunion of the Blue and Gray commemorates the 75th anniversary of the Battle of Gettysburg in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/07/05", "description": " The Non-Intervention Committee reaches an agreement to withdraw all foreign volunteers from the Spanish Civil War. The agreement is respected by most Republican foreign volunteers, notably by those from England and the United States, but is ignored by the governments of Germany and Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/07/06", "description": " The Evian Conference on Refugees is convened in France. No country in Europe is prepared to accept Jews fleeing persecution and the United States will only take 27,370. The prospect for European Jewry looks bleak.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/07/14", "description": " Howard Hughes sets a new record by completing a 91 hour airplane flight around the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/07/18", "description": " Wrong Way Corrigan takes off from New York, ostensibly heading for California.  He lands in Ireland instead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/07/22", "description": " Britain rejected a proposal from its ambassador in Berlin, Nevile Henderson, for a four power summit on Czechoslovakia consisting of Britain, France, Germany and the U.S.S.R.  London would under no circumstances accept the U.S.S.R. as a diplomatic partner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/07/24", "description": " First ascent of the Eiger north face.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/07/28", "description": " A revolt against the Ioannis Metaxas dictatorship is put down in Chania, Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/07/30", "description": " The first ever issue of ''The Beano'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/07/30", "description": "August ampampndash In the face of overwhelming Japanese military pressure, Chiang Kai-shek withdraws his government to Chungking.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/08/04", "description": " Lord Runciman arrives in Prague to act as Neville Chamberlain's special envoy in the continuing Sudetenland disturbances.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/08/06", "description": " The Looney Tunes animated short ''Porky amp Daffy'' is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/08/10", "description": " At a secret summit with his leading generals, Hitler attacks General Beck's arguments against ''Fall Gr\u00fcn'', winning the majority of his senior officers over to his point of view.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/08/10", "description": "The Thousand Islands Bridge, connecting the United States with Canada, is dedicated by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/08/10", "description": "Colonel General Ludwig Beck, convinced that Hitler's decision to attack Czechoslovakia will lead to a general European war, resigns his position as Chief of the Army General Staff in protest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/08/10", "description": "Ewald von Kleist-Schmenzin arrives in London looking for British support for an anti-Nazi ''putsch'', using the looming crisis over the Sudetenland as a pretext. His private mission is dismissed by Neville Chamberlain as unimportant (Chamberlain refers to von Kleist as a ampquotJacobiteampquot), but he finds a sympathetic if powerless audience in Winston Churchill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/08/22", "description": " Civil Aeronautics Authority (independent agency).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/08/23", "description": " Hitler, hosting a dinner on board the ocean liner ''Patria'' in Kiel Bay, tells the Regent of Hungary, Admiral Horthy, that action against Czechoslovakia is imminent and that quothe who wants to sit at the table must at least help in the kitchenquot, a reference to Horthy's designs on Carpathian Ruthenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/08/27", "description": "eneral Beck leaves office as Chief of the General Staff he is replaced by General Franz Halder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/08/28", "description": " Lord Runciman's mission to mitigate the Sudetenland crisis begins to break down. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain recalls the British Ambassador Nevile Henderson from Berlin, to instruct Henderson to set up a personal meeting between Chamberlain and Hitler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/08/31", "description": " Winston Churchill, still believing France and Britain mean to honor their promises to defend Czechoslovakia against Nazi aggression, suggests in a personal note to Neville Chamberlain that His Majesty's Government may want to set up a broad international alliance including the United States (specifically mentioning U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt as possibly receptive to the idea) and the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/08/31", "description": "September ampampndash The European crisis over German demands for annexation of the  Sudeten borderland of Czechoslovakia heats up.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/02", "description": " Soviet Ambassador to Britain Ivan Maisky calls on Winston Churchill, to tell him that Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov has expressed to the French charg\u00e9 d'affaires in Moscow that the Soviet Union is willing to fight over the territorial integrity of Czechoslovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/04", "description": " During the ceremony marking the unveiling of a plaque at Pointe de Grave, France celebrating Franco-American friendship, American Ambassador William Bullitt in a speech states, quotFrance and the United States were united in war and peacequot, leading to much speculation in the press that if war did break out over Czechoslovakia, then the United States would join the war on the Allied side.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/05", "description": " Czechoslovakian President Edvard Bene\u0161 invites mid-level representatives of the Sudeten Germans to the Hradcany palace, to tell them he will accept whatever demands they care to make, provided the Sudetenland remains part of the Republic of Czechoslovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/06", "description": " What eventually proves to be the last of the quotNuremberg Ralliesquot begins. It draws worldwide attention because it is widely assumed Hitler, in his closing remarks, will signal whether there will be peace with or war over Czechoslovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/07", "description": " ''The Times'' publishes a lead article which calls on Czechoslovakia to cede the Sudetenland to Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/09", "description": " U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt disallows the popular interpretation of Bullitt's speech at a press conference at the White House. Roosevelt states it is quot100% wrongquot the U.S. would join a quotstop-Hitler blocquot under any circumstances, and makes it quite clear that in the event of German aggression against Czechoslovakia, the U.S. would remain neutral.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/10", "description": " Hermann G\u00f6ring, in a speech at Nuremberg, calls the Czechs a quotmiserable pygmy racequot who are quotharassing the human race.quot That same evening, Edvard Bene\u0161, President of Czechoslovakia, makes a broadcast in which he appeals for calm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/12", "description": " Hitler makes his much-anticipated closing address at Nuremberg, in which he vehemently attacks the Czech people and President Bene\u0161. American news commentator Hans von Kaltenborn begins his famous marathon of broadcast bulletins over the CBS Radio Network with a summation of Hitler's address.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/13", "description": " The followers of Konrad Henlein begin an armed revolt against the Czechoslovak government in Sudetenland. Martial law is declared and after much bloodshed on both sides order is temporarily restored. Neville Chamberlain personally sends a telegram to Hitler urgently requesting that they both meet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/15", "description": " Neville Chamberlain arrives in Berchtesgaden to begin negotiations with Hitler over the Sudetenland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/17", "description": " Neville Chamberlain returns temporarily to London to confer with his cabinet. The Russian army masses along the Ukrainian frontier. Rumania agrees to allow Russian soldiers free passage across her territory to defend Czechoslovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/18", "description": " During a meeting between Neville Chamberlain and the recently elected Premier of France, \u00c9douard Daladier, and Daladier's Foreign Minister, Georges Bonnet, it becomes apparent neither the English nor the French governments are prepared to go to war over the Sudetenland.  The Soviet Union declares it will come to the defence of Czechoslovakia only if France honours her commitment to defend Czech independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/18", "description": "In the early hours of the day, representatives of the French and British governments call on Czechoslovak President Edvard Bene\u0161 to tell him France and Britain will not fight Hitler if he decides to annex the Sudetenland by force. Late in the afternoon the Czechoslovak government capitulates to the French and British demands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/18", "description": "Winston Churchill warns of grave consequences to European security if Czechoslovakia is partitioned. The same day, Soviet Foreign Commissar Maxim Litvinov makes a similar statement in the League of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/18", "description": "The New England Hurricane of 1938 strikes Long Island and southern New England, killing over 300 along the Rhode Island shoreline and 600 altogether.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/18", "description": "Following the capitulation of the Czech government to Germany's demands both Poland and Hungary demand slices of Czech territory where their nationals reside.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/18", "description": "Unable to survive the previous day's capitulation to the demands of the English and French governments, Czechoslovak premier Milan Hod\u017ea resigns. General Jan Syrovy takes his place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/18", "description": "Neville Chamberlain arrives in the city of Bad Godesberg for another round of talks with Hitler over the Sudetenland crisis. Hitler raises his demands to include occupation of all German Sudeten territories by October 1. That night after a telephone conference, Chamberlain reverses himself and advises the Czechoslovaks to mobilize.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/18", "description": "Olsen and Johnson's musical comedy revue ''Hellzapoppin''' begins its 3-year run on Broadway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/18", "description": "The Czechoslovak army mobilizes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/18", "description": "As the Polish army masses along the Czech border the Soviet Union warns Poland if it crosses the Czech frontier Russia will regard the 1932 non-aggression pact between the two countries void.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/18", "description": "Sir Eric Phipps, British Ambassador to France, reports to London, ampquotall that is best in France is against war, almost at any priceampquot, being opposed only by a ampquotsmall, but noisy and corrupt, war groupampquot. Phipps's report creates major doubts about the ability and\/or willingness of France to go to war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/18", "description": "At 1:30 AM, Adolf Hitler and Neville Chamberlain conclude their talks on the Sudetenland. Chamberlain agrees to take Hitler's demands, codified in the Godesberg Memorandum, personally to the Czech Government. The Czech Government rejects the demands, as does Chamberlain's own cabinet. The French Government also initially rejects the terms and orders a partial mobilizaton of the French army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/26", "description": " In a vitriolic speech at Berlin's Sportpalast, Hitler defies the world and implies war with Czechoslovakia will begin at any time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/28", "description": " As his self-imposed October 1 deadline for occupation of the Sudetenland approaches, Adolf Hitler invites Italian Duce Benito Mussolini, French Premier Edourd Deladier, and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain to one last conference in Munich. The Czechs themselves are not invited.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/28", "description": "Colonel Graham Christie, assistant British military attach\u00e9 in Berlin, is informed by Carl Friedrich Goerdeler that the mobilization of the Royal Navy has badly damaged the popularity of the Nazi regime, as the German public realizes that ''Fall Gr\u00fcn'' is likely to cause a world war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/28", "description": "Munich Agreement: German, Italian, British and French leaders agree to German demands regarding annexation of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia. The Czechoslovak government is largely excluded from the negotiations and is not a signatory to the agreement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/28", "description": "The Republic of Hatay is declared in Syria", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/30", "description": " Neville Chamberlain returns to Britain from meeting with Adolf Hitler and declares quotPeace for our timequot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/09/30", "description": "October ampampndash The Japanese Imperial Army largely overruns Canton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/10/01", "description": " German troops march into the Sudetenland. The Polish government gives the Czech government an ultimatum stating that Zaolzie region must be handed over within twenty-four hours. The Czechs have little choice but to comply. Polish forces occupy Zaolzie.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/10/01", "description": "Tiberias massacre: Arabs murder 20 Jews.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/10/01", "description": "Disgusted with Neville Chamberlain's conduct at Munich, Duff Cooper resigns his post as First Lord of the Admiralty. With his resignation, formal debate begins in the Parliament of the United Kingdom on the Munich Agreement, but with Chamberlain at the peak of his popularity, there can be little doubt His Majesty's Government will receive a vote of confidence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/10/04", "description": " The Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War begin withdrawing their foreign volunteers from combat as agreed on July 5.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/10/04", "description": "Edvard Bene\u0161, president of Czechoslovakia, resigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/10/04", "description": "In Nazi Germany Jews\u2019 passports were invalidated, and those who needed a passport for emigration purposes were given one marked with the letter J (Jude \u2013 Jew).ampref name=ampquotyadvashemampquotamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www1.yadvashem.org\/yv\/en\/holocaust\/about\/01\/crucial_year.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki\">http:\/\/www1.yadvashem.org\/yv\/en\/holocaust\/about\/01\/crucial_year.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki<\/a>  Nazi Germany and the Jews: 1938 \u2013 \u201cThe Fateful Year\u201d on the Yad Vashem websiteampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/10/10", "description": " The Blue Water Bridge opens, connecting Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/10/16", "description": " Winston Churchill, in a broadcast address to the United States, condemns the Munich Agreement as a defeat and calls upon America and western Europe to prepare for armed resistance against Hitler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/10/18", "description": " The German government expels 12,000 Polish Jews living in Germany the Polish government accepts 4,000 and refuses admittance to the remaining 8,000, who are forced to live in the no-man's land on the German-Polish frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/10/21", "description": " In direct contravention of the recently signed Munich Agreement, Adolf Hitler circulates among his high command a secret memorandum stating that they should prepare for the quotliquidation of the rest of Czechoslovakiaquot and the occupation of Memel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/10/21", "description": "The minimum wage is established by law in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/10/21", "description": "French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet carries out a major purge of the Qui d'Orsay, sacking or exiling a number of anti-appeasement officials such as Pierre Comert and Ren\u00e9 Massigli.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/10/21", "description": "At a ampquotfriendly luncheonampquot in Berchtesgaden, German foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop tells J\u00f3zef Lipski, the Polish ambassador to Germany, that the Free City of Danzig must return to Germany, that the Germans must be given extraterritorial rights in the Polish Corridor, and that Poland must sign the Anti-Comintern Pact.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/10/21", "description": "Du Pont announces a name for its new synthetic yarn: ampquotnylonampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/10/21", "description": "Jews with Polish citizenship are evicted from Nazi Germany.ampref name=ampquotyadvashemampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/10/30", "description": " Orson Welles' radio adaptation of ''The War of the Worlds'' is broadcast, causing panic in various parts of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/10/31", "description": " Great Depression: In an effort to try restore investor confidence, the New York Stock Exchange unveils a 15-point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/11/01", "description": " Horse Racing: Seabiscuit defeats War Admiral by four lengths in their famous match race at Pimlico Race Course in Baltimore, Maryland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/11/02", "description": " Arising from The Munich Agreement Hungary is quotawardedquot the Felvidek region of South Slovakia and Ruthenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/11/04", "description": " At a public meeting in Epping, Winston Churchill narrowly survives an attempt by fellow Conservative and constituent Sir Colin Thornton-Kemsley to remove him from Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/11/09", "description": " Holocaust ampndash Kristallnacht: In Germany, the quotnight of broken glassquot begins as Nazi activists and sympathizers loot and burn Jewish businesses (the all night affair sees 7,500 Jewish businesses destroyed, 267 synagogues burned, 91 Jews killed, and at least 25,000 Jewish men arrested).<a href=\"http:\/\/www1.yadvashem.org\/yv\/en\/exhibitions\/kristallnacht\/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki\">http:\/\/www1.yadvashem.org\/yv\/en\/exhibitions\/kristallnacht\/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki<\/a> It Came From Within... 71 Years Since Kristallnacht - Online exhibition from Yad Vashem, including survivor testimonies, archival footage, photos, and stories", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/11/09", "description": "On the eve of Armistice Day, Kate Smith sings Irving Berlin's ''God Bless America'' for the first time on her weekly radio show.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/11/09", "description": "\u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc becomes the second president of Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/11/11", "description": " Celal Bayar forms the new government of Turkey. (10 th government Celal Bayar had  served twice as a prime minister)", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/11/12", "description": " French Finance Minister Paul Reynaud brings into effect a series of laws aiming at improving French productivity (thus aiming to undo the economic weaknesses which led to Munich), and undoes most of the economic and social laws of the Popular Front.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/11/12", "description": "The first reported ampquotattackampquot of The Halifax Slasher mass hysteria incident.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/11/12", "description": "Britain formally recognised Italy's control of Ethiopia. In return Mussolini agreed to withdraw 10,000 troops from Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/11/18", "description": " Trade union members elect John L. Lewis as the first president of the Congress of Industrial Organizations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/11/25", "description": " French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet informs L\u00e9on No\u00ebl, the French Ambassador to Poland, that France should find an excuse for terminating the 1921 Franco-Polish alliance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/11/25", "description": "The Czechoslovak parliament elects Emil H\u00e1cha as the new president of Czechoslovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/11/25", "description": "Benito Mussolini and his Foreign Minister Count Galeazzo Ciano order ampquotspontaneousampquot demonstrations in the Italian Chamber of Deputies, demanding that France cede Tunisia, Nice, Corsica and French Somaliland to Italy. This begins an acute crisis in Franco-Italian relations that lasts until March 1939.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/11/25", "description": "Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, leader of the Romanian fascist Iron Guard, is murdered on the orders of King Carol II. Officially, Codreanu and the 13 other Iron Guard leaders are ampquotshot while trying to escapeampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/11/25", "description": "A general strike is called in France by the French Communist Party to protest the laws of November 12.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/11/25", "description": "December ampampndash President Roosevelt agrees to loan $25 million to Chiang Kai-shek, cementing the Sino-American relationship and angering the Japanese government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/12/01", "description": " Slovakia granted the status of an autonomous state under the Catholic priest Fr. Joseph Tiso", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/12/06", "description": " German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop visits Paris, where he is allegedly informed by French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet that France now recognizes all of Eastern Europe as being in Germany's exclusive sphere of influence. Bonnet's alleged statement (Bonnet always denied making the remark) to Ribbentrop is a major factor in German policy in 1939.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/12/06", "description": "Kingdom of Yugoslavia parliamentary election: The opposition gains votes but not seats.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/12/06", "description": "Following elections in the Lithuanian city of Memel the Lithuanian Nazi party wins over 90% of the votes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/12/13", "description": " The Neuengamme concentration camp opens near Hamburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/12/16", "description": " MGM releases its successful film version of Charles Dickens's ''A Christmas Carol''. The film is originally intended to star Lionel Barrymore as Ebenezer Scrooge, but Barrymore, ill with arthritis, is replaced by Reginald Owen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/12/17", "description": " Otto Hahn discovers the nuclear fission of Uranium, the scientific and tecnological basis of nuclear energy, which marks the beginning of the Atomic age.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/12/23", "description": " A coelacanth, a fish thought to have been extinct, is caught off the coast of South Africa near Chalumna River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/12/27", "description": " A massive avalanche of snow hits a construction worker dormitory site in Kurobe, Japan, killing 87.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/12/30", "description": " The ballet ''Romeo and Juliet'' with music by Prokofiev receives its first full performance at the Mahen Theatre in Brno, Czechoslovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/12/30", "description": "Establishment of Majlis Khuddam-ul Ahmadiyya by Khalifat-ul Masih II, Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, the second Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/12/30", "description": "In West Java, Daeng Soetigna tunes the traditional angklung to play the diatonic scale.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/12/30", "description": "Adolf Hitler is ''Time'' magazine's ampquotMan of the Yearampquot, as the most influential person of the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/12/30", "description": "The Walther P38 pistol is introduced in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/12/30", "description": "The first cartoon to feature a prototypical Bugs Bunny, ''Porky's Hare Hunt'', is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/12/30", "description": "The Schomburgk's Deer becomes extinct by this date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/12/30", "description": "Herbert E. Ives and G. R. Stilwell execute the Ives-Stilwell experiment, showing that ions radiate at frequencies affected by their motion.ampamp{{cite journal|last=Ives|first=Herbert E.|coauthors=Stilwell, G. R.|year=1938|title=An Experimental Study of the Rate of a Moving Atomic Clock|journal=Journal of the Optical Society of America|volume=28|issue=7|pages=215\u201319|bibcode=1938JOSA...28..215I|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.opticsinfobase.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-28-7-215|accessdate=2011-09-23|doi=10.1364\/JOSA.28.000215}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.opticsinfobase.org\/abstract.cfm?URI=josa-28-7-215|accessdate=2011-09-23|doi=10.1364\/JOSA.28.000215}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/12/30", "description": "Family plots produce 22% of all Soviet agricultural produce on only 4% of all cultivated land.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1938/12/30", "description": "Women are limited by law to a maximum of 10% of the better-paying jobs in industry and government in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/01/01", "description": " The Hewlett-Packard Company is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/01/05", "description": " Amelia Earhart is officially declared dead after her disappearance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/01/06", "description": " ''Naturwissenschaften'' publishes evidence that nuclear fission has been achieved by Otto Hahn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/01/13", "description": " Black Friday: 71 people die across Victoria in one of Australia's worst ever bushfires.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/01/23", "description": " quotDutch War Scarequot: Admiral Wilhelm Canaris of the ''Abwehr'' leaks misinformation to the effect that Germany plans to invade the Netherlands in February, with the aim of using Dutch air-fields to launch a strategic bombing offensive against Britain. The quotDutch War Scarequot leads to a major change in British policies towards Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/01/24", "description": " An earthquake kills 30,000 in Chile, and razes about {{convert|50000|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/01/25", "description": " Refik Saydam forms the new government of Turkey. (11 th government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/01/25", "description": "Spanish Civil War: Spanish Nationalist troops, aided by Italy, take Barcelona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/01/25", "description": "In Paris, French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet, in response to rumours (which are true) that he is seeking to end the French alliance system in Eastern Europe, gives a speech highlighting his government's commitment to the ''cordon sanitaire''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/01/27", "description": " Adolf Hitler orders Plan Z, a 5-year naval expansion programme intended to provide for a huge German fleet capable of crushing the Royal Navy by 1944. The ''Kriegsmarine'' is given the first priority on the allotment of German economic resources.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/01/30", "description": " Hitler gives a speech before the ''Reichstag'' calling for an quotexport battlequot to increase German foreign exchange holdings. The same speech also sees Hitler's quotprophecyquot where he warns that if quotJewish financersquot start a war against Germany, the...result will be the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europequot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/02/02", "description": " Hungary joins the Anti-Comintern Pact.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/02/02", "description": "British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain states in the House of Commons that any German attack on France will be automatically considered an attack on Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/02/02", "description": "In a response to Georges Bonnet's speech of January 26, German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop, referring to Bonnet's alleged statement of December 6, 1938 accepting Eastern Europe as being in Germany's exclusive sphere of influence, protests that all French security commitments in that region are ampquotnow off limitsampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/02/10", "description": " Spanish Nationalists complete their offensive in Catalonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/02/21", "description": " The Golden Gate International Exposition opens in San Francisco, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/02/21", "description": "The United Kingdom and France recognize Franco's government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/02/21", "description": "Borley Rectory in England is destroyed by fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/02/21", "description": "Sit-down strikes are outlawed by the Supreme Court of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/02/21", "description": "March ampampndash The 1936\u20131939 Arab revolt in Palestine ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/01", "description": " A Japanese Imperial Army ammunition dump explosion on the outskirts of Osaka kills 94.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/02", "description": " Pope Pius XII (Cardinal Pacelli) succeeds Pope Pius XI as the 260th pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/02", "description": "In Bombay, Mohandas Gandhi begins a fast protesting against British rule in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/02", "description": "Students at Harvard University demonstrate the new tradition of swallowing goldfish to reporters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/02", "description": "In Durban, South Africa the Timeless Test begins between England and South Africa, the longest game of cricket ever played. It is abandoned twelve days later when the English team has to catch the last ferry home.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/02", "description": "Hitler advises Jozef Tiso to declare Slovakia's independence in order to prevent its partition by Hungary and Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/02", "description": "Irish writer Flann O'Brien's comic metafiction ''At Swim-Two-Birds'' is published in London but attracts little attention at this time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/14", "description": " The Slovak provincial assembly proclaims independence priest Jozef Tiso becomes the president of the independent Slovak government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/15", "description": " German troops occupy the remaining part of Bohemia and Moravia Czechoslovakia ceases to exist. The Ruthenian region of Czechoslovakia declares independence as Carpatho-Ukraine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/15", "description": "Princess Fawzia of Egypt marries Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/15", "description": "Hungary invades Carpatho-Ukraine final resistance ends on March 18.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/17", "description": " British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain gives a speech in Birmingham, stating that Britain will oppose any effort at world domination on the part of Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/18", "description": " quotRomanian War Scarequot: Virgil Tilea, the Romanian Minister in London, spreads false rumours that Romania is on the verge of a German attack.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/19", "description": " Hitler sends a registered letter to the government of Lithuania stating that Germany intends to annex the port of Memel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/20", "description": " At an emergency meeting in London to deal with the Romanian crisis, French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet suggests to Lord Halifax that the ideal state for saving Romania from a German attack is Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/21", "description": " In London: the Ordo Templi Orientis publish Aleister Crowley's ''Eight Lectures on Yoga''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/22", "description": " After an ultimatum of March 20, Nazi Germany takes Memelland from Lithuania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/23", "description": " The Slovak-Hungarian War begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/24", "description": " Marks the seventh successive year of the world wide boycott of all German exports initiated by front page declarations in Britain and the U.S. 'Judea declares war on Germany'", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/24", "description": "Dictator Francisco Franco assumes power in Madrid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/24", "description": "American adventurer Richard Halliburton delivers a last message from a Chinese junk, before he disappears on a voyage across the Pacific Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/03/31", "description": " Neville Chamberlain gives a speech in the House of Commons offering the British quotguaranteequot of the independence of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/04/01", "description": " The Spanish Civil War comes to an end when the last of the Republican forces surrender.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/04/03", "description": " Adolf Hitler orders the German military to start planning for Fall Weiss, the codename for the invasion of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/04/03", "description": " Refik Saydam forms the new government in Turkey. (12 th government Refik Saydam had  served twice as a prime minister )", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/04/03", "description": "Faisal II becomes King of Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/04/03", "description": "The Slovak-Hungarian War ends with Slovakia ceding eastern territories to Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/04/07", "description": " Italy invades Albania King Zog flees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/04/09", "description": " African-American singer Marian Anderson performs before 75,000 people at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., after having been denied the use both of Constitution Hall by the Daughters of the American Revolution, and of a public high school by the federally controlled District of Columbia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/04/11", "description": " Hungary leaves the League of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/04/13", "description": " Britain offers a quotguaranteequot to Romania and Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/04/13", "description": "John Steinbeck's novel ''The Grapes of Wrath'' is first published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/04/13", "description": "At a meeting in Paris, French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet meets with Soviet Ambassador Jakob Suritz, and suggests that a ampquotpeace frontampquot comprising France, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, Poland and Romania would deter Germany from war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/04/18", "description": " The Soviet Union proposes a quotpeace frontquot to resist aggression.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/04/20", "description": " Billie Holiday records quotStrange Fruitquot, the first anti-lynching song.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/04/25", "description": " The Federal Security Agency (FSA) is founded in the USA, along with the Civilian Conservation Corps and Public Health Service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/04/27", "description": " Ely Racecourse in Cardiff closes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/04/28", "description": " In a speech before the ''Reichstag'', Adolf Hitler renounces the Anglo-German Naval Agreement and the German\u2013Polish Non-Aggression Pact.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/04/30", "description": " The 1939 New York World's Fair opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/05/01", "description": " ''Batman'', created by Bob Kane (and, unofficially, Bill Finger) makes his first appearance in a comic book.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/05/02", "description": " Major League Baseball's Lou Gehrig, the legendary Yankee first baseman known as quotThe Iron Horsequot, ends his  2,130 consecutive games played streak after contracting amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The record stands for 56 years before Cal Ripken, Jr. plays 2,131 consecutive games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/05/02", "description": "Vyacheslav Molotov succeeds Maxim Litvinov as Soviet Foreign Commissar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/05/02", "description": "The All India Forward Bloc is formed by Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/05/06", "description": " Carl Friedrich Goerdeler tells the British government that the German and Soviet governments are secretly beginning a rapprochement with the aim of dividing Eastern Europe between them. Goerdeler also informs the British of German economic problems which he states threaten the survival of the Nazi regime, and advises that if a firm stand is made for Poland, then Hitler will be deterred from war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/05/09", "description": " Spain leaves the League of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/05/14", "description": " Lina Medina, a 5-year old Peruvian girl, gives birth to a baby boy, becoming the youngest confirmed mother in medical history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/05/14", "description": "King George VI and Queen Elizabeth arrive in Quebec City to begin the first-ever tour of Canada by Canada's monarch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/05/14", "description": "The British government issues the White Paper of 1939, sharply restricting Jewish immigration to the Palestine Mandate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/05/14", "description": "Sweden, Norway, and Finland refuse Germany's offer of non-aggression pacts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/05/20", "description": " Pan-American Airways begins trans-Atlantic mail service with the inaugural flight of its Yankee Clipper from Port Washington, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/05/22", "description": " Germany and Italy sign the Pact of Steel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/05/29", "description": " Albanian fascist leader Tefik Mborja is appointed as member of the Italian Chamber of Fasces and Corporations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/06/03", "description": " The Soviet government offers its definition of what constitutes quotaggressionquot, upon which the projected Anglo-Soviet-French alliance will come into effect. The French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet accepts the Soviet definition of aggression at once. The British reject the Soviet definition, especially the concept of quotindirect aggressionquot, which they feel is too loose a definition and phrased in such a manner as to imply the Soviet right of inference in the internal affairs of nations of Eastern Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/06/04", "description": " The ''St. Louis'', a ship carrying a cargo of 907 Jewish refugees, is denied permission to land in Florida after already having been turned away from Cuba. Forced to return to Europe, many of its passengers later die in Nazi death camps during the Holocaust.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/06/12", "description": " The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum is officially dedicated in Cooperstown, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/06/14", "description": " Tientsin Incident: The Japanese blockade the British concession in Tianjin, China, beginning a crisis which almost causes an Anglo-Japanese war in the summer of 1939.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/06/17", "description": " In the last ''public'' guillotining in France, murderer Eugen Weidmann is decapitated by the guillotine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/06/23", "description": " Talks are completed in Ankara between French Ambassador Ren\u00e9 Massigli and Turkish Foreign Minister \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Saraco\u011flu, resolving the Hatay dispute in Turkey's favor. Turkey annexes Hatay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/06/24", "description": " The government of Siam changes its name to Thailand, which means 'Free Land'.quotThailand ( Siam ) Historyquot (overview), CS Mngt, 2005, ''CSMngt.com'' webpage: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.csmngt.com\/thailand_history.htm\">http:\/\/www.csmngt.com\/thailand_history.htm<\/a> CSMngt-Thai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/06/29", "description": " Ford 9N tractor with Ferguson hydraulic three-point hitch first demonstrated at Dearborn, Michigan.{{cite book|first=Randy|last=Leffingwell|title=Classic Farm Tractors: History of the Farm Tractor|year=1996|location=Osceola, WI, USA|publisher=Motorbooks International|isbn=978-0760302460|page=99}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/07/02", "description": " The 1st World Science Fiction Convention opens in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/07/02", "description": " Theodore Roosevelt's head is dedicated at Mount Rushmore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/07/02", "description": "Lou Gehrig gives his last public speech, following a diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).  In it, he says, ampquotToday, I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/07/02", "description": "The Neuengamme concentration camp becomes autonomous.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/07/06", "description": " The last remaining Jewish enterprises in Germany are closed by the Nazis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/07/23", "description": " Mahatma Gandhi the spiritual leader from India writes a personal letter to Adolf Hitler addressing him quotMy friendquot, requesting to prevent any possible war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/07/27", "description": " The first recorded snowfall in Auckland, New Zealand since records began in 1853.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/08/02", "description": " Albert Einstein writes to President Franklin Roosevelt about developing the atomic bomb using uranium. This leads to the creation of the Manhattan Project.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/08/04", "description": " Neville Chamberlain dismisses Parliament until October 3.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/08/15", "description": " MGM's classic musical film ''The Wizard of Oz'', based on L. Frank Baum's famous novel, and starring Judy Garland as Dorothy, premieres at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/08/19", "description": " Hitler, after evaluating the pace of the non-aggression negotiations with the Soviet Union, orders the Kriegsmarine to begin the opening operations for ''Fall Weiss'', the invasion of Poland. The {{Ship|German pocket battleship|Admiral Graf Spee}}, along with the {{Ship|German pocket battleship| Deutschland}}, as well as dozens of u-boats, cast off for their advance positions.  According to William L. Shirer, Hitler spends the next few days worrying that the Russians will not come to terms in time for the rest of the invasion plans to unfold as scheduled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/08/20", "description": " Armored forces under the command of Soviet General Georgi Zhukov deliver a decisive defeat to Japanese Imperial Army forces in the Japanese-Soviet border war in Inner Mongolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/08/23", "description": " Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact signed between Germany and the Soviet Union, a neutrality treaty that also agreed to division of spheres of influence (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, eastern Poland and Bessarabia (today Moldova), north-east province of Romania to the Soviet Union Lithuania and western Poland to Germany).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/08/24", "description": " As details of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact become public, Neville Chamberlain recalls the Parliament of the United Kingdom several weeks early. In a burst of legislation, a War Powers Act is approved and HMG order the Royal Navy to be put on a war footing, all leaves to be cancelled, and the Naval and coast defense reserves to be called up, especially radar and anti-aircraft units. In addition, the last British and French private citizens in Germany are ordered home by their respective Governments.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/08/25", "description": " The German Foreign Ministry cuts off all telegraph and telephone communication with the outside world in accordance with the plan for ''Fall Weiss''. At approximately 1830 Central European time, Adolf Hitler postpones ''Fall Weiss'' for 5 days, after receiving a message from Benito Mussolini that he will not honor the Pact of Steel if Germany attacks Poland, and because Chamberlain's government has not fallen as a result of the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact. Some units already in their forward positions (the attack is scheduled for 0430 the next day) do not get the word in time and attack various targets along the border. That same day, Neville Chamberlain gives Edward Rydz-\u015amig\u0142y his quotironclad guaranteequot of assistance if Poland is attacked by Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/08/25", "description": "An Irish Republican Army bomb explodes in the centre of Coventry, England, killing 5 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/08/25", "description": "MGM's classic musical film ''The Wizard of Oz'', based on L. Frank Baum's famous novel, and starring Judy Garland as Dorothy, is released in theaters everywhere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/08/25", "description": "Division of Grazing renamed U.S. Grazing Service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/08/25", "description": "The Kriegsmarine orders all German-flagged merchant ships to head to German ports immediately in anticipation of the invasion of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/08/27", "description": " A Heinkel 178, the first turbojet-powered aircraft, flies for the first time with Captain Erich Warsitz in command.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/08/30", "description": " Poland begins a mobilization against Nazi Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/01", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/01", "description": "At 04.45 Central European Time, under cover of darkness, the German WW1-era battleship ''Schleswig-Holstein'' quietly slips her moorings at her wharf in Danzig harbor, drifts into the center of the channel, and commences firing on the fortress Westerplatte, a Polish army installation at the mouth of the port of Danzig, Poland. These are generally considered to be the opening shots of '''World War Two'''. Simultaneously, shock-troops of the German Wehrmacht begin crossing the border into Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/01", "description": "Norway, Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland declare their neutrality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/02", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/02", "description": "Following the invasion of Poland, Danzig (now Gda\u0144sk, Poland) is annexed to Nazi Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/02", "description": "Spain and Ireland declare their neutrality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/03", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/03", "description": "The United Kingdom, France, New Zealand and Australia declare war on Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/03", "description": "President Franklin Delano Roosevelt advocates neutrality in a Nation-wide radio address.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/03", "description": "British liner {{SS|Athenia}} becomes the first civilian casualty of the war when she is torpedoed and sunk by {{GS|U-30|1936|6}} in the eastern Atlantic. Of the 1,418 aboard, 98 passengers and 19 crew are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/03", "description": "Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King, in English, and Justice Minister Ernest Lapointe, in French, give an international radio address, stating its intentions to declare war against Nazi Germany.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/archives.cbc.ca\/on_this_day\/09\/10\/|title=On\">http:\/\/archives.cbc.ca\/on_this_day\/09\/10\/|title=On<\/a> This Day - September 10, 1939|publisher=CBC.ca|accessdate=2011-09-15}}ampampampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.junobeach.org\/e\/2\/can-eve-eve-war-e.htm|title=War!|publisher=CBC.ca|publisher=junobeach.org|accessdate=2011-09-15}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.junobeach.org\/e\/2\/can-eve-eve-war-e.htm|title=War!|publisher=CBC.ca|publisher=junobeach.org|accessdate=2011-09-15}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/04", "description": " WWII: Nepal declares war on Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/05", "description": " WWII: The United States declares its neutrality in the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/06", "description": " WWII: South Africa declares war on Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/06", "description": "Little Sisters of Jesus founded in Algeria by Little Sister Magdeleine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/06", "description": "WWII: Forward elements of General Hoeppner's XVI Panzerkorps take up positions outside Warsaw. The world is stunned by the rapidity of the German advance and the Polish High Command is effectively isolated, but lack of infantry support and effective civilian resistance cause Hoeppner to halt outside the city itself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/06", "description": "WWII: Polish troops on the Westerplatte are forced, due to lack of food and ammunition, to surrender. The garrison of about two hundred had held out against thousands of German forces (many of them Naval officer cadets from the ''Schleswig-Holstein,'') for seven days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/09", "description": " WWII: Troops of the Polish Poznan Army under the command of General Kutrzeba open the Battle of the Bzura, the largest and best organized counter-attack mounted by the Polish forces in the campaign of 1939. For the first few days all goes well and the Germans are forced to retreat but quick reaction by mechanized units and the Luftwaffe soon take their toll and the operation bogs down.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/10", "description": " WWII: Canada declares war on Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/15", "description": " WWII: Diverse elements of the German Wehrmacht surround Warsaw and demand its surrender. The Poles refuse and the siege begins in earnest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/16", "description": " A ceasefire ends the undeclared Border War between The Soviet Union (and Mongolian allies) and Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/17", "description": " WWII: The Soviet Union invades Poland and then occupies eastern Polish territories.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/19", "description": " WWII: The Poznan pocket collapses, and the Germans capture, according to many sources, over 150,000 men. Many elements of General Kutrzeba's forces work their way into Warsaw under extreme difficulty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/19", "description": "Reinhard Heydrich, chief of the Security Police, sent a directive, the Schnellbrief, explaining that Jews living in towns and villages in the Polish occupation zones were to be transferred to ghettos, and Jewish councils \u2013 Judenr\u00e4te \u2013 would be established to carry out the German authorities\u2019 orders.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www1.yadvashem.org\/yv\/en\/holocaust\/about\/02\/occupation.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki\">http:\/\/www1.yadvashem.org\/yv\/en\/holocaust\/about\/02\/occupation.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki<\/a> The Conquest of Poland and the Beginnings of Jewish Persecution on the Yad Vashem websiteampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/19", "description": "Radio station WJSV in Washington, D.C. records an entire broadcast day for preservation in the National Archives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/22", "description": " WWII: Joint victory parade of Wehrmacht and Red Army in Brest-Litovsk at the end of the Invasion of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/28", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/28", "description": "Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union agree on a division of Poland after their invasion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/28", "description": "Warsaw surrenders to Germany Modlin surrenders a day later the last Polish large operational unit surrenders near Kock 8 days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/09/29", "description": " Gerald J. Cox, speaking at an American Water Works Association meeting, becomes the first person to publicly propose the fluoridation of public water supplies in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/10/08", "description": " WWII: Germany annexes Western Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/10/11", "description": " Manhattan Project: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt is presented a letter signed by Albert Einstein, urging the United States to rapidly develop the atomic bomb.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/10/14", "description": " The {{GS|U-47|1938|6}} sinks the British battleship {{HMS|Royal Oak|08|6}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/10/15", "description": " The New York Municipal Airport (later renamed La Guardia Airport) is dedicated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/10/24", "description": " Nylon stockings go on sale for the first time anywhere in Wilmington, Delaware.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/10/25", "description": " ''The Time of Your Life'', a drama by William Saroyan, debuts in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/11/01", "description": "2 ampndash WWII: Physicist Hans Ferdinand Mayer writes the Oslo Report on German weapons systems and passes it to the British Secret Intelligence Service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/11/04", "description": " WWII: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the United States Customs Service to implement the Neutrality Act of 1939, allowing cash-and-carry purchases of weapons to non-belligerent nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/11/04", "description": "''Hedda Hopper's Hollywood'' debuts on radio with Hollywood gossip columnist Hedda Hopper as host (the show runs until 1951, making Hopper a powerful figure in the Hollywood elite).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/11/04", "description": "WWII ampampndash Sonderaktion Krakau: Germans take action against scientists from the University of Krak\u00f3w and other Krak\u00f3w universities at the beginning of WWII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/11/08", "description": " WWII: In Munich, an attempt to kill Adolf Hitler is made by Georg Elser while Hitler is celebrating the 16th anniversary of the Beer Hall Putsch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/11/09", "description": " WWII: Venlo Incident: Two British agents of SIS are captured by the Germans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/11/15", "description": " In Washington, D.C., U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt lays the cornerstone of the Jefferson Memorial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/11/16", "description": " Al Capone is released from Alcatraz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/11/17", "description": " WWII: To punish protests against the Nazi occupation of the Czech homeland, the Nazis murder 9 Czech graduate students, send over 1200 to concentration camps, and close all Czech universities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/11/17", "description": "WWII ampampndash Winter War: Soviet forces attack Finland and reach the Mannerheim Line, starting the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/11/17", "description": "WWII ampampndash Sweden declares non-belligerency in the Winter War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/12/02", "description": " La Guardia Airport opens for business in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/12/04", "description": " WWII: ''HMS Nelson'' is struck by a mine (laid by {{GS|U-31|1936|2}}) off the Scottish coast and is laid up for repairs until August 1940.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/12/12", "description": " WWII: ''HMS Duchess'' sinks after a collision with ''HMS Barham'' off the coast of Scotland with the loss of 124 men.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/12/13", "description": " WWII ampndash Battle of the River Plate:  The German pocket battleship, ''Admiral Graf Spee'' is trapped by cruisers HMS ''Ajax'', HMNZS ''Achilles'', and HMS ''Exeter'' after a running battle off the coast of Uruguay. ''Admiral Graf Spee'' is scuttled by its crew off Montevideo harbor on December 17.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/12/14", "description": " WWII ampndash Winter War: The League of Nations expels the USSR for attacking Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/12/15", "description": " The film ''Gone with the Wind'', starring Vivien Leigh, Clark Gable, Olivia de Havilland and Leslie Howard, premieres at Loew's Grand Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia. It is based on Margaret Mitchell's best-selling novel. It is the longest American film made up to that time (nearly four hours).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/12/26", "description": " Miners strike in Borinage, Belgium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/12/27", "description": " The 1939 Erzincan earthquake in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey, kills 30,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/12/27", "description": "CBS Television begins transmission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/12/27", "description": "Kirlian photography is invented by Semyon Kirlian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/12/27", "description": "A logging crew sets off a second forest fire in the Tillamook Burn, which destroys {{convert|190,000|acre|km2}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/12/27", "description": "Sandia View Academy, a private Adventist school, is founded in Corrales, New Mexico,", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1939/12/27", "description": "General Motors introduces the Hydra-Matic drive, the first mass-produced, fully automatic transmission, as an option in 1940 model year Oldsmobile automobiles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/01/04", "description": " WWII: Axis powers: Luftwaffe General Hermann G\u00f6ring assumes control of most war industries in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/01/06", "description": " WWII: Winter War: General Semyon Timoshenko takes command of all Russian forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/01/06", "description": "WWII: Winter War ampampndash Battle of Suomussalmi: The Russian 44th Assault Division is destroyed by Finnish forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/01/06", "description": "WWII: Food rationing begins in Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/01/09", "description": " WWII British submarine {{HMS|Starfish|19S}} is sunk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/01/10", "description": " WWII: Mechelen Incident: A German plane carrying secret plans for the invasion of western Europe makes a forced landing in Belgium, leading to mobilization of defense forces in the Low Countries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/01/26", "description": " Brisbane, Australia swelters through its hottest day ever, 43.2 degrees Celsius (109.76 Fahrenheit).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/01/27", "description": " WWII:  A peace resolution introduced in the Parliament of South Africa is defeated 81\u201359.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/01/29", "description": " Three gasoline-powered trains carrying factory workers crash and explode while approaching Ajikawaguchi station, Yumesaki Line (Nishinari Line), Osaka, Japan, killing at least 181 people and injuring at least 92.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/02/01", "description": " WWII: Winter War ampndash Russian forces launch a major assault on Finnish troops occupying the Karelian Isthmus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/02/02", "description": " Vsevolod Meyerhold is executed in the Soviet Union on charges of treason and espionage. He is cleared of all charges 15 years later in the first waves of de-Stalinization", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/02/07", "description": " RKO release Walt Disney's second full-length animated film, ''Pinocchio''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/02/10", "description": " Tom and Jerry make their debut in ''Puss Gets the Boot''. However it is not until 1941 that their current names are adopted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/02/16", "description": " WWII: Altmark Incident: The British destroyer {{HMS|Cossack|F03}} pursues the German tanker ''Altmark'' into J\u00f8ssingfjord in southwestern Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/02/22", "description": " In Tibet, province of Ando, 4-year-old Tenzin Gyatso is proclaimed the ''tulku'' (rebirth) of the thirteenth Dalai Lama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/02/27", "description": " Martin Kamen and Sam Ruben discover carbon-14.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/02/29", "description": " Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African-American to win an Academy Award.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/02/29", "description": "March ampampndash ''Truth or Consequences'' debuts on ''NBC'' Radio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/03/02", "description": " Cartoon character Elmer Fudd makes his debut in the animated short ''Elmer's Candid Camera''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/03/03", "description": " In Sweden, a time bomb destroys the office of ''Norrskenflamman'' (a Swedish communist newspaper), killing 5.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/03/05", "description": " Katyn massacre: Members of the Soviet Politburo (Joseph Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich, Mikhail Kalinin, Kliment Voroshilov and Lavrenty Beria) sign an order, prepared by Beria, for the execution of 25,700 Polish intelligentsia, including 14,700 Polish POWs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/03/11", "description": " Ed Ricketts, John Steinbeck and six others leave Monterey, California for The Sea of Cortez on a collecting expedition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/03/12", "description": " The Soviet Union and Finland sign a peace treaty in Moscow ending the Winter War Finns, along with the world at large, are shocked by the harsh terms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/03/18", "description": " WWII: Axis powers: Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet at Brenner Pass in the Alps and agree to form an alliance against France and the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/03/21", "description": " \u00c9douard Daladier resigns as prime minister of France Paul Reynaud succeeds him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/03/23", "description": " The ''Pakistan Resolution'' is rallied around by the All-India Muslim League Muslims from every corner of India meet up around Iqbal Park, Lahore (now in modern-day Pakistan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/03/31", "description": " WWII: Commerce raiding {{Ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Atlantis}}, leaves the Wadden Sea for what will become the longest warship cruise of the war. (622 days without in-port replenishment or repair){{cite book | author=Muggenthaler, August Karl| title=German Raiders of WWII| publisher=Prentice-Hall| year=1977| ISBN=0-13-354027-8| page=14}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/04/03", "description": " WWII: Operation ''Weser\u00fcbung'': German ships set out for the invasion of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/04/05", "description": " Neville Chamberlain, in what proves to be a tragic misjudgment, declares in a major public speech that Hitler has quotmissed the busquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/04/07", "description": " Booker T. Washington becomes the first African American to be depicted on a United States postage stamp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/04/09", "description": " WWII: Germany invades Denmark and Norway in Operation ''Weser\u00fcbung.'' The British campaign in Norway is simultaneously commenced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/04/09", "description": "The Faroe Islands are occupied by British troops, following the taking over of Denmark by Nazi Germany. This action is taken to avert a possible German occupation of the islands, which would have had very grave consequences for the course of the Battle of the Atlantic", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/04/09", "description": "Opening day at Jamaica Racetrack features the use of pari-mutuel betting equipment, a departure from bookmaking heretofore used exclusively throughout New York state. Other NY tracks follow suit later in 1940.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/04/13", "description": " The New York Rangers win the Stanley Cup.  It would be another 54 years before their next win.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/04/21", "description": " ''Take It or Leave It'' makes it debut on CBS Radio, with Bob Hawk as host.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/04/23", "description": " A fire at the Rhythm Night Club in Natchez, Mississippi, kills 198.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/10", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/10", "description": "Battle of France begins", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/10", "description": "German forces invade Low Countries", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/10", "description": "Battle of the Netherlands begins", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/10", "description": "Battle of Belgium begins", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/10", "description": "Invasion of Luxembourg begins", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/10", "description": "Iceland is invaded by the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/10", "description": "With the resignation of Neville Chamberlain, Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/10", "description": "Winston Churchill, in his first address as Prime Minister, tells the House of Commons, ampquotI have nothing to offer you but blood, toil, tears, and sweat.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/10", "description": "WWII: German armies open a {{convert|60|mi|km|adj=on}} wide breach in the Maginot Line at Sedan, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/10", "description": "Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands and her government flee to London Rotterdam is subjected to savage terror bombing by the Luftwaffe 980 are killed, and 20,000 buildings destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/10", "description": "Recruitment begins in Britain for a home defence force: the Local Defence Volunteers, later known as the Home Guard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/10", "description": "The very first McDonald's restaurant opens in San Bernardino, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/10", "description": "Women's stockings made of nylon are first placed on sale across the United States. Almost five million pairs are bought on this day.ampamp{{cite web|title=the history of nylon|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.caimateriali.org\/index.php?id=32|first=L.|last=Trossarelli|publisher=Club\">http:\/\/www.caimateriali.org\/index.php?id=32|first=L.|last=Trossarelli|publisher=Club<\/a> Alpino Italiano, Centro Studi Materiali e Tecniche|year=2010|accessdate=2012-02-28|language=English|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/query?id=1330663850286781|archivedate=2012-03-02|deadurl=no}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/query?id=1330663850286781|archivedate=2012-03-02|deadurl=no}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/10", "description": "WWII: The Dutch army surrenders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/16", "description": " President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt, addressing a joint session of the U.S. Congress, asks for an extraordinary credit of approximately $900 million to finance construction of at least 50,000 airplanes per year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/17", "description": " Brussels falls to German forces the Belgian government flees to Ostend.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/18", "description": " Marshal Philippe P\u00e9tain is named vice-premier of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/19", "description": " General Maxime Weygand replaces Maurice Gamelin as commander-in-chief of all French forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/19", "description": "WWII: German forces (2nd Panzer division), under General Rudolf Veiel, reach Noyelles on the English Channel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/19", "description": "Holocaust: The Nazi German concentration and extermination camp Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest of the German concentration camps, opens in occupied Poland near the town of O\u015bwi\u0119cim. Between May 1940 and January 1945, around 1.1 million people will be killed here.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/22", "description": " WWII: The British Parliament passes a further Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, giving the government full control over all persons and property.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/24", "description": " WWII: The Anglo-French Supreme War Council decides to withdraw all forces from Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/24", "description": "WWII: The Dunkirk evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/24", "description": "First free flight of Igor Sikorsky's Vought-Sikorsky VS-300 helicopter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/24", "description": "WWII: King Leopold III of Belgium orders the Belgian forces to cease fighting. Leaders of the Belgian government on French territory declare Leopold deposed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/24", "description": "Winston Churchill warns the House of Commons to ampquotprepare itself for hard and heavy tidings.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/29", "description": " The Vought XF4U-1, prototype of the F4U Corsair U.S. fighter later used in WWII, makes its first flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/29", "description": "The Holocaust: Franz Rademacher proposes the Madagascar Plan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/29", "description": "Weather Bureau transferred to the Department of Commerce.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/29", "description": "WWII: Paris is bombed by the Luftwaffe for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/29", "description": "WWII: The Dunkirk evacuation ends ampampndash British and Dutch forces complete evacuating 300,000 troops from Dunkirk in France to England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/05/29", "description": "WWII: Winston Churchill tells the British House of Commons, ampquotWe shall not flag or fail. We shall fight on the beaches... on the landing grounds... in the fields and the streets.... We shall never surrender.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/09", "description": " WWII: The British Commandos are created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/09", "description": "WWII: Italy declares war on France and the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/09", "description": "WWII: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt denounces Italy's actions with his <a href=\"ftp:\/\/webstorage2.mcpa.virginia.edu\/library\/nara\/fdr\/audiovisual\/speeches\/fdr_1940_0610.mp3\">ftp:\/\/webstorage2.mcpa.virginia.edu\/library\/nara\/fdr\/audiovisual\/speeches\/fdr_1940_0610.mp3<\/a> ampquotStab in the Backampquot speech during the graduation ceremonies of the University of Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/09", "description": "WWII: Canada declares war on Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/09", "description": "WWII: Norway surrenders to German forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/09", "description": "WWII: The French government flees to Tours.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/09", "description": "Marcus Mosiah Garvey died of a stroke on June 10, 1940", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/12", "description": " WWII: 13,000 British and French troops surrender to Field Marshal Erwin Rommel at St. Valery-en-Caux.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/13", "description": " WWII: Paris is declared an open city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/13", "description": "WWII: The Soviet Union annexes three Baltic States which are Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. This is the most popular date to be said when the term Soviet Empire was coined.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/13", "description": "WWII: The French government flees to Bordeaux and Paris falls under German occupation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/13", "description": "WWII: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Naval Expansion Act into law, which aims to increase the United States Navy's tonnage by 11%.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/13", "description": "WWII: A group of 728 Polish political prisoners from Tarn\u00f3w become the first residents of the Auschwitz concentration camp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/15", "description": " WWII: Verdun falls to German forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/16", "description": " The Sturgis Motorcycle Rally is held for the first time in Sturgis, South Dakota.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/16", "description": "Philippe P\u00e9tain becomes Prime Minister of France and immediately asks Germany for peace terms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/16", "description": "The Soviet Army enters the Baltic states of Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/16", "description": "WWII: Operation Ariel begins: Allied troops start to evacuate France, following Germany's takeover of Paris and most of the nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/16", "description": "WWII: A Luftwaffe Junkers 88 bomber sinks the British ship ''RMS Lancastria'', which was evacuating troops from near Saint-Nazaire, France, killing some 5,800 men.ampamp{{cite book|last=Hooton|first=E.R.|title=Luftwaffe at War: Blitzkrieg in the West|publisher=Chervron\/Ian Allan|year=2007|location=London|page=88|isbn=978-1-85780-272-6}}ampamp (Wartime censorship prevents the story from becoming public.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/16", "description": "WWII: Winston Churchill says to the House of Commons: ampquotThe Battle of France is over. The Battle of Britain is about to begin.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/16", "description": "WWII: Appeal of 18 June: General Charles de Gaulle, ''de facto'' leader of the Free French Forces, makes his first broadcast appeal over Radio Londres from London rallying French Resistance, calling on all French people to continue the fight against Nazi Germany: ampquotFrance has lost a battle. But France has not lost the warampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/21", "description": " WWII: Vichy France and Germany sign an armistice at Compiegne, in the same wagon-lit railroad car used by Marshal Ferdinand Foch to accept the surrender of Germany in 1918.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/23", "description": " WWII: German leader Adolf Hitler surveys newly defeated Paris in now occupied France.<a href=\"http:\/\/history1900s.about.com\/library\/holocaust\/blhitler38.htm\">http:\/\/history1900s.about.com\/library\/holocaust\/blhitler38.htm<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/23", "description": "United States politics: The Republican Party begins its national convention in Philadelphia and nominates Wendell Willkie as its candidate for president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/23", "description": "WWII: Vichy France signs armistice terms with Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/28", "description": " General Charles de Gaulle is officially recognized by Britain as the quotLeader of all Free Frenchmen, wherever they may be.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/28", "description": "WWII: German forces land in Guernsey, marking the start of the 5-year Occupation of the Channel Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/28", "description": "Federal government of the United States reorganisation:", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/28", "description": "The Civil Aeronautics Administration is placed under the Department of Commerce.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/28", "description": "The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is placed under the Federal Security Agency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/06/28", "description": "The Fish and Wildlife Service is placed under the Department of the Interior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/07/01", "description": " The first Tacoma Narrows Bridge opens for business, built with an {{convert|8|ft|m|adj=on}} girder and {{convert|190|ft|m}} above the water, as the third longest suspension bridge in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/07/02", "description": " WWII: British-owned {{SS|Arandora Star}}, carrying civilian internees and POWs of Italian and German origin from Liverpool to Canada, is torpedoed and sunk by the {{GS|U-47|1938|6}} off northwest Ireland with the loss of around 865 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/07/03", "description": " WWII:  British naval units sink or seize ships of the French fleet anchored in the Algerian ports of Oran and Mers-el-Kebir. The following day, Vichy France breaks off diplomatic relations with Britain", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/07/06", "description": " British submarine {{HMS|Shark|54S}} is sunk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/07/10", "description": " WWII: The Battle of Britain begins", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/07/10", "description": "WWII: British destroyer {{HMS|Escort|H66}} is torpedoed and sunk by an Italian submarine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/07/10", "description": "WWII: Vichy France begins with a constitutional law which only 80 members of the parliament vote against.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/07/14", "description": " WWII: Winston Churchill, in a worldwide broadcast, proclaims the intention of Great Britain to fight alone against Germany whatever the outcome: quotWe shall seek no terms. We shall tolerate no parley. We may show mercy. We shall ask none.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/07/15", "description": " U.S. politics: The Democratic Party begins its national convention in Chicago, and nominates Franklin D. Roosevelt for an unprecedented third term as president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/07/15", "description": "WWII:  Allied victory at the Battle of Cape Spada {{HMAS|Sydney|D48}} and five destroyers sink the Italian cruiser ''Bartolomeo Colleoni''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/07/15", "description": "WWII: Adolf Hitler makes a peace appeal to Britain in an address to the Reichstag. Lord Halifax, the British foreign minister, flatly rejects peace terms in a broadcast reply on July 22.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/07/21", "description": " The Estonian SSR, Latvian SSR and Lithuanian SSR are proclaimed in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/07/25", "description": " General Henri Guisan addresses the officer corps of the Swiss army at R\u00fctli resolving to resist any invasion of the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/07/27", "description": " Bugs Bunny makes his debut in the Oscar-nominated cartoon short, ''A Wild Hare''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/08/01", "description": " WWII: British submarine {{HMS|Spearfish|69S}} is sunk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/08/03", "description": " The Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR (August 5) and Estonian SSR (August 6) are incorporated into the Soviet Union six weeks after their anaxation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/08/04", "description": " Gen. John J. Pershing, in a nationwide radio broadcast, urges all-out aid to Britain in order to defend the Americas, while Charles Lindbergh speaks to an isolationist rally at Soldier Field in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/08/08", "description": " WWII: Wilhelm Keitel signs the quotAufbau Ostquot directive, which eventually leads to the invasion of the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/08/10", "description": " WWII: British armed merchant cruiser {{HMS|Transylvania|F56}} is torpedoed off Malin Head, Ireland, by German submarine ''U-56''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/08/18", "description": " HRH The Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor, is installed as Governor of the Bahamas.{{cite book|last=Bloch|first=Michael|year=1982|title=The Duke of Windsor's War|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld amp Nicolson|isbn=0-297-77947-8}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/08/18", "description": "WWII: Winston Churchill pays tribute in the House of Commons to the Royal Air Force: ampquotNever in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/08/18", "description": "Leon Trotsky is attacked with an ice axe in his Mexico home by NKVD agent Ram\u00f3n Mercader.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/08/21", "description": " Leon Trotsky dies of injuries sustained.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/08/24", "description": " Howard Florey and a team including Ernst Chain and Norman Heatley at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, publish their laboratory results showing the ''in vivo'' bactericidal action of penicillin. They have also purified the drug.{{cite journal|last=Drews|first=J\u00fcrgen|year=2000|month=March|title=Drug Discovery: a Historical Perspective|journal=Science|volume=287|issue=5460|pages=1960\u20134|doi=10.1126\/science.287.5460.1960|pmid=10720314}}{{cite book|first=Patrick|last=Robertson|title=The Shell Book of Firsts|location=London|publisher=Ebury Press|year=1974|page=124}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/08/26", "description": " WWII: Chad is the first French colony to proclaim its support for the Allies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/08/30", "description": " Second Vienna Award: Germany and Italy compel Romania to cede half of Transylvania to Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/08/30", "description": "September ampampndash The U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division (previously a National Guard Division in Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Oklahoma), is activated and ordered into federal service for 1 year, to engage in a training program in Ft. Sill and Louisiana, prior to serving in WWII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/09/02", "description": " WWII: An agreement between America and Great Britain is announced to the effect that 50 U.S. destroyers needed for escort work will be transferred to Great Britain. In return, America gains 99-year leases on British bases in the North Atlantic, West Indies and Bermuda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/09/05", "description": " WWII: Commerce raiding German auxiliary cruiser ''Komet'' enters the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait after crossing the Arctic Ocean from the North Sea with the help of Soviet icebreakers ''Lenin'', ''Stalin'', and ''Kaganovich''.{{cite book | author=Muggenthaler, August Karl| title=German Raiders of WWII| publisher=Prentice-Hall| year=1977| ISBN=0-13-354027-8| page=58}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/09/05", "description": "Treaty of Craiova: Romania loses Southern Dobrudja to Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/09/05", "description": "WWII: The Blitz ampampndash Nazi Germany begins to rain bombs on London (the first of 57 consecutive nights of strategic bombing).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/09/05", "description": "In Lascaux, France, 17,000-year-old cave paintings are discovered by a group of young Frenchmen hiking through Southern France.  The paintings depict animals and date to the Stone Age.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/09/05", "description": "The Hercules Munitions Plant in Succasunna-Kenvil, New Jersey explodes, killing 55 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/09/16", "description": " WWII: The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 is signed into law by Franklin D. Roosevelt, creating the first peacetime draft in U.S. history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/09/17", "description": "September 18 ampndash WWII: {{SS|City of Benares}} is torpedoed by {{GS|U-48|1939|6}} in the Atlantic with the loss of 248 of the 406 on board, including child evacuees bound for Canada. This results in cancellation of the British Children's Overseas Reception Board's plan to relocate children overseas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/09/26", "description": " WWII: The United States imposes a total embargo on all scrap metal shipments to Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/09/27", "description": " WWII: Germany, Italy and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/10/16", "description": " The draft registration of approximately 16 million men begins in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/10/18", "description": "October 19 ampndash WWII: Thirty-two ships are sunk from Convoy SC 7 and Convoy HX 79 by the most effective quotwolfpackquot of the war including U-boat aces Kretschmer, Prien and Schepke", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/10/28", "description": " WWII: Italian troops invade Greece, meeting strong resistance from Greek troops and civilians. This action signals the beginning of the Balkans Campaign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/10/29", "description": " The Selective Service System lottery is held in Washington, D.C..", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/10/29", "description": "November ampampndash In Cambodia the Khmer Issarak is formed to overthrow the French Army within the nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/11/05", "description": " United States presidential election, 1940: Democrat incumbent Franklin D. Roosevelt defeats Republican challenger Wendell Willkie and becomes the United States' first and only third-term president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/11/06", "description": " Agatha Christie's mystery novel ''And Then There Were None'' is published in book form in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/11/07", "description": " In Tacoma, Washington, the {{convert|600|ft|m|sing=on}}-long center span of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge (known as Galloping Gertie) collapses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/11/08", "description": " MS City of Rayville is sunk by a naval mine, the first US merchant to be lost in the war off Cape Otway, Australia", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/11/09", "description": " Joaquin Rodrigo's ''Concierto de Aranjuez'' premieres in Barcelona, Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/11/10", "description": " An earthquake in Bucharest, Romania kills 1,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/11/10", "description": "WWII: The Royal Navy launches the first aircraft carrier strike in history, on the Italian battleship fleet anchored at Taranto naval base.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/11/10", "description": "WWII: {{Ship|German auxiliary cruiser|Atlantis}} captures top secret British mail, and sends it to Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/11/10", "description": "Armistice Day Blizzard: An unexpected blizzard kills 144 in the Midwestern United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/11/13", "description": " Walt Disney's ''Fantasia'' is released. It is the first box office failure for Disney, though it eventually recoups its cost years later, and becomes one of the most highly regarded of Disney's films.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/11/14", "description": " WWII: The city of Coventry, England is destroyed by 500 Luftwaffe bombers: 150,000 fire bombs, 503 tons of high explosives, and 130 parachute mines level 60,000 of the city's 75,000 buildings 568 people are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/11/14", "description": "WWII: In response to Germany levelling Coventry 2 days before, the Royal Air Force begins to bomb Hamburg (by war's end, 50,000 Hamburg residents will have died from Allied attacks).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/11/14", "description": "An unexploded pipe bomb is found in the Consolidated Edison office building (only years later is the culprit, George Metesky, apprehended).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/11/14", "description": "The Jamaica Association of Local Government Officers is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/11/18", "description": " WWII: German leader Adolf Hitler and Italian Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano meet to discuss Benito Mussolini's disastrous invasion of Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/11/20", "description": " WWII: Hungary, Romania and Slovakia join the Axis Powers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/11/20", "description": "In Romania, coup leader General Ion Antonescu's Iron Guard arrests and executes over 60 of exiled king Carol II of Romania's aides. Among the dead is former minister and acclaimed historian Nicolae Iorga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/11/20", "description": "WWII: The Royal Navy and Regia Marina fight the Battle of Cape Spartivento.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/11/20", "description": "December ampampndash Timely Comics' Captain America Comics #1 (cover dated March 1941), first appearance of Captain America and Bucky, hits newsstands in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/12/01", "description": " Manuel \u00c1vila Camacho takes office as President of Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/12/06", "description": " British submarine {{HMS|Regulus|N88}} is sunk near Taranto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/12/08", "description": " The Chicago Bears, in what will become the most one-sided victory in National Football League history, defeat the Washington Redskins 73\u20130 in the 1940 NFL Championship Game.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/12/09", "description": " WWII: Operation Compass ampndash British forces in North Africa begin their first major offensive with an attack on Italian forces at Sidi Barrani, Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/12/12", "description": "nd December 15 ampndash WWII: quotSheffield Blitzquot ampndash The Yorkshire city of Sheffield is badly damaged by German air-raids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/12/12", "description": "WWII British destroyers {{HMS|Hereward|H93}} and {{HMS|Hyperion|H97}} sink an Italian submarine off Bardia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/12/12", "description": "Royal Navy Fairey Swordfish based on Malta bomb Tripoli.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/12/12", "description": "Plutonium is first synthesized in the laboratory by a team led by Glenn T. Seaborg and Edwin McMillan at the University of California, Berkeley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/12/16", "description": " WWII: Operation Abigail Rachel ampndash RAF bombing of Mannheim.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/12/17", "description": " President Roosevelt, at his regular press conference, first sets forth the outline of his plan to send aid to Great Britain that will become known as Lend-Lease.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/12/23", "description": " WWII: Winston Churchill, in a broadcast address to the people of Italy, blames Benito Mussolini for leading his nation to war against the British, contrary to Italy's historic friendship with them: quotOne man has arrayed the trustees and inheritors of ancient Rome upon the side of the ferocious pagan barbarians.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/12/24", "description": " Mahatma Gandhi, Indian spiritual non-violence leader writes his second letter to Adolf Hitler addressing him quotMy friendquot, requesting him to stop the war Germany had begun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/12/24", "description": "Franklin D. Roosevelt, in a fireside chat to the nation, declares that the United States must become ampquotthe great arsenal of democracy.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/12/24", "description": "WWII: ampquotSecond Great Fire of Londonampquot ampampndash Luftwaffe carries out a massive incendiary bombing raid, starting 1,500 fires. Many famous buildings, including the Guildhall and Trinity House, are either damaged or destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/12/30", "description": " California's first modern freeway, the future State Route 110, opens to traffic in Pasadena, California, as the Arroyo Seco Parkway (now the Pasadena Freeway).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/12/30", "description": " In Sweden, Victor Hasselblad forms the Victor Hasselblad AB Camera Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/12/30", "description": "In Korea, the ''Hunminjeongeum'' (1446) is discovered, explaining the basis of the Hangul alphabet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/12/30", "description": "US historian Arthur Marder publishes ''The Anatomy of British Sea Power: a history of British naval policy in the pre-Dreadnought era, 1880-1905''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1940/12/30", "description": "Olympic Games, assigned to Tokyo, Japan, and later to Helsinki, Finland, are suspended due to WWII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Undated", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/01/01", "description": " Thailand Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram decrees January 1 as the official start of the Thai solar calendar new year (thus the previous year that began April 1 had only 9 months).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/01/03", "description": " A decree in Germany outlaws the use of Blackletter Gothic typefaces in favour of Antiqua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/01/04", "description": " The short subject ''Elmer's Pet Rabbit'' is released, marking the second appearance of Bugs Bunny, and also the first to have his name on a title card.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/01/05", "description": " WWII: At the Battle of Bardia in Libya, Australian and British troops defeat Italian forces, the first battle of the war in which an Australian Army formation takes part.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/01/06", "description": " The keel of  the {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}} is laid at the New York Navy Yard in Brooklyn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/01/10", "description": " Lend-Lease is introduced into the U.S. Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/01/11", "description": " The light cruiser HMS Southampton (83) is sunk off Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/01/13", "description": " All persons born in Puerto Rico since this day are declared U.S. citizens by birth, through U.S. federal law {{UnitedStatesCode|8|1402}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/01/14", "description": " WWII: Commerce raiding ''hilfskreuzer Pinguin'' captures the Norwegian whaling fleet near Bouvet Island, effectively ending Southern Ocean whaling for the duration of the war.{{cite book | author=Muggenthaler, August Karl| title=German Raiders of WWII| publisher=Prentice-Hall| year=1977| ISBN=0-13-354027-8| pages=140\u2013143}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/01/15", "description": " John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford E. Berry describe the workings of the Atanasoff\u2013Berry Computer in print.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/01/19", "description": " WWII: British troops attack Italian-held Eritrea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/01/20", "description": " Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes swears in U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt for his third term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/01/22", "description": " WWII: Battle of Tobruk: Australian and British forces capture Tobruk from the Italians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/01/22", "description": " In Sweden, Victor Hasselblad had the Victor Hasselblad AB Camera Company registered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/01/23", "description": " Aviator Charles Lindbergh testifies before the U.S. Congress and recommends that the United States negotiate a neutrality pact with Adolf Hitler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/01/27", "description": " WWII ampndash Attack on Pearl Harbor:  Joseph C. Grew, the U.S. ambassador to Japan, reports to Washington a rumor overheard at a diplomatic reception concerning a planned surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/01/30", "description": " WWII ampndash Australians capture Derna, Libya from the Italians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/02/03", "description": " WWII: The Nazis forcibly restore Pierre Laval to office in occupied Vichy France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/02/04", "description": " WWII: The United Service Organization (USO) is created to entertain American troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/02/05", "description": " Air Training Corps: The Air Training Corps was formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/02/06", "description": " WWII ampndash Fall of Benghazi to the Western Desert Force. Lieutenant-General Erwin Rommel is appointed commander of Afrika Korps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/02/08", "description": " WWII ampndash The U.S. House of Representatives passes the Lend-Lease Act (260\u2013165).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/02/09", "description": " Winston Churchill, in a worldwide broadcast, tells the United States to show its support by sending arms to the British: quotGive us the tools, and we will finish the job.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/02/09", "description": "WWII: Erwin Rommel arrives in Tripoli.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/02/09", "description": "Reserve Constable Albert Alexander, a patient at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford, becomes the first person treated with penicillin intravenously, by Howard Florey's team. He reacts positively but there is insufficient supply of the drug to reverse his terminal infection. A successful treatment is achieved during May.ampamp{{cite book|first=Patrick|last=Robertson|title=The Shell Book of Firsts|location=London|publisher=Ebury Press|year=1974|pages=124\u20135}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/02/13", "description": " Aircraft from HMS Formidable (67) attack Massawa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/02/14", "description": " WWII ampndash Admiral Kichisaburo Nomura begins his duties as Japanese Ambassador to the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/02/19", "description": "February 22 ampndash WWII: Three Nights' Blitz over Swansea, South Wales: Over these 3 nights of intensive bombing, which last a total of 13 hours and 48 minutes, Swansea's town centre is almost completely obliterated by the 896 high explosive bombs employed by the Luftwaffe. A total of 397 casualties and 230 deaths are reported.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/02/22", "description": " HMS ''Shropshire'' (73) bombards Barawa, on the coast between Kismayo and Mogadishu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/02/23", "description": " Glenn T. Seaborg isolates and discovers plutonium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/02/25", "description": " The British submarine HMS ''Upright'' (N89) attacks an Italian covoy sinking the Italian cruiser ''Armando Diaz''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/02/27", "description": " The New Zealand Division cruiser HMS ''Leander'' (1931) sinks Italian armed merchant raider ''Ramb I'' off the Maldives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/02/27", "description": "WWII: Bulgaria signs the Tripartite Pact, thus joining the Axis powers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/02/27", "description": "W47NV begins operations in Nashville, Tennessee, becoming the first FM radio station.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/02/27", "description": "Arthur L. Bristol becomes Rear Admiral for the U.S. Navy's Support Force, Atlantic Fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/03/04", "description": " WWII: Operation Claymore - British Commandos carry out a successful raid on the Lofoten Islands off the north coast of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/03/08", "description": " WWII: The U.S. Senate passes the Lend-Lease Act (60\u201331).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/03/11", "description": " WWII: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease Act into law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/03/15", "description": " Richard C. Hottelet is arrested by the Gestapo on quotsuspicion of espionagequot.  He is eventually released in July as part of a prisoner exchange.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/03/16", "description": " A group of U.S. warships arrive in Auckland, New Zealand on a goodwill visit.  On March 20, they visit Sydney, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/03/16", "description": "In Washington, D.C., the National Gallery of Art is officially opened by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/03/16", "description": "British Minister of Labour Ernest Bevin calls for women to fill vital jobs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/03/22", "description": " Washington's Grand Coulee Dam begins to generate electricity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/03/24", "description": " WWII: Rommel launches his first offensive in Cyrenaica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/03/25", "description": " WWII: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia joins the Axis powers in Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/03/27", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/03/27", "description": "Battle of Cape Matapan: Off the Peloponnesus coast in the Mediterranean, British naval forces defeat those of Italy, sinking 5 warships. Battle ends on March 29.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/03/27", "description": "An anti-Axis coup d'\u00e9tat in Yugoslavia forces Prince Paul into exile 17-year-old King Peter II assumes power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/03/27", "description": "Attack on Pearl Harbor: Japanese spy Takeo Yoshikawa arrives in Honolulu, Hawaii and begins to study the Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/03/30", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/03/30", "description": "All German, Italian, and Danish ships anchored in United States waters are taken into ampquotprotective custodyampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/03/30", "description": "A German Lorenz cipher machine operator sends a 4,000-character message twice, allowing British mathematician Bill Tutte to decipher the machine's coding mechanism.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/technology\/8492762.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/technology\/8492762.stm<\/a> BBC{{dead link|date=April 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/04/04", "description": " WWII: Axis forces capture Benghazi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/04/06", "description": " WWII: Germany invades Yugoslavia and Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/04/09", "description": " The U.S. acquires full military defense rights in Greenland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/04/10", "description": " WWII:  The U.S. destroyer {{USS|Niblack|DD-424|6}}, while picking up survivors from a sunken Dutch freighter, drops depth charges on a German U-Boat (the first quotshot in angerquot fired by America against Germany).{{citation needed|date=May 2010|reason=there's doubt it was actually a sub}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/04/12", "description": " WWII: German troops enter Belgrade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/04/13", "description": " The Soviet Union and Japan sign a neutrality pact.ref name=quotref1quot{{cite book|last=Quigley|first=Carroll|title=Tragedy And Hope|year=1966|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=0-945001-10-X|pages=738|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJampq=tragedy+and+hopeampdq=tragedy+and+hopeampsource=blampots=P_gAndEgunampsig=w8Gu9MX-yMpF-K9h6BAORE5zQJYamphl=enampsa=Xampei=YG8zUIOCG6fYigfc14GADAampved=0CDUQ6AEwAA}}\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJampq=tragedy+and+hopeampdq=tragedy+and+hopeampsource=blampots=P_gAndEgunampsig=w8Gu9MX-yMpF-K9h6BAORE5zQJYamphl=enampsa=Xampei=YG8zUIOCG6fYigfc14GADAampved=0CDUQ6AEwAA}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/04/15", "description": " WWII:  Axis forces reach Halfaya Pass on the Libyan-Egyptian frontier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/04/17", "description": " WWII: The Yugoslav Royal Army capitulates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/04/18", "description": " WWII: Prime Minister of Greece Alexandros Koryzis commits suicide as German troops approach Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/04/19", "description": " Bertolt Brecht's anti-war play ''Mother Courage and Her Children'' ({{lang-de|Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder}}) receives its first theatrical production at the Schauspielhaus Z\u00fcrich.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/04/21", "description": " WWII: Greece capitulates. Commonwealth troops and some elements of the Greek Army withdraw to Crete.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/04/23", "description": " The America First Committee holds its first mass rally in New York City, with Charles Lindbergh as keynote speaker.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/04/25", "description": " Franklin D. Roosevelt, at his regular press conference, criticizes Charles Lindbergh by comparing him to the Copperheads of the Civil War period.  In response, Lindbergh resigns his commission in the U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve on April 28.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/04/27", "description": " WWII: German troops enter Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/04/27", "description": "The breakfast cereal ''Cheerios'' is introduced as ''CheeriOats'' by General Mills.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/04/27", "description": "Orson Welles' film ''Citizen Kane'' premieres in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/04/27", "description": "The first Defense Bonds and Defense Savings Stamps go on sale in the United States, to help fund the greatly increased production of military equipment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/02", "description": " Anglo-Iraqi War: British combat operations against the rebel government of Rashid Ali in the Kingdom of Iraq begin.{{cite book|first1=Major-General I. S. O.|last1=Playfair|author1-link=|first2=Captain F. C.|last2=with Flynn R. N.|first3=Brigadier C. J. C.|last3=Molony|first4=Air Vice-Marshal S. E.|last4=Toomer|editor-last=Butler|editor-first=J. R. M|series=History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series|title=The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941)|publisher=Naval amp Military Press|year=2004|origyear=1st. pub. HMSO 1956|isbn=1-84574-066-1|lastauthoramp=y|pages=182\u20133}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/05", "description": " WWII: Emperor Haile Selassie enters Addis Ababa, which had been liberated from Italian forces this date has been since commemorated as Liberation Day in Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/06", "description": " At California's March Field, entertainer Bob Hope performs his first USO Show.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/08", "description": " WWII:  The German auxiliary cruiser Pinguin is sunk by HMS Cornwall (56) in the Indian Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/09", "description": " WWII: The German submarine ''U-110'' is captured by the British Royal Navy. On board is the latest Enigma cryptography machine, which Allied cryptographers later use to break coded German messages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/09", "description": "WWII: The British House of Commons is damaged by the Luftwaffe in an air raid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/09", "description": "Rudolf Hess parachutes into Scotland, claiming to be on a peace mission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/12", "description": " Konrad Zuse presents the Z3, the world's first working programmable, fully automatic computer, in Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/12", "description": "The first British jet aircraft, the Gloster E.28\/39, is flown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/12", "description": "Joe DiMaggio's 56-game hitting streak begins as the New York Yankee center fielder goes one for four against Chicago White Sox Pitcher Eddie Smith.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/19", "description": " The Viet Minh is formed in Vietnam to overthrow the French Army in the nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/20", "description": " WWII: The Battle of Crete begins as Germany launches an airborne invasion of Crete.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/21", "description": " A U-boat sinks {{SS|Robin Moor}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/24", "description": " WWII: In the North Atlantic, the German battleship ''Bismarck'' sinks battlecruiser HMS ''Hood'', killing all but 3 crewmen from a total of 1,418 aboard the pride of the Royal Navy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/24", "description": " The British submarine HMS ''Upholder'' (P37) torpedoes and sinks the Italian ocean liner {{SS|Conte Rosso}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/26", "description": " WWII: In the North Atlantic, Fairey Swordfish aircraft from the carrier HMS ''Ark Royal'' cripple the steering of ''Bismarck'' in an aerial torpedo attack.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/26", "description": "WWII: President Roosevelt proclaims an ampquotunlimited national emergency.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/26", "description": "WWII:''Bismarck'' is sunk in the North Atlantic, killing 2,300.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/26", "description": "The Swiss Socialist Federation is banned.ampamp{{cite book|last=Lang|first=Karl|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=cMBEFai6EQkCampamppg=PA268|title=Solidarit\u00e9,\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=cMBEFai6EQkCampamppg=PA268|title=Solidarit\u00e9,<\/a> d\u00e9bats, mouvement: cent ans de Parti socialiste suisse, 1888-1988|location=Lausanne|publisher=Editions d'en bas|year=1988|pages=270\u20132}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/30", "description": " WWII: Manolis Glezos and Apostolos Santas tear down the Nazi swastika on the Acropolis in Athens, and replace it with the Greek flag", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/31", "description": " Anglo-Iraqi War: British troops complete the re-occupation of the Kingdom of Iraq, returning Prince 'Abd al-Ilah to power as regent for Faisal II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/31", "description": "Four thousand Chongqing residents are asphyxiated in a bomb shelter during the Bombing of Chongqing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/05/31", "description": "A Serbian ammunition depot explodes at Smederevo on the outskirts of Belgrade, Serbia, killing 2,500, and injuring over 4,500.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/06/08", "description": " WWII: British and Free French forces invade Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/06/13", "description": " TASS, the official Soviet news agency, denies reports of tension between Germany and the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/06/13", "description": "Soviet officials deport about 65,000 people from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to Siberia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/06/13", "description": "All German and Italian assets in the United States are frozen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/06/16", "description": " All German and Italian consulates in the United States are ordered closed and their staffs to leave the country by July 10.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/06/16", "description": " WWII: Royal Navy planes sink the  Vichy French ship Chevalier Paul", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/06/16", "description": "United States Army Air Corps becomes the Army Air Forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/06/16", "description": "Walt Disney's live-action animated feature, ''The Reluctant Dragon'', is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/06/16", "description": "WWII: Italy and Romania declare war on the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/06/16", "description": "WWII: Germany invades the Soviet Union under Operation Barbarossa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/06/16", "description": "WWII: Winston Churchill promises all possible British assistance to the Soviet Union in a worldwide broadcast:  ampquotAny man or state who fights against Nazidom will have our aid.  Any man or state who marches with Hitler is our foe.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/06/16", "description": "WWII: The First Sisak Partisan Brigade, the first anti-fascist armed unit in occupied Europe, is founded by partisans near Sisak, Croatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/06/23", "description": " WWII: Hungary and Slovakia declare war on the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/06/24", "description": " Founding of RIA Novosti.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/06/25", "description": " WWII: Finland attacks the Soviet Union to seek the opportunity of revenge in the Continuation War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/06/28", "description": " WWII: Albania declares war on the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/06/28", "description": "July ampampndash The British Army's Special Air Service is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/07/02", "description": " WWII:  Empire of Japan calls up 1 million men for military service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/07/03", "description": " WWII:  Joseph Stalin, in his first address since the German invasion, calls upon the Soviet people to carry out a quotscorched earthquot policy of resistance to the bitter end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/07/04", "description": " The Holocaust: The Mass murder of Polish scientists and writers is committed by German troops in the captured Polish city of Lw\u00f3w.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/07/05", "description": " WWII: German troops reach the Dnieper River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/07/05", "description": "July 31: War is fought between Peru and Ecuador.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/07/05", "description": "WWII: American forces take over the defense of Iceland from the British.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/07/05", "description": "WWII: German troops take over Estonia from the Soviets.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/07/10", "description": " The Holocaust: Jedwabne pogrom: Local ethnic Poles massacre at least 340 Jewish residents of Jedwabne in occupied Poland.{{cite web|title=The Jedwabne Tragedy|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/info-poland.buffalo.edu\/classroom\/J\/|year=2000|publisher=Polish\">http:\/\/info-poland.buffalo.edu\/classroom\/J\/|year=2000|publisher=Polish<\/a> Academic Information Center, University at Buffalo|accessdate=2012-07-10}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/07/13", "description": " WWII: Montenegro starts the second popular uprising in Europe against the Axis Powers, the first being the so-called February strike against deportation of Jews in Amsterdam and surroundings on February 25, 1941.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/07/14", "description": " WWII:  Vichy France signs armistice terms, ending all fighting in Syria and Lebanon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/07/17", "description": " Joe DiMaggio's 56 game hitting streak ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/07/17", "description": "WWII: A BBC broadcast by ampquotColonel Brittonampquot calls on the people of occupied Europe to resist the Nazis under the slogan ampquotV for Victoryampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/07/17", "description": "The first episode ''The Midnight Snack'' in which Tom and Jerry are officially named, more than a year after their first production ''Puss Gets the Boot''", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/07/23", "description": " WWII Italian planes damege the destroyer HMS Fearless (H67) which has to be sunk by the British.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/07/25", "description": " The Postal Code system is introduced in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/07/25", "description": "WWII: In response to the Japanese occupation of French Indo-China, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt orders the seizure of all Japanese assets in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/07/25", "description": "WWII: General Douglas MacArthur is named commander of all U.S. forces in the Philippines the Philippines Army is ordered nationalized by President Roosevelt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/07/31", "description": " WWII ampndash The Holocaust: Under instructions from Adolf Hitler, Nazi official Hermann G\u00f6ring orders S.S. General Reinhard Heydrich to quotsubmit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary for carrying out the desired Final Solution of the Jewish question.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/07/31", "description": "August ampampndash Political Warfare Executive is formed in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/08/01", "description": " The first Jeep is produced.{{citation needed|date=May 2010|reason=The Jeep page says Sept '40}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/08/06", "description": " Six-year-old Elaine Esposito goes to an appendix operation in Florida and lapses into a coma. She dies in 1978, still in a coma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/08/07", "description": " The British destroyer HMS Severn (N57)sinks the Italien Marconi class submarine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/08/09", "description": " Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill meet at Argentia, Newfoundland and Labrador. The Atlantic Charter is created as a result.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/08/16", "description": " The HMS ''Mercury'', Royal Navy Signals School and Combined Signals School open at Leydene, near Petersfield, Hampshire, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/08/18", "description": " Adolf Hitler orders a temporary halt to Nazi Germany's systematic euthanasia of the mentally ill and handicapped due to protests. However, graduates of the T-4 Euthanasia Program are then transferred to concentration camps, where they continue in their trade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/08/22", "description": " WWII ampndash France: The German Occupation Authority announces that anyone found either working for or aiding the Free French will be sentenced to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/08/24", "description": " WWII: A Luftwaffe bomb hits an Estonian steamer with 3,500 Soviet-mobilized Estonian men on board, killing 598 of them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/08/25", "description": " WWII: Operation Countenance begins with United Kingdom and Soviet forces invading Iran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/08/27", "description": " WWII ampndash Pierre Laval is shot in an assassination attempt at Versailles, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/08/28", "description": " WWII: The Soviets announce the destruction of the massive Dnieper River dam at Zaporozhye, to prevent its capture by the Germans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/08/31", "description": " ''The Great Gildersleeve'' debuts on ''NBC'' Radio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/09/06", "description": " Holocaust: The requirement to wear the Star of David with the word quotJewquot inscribed, is extended to all Jews over the age of 6 in German-occupied areas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/09/08", "description": " WWII ampndash The Siege of Leningrad begins: German forces begin a siege against the Soviet Union's second-largest city, Leningrad. Stalin orders the Volga Germans deported to Siberia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/09/11", "description": " WWII: Charles Lindbergh, at an America First Committee rally in Des Moines, Iowa, accuses quotthe British, the Jewish, and the Roosevelt administrationquot of leading the United States toward war. Widespread condemnation of Lindbergh follows.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/09/12", "description": " WWII: The first snowfall is reported on the Russian front.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/09/14", "description": " The State of Vermont quotdeclares warquot on Germany, by defining the United States to be in quotarmed conflictquot in order to extend a wartime bonus to Vermonters in the service.<a href=\"http:\/\/articles.boston.com\/2011-09-14\/lifestyle\/30156127_1_actor-adam-lamberg-actor-walter-koenig-danielle-peck\">http:\/\/articles.boston.com\/2011-09-14\/lifestyle\/30156127_1_actor-adam-lamberg-actor-walter-koenig-danielle-peck<\/a> Boston.com", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/09/15", "description": " The Estonian Self-Administration, headed by Hjalmar M\u00e4e, is appointed by the German military administration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/09/16", "description": " Shah Reza Pahlavi of Iran is forced to resign in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran, under pressure from the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/09/22", "description": "he town of Reshetylivka in the Soviet Union is occupied by German forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/09/27", "description": " The first Liberty Ship, the SS ''Patrick Henry'', is launched at Baltimore, Maryland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/09/29", "description": " WWII:  The Moscow Conference begins U.S. representative  Averill Harriman and British representative Lord Beaverbrook meet with Soviet foreign minister Molotov to arrange urgent assistance for Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/09/29", "description": "September 30 ampndash Holocaust: Babi Yar massacre ampndash German troops, assisted by Ukrainian police and local collaborators, killed 33,771 Jews of Kiev, Ukraine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/09/29", "description": "Holocaust: the Nazi German extermination camp Konzentrationslager Lublin (commonly known as ampquotMajdanekampquot) opens in occupied Poland on the outskirts of the town Lublin. Between October 1941 and July 1944 at least 200,000 people were killed in the camp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/09/29", "description": "New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy becomes the Royal New Zealand Navy", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/10/02", "description": " WWII: Operation Typhoon begins as Germany launches an all-out offensive against Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/10/07", "description": " John Curtin becomes the 14th Prime Minister of Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/10/08", "description": " WWII: In their invasion of the Soviet Union, Germany reaches the Sea of Azov with the capture of Mariupol.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/10/11", "description": "October 12 ampndash Fire destroys a Firestone Tire amp Rubber Co. plant in Fall River, Massachusetts, consuming 15,850 tons of rubber and causing a setback to the United States war effort.quotNo Sabotage Found in Firestone Blaze by FBI Men Making Probe.quot Fall River, Herald News, October 14, 1941, p.1 Apollonia,", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/10/15", "description": "  the sumbmarine HMS Torbay (N79) bombards the Libyan port of Apollonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/10/15", "description": "Mid-October ampampndash First production P-38E Lightning fighter produced by Lockheed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/10/16", "description": " WWII: The Soviet Union government moves to Kuibyshev (modern Samara), but Joseph Stalin remains in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/10/17", "description": " WWII: The destroyer {{USS|Kearny|DD-432|6}} is torpedoed and damaged near Iceland, killing 11 sailors (the first American military casualties of the war).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/10/18", "description": " General Hideki Tojo becomes the 40th Prime Minister of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/10/21", "description": " WWII: The Germans rampage in Yugoslavia, killing thousands of civilians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/10/23", "description": " Walt Disney's animated film ''Dumbo'' is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/10/24", "description": " Franz von Werra disappears during a flight over the North Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/10/30", "description": " WWII: Franklin Delano Roosevelt approves US$1 billion in Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/10/30", "description": "Last day of carving on Mount Rushmore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/10/30", "description": "WWII: The destroyer USS ''Reuben James'' is torpedoed by a German U-boat near Iceland, killing more than 100 United States Navy sailors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/11/06", "description": " WWII: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin addresses the Soviet Union for only the second time during his three-decade rule (the first time was earlier that year on July 2). He states that even though 350,000 troops have been killed in German attacks so far, that the Germans have lost 4.5 million soldiers (a gross exaggeration) and that Soviet victory is near.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/11/07", "description": " WWII: The Soviet hospital Ship Armenia is sunk by German planes while evacuating refugees, wounded military and the staff of several Crimean hospitals. It is estimated that over 5,000 people die in the sinking.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/11/10", "description": " In a speech at the Mansion House in London, Winston Churchill promises, quotshould the United States become involved in war with Japan, the British declaration will follow within the hour.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/11/12", "description": " WWII: As Battle of Moscow begins, temperatures around Moscow drop to -12 \u00b0C, and the Soviet Union launches ski troops for the first time against the freezing German forces near the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/11/14", "description": " WWII: The aircraft carrier HMS ''Ark Royal'' sinks after being torpedoed by ''U-81''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/11/17", "description": " WWII ampndash Attack on Pearl Harbor: Joseph Grew, the United States ambassador to Japan, cables to Washington a warning that Japan may strike suddenly and unexpectedly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/11/18", "description": " WWII: Operation Crusader in North Africa begins", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/11/19", "description": " WWII: Both commerce raiding ''hilfskreuzer Kormoran'' and Australian cruiser HMAS ''Sydney'' sink following a battle off the coast of Western Australia.  There are no survivors from the 645 Australian sailors aboard ''Sydney''.{{cite book | author=Muggenthaler, August Karl| title=German Raiders of WWII| publisher=Prentice-Hall| year=1977| ISBN=0-13-354027-8| pages=186\u2013191}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/11/21", "description": " The radio program ''King Biscuit Time'' is broadcast for the first time (it later becomes the longest running daily radio broadcast in history and the most famous live blues radio program).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/11/22", "description": " WWII: HMS ''Devonshire'' sinks commerce raiding ''hilfskreuzer Atlantis'', ending the longest warship cruise of the war. (622 days without in-port replenishment or repair){{cite book | author=Muggenthaler, August Karl| title=German Raiders of WWII| publisher=Prentice-Hall| year=1977| ISBN=0-13-354027-8| page=114}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/11/26", "description": " WWII ampndash Attack on Pearl Harbor: A fleet of 6 aircraft carriers commanded by Japanese Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo leaves Hitokapu Bay for Pearl Harbor under strict radio silence", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/11/26", "description": "A group of young men stop traffic on U.S. Highway 99 south of Yreka, California, handing out fliers proclaiming the establishment of the State of Jefferson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/11/26", "description": "WWII: Germans reach their closest approach to Moscow. They are subsequently frozen by cold weather and attacks by the Soviets.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/01", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/01", "description": "Fiorello La Guardia, Mayor of New York City and Director of the Office of Civilian Defense, signs Administrative Order 9, creating the Civil Air Patrol under the authority of the United States Army Air Force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/01", "description": "A state of emergency is declared in Malaya and the Straits Settlements.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/02", "description": " WWII ampndash Attack on Pearl Harbor: The code message quotClimb Mount Niitakaquot is transmitted to the Japanese task force, indicating that negotiations have broken down and that the attack is to be carried out according to plan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/04", "description": " The State of Jefferson is declared in Yreka, California, with judge John Childs as a governor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/06", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/06", "description": "Soviet counterattacks begin against German troops encircling Moscow. The Wehrmacht is subsequently pushed back over 200 miles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/06", "description": "The United Kingdom declares war on Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/06", "description": "  WWII: HMS Perseus (N36)is sunk by a mine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/07", "description": "December 8, Japan standard time) ampndash WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/07", "description": "Attack on Pearl Harbor: The Imperial Japanese Navy launches a surprise attack on the United States fleet at Pearl Harbor, thus drawing the United States into World War II. The attack is announced on radio stations in the US at about 2:26 p.m. EST (19.26 GMT).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/07", "description": "The Empire of Japan launches invasions in Hong Kong, Malaya, Manila, Singapore and the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/07", "description": "Canada declares war on Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/07", "description": "Tobruk's garrison is relieved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/07", "description": "WWII: The United States, United Kingdom, China and The Netherlands officially declare war on the Empire of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/07", "description": "President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt's ampquotInfamyampquot Address to a Joint Session of Congress at 12:30 p.m. EST (17.30 GMT) and transmitted live over all four major national networks attracts the largest audience ever for an American radio broadcast, over 81% of homes.ampamp{{cite book|first=Robert J.|last=Brown|title=Manipulating the Ether: the Power of Broadcast Radio in Thirties America|pages=117\u2013120|location=Jefferson, NC|publisher=McFarland ampamp Co|year=1998|isbn=0-7864-2066-9}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/07", "description": "Holocaust: the Nazi German extermination camp Chelmno opens in occupied Poland near a small village called Che\u0142mno nad Nerem. Between December 1941-April 1943 and June 1944-January 1945 at least 153,000 people are killed in the camp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/10", "description": " WWII: The British battleship HMS ''Prince of Wales'' and battlecruiser HMS ''Repulse'' are sunk by Japanese aircraft in the South China Sea north of Singapore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/11", "description": " WWII: Germany and Italy declare war on the United States. The U.S. responds in kind.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/12", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/12", "description": "Hungary and Romania declare war on the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/12", "description": "British India declares war on the Empire of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/12", "description": "The United States seizes the French ship {{SS|Normandie}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/12", "description": "The Kimura Detachment of the Japanese Imperial forces is occupied in Legaspi, Albay in Eastern Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/13", "description": " Sweden's low temperature record of -53\u00b0C is set in a village within the Vilhelmina Municipality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/19", "description": " WWII: Hitler becomes Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the German Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/23", "description": " WWII: A second Japanese landing attempt on Wake Island is successful, and the American garrison surrenders after a full night and morning of fighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/24", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/24", "description": "British forces capture Benghazi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/24", "description": "Dutch submarine HNLMS K XVI is the first Allied ship to sink a Japanese warship, sinking the destroyer ''Sagiri'' near Sarawak K XVI is herself torpedoed the following day by Japanese submarine I 66.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/25", "description": " WWII: The British and Canadians are defeated by the Japanese at Hong Kong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/26", "description": " WWII: Winston Churchill becomes the first British Prime Minister to address a joint session of the U.S. Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/27", "description": " WWII: British Commandos raid the Norwegian port of Vaagso, causing Hitler to reinforce the garrison and defenses, drawing vital troops away from other areas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/27", "description": "The Valley of Geysers is discovered in Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/27", "description": "The Indochina Communist party, led by Ho Chi Minh, combines with the Nationalist party to form the Viet Minh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1941/12/27", "description": "''Classic Comics'' series launched in the United States with a version of ''The Three Musketeers''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/01/01", "description": " WWII: United States and Philippines troops fight the Battle of Bataan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/01/02", "description": " WWII: Manila is captured by Japanese forces. All defending soldiers in Manila are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/01/07", "description": " WWII: The siege of the Bataan Peninsula begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/01/10", "description": " WWII: The last German air-raid on Liverpool destroys the home of William Patrick Hitler, Adolf Hitler's nephew. William Hitler is at this time in the United States where he later joins the navy to fight against his uncle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/01/11", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/01/11", "description": "Dutch East Indies campaign: Japan declares war on the Netherlands and invades the Dutch East Indies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/01/11", "description": "Battle of Malaya: The Japanese capture Kuala Lumpur.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/01/11", "description": "Sikorsky R-4 first flies, in the United States it will become the first mass-produced helicopter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/01/11", "description": "Heinkel test pilot Helmut Schenk becomes the first person to escape from a stricken aircraft with an ejection seat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/01/16", "description": " Actress Carole Lombard and her mother are among those killed in a plane crash near Las Vegas, Nevada, while returning from a tour to promote the sale of war bonds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/01/19", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/01/19", "description": "Japanese forces invade Burma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/01/19", "description": "Establishment of United States VIII Bomber Command, later to become the Eighth Air Force, in Savannah, Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/01/20", "description": " Holocaust: Nazis at the Wannsee conference in Berlin decide that the quotfinal solution to the Jewish problemquot is relocation, and later extermination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/01/21", "description": " WWII: Erwin Rommel launches his new offensive in Cyrenaica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/01/23", "description": " WWII: The Battle of Rabaul begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/01/25", "description": " WWII: Thailand declares war on the United States and United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/01/26", "description": " WWII: The first American forces arrive in Europe, landing in Northern Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/01/31", "description": " WWII: Battle of Malaya: The last organized Allied forces leave British Malaya, ending the 54-day campaign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/01", "description": " WWII: The Command staff of the Eighth Air Force reaches England!-- becomes active in the European Theater of Operations, but won't fly missions until July 4th, 1942 using borrowed British planes<a href=\"http:\/\/www.taphilo.com\/history\/8thaf\/index.shtml\">http:\/\/www.taphilo.com\/history\/8thaf\/index.shtml<\/a> ---", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/02", "description": " WWII: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signs an executive order directing the internment of Japanese Americans and the seizure of their property.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/03", "description": " WWII: Rommel suspends his offensive in Cyrenaica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/07", "description": " Maritime Commission fleet operations transferred to War Shipping Administration (lasting until September 1, 1946).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/07", "description": "Ant\u00f3nio \u00d3scar Carmona is elected president of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/07", "description": "WWII: Top United States military leaders hold their first formal meeting to discuss American military strategy in the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/07", "description": "Daylight saving time goes into effect in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/07", "description": "Post of Chief of the Air Force Staff created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/07", "description": "The ocean liner {{SS|Normandie}} catches fire while being converted into the troopship USS ''Lafayette'' (AP-53) for WWII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/10", "description": " In the early hours of the morning the {{SS|Normandie}} capsizes at pier 88 in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/11", "description": " Operation Cerberus A flotilla of Kriegsmarine ships dash from Brest through the English Channel to northern ports the British fail to sink any one of them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/15", "description": " WWII: Singapore surrenders to Japanese forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/19", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/19", "description": "Japanese warplanes attack Darwin, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/19", "description": "President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs executive order 9066 allowing the United States military to define areas as exclusionary zones. These zones affect the Japanese on the West Coast, and Germans and Italians primarily on the East Coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/19", "description": "23 ampndash  the  Battle of Sittang Bridge British forces retreat to the Sittang River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/20", "description": " Lieutenant Edward O'Hare becomes America's first U.S. Navy WWII flying ace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/22", "description": " General George Marshall transmits a direct order to General Douglass MacArthur in President Roosevelt's name,  ordering MacArthur himself to turn over command of the Philippines to a subordinate and report to Australia to assume command of the large American force being built up there. The orders are worded to allow MacArthur to choose the exact moment of his departure for various reasons, he will not leave until March 12 (Eastern Date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/23", "description": " The Japanese submarine ''I-17'' fires 17 high-explosive shells toward an oil refinery near Santa Barbara, California, causing little damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/24", "description": " The {{SS|Struma}}, carrying Jewish refugees from Axis-allied Romania to British-controlled Palestine, is torpedoed and sunk by the Soviet submarine ''Shch 213'', killing 768 men, women and children, with only one survivor, a 19 year old man, making it the largest exclusively civilian naval disaster of the war.The actual number of victims, including the ten person crew, is uncertain, although a recent study concludes it may have been as high as 791, of which 785 were Jewish.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jewishgen.org\/databases\/holocaust\/0140_Struma.html#P9\">http:\/\/www.jewishgen.org\/databases\/holocaust\/0140_Struma.html#P9<\/a> Franz amp Collins' book ''Death on the Black Sea: The Untold Story of the Struma and WWII's Holocaust at Sea'', calls it simply the quotlargest naval civilian disaster of the war.quot (page 255)", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/24", "description": " Propaganda: The ''Voice of America'' begins broadcasting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/25", "description": " The Princess Elizabeth registers for war service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/25", "description": " Battle of Los Angeles: Over 1,400 AA shells are fired at an unidentified, slow-moving object in the skies over Los Angeles. The appearance of the object triggers an immediate wartime blackout over most of Southern California, with thousands of air raid wardens being deployed throughout the city. In total there are 6 deaths. Despite the several hour barrage no planes are downed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/25", "description": "The worst coal dust explosion to date, in Honkeiko, China, claims 1,549 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/25", "description": "The 14th Academy Awards ceremony is held in Los Angeles How Green Was My Valley wins Best Picture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/27", "description": " WWII ampndash Battle of the Java Sea: An allied (ABDA) task force of 14 vessels under Dutch command, trying to stem a  Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies, is defeated by a 19 vessel Japanese task force in the Java Sea 2.300 sailors die, including the commander, admiral Karel Doorman Japanese attain naval hegemony in East-Asia", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/02/27", "description": "March ampampndash Construction begins on the Badger Army Ammunition Plant (the largest in the United States during WWII).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/03/09", "description": " WWII: Executive order 9082 (February 28, 1942) reorganizes the United States Army into three major commands: Army Ground Forces, Army Air Forces, and Services of Supply, later redesignated Army Service Forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/03/09", "description": "March 12 ampampndash WWII: General General Douglas MacArthur, his family, and key members of his staff are evacuated by PT boat, under cover of darkness, from Corregidor in the Philippines. Command of US forces in the Philippines passes to Major General Jonathan M. Wainwright.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/03/16", "description": " WWII: New Zealand and Australia declared war on Thailand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/03/17", "description": " Holocaust: the Nazi German extermination camp Be\u0142\u017cec opens in occupied Poland about 1ampnbspkm south of the local railroad station of Be\u0142\u017cec in the Lublin district of the General Government. Between March and December 1942, at least 434,508 people are killed there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/03/18", "description": " President Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9102, creating the War Relocation Authority (WRA), which becomes responsible for the internment of Americans of Japanese and, to a lesser extent, German and Italian descent, many of them legal citizens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/03/23", "description": " WWII: The Germans burned down the Ukrainian village of Yelino (Koriukivka Raion), killing 296 civilians.{{cite web | url =<a href=\"http:\/\/www.russia-today.ru\/2012_13_37.html|\">http:\/\/www.russia-today.ru\/2012_13_37.html|<\/a> title = \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044f \u041e\u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f: \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430?|language=Russian| publisher =Russia Today| accessdate = 21 Sep 2012 }}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/03/28", "description": " WWII: Operation Chariot - British Commandos raid St. Nazaire on the coast of Western France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/03/28", "description": "April ampampndash Holocaust: the Nazi German extermination camp Sobibor opens in occupied Poland on the outskirts of the town of Sobib\u00f3r. Between April 1942 and October 1943, at least 160,000 people are killed in the camp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/03/28", "description": "Spring ampampndash Holocaust: the Nazi German extermination camp Treblinka II opens in occupied Poland near the village of Treblinka. Between July 23, 1942 and October 1943, around 850,000 people are killed there,ampref name=ampquotGeneralgouvernement, 2004, pp. 257\u2013281ampquotamp{{cite book|chapter=Treblinka - ein Todeslager der ampquotAktion Reinhardampquot|title=Aktion Reinhardampquot - Die Vernichtung der Juden im Generalgouvernement|editor-link=Bogdan Musial|editor=Musial, Bogdan|location=Osnabr\u00fcck|year=2004|pages=257\u2013281}}ampamp more than 800,000 of whom are Jews.ampref name=CGHamp{{cite book|first1=Donald L.|last1=Niewyk|first2=Francis R.|last2=Nicosia|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.ca\/books?id=lpDTIUklB2MCampamppg=PA210ampampdq=%22Treblinka+Treblinka%22ampampcd=25#v=onepageampampq=%22Treblinka%20Treblinka%22ampampf=false|title=The\">http:\/\/books.google.ca\/books?id=lpDTIUklB2MCampamppg=PA210ampampdq=%22Treblinka+Treblinka%22ampampcd=25#v=onepageampampq=%22Treblinka%20Treblinka%22ampampf=false|title=The<\/a> Columbia Guide to the Holocaust|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-231-11200-9|page=210}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/04/03", "description": " WWII: Japanese forces begin an all-out assault on the United States and Filipino troops on the Bataan Peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/04/05", "description": " WWII: the Japanese Navy attacks Colombo in Ceylon (Sri Lanka). Royal Navy Cruisers {{HMS|Cornwall|56}} and {{HMS|Dorsetshire|40}} are sunk southwest of the island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/04/09", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/04/09", "description": "The Bataan Peninsula falls and the Bataan Death March begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/04/09", "description": "The Japanese Navy launches an air raid on Trincomalee in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) the Royal Navy aircraft carrier {{HMS|Hermes|95}} and Royal Australian Navy destroyer {{HMAS|Vampire|D68}} are sunk off the country's East Coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/04/13", "description": " The United States Federal Communications Commission's minimum programming time required of TV stations is cut from 15 hours to 4 hours a week during the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/04/14", "description": " WWII: The submarine {{HMS|Upholder|P37}} is sunk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/04/14", "description": " WWII: The German submarine U-85 (1941) is sunk by {{USS|Roper|DD-147}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/04/15", "description": " WWII: King George VI awards the George Cross to Malta to mark the Siege of Malta, saying, quotTo honour her brave people I award the George Cross to the Island Fortress of Malta, to bear witness to a heroism and a devotion that will long be famous in history (from January 1 to July 24, there is only one 24-hour period during which no bombs fall on this tiny island).quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/04/17", "description": "  WWII: Henri Giraud the French commander captured in 1940, escapes from  K\u00f6nigstein Fortress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/04/18", "description": " WWII: Tokyo, Japan, is attacked by the Doolittle Raid, a small force of B-25 Mitchell bomber aircraft commanded by then-Lieutenant Colonel James Doolittle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/04/23", "description": " William Temple enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/04/26", "description": " WWII: The Reichstag meets for the last time, dissolving itself and proclaiming Adolf Hitler the quotSupreme Judge of the German Peoplequot, granting him the power of life and death over every German citizen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/04/27", "description": " WWII: A national plebiscite is held in Canada on the issue of conscription.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/04/27", "description": " The Jewish Star of David is required wearing for all Jews in the Netherlands and Belgium. Other Jews in Nazi countries have been wearing it for longer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/04/29", "description": " WWII: An explosion at a chemical factory in Tessenderlo, Belgium leaves 200 dead and 1,000 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/04/29", "description": "May ampampndash Operation Pluto: The plan to construct oil pipelines under the English Channel between England and France is tested in the River Medway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/05/05", "description": " WWII ampndash Operation Ironclad: United Kingdom forces invade the French colony of Madagascar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/05/06", "description": " WWII: On Corregidor, the last American and Filipino forces in the Philippines surrender to the Japanese.ref name=quotref1quot{{cite book|last=Quigley|first=Carroll|title=Tragedy And Hope|year=1966|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York|isbn=0-945001-10-X|pages=745|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJampq=tragedy+and+hopeampdq=tragedy+and+hopeampsource=blampots=P_gAndEgunampsig=w8Gu9MX-yMpF-K9h6BAORE5zQJYamphl=enampsa=Xampei=YG8zUIOCG6fYigfc14GADAampved=0CDUQ6AEwAA}}\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=KQZxAAAAIAAJampq=tragedy+and+hopeampdq=tragedy+and+hopeampsource=blampots=P_gAndEgunampsig=w8Gu9MX-yMpF-K9h6BAORE5zQJYamphl=enampsa=Xampei=YG8zUIOCG6fYigfc14GADAampved=0CDUQ6AEwAA}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/05/08", "description": " WWII: The Battle of the Coral Sea (first battle in naval history where 2 enemy fleets fight without seeing each other's fleets) ends in an Allied victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/05/08", "description": "May 9 ampndash WWII: At night, gunners of the Ceylon Garrison Artillery on Horsburgh Island in the Cocos Islands rebel. Their mutiny is crushed and 3 of them executed (the only British Commonwealth soldiers to be executed for mutiny during the Second World War).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/05/12", "description": " WWII ampndash Second Battle of Kharkov: In the eastern Ukraine, the Soviet Army initiates a major offensive. During the battle the Soviets capture the city of Kharkov from the German Army, only to be encircled and destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/05/12", "description": " WWII The Japanese minelayer Okinoshima is sunk by the American submarine USS S-42 (SS-153).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/05/14", "description": " Aaron Copland's ''Lincoln Portrait'' is performed for the first time by the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/05/15", "description": " WWII: In the United States, a bill creating the Women's Auxiliary Army Corps (WAAC) is signed into law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/05/20", "description": " The first African-American seamen are taken into the United States Navy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/05/21", "description": " WWII: Mexico declares war against Nazi Germany after the sinking of the Mexican tanker ''Faja de Oro'' by the German U-boat, U-160, off Key West.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/05/26", "description": " WWII ampndash Battle of Bir Hakeim: The Free French and British troops slow the German advance in North Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/05/26", "description": " WWII Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942 to help establish military and political alliance between the USSR and the British Empire  is signed in London by foreign Secretary Anthony Eden and by Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/05/27", "description": " WWII ampndash Operation Anthropoid: Czech paratroopers attempt to assassinate Reinhard Heydrich in Prague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/05/31", "description": "June 1 ampndash WWII: Attack on Sydney Harbour: Japanese submarines infiltrate Sydney Harbour in an attempt to attack Allied warships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/05/31", "description": "WWII: Mexico declares war on Germany, Italy and Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/05/31", "description": "The Grand Coulee Dam is finished on the Columbia River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/06/04", "description": " WWII: Reinhard Heydrich succumbs to wounds sustained on May 27 from Czechoslovakian paratroopers acting in Operation Anthropoid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/06/04", "description": "June 7 ampndash WWII: The Battle of Midway: The Japanese naval advance in the Pacific is halted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/06/05", "description": " The United States declares war on Bulgaria, Hungary amp Romania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/06/07", "description": " WWII: Japanese forces invade the Aleutian Islands (the first invasion of American soil in 128 years).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/06/08", "description": " WWII: Attack on Sydney Harbour: The Australian cities of Sydney and Newcastle are shelled by Japanese submarines. The eastern suburbs of both cities are damaged and the east coast is blacked out.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/06/09", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/06/09", "description": "Nazis burn the Czech village of Lidice in reprisal for the killing of Reinhard Heydrich.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/06/09", "description": "(12:30 a.m.) ampampndash B-17 Flying Fortress air crash near Auckland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/06/10", "description": " WWII: The Gestapo massacres 173 male residents of Lidice, Czechoslovakia in retaliation for the killing of Reinhard Heydrich.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/06/12", "description": " Holocaust: On her 13th birthday, Anne Frank makes the first entry in her new diary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/06/13", "description": " WWII: The United States opens its Office of War Information, a propaganda center.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/06/29", "description": " WWII: The German Eleventh Army under Erich von Manstein takes Sevastopol, although fighting rages until July 9.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/07/01", "description": "July 27 ampndash WWII: The First Battle of El Alamein.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/07/03", "description": " WWII: Guadalcanal, occupied only by aborigines falls to the Japanese Naval construction force deployed to construct an air field on the island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/07/04", "description": " WWII in the European Theater of Operations:", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/07/04", "description": "Twenty-four ships are sunk by German bombers and submarines after Convoy PQ 17 to the Soviet Union is scattered in the Arctic Ocean to evade the German battleship Tirpitz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/07/04", "description": "US Eighth Air Force inauspiciously flies its first mission in Europe using borrowed British planes and bombs targets in the Netherlands, such as De Kooy airfield attached to  Den Helder naval base. Three of six aircraft returnampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.taphilo.com\/history\/8thaf\/index.shtml\">http:\/\/www.taphilo.com\/history\/8thaf\/index.shtml<\/a> Taphilo.comampamp captain Charles C. Kegelman is first member of 8th Airforce to be awarded DFC for this mission.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/fpmedia.club.officelive.com\/EersteaanvalVIIIBomberCommand.aspx\">http:\/\/fpmedia.club.officelive.com\/EersteaanvalVIIIBomberCommand.aspx<\/a> Nieuws-wo2.tkampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/07/06", "description": " Holocaust: Anne Frank's family goes into hiding in an attic above her father's office in an Amsterdam warehouse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/07/08", "description": " Turkish prime minister Refik Saydam died while working in office. For one day he is succeeded by Ahmet Fikri T\u00fczer", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/07/09", "description": " \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Saraco\u011flu forms the new (13th) government in Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/07/13", "description": " WWII: German U-Boats sink 3 more merchant ships in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/07/14", "description": " WWII: Germany introduces the Ostvolk Medal for Soviet personnel in the Wehrmacht.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/07/14", "description": "Holocaust: By order of the Vichy France government headed by Pierre Laval, French police officers round-up 13,000\u201320,000 Jews and imprison them in the Winter Velodrome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/07/14", "description": "Georges B\u00e9gu\u00e9 and others escape from the Mauzac prison camp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/07/18", "description": " WWII: The Germans test fly the Messerschmitt Me 262 (using only its jets) for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/07/19", "description": " WWII: Battle of the Atlantic: German Grand Admiral Karl D\u00f6nitz orders the last U-boats to withdraw from their United States Atlantic coast positions, in response to an effective American convoy system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/07/21", "description": " The Japanese establish a beachhead on the north coast of New Guinea in the Buna-Gona area a small Australian force begins a rearguard action on the Kokoda Track Campaign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/07/22", "description": " Holocaust: The systematic deportation of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/07/29", "description": " The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR institutes the Order of Suvorov, the Order of Kutuzov, and reinstates the Order of Alexander Nevsky.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/07/30", "description": " Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/07/31", "description": " The Oxford Committee for Famine Relief (OXFAM) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/07", "description": " WWII: Battle of Guadalcanal begins ampndash The U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marine Corps begin the first American offensive of the war with an amphibious landing on the island of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/08", "description": " Walt Disney's animated film ''Bambi'' premieres in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/08", "description": "Indian leader, Mohandas Gandhi is arrested in Bombay by British forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/08", "description": "''Start'', led by the goalkeeper Nikolai Trusevich, play football against the German Luftwaffe team Flakelf in Nazi-occupied Kiev. Against all odds, they win 5\u20133. Eight of them are later arrested and tortured, and at least four are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/08", "description": "WWII: In Washington, DC, six Germans would-be saboteurs are executed. (Two others are cooperative and receive sentences of life imprisonment instead one is spared because of his relatively young age. Those imprisoned are freed a few years after the end of the war.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/08", "description": "Quit India resolution is passed by the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee (AICC), which led to the start of a historical civil disobedience movement across India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/08", "description": "Walt Disney's fifth animated film, Bambi, is released in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/14", "description": "'night'' ampndash In London, instruments detect a massive burst of cosmic rays.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/15", "description": " WWII: The American tanker SS ''Ohio'' reaches Malta as part of the convoy of ''Operation Pedestal''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/15", "description": "Polish-Jewish teacher Janusz Korczak follows a group of Jewish children into the Treblinka death camp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/15", "description": "The U.S. Navy blimp ''L-8'' (Flight 101) comes ashore near San Francisco, eventually coming down in Daly City (the crew is missing).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/17", "description": " WWII: First raid by heavy bombers of U.S. Eighth Air Force against occupied France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/19", "description": " WWII: Dieppe Raid: Allied forces raid Dieppe, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/22", "description": " WWII: Brazil declares war on Germany and Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/23", "description": " WWII: German troops reach the suburbs of Stalingrad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/23", "description": "WWII: Japanese marines land at Milne Bay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/23", "description": "Prince George, Duke of Kent, brother to King George VI and King Edward VIII, dies in a flying accident over Morven in Scotland at the age of 39.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/30", "description": " Luxembourg is formally annexed to the German Reich.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/31", "description": " A general strike is launched in Luxembourg to protest against forced conscription.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/08/31", "description": "September 5 ampndash WWII: Battle of Alam Halfa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/09/03", "description": " WWII: A German attempt to liquidate the Jewish ghetto in Lakhva leads to an uprising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/09/05", "description": " WWII: Battle of Milne Bay: Japanese forces suffer their first defeat on land.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/09/05", "description": " The Jews of Wolbrom, Poland were rounded up by the Germans and their collaborators. What was once a flourishing community suddenly ceased to exist.<a href=\"http:\/\/www1.yadvashem.org\/yv\/en\/exhibitions\/wolbrom\/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki\">http:\/\/www1.yadvashem.org\/yv\/en\/exhibitions\/wolbrom\/index.asp?WT.mc_id=wiki<\/a> On One Clear Day: The Story of the Jewish Community of Wolbrom Before, During and After the Holocaust", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/09/09", "description": " WWII: A Japanese floatplane drops incendiary devices at Mount Emily, near Brookings, Oregon, in the first of two quotLookout Air Raidsquot, the first bombing of the continental United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/09/10", "description": " Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron (WAFS) begins operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/09/12", "description": " The RMS ''Laconia'', carrying civilians, Allied soldiers and Italian POWs, is torpedoed off the coast of West Africa and sinks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/09/15", "description": " Women's Flying Training Detachment (WFTD).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/09/24", "description": " Andr\u00e9e Borrel and Lise de Baissac become the first female SOE agents to be parachuted into occupied France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/09/27", "description": " WWII: Both commerce raiding ''hilfskreuzer Stier'' and Liberty ship ''Stephen Hopkins'' sink following a gun battle in the South Atlantic. ''Stier'' is the only commerce raider to be sunk by Defensively Equipped Merchant Ships.{{cite book|last=Muggenthaler|first=August Karl|title=German Raiders of WWII|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1977|isbn=0-13-354027-8|pages=241\u2013242}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/10/02", "description": " The British cruiser ''Cura\u00e7ao'' collides with the liner ''Queen Mary'' off the coast of Donegal and sinks 338 drown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/10/03", "description": " The first A-4 rocket is successfully launched from Test Stand VII at Peenem\u00fcnde, Germany. The rocket flies 147 kilometres wide and reaches a height of 84.5 kilometres, becoming the first man-made object to reach space.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/10/09", "description": " The Statute of Westminster Adoption Act formalizes Australian autonomy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/10/11", "description": " WWII ampndash Battle of Cape Esperance: On the northwest coast of Guadalcanal, United States Navy ships intercept and defeat a Japanese fleet on their way to reinforce troops on the island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/10/14", "description": " A German U-boat sinks the ferry ''SS Caribou'', killing 137.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/10/16", "description": " A hurricane and flood in Bombay kill 40,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/10/23", "description": " Award-winning composer and Hollywood songwriter Ralph Rainger (''quotThanks for the Memoryquot'') is among 12 people killed in the mid-air collision between an American Airlines DC-3 airliner and a U.S. Army bomber near Palm Springs, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/10/23", "description": "November 4 ampndash WWII: Second Battle of El Alamein: British troops go on the offensive against the Axis forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/10/26", "description": " WWII: Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands: Two Japanese aircraft carriers are heavily damaged and one U.S.N. carrier is sunk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/10/28", "description": " The Alaska Highway is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/10/29", "description": " Holocaust: In the United Kingdom, leading clergymen and political figures hold a public meeting to register outrage over Nazi Germany's persecution of Jews.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/02", "description": " A USAF squadron, including B-24 Liberators, intercepts many Luftwaffe patrols off the coast of Oran, Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/03", "description": " WWII: Second Battle of El Alamein: German forces under Erwin Rommel are forced to retreat during the night.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/08", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/08", "description": "Operation Torch: United States and United Kingdom forces land in French North Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/08", "description": "French Resistance Coup in Algiers: 400 French civil resistants neutralize the Vichyist XIXth Army Corps and the Vichyist generals (Juin, Darlan, etc.), so allowing the immediate success of Operation Torch in Algiers, and ultimately the whole of French North Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/09", "description": " WWII: U.S serviceman Edward Leonski is hanged at Melbourne's Pentridge Prison for the quotBrown-Outquot murders of 3 women in May.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/10", "description": " WWII: In violation of a 1940 armistice, Germany invades Vichy France, following French Admiral Fran\u00e7ois Darlan's agreement to an armistice with the Allies in North Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/12", "description": " WWII: Battle of Guadalcanal: A naval battle near Guadalcanal starts between Japanese and American forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/13", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/13", "description": "Battle of Guadalcanal: Aviators from the USS ''Enterprise'' sink the Japanese battleship Hiei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/13", "description": "British forces capture Tobruk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/15", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/15", "description": "The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal ends: Although the United States Navy suffers heavy losses, it retains control of Guadalcanal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/15", "description": "A BOAC scheduled passenger flight, a DC-3 with registration G-AGBB, (formerly KLM PH-ALI, Ibis), enroute between Lisbon and Bristol, is attacked over the Bay of Biscay by German fighters. Although damaged, it escapes and lands in England. Other attacks follow on the same aircraft and scheduled route: April 19 and June 1, 1943 (fatal).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/15", "description": "British forces capture Derna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/19", "description": " WWII: Battle of Stalingrad: Soviet Union forces under General Georgy Zhukov launch the Operation Uranus counter-attacks at Stalingrad, turning the tide of the battle in the USSR's favor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/20", "description": " WWII: British forces capture Benghazi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/21", "description": " The completion of the Alaska Highway (also known as the Alcan Highway) is celebrated (however, the quothighwayquot is not usable by general vehicles until 1943).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/22", "description": " WWII: Battle of Stalingrad: The situation for the German attackers of Stalingrad seems desperate during the Soviet counter-attack Operation Uranus, and General Friedrich Paulus sends Adolf Hitler a telegram saying that the German Sixth Army is surrounded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/23", "description": " WWII: A German U-boat sinks the SS ''Ben Lomond'' off the coast of Brazil. One crewman, Chinese second steward Poon Lim, is separated from the others and spends 130 days adrift until he is rescued on April 3, 1943.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/25", "description": "26 ampndash WWII: Operation Harling: A British SOE team, together with Greek Resistance fighters, blows up the Gorgopotamos viaduct in the first major sabotage act in occupied continental Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/26", "description": " The movie ''Casablanca'' premi\u00e8res at the Hollywood Theater in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/27", "description": " WWII: At Toulon, the French navy scuttles its ships and submarines to keep them out of Nazi hands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/27", "description": "Cocoanut Grove fire: A fire in the Cocoanut Grove night club in Boston, Massachusetts, kills 491.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/27", "description": "The large-scale German ampquotpacificationampquot of the Zamojszczyzna region of Poland begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/11/29", "description": " The Blue Star Line cargo liner {{MV|Dunedin Star}} runs aground on the Skeleton Coast of Namibia. Crew and passengers survive following a 26-day overland trek to Windhoek.{{cite book|title=Dead Reckoning: The Dunedin Star Disaster|first=Jeff|last=Dawson|year=2005|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=naMFHgAACAAJ|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=naMFHgAACAAJ|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld<\/a> amp Nicolson|accessdate=2008-03-31|isbn=0-7538-2044-7}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/12/01", "description": " Gasoline rationing begins in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/12/02", "description": " Manhattan Project: Below the bleachers of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago, a team led by Enrico Fermi initiates the first self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction (a coded message, quotThe Italian navigator has landed in the new worldquot is then sent to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/12/02", "description": "Holocaust: In Warsaw, 2 women, Zofia Kossak and Wanda Filipowicz, risk their lives by setting up the Council for the Assistance of the Jews.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/12/02", "description": "WWII: USAAF bombers make their first raid on Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/12/07", "description": " WWII: British commandos conduct Operation Frankton, a raid on shipping in Bordeaux harbour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/12/17", "description": " The Allies issue the Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations, the first time they publicly acknowledge the Holocaust.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/12/17", "description": "An avalanche in Aliquippa, Pennsylvania kills 26, including Vulcan Crucible Steel Co heir-apparent Samuel A. Stafford Sr., when two 100 ton boulders fall on a bus filled with wartime steel workers on their way home.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/12/17", "description": "An airplane carrying prominent Ustashe general Jure Franceti\u0107 crashes. Franceti\u0107 dies as result of the injuries on December 27.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/12/24", "description": " French Admiral Darlan, the former Vichy leader who had switched over to the Allies following the Torch landings, is assassinated in Algiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/12/27", "description": " The Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/12/27", "description": "DDT is first used as a pesticide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1942/12/27", "description": "C. S. Lewis publishes ''The Screwtape Letters''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/01/04", "description": " Culbert Olson, 29th Governor of California, is succeeded by Earl Warren.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/01/04", "description": "The United States and United Kingdom give up territorial rights in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/01/12", "description": " Dutch journalist and writer Jan Campert dies in the Neuengamme concentration camp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/01/13", "description": "WWII: The Japanese are driven off Guadalcanal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/01/13", "description": "The world's largest office building, The Pentagon, is dedicated in Arlington, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/01/16", "description": " Iraq declares war on the Axis", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/01/16", "description": "WWII: Soviet officials announce they have broken the Wehrmacht's siege of Leningrad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/01/16", "description": "The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/01/16", "description": "WWII: British forces capture Tripoli from the Italians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/01/16", "description": "Duke Ellington plays at New York City's Carnegie Hall for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/01/16", "description": "Critic and commentator Alexander Woollcott suffers an eventually fatal heart attack during a regular broadcast of the CBS Radio roundtable program ampquotPeople's Platformampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/01/27", "description": " WWII: 50 bombers mount the first all American air raid against Germany (Wilhelmshaven is the target).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/01/27", "description": "German police arrest alleged necrophiliac Bruno Ludke.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/01/27", "description": "Marine Corps Women's Reserve (MCWR) created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/02/02", "description": " WWII: In Russia, the Battle of Stalingrad comes to an end with the surrender of the German 6th Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/02/03", "description": " WWII: The Four Chaplains of the U.S. Army are drowned, when their ship (USAT Dorchester) is struck by a German torpedo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/02/07", "description": " WWII: In the United States, it is announced that shoe rationing will go into effect in 2 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/02/08", "description": " WWII ampndash Battle of Guadalcanal: United States forces defeat Japanese troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/02/10", "description": " March 3 ampndash Mohandas Gandhi keeps a hunger strike to protest his imprisonment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/02/11", "description": " General Eisenhower is selected to command the Allied armies in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/02/14", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/02/14", "description": "Rostov-na-Donu, Russia is liberated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/02/14", "description": "Battle of the Kasserine Pass: German General Erwin Rommel and his Afrika Korps launch an offensive against Allied defenses in Tunisia it is the United States' first major battle defeat of the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/02/16", "description": " WWII: The Soviet Union reconquers Kharkov, but is later driven out in the Third Battle of Kharkov", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/02/16", "description": "In a speech at the Berlin Sportpalast, German Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels declare a ampquotTotal Warampquot against the Allies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/02/16", "description": "The Nazis arrest the members of the White Rose movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/02/16", "description": "American movie studio executives agree to allow the Office of War Information to censor movies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/02/16", "description": "The Mexican volcano Par\u00edcutin is born in a farmer's cornfield.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/02/22", "description": " Members of White Rose are executed in Nazi Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/02/23", "description": " A fire at St. Joseph's Orphanage, County Cavan, Ireland, kills 36 people (35 of whom are children).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/02/27", "description": " The Smith Mine #3 in Bearcreek, Montana, United States explodes, killing 74 men.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/02/28", "description": " Operation Gunnerside: 6 Norwegians led by Joachim Ronneberg successfully attack the heavy water plant Vemork.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/01", "description": " Heinz Guderian becomes the Inspector-General of the Armoured Troops for the German Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/01", "description": "March 1\u20132 ampampndash WWII: Koriukivka massacre takes place in Ukraine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/02", "description": " WWII: Battle of the Bismarck Sea ampndash United States and Australian forces sink Japanese convoy ships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/03", "description": " 173 people are killed in a crush while trying to enter an air-raid shelter at Bethnal Green tube station in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/04", "description": " The 15th Academy Awards ceremony is held in Los Angeles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/08", "description": " WWII: American forces are attacked by Japanese troops on Hill 700 in Bougainville, in a battle that will last 5 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/09", "description": " \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Saraco\u011flu forms the new government of Turkey. (14th government \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Saraco\u011flu had served twice as a prime minister)", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/10", "description": " Banco Bradesco was founded by Amador Aguiar in Mar\u00edlia, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/10", "description": "WWII: On Bougainville, Japanese troops end their assault on American forces at Hill 700.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/10", "description": "Holocaust: German forces liquidate the Jewish ghetto in Krak\u00f3w.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/14", "description": "  WWII: British submarine HMS ''Thunderbolt'' sunk off Sicily by an Italian corvette, the second time this vessel has been lost with all hands.{{cite web|title=HMS Thunderbolt (N 25)|work=uboat.net|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/uboat.net\/allies\/warships\/ship\/3485.html|accessdate=2010-10-21}}{{cite\">http:\/\/uboat.net\/allies\/warships\/ship\/3485.html|accessdate=2010-10-21}}{{cite<\/a> book|first1=C.E.T.|last1=Warren|first2=James|last2=Benson|title=quotThe Admiralty regrets ...quot: the story of His Majesty's submarine Thetis and Thunderbolt|location=London|publisher=Harrap|year=1958}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/15", "description": " The Italian submarine Leonardo da Vinci sinks the Candandian pacific liner RMS Empress of Canada (1922) off Sierre Leone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/16", "description": "March 19 ampndash  WWII: 22 ships from Convoys HX 229\/SC 122 and one U-boat are sunk in the largest North Atlantic U-boat quotwolfpackquot attack of the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/17", "description": " \u00c9amon de Valera makes the speech quotThe Ireland That We Dreamed Ofquot, commonly called the quotcomely maidensquot speech.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/22", "description": " WWII: The entire population of Khatyn in Belarus is burnt alive by the German occupation forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/23", "description": " The drugs Vicodin and Lortab are first produced in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/26", "description": " WWII ampndash Battle of the Komandorski Islands: In the Aleutian Islands, the battle begins when United States Navy forces intercept Japanese troops attempting to reinforce a garrison at Kiska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/27", "description": " WWII ampndash Escort carrier ''Dasher'' was destroyed by an accidental explosion in the Firth of Clyde, killing 379 of the crew of 528.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/28", "description": " In Italy a ship full of weapons and ammunition explodes in the port of Naples, killing 600.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/03/31", "description": " Rodgers and Hammerstein's ''Oklahoma!'' opens on Broadway, heralds a new era in quotintegratedquot stage musicals, becomes an instantaneous stage classic, and goes on to be Broadway's longest-running musical up to that time (1948).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/04/03", "description": " Shipwrecked steward Poon Lim is rescued by Brazilian fishermen after being adrift for 130 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/04/13", "description": " WWII: Radio Berlin announces the discovery by Wehrmacht of mass graves of Poles killed by Soviets in the Katyn massacre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/04/16", "description": " Albert Hofmann self administers the drug LSD for the first time in history, and records the details of his experience.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/04/21", "description": " Worst Bombing of Aberdeen in WW2.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/04/22", "description": " Albert Hofmann writes his first report about the hallucinogenic properties of ''LSD'' (which he first synthesized in 1938).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/04/25", "description": " Easter occurs on the latest possible date (last time 1886 next time 2038) in the Western Christian Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/04/27", "description": " The U.S. Federal Writers' Project is shuttered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/05/06", "description": " WWII: Six U-boats are sunk after sinking 12 ships from Convoy ONS 5 in the last major North Atlantic U-boat quotwolfpackquot attack of the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/05/09", "description": "May 12 ampndash Japanese troops carry out the Changjiao massacre in Changjiao, Hunan, China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/05/11", "description": " WWII: American troops invade Attu in the Aleutian Islands, in an attempt to expel occupying Japanese forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/05/12", "description": " The Trident Conference begins in Washington, D.C., with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill taking part.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/05/13", "description": " WWII: German Afrika Korps and Italian troops in North Africa surrender to Allied forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/05/13", "description": "The ''Australian Hospital Ship Centaur'' is sunk off the coast of Queensland, by a Japanese submarine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/05/13", "description": "358th BS, 303rd BG B-17F Hell's Angels is the first AAF bomber to complete 25 missions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/05/15", "description": " The Comintern is dissolved in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/05/15", "description": "WWII: Operation Chastise by RAF 617 Sqdn are carried out on German dams.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/05/15", "description": "Holocaust: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/05/15", "description": "Greek physician Marco Nahon arrives at Auschwitz-Birkenau.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/05/17", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/05/17", "description": "The surviving RAF ''Dam Busters'' return.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/05/17", "description": "The United States Army contracts with the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School to develop the computer ENIAC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/05/17", "description": "The ''Memphis Belle's'' crew becomes the first aircrew in the 8th Air Force to complete its 25-mission tour of duty. The aircraft and crew were the first to return to the U.S. intact for a War Bond drive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/05/19", "description": " Winston Churchill addresses a joint session of the U.S. Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/05/29", "description": " Norman Rockwell's illustration of ''Rosie the Riveter'' first appears on the cover of the ''Saturday Evening Post''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/05/30", "description": " Holocaust: Dr. Josef Mengele begins his service as a medical officer in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/05/31", "description": " The ''Zoot Suit Riots'' erupt between military personnel and Mexican American youths in East Los Angeles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/06/01", "description": " British Overseas Airways Corporation Flight 777, a DC-3 with registration G-AGBB, (formerly KLM PH-ALI, Ibis), on a scheduled passenger flight, is shot down over the Bay of Biscay by German Junkers Ju 88s, all 17 persons aboard perish, including the actor Leslie Howard. There is speculation that the downing was an attempt to kill British Prime Minister Winston Churchill as the Germans may have had wrong information he was aboard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/06/04", "description": " A military coup d'\u00e9tat in Argentina ousts Ram\u00f3n Castillo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/06/08", "description": " WWII: Japanese battleship Mutsu was destroyed by an accidental magazine explosion in Hashirajima anchorage, killing 1,121.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/06/22", "description": " The U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division lands in North Africa, prior to training at Arzew, French Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/06/30", "description": " CCC abolished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/07/01", "description": " Women's Army Corps (WAC) converted to full status.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/07/05", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/07/05", "description": "Battle of Kursk ampampndash The largest tank battle in history begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/07/05", "description": "An allied invasion fleet sails to Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/07/05", "description": "Conclusion of the National Bands Agreement in Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/07/06", "description": " WWII: Americans and Japanese fight the Battle of Kula Gulf off Kolombangara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/07/10", "description": " WWII ampndash Allied invasion of Sicily: The allied invasion of Axis-controlled Europe begins with landings on the island of Sicily off mainland Italy, by the Seventh United States Army and the British Eighth Army including the 1st Canadian Infantry Division.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/07/11", "description": " United States Army forces assault the village of Piano Lupo, just outside of Gela, Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/07/12", "description": " WWII ampndash Battle of Prokhorovka: The Wehrmacht and the Red Army fight to a draw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/07/13", "description": " WWII: The invasion of Sicily begins with British landings at Augusta on the island's eastern side and American landings to the south.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/07/19", "description": " WWII: Rome is bombed by the Allies for the first time in the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/07/24", "description": " WWII: Operation Gomorrha begins: British and Canadian aeroplanes bomb Hamburg by night the American planes bomb the city by day. By the end of the operation in November, 9,000 tons of explosives will have killed more than 30,000 people and destroyed 280,000 buildings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/07/25", "description": " In Italy the Gran Consiglio del Fascismo withdraws its support of Mussolini Mussolini is arrested and the power is given to Maresciallo d'Italia Gen. Pietro Badoglio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/07/28", "description": " WWII: Operation Gomorrha ampndash The British bomb Hamburg, causing a firestorm that kills 42,000 German civilians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/08/01", "description": " Operation Tidal Wave: 177 B-24 Liberator bombers from the U.S. Army Air Force bomb oil refineries at Ploie\u015fti, Romania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/08/02", "description": " WWII: John F. Kennedy's PT-109 is rammed by a destroyer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/08/04", "description": " WWII: The ''USS Intrepid (CV-11)'' is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/08/04", "description": "WWII: John F. Kennedy and crew are found by Solomon Islanders coastwatchers Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana with their dugout canoe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/08/04", "description": "Women's Air Force Service Pilots (WASP) formed consolidating the WAFS and WFTD.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/08/06", "description": " WWII ampndash Battle of Vella Gulf: Americans defeat a Japanese convoy off Kolombangara, as the U.S. Army drives the Japanese out of Munda airfield on New Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/08/13", "description": " WWII:  Rome is declared an open city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/08/14", "description": " The Quadrant Conference begins in Quebec City Canadian Prime Minister MacKenzie King meets with Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/08/17", "description": " WWII: The US 7th Army under General George S. Patton meets the British 8th Army under Field Marshal Bernard L. Montgomery in Messina, Sicily, completing the Allied conquest of Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/08/23", "description": " The Battle of Kursk ends with a serious strategic defeat for the German forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/08/24", "description": " WWII: ampndash Heinrich Himmler is named Reichminister of the Interior in Germany .", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/08/26", "description": " WWII: Lord Louis Mountbatten is named Supreme Allied Commander for Southeast Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/08/28", "description": " WWII: King Boris III of Bulgaria dies under peculiar circumstances his 6-year-old son, Simeon II, ascends to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/08/29", "description": " WWII: Germany dissolves the Danish government after it refuses to deal with a wave of strikes and disturbances to the satisfaction of the German authorities (see Occupation of Denmark).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/09/03", "description": " WWII: Mainland Italy is invaded by Allied forces under Bernard L. Montgomery, for the first time in the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/09/05", "description": " WWII: The 503rd Parachute Regiment under American General Douglas MacArthur lands and occupies Nadzab, just east of the port city of Lae in northeastern Papua New Guinea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/09/07", "description": " A fire at the Gulf Hotel in Houston, Texas, kills 55 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/09/08", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/09/08", "description": "United States General Dwight D. Eisenhower publicly announces the surrender of Italy to the Allies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/09/08", "description": "Frascati bombing raid September 8, 1943: The USAAF bombs the German General Headquarters for the Mediterranean zone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/09/08", "description": "Czech resistance fighter Julius Fu\u010d\u00edk is executed by the Nazis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/09/08", "description": " The first classes commence at Grace University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/09/09", "description": " Bertolt Brecht's play ''Life of Galileo'' ({{Lang-de|Leben des Galilei}}) receives its first theatrical production at the Zurich Schauspielhaus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/09/12", "description": " WWII: German paratroopers rescue Mussolini from imprisonment, in quotOperation Oakquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/09/16", "description": " WWII: The Salerno Mutiny occurs within the British X Corps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/09/17", "description": " WWII: The Villefranche-de-Rouergue uprising takes place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/09/23", "description": " WWII: The Republic of Sal\u00f2 is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/09/27", "description": " WWII: The 4-day Naples Uprising begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/10/01", "description": " WWII: American forces enter liberated Naples.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/10/06", "description": " WWII: Americans and Japanese fight the naval Battle of Vella Lavella.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/10/07", "description": " WWII: The Naples post office explosion kills 100.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/10/10", "description": " The Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky is instituted in the USSR.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/10/13", "description": " WWII: The new government of Italy sides with the Allies and declares war on Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/10/14", "description": " WWII: Jos\u00e9 P. Laurel takes the oath of office as President of the Philippines (Second Philippine Republic).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/10/17", "description": " WWII: The last commerce raider ''hilfskreuzer Michel'', was sunk off Japan by United States submarine ''Tarpon''.{{Cite book| author=Muggenthaler, August Karl| title=German Raiders of WWII| publisher=Prentice-Hall| year=1977| ISBN=0-13-354027-8| page=276}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/10/18", "description": " Chiang Kai-shek takes the oath of office as President of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/10/21", "description": " Lucie Aubrac and others in her French Resistance cell liberate Raymond Aubrac from Gestapo imprisonment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/10/22", "description": " WWII: The RAF delivers a highly destructive airstrike on the German industrial and population center of Kassel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/10/24", "description": " WWII: HMS Eclipse (H08) is sunk by a mine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/10/28", "description": " The alleged date of The Philadelphia Experiment, in which the U.S. destroyer escort USS Eldridge was to be rendered invisible to human observers for a brief period.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/10/30", "description": " The Merrie Melodies animated short ''Falling Hare'', one of the only shorts with Bugs getting out-smarted, is released in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/11/01", "description": " WWII ampndash Operation Goodtime: United States Marines land on Bougainville in the Solomon Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/11/02", "description": " WWII: In the early morning hours, American and Japanese ships fight the inconclusive Battle of Empress Augusta Bay off Bougainville.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/11/02", "description": " WWII: British troops in Italy reach the Garigliano River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/11/09", "description": " <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ibiblio.org\/pha\/policy\/1943\/431109a.html\">http:\/\/www.ibiblio.org\/pha\/policy\/1943\/431109a.html<\/a> Agreement for foundation of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration signed by 44 countries in the White House, Washington, D.C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/11/14", "description": " Leonard Bernstein, substituting at the last minute for ailing principal conductor Bruno Walter, directs the New York Philharmonic in its regular Sunday afternoon broadcast concert over CBS Radio. The event receives front page coverage in the ''New York Times'' the following day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/11/15", "description": " Porajmos: German SS leader Heinrich Himmler orders that Gypsies and quotpart-Gypsiesquot be put quoton the same level as Jews and placed in concentration camps.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/11/15", "description": "WWII: After flying from Britain, 160 American bombers strike a hydro-electric power facility and heavy water factory in German-controlled Vemork, Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/11/15", "description": "WWII: A Japanese submarine sinks the surfaced U.S. submarine ''USS Corvina'' near Truk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/11/18", "description": " WWII: The Royal Air Force opens its bombing campaign against Berlin, with 440 planes causing only light damage and killing 131. The RAF loses 9 aircraft and 53 aviators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/11/20", "description": " WWII: Battle of Tarawa: United States Marines land on Tarawa and Makin atolls in the Gilbert Islands and take heavy fire from Japanese shore guns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/11/20", "description": "WWII: War in the Pacific: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and ROC leader Chiang Kai-Shek meet at the Cairo Conference to discuss ways to defeat Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/11/20", "description": "Lebanon gains independence from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/11/23", "description": " The Deutsche Opernhaus on Bismarckstra\u00dfe in the Berlin neighborhood of Charlottenburg is destroyed. It is rebuilt in 1961 and called the Deutsche Oper Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/11/25", "description": " WWII: Americans and Japanese fight the naval Battle of Cape St. George between Buka and New Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/11/28", "description": " WWII ampndash Tehran Conference: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin meet in Tehran to discuss war strategy (on November 30 they establish an agreement concerning a planned June 1944 invasion of Europe codenamed Operation Overlord).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/11/29", "description": " The second session of AVNOJ, the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia, is held in Jajce, Bosnia and Herzegovina, to determine the post-war ordering of the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/12/02", "description": " A Luftwaffe bombing raid on the harbour of Bari, Italy, sinks an American ship with a mustard gas stockpile, causin numerous fatalities (though the exact death toll is unresolved, as the bombing raid itself causes hundreds of deaths too).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/12/02", "description": "3 December ampampndash In reprisal for an act of sabotage, the SS and Gestapo execute 100 tam{{clarify|date=August 2012}} wokers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/12/03", "description": " Edward R. Murrow delivers his classic quotOrchestrated Hellquot broadcast over CBS Radio, describing a Royal Air Force nighttime bombing raid on Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/12/03", "description": "World War II: In Yugoslavia, resistance leader Marshal Josip Broz Tito proclaims a provisional democratic Yugoslav government in-exile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/12/03", "description": "The Great Depression officially ends in the United States: With unemployment figures falling fast due to WWII-related employment, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt closes the Works Progress Administration", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/12/04", "description": " WWII: Bolivia declares war on Romania and Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/12/07", "description": " Chiara Lubich starts the Focolare Movement in Trent, northern Italy, during WWII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/12/20", "description": " A military coup is staged in Bolivia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/12/24", "description": " World War II: U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes the Supreme Allied Commander in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/12/30", "description": " Subhash Chandra Bose sets up a pro-Japanese Indian government at Port Blair, India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/12/30", "description": "Bengal Famine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/12/30", "description": "The Colossus computer is invented by the British to break German encryption (see History of computing hardware).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/12/30", "description": "The Mondrag\u00f3n Cooperative Corporation begins in Basque Country in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/12/30", "description": "Arana Hall, Otago is founded in New Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/12/30", "description": "Jacques-Yves Cousteau co-invents, with Emile Gagnan, the first commercially successful open circuit type of scuba diving equipment, the Aqua-lung.ampampampquotYear by Year 1943ampquot \u2013 History Channel Internationalampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/12/30", "description": "Publication of Martin Noth's groundbreaking ''Uberlieferungsgeschischtliche Studien: Die sammelnden und bearbeitenden Geschichtswerke im Alten Testament'' Schriften der Konigsberger Gelehrten Gesellschaft: Geisteswissenschaftliche Klasse 18,2 (trans: ampquotWritings of the Konigsberger Scholarly Society:Spiritual Scientific Class No. 18.2ampquot): (Halle ampquotHalle an der Saaleampquot: M. Niemeyer, 1943)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1943/12/30", "description": "The Belzec extermination camp is closed and dismantled by the Nazis", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/02", "description": " WWII: Free French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny is appointed to command French Army B, part of the Sixth United States Army Group in North Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/04", "description": " WWII: The Battle of Monte Cassino begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/05", "description": " The ''Daily Mail'' becomes the first transoceanic newspaper.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/08", "description": " WWII: Philippine Commonwealth troops enter the province of Ilocos Sur in Northern Luzon and attack Japanese forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/11", "description": " US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt proposes a Second Bill of Rights for social and economic security in his State of the Union address", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/11", "description": " Krak\u00f3w-P\u0142asz\u00f3w concentration camp established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/12", "description": " Winston Churchill and Charles De Gaulle  begin a 2-day wartime conference in Marrakech.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/14", "description": " WWII: Soviet troops start the offensive at Leningrad and Novgorod.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/14", "description": "WWII: The 27th Polish Home Army Infantry Division is re-created, marking the start of Operation Tempest by the Polish Home Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/14", "description": "An earthquake hits San Juan, Argentina, killing an estimated 10,000 people in the worst natural disaster in Argentina's history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/17", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/17", "description": "British forces in Italy cross the Garigliano River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/17", "description": "Meat rationing ends in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/17", "description": "The Soviet Union ceases production of the Mosin-Nagant 1891\/30 sniper rifle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/20", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/20", "description": "The Royal Air Force drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/20", "description": "The U.S. Army 36th Infantry Division, in Italy, attempts to cross the Rapido River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/22", "description": " WWII ampndash Operation Shingle: The Allies begin the assault on Anzio, Italy. The U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division stands their ground at Anzio against violent assaults for 4 months.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/27", "description": " WWII: The 2-year Siege of Leningrad is lifted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/29", "description": " WWII: The Battle of Cisterna takes place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/29", "description": " WWII: HMS Spartan (95)is sunk by a Henschel Hs 293 from a German aircraft off Anzio, western Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/30", "description": " WWII: United States troops invade Majuro, Marshall Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/01/31", "description": " WWII: American forces land on Kwajalein Atoll and other islands in the Japanese-held Marshall Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/01", "description": " WWII: United States troops land in the Marshall Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/02", "description": " The first issue of ''Human Events'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/03", "description": " WWII: United States troops capture the Marshall Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/07", "description": " WWII: In Anzio, Italian forces launch a counteroffensive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/14", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/14", "description": "SHAEF headquarters is established in Britain by General Dwight D. Eisenhower.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/14", "description": "An anti-Japanese revolt breaks out on Java.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/15", "description": " WWII ampndash Battle of Monte Cassino: The monastery atop Monte Cassino is destroyed by Allied bombing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/17", "description": " WWII: The Battle of Eniwetok Atoll begins it ends in an American victory on February 22.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/20", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/20", "description": "The ampquotBig Weekampquot begins with American bomber raids on German aircraft manufacturing centers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/20", "description": "The United States takes Eniwetok Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/22", "description": " United States Strategic Air Forces in Europe organized from the Eighth Air Force's strategic planning staff subsuming strategic planning for all US Army Air Forces in Europe and Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/23", "description": " WWII: The Chechens and Ingush are forcibly deported to Central Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/26", "description": " Shooting begins on the Nazi propaganda film, quotThe Fuehrer Gives a Village to the Jewsquot in Theresienstadt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/26", "description": "February 26 ampampndash first US navy captain, Sue S. Dauser of nurse corps appointed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/29", "description": " WWII ampndash Battle of Los Negros and Operation Brewer: The Admiralty Islands are invaded by U.S. forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/29", "description": "March", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/29", "description": "WWII: The Japanese launch an offensive in central and south China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/02/29", "description": "Austrian-born economist Friedrich Hayek publishes his book ''The Road to Serfdom'' (in London).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/01", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/01", "description": "The ''USS Tarawa'' and ''USS Kearsarge'' are laid down.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/01", "description": "An anti-fascist strike begins in northern Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/01", "description": "WWII: A train stalls inside a railway tunnel outside Salerno, Italy 521 choke to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/01", "description": "The 16th Academy Awards ceremony is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/03", "description": " WWII: The Order of Nakhimov and the Order of Ushakov are instituted in the USSR.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/04", "description": " In Ossining, New York, Louis Buchalter, the leader of 1930s crime syndicate Murder, Inc., is executed at Sing Sing, along with Emanuel Weiss, and Louis Capone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/06", "description": " WWII: Soviet Army planes attack Narva, Estonia, destroying almost the entire old town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/09", "description": " WWII: Soviet Army planes attack Tallinn, Estonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/10", "description": " WWII: In Britain the Education Act lifts the ban on women teachers marrying.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/11", "description": " Dutch resistance fighter Joop Westerweel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/12", "description": " WWII: The Political Committee of National Liberation is created in Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/12", "description": "WWII: Battle of Monte Cassino: Allied aircraft bomb German-held monastery and stage an assault.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/12", "description": "WWII: The National Council of the French Resistance approves the Resistance programme.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/12", "description": "In Sweden, the law of 1864 that criminalizes homosexuality is abolished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/17", "description": " WWII: The Nazis execute almost 400 prisoners, Soviet citizens and anti-fascist Romanians at R\u00eebni\u0163a.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/18", "description": " The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in Italy kills 26 and causes thousands to flee their homes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/19", "description": " WWII: German forces occupy Hungary in Operation Margarethe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/20", "description": " WWII: RAF Flight Sergeant Nicholas Alkemade's bomber is hit over Germany, and he has to bail out without a parachute from a height of over 4,000ampnbspmeters. Tree branches interrupt his fall and he lands safely on deep snow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/23", "description": " WWII: Members of the Italian Resistance attack Nazis marching in Via Rasella, killing 33.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/24", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/24", "description": "Fosse Ardeatine massacre: 335 Italians are killed, including 75 Jews and over 200 members of the Italian Resistance from various groups, in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/24", "description": "In the Polish village of Markowa, German police kill J\u00f3zef and Wiktoria Ulm, their six children and eight Jews they were hiding.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/03/24", "description": "The ampquotGreat Escapeampquot ampampndash 76 Royal Air Force prisoners escape by tunnel ampquotHarryampquot from Stalag Luft III this night. Only three return to the UK of those recaptured, fifty are executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/04/02", "description": ": WWII: Ascq massacre members of the 2th SS Panzer Division Hitlerjugend shoot 85 people. When a train approaches  the Gare d'Ascq railyway station the railway line is blown apart.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/04/04", "description": " WWII: An allied Surveillance aircraft photographs part of Auschwitz concentration camp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/04/05", "description": " Rudolf Vrba and Alfred Wetzler escape from Auschwitz-Birkenhau.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/04/25", "description": " The United Negro College Fund is incorporated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/04/26", "description": " Kidnap of General Kreipe on Crete, Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/04/28", "description": " WWII: 749 American troops are killed in Exercise Tiger at Start Bay, Devon, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/04/28", "description": "May ampampndash ''No Exit'' published by Jean-Paul Sartre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/05/05", "description": " WWII: Mohandas Gandhi is released in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/05/09", "description": " WWII: In the Ukrainian city of Sevastopol, Soviet troops completely drive out German forces, who had been ordered by Hitler to \u201cfight to the last man.\u201dref name=quotReferenceAquotquotYear by Year 1944quot ampndash History Channel International", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/05/12", "description": " WWII: Soviet troops finalize the liberation of the Crimea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/05/18", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/05/18", "description": "Battle of Monte Cassino: The Germans evacuate Monte Cassino and Allied forces take the stronghold after a struggle that claimed 20,000 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/05/18", "description": "The Crimean Tatars are deported by the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/05/24", "description": " WWII: Six LSTs are accidentally destroyed and 163 men killed in Pearl Harbor's West Loch Disaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/05/30", "description": " Princess Charlotte Louise Juliette Louvet Grimaldi of Monaco, heir to the throne, resigns from her rights in favor of her son Prince Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi, later reigning Prince Rainier III of Monaco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/05/31", "description": " WWII: Destroyer escort ''England'' sinks the 6th Japanese submarine in two weeks.  This anti-submarine warfare performance remained unmatched through the twentieth century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/05/31", "description": "June ampampndash German V-2 rockets on test from Peenem\u00fcnde become the first man-made objects to enter space.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/01", "description": " WWII: The BBC transmits a coded message (the first line of the poem quotChanson d'automnequot by Paul Verlaine) to the French Resistance, warning that the invasion of Europe is imminent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/02", "description": " WWII: The provisional French government is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/04", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/04", "description": "A hunter-killer group of the United States Navy captures the {{GS|U-505||6}}, marking the first time a U.S. Navy vessel has captured an enemy vessel at sea since the 19th century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/04", "description": "Rome falls to the Allies, the first Axis capital to fall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/05", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/05", "description": "More than 1,000 British bombers drop 5,000 tons of bombs on German gun batteries on the Normandy coast in preparation for D-Day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/05", "description": "At 10:15ampampnbspp.m. local time, the BBC transmits the second line of the Paul Verlaine poem to the French Resistance, indicating that the invasion of Europe is about to begin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/05", "description": "The German navy's Enigma messages are decoded almost in real time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/05", "description": "US and British paratrooper divisions jump over Normandy, in preparation for D-Day. All including 82nd and 101st Airborne divisions of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/06", "description": " WWII ampndash Battle of Normandy: ''Operation Overlord'', commonly known as D-Day, commences with the landing of 155,000 Allied troops on the beaches of Normandy in France. The Allied soldiers quickly break through the Atlantic Wall and push inland, in the largest amphibious military operation in history. This operation helps liberate France from Germany, and also weakens the Nazi hold on Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/07", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/07", "description": "The steamer ''Danae'' ({{lang-el|\u0394\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03b7}}) carrying 350 Cretan Jews and 250 Cretans on the first leg of their way to Auschwitz was sunk without survivors off the shore of Santorini.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/07", "description": "Bayeux is liberated by British troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/09", "description": " WWII: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin launches the Vyborg\u2013Petrozavodsk Offensive against Finland, with the intent of defeating Finland before pushing for Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/10", "description": " WWII: 642 men, women and children are killed in the Oradour-sur-Glane Massacre in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/13", "description": " WWII: Germany launches a V1 Flying Bomb attack on England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/15", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/15", "description": "Battle of Saipan: The United States invades Saipan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/17", "description": " Iceland declares full independence from Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/19", "description": " A severe storm badly damages the Mulberry harbours on the Normandy coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/22", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/22", "description": "Operation Bagration: A general attack by Soviet forces clears the German forces from Belarus, resulting in the destruction of German Army Group Centre, possibly the greatest defeat of the Wehrmacht during WWII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/22", "description": "Burma Campaign: The Battle of Kohima ends in a British victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/25", "description": " WWII: The Battle of Tali-Ihantala (the largest battle ever in the Nordic countries) begins between Finnish and Soviet troops. Finland is able to resist the attack and thus manages to stay as an independent nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/26", "description": " WWII: American troops enter Cherbourg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/06/29", "description": " The Holocaust ampndash The deportation of Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz and other Nazi concentration camps begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/01", "description": " The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference begins at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/03", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/03", "description": "Soviet troops liberate Minsk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/03", "description": "Battle of Imphal: Japanese forces call off their advance, ending the battle in a British victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/03", "description": "Hartford circus fire: More than 100 children die in one of the worst fire disasters in the history of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/03", "description": "WWII: At Camp Hood, Texas, future baseball star and 1st Lt. Jackie Robinson is arrested and later court-martialed for refusing to move to the back of a segregated U.S. Army bus. He is eventually acquitted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/09", "description": " WWII: British and Canadian forces capture Caen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/10", "description": " WWII: Soviet troops begin operations to occupy the Baltic countries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/12", "description": " Laurence Olivier's film ''Henry V'', based on Shakespeare's play, opens in London. It is the most acclaimed and the most successful movie version of a Shakespeare play made up to that time, and the first in Technicolor. Olivier both stars and directs, as Kenneth Branagh was to do over forty years later in his successful remake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/13", "description": " WWII: Vilnius is occupied by USSR.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/16", "description": " WWII: The first contingent of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force arrives in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/17", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/17", "description": "The largest convoy of the war embarks from Halifax, Nova Scotia under Royal Canadian Navy protection.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/17", "description": "The SS ''E. A. Bryan'', loaded with ammunition, explodes at the Port Chicago naval base 320 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/18", "description": " WWII: Hideki Tojo resigns as Prime Minister of Japan due to numerous setbacks in the war effort.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/18", "description": "American forces push back the Germans in St. Lo, capturing the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/18", "description": "British forces launch Operation Goodwood, an armoured offensive aimed at driving the Germans from the high ground to the south of Caen. The offensive ends 2 days later with only minimal gains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/20", "description": " WWII: Adolf Hitler survives an assassination attempt by Claus von Stauffenberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/21", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/21", "description": "Battle of Guam: American troops land on Guam (the battle ends August 10).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/21", "description": "The Polish Committee of National Liberation is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/21", "description": "The Bretton Woods Conference ends with various agreements signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/21", "description": "''United States v. Masaaki Kuwabara'',ampamp56 F. Supp. 716 (N.D. Cal 1944)ampamp the only Japanese-American draft resistance case to be dismissed on a due process violation of the U.S. Constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/25", "description": " WWII ampndash Operation Spring: One of the bloodiest days for Canadians during the war results in 1,550 casualties, including 450 killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/07/26", "description": " WWII: A Messerschmitt Me 262 becomes the first jet fighter aircraft to have an operational victory.{{cite book|last1=Radinger|first1=Will|first2=Walter|last2=Schick|title=Me 262|language=German|location=Berlin|publisher=Avantic Verlag GmbH|year=1996|isbn=3-925505-21-0}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/01", "description": " WWII: The Warsaw Uprising begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/02", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/02", "description": "Turkey ends diplomatic and economic relations with Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/02", "description": "The First Assembly of ASNOM is held in the Prohor Pchinski monastery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/04", "description": " The Holocaust: A tip from a Dutch informer leads the Gestapo to a sealed-off area in an Amsterdam warehouse, where they find Jewish diarist Anne Frank and her family.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/04", "description": "The Holocaust: Polish insurgents liberate a German labor camp in Warsaw, freeing 348 Jewish prisoners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/04", "description": "WWII: Over 500 Japanese prisoners-of-war attempt a mass breakout from the Cowra POW Camp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/07", "description": " IBM dedicates the first program-controlled calculator, the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (known best as the Harvard Mark I).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/09", "description": " The United States Forest Service and the Wartime Advertising Council release posters featuring Smokey Bear for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/12", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/12", "description": "The Allies capture Florence, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/12", "description": "Operation Pluto: The world's first undersea oil pipeline is laid between England and France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/15", "description": " WWII: Operation Dragoon lands Allies in southern France. The U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division participates in its fourth assault landing at St. Maxime, spearheading the drive for the Belfort Gap.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/18", "description": " WWII: Submarine ''Rasher'' sinks ''Teia Maru'', ''Eishin Maru'', ''Teiyu Maru'', and carrier {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Taiy\u014d||2}} from Japanese convoy HI71 in one of the most effective American quotwolfpackquot attacks of the war.{{cite book|last=Cressman|first=Robert J.|title=The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in WWII|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2000|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-55750-149-3|page=248}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/19", "description": " WWII: An insurrection starts in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/20", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/20", "description": "American forces successfully defeat Nazi forces at Chambois, closing the Falaise Gap.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/20", "description": "168 captured allied airmen, including Phil Lamason, accused of being ampquotterror fliersampquot by the Gestapo, arrive at Buchenwald concentration camp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/22", "description": " WWII: Tsushima Maru, a Japanese unmarked passenger\/cargo ship, is sunk by torpedoes launched by the submarine USS Bowfin off Akuseki-jima, killing 1,484 civilians including 767 schoolchildren.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/23", "description": " WWII: Ion Antonescu, prime minister of Romania, is arrested and a new government established. Romania exits the war against Soviet Union, joining the Allies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/24", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/24", "description": "Liberation of Paris: The Allies enter Paris, successfully completing Operation Overlord.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/24", "description": "Japanese attack the USS ''Harder''", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/25", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/25", "description": "German surrender of Paris: General Dietrich von Choltitz surrenders Paris to the Allies in defiance of Hitler\u2019s orders to destroy it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/25", "description": "Maill\u00e9 massacre: Massacre of 129 civilians (70% women and children) by the Gestapo at Maill\u00e9, Indre-et-Loire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/25", "description": "Hungary decides to continue the war together with Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/29", "description": " WWII: The Slovak National Uprising against the Axis powers begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/08/31", "description": " The Mad Gasser of Mattoon resumes his mysterious attacks in Mattoon, Illinois.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/01", "description": " WWII: In Bulgaria, the Bagryanov government resigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/01", "description": "The Holocaust: Diarist Anne Frank and her family are placed on the last transport train from Westerbork to Auschwitz, arriving 3 days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/01", "description": "''\u00a1Hola!'' magazine launched in Barcelona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/03", "description": " WWII: The Allies liberate Brussels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/04", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/04", "description": "The British 11th Armored Division liberates the city of Antwerp in Belgium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/04", "description": "Finland breaks off relations with Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/05", "description": " WWII: The Soviets declare war on Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/07", "description": " WWII: The Belgian government in exile returns to Brussels from London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/08", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/08", "description": "London is hit by a V-2 rocket for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/08", "description": "The French town of Menton is liberated from Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/09", "description": " WWII: An insurrection breaks out in Sofia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/12", "description": " WWII: Northern and Southern France invasion forces link up near Dijon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/14", "description": " The Great Atlantic Hurricane makes landfall in the New York City area", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/15", "description": " WWII: The Battle of Peleliu begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/17", "description": " WWII: Operation Market Garden begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/19", "description": " WWII: An armistice between Finland and the Soviet Union is signed, ending the Continuation War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/20", "description": " WWII: J\u00fcri Uluots, prime minister in capacity of president of Estonia, escapes to Sweden 2 days later, Tallinn is taken by the Red Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/24", "description": " WWII: The U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division takes the strongly defended city of Epinal before crossing the Moselle River and entering the western foothills of the Vosges.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/26", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/26", "description": "Operation Market Garden ends in an Allied withdrawal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/26", "description": "On the middle front of the Gothic Line, Brazilian troops control the Serchio valley region after 10 days of fighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/09/26", "description": "September ampampndash Start of Dutch famine (ampquotHongerwinterampquot) in the occupied northern part of the Netherlands.ampamp{{cite book|first=Henri A.|last=Van der Zee|title=The Hunger Winter: Occupied Holland 1944\u20135|location=London|publisher=Norman ampamp Hobhouse|year=1982|isbn=978-0-906908-71-6}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/02", "description": " Holocaust: Nazi troops end the Warsaw Uprising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/05", "description": " WWII: Royal Canadian Air Force pilots shoot down the first German jet fighter over Holland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/06", "description": " WWII: The Battle of Debrecen starts on the Eastern Front (it lasts until October 29).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/08", "description": " ''The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet'' radio show debuts in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/09", "description": " WWII: British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Union Premier Joseph Stalin begin a 9-day conference in Moscow to discuss the future of Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/10", "description": " The Holocaust\/Porajmos: 800 Gypsy children are systematically murdered at the Auschwitz death camp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/12", "description": " WWII: The Allies land in Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/13", "description": " WWII: Riga, the capital of Latvia, is taken by the Red Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/14", "description": " WWII: German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel commits suicide rather than face execution for allegedly conspiring against Adolf Hitler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/18", "description": " WWII: The Volkssturm is founded on Hitler's orders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/20", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/20", "description": "Belgrade is liberated by Yugoslav Partisans and the Red Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/20", "description": "American forces land in Red Beach in Palo, Leyte as General Douglas MacArthur returns to the Philippines with Philippine Commonwealth president Sergio Osme\u00f1a, and  Armed Forces of the Philippines Generals Basilio J. Valdes and Carlos P. Romulo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/20", "description": "United States and Filipino troops with Filipino guerillas begin the Battle of Leyte.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/20", "description": "American forces land on the beaches in Dulag, Leyte, the Philippines, accompanied by Filipino troops entering the town, and fiercely opposed by the Japanese occupation forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/20", "description": "The combined American and Filipino soldiers was liberated in Tacloban, Leyte was fought the Japanese Imperial forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/20", "description": " LNG explosion destroys a square mile (2.6ampnbspkm\u00b2) of Cleveland, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/21", "description": " WWII: Aachen, the first German city to fall, is captured by American troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/23", "description": " WWII: The Naval Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines begins (lasts until October 26).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/23", "description": "WWII: Medal of Honor winning submarine ace Richard O'Kane becomes a prisoner of war when ''Tang'' is sunk in the Formosa Strait.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/23", "description": "Florence Foster Jenkins gives a recital in Carnegie Hall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/23", "description": "WWII: The Red Army liberates Kirkenes, the first town in Norway to be liberated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/23", "description": "The Holocaust: Anne Frank and sister Margot Frank are deported from Auschwitz to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/23", "description": "''Appalachian Spring'', a ballet by Martha Graham with music by Aaron Copland, debuts at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C., with Graham in the lead role.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/10/31", "description": " Mass murderer Marcel Petiot is apprehended in Paris M\u00e9tro station.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/11/01", "description": "December 7 ampndash Delegates of 52 nations meet at the International Civil Aviation Conference in Chicago to plan for postwar international cooperation, framing the constitution of the International Civil Aviation Organization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/11/03", "description": " WWII: Two supreme commanders of the Slovak National Uprising, Generals J\u00e1n Golian and Rudolf Viest, are captured, tortured and later executed by German forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/11/07", "description": " U.S. presidential election, 1944: Franklin D. Roosevelt wins reelection over Republican challenger Thomas E. Dewey, becoming the only U.S. president elected to a fourth term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/11/07", "description": " A passenger train derails in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, due to excessive speed on a declining hill 16 are killed, 50 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/11/10", "description": " WWII: Ammunition ship USS ''Mount Hood'' disintegrates from accidental detonation of 3800 tons of cargo in the Seeadler Harbor fleet anchorage at Manus Island. Twenty-two small boats are destroyed, 36 nearby ships damaged, 432 men are killed and 371 more are injured.{{cite journal|last=Gile|first=Chester A.|title=The ''Mount Hood'' Explosion|journal=Proceedings|publisher=United States Naval Institute|month=February|year=1963}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/11/22", "description": " William Mackenzie King introduces conscription in Canada (''see'' Conscription Crisis of 1944).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/11/27", "description": " RAF Fauld explosion: Between 3,450 and 3,930 tons (3,500 and 4,000 tonnes) of ordnance explodes at an underground storage depot in Staffordshire, England, leaving about 75 dead and a crater 120ampnbspmetres (400ampnbspft) deep and 1,200ampnbspmetres (0.75ampnbspmiles) across. The blast is one of the largest non-nuclear explosions in history and the largest on UK soil.{{cite journal|last=Reed|first=John|year=1977|title=Largest Wartime Explosions: 21 Maintenance Unit, RAF Fauld, Staffs. November 27, 1944|journal=After the Battle|volume=18|pages=35\u201340|issn=0306-154X}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/11/29", "description": " WWII: Submarine USS ''Archer-Fish'' sinks Japanese aircraft carrier {{Ship|Japanese aircraft carrier|Shinano||2}}. ''Shinano'' is the largest carrier built to this date, and will remain through the twentieth century the largest ship sunk by a submarine.{{cite book|last=Cressman|first=Robert J.|title=The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in WWII|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2000|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=978-1-55750-149-3|page=278}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/03", "description": " WWII: Fighting breaks out between Communists and royalists in newly liberated Greece, eventually leading to a full-scale Greek Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/07", "description": " Chicago Convention signed to create the ICAO.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/10", "description": " Legendary Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini leads a concert performance of the first half of Beethoven's ''Fidelio'' (minus its spoken dialogue) on NBC Radio, starring Rose Bampton. He chooses this opera for its political message ampndash a statement against tyranny and dictatorship. Conducting it in German, Toscanini intends it as a tribute to the German people who are being oppressed by Hitler. The second half is broadcast a week later. The performance is later released on LP and CD, the first of 7 operas that Toscanini conducts on radio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/12", "description": "December 13 ampndash WWII: British units attempt to take the hilltop town of Tossignano, but are repulsed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/13", "description": " Battle of Mindoro: United States, Australian and Philippine Commonwealth troops land in Mindoro Island, the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/13", "description": "The Soviet government changes Turkish place names to Russian in the Crimea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/13", "description": "US release of the film ''National Velvet'' which brings a young Elizabeth Taylor to stardom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/15", "description": " A private airplane carrying bandleader Glenn Miller disappears in heavy fog over the English Channel while flying to Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/16", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/16", "description": "Germany begins the Ardennes offensive, later known as Battle of the Bulge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/16", "description": "General George C. Marshall becomes the first Five-Star General.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/17", "description": " WWII: German troops carry out the Malmedy massacre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/19", "description": " The entire territory of Estonia is taken by the Red Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/20", "description": " WASPs are disbanded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/22", "description": " WWII: Brigadier General Anthony C. McAuliffe, commander of the U.S. forces defending Bastogne, refuses to accept demands for surrender by sending a one-word reply, quotNuts!quot, to the German command.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/22", "description": "The Vietnam People's Army is formed in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/22", "description": "WWII: The Bulge reaches its deepest point at Celles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/22", "description": "WWII: Troopship ''Leopoldville'' is sunk in the English Channel by German submarine U-486.  The ship was carrying reinforcements to the battle of the bulge and 763 soldiers of the 66th Infantry Division (United States) drown.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.uboat.net\/history\/leopoldville.htm|title=The\">http:\/\/www.uboat.net\/history\/leopoldville.htm|title=The<\/a> Sinking of SS Leopoldville|publisher=uboat.net|accessdate=2010-07-04}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/22", "description": "The first complete U.S. production of Tchaikovsky's ballet ''The Nutcracker'' is presented in San Francisco, choreographed by William Christensen. It will become an annual tradition there, and for the next ten years, the San Francisco Ballet will be the only ballet company in the United States performing the complete work, until George Balanchine premieres his version in New York in 1954.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/22", "description": "WWII: American troops repulse German forces at Bastogne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/22", "description": "The original stage version of ''The Glass Menagerie'' by Tennessee Williams premieres on Broadway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/30", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/30", "description": "Edward Stettinius Jr. becomes the last United States Secretary of State of the Roosevelt administration, filling the seat left by Cordell Hull.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/30", "description": "King George II of Greece declares a regency, leaving his throne vacant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/30", "description": "WWII: Hungary declares war on Nazi Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/30", "description": "WWII: Battle of Leyte: Tens of thousands of Imperial Japanese Army soldiers are killed in action, in a significant Filipino and Allied military victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/30", "description": "The 1944 Summer Olympics, scheduled for London (together with the February Winter Olympics scheduled for Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy), are suspended due to WWII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/30", "description": "Swedish children's author Astrid Lindgren publishes her first book, ''Pippi Longstocking''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/30", "description": "In Sweden, Erik Wallenberg and Ruben Rausing invent a way to package milk in paper and start the company Tetra Pak.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/30", "description": "Hans Asperger publishes his paper on Asperger syndrome.ampamp{{cite book|last=Asperger|first=H.|origyear=1944|chapter='Autistic psychopathy' in childhood|editor=Frith, Uta|title=Autism and Asperger Syndrome|year=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-521-38448-6|pages=37\u201392}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/30", "description": "The National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence is established in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/30", "description": "Canadian Arctic explorer Henry Larsen becomes the first person to successfully navigate the Northwest Passage in both directions in a schooner. He chronicles the event in his autobiography, ''The Big Ship''.ampamp({{ASIN|B000ETAS4K}})ampampampref name=ampquotReferenceAampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1944/12/30", "description": "Last known evidence for the existence of the Asiatic lion in the wild in Iran (Khuzestan Province).ampamp{{cite book|last=Guggisberg|first=Charles Albert Walter|title=Simba: the life of the lion|year=1961|publisher=Howard Timmins|location=Cape Town}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945", "description": "January ampampndash American troops cross the Siegfried Line into Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/01/01", "description": " Germany begins Operation Bodenplatte, an attempt by the ''Luftwaffe'' to cripple Allied air forces in the Low Countries", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/01/05", "description": " Australia recognizes the Polish Committee of National Liberation as the government of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/01/07", "description": " British General Bernard Montgomery holds a press conference at Zonhoven describing his supporting role at the Battle of the Bulge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/01/12", "description": " WWII: The Soviet Union begins the Vistula-Oder Offensive in Eastern Europe against the Germans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/01/13", "description": " WWII: A day after beginning the Vistula-Oder Offensive, the Soviets launch the East Prussian Offensive to eliminate German forces in East Prussia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/01/13", "description": "WWII: A Soviet patrol arrests Raoul Wallenberg in Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/01/13", "description": "WWII: The Soviet Union occupies Warsaw, Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/01/13", "description": "The Holocaust: The evacuation of Auschwitz concentration camp begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/01/13", "description": "Franklin D. Roosevelt is inaugurated to an unprecedented fourth term as President of the United States. No president before, or since, has ever reached a third term in office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/01/23", "description": " Hungary drops out of WWII, agreeing to an armistice with the Allies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/01/26", "description": " WWII: Infantry action at Holtzwihr, France, for which Audie Murphy is awarded the Medal of Honor.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.arlingtoncemetery.org\/historical_information\/audie_murphy.html\">http:\/\/www.arlingtoncemetery.org\/historical_information\/audie_murphy.html<\/a> |title=ANC-AMurphy |publisher=Arlingtoncemetery.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-16}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/01/27", "description": " The Holocaust: The Red Army liberates the Auschwitz and Birkenau death camps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/01/28", "description": " WWII: Supplies begin to reach China over the newly reopened Burma Road.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/01/28", "description": "The ''Wilhelm Gustloff'', with over 10,000 mainly civilian Germans from Gotenhafen (Gdynia) in the Gdansk Bay, is sunk by three torpedoes from the ''Soviet submarine S-13'' in the Baltic Sea up to 9,400 are thought to have died \u2013 the greatest loss of life in a single ship sinking in war action in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/01/28", "description": "Raid at Cabanatuan: 121 American soldiers and 800 Filipino guerrillas free 813 American POWs from the Japanese-held camp at Cabanatuan City, Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/01/31", "description": " Eddie Slovik is executed by firing squad for desertion, the first American soldier since the American Civil War, and last to date to be executed for this offense.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/03", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/03", "description": "Battle of Manila: United States forces enter the outskirts of Manila to capture it from the Japanese Imperial Army, starting the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/03", "description": "The Soviet Union agrees to enter the Pacific War against Japan once hostilities against Germany are concluded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/04", "description": "February 11 ampndash WWII: President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin hold the Yalta Conference.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/06", "description": " French writer Robert Brasillach is executed for collaboration with the Germans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/07", "description": " WWII: General Douglas MacArthur returns to Manila.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/07", "description": "Walter Ulbricht becomes leader of the German Communists in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/07", "description": "WWII: ampquotBlack Fridayampquot: A force of Allied Bristol Beaufighter aircraft suffers heavy casualties in an unsuccessful attack on German destroyer ''Z33'' and escorting vessels sheltering in F\u00f8rde Fjord, Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/10", "description": " WWII: The ''SS General von Steuben'' is sunk by the Soviet submarine S-13.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/13", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/13", "description": "Soviet forces capture Budapest, Hungary from the Nazis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/13", "description": "Royal Air Force bombing of Dresden, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/14", "description": " Chile, Ecuador, Paraguay and Peru join the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/16", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/16", "description": "American and Filipino ground forces land on Corregidor Island in the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/16", "description": "Combined American and Filipino forces recapture the Bataan Peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/19", "description": "February 20 ampndash 980 Japanese soldiers die as a result of a killing spree by long saltwater crocodiles in Ramree, Burma.{{cite book|title=Guinness Book of World Records|year=2008|page=137}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/19", "description": " WWII ampndash Battle of Iwo Jima: About 30,000 United States Marines land on Iwo Jima.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/21", "description": " The last V-2-rocket is launched from Peenem\u00fcnde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/22", "description": " Uruguay declares war on Germany and Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/23", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/23", "description": "Battle of Iwo Jima: A group of United States Marines reach the top of Mount Suribachi on the island and are photographed raising the American flag. The photo, ''Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima'' (taken by Joe Rosenthal), later wins a Pulitzer Prize.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/23", "description": "The 11th Airborne Division, with Filipino guerrillas, freed the captives of the Los Ba\u00f1os internment camp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/23", "description": "The capital of the Philippines, Manila, is liberated by combined American and Filipino ground troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/23", "description": "American and Filipino troops enter Intramuros, Manila.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/23", "description": "The German garrison in Pozna\u0144 capitulates to Red Army and Polish troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/23", "description": "Turkey joins the war on the allies side.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/24", "description": " The Egyptian Premier Ahmad Mahir Pasha is killed in Parliament after reading a decree.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/28", "description": " In Bucharest, a violent demonstration takes place, during which the ''bol\u015fevic'' group opens fire on the army and protesters. In response, Andrei Y. Vishinsky, USSR vice commissioner of foreign affairs and president of the Allied Control Commission for Romania, travels to Bucharest to compel Nicolae R\u0103descu to resign as premier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/02/28", "description": "March ampampndash Anne Frank, dies in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, Lower Saxony, Germany, of typhus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/01", "description": " Franklin D. Roosevelt gives what will be his last address to a joint session of Congress, reporting on the Yalta Conference.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/02", "description": " Former U.S. Vice-President Henry A. Wallace starts his term of office as U.S. Secretary of Commerce, serving under President Franklin D. Roosevelt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/02", "description": " The Bachem Ba 349 Natter is launched from Stetten am kalten Markt. The Natter is the first manned rocket, developed as anti-aircraft weapon. The launch fails and the pilot dies.quotYear by Year 1945quot ampndash History International", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/03", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/03", "description": "Finland declares war on the Axis powers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/03", "description": "United States and Filipino troops take Manila, Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/03", "description": "A possible experimental atomic test blast occurs at the Nazis' Ohrdruf military testing area.{{Dubious|date=February 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/03", "description": "The RAF accidentally bombs the Bezuidenhout neighbourhood in The Hague, Netherlands, killing 511 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/04", "description": " In the United Kingdom, The Princess Elizabeth, later to become Queen Elizabeth II, joins the British Army's Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service as a truck driver\/mechanic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/04", "description": " Football club FC Red Star (in Serbian: ''FK Crvena Zvezda'') formed in Belgrade, Yougoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/04", "description": "A Communist-led government is formed in Romania under Petru Groza following Soviet intervention.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/04", "description": "Resistance fighters ambush and attempt to execute SS general Hanns Albin Rauter, the arch-persecutor of the Dutch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/07", "description": " WWII: American troops seize the bridge over the Rhine River at Remagen, Germany and begin to cross.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/07", "description": "Josip Broz Tito forms a government in Yugoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/07", "description": "The Nazi authorities kill 117 Dutch men in reprisal for the attempted murder Hanns Albin Rauter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/09", "description": " The film ''Les Enfants du Paradis'' premieres in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/09", "description": "March 10 ampndash WWII: American B-29 bombers attack Tokyo, Japan with incendiary bombs the city is fire-bombed, killing 100,000 citizens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/12", "description": " Swinem\u00fcnde is destroyed by the USAAF killing an estimated 8,000 to 23,000 civilians, mostly refugees saved by Operation Hannibal", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/15", "description": " The 17th Academy Awards ceremony is held, broadcast via radio for the first time. Best Picture goes to ''Going My Way''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/16", "description": " WWII: The Battle of Iwo Jima unofficially ends, with pockets of guerrilla resistance persisting until the official conclusion of the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/17", "description": " WWII: Kobe, Japan is fire-bombed by 331 B-29 bombers, killing over 8,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/18", "description": " WWII: 1,250 American bombers attack Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/19", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/19", "description": "Adolf Hitler orders that all industries, military installations, machine shops, transportation facilities and communications facilities in Germany be destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/19", "description": "Off the coast of Japan, bombers hit the aircraft carrier USS ''Franklin'', killing about 800 of her crewmen and crippling the ship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/21", "description": " WWII: British troops liberate Mandalay, Burma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/22", "description": " The Arab League is formed with the adoption of a charter in Cairo, Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/22", "description": "WWII ampampndash Operation Varsity: Two airborne divisions capture bridges across the Rhine River to aid the Allied advance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/22", "description": "Sylvester the cat, a cartoon character, debuts in ''Life with Feathers''", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/26", "description": " WWII: The Battle of Iwo Jima officially ends, with the destruction of the remaining areas of Japansese resistance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/29", "description": " The quotClash of Titansquot: George Mikan and Bob Kurland duel at Madison Square Garden. OSU defeats DePaul 52\u201344.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/30", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/30", "description": "The Red Army pushes most of the Axis forces out of Hungary and into Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/03/30", "description": "Alger Hiss congratulated in Moscow for his part in bringing positions of Western powers and the USSR closer to each other at the Yalta Conference.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/01", "description": " WWII ampndash Battle of Okinawa: The U.S. 10th Army lands on Okinawa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/04", "description": " WWII: American troops liberate their first Nazi concentration camp, Ohrdruf death camp in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/04", "description": "The Red Army enters Bratislava and pushes to the outskirts of Vienna, taking it on April 13 after several days of intense fighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/06", "description": " WWII: Sarajevo is liberated from the Nazi Germany and Nazi Croatia (German puppet state) by the Yugoslav Partisans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/07", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/07", "description": "The only flight of the German ramming unit known as the Sonderkommando Elbe takes place, resulting in the loss of some 24 B-17s and B-24s of the United States Eighth Air Force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/07", "description": "The Japanese battleship ''Yamato'' is sunk {{convert|200|mi|km}} north of Okinawa while enroute on a suicide mission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/07", "description": "Kantar\u014d Suzuki becomes Prime Minister of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/07", "description": "WWII: The Battle of K\u00f6nigsberg, in East Prussia, ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/07", "description": "Abwehr conspirators Wilhelm Canaris, Hans Oster and Hans Dohanyi are hanged at Flossenberg concentration camp, along with pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/10", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/10", "description": "The Allied Forces liberate the Nazi concentration camp, Buchenwald.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/10", "description": "Visoko is liberated by the 7th, 9th and 17th Krajina Brigades from the Tenth Division of Yugoslav Partisan forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/12", "description": " United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt dies suddenly at Warm Springs, Georgia Vice President Harry S. Truman becomes the 33rd President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/14", "description": " WWII: The Canadian First Army assumes military control of the Netherlands where German forces are trapped in the Atlantic wall fortifications along the coastline.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.worldwar-2.net\/timelines\/war-in-europe\/western-europe\/western-europe-index-1945.htm\">http:\/\/www.worldwar-2.net\/timelines\/war-in-europe\/western-europe\/western-europe-index-1945.htm<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/15", "description": " The Bergen-Belsen concentration camp is liberated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/15", "description": "April 15 ampampndash WWII: The Canadian First Army reaches the coast in northern Holland and captures Arnhem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/16", "description": " WWII: The ''Goya'' is sunk by the ''Soviet submarine L-3''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/16", "description": "April 16 ampampndash WWII: The Canadians take Harlingen,  and occupies Leeuwarden and Groningen", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/16", "description": "April 16 ampampndash WWII: Battle of Berlin begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/17", "description": " Brazilian forces liberate the town of Montese, Italy, from German forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/18", "description": " American war correspondent Ernie Pyle is killed by Japanese machine gun fire on the island of Ie Shima off Okinawa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/19", "description": " Rodgers and Hammerstein's ''Carousel'', a musical play based on Ferenc Moln\u00e1r's ''Liliom'', opens on Broadway and becomes their second long-running stage classic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/19", "description": "Heinrich Himmler, through Count Bernadotte, puts forth an offer of German surrender to the Western Allies, but not the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/19", "description": "Adolf Hitler concedes defeat in his underground Berlin bunker after learning Felix Steiner could not mobilize enough men to launch a counterattack on the Soviets who had just broken through Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/24", "description": " Retreating German troops destroy all the bridges over the Adige in Verona, including the historical Ponte di Castelvecchio and Ponte Pietra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/24", "description": "April ampampndash The British\/Canadian front enters Breman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/24", "description": "Founding negotiations for the United Nations begin in San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/24", "description": "WWII ampampndash Elbe Day: United States and Soviet troops link up at the Elbe River, cutting Germany in two.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/25", "description": "26 ampndash WWII: Last major strategic bombing raid by RAF Bomber Command, the destruction of the oil refinery at T\u00f8nsberg in southern Norway by 107 Avro Lancasters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/26", "description": " WWII: Battle of Bautzen: The last quotsuccessfulquot German panzer-offensive in Bautzen ends with the city recaptured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/26", "description": "April 26 ampampndash WWII: The Nazis surrender to the British\/Canadian front who now control the Swiss border from Basle to Lake Constance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/26", "description": "U.S. Ordnance troops find the coffins of Frederick Wilhelm I, Frederick the Great, Paul von Hindenburg, and his wife.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/26", "description": "The Western Allies flatly reject any offer of surrender by Germany other than unconditional on all fronts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/28", "description": " Benito Mussolini and his mistress, Clara Petacci, are executed by Italian partisans as they attempt to flee the country. Their bodies are then hung by their heels in the public square of Milan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/28", "description": "April 28 ampampndash The Canadian First Army captures Emden and Wilhelmshaven.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/28", "description": "Operation Manna: British Lancaster bombers drop food into the Netherlands to prevent the starvation of the civilian population.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/28", "description": "Brazilian forces liberate the commune of Fornovo di Taro, Italy, from German forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/28", "description": "Adolf Hitler marries his longtime mistress Eva Braun in a closed civil ceremony in the Berlin F\u00fchrerbunker.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/30", "description": " Adolf Hitler and his wife of one day, Eva Braun, commit suicide as the Red Army approaches the F\u00fchrerbunker in Berlin. Karl D\u00f6nitz succeeds Hitler as President of Germany Joseph Goebbels succeeds Hitler as Chancellor of Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/04/30", "description": "May ampampndash For all practical purposes the ICPC ceases to exist (recreated on June 3, 1946).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/01", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/01", "description": "Hamburg Radio announces that Hitler has died in battle, ampquotfighting up to his last breath against Bolshevism.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/01", "description": "Joseph Goebbels and his wife Magda commit suicide after killing their six children. Karl D\u00f6nitz appoints Count Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk as the new Chancellor of Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/01", "description": "Troops of the Yugoslav 4th Army, together with the Slovene 9th Corpus NOV, enter Trieste.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/01", "description": "Mass suicide in Demmin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/02", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/02", "description": "The Soviet Union announces the fall of Berlin. Soviet soldiers hoist the Red flag over the ''Reich Chancellery''.amp!-- Red Flag over the Reichstag was 29 Apil --ampthumb|Prague liberated by Red Army in May 1945.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/02", "description": "Troops of the New Zealand Army 2nd Division enter Trieste a day after the Yugoslavs the German Army in Trieste surrenders to the New Zealand Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/02", "description": "L\u00fcbeck is liberated by the British Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/03", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/03", "description": "The prison ships ''Cap Arcona'', ''Thielbek'' and ''Deutschland'' are sunk by the RAF in L\u00fcbeck Bay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/03", "description": "Rocket scientist Wernher von Braun and 120 members of his team surrender to U.S. forces (later going on to help to start the U.S. space program).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/03", "description": "German Protestant theologian Gerhard Kittel is arrested by the French forces in T\u00fcbingen, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/04", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/04", "description": "The concentration camp ''Neuengamme'' near Hamburg is liberated by the British Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/04", "description": "The North German army surrenders to Marshal Bernard Montgomery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/04", "description": "Holland is liberated by British and Canadian troops.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www-lib.usc.edu\/~anthonya\/war\/lib.htm\">http:\/\/www-lib.usc.edu\/~anthonya\/war\/lib.htm<\/a> |title=Liberatione |publisher=Lib.usc.edu |date=1945-05-04 |accessdate=2012-01-16}}ampamp German forces officially surrender one day later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/04", "description": "Denmark is liberated.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.befrielsen1945.dk\/tidslinje\/index.html\">http:\/\/www.befrielsen1945.dk\/tidslinje\/index.html<\/a> |title=Befrielsen 1945 - Tidslinje |publisher=Befrielsen1945.dk |date=2012-01-02 |accessdate=2012-01-16}}ampamp German forces officially surrender one day later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/05", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/05", "description": "Prague rises up against the Nazis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/05", "description": "Ezra Pound, the poet and author, is arrested by American soldiers in Italy for treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/05", "description": "The US 11th Armored Division liberates the prisoners of Mauthausen concentration camp, including Simon Wiesenthal.thumb||American soldiers fighting in the Pacific War|Pacific theater listen to radio reports of Victory in Europe Day on May 8, 1945.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/05", "description": "Canadian soldiers liberate the city of Amsterdam from Nazi occupation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/05", "description": "Admiral Karl D\u00f6nitz orders all U-boats to cease offensive operations and return to their bases.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/05", "description": "A Japanese balloon bomb kills five children and a woman, Elsie Mitchell, near Bly, Oregon, when it explodes as they drag it from the woods. They are the only people killed by an enemy attack on the American mainland during WWII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/06", "description": " WWII: Axis Sally delivers her last propaganda broadcast to Allied troops (the first was on December 11, 1941).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/07", "description": " WWII: General Alfred Jodl signs unconditional surrender terms at Reims, France, ending Germany's participation in the war. The document takes effect the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/08", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/08", "description": "V-E Day (Victory in Europe, as Nazi Germany surrenders) commemorates the end of WWII in Europe, with the final surrender being to the Soviets in Berlin, attended by representatives of the Western Powers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/08", "description": "Canadian troops move into Amsterdam, after German troops surrender.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/08", "description": "Surrender of the Dodecanese is signed in Symi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/08", "description": "The British 8th Army, together with Slovene partisan troops and a motorized detachment of the Yugoslav 4th Army, arrives in Carinthia and Klagenfurt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/08", "description": "29 ampndash S\u00e9tif massacre: In Algeria, thousands die as French troops and released Italian POWs kill an estimated 6,000 to 40,000 Algerian citizens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/09", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/09", "description": "The Soviet Union marks V-E Day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/09", "description": "Hermann G\u00f6ring is captured by the United States Army.thumb|right|alt=a black and white image of two Marines in their combat uniforms. One Marine is providing cover fire with his Tommy gun|M1 Thompson submachinegun as the other with a Browning Automatic Rifle, prepares to break cover to move to a different position. There are bare sticks and rocks on the ground.|Marines of 1st Marine Division fighting on Okinawa, May 1945.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/09", "description": "The Norwegian resistance movement in Oslo, Norway, arrests the traitor Vidkun Quisling.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/09", "description": "The Red Army enters Prague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/09", "description": "General Alexander L\u00f6hr, Commander of German Army Group E near Topol\u0161ica, Slovenia, signs the capitulation of German occupation troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/09", "description": "The German occupation of the Channel Islands ends with the liberation by British troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/09", "description": "Alderney, an annex of the concentration camp ''Neuengamme'', is liberated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/09", "description": "Argentinian labour leader Jos\u00e9 Peter declares the ''Federaci\u00f3n Obrera de la Industria de la Carne'' dissolved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/09", "description": "Rev. W. V. Awdry's children's book ''The Three Railway Engines'', first of The Railway Series, is published in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/14", "description": "15 ampndash WWII ampndash Battle of Poljana: The last battle of the War in Europe is fought at Poljana near Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/23", "description": " President of Germany Karl D\u00f6nitz and Chancellor of Germany Count Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk are arrested by British forces at Flensburg. They are respectively the last German Head of state and Head of government until 1949.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/23", "description": " Heinrich Himmler, former head of the Nazi SS, commits suicide in British custody.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/28", "description": " William Joyce (quotLord Haw-Hawquot) is captured. He is later charged with high treason in London for his English-language wartime broadcasts on German radio, convicted, and then hanged in January 1946.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/28", "description": "German communists, led by Walter Ulbricht, arrive in Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/28", "description": "Dutch painter Han van Meegeren is arrested for collaboration with the Nazis, but the paintings he had sold to Hermann G\u00f6ring (Koch) are later found to be his fakes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/05/30", "description": " The Iranian government demands that all Soviet and British troops leave the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/06/01", "description": " The British take over Lebanon and Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/06/05", "description": " The Allied Control Council, military occupation governing body of Germany, formally takes power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/06/06", "description": " King Haakon VII of Norway returns to Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/06/06", "description": "William Lyon Mackenzie King is re-elected as Canadian prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/06/06", "description": "The Franck Committee recommends against a surprise nuclear bombing of Japan.ampref name=ampquotnuclearfiles1940ampquotamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nuclearfiles.org\/menu\/timeline\/1940\/1945.htm\">http:\/\/www.nuclearfiles.org\/menu\/timeline\/1940\/1945.htm<\/a> {{dead link|date=January 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/06/12", "description": " The Yugoslav Army leaves Trieste, leaving the New Zealand Army in control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/06/21", "description": " WWII: The Battle of Okinawa ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/06/24", "description": " WWII: A victory parade is held in Red Square in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/06/25", "description": " Se\u00e1n T. O'Kelly is elected the second President of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/06/26", "description": " The United Nations Charter is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/06/29", "description": " Czechoslovakia cedes Carpathian Ruthenia to the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/07/01", "description": " WWII: Germany is divided between the Allied occupation forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/07/05", "description": " Australian Prime Minister John Curtin dies of a heart attack at age 60.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/07/05", "description": " WWII: The Philippines are declared liberated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/07/08", "description": " WWII: Harry S. Truman is informed that Japan will talk peace if it can retain the reign of the Emperor.ref name=quotnuclearfiles1940quot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/07/09", "description": " A forest fire breaks out in the Tillamook Burn (the third in that area since 1933).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/07/14", "description": " Italy declares war on Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/07/15", "description": " The Scott Morrison Award of Minor Hockey Excellence was first given out to recipient Gordie Howe", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/07/16", "description": " The Trinity Test, the first of an atomic bomb, using about six kilograms of plutonium, succeeds in unleashing an explosion equivalent to that of 19 kilotons of TNT.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/07/16", "description": " WWII: A train collision near Munich, Germany kills 102 war prisoners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/07/17", "description": "August 2 ampndash WWII ampndash Potsdam Conference: At Potsdam, the three main Allied leaders hold their final summit of the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/07/21", "description": " WWII: President Harry S. Truman approves the order for atomic bombs to be used against Japan.ref name=quotnuclearfiles1940quot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/07/23", "description": " WWII: French marshal Philippe P\u00e9tain, who headed the Vichy government during WWII, goes on trial for treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/07/26", "description": " Winston Churchill resigns as the United Kingdom's Prime Minister after his Conservative Party is soundly defeated by the Labour Party in the 1945 general election. Clement Attlee becomes the new Prime Minister. It is the first time that Labour has governed Britain with a commons majority.{{cite news| url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk_politics\/vote_2005\/basics\/4393271.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk_politics\/vote_2005\/basics\/4393271.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title=1945: Labour landslide buries Churchill | date=April 5, 2005}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/07/26", "description": " The Potsdam Declaration demands Japan's unconditional surrender Article 12 permitting Japan to retain the reign of the Emperor has been deleted by President Truman.ref name=quotnuclearfiles1940quot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/07/28", "description": " An U.S. Army Air Forces B-25 bomber crashes into the Empire State Building, killing 14 people, including all on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/07/28", "description": " WWII: Japan ambiguously rejects the Potsdam Declaration.ref name=quotnuclearfiles1940quot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/07/29", "description": " The BBC Light Programme radio station is launched, aimed at mainstream light entertainment and music.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/07/30", "description": " WWII: The heavy cruiser USS ''Indianapolis'' is hit and sunk by torpedoes from the ''Japanese submarine I-58'' in the Philippine Sea. Some 900 survivors jump into the sea and are adrift for up to four days. Nearly 600 die before help arrives. Captain Charles B. McVay III of the cruiser is later court-martialed and convicted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/06", "description": " WWII: Atomic bombing of Hiroshima: A United States B-29 Superfortress, the Enola Gay, drops an atomic bomb, codenamed quotLittle Boyquot, on Hiroshima, Japan, at 8:15 a.m. (local time).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/07", "description": " President Harry Truman announces the successful bombing of Hiroshima with the atomic bomb, while returning from the Potsdam Conference aboard the U.S. Navy heavy cruiser {{USS|Augusta|CA-31}} in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/07", "description": "The United Nations Charter is ratified by the United States Senate, and this nation becomes the third one to join the new international organization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/07", "description": "The Soviet Union declares war on Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/09", "description": " WWII:", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/09", "description": "A United States B-29 Bomber, ''Bockscar'', drops an atomic bomb, codenamed ampquotFat Manampquot, on  Nagasaki, Japan, at 11:02 a.m. (local time).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/09", "description": "The Soviet Union begins its army offensive against Japan in the northern part of the Japanese-held Chinese region of Manchuria.ampamp{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/military\/library\/report\/1986\/RMF.htm\">http:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/military\/library\/report\/1986\/RMF.htm<\/a> |title=The Soviet Army Offensive: Manchuria, 1945 |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date= |accessdate=2012-01-16}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/10", "description": " WWII: Japan offers to surrender to the Allies, quotprovided this does not prejudice the sovereignty of the Emperorquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/11", "description": " WWII: The Allies reply to the Japanese surrender offer by saying that Emperor Hirohito will be subject to the authority of the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/11", "description": "25 ampndash Soviet troops complete occupation of Sakhalin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/13", "description": " The Zionist World Congress approaches the British government to discuss the founding of the country of Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/14", "description": " WWII: Emperor Hirohito accepts the terms of the Potsdam Declaration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/14", "description": "Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization founded as a specialized agency of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/14", "description": "WWII: Emperor Hirohito announces Japan's surrender on the radio. The United States calls this day V-J Day (Victory in Japan). This ends the period of Japanese expansionism and begins the period of Occupied Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/14", "description": "WWII: Korea gains independence following Japan's surrender.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/14", "description": "President Jos\u00e9 P. Laurel issues an Executive Proclamation putting an end to the Second Philippine Republic, thus putting an end to his term as President of the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/14", "description": "Indonesian nationalists Soekarno and Mohammad Hatta declare the independence of the Republic of Indonesia, with Soekarno as president. Dutch colonial authorities do not approve.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/14", "description": "The novel ''Animal Farm'' by George Orwell is first published by Fredric Warburg in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/19", "description": " Chinese Civil War: Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek meet in Chongqing to discuss an end to hostilities between the Communists and the Nationalists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/31", "description": "  WWII: Allied troops arrest German field marshal Walther von Brauchitsch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/31", "description": "Japanese general Tomoyuki Yamashita surrenders to Filipino and American forces at Kiangan, Ifugao.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/08/31", "description": "WWII ends: The final official surrender of Japan is accepted by the Supreme Allied Commander, General Douglas MacArthur, and Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz for the United States, and delegates from Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, The Netherlands, China, and others from a Japanese delegation led by Mamoru Shigemitsu, on board the American battleship USS ''Missouri'' in Tokyo Bay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/09/04", "description": " WWII: Japanese forces surrender on Wake Island after hearing word of their country's surrender.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/09/04", "description": "Iva Toguri D'Aquino, a Japanese-American suspected of being wartime radio propagandist ampquotTokyo Roseampquot, is arrested in Yokohama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/09/04", "description": "The Russian code clerk Igor Gouzenko comes forward with numerous documents implicating the Soviet Union in numerous spy rings in North America: both in the United States and in Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/09/04", "description": "American troops occupy southern Korea, while the Soviet Union occupies the north, with the dividing line being the 38th parallel of latitude. This arrangement proves to be the indirect beginning of a divided Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/09/04", "description": "Hideki T\u014dj\u014d, Japanese prime minister during most of WWII, attempts suicide to avoid facing a war crimes tribunal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/09/09", "description": " The first case of a computer bug is found: a moth lodged in a relay of a Harvard Mark II computer at the Naval Weapons Center in Dahlgren, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/09/09", "description": "''Radio Republik Indonesia'' starts broadcasting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/09/09", "description": "The Batu Lintang camp in Sarawak, Borneo is liberated by Australian forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/09/12", "description": " The Japanese Army formally surrenders to the British in Singapore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/09/18", "description": " Typhoon Makurazaki in Japan kills 3,746 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/09/20", "description": " Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru demand that all British troops depart India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/09/20", "description": "October ampampndash Arthur C. Clarke puts forward the idea of a communications satellite in a ''Wireless World'' magazine article.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/01", "description": "October 15 ampndash Operation Backfire: Three A4 rockets are launched near Cuxhaven in order to show Allied forces the rocket with liquid fuel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/02", "description": " George Albert Smith becomes president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/03", "description": "October 10 ampndash The Detroit Tigers win the World Series against the Chicago Cubs - the Cubs have not returned to the World Series since.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/04", "description": " The Partizan Belgrade sports society is founded in Belgrade, Serbia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/05", "description": " A strike by the Set Decorator's Union in Hollywood results in a riot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/15", "description": " WWII: Pierre Laval, the former premier of Vichy France, is shot to death by a firing squad for treason against France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/16", "description": " FAO established as a specialized agency of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/17", "description": " A massive number of people, headed for CGT, gather in the Plaza de Mayo in Argentina to demand Juan Per\u00f3n's release. This is known to the Peronists as the ''D\u00eda de la lealtad'' (Loyalty Day). It is considered the founding day of Peronism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/18", "description": " Isa\u00edas Medina Angarita, president of Venezuela, is overthrown by a military coup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/21", "description": " Women's suffrage: Women are allowed to vote in France for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/23", "description": " Jackie Robinson signs a contract with the Montreal Royals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/23", "description": "ICJ (ampquotWorld Courtampquot) established by the United Nations Charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/23", "description": "The United Nations is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/23", "description": "The Norwegian Nazi leader Vidkun Quisling is shot to death by a firing squad for treason against Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/27", "description": " Indonesian separatists riot and fight Dutch and British security forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/27", "description": "Get\u00falio Vargas resigns as the president of Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/27", "description": "At Gimbels Department Store in New York City, the first ballpoint pens go on sale at $12.50 each.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/30", "description": " The undivided country of India joins the United Nations. Pakistan is formed and joins later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/30", "description": "International Labour Organization (ILO) In 1945, the organisation's new constitution came into effective.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/30", "description": "John H. Johnson publishes the first issue of the magazine ''Ebony''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/10/30", "description": "Telechron introduces the model 8H59 ampquotMusalarmampquot, the first clock radio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/11/09", "description": " Soo bahk do Moo Duk Kwan is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/11/13", "description": " Charles De Gaulle is elected head of a French provisional government", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/11/15", "description": " Harry S. Truman, Clement Attlee, and Mackenzie King call for a U.N. Atomic Energy Commission.ref name=quotnuclearfiles1940quot\/", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/11/15", "description": "Cold War: The United States controversially imports 88 German scientists to help in the production of rocket technology.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/11/15", "description": "The motion picture ''The Lost Weekend'', starring Ray Milland, is released. The most realistic film portrayal of alcoholism up to that time, it wins several Oscars in the following year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/11/15", "description": "Yeshiva College is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/11/20", "description": " The Nuremberg Trials begin: Trials against 24 Nazi war criminals of WWII start at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/11/28", "description": " An earthquake in Balochistan (Pakistan) causes a tsunami and kills 4,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/11/28", "description": "The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia is declared (this day is celebrated as Republic Day until the 1990s). Marshal Tito is named president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/11/28", "description": "Assembly of the world's first general purpose electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), is completed. It covers {{convert|1800|sqft|m2}} of floor space. The first set of calculations is run on the computer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/11/28", "description": "General Eurico Gaspar Dutra is elected president of Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/11/28", "description": "French banks (Banque de France, BNCI, CNEP, Cr\u00e9dit Lyonnais, and Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale) nationalized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/12/03", "description": " Communist demonstrations in Athens presage the Greek Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/12/04", "description": " By a vote of 65\u20137, the United States Senate approves the entry of the United States into the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/12/05", "description": " A flight of US Navy Avenger torpedo bombers known as Flight 19 disappears on a training exercise.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/12/21", "description": " General George S. Patton dies from injuries sustained in a car accident on December 9.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/12/21", "description": "Twenty-eight nations sign an agreement creating the World Bank.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/12/21", "description": "Terror strikes are carried out against British military bases in Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/12/21", "description": "A team at Oak Ridge National Laboratory led by Charles Coryell discovers chemical element 61, the only one still missing between 1 and 96 on the periodic table, which they will name promethium.ampamp{{cite journal|year=2003|title=Discovery of Promethium|journal=Oak Ridge National Laboratory Review|volume=36|issue=1|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ornl.gov\/info\/ornlreview\/v36_1_03\/article_02.shtml|accessdate=2011-06-16}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.ornl.gov\/info\/ornlreview\/v36_1_03\/article_02.shtml|accessdate=2011-06-16}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/12/21", "description": "Raymond Libby develops the oral penicillin antibiotic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/12/21", "description": "American Cyanamid discovers folic acid, a vitamin abundant in green leafy vegetables, liver, kidney, and yeast.ampampHoffbrand, AV Weir, DG (2001). ampquotThe history of folic acid.ampquot Br J Haematol 113 (3): 579\u2013589. doi:10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2001.02822.x.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/12/21", "description": "The first geothermal milk pasteurization is done in Klamath Falls, Oregon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1945/12/21", "description": "Some time in August, Korea splits into two nations with the North being communist and the South being capitalist.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/06", "description": " A revised and streamlined revival of Kern and Hammerstein's  ''Show Boat'' opens on Broadway at the Ziegfeld Theatre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/07", "description": " The Allies recognize the Austrian republic with 1937 borders, and divide the country into 4 occupation zones.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/07", "description": "The first meeting of the United Nations is held in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/07", "description": "''Project Diana'' bounces radar waves off the Moon, measuring the exact distance between the Earth and the Moon, and proving that communication is possible between Earth and outer space, effectively opening the space age.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/07", "description": "Enver Hoxha declares the People's Republic of Albania, with himself as prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/07", "description": "Porfirio Barba-Jacob's ashes go back to Colombia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/16", "description": " Charles de Gaulle resigns as a head of a French provisional government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/16", "description": "The UN Security Council holds its first session.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/16", "description": "Senator Dennis Chavez (D-NM) calls for a vote on an FEPC bill which calls for an end to discrimination in the workplace. A filibuster prevents it from passing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/19", "description": " The Bell X-1 is launched for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/20", "description": " Charles de Gaulle resigns as president of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/22", "description": " Iran: Qazi Muhammad declares the independent people's Republic of Mahabad at the Chuwarchira Square in the Kurdish city of Mahabad. He is the new president, Hadschi Baba Scheich is the prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/25", "description": " The United Mine Workers rejoins the American Federation of Labor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/28", "description": " The Canadian schooner ''Bluenose'' founders on a Haitian reef.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/29", "description": " The Central Intelligence Group is established (the CIA in 1947).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/29", "description": "The last session of the Permanent Court of International Justice occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/29", "description": "Yugoslavia's new constitution, modeling the Soviet Union, establishes 6 constituent republics (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/29", "description": "Trygve Lie of Norway is selected as the first United Nations Secretary General.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/29", "description": "The Kingdom of Hungary becomes a republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/29", "description": "The Bank of England is nationalized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/01/29", "description": "ENIAC (for ampquotElectronic Numerical Integrator and Computerampquot), an early general-purpose electronic computer, is unveiled at the University of Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/02/15", "description": " Canada indicts 22 communist agents.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/02/20", "description": " An explosion kills more than 400 coal miners in West Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/02/24", "description": " Juan Per\u00f3n is elected president of Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/02/28", "description": " In Philadelphia, General Electric strikers and police clash.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/02/28", "description": "British troops withdraw from Iran according to treaty the Soviets do not.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/02/28", "description": "Ho Chi Minh is elected President of North Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/03/04", "description": " C.G.E. Mannerheim resigns as president of Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/03/05", "description": " In his speech at Westminster College, in Fulton, Missouri, Winston Churchill talks about the ''Iron Curtain''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/03/06", "description": " Vietnam War: Ho Chi Minh signs an agreement with France which recognizes Vietnam as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/03/07", "description": " The 18th Academy Awards ceremony is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/03/07", "description": "Juho Kusti Paasikivi becomes president of Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/03/07", "description": "Bolton Wanderers stadium disaster at Burnden Park, Bolton, England, 33 killed and hundreds amongst the injured", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/03/10", "description": " British troops begin withdrawing from Lebanon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/03/15", "description": " Clement Attlee promises independence to India as soon as they can agree on a constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/03/15", "description": "The Soviet Union and Switzerland resume diplomatic relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/03/15", "description": "French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and R\u00e9union become overseas d\u00e9partements of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/03/22", "description": " The United Kingdom grants Transjordan, as it is then known, its independence 3 years later the country changes its name to Jordan.quotYear by Year 1946quot \u2013 History Channel International", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/03/29", "description": " The Gold Coast has an African majority in its parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/03/29", "description": "A 14-meter high tsunami strikes Hilo and Laup\u0101hoehoe on the Big Island of Hawaii 173 are killed, thousands injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/03/29", "description": "The Malayan Union is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/03/29", "description": "Singapore becomes a Crown colony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/04/03", "description": " Japanese Lt. General Masaharu Homma is executed outside Manila, the Philippines for leading the Bataan Death March.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/04/10", "description": " In Japan, women vote for the first time, during elections for the House of Representatives of the 90th Imperial Diet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/04/17", "description": " Syria's independence from France is officially recognized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/04/17", "description": "The inaugural session of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/04/17", "description": "The United States recognizes Josip Broz Tito's government in Yugoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/04/17", "description": "The League of Nations, in its last meeting, transfers its mission to the United Nations and disbands itself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/04/23", "description": " The Eastern Pennsylvania Basketball League (Which is now the CBA) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/04/27", "description": " FA Cup: Derby County beat Charlton Athletic in the first FA Cup final since the end of the war", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/04/28", "description": " Pestalozzi Children\u2019s Village (''Kinderdorf Pestalozzi'') established at Trogen in Switzerland to accommodate and educate orphans of World War II according to Pestalozzian principles.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/images\/0014\/001442\/144223eb.pdf|first=Fritz|last=Wezel|title=Pestalozzi\">http:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/images\/0014\/001442\/144223eb.pdf|first=Fritz|last=Wezel|title=Pestalozzi<\/a> Children Village at Trogen|publisher=UNESCO|date=1948-10-01|accessdate=2010-11-23}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/04/29", "description": " Trial against war criminals begin in Tokyo the accused include Hideki T\u014dj\u014d, Shigenori T\u014dg\u014d and Hiroshi \u014cshima.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/05/01", "description": " At least 800 Indigenous Australian pastoral workers walk off the job in Northwest Western Australia, starting one of the longest industrial strikes in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/05/02", "description": " Six inmates unsuccessfully try to escape from Alcatraz Prison.  A riot occurs, the so-called quotBattle of Alcatrazquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/05/07", "description": " Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering (later renamed ''Sony'') is founded with about 20 employees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/05/09", "description": " King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy abdicates, and is succeeded by his son Humbert II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/05/09", "description": "Nehru is elected leader of the Congress Party in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/05/09", "description": "The first V-2 rocket is successfully launched at the White Sands Missile Range.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/05/20", "description": " The British House of Commons decides to nationalize mines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/05/21", "description": " At the Los Alamos Laboratory, Dr. Louis Slotin saves his coworkers but receives a fatal dose of ionizing radiation (the incident is initially classified).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/05/22", "description": " The Kingdom of Transjordan is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/05/25", "description": " The parliament of Transjordan makes emir Abdullah their king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/05/26", "description": " Czechoslovak parliamentary election, with Communist victory (38%), last before communist take power", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/05/31", "description": " A Greek referendum supports the return of the monarchy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/06/01", "description": " Ion Antonescu, prime minister and quotConducatorquot (Leader) of Romania during World War II is executed he was found guilty of betraying the Romanian people for benefits of Germany and sentenced to death by the Bucharest People's Tribunal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/06/02", "description": " In a referendum, Italians decide to turn Italy from a monarchy into a republic. Women vote for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/06/03", "description": " The Interpol organization re-founded, telegraphic address \u201cInterpol\u201d adopted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/06/06", "description": " The Basketball Association of America is formed in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/06/08", "description": " In Indonesia, Sukarno incites his supporters to fight Dutch colonial occupation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/06/09", "description": " In Thailand, King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) accedes the throne after the mysterious death of his brother, King Ananda Mahidol (Rama VIII).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/06/10", "description": " Italy is declared a republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/06/13", "description": " Humbert II of Italy leaves the country and goes into exile in Portugal Alcide de Gasperi becomes head of state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/06/14", "description": " The Baruch Plan is proposed to the United Nations", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/06/14", "description": "A tornado on the Detroit River kills 17.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/06/14", "description": "Laurence Olivier's ''Henry V'' opens in the United States nearly 2 years after its release in England. It is the first Shakespeare film in color, and critics hail it as the finest film of a Shakespeare play ever made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/06/23", "description": " 1946 Vancouver Island earthquake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/06/25", "description": " International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (World Bank) begins operations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/06/30", "description": " The War Relocation Authority is abolished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/07/01", "description": " Nuclear testing: Operation Crossroads, a series of nuclear weapon tests conducted by the United States at Bikini Atoll in Micronesia, is initiated by detonation of ''Able'' at an altitude of 520ampnbspfeet (158ampnbspm).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/07/01", "description": "Ankara University is founded in Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/07/01", "description": "After over 381 years of Western dominance, the Philippines attains full independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/07/05", "description": " Bikinis go on sale in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/07/05", "description": "Mother Frances Xavier Cabrini becomes the first American saint to be canonized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/07/05", "description": "Howard Hughes nearly dies in a test flight of the Hughes XF-11 and crashes it in a suburban Beverly Hills neighborhood because of a propeller malfunction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/07/16", "description": " Bureau of Land Management (BLM) within Department of the Interior (formed by merger of Grazing Service and General Land Office).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/07/21", "description": " An Irgun bomb explodes in Jerusalem because of secretive talks between Jews and Britain to consolidate the state of Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/07/22", "description": " King David Hotel bombing: The Irgun bombs the King David Hotel (headquarters of the British civil and military administration) in Jerusalem, killing 90.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/07/22", "description": "Nuclear testing: In the first underwater test of the atomic bomb, the surplus USS ''Saratoga'' is sunk near Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean, when the United States detonates the ''Baker'' device during Operation Crossroads.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/07/22", "description": "At Club 500 in Atlantic City, New Jersey, Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis stage their first show as a comedy team.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/07/22", "description": "In the last mass lynching in the United States, a mob of white men shoot and kill two African-American couples near Moore's Ford Bridge in Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/07/22", "description": "The Atomic Energy Commission is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/07/22", "description": "The Hungarian Forint is introduced in Hungary by the government, ending the world's biggest hyperinflation in the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/08/03", "description": " Holiday World, originally called ''Santa Claus Land'', opens to the public. It became the 1st themed park preceding Disneyland by 9 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/08/04", "description": " The 1946 Dominican Republic earthquake (magnitude 8.0) hits the northern Dominican Republic, killing 100, and leaving 20,000 homeless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/08/16", "description": "he Kurdistan Democratic Party is founded in South Kurdistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/08/18", "description": " The Vergarolla explosion in Croatia kills 70.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/08/19", "description": " Violence between Muslims and Hindus in Calcutta leaves 3,000 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/08/25", "description": " Ben Hogan wins the PGA Championship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/09/02", "description": " Interim Government of India takes charge with Jawaharlal Nehru as Vice President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/09/04", "description": " Street violence between Muslims and Hindus erupts in Bombay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/09/08", "description": " Bulgaria is declared a People's Republic after a referendum King Simeon II leaves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/09/24", "description": " Cathay Pacific Airways is founded by Roy C Farrell and H de Kantzow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/09/28", "description": " George II of Greece returns to Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/10/01", "description": " Mensa International is founded in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/10/02", "description": " Communists take over in Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/10/10", "description": " Commencement of the Noakhali genocide of Hindus in Bengal at the hands of Muslim mobs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/10/13", "description": " France adopts the constitution of the Fourth Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/10/14", "description": " International Organization for Standardization (ISO) founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/10/15", "description": " Nuremberg Trials: Hermann G\u00f6ring, founder of the Gestapo and recently convicted Nazi war criminal, poisons himself hours before his scheduled execution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/10/15", "description": "Nazi War criminals convicted in the Nuremberg Trials are executed by hanging in a gymnasium in the Nuremberg Palace of Justice premises.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/10/15", "description": "The United Nations' first meeting in Long Island is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/11/01", "description": " In the first Basketball Association of America game, the New York Knicks defeat the Toronto Huskies 68\u201366 at Toronto's Maple Leaf Gardens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/11/04", "description": " UNESCO established as a specialized agency of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/11/05", "description": " Senate and House elections in the United States both give majorities to the Republicans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/11/05", "description": "At least 1,400 people are killed in an earthquake measuring 7.4 on the Richter Scale, in the Ancash Region and Quiches District in Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/11/05", "description": "The Slimbridge Wetland Reserve opens in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/11/05", "description": "A truce is declared between Indonesian nationalist troops and the Dutch army in Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/11/05", "description": "In Chicago, a branch of the ''Exchange National Bank'' (now part of the LaSalle Bank) opens the first 10 drive-up teller windows.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/11/15", "description": " The Netherlands recognizes the Republic of Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/11/17", "description": " Eight British servicemen are killed in Jerusalem by Jewish nationalists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/11/17", "description": "Afghanistan, Iceland and Sweden join the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/11/17", "description": "Romanian general election, 1946: The Romanian Communist Party wins 79.86% of the vote through widespread intimidation tactics and electoral fraud.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/11/22", "description": " Tony Benn is elected as Treasurer of the Oxford Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/11/22", "description": "Vietnamese riot in Haiphong and clash with French troops. The French cruiser ''Suffren'' opens fire, killing 6,000 Vietnamese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/11/22", "description": "The Workers Party of South Korea is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/11/27", "description": " Cold War: Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru appeals to the United States and the Soviet Union to end nuclear testing and to start nuclear disarmament, stating that such an action would quotsave humanity from the ultimate disaster.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/01", "description": " Miguel Alem\u00e1n Vald\u00e9s takes office as President of Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/02", "description": "he International Whaling Commission was signed in Washington to quotprovide for the proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industryquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/07", "description": " A fire at the Winecoff Hotel in Atlanta, United States kills 119.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/11", "description": " UNICEF (the United Nations Children's Emergency Fund) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/11", "description": "The United Nations severs relations with Franco's Spain and recommends that member countries sever diplomatic relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/11", "description": "L\u00e9on Blum founds a government of socialist parties in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/11", "description": "Iranian troops recapture the Azerbaijan province and the Kurdish Republic of Mahabad, both of which had seceded earlier in the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/14", "description": " The International Labour Organization becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/16", "description": " Siam joins the United Nations (changes name to Thailand in 1949).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/19", "description": " Viet Minh forces begin a war against French occupying forces in Vietnam, succeeding in 1954 with France's surrender at Dien Bien Phu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/19", "description": "Frank Capra's ''It's a Wonderful Life'', featuring James Stewart, Donna Reed, Lionel Barrymore, Henry Travers, and Thomas Mitchell, is released in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/19", "description": "At least 1,362 people are killed in an earthquake and associated tsunami in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/22", "description": " The Havana Conference begins between U.S. organized crime bosses in Havana, Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/24", "description": " France's Fourth Republic is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/25", "description": " The first artificial, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction in Europe was initiated within the Soviet (Russian) nuclear reactor F-1.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/25", "description": "The Flamingo Hotel opens on the Las Vegas Strip.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/25", "description": "David Lean's ''Great Expectations'', based on the Charles Dickens novel, and featuring John Mills, Valerie Hobson, Martita Hunt, Alec Guinness, Francis L. Sullivan, Jean Simmons, and Finlay Currie, is released to great acclaim in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/31", "description": " President Harry Truman delivers Proclamation 2714, which officially ends hostilities in World War II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/31", "description": "The 20ampampnbspmm M61 Vulcan Gatling gun contract is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/31", "description": "Female suffrage is enacted in Belgium, Romania, Yugoslavia, Argentina and the Canadian province of Quebec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/31", "description": "The first female police officers are hired in Korea and Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/31", "description": "The Chinese Civil War intensifies between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/31", "description": "The first ''Tupperware'' is sold in department and hardware stores.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/31", "description": "The British government takes emergency powers to deal with the balance-of-payments crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/31", "description": "Eva Per\u00f3n tours Spain, Italy and France on behalf of Argentina, a circuit called the Rainbow Tour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/31", "description": "The NFL team San Francisco 49ers is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/31", "description": "The Casio Company is founded by engineer Tadao Kashio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1946/12/31", "description": "Binghamton University is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947", "description": "British coal mines are nationalized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947", "description": "Nigeria gains limited autonomy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947", "description": "The Canadian Citizenship Act comes into effect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/01/03", "description": " Proceedings of the U.S. Congress are televised for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/01/10", "description": " The United Nations takes control of the free city of Trieste.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/01/15", "description": " Elizabeth Short, an aspiring actress nicknamed the quotBlack Dahliaquot, is found brutally murdered in a vacant lot in Los Angeles.  The case remains unsolved to this day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/01/16", "description": " Vincent Auriol is inaugurated as president of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/01/19", "description": " A shipwreck near Athens, Greece kills 392.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/01/24", "description": " Dimitrios Maximos founds a monarchist government in Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/01/25", "description": " A Philippine plane crashes in Hong Kong, with $5 million worth of gold and money.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/01/30", "description": "February 8 ampndash A heavy blizzard in Canada buries towns from Winnipeg, Manitoba, to Calgary, Alberta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/01/31", "description": " The Communists take power in Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/01/31", "description": "The lowest air temperature in North America (-63 degrees Celsius) is recorded in Snag, Yukon Territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/01/31", "description": "Percival Prattis becomes the first African-American news correspondent allowed in the United States House of Representatives and Senate press galleries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/01/31", "description": "Boles\u0142aw Bierut becomes the President of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/01/31", "description": "The Government of the United Kingdom announces the \u00a325 million Tanganyika groundnut scheme for cultivation of peanuts in the Tanganyika Territory.ampamp{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Alan|title=The Groundnut Affair|publisher=Bodley Head|year=1950|location=London|oclc=1841364}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/02/06", "description": " South Pacific Commission (SPC) founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/02/08", "description": " A dance hall fire in Berlin, Germany, kills over 80 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/02/10", "description": " In Paris, France, peace treaties are signed between the World War II Allies and Italy, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Finland. Italy cedes most of Istria to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/02/10", "description": "A meteor creates an impact crater in Sikhote-Alin, in the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/02/10", "description": "Christian Dior introduces The ampquotNew Lookampquot in women's fashion, in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/02/17", "description": " Cold War: The ''Voice of America'' begins to transmit radio broadcasts into Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/02/17", "description": "An explosion at the O'Connor Electro-Plating Company in Los Angeles, California, leaves 17 dead, 100 buildings damaged, and a {{convert|22|ft|m|adj=mid|-deep}} crater in the ground.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/02/17", "description": "U.S. Army Ordnance Corps Hermes project V-2 rocket ''Blossom I'' launched into space carrying plant material and fruitflies, the first animals to enter space.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/02/21", "description": " In New York City, Edwin Land demonstrates the first quotinstant cameraquot, his Polaroid Land Camera, to a meeting of the Optical Society of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/02/22", "description": " ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoon ''Cat Fishin''', is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/02/23", "description": " The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/02/23", "description": "John C. Hennessy, Jr., brings the first Volkswagen Beetle to the United States. He purchased the 1946 VW from the U.S. Army Post Exchange in Frankfurt, Germany, while serving in the U.S. Army. The Beetle was shipped from Bremerhaven, arriving in New York this day.ampampCopies of the bill of sale as well as the shipping documents and a letter from the Port of New York confirming the arrival of the VW can be found in Hennessy\u2019s book ''The Bride and the Beetle''.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/02/23", "description": "The state of Prussia officially ceases to exist.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/02/23", "description": "The worst-ever train crash in Japan kills 184 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/02/23", "description": "The United States grants France a military base in Casablanca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/02/23", "description": "In Taiwan, civil disorder is put down with large loss of civilian lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/02/23", "description": "The International Monetary Fund begins to operate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/02/23", "description": "Wernher von Braun marries his first cousin, the 18-year-old Maria von Quirstorp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/03/04", "description": " Treaty of Dunkirk (coming into effect 8 September) signed between the United Kingdom and France providing for mutual assistance in the event of attack.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/03/06", "description": " USS ''Newport News'', the first completely air-conditioned warship,{{citation needed|date=February 2011}}!--what does that make wartime submarines...?-- is launched in Newport News, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/03/09", "description": " Carrie Chapman Catt dies in New Rochelle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/03/12", "description": " The Truman Doctrine is proclaimed to help stem the spread of Communism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/03/14", "description": " The River Thames overruns its banks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/03/15", "description": " Hindus and Muslims clash in Punjab.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/03/19", "description": " The 19th Academy Awards ceremony is held. The movie ''Best Years of Our Lives'' wins the Academy Award for Best Picture, along with several other Academy Awards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/03/25", "description": " A coal mine explosion in Centralia, Illinois, kills 111 miners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/03/28", "description": " A World War II Japanese booby trap explodes on Corregidor island, killing 28 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/03/29", "description": " A rebellion against French rule erupts in Madagascar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/03/31", "description": " The leaders of the Kurdish People's Republic of Mahabad, the second Kurdish state in the history of Iran, are hanged at the Chuwarchira Square in Mahabad after that country had been overrun by the Iranian army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/03/31", "description": "Jackie Robinson, the first African American in modern Major League Baseball,amp!--recall Moses ampamp Welday Walker in 1884--amp signs a contract with the Brooklyn Dodgers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/03/31", "description": "King George II of Greece is succeeded by his brother King Paul I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/04/04", "description": " International Civil Aviation Organization", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/04/09", "description": " Multiple tornadoes strike Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas killing 181 people and injuring 970.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/04/15", "description": " Jackie Robinson becomes the first African American to play modern Major League Baseball.!--recall Moses amp Welday Walker in 1884--", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/04/16", "description": " Texas City Disaster: the ammonium nitrate cargo of former Liberty ship SS ''Grandcamp'' explodes in Texas City, Texas, killing 552, injuring 3,000, causing 200 lost,{{clarify|date=February 2011}} and destroying 20 city blocks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/04/18", "description": " Royal Navy detonates 6,800 tons of explosives in an attempt to demolish the fortified island of Heligoland, Germany, thus creating one of the largest man-made non-nuclear explosions in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/04/26", "description": " Academy-Award winning ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoon, ''The Cat Concerto'', is released to theatres.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/05/01", "description": " The Salvatore Giuliano Gang opens fire on a labor parade near Portella Della Ginestra, Sicily, killing 11 people and wounding 30.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/05/02", "description": " The movie ''Miracle on 34th Street'', a Christmastime classic, is first shown in theaters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/05/03", "description": " The new post-war Japanese constitution goes into effect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/05/12", "description": " The animated cartoon film ''Rabbit Transit'', directed by Friz Freleng, is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/05/12", "description": "The Cold War begins: In an effort to fight the spread of Communism, President Harry S. Truman signs an Act of Congress that implements the Truman Doctrine. This Act grants $400 million in military and economic aid to Turkey and Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/05/12", "description": "David Lean's film ''Great Expectations'', based on the novel by Charles Dickens, opens in the United States. Critics call it the finest film ever made from a Charles Dickens novel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/05/25", "description": " An airliner of the Flugfelag \u00cdslands crashes into a mountainside, killing 25 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/06/05", "description": " U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall outlines the Marshall Plan for American reconstruction and relief aid to Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/06/07", "description": " The Royal Romanian Army founded, the-now most successful romanian football club, Steaua Bucure\u0219ti, as ''A.S.A. Bucure\u0219ti''<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fcsteaua.ro\/index\/section\/articles\/article\/5826\/\">http:\/\/www.fcsteaua.ro\/index\/section\/articles\/article\/5826\/<\/a> History of FC Steaua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/06/10", "description": " SAAB produces its first automobile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/06/11", "description": "15 ampndash First Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod is held in Wales.{{cite web|title=Llangollen International Eisteddfod - How it Started|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.llangollen.com\/eist3.html|publisher=Llangollen\">http:\/\/www.llangollen.com\/eist3.html|publisher=Llangollen<\/a> International Musical Eisteddfod|accessdate=2012-05-08}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/06/15", "description": " The Portuguese government orders 11 military officers and 19 university professors who were accused of revolutionary activity to resign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/06/15", "description": "Seaman Harold Dahl claims to have seen six UFOs near Maury Island in Puget Sound, Washington. On the next morning, Dahl reports the first modern so-called ampquotMen in Blackampquot encounter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/06/15", "description": "The Canadian Parliament votes unanimously to pass several laws regarding displaced foreign refugees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/06/23", "description": " The United States Senate follows the House of Representatives in overriding President Harry S. Truman's veto of the Taft-Hartley Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/06/24", "description": " Kenneth Arnold makes the first widely-reported UFO sighting near Mount Rainier, Washington.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/07/07", "description": " A supposedly downed extraterrestrial spacecraft is reportedly found in the Roswell UFO incident, near Roswell, New Mexico, which was written about by Stanton T. Friedman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/07/10", "description": " Princess Elizabeth announces her engagement to Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/07/11", "description": " ''The Exodus'' leaves France for Palestine, with 4,500 Jewish Holocaust survivor refugees on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/07/17", "description": " The Indian passenger ship ''Ramdas'' is capsized by a cyclone at Mumbai, India, with 625 people killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/07/17", "description": "Following wide media and UNSCOP coverage, ''The Exodus'' is captured by British troops and refused entry into Palestine at the port of Haifa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/07/17", "description": "President Harry S. Truman signs the Presidential Succession Act into law, which places the Speaker of the House and the President Pro Tempore of the Senate next in the line of succession after the Vice President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/07/26", "description": " Cold War: U.S. President Harry S. Truman signs the National Security Act of 1947 into law, creating the Central Intelligence Agency, the Department of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the National Security Council.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/07/29", "description": " After being shut down on November 9, 1946, for a refurbishment, the ENIAC computer, the world's first electronic digital computer, is turned back on again. It next remains in continuous operation until October 2, 1955.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/08/05", "description": " The Netherlands stops all political actions in Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/08/05", "description": "Thor Heyerdahl's balsa wood raft, the ''Kon-Tiki'', smashes into the reef at Raroia in the Tuamotu Islands after a 101 day, 4,300 mile, voyage across the Eastern Pacific Ocean, proving that pre-historic peoples could hypothetically have traveled to the Central Pacific islands from South America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/08/05", "description": "The Bombay Municipal Corporation formally takes over the Bombay Electric Supply and Transport (BEST).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/08/05", "description": "The Muslim majority region formed by the Partition of India gain independence from the British Empire and adopts the name '''Pakistan'''. While the transition is officially at midnight on this day, Pakistan celebrates its independence on August 14, compared with India on the 15th, because the Pakistan Standard Time is 30 minutes behind the standard time of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/08/05", "description": "Muhammad Ali Jinnah becomes the first Governor General of Pakistan. Liaqat Ali Khan takes office as the first Prime Minister of Pakistan", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/08/05", "description": "The greater Indian subcontinent with a mixed population of Hindus, Muslims,Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, Jews, etc. formed by the Partition of India gain independence from the British Empire and retains the name '''India'''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/08/05", "description": "Louis Mountbatten becomes the first Governor General of India. Jawaharlal Nehru takes office as the first Prime Minister of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/08/16", "description": " In Greece, General Markos Vafiadis takes over the government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/08/23", "description": " The Prime Minister of Greece, Dimitrios Maximos, resigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/08/27", "description": " When the French government lowers the daily bread ration to 200ampnbspgrams, causing riots in Verdun and in Le Mans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/08/30", "description": " A fire at a movie theater in Rueil, a suburb of Paris, France kills 87 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/08/31", "description": " The communists seize power in Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/09/10", "description": " Hasan Saka forms the new government of Turkey. (16 th government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/09/13", "description": " Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru suggests the exchange of four million Hindus and Muslims between India and Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/09/17", "description": "September 21 ampndash The 1947 Fort Lauderdale Hurricane in southeastern Florida, and also in Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, causes widespread damage and kills 51 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/09/17", "description": "National Security Act of 1947 becomes effective on this day creating the United States Air Force, National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/09/17", "description": "War Department becomes the Department of the Army, a branch of the new Department of Defense.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/09/22", "description": " Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties (Communist Information Bureau) (quotCominformquot) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/09/30", "description": " Pakistan and Yemen join the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/10/05", "description": " President Harry S. Truman delivers the first televised White House address speaking on the world food crises.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/10/14", "description": " The United States Air Force test pilot, Captain Chuck Yeager, flies a Bell X-1 rocket plane faster than the speed of sound, the first time it has been accomplished", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/10/20", "description": " A war begins in Kashmir, along the border between India and Pakistan, leading to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 in the following year. Also, Pakistan established diplomatic relations with the United States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/10/24", "description": " The first Azad Kashmir Government is established by the Freedom Fighters within Pakistan, headed by Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan as its first President supported by the government of Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/10/30", "description": " The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the foundation of the World Trade Organization (WTO), is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/10/30", "description": "In Long Beach, California, the designer and airplane pilot Howard Hughes carries out the one and only flight of the ''Hughes H - 1 Hercules seaplane'', the largest fixed-wing aircraft ever built and flown. This flight only lasted eight minutes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/10/30", "description": "An earthquake in the Chilean Andes kills 233 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/11/06", "description": " The program ''Meet the Press'' makes its television debut on the NBC-TV network in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/11/09", "description": " Junagadh is invaded by the Indian army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/11/10", "description": " The arrest of four steel workers in Marseille begins a French communist riot that also spreads to Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/11/10", "description": "International Telecommunication Union becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/11/10", "description": "Universal Postal Union (UPU) becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations (effective 1 July 1948).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/11/10", "description": "In Brussels, 15,000 people demonstrate against the relatively-short prison sentences of Belgian Nazi criminals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/11/10", "description": "Great Britain began withdrawing its troops from Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/11/18", "description": " The Ballantyne's Department Store fire in Christchurch, New Zealand, kills 41 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/11/18", "description": "The Princess Elizabeth (later Elizabeth II), the daughter of George VI, marries The Duke of Edinburgh at Westminster Abbey in London, United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/11/18", "description": "Paul Ramadier resigns as the Prime Minister of France. He is succeeded by Robert Schuman, who calls 80,000 army reservists to quell rioting miners in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/11/21", "description": " The United Nations Conference on Trade and Employment begins in Havana, Cuba. This conference ends in 1948, when its members finish the Havana Charter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/11/24", "description": " Red Scare: The U.S. House of Representatives votes 346 \u2013 17 to approve citations of Contempt of Congress against the so-called Hollywood 10, after the ten men refuse to co-operate with the House Un-American Activities Committee concerning allegations of communist influences in the movie business. (The ten men are blacklisted by the Hollywood movie studios on the following day.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/11/25", "description": " The Parliament of New Zealand ratifies the Statute of Westminster, and thus becomes independent of legislative control by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/11/27", "description": " In Paris, France, police occupy the editorial offices of the communist newspapers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/11/29", "description": " The United Nations General Assembly votes to partition Palestine between Arab and Jewish regions, which results in the creation of the State of Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/11/29", "description": "French communist strikers derail the Paris-Tourcoing express train because of false rumors that it was transporting soldiers. 21 people are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/11/29", "description": "The Tennessee Williams play ''A Streetcar Named Desire'', starring Marlon Brando in his first great role, opens at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on Broadway. Jessica Tandy also stars as Blanche Du Bois.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ibdb.com\/production.php?id=1804\">http:\/\/www.ibdb.com\/production.php?id=1804<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/12/04", "description": " The French Interior Minister, Jules S. Moch, takes emergency measures against his country's rioters after six days of violent arguments in the National Assembly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/12/06", "description": " Arturo Toscanini conducts a concert performance of the first half of Giuseppe Verdi's opera ''Otello'', which was based on William Shakespeare's play ''Othello'', for a broadcast on NBC Radio. The second half of the opera is broadcast a week later.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.musicweb-international.com\/classrev\/2004\/Apr04\/Verdi_otello_toscanini.htm\">http:\/\/www.musicweb-international.com\/classrev\/2004\/Apr04\/Verdi_otello_toscanini.htm<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/12/09", "description": " French labor unions call off the general strike and re-commence negotiations with the French government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/12/12", "description": " The Iranian Royal Army takes back power in the Azerbaijan province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/12/12", "description": "21 December - 400,000 slaughtered during mass migration of Hindus and Muslims into the new states India and Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/12/12", "description": "The Italian Constituent Assembly votes to accept the new Constitution of Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/12/12", "description": "The first practical electronic transistor is demonstrated by Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/12/30", "description": " King Michael of Romania abdicates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/12/30", "description": "The Doomsday Clock of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is introduced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/12/30", "description": "The House Un-American Activities Committee begins its investigations into communism in Hollywood.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/12/30", "description": "Cambridge University begins to admit women as full students.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/12/30", "description": "Mikhail Kalashnikov's AK-47 assault rifle is accepted as the standard small arm of the Soviet military.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/12/30", "description": "Raytheon produces the first commercial microwave oven.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/12/30", "description": "Women's suffrage is granted in Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/12/30", "description": "In a cave in and around the Wadi Qumran (near the ruins of the ancient settlement of Khirbet Qumran, on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea), several tall pottery jars containing leather scrolls are discovered, which later become known as the '''Dead Sea scrolls'''.ampampampquotYear by Year 1947ampquot ampampndash History Channel Internationalampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1947/12/30", "description": "By the discovery of promethium in the products of nuclear fission, the last remaining gap of the periodic table is closed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948", "description": "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) inaugurated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948", "description": "UK railways are nationalized to form British Railways.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948", "description": "The Italian republican constitution goes into effect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948", "description": "The latest New Jersey State Constitution goes into effect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/01/04", "description": " Burma gains its independence from the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/01/05", "description": " Warner Brothers shows the first color newsreel (''Tournament of Roses Parade'' and the ''Rose Bowl'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/01/12", "description": " Mahatma Gandhi begins his fast-unto-death in Delhi, to stop the communal violence during the Partition of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/01/17", "description": " A truce is declared between nationalist Indonesian and Dutch troops in Java.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/01/22", "description": " British foreign secretary Bevin proposes the formation of a Western Union between Britain, France and the Benelux countries to stand up against the Soviet Union. The Treaty of Brussels is signed March 17 as a consequence, a predecessor to NATO.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/01/26", "description": " Teigin poison case: A man masquerading as a doctor poisons 12 of 16 bank employees of the Tokyo branch of Imperial Bank and takes the money artist Sadamichi Hirasawa is later sentenced to death for the crime, but is never executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/01/29", "description": " Plane crash at Los Gatos Creek, California kills 4 US citizens and 28 deportees, commemorated in a song by Woody Guthrie.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/01/29", "description": "Indian pacifist and leader Mahatma Gandhi is assassinated by Nathuram Godse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/01/29", "description": "1948 Winter Olympics open in St. Moritz, Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/01/31", "description": " The British crown colony of the Malayan Union, Penang and Malacca form the Federation of Malaya.Cabinet Memorandum by the Secretary of State for the Colonies (UK). 21 February 1956. {{sourcetext|source=Federation of Malaya Agreement}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/02/01", "description": " The Soviet Union begins to jam Voice of America broadcasts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/02/04", "description": " Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) becomes an independent kingdom within the British Commonwealth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/02/16", "description": " Miranda, the innermost moon of Uranus, is discovered by Gerard Kuiper.Moore, P. (1995) ''The Guinness book of astronomy (5th ed.)'' Enfield, UK: Guinness Publishing. p. 110.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/02/18", "description": " \u00c9amon de Valera, Irish head of government since 1932, loses power to an opposition coalition. John A. Costello is appointed Taoiseach by President O'Kelly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/02/21", "description": " The stock car racing series Nascar is founded by Bill France Sr. and William France, Sr.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/02/25", "description": " The Communist Party seizes control of Czechoslovakia, a day celebrated by that regime as quotVictorious Februaryquot (Czech:quot''V\u00edt\u011bzn\u00fd \u00fanor''quot Slovak:quot''V\u00ed\u0165azn\u00fd Febru\u00e1r''quot) until November 1989.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/03/08", "description": " ''McCollum v. Board of Education'': The United States Supreme Court rules that religious instruction in public schools violates the U.S. Constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/03/16", "description": " The largest flood in the history of Brampton, Ontario, occurs.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/thebramptonguardian.com\/brampton\/news\/article\/44736|title=Brampton\">http:\/\/thebramptonguardian.com\/brampton\/news\/article\/44736|title=Brampton<\/a>'s largest flood left its watery mark|date=2008-03-10|accessdate=2008-03-10|publisher=The Brampton Guardian}}{{dead link|date=June 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/03/16", "description": "Treaty of Brussels signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, providing for economic, social and cultural collaboration and collective self-defence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/03/16", "description": "The Hells Angels motorcycle gang is founded in California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/03/18", "description": " The Round Table Conference in The Hague, Netherlands for the preparation of the decolonization process for Aruba and the other Dutch Colonies. Aruba presents the mandate of the Aruban People for Aruba to become an Independent Country, under the souvereignty of the House of Orange, based on Aruba's first state constitution presented officially since August 1947,  and a (4th) Member State of the future Dutch Commonwealth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/03/18", "description": "Singapore holds its first elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/03/18", "description": "Renowned Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini makes his television debut, conducting the NBC Symphony Orchestra in an all-Wagner program.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/03/18", "description": "April", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/03/18", "description": "Scientists Ralph Alpher and George Gamow publish the Alpher-Bethe-Gamow paper about the big bang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/03/18", "description": "President Harry Truman signs the Marshall Plan, which authorizes $5 billion in aid for 16 countries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/03/18", "description": "Ludwig van Beethoven's ''Ninth Symphony'' is played on television in its entirety for the first time, in a concert featuring Arturo Toscanini conducting the NBC Symphony Orchestra. The chorus is conducted by Robert Shaw.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/03/18", "description": "Jeju Uprising, Jeju residents revolt on Jeju island, South Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/04/05", "description": " 1947-1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine: Haganah launches Operation Nahshon beginning of the 1948 Palestinian exodus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/04/05", "description": "The World Health Organization is established by the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/04/05", "description": "A fire in a Buddhist monastery Shanghai kills 20 monks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/04/05", "description": "Jorge Eli\u00e9cer Gait\u00e1n's assassination provokes a violent riot in Bogot\u00e1 (the ''Bogotazo''), and a further 10 years of violence in all of Colombia (''La Violencia'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/04/05", "description": "The Deir Yassin massacre takes place in British Mandate of Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/04/13", "description": " The Hadassah medical convoy massacre takes place in British Mandate of Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/04/16", "description": " The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is founded as the OEEC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/04/18", "description": " The first democratic general election with universal suffrage is held in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/04/19", "description": " Burma joins the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/04/24", "description": " The Costa Rican Civil War ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/04/30", "description": " Organization of American States (OAS) founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/04/30", "description": " The Land Rover is unveiled at the Amsterdam Motor Show.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/04/30", "description": "May ampampndash The RAND Corporation is established as an independent nonprofit policy research and analysis institution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/05/04", "description": " Laurence Olivier's film version of ''Hamlet'' makes its world premiere in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/05/11", "description": " Luigi Einaudi becomes President of the Italian Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/05/14", "description": "he Declaration of Independence of Israel is made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/05/14", "description": "1948 Arab-Israeli War: The British Mandate of Palestine is officially terminated expeditionary forces from Egypt, Transjordan, Syria and Iraq invade Israel and clash with Israeli forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/05/14", "description": "The murder of a 3-year-old girl in Blackburn, England leads to the fingerprinting of more than 40,000 men in the city in an attempt to find the murderer.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/a-brutal-murder-begins-an-unusual-investigationampamp\">http:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/a-brutal-murder-begins-an-unusual-investigationampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/05/16", "description": " Chaim Weizmann is elected as the first President of Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/05/18", "description": " The first Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China officially convenes in Nanking.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/05/22", "description": " The Soviets launched the largest Lithuanian deportation to Siberia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/05/25", "description": " The United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP) was founded on this date at Ellinwood Malate Church in Manila, Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/05/26", "description": " The U.S. Congress passes ''Public Law 557'', which permanently establishes the Civil Air Patrol as the auxiliary of the United States Air Force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/05/28", "description": " Daniel Francois Malan defeats Jan Smuts and becomes Prime Minister of South Africa, ushering in the era of apartheid, which is finally dismantled by F W de Klerk  in 1994.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/05/30", "description": " A dike along the Columbia River breaks, obliterating Vanport, Oregon within minutes: 15 people die and tens of thousands are left homeless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/06/03", "description": " The Palomar Observatory telescope is finished in California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/06/10", "description": " Hasan Saka forms the new government of Turkey. (17th government Hasan Saka had served twice as a prime minister)", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/06/11", "description": " The first monkey astronaut, Albert I, is launched into space from White Sands, New Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/06/11", "description": "Communist guerrillas kill 3 rubber planters in Malaya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/06/11", "description": "Three armed men hijack the Cathay Pacific passenger plane ''Miss Macao'' and shoot the pilot the plane crashes, killing 26 of 27 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/06/17", "description": " A Douglas DC-6 carrying United Air Lines Flight 624 crashes near Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania, killing all 43 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/06/18", "description": " Malayan Emergency: A state of emergency is declared in the Malayan Union due to a communist insurgency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/06/18", "description": " LP record ampndash Columbia Records introduced it's long playing 33 sup1\/sup\/sub3\/sub rpm phonograph format.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/06/20", "description": " The U.S. Congress recesses for the remainder of 1948, after an overtime session closes at 7:00 a.m. D.C. time (to be shortly interrupted by Truman's recall from Congressional recess for July 20, 1948).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/06/21", "description": " The Deutsche Mark becomes official currency of the future Federal Republic of Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/06/22", "description": " The ship ''Empire Windrush'' brings a large group of Afro-Caribbean immigrants to Tilbury near London, the start of a large wave of immigration to Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/06/22", "description": "Cold War: The Berlin Blockade begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/06/22", "description": "The first World Health Assembly of the World Health Organization is held in Geneva.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/06/26", "description": " William Shockley files the original patent for the grown junction transistor, the first bipolar junction transistor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/06/26", "description": "The Cominform Resolution marks the beginning of the Informbiro period in Yugoslavia and the Soviet\/Yugoslav split.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/06/26", "description": "David Lean's ''Oliver Twist'', based on Charles Dickens's famous novel, premieres in the UK. It is banned for 3 years in the U.S. because of alleged anti-Semitism in depicting master criminal Fagin, played by Alec Guinness.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/06/26", "description": "1948 Fukui earthquake strikes Fukui, Japan. 3,769 dead, 22,203 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/07/05", "description": " The National Health Service Acts are enacted in United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/07/06", "description": " The world's first Air Car-ferry service is flown by a Bristol Freighter of Silver City Airways from Lympne to Le Touquet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/07/13", "description": " The Coptic and Ethiopian Churches reach an agreement leading to the promotion of the Ethiopian church to the rank of an autocephalous Patriarchate. Five bishops are immediately consecrated by the Patriarch of Alexandria, and the successor to Abuna Qerellos IV is granted the power to consecrate new bishops, who are empowered to elect a new Patriarch for their church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/07/13", "description": "The attempted assassination of Palmiro Togliatti, general secretary of the Italian Communist Party, incites numerous strikes all over the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/07/13", "description": "The first London chapter of Alcoholics Anonymous is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/07/20", "description": " Cold War: President Harry S. Truman issues the second peacetime military draft in the United States, amid increasing tensions with the Soviet Union (the first peacetime draft occurred in 1940 under President Roosevelt).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/07/22", "description": " The Dominion of Newfoundland votes to join  Canada after a referendum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/07/24", "description": " A great oil fire breaks out in the harbor of Naantali, Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/07/26", "description": " U.S. President Truman signs ''Executive Order 9981'', ending racial segregation in the United States Armed Forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/07/28", "description": " Around 200 die in explosion at a chemical plant in Ludwigshafen, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/07/29", "description": " The 1948 Summer Olympics begin in London, the first since the 1936 Summer Olympics", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/07/31", "description": " At Idlewild Field in New York, New York International Airport (later renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport) is dedicated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/08/01", "description": " The U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/08/10", "description": " August 23 ampndash The Herrenchiemsee Convent prepares the draft for the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/08/14", "description": " 1948 Ashes series: The Australian batsman Don Bradman, playing his last Test cricket match, against England at The Oval, is bowled by Eric Hollies for a duck however, quotThe Invinciblesquot win the match by an innings and 149 runs, and The Ashes 4-0.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/08/15", "description": " The Republic of Korea is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/08/18", "description": " Danube Commission created by Belgrade Convention (enters into force 11 May 1949).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/08/23", "description": " The World Council of Churches is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/08/24", "description": " The first meeting of the charter members of the American Chamber of Commerce in Japan (ACCJ) is held.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.accj.or.jp\/history\">http:\/\/www.accj.or.jp\/history<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/08/25", "description": " The House Un-American Activities Committee holds its first-ever televised congressional hearing, featuring quotConfrontation Dayquot between Whittaker Chambers and Alger Hiss.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/09/04", "description": " Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands abdicates for health reasons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/09/05", "description": " Robert Schuman becomes Prime Minister of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/09/06", "description": " Juliana becomes Queen of the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/09/09", "description": " The Democratic People's Republic of Korea is formally declared, with Kim Il-sung as prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/09/11", "description": " Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Founder and first Governor General of Pakistan, dies. Pakistan is in a state of shock as it mourns the departure of the father of the nation. The day is a public holiday nation-wide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/09/12", "description": " The State of Hyderabad is invaded by the Indian Army on the day after Pakistani leader Jinnah's death, to assist damage control. Operation Polo leads to the independence of Hyderabad state and its amalgamation into the Indian union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/09/17", "description": " Lehi members assassinate Swedish count Folke Bernadotte.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/09/20", "description": " Establishment of the city Rabwah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/09/29", "description": " Laurence Olivier's ''Hamlet'' opens in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/10/06", "description": " The 1948 Ashgabat earthquake kills 110,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/10/10", "description": " R-1 missile on test becomes the first Soviet launch to enter space.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/10/11", "description": " The Cleveland Indians defeat the Boston Braves to win the World Series, 4 games to 2.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/10/16", "description": " The 57th Street Art Fair, the oldest juried art fair in the American Midwest, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/10/26", "description": " Killer smog settles into Donora, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/10/28", "description": " The massacre of Dawaymeh begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/11/02", "description": " United States presidential election, 1948: Democratic incumbent Harry S. Truman defeats Republican Thomas E. Dewey and 'Dixiecrat' Strom Thurmond.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/11/12", "description": " In Tokyo, an international war crimes tribunal sentences 7 Japanese military and government officials to death, including General Hideki Tojo, for their roles in World War II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/11/15", "description": " Louis Stephen St. Laurent becomes Canada's 12th prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/11/15", "description": "''Operation Magic Carpet'' to transport Jews from Yemen to Israel begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/11/15", "description": "The University of the Andes (Universidad de los Andes) is founded in Bogot\u00e1, Colombia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/11/17", "description": " Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi divorces his second wife, the former Princess Fawzia of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/11/20", "description": " Geoffrey B. Orbell rediscovers the Takah\u0113, last seen 50 years previously, near Lake Te Anau, New Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/11/24", "description": " In Venezuela, president R\u00f3mulo Gallegos is ousted by a military junta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/11/27", "description": " The Calgary Stampeders defeat the Ottawa Rough Riders 12\u20137 before 20,013 fans at Toronto's Varsity Stadium to capture their first Grey Cup and complete the only perfect season to date in Canadian Football.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/01", "description": " Jos\u00e9 Figueres Ferrer abolishes the army in Costa Rica, making it the first country in history to do so", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/10", "description": " The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/11", "description": "12 ampndash Malayan Emergency: Batang Kali massacre: Scots Guards shoot 24 Chinese villagers in Malaya", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/15", "description": " The United States Department of Justice indicts Alger Hiss on two counts of perjury", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/26", "description": " The last Soviet troops withdraw from North Korea", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/28", "description": " A Muslim Brotherhood member assassinates Egyptian Prime Minister Mahmud Fahmi Nokrashi", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/30", "description": " The musical ''Kiss Me, Kate'' opens for the first of 1,077 performances", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/31", "description": " 1948 Arab-Israeli War: Israeli troops drive the Egyptians from Negev", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/31", "description": "Brandeis University is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/31", "description": "The Casimir effect is discovered by Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/31", "description": "The Fresh Kills Landfill, the world's largest, opens on Staten Island, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/31", "description": "The Oakridge Transit Centre opens in Vancouver, British Columbia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/31", "description": "The Slovak city G\u00fata is renamed Kol\u00e1rovo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/31", "description": "The Tunnel of Vielha is opened in the Aran Valley, Spanish Pyrenees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/31", "description": "Last recorded sighting of the Caspian Tiger in Kazakhstan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/31", "description": "A pack of wolves kills about 40 children in Darovskoy District, in Russia.ampamp{{cite book|title=Guinness book of world records|year=2008|page=137}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/31", "description": "Charles Warrell creates the first I-Spy books.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/31", "description": "Rev.W.Awdry's third book James the Red Engine is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/31", "description": "Last edition of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum is published in the Vatican.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1948/12/31", "description": "Kinsey Report, ''Sexual Behavior in the Human Male'', is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/01/01", "description": " UN sponsored ceasefire brings an end to the Indo-Pakistan War of 1947. The war results in a stalemate and the division of Kashmir, which is still continuing as of 2012.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/01/02", "description": " Luis Mu\u00f1oz Mar\u00edn becomes the first democratically elected Governor of Puerto Rico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/01/04", "description": " RMS ''Caronia'' of the Cunard Line departs Southampton for New York on her maiden voyage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/01/04", "description": "ampampampnbsp\u2013 February 22 ampndash Series of winter storms in Nebraska, Wyoming, South Dakota, Utah, Colorado and Nevada ampndash winds of up to 72ampnbspmph ampndash tens of thousands of cattle and sheep perish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/01/05", "description": " U.S. President Harry S. Truman unveils his Fair Deal program.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/01/05", "description": "Los Angeles, California receives its first recorded snowfall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/01/05", "description": "KDKA-TV becomes the first local, on-air television station in the US.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/01/16", "description": " \u015eemsettin G\u00fcnaltay forms the new government of Turkey. (18th government, last single party government of CHP)", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/01/17", "description": " The first VW Type 1 to arrive in the United States, a 1948 model, is brought to New York by Dutch businessman Ben Pon.  Unable to interest dealers or importers in the Volkswagen, Pon sells the sample car to pay his travel expenses.  Only two 1949 models were sold in America that year, convincing Volkswagen chairman Heinrich Nordhoff the car had no future in the U.S. (The Type 1 went on to become an automotive phenomenon.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/01/19", "description": " The Poe Toaster first appears at the grave of Edgar Allan Poe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/01/20", "description": " U.S. President Harry S. Truman begins his full term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/01/20", "description": "Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA or COMECON) established by Soviet Union and other communist nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/01/20", "description": "The first Emmy Awards are presented at the Hollywood Athletic Club.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/01/20", "description": "In the first Israeli election, David Ben-Gurion becomes Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/01/26", "description": " Australian citizenship comes into being and Constitution of India was prepared.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/01/31", "description": " Forces from the Communist Party of China enter Beijing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/02/01", "description": " Rationing of clothes ends in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/02/10", "description": " ''Death of a Salesman'' opens in the Morosco Theatre and runs for 742 performances.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/02/13", "description": " Ant\u00f3nio \u00d3scar Carmona is re-elected president of Portugal for lack of an opposing candidate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/02/19", "description": " Ezra Pound is awarded the first Bollingen Prize in poetry by the Bollingen Foundation and Yale University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/02/19", "description": "Cincinnati Gardens opens in Cincinnati.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/02/19", "description": "Grady the Cow, a 1,200-pound cow, gets stuck inside a silo on a farm in Yukon, Oklahoma and garners national media attention in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/02/19", "description": "World heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis retires.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/02/19", "description": "Indonesia seizes Yogyakarta from the Dutch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/03/02", "description": " The B-50 Superfortress ''Lucky Lady II'' under Captain James Gallagher lands in Fort Worth, Texas, after completing the first non-stop around-the-world airplane flight (it was refueled in flight 4 times).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/03/17", "description": " The Shamrock Hotel in Houston, Texas, owned by oil tycoon Glenn McCarthy, has its grand opening.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/03/20", "description": " The Chicago, Burlington amp Quincy, Denver amp Rio Grande Western, and Western Pacific railroads inaugurate the ''California Zephyr'' passenger train between Chicago and Oakland, California, as the first long distance train to feature Vista Dome cars as regular equipment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/03/25", "description": " An extensive deportation campaign is conducted in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The Soviet authorities deport more than 92,000 people from the Baltics to remote areas of the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/03/26", "description": " The first half of Giuseppe Verdi's opera ''Aida'', conducted by legendary conductor Arturo Toscanini, and performed in concert (i.e. no scenery or costumes), is telecast by NBC, live from Studio 8H at Rockefeller Center. The second half is telecast a week later. This is the only complete opera that Toscanini ever conducts on television.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/03/26", "description": "United States Secretary of Defense James Forrestal resigns suddenly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/03/26", "description": "English astronomer Fred Hoyle coins the term ''Big Bang''amp!--intending it to be derogatory--amp during a BBC Third Programme radio broadcast.ampamp{{cite web|date=22 August 2001|title='Big bang' astronomer dies|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk\/1503721.stm|publisher=publisher=BBC<\/a> News|accessdate=2008-12-07| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081208220913\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk\/1503721.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081208220913\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk\/1503721.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 8 December 2008 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampampampamp{{cite book|last=Croswell|first=Ken|year=1995|chapter=Chapter 9|title=The Alchemy of the Heavens|publisher=Anchor Books|isbn=0-385-47213-7}}ampampampamp{{cite book|last=Mitton|first=Simon|year=2005|title=Fred Hoyle: a Life in Science|page=127|publisher=Aurum Press|isbn=1-85410-961-8}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/03/29", "description": " The 21st Academy Awards ceremony is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/03/31", "description": " The former British colony of Newfoundland joins Canada as its 10th province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/03/31", "description": "\u00c9ire leaves the British Commonwealth and becomes the Republic of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/03/31", "description": "The Tokyo Stock Exchange is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/04/04", "description": " The North Atlantic Treaty is signed in Washington, D.C., creating the NATO defense alliance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/04/07", "description": " Rodgers and Hammerstein's ''South Pacific'', starring Mary Martin and Ezio Pinza, opens on Broadway and goes on to become RampH's second longest-running musical. It becomes an instant classic of the musical theatre. The score's biggest hit is the song quotSome Enchanted Eveningquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/04/08", "description": " Kathy Fiscus, 3\u00bd years old, dies from falling down an abandoned well in San Marino, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/04/14", "description": " The day the N'Ko alphabet is held to have been completed by Solomana Kante.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/04/18", "description": " \u00c9ire formally becomes the Republic of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/04/20", "description": " The Royal Navy frigate ''Amethyst'' goes up the Yangtze River to evacuate British Commonwealth refugees escaping the advance of Mao's Communist forces. Under heavy fire, she grounds off Rose Island. After an abortive rescue attempt on April 26, she anchors 10 miles upstream. Negotiations with the Communists to let the ship leave drag on for weeks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/04/23", "description": " Chinese Communist troops take Nanjing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/04/27", "description": " British Commonwealth of Nations renamed The Commonwealth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/04/27", "description": "India issues the London Declaration, enabling it (and, thereafter, any other nation) to remain in the British Commonwealth despite becoming a republic, creating the position of 'Head of the Commonwealth', and renaming the organisation as the 'Commonwealth of Nations'.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/04/27", "description": "Former Philippine First Lady Aurora Quezon, 61, is assassinated while en route to dedicate a hospital in memory of her late husband her daughter and 10 others are also killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/04/29", "description": " The ''News Review'' reveals neither Selhurst College nor its headmaster H. Rochester Sneath exist.!--This is newsworthy why, exactly?--", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/05/01", "description": " Nereid, a moon of Neptune, is discovered by Gerard P. Kuiper.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/05/05", "description": " The Council of Europe is founded by the signing of the Treaty of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/05/06", "description": " EDSAC, the first practicable stored-program computer, runs its first program at Cambridge University.{{cite journal|title=Pioneer computer to be rebuilt|journal=Cam|volume=62|date=Lent 2011|page=5}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/05/09", "description": " Rainier III of Monaco becomes Prince of Monaco, upon the death of his maternal grandfather Louis II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/05/09", "description": "Israel is admitted to the United Nations as its 59th member.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/05/09", "description": "Siam officially changes its French name to ampquotTha\u00eflandeampquot (English name to ampquotThailandampquot), having officially changed its Thai name to ampquotPrated Thaiampquot since 1939.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/05/12", "description": " Cold War: The Soviet Union lifts its Blockade of Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/05/12", "description": "The AFSA (predecessor of the NSA) is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/05/12", "description": "The Kuomintang regime declares Taiwan under martial law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/05/22", "description": " After two months in Bethesda Naval Hospital, James Forrestal commits suicide, under circumstances that seem suspicious to many.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/05/23", "description": " The Federal Republic of Germany is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/06/02", "description": " Transjordan becomes the Kingdom of Jordan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/06/05", "description": " Thailand elects Orapin Chaiyakan, the first Thai female member of Thailand's Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/06/06", "description": " With the passage of the Bodh Gaya Temple Act by the Indian government, Mahabodhi Temple is restored to partial Buddhist control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/06/06", "description": "Red Scare: Celebrities including Helen Keller, Dorothy Parker, Danny Kaye, Fredric March, John Garfield, Paul Muni and Edward G. Robinson are named in an FBI report as Communist Party members.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/06/06", "description": "George Orwell's book ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/06/14", "description": " Albert II, a rhesus monkey, becomes the first primate to enter space, on U.S. Hermes project V-2 rocket ''Blossom IVB'', but is killed on impact at return.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/06/19", "description": " Glenn Dunnaway wins the inaugural NASCAR race at Charlotte Speedway, a 3\/4 mile oval in Charlotte, North Carolina, but is disqualified due to illegal springs. Jim Roper is declared the official winner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/06/24", "description": " The first television western, ''Hopalong Cassidy'', airs on NBC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/06/24", "description": "Dock workers strike in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/06/24", "description": "Apartheid: The ''South African Citizenship Act'' suspends the granting of citizenship to British Commonwealth immigrants after 5 years and imposes a ban on mixed marriages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/07/01", "description": " The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India was established", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/07/11", "description": " ''Pamir'' is the last ''commercial'' sailing ship to round Cape Horn under sail alone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/07/19", "description": " The Kingdom of Laos is officially formed but is not independent from the French Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/07/20", "description": " Israel and Syria sign a truce to end their 19-month war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/07/27", "description": " The de Havilland Comet, the Worlds First Jet-Powered Airliner, makes its first flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/07/30", "description": " Birth of legal aid in England and Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/07/31", "description": " Captain Kerans of the ''HMS Amethyst'' decides to make a break after nightfall, under heavy fire from the Chinese People's Liberation Army on both sides of the Yangtze River, and successfully rejoins the fleet at Woosung the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/08/05", "description": " A 6.75 Richter scale earthquake in Ecuador kills 6,000 and destroys 50 towns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/08/08", "description": " Bhutan becomes independent", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/08/12", "description": " The Fourth Geneva Convention is agreed to.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/08/12", "description": "The Salvatore Giuliano Gang explodes mines under a police barracks outside Palermo, Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/08/12", "description": "A military coup in Syria ousts the president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/08/21", "description": "  Deportivo Saprissa enters Costa Rica ampndash soccer's first division.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/08/22", "description": " The Queen Charlotte earthquake is Canada's largest earthquake since the 1700 Cascadia earthquake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/08/24", "description": " North Atlantic Treaty Organization established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/08/28", "description": " The last 6 surviving veterans of the American Civil War meet in Indianapolis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/08/28", "description": "The Council of Europe meets for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/08/28", "description": "The Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb, code named ampquotJoe 1ampquot.  Its design imitates the American plutonium bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan in 1945.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/08/31", "description": " The retreat of the Greek Democratic Army in Albania after its defeat at Mount Grammos marks the end of the Greek Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/08/31", "description": "Howard Unruh, a World War II veteran, kills thirteen neighbors in Camden, New Jersey with a souvenir Luger to become America's first single-episode mass murderer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/08/31", "description": "Allied military authorities relinquish control of former Nazi Germany assets back to Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/09/07", "description": " The Federal Republic of Germany is officially founded. Konrad Adenauer is the first federal chancellor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/09/07", "description": "Albert Guay affair: A dynamite bomb destroys Canadian Pacific Airlines Douglas DC-3 in Quebec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/09/07", "description": "Notorious World War II veteran Edwin Alonzo Boyd commits his first career bank robbery in Toronto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/09/13", "description": " The Soviet Union vetoes United Nations membership for Ceylon, Finland, Iceland, Italy, Jordan and Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/09/17", "description": " The Canadian steamship ''SS Noronic'' burns in Toronto Harbour with the loss of over 118 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/09/19", "description": " The United Kingdom government devalues the pound sterling from $4.03 to $2.80, leading to many other currencies being devalued.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/09/23", "description": " U.S. Harry S. Truman announced that the USSR had the atomic bomb", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/09/24", "description": " Laszlo Rajk, ex-foreign minister of Hungary, is sentenced to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/09/24", "description": "The First Plenary Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference approves a design for the Flag of the People's Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/09/24", "description": "Iva Toguri D'Aquino is found guilty of broadcasting for Japan as ampquotTokyo Roseampquot during World War II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/10/01", "description": " The People's Republic of China is officially proclaimed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/10/07", "description": " The Democratic Republic of Germany DDR is established officially", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/10/13", "description": " Severe flooding hits Guatemala.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/10/16", "description": " Civil war ends in Greece with a communist surrender.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/10/17", "description": " Chinese communist troops take Guangzhou", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/10/17", "description": "Chinese communist troops fail to take Quemoy in the Battle of Kuningtou their advance towards Taiwan is halted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/10/17", "description": "An airliner flying from Paris to New York crashes in the Azores island of S\u00e3o Miguel. Among the victims are violinist Ginette Neveu and French boxer Marcel Cerdan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/11/15", "description": " Nathuram Godse and Narayan Apte are executed for assassinating Mohandas Gandhi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/11/24", "description": " The ski resort in Squaw Valley, California officially opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/11/26", "description": " The Indian Constituent Assembly adopts India's constitution <a href=\"http:\/\/lawmin.nic.in\/coi.htm.\">http:\/\/lawmin.nic.in\/coi.htm.<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/11/27", "description": " Indonesia is recognized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/11/28", "description": " Winston Churchill makes a landmark speech in support of the idea of a European Union at Kingsway Hall, London.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ena.lu\/address_given_winston_churchill_london_28_november_1949-020002899.html|title=Address\">http:\/\/www.ena.lu\/address_given_winston_churchill_london_28_november_1949-020002899.html|title=Address<\/a> given by Winston Churchill (London, 28 November 1949)|date=28 November 1949|publisher=european navigator The first digital library on the history of Europe|accessdate=2009-08-15}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/12/07", "description": " The government of the Republic of China finishes its evacuation to Taiwan, and declares Taipei its temporary capital city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/12/08", "description": " United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) established as a UN agency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/12/10", "description": " Robert Menzies elected prime minister of Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/12/14", "description": " Traicho Kostov, ex-vice prime minister of Bulgaria, is sentenced to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/12/15", "description": " A typhoon strikes a fishing fleet off Korea, killing several thousand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/12/16", "description": " Sukarno is elected president of the Republic of Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/12/17", "description": " Burma recognizes the People's Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/12/27", "description": " Queen Juliana of the Netherlands grants Indonesia sovereignty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/12/30", "description": " India recognizes the People's Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/12/30", "description": "The Malta Labour Party is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/12/30", "description": "The Vatican announces that bones uncovered in its subterranean catacombs could be the apostle Peter 19 years later, Pope Paul VI announces confirmation that the bones belong to this first pope.ampampampquotYear by Year 1949ampquot \u2013 History Channel International.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/12/30", "description": "The first 20ampampnbspmm M61 Vulcan Gatling gun prototypes are completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/12/30", "description": "1949 was the first year in which no African-American was reported lynched in the USA.ampamp''From Harding to Hiroshima'' by Barrington Boardman (1988), p. 14. ISBN 0-934878-94-3ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/12/30", "description": "Joseph Stalin launches a savage attack on Soviet Jews, accusing them of being pro-Western and antisocialist.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/12/30", "description": "Samuel Putnam publishes his new translation of ''Don Quixote'', the first in what we would consider modern English. It is instantly acclaimed and, in 2008, is still in print.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1949/12/30", "description": "Fernand Braudel's ''La M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e et le Monde M\u00e9diterran\u00e9en \u00e0 l'Epoque de Philippe II'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/01/01", "description": " The International Police Association (IPA) ampndash the largest police organization in the world ampndash is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/01/05", "description": " U.S. Senator Estes Kefauver introduces a resolution calling for an investigation of organized crime in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/01/06", "description": " The United Kingdom recognizes the People's Republic of China the Republic of China severs diplomatic relations with Britain in response.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/01/07", "description": " A fire consumes Mercy Hospital in Davenport, Iowa, killing 39 patients.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/01/09", "description": " The Israeli government recognizes the People's Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/01/11", "description": " Huk guerrillas manhandle the town of Hermosa, Bataan in the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/01/11", "description": "The British submarine ''Truculent'' collides with a Swedish oil tanker in the Thames Estuary and sinks 64 die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/01/11", "description": "Cold War: U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson delivers his 'Perimeter Speech', outlining the boundary of U.S. security guarantees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/01/13", "description": " Finland forms diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/01/17", "description": " Great Brinks Robbery: Eleven thieves steal more than $2 million from the Brink's armored car company headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/01/21", "description": " Accused communist spy Alger Hiss is convicted of perjury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/01/23", "description": " The Knesset passes a resolution that states Jerusalem is the capital of Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/01/24", "description": " Cold War: Klaus Fuchs, German \u00e9migr\u00e9 and physicist, confesses to an MI5 interrogator that he is a Soviet spy: for 7 years, he passed top secret data on U.S. and British nuclear weapons research to the Soviet Union.  Fuchs is formally charged on February 2. Christopher Andrew, ''Defend the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5'' (Random House Digital, 2009) pp387-388", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/01/26", "description": " India promulgates its constitution, forming a republic, and Rajendra Prasad is sworn in as its first president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/01/29", "description": " Lord Balfour criticizes the fact that rationing is still in force in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/01/29", "description": "President Harry S. Truman orders the development of the hydrogen bomb, in response to the detonation of the Soviet Union's first atomic bomb in 1949.ampref name=ampquotHCIampquotampampquotYear by Year 1950ampquot \u2013 History Channel Internationalampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/01/29", "description": "The last Kuomintang troops surrender in mainland China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/01", "description": " Chiang Kai-shek is re-elected as a president of the Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/04", "description": " Ingrid Bergman's illegitimate child arouses ire in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/06", "description": " First Cabinet Secretary N.R.Pillai appointed in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/08", "description": " Payment first made by Diners Club card, in New York, first use of a charge card.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/09", "description": " Second Red Scare: In his speech to the Republican Women's Club at the McClure Hotel in Wheeling, West Virginia, Senator Joseph McCarthy accuses the United States Department of State of being filled with 205 Communists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/09", "description": "Two Viet Minh battalions attack a French base in French Indochina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/09", "description": "Finland recognizes Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/09", "description": "Pro-communist riots erupt in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/09", "description": "The European Broadcasting Union is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/09", "description": "Albert Einstein warns that nuclear war could lead to mutual destruction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/09", "description": "The U.S. Army begins to deploy anti-aircraft cannons to protect nuclear stations and military targets.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/09", "description": "British Columbia B-36 crash - The U.S. Air Force loses a Convair B-36 bomber that carried an Mark 4 nuclear bomb off the west coast of Canada, and produces the world's first Broken Arrow.{{citation needed|date=February 2011}}amp!--Was this term, in fact, used in 1950? Does it really qualify, as the core was a lead training dummy?--amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/14", "description": " Cold War:", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/14", "description": "The Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China sign a mutual defense treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/14", "description": "In an election speech at Edinburgh, Winston Churchill proposes ampquota parley at the summitampquot with Soviet leaders, first use of term ampquotsummitampquot for such a meeting.ampref name=ampquotKynastonampquotamp{{cite book|first=David|last=Kynaston|title=Austerity Britain 1945-51|location=London|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7475-7985-4|page=385}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/14", "description": "Juho Kusti Paasikivi is re-elected president of Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/14", "description": "Walt Disney releases his 12th animated film, ''Cinderella'' in Hollywood.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/19", "description": " Konrad Adenauer tries unsuccessfully to negotiate with East Germany to begin unification.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/21", "description": " Cunard liner RMS Aquitania arrives at the scrapyard in Faslane at the end of a 36 year career, the longest of any in the 20th Century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/23", "description": " United Kingdom general election, 1950 : The Labour Party, led by Clement Attlee remains in office but the Tories, led by Winston Churchill increase their seats in the House of Commons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/23", "description": "Klaus Fuchs is convicted in London of spying against both Britain and the United States for the Soviet Union, by giving to the latter top secret atomic bomb data.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/23", "description": "Acting Chinese President Li Tsung-jen ends his term in office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/02/23", "description": "Chiang Kai-shek resumes his duties as Chinese president after moving his government to Taipei, Taiwan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/03/03", "description": " Poland states that it intends to exile all Germans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/03/03", "description": "The Soviet Union claims to have an atomic bomb.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/03/03", "description": "The first Volkswagen Type 2 (also known as the Microbus) rolls off the assembly line in Wolfsburg, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/03/12", "description": " A plane carrying returning rugby fans from Ireland to Wales crashes near Llandow, with the loss of 80 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/03/12", "description": "March 13 ampndash In Belgium, the referendum over the monarchy shows 57.7% support the return of King L\u00e9opold III, 42.3% against.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/03/14", "description": " The ship ''Cygnet'' hits a mine off the Dutch coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/03/17", "description": " University of California, Berkeley researchers announce the creation of element 98, which they have named quotcaliforniumquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/03/18", "description": " The Belgian government collapses as a referendum votes in favour of the return from exile of King L\u00e9opold III.{{cite news| url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/march\/18\/newsid_2840000\/2840237.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/march\/18\/newsid_2840000\/2840237.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title=1950: Government falls as Belgians vote for king | date=March 18, 1950}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/03/20", "description": " The Polish government decides to confiscate the property of the Polish Catholic Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/03/22", "description": " Egypt demands that Britain remove all its troops in the Suez Canal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/03/22", "description": "The 22nd Academy Awards ceremony is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/03/22", "description": "World Meteorological Organization (WMO)", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/03/22", "description": "Influential British comic ''Eagle'' is launched", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/03/22", "description": "NSC-68 is issued by the United States National Security Council", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/04/15", "description": " Belgian King Leopold III announces that he is ready to abdicate in favor of his son Baudouin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/04/24", "description": " Jordan formally annexes the West Bank.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/04/24", "description": "Apartheid: In South Africa, the Group Areas Act is passed, formally segregating the races.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/04/24", "description": "Britain formally recognises Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/05/01", "description": " UNRWA operations begin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/05/01", "description": "The town of Cazin (Bosnia) rises up against Communist agrarian reforms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/05/01", "description": "Tollund Man is unearthed in Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/05/01", "description": "Robert Schuman presents his proposal for the creation of a pan-European organisation, which he believes to be indispensable to the maintenance of permanently peaceful relations between the different nations of the continent. This proposal, known as the ampquotSchuman declarationampquot, is considered to be the beginning of the creation of what is now the European Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/05/01", "description": "L. Ron Hubbard publishes ''Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/05/11", "description": " The Kefauver Committee hearings into U.S. organized crime begin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/05/13", "description": " The first race in the inaugural FIA Formula One World Championship is held at Silverstone, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/05/14", "description": " The Huntsville Times runs the headline, quot''Dr. von Braun Says Rocket Flights Possible to Moon.''quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/05/17", "description": "Celal Bayar becomes the third president of Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/05/17", "description": "Adnan Menderes of DP forms the new government of Turkey (19th government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/05/24", "description": " Maritime Administration (under Department of Commerce).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/05/25", "description": " The Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel is formally opened to traffic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/05/29", "description": " ''St. Roch'', the first ship to circumnavigate North America, arrives in Halifax, Nova Scotia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/06/01", "description": "June 23 ampndash Mauna Loa in Hawaii starts erupting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/06/03", "description": " Annapurna I, 10th highest mountain in the world, is first ascended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/06/06", "description": " Turkey: The Adhan in Arabic is legalized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/06/08", "description": " Sir Thomas Blamey becomes the only Field Marshal in Australian history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/06/25", "description": " Korean War begins: North Korean troops cross the 38th parallel into South Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/06/26", "description": " The South African Parliament passes the Suppression of Communism Act, No. 44 of 1950.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/06/27", "description": " Korean War: U.S. President Harry S. Truman orders American military forces to aid in the defense of South Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/06/28", "description": " Korean War: North Korean forces capture Seoul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/06/28", "description": " Korean War: Hangang Bridge bombing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/06/28", "description": " Korean War: Seoul National University Hospital Massacre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/07/16", "description": " Uruguay beat Brazil 2\u20131 to win the 1950 World Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/07/17", "description": " The Suppression of Communism Act, passed on June 26, comes into force in South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/07/17", "description": "Florence Chadwick swims across the English Channel in 13 hours, 22 minutes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/07/17", "description": "A bomb-laden B-29 Superfortress crashes into a residential area in California 17 are killed, 68 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/08/06", "description": " Monarchist demonstrations lead to a riot in Brussels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/08/08", "description": " Winston Churchill supports idea of a pan-European army allied with Canada and the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/08/12", "description": " Korean War: Bloody Gulch massacre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/08/12", "description": " In his encyclical ''Humani Generis'', Pope Pius XII declares evolution to be a serious hypothesis that did not contradict essential Catholic teachings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/08/15", "description": " An earthquake and floods in Assam, India kill 574 and leave 5,000,000 homeless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/08/17", "description": " Korean War: Hill 303 massacre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/08/22", "description": " The Immaculate Heart of Mary Seminary is founded in Tagbilaran City, Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/08/23", "description": " Legendary singer-actor Paul Robeson, whose passport had recently been revoked because of his alleged Communist affiliations, meets with U.S. officials in an effort to get it reinstated. He is unsuccessful, and it is not reinstated until 1958.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/08/23", "description": "Darlington Raceway is the site of the inaugural Southern 500, the first 500-mile NASCAR race.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/08/23", "description": "The comic strip ''Beetle Bailey'' is created by Mort Walker.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/08/23", "description": "A coal mine collapse in New Cumnock, Scotland, kills 13 miners 116 are rescued.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/08/23", "description": "The game show ''Truth or Consequences'' debuts on television.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/09/08", "description": " The Defense Production Act is enacted into law in the U.S., shaping American military contracting for the next 60 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/09/09", "description": " The U.S. state of California celebrates its centennial anniversary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/09/12", "description": " Communist riots erupt in Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/09/15", "description": " Korean War ampndash Battle of Inchon: Allied troops commanded by Douglas MacArthur land in Inchon, occupied by North Korea, to begin a U.N. counteroffensive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/09/19", "description": " West Germany decides to purge communist officials.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/09/22", "description": " World Dance Council inaugurated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/09/26", "description": " Indonesia is admitted to the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/09/30", "description": " NSC-68 is enacted by President Truman, setting U.S. foreign policy for the next 20 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/10/02", "description": " The comic strip ''Peanuts'' by Charles M. Schulz is first published in seven U.S. newspapers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/10/03", "description": " Get\u00falio Dornelles Vargas is elected president of Brazil for a 5-year term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/10/05", "description": " The Indonesian government quells riots in the Moluccas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/10/05", "description": "The 1950-1951 invasion of Tibet by People's Republic of China begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/10/05", "description": "The Agate Pass Bridge opens for traffic in Washington State.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/10/09", "description": " Goyang Geumjeong Cave Massacre started.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/10/11", "description": " The Federal Communications Commission issues the first license to broadcast television in color, to CBS (RCA will successfully dispute and block the license from taking effect, however).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/10/11", "description": "The second Tacoma Narrows Bridge opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/10/11", "description": "In East Germany, the Communists win 99.7% of the vote.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/10/19", "description": " Korean War: The People's Republic of China enters the conflict by sending thousands of soldiers across the Yalu River", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/10/20", "description": " Australia passes the Communist Party Dissolution Act, which is later struck down by the High Court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/10/28", "description": " Torcida Split is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/10/30", "description": " The Jayuya Uprising is started by Puerto Rican Nationalists against the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/10/30", "description": "Pope Pius XII witnesses ampquotThe Miracle of the Sunampquot at the Vaticanampamp{{cite book|first=Joseph|last=Pelletier|title=The Sun Danced at Fatima|publisher=Doubleday|location=New York|year=1983|pages=150, 151}}ampamp and defines a new dogma of Roman Catholicism, the Munificentissimus Deus, which says that God took Mary's body into Heaven after her death (the ampquotAssumption of the Blessed Virgin Maryampquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/10/30", "description": "Puerto Rican nationalists Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo attempt to assassinate U.S. President Harry S. Truman, who is staying at the Blair-Lee House in Washington, D.C. during White House repairs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/11/04", "description": " The United Nations ends the diplomatic isolation of Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/11/08", "description": " Korean War: While in an F-80, United States Air Force Lt. Russell J. Brown intercepts 2 North Korean MiG-15s near the Yalu River and shoots them down in the first jet-to-jet dogfight in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/11/10", "description": " A U.S. Air Force B-50 Superfortress bomber, experiencing an in-flight emergency, jettisons and detonates a Mark 4 nuclear bomb over Quebec, Canada (the device lacked its plutonium core).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/11/11", "description": " The Mattachine Society is founded in Los Angeles as the first gay-liberation organization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/11/11", "description": "Colonel Carlos Delgado Chalbaud is kidnapped and murdered in Caracas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/11/11", "description": "A Curtiss Reid Flying Services plane crashes while enroute to Paris from Rome, killing all 52 on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/11/18", "description": " The United Nations accepts the formation of the Libyan National Council.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/11/20", "description": " T. S. Eliot speaks against television in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/11/20", "description": "Anti-British riots erupt in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/11/20", "description": "Shirley Temple announces her retirement from show business.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/11/24", "description": " A phenomenal winter storm ravages the northeastern United States, brings 30 to 50ampnbspinches of snow, temperatures below zero, and kills 323 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/11/26", "description": " Korean War: Troops from the People's Republic of China launched a massive counterattack against South Korean and United Nations forces at the Ch'ongch'on River and the Chosin Reservoir, dashing any hopes for a quick end to the conflict.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/11/26", "description": "Colombo Plan for Co-operative Economic Development in South and South-East Asia", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/11/26", "description": "Greece and Yugoslavia reform diplomatic relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/11/29", "description": " The National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/11/30", "description": " Douglas MacArthur threatens to use nuclear weapons in Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/11/30", "description": "Korean War: General Walton Walker orders United Nations forces to evacuate North Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/11/30", "description": "Mt. Etna erupts in Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/11", "description": "December 13 ampndash The Maria Hertogh riots occur in Singapore, leaving 18 dead and 173 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/12", "description": " Paula Ackerman becomes the first woman in the United States to serve a congregation as a Rabbi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/16", "description": " The Office of Defense Mobilization is established in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/24", "description": "December 25 ampndash Scottish nationalists take the Stone of Scone from Westminster Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/28", "description": " The Peak District becomes Britain's first National Park.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/28", "description": "The first pagers are developed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/28", "description": "The first TV remote control, Zenith Radio's ''Lazy Bones'', is marketed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/28", "description": "Canadians Harry Wasylyk, Larry Hansen and Frank Plomp introduce the plastic bin bag for garbage collection.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/28", "description": "Myxomatosis is introduced into Australia in an attempt to control the escalating rabbit population.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/28", "description": "IBM Israel begins operating in Tel Aviv.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/28", "description": "President Harry Truman sends United States military advisers to Vietnam to aid French forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/28", "description": "France institutes a government-guaranteed minimum wage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/28", "description": "Knox's Translation of the Vulgate Old Testament (commissioned by the Catholic Church) is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/28", "description": "The Pathet Lao is formed from an unknown insurgency in Laos to overthrow the French Army within the nation and Laos enters the First Indochina War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/28", "description": "Total world population:", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/28", "description": "Africa: 221,214,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/28", "description": "Asia: 1,398,488,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/28", "description": "Europe: 547,403,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/28", "description": "Latin America: 167,097,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/28", "description": "North America: 171,616,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1950/12/28", "description": "Oceania: 12,812,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/01/01", "description": " First week as No. 1 single on ''Billboard'' and ''Cashbox'' charts of Patti Page hit song quotTennessee Waltzquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/01/09", "description": " The Government of the United Kingdom announces abandonment of the Tanganyika groundnut scheme for the cultivation of peanuts in the Tanganyika Territory with the writing off of \u00a336.5M debt.{{cite news|work=The Times|location=London|date=10 January 1951|page=6|issue=51895|title=Groundnuts Plan Modified}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/01/15", "description": " Ilse Koch, The quotWitch of Buchenwaldquot, wife of the commandant of the Buchenwald concentration camp, is sentenced to life imprisonment in a court in West Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/01/18", "description": " Korean War: Third Battle of Seoul: Chinese and North Korean forces capture Seoul for the second time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/01/20", "description": " Avalanches in the Alps kill 240 and bury 45,000 for a time in Switzerland, Austria and Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/01/25", "description": " Dutch author Anne de Vries releases the first volume of her novel ''Journey Through the Night'' (''Reis door de nacht'') set during World War II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/01/27", "description": " Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site begins with a 1-kiloton bomb dropped on Frenchman Flat, northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/01/27", "description": "February ampampndash Convention People's Party wins national elections in Gold Coast (British colony).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/02/01", "description": " The United Nations General Assembly declares that China is an aggressor in the Korean War in United Nations General Assembly Resolution 498.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/02/04", "description": "February 8 ampndash Surgeons remove an ovarian cyst from Gertrude Levandowski in a 96-hour long operation in Chicago. She loses almost half of her weight and emerges weighing 140ampnbspkg.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wired.com\/thisdayintech\/tag\/gertrude-levandowski\/\">http:\/\/www.wired.com\/thisdayintech\/tag\/gertrude-levandowski\/<\/a> This Day in Tech History, ''Wired'', February 4, 2010.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/02/06", "description": " A Pennsylvania Railroad passenger train derails near Woodbridge Township, New Jersey, killing 85 people and injuring over 500, in one of the worst rail disasters in American history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/02/12", "description": " Muhammad Reza Shah marries Soraya Esfandiary Bakhtiari.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/02/15", "description": " Start of the 1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute, which lasts for 151 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/02/19", "description": " Jean Lee becomes the last woman hanged in Australia, when Lee and her 2 pimps are hanged for the murder and torture of a 73-year-old bookmaker.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/02/27", "description": " The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, limiting Presidents to two terms, is ratified.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/03/02", "description": " The first NBA All-Star game was played in the Boston Garden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/03/06", "description": " The trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/03/09", "description": " United Artists releases sci-fi film ''The Man from Planet X''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/03/12", "description": " Hank Ketcham's best-selling comic strip  ''Dennis the Menace'', appeared in newspapers across the U.S. for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/03/12", "description": "Korean War: For the second time, United Nations troops recapture Seoul during Operation Ripper.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/03/12", "description": "West Germany joins UNESCO.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/03/12", "description": "Second Red Scare: Ethel and Julius Rosenberg are convicted of conspiracy to commit espionage.  On April 5 they are sentenced to receive the death penalty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/03/12", "description": "Rodgers and Hammerstein's ''The King and I'' opens on Broadway and runs for 3 years. It's the first Rodgers ampamp Hammerstein musical specifically written for an actress (Gertrude Lawrence). Lawrence is stricken with cancer during the run of the show and dies halfway through its run a year later. The show makes a star of Yul Brynner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/03/12", "description": "The 23rd Academy Awards ceremony is held All About Eve wins Best Picture and 4 others.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/03/31", "description": " Remington Rand delivers the first UNIVAC I computer to the United States Census Bureau.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/04/01", "description": " Female suffrage begins in Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/04/01", "description": "U.S. President Harry S Truman relieves General Douglas MacArthur of his Far Eastern commands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/04/01", "description": "After its removal from Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day, 1950, the Stone of Scone resurfaces on the altar of Arbroath Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/04/18", "description": " The Treaty of Paris (1951) is adopted, establishing the European Coal and Steel Community.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/04/21", "description": " The National Olympic Committee of the Soviet Union is formed. The USSR first participates in the Olympic Games at Helsinki, Finland, in 1952.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/04/24", "description": " In Yokohama, Japan a fire on a train kills more than 100.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/04/28", "description": " Robert Menzies' Liberal Party government in Australia is re-elected for a second term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/04/29", "description": " RKO releases the Howard Hawks sci-fi film, quotThe Thing (From Another World)quot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/05/01", "description": " The Opera house of Geneva, Switzerland is almost destroyed in a fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/05/01", "description": "King George VI opens London's Royal Festival Hall as a patron.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/05/01", "description": "The Festival of Britain opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/05/01", "description": "The U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services and U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations begins its closed door hearings into the dismissal of General Douglas MacArthur by U.S. President Harry S Truman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/05/09", "description": " Operation Greenhouse: The first  thermonuclear weapon is tested on Enewetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands, by the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/05/14", "description": " The first volunteer-run passenger trains run on Talyllyn Railway, Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/05/15", "description": " A military coup occurs in Bolivia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/05/21", "description": " The Ninth Street Show, otherwise known as the 9th Street Art Exhibition, a gathering of a number of notable artists, marks the stepping-out of the post war New York avant-garde, collectively known as the New York School.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/05/23", "description": " The Tibetan government signs the Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet with the People's Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/05/25", "description": " The first atomic bomb quotboostedquot by the inclusion of thermonuclear materials, is tested in the quotItemquot test on Enewetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands by the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/06/14", "description": " UNIVAC I is dedicated by the U.S. Census Bureau.{{cite news| url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2001\/TECH\/industry\/06\/14\/computing.anniversary\/\">http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2001\/TECH\/industry\/06\/14\/computing.anniversary\/<\/a> | work=CNN | title=50th anniversary of the UNIVAC I | accessdate=April 20, 2010 | date=June 14, 2001}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/06/15", "description": " July 1- In New Mexico, Arizona, California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, thousands of acres of forests are destroyed in fires.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/06/15", "description": "Colombo Plan operations commence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/06/15", "description": "Judy Garland opens the first of 14 concerts in Dublin, Ireland at the Theatre Royal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/07/05", "description": " William Shockley, John Bardeen, and Walter Brattain announce the invention of the junction transistor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/07/10", "description": " Korean War: Armistice negotiations begin at Kaesong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/07/10", "description": "The Great Flood of 1951 reaches its highest point in Northeast Kansas, culminating in the greatest flood damage to date in the Midwestern United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/07/10", "description": "MGM's Technicolor film version of ''Show Boat'', starring Kathryn Grayson, Ava Gardner, and Howard Keel, premieres at Radio City Music Hall in New York City. The musical brings overnight fame to bass-baritone William Warfield (who sings ''Ol' Man River'' in the film).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/07/14", "description": " In Joplin, Missouri, the George Washington Carver National Monument becomes the first United States National Monument to honor an African American.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/07/16", "description": " King L\u00e9opold III of Belgium abdicates in favour of his son Baudouin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/07/17", "description": " King Baudouin takes the oath as king of Belgium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/07/20", "description": " King Abdullah I of Jordan is assassinated by a Palestinian while attending Friday prayers in Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/07/26", "description": " Walt Disney's 13th animated film, ''Alice in Wonderland'', premieres in London, United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/07/30", "description": " David Lean's ''Oliver Twist'' is finally shown in the United States, after 10 minutes of supposedly anti-Semitic references and closeups of Alec Guinness as Fagin are cut. It will not be shown uncut in the U.S. until 1970.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/07/30", "description": "August ampampndash Paramount Pictures releases George Pal science fiction film ''When Worlds Collide''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/08/11", "description": " Ren\u00e9 Pleven becomes Prime Minister of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/08/12", "description": " ''The Catcher in the Rye'' is first published by J.D. Salinger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/09/01", "description": " The United States, Australia and New Zealand all sign a mutual defense pact, called the ANZUS Treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/09/03", "description": " The American soap opera ''Search for Tomorrow'' debuts on CBS. After over 30 years, the show switches to NBC on March 26, 1982. ''Search for Tomorrow'' airs its final episode on December 26, 1986.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/09/03", "description": "Treaty of San Francisco: In San Francisco, California, 48 nations sign a peace treaty with Japan to formally end the Pacific War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/09/03", "description": "Japan-U.S. Security Treaty, which allows United States Armed Forces being stationed in Japan after the occupation of Japan, is signed by Japan and the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/09/09", "description": " Chinese communist forces move into Lhasa, the capital of Tibet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/09/10", "description": " The United Kingdom begins an economic boycott of Iran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/09/18", "description": " Tennessee Williams's adaptation of ''A Streetcar Named Desire'' premieres, becoming a critical and box-office smash.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/09/20", "description": " NATO accepts Greece and Turkey as members.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/09/24", "description": " MGM releases quotShow Boatquot musical movie.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/09/26", "description": "September 28 ampndash A blue sun is seen over Europe: the effect is due to ash coming from the Canadian forest fires 4 months previously.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/09/28", "description": " 20th Century Fox releases the Robert Wise science fiction film, quotThe Day the Earth Stood Stillquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/10/03", "description": " quotShot Heard 'Round the Worldquot: One of the greatest moments in Major League Baseball history occurs when the New York Giants' Bobby Thomson hits a game winning home run in the bottom of the 9th inning off of Brooklyn Dodgers pitcher Ralph Branca, to win the National League pennant after being down 14 games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/10/03", "description": "MGM's Technicolor musical film, ''An American in Paris'', starring Gene Kelly and Leslie Caron, premieres in New York. It was directed by Vincente Minnelli. It would go on to win 6 Academy Awards, including Best Picture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/10/03", "description": "Shoppers World (one the first shopping malls in the U.S.) opens in Framingham, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/10/06", "description": " Malayan Emergency: Communist insurgents kill British commander Sir Henry Gurney.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/10/14", "description": " Organization of Central American States (ODECA) (Organizaci\u00f3n de Estados Centroamericanos) formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/10/14", "description": "Norethindrone, the progestin used in the oral contraceptive is synthesized by Luis E. Miramontes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/10/14", "description": "''I Love Lucy'' makes its television debut on CBS.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/10/14", "description": "Judy Garland begins her legendary concerts in New York's Palace Theatre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/10/14", "description": "Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan of Pakistan is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/10/17", "description": " CBS' Eye logo premieres on TV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/10/20", "description": " The ''Johnny Bright Incident'' occurs in Stillwater, Oklahoma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/10/21", "description": " A storm in southern Italy kills over 100.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/10/24", "description": " U.S. President Harry Truman declares an official end to war with Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/10/26", "description": " Winston Churchill is re-elected Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in a general election which sees the defeat of Clement Attlee's Labour government after six years in power.{{cite news| url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/october\/26\/newsid_3687000\/3687425.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/october\/26\/newsid_3687000\/3687425.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title=1951: Churchill wins general election | date=October 26, 1951| accessdate= 3 October 2010 !--DASHBot--| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101029105110\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/october\/26\/newsid_3687000\/3687425.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101029105110\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/october\/26\/newsid_3687000\/3687425.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 29 October 2010| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/10/27", "description": " Farouk of Egypt declares himself king of Sudan, with no support.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/10/31", "description": " ''Scrooge'', starring Alastair Sim, opens in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/11/01", "description": " The first military exercises for nuclear war, with infantry troops included, are held in the Nevada desert.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/11/10", "description": " Direct dial coast-to-coast telephone service begins in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/11/10", "description": "Juan Peron is re-elected president of Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/11/10", "description": "Monogram Pictures releases sci-fi film ''Flight to Mars''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/11/12", "description": " The National Ballet of Canada performs for the first time in Eaton Auditorium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/11/20", "description": " The Po River floods in northern Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/11/24", "description": " The Broadway play ''Gigi'' opens, starring little known actress Audrey Hepburn as the lead 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and 200 buildings destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/12/16", "description": " Salar Jung Museum is opened to the public by Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/12/16", "description": "EBR-1, the world's first (experimental) nuclear power plant, opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/12/16", "description": "A chartered C46 Curtis Commando crash lands in Cobourg, Ontario Canada all on board survived.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/12/16", "description": "WMO becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1951/12/22", "description": " The Selangor Labour Party is founded in Selangor, Malaya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", 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Marshall Plan |work=For European Recovery: The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Marshall Plan |publisher=The Library of Congress |date=2005-07-11 |accessdate=2009-10-29| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091013025310\/http:\/\/www.loc.gov\/exhibits\/marshall\/mars.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091013025310\/http:\/\/www.loc.gov\/exhibits\/marshall\/mars.html|<\/a> archivedate= 13 October 2009 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/01/08", "description": "West Germany has 8 million refugees inside its borders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/01/14", "description": "''Today'' premieres on NBC, eventually becoming one of the longest-running television series in America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/01/24", "description": "Vincent Massey is sworn in as the first Canada-born 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Truman announces that he will not seek reelection.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/03/29", "description": "In the Hague Tribunal, Israel demands reparations worth $3 billion from Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/03/29", "description": "West Ice accidents: During a severe storm in the West Ice, east of Greenland, 78 seal hunters on 5 Norwegian seal hunting vessels perish without a trace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/04/07", "description": "The American Research Bureau reports that the I Love Lucy episode, quotThe Marriage Licensequot was the first TV show in history to be seen in around 10,000,000 homes the evening the episode aired.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/04/08", "description": "''Youngstown Sheet amp Tube Co. v. 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Jets scramble on several occasions and the objects take evasive action, only to return after the jets leave the area.ref name=DC_UFO_Flap{{Cite web|last=Gross|first=Patrick|authorlink=Patrick Gross|title=The Washington D.C UFO flap of 1952|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ufologie.net\/htm\/usa1952.htm|date=2005-06-09|accessdate=2007-10-13|\">http:\/\/www.ufologie.net\/htm\/usa1952.htm|date=2005-06-09|accessdate=2007-10-13|<\/a> archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071028130037\/http:\/\/www.ufologie.net\/htm\/usa1952.htm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071028130037\/http:\/\/www.ufologie.net\/htm\/usa1952.htm|<\/a> archivedate= 28 October 2007 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= yes}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/07/19", "description": "August 3 \u2013 The 1952 Summer Olympics are held in Helsinki, Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/07/21", "description": "A magnitude 7.5 earthquake (Richter scale) strikes Tehachapi, California, destroying unreinforced brick buildings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/07/21", "description": "The European Coal and Steel Community is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/07/21", "description": "General Mohammed Naguib leads The Free Officers (formed by Gamal Abdel Nasser \u2013 the real power behind the coup) in the overthrow of King Farouk of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/07/25", "description": "Puerto Rico becomes a self-governing commonwealth of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/07/26", "description": "Eva Peron the so-called quotSpiritual Leaderquot of Argentina dies at 33 years of age at exactly 8:25 in the evening.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/08/05", "description": "The Treaty of Taipei between Japan and the Republic of China goes into effect, to officially end the Second Sino-Japanese War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/08/11", "description": "The Jordanian army forces King Talal to resign due to mental illness he is succeeded by his son Hussein of Jordan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/08/13", "description": "Japan joins the IMF.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/08/14", "description": "West Germany joins the IMF and the World Bank.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/08/16", "description": "Lynmouth, North Devon, England is devastated by floods 34 die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/08/26", "description": "A British passenger jet makes a return crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the same day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/08/27", "description": "Reparation negotiations between West Germany and Israel end in Luxembourg: Germany will pay 3 billion Deutsche Marks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/08/29", "description": "Composer John Cage's ''4\u203233\u2033'', during which the performer does not play, premieres in Woodstock, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/08/30", "description": "The last Finnish war reparations are sent to the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/08/31", "description": "The Grenzlandring racetrack closes in Wegberg, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/09/02", "description": "Dr. C. Walton Lillehei and Dr. F. John Lewis perform the first open-heart surgery at the University of Minnesota.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/09/06", "description": "Television debuts in Canada as the CBC in Montreal, Quebec airs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/09/08", "description": "CBC Toronto debuts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/09/10", "description": "European Parliamentary Assembly (from Mar 1962, European Parliament) opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/09/18", "description": "The Soviet Union vetoes Japan's application for membership in the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/09/18", "description": "Negotiations for a ceasefire in Korea are postponed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/09/18", "description": "A three-train crash at Harrow railway station in England kills 112 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/10/12", "description": "The Gamma Sigma Sigma National Service Sorority is founded in New York City at Panhellenic Tower.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/10/14", "description": "The United Nations begins work in the new United Nations building in New York City, designed by Le Corbusier and Oscar Niemeyer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/10/16", "description": "''Limelight'' opens in London writer\/actor\/director\/producer Charlie Chaplin arrives by ocean liner in transit his re-entry permit to the USA is revoked by J. Edgar Hoover.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/10/17", "description": "Indonesian troops led by General Nasution surround the presidential palace, seeking the dismissal of the People's Representative Council Sukarno avoids confrontation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/10/17", "description": "Alain Bombard begins to sail from the Canary Islands to Barbados in 65 days he reaches them December 23.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/10/17", "description": "John Bamford, aged 15, rescues victims of a house fire and becomes the youngest person to have been awarded the George Cross.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/10/20", "description": "Martial law is declared in Kenya due to the Mau Mau uprising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/11/01", "description": "Nuclear testing: Operation Ivy: The United States successfully detonates the first hydrogen bomb, codenamed quotMikequot, at Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands in the central Pacific Ocean, with a yield of 10.4 megatons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/11/01", "description": "Kamchatka earthquake: An 8.25 Richter scale (9.0 moment magnitude scale) earthquake hits the Kamchatka Peninsula of the Soviet Union, equal only to the 2011 Japanese earthquake.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/earthquake.usgs.gov\/regional\/world\/events\/1952_11_04.php|title=Historic\">http:\/\/earthquake.usgs.gov\/regional\/world\/events\/1952_11_04.php|title=Historic<\/a> Earthquakes \u2013 Kamchatka|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=2010-03-29|accessdate=2011-03-12}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/11/01", "description": "United States presidential election, 1952: Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower defeats Democrat Adlai Stevenson (correctly predicted by the UNIVAC computer).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/11/01", "description": "The U.S. National Security Agency is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/11/01", "description": "The Pace-Finletter MOU 1952: Memorandum of understanding is signed between ampquot...Air Force Secretary Finletter and Army Secretary Pace that established a fixed wing weight limit for the Army of five thousand pounds empty, but weight restrictions on helicopters were eliminated...ampquot(<a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=shwtKbTbEuECampamppg=PA196ampampdq=Army+%22November+4,+1952%22+Air+Forceampampclient=firefox-a\">http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=shwtKbTbEuECampamppg=PA196ampampdq=Army+%22November+4,+1952%22+Air+Forceampampclient=firefox-a<\/a> ''Pushing the Envelope'', p. 196)", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/11/18", "description": "Jomo Kenyatta is arrested in Kenya for an alleged connection to the Mau Mau uprising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/11/18", "description": "Sl\u00e1nsk\u00fd trials: A series of Stalinist and largely anti-Semitic show trials are held in Czechoslovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/11/18", "description": "A fireball crashes in a backyard in Havelock North, New Zealand.{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/11/18", "description": "The first official passenger flight over the North Pole is made from Los Angeles to Copenhagen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/11/21", "description": "A show trial in Czechoslovakia sentences 11 ex-communist officials (all of them Jews) to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/11/25", "description": "Agatha Christie's murder-mystery play ''The Mousetrap'' opens at the Ambassadors Theatre in London as of 2007, it continues next door at the St. Martin's Theatre, and remains the longest continuously running production of a play in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/11/29", "description": "Korean War: U.S. President-elect Dwight D. Eisenhower fulfills a political campaign promise, by traveling to Korea to find out what can be done to end the conflict.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/11/29", "description": "Adolfo Ruiz Cortines takes office as President of Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/11/29", "description": "The ''New York Daily News'' carries a front page story announcing that Christine Jorgensen, a transsexual woman in Denmark, has become the recipient of the first successful sexual reassignment operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/12/04", "description": "Great Smog of 1952: A quotkiller fogquot descends on London (in the process coining the word quotSmogquot, for quotsmokequot and quotfogquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/12/14", "description": "The first successful surgical separation of Siamese twins is conducted in Mount Sinai Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/12/20", "description": "The crash of a U.S. Air Force C-124 Globemaster at Moses Lake, WA kills 86 servicemen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/12/25", "description": "One West German soldier is killed in a shooting incident in West Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/12/26", "description": "Joseph Ivor Linton, the first Israeli Minister Plenipotentiary in Japan, presents his credentials to the Japanese Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/12/26", "description": "Nearly 58,000 cases of polio are reported in the U.S. 3,145 die and 21,269 are left with mild to disabling paralysis.ampamp{{Cite journal|title=A New Challenge for Former Polio Patients|journal=FDA Consumer|year=1991|month=June|first=Evelyn|last=Zamula|volume=25|issue=5|pages=|publisher=Food and Drug Administration}} {{Cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/bbs\/topics\/CONSUMER\/CON00006.html|title=\">http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/bbs\/topics\/CONSUMER\/CON00006.html|title=<\/a> Consumer|accessdate=29 August 2009|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080126120646\/http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/bbs\/topics\/CONSUMER\/CON00006.html\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080126120646\/http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/bbs\/topics\/CONSUMER\/CON00006.html<\/a> |archivedate=26 January 2008}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/12/26", "description": "The Nordic Council agrees to the unrestricted transport of people, goods and services throughout the Nordic Countries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/12/26", "description": "The National Prohibition Foundation is incorporated in Indiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/12/26", "description": "Saynatsalo Town Hall in Finland, designed by Alvar Aalto, is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/12/26", "description": "The influential multistorey residential building, Unit\u00e9 d'Habitation in Marseille, France, designed by Le Corbusier, is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/12/26", "description": "The American Embassy School of New Delhi is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/12/26", "description": "The Swedish paratrooper training school Fallsk\u00e4rmsj\u00e4garna(FJS) is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/12/26", "description": "Twelve-year-old Jimmy Boyd's record of ''I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus'' is released, selling 3 million records", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/12/26", "description": "Capitol Wrestling Corporation, the professional wrestling promotion that would later evolve into the modern day WWE is founded by Jess McMahon and Toots Mondt", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1952/12/26", "description": "During the Mau Mau Uprising, the poisonous latex of the African milk bush was used kill cattle in an incident of Biological warfare.ampref name=ampquotBiological warfareampquotamp{{Cite book|last=Verdourt|first=Bernard|coauthors=Trump, E.C. and Church, M.E. Church|title=Common poisonous plants of East Africa|publisher=Collins|year=1969|location=London|pages=254}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/01/05", "description": "Samuel Beckett's play ''Waiting For Godot'' has its first public stage premi\u00e8re in French as ''En attendant Godot'' at the Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de Babylone in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/01/06", "description": "The Asian Socialist Conference opens in Rangoon, Burma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/01/07", "description": "President Harry S. Truman announces the United States has developed a hydrogen bomb.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/01/12", "description": "Estonian \u00e9migr\u00e9s found a government in exile in Oslo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/01/12", "description": "Marshal Josip Broz Tito is chosen President of Yugoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/01/12", "description": "The CIA-sponsored Robertson Panel first meets to discuss the UFO phenomenon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/01/15", "description": "Georg Dertinger, foreign minister of East Germany, is arrested for spying.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/01/19", "description": "71.1% of all television sets in the United States are tuned in to ''I Love Lucy'' to watch Lucy give birth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/01/20", "description": "Dwight D. Eisenhower succeeds Harry S. Truman as the 34th President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/01/22", "description": "''The Crucible'', a drama by Arthur Miller, opens on Broadway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/01/22", "description": "Mau Mau Uprising: Rebels in Kenya kill the Ruck family (father, mother and six-year-old son).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/01/22", "description": "Walter Ulbricht announces that the agriculture will be collectivized in East Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/01/28", "description": "Derek Bentley is executed for murder in HM Prison Wandsworth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/01/31", "description": "February 1 \u2013 The North Sea flood of 1953 kills 1,836 people in the southwestern Netherlands (especially Zeeland), 307 in the United Kingdom{{Cite book|title=Agricultural Records|last=Stratton|first=J.M.|publisher=John Baker|year=1969|isbn=0-212-97022-4}}{{cite book|title=The great tide: The story of the 1953 flood disaster in Essex|last=Grieve|first=Hilda|year=1959|publisher=Essex County Council}} and several hundred at sea, including 133 on the ferry {{MV|Princess Victoria}} in the Irish Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/02/01", "description": "The surge of the North Sea Flood continues from the previous day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/02/05", "description": "Walt Disney's feature film ''Peter Pan'', premieres.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/02/05", "description": "President Dwight D. Eisenhower refuses a clemency appeal for Ethel and Julius Rosenberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/02/05", "description": "The Soviet Union breaks diplomatic relations with Israel after bomb explosion in Soviet embassy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/02/12", "description": "Nordic Council inaugurated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/02/13", "description": "Transsexual Christine Jorgenson returns to New York after successful sexual reassignment surgery in Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/02/16", "description": "The Pakistan Academy of Sciences is established in Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/02/19", "description": "Georgia approves the first literature censorship board in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/02/25", "description": "Release, in France, of Jacques Tati's film ''Les vacances de M. Hulot'', introducing the ''gauche'' character of Monsieur Hulot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/02/25", "description": "James D. Watson and Francis Crick of the University of Cambridge announce their discovery of the structure of the DNA molecule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/02/25", "description": "Greece, Turkey, and Yugoslavia sign the Balkan Pact.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/02/25", "description": "Joseph Stalin suffers a stroke after an all-night dinner with Soviet Union interior minister Lavrenty Beria and future premiers Georgi Malenkov, Nikolai Bulganin and Nikita Khrushchev. The stroke paralyzes the right side of his body and renders him unconscious until his death on March 5.ampamp{{cite web |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.loc.gov\/loc\/lcib\/0304\/post-stalin.html\">http:\/\/www.loc.gov\/loc\/lcib\/0304\/post-stalin.html<\/a> |title=The Death of Stalin |author=Donna Urschel |date= |work= |publisher=Library of Congress |accessdate=9 August 2010}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/02/25", "description": "Bernard Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg is made deputy constable and lieutenant governor of Windsor Castle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/03/06", "description": "Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov succeeds Joseph Stalin as Premier and First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/03/13", "description": "The United Nations Security Council nominates Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld as United Nations Secretary General.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/03/14", "description": "Nikita Khrushchev is selected First Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/03/17", "description": "The first nuclear test of Operation Upshot-Knothole is conducted in Nevada, with 1,620 spectators at {{convert|3.4|km|mi|abbr=on}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/03/18", "description": "An earthquake hits western Turkey, killing 250.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/03/19", "description": "The 25th Academy Awards ceremony is held (the first one broadcast on television).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/03/25", "description": "26 \u2013 ''Lari Massacre'' in Kenya: Mau Mau rebels kill up to 150 Kikuyu natives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/03/26", "description": "Jonas Salk announces his polio vaccine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/03/29", "description": "A fire at the Littlefield Nursing Home in Largo, Florida kills 33 persons, including singer-songwriter Arthur Fields.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/04/07", "description": "Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld is elected United Nations Secretary General.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/04/08", "description": "Jomo Kenyatta is sentenced to seven years in prison for the alleged organization of the Mau Mau Rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/04/10", "description": "Melbourne Knights is founded as Croatia SC in Melbourne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/04/10", "description": "Ian Fleming publishes his first James Bond novel, ''Casino Royale'' in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/04/10", "description": "The German football team SG Dynamo Dresden is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/04/10", "description": "President Eisenhower delivers his ampquotChance for Peaceampquot speech to the National Association of Newspaper Editors.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.eisenhowermemorial.org\/speeches\/19530416%20Chance%20for%20Peace.htm|title=Chance\">http:\/\/www.eisenhowermemorial.org\/speeches\/19530416%20Chance%20for%20Peace.htm|title=Chance<\/a> for Peace Speech|date=April 16, 1953|publisher=Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission|accessdate=9 August 2010}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/04/10", "description": "A four-story building in Chicago belonging to the Habar Corporation catches fire, killing 35 employees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/04/17", "description": " Mickey Mantle hits a 565 foot (172 m) home run at Griffith Stadium in Washington D.C.  Mantle's home run is believed to be the longest home run in baseball history by many historians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/04/25", "description": "Francis Crick and James D. Watson publish quotMolecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acidquot, their description of the double helix structure of DNA.{{cite journal|last1=Watson|first1=J. D.|last2=Crick|first2=F. H. C.|year=1953|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/genomics\/human\/watson-crick\/index.html|title=Molecular\">http:\/\/www.nature.com\/genomics\/human\/watson-crick\/index.html|title=Molecular<\/a> structure of nucleic acids: a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid|volume=171|pages=737\u2013738|publisher=Nature|accessdate=9 August 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/05/02", "description": "Hussein is crowned King of Jordan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/05/05", "description": "Aldous Huxley first tries the psychedelic hallucinogen mescaline, inspiring his book ''The Doors of Perception''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/05/09", "description": "France agrees to the provisional independence of Cambodia with King Norodom Sihanouk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/05/10", "description": "The town of Chemnitz in East Germany becomes ''Karl Marx Stadt''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/05/11", "description": "The Waco tornado outbreak: A F5 tornado hits in the downtown section of Waco, Texas, killing 114.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/05/15", "description": "The Standards And Recommended Practices (SARPS) for Aeronautical Information Service (AIS) were adopted by the ICAO Council. These SARPS are in Annex 15 to the Chicago Convention and 15 May is celebrated by the AIS community as \u201cWorld AIS Day\u201d.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/05/18", "description": "At Rogers Dry Lake, Californian Jackie Cochran becomes the first woman to break the sound barrier (in a F-86 Sabrejet at an average speed of 652.337 miles-per-hour).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/05/25", "description": "Nuclear testing: At the Nevada Test Site, the United States conducts its only nuclear artillery test: Upshot-Knothole Grable.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/05/29", "description": "Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay become the first men to reach the summit of Mount Everest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/06/01", "description": "Currency reform causes riots in Czechoslovakia (Uprising in Plze\u0148).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/06/02", "description": "Coronation of Elizabeth II at Westminster Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/06/07", "description": "Italian general election, 1953: The Christian Democrats win a plurality in both legislative houses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/06/07", "description": "Flint-Worcester tornado outbreak sequence: A tornado kills 115 in Flint, Michigan (the last to claim more than 100 lives until the 2011 Joplin tornado).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/06/07", "description": "Austria and the Soviet Union form diplomatic relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/06/07", "description": "CIA Technical Services Staff head Sidney Gottlieb approves of the use of LSD in a MKULTRA subproject.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/06/07", "description": "Flint-Worcester tornado outbreak sequence: A tornado spawned from the same storm system as the Flint tornado hits in Worcester, Massachusetts, killing 94.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/06/13", "description": "Hungarian Prime Minister M\u00e1ty\u00e1s R\u00e1kosi is replaced by Imre Nagy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/06/16", "description": "The Soviet Union and Yugoslavia form diplomatic relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/06/17", "description": "Workers Uprising: In East Germany, the Soviet Union orders a division of troops into East Berlin to quell a rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/06/18", "description": "Egypt declares itself a republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/06/30", "description": "The first Chevrolet Corvette is built at Flint, Michigan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/07/04", "description": "Strikes and riots hit coal mining regions in Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/07/05", "description": "The European Economic Community holds its first assembly in Strasbourg, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/07/09", "description": "The US Treasury formally renames the Bureau of Internal Revenue the new name (which had previously been used informally) is the Internal Revenue Service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/07/10", "description": "The Soviet official newspaper ''Pravda'' announces that Lavrenti Beria has been deposed as head of the NKVD.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/07/23", "description": "Howard Hawks's musical film ''Gentlemen Prefer Blondes'', starring Marilyn Monroe and Jane Russell, is released by 20th Century Fox.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/07/23", "description": "Fidel Castro and his brother lead a disastrous assault on the Moncada Barracks, preliminary to the Cuban Revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/07/23", "description": "The Short Creek Raid is carried out on a polygynous Mormon sect in Arizona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/07/27", "description": "The Korean War ends: United Nations Command (Korea) (United States), People's Republic of China, North Korea sign an armistice agreement at Panmunjom and the north remains communist while the south remains capitalist.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/08/05", "description": "Operation Big Switch: Prisoners of war are repatriated after the Korean War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/08/08", "description": "Soviet prime minister Georgi Malenkov announces that the Soviet Union has a hydrogen bomb.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/08/12", "description": "A magnitude 7.2 earthquake totally devastates most of the Ionian Sea islands in Greece's worst natural disaster in centuries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/08/13", "description": "Four million workers go on strike in France to protest against austerity measures.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/08/17", "description": "The first planning session of Narcotics Anonymous is held in Southern California (see October 5).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/08/18", "description": "The second Kinsey Report, ''Sexual Behavior in the Human Female'', is published in the US.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/08/19", "description": "Cold War: The CIA helps to overthrow the government of Mohammed Mossadegh in Iran, and retain Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi on the throne (''see'' Operation Ajax).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/08/19", "description": "The French government ousts King Mohammed V of Morocco and exiles him to Corsica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/08/19", "description": "The United States returns to West Germany 382 ships it had captured during World War II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/08/25", "description": "The general strike ends in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/09/04", "description": "The discovery of REM sleep is first published by researchers Eugene Aserinsky and Nathaniel Kleitman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/09/05", "description": "The United Nations rejects the Soviet Union's suggestion to accept China as a member.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/09/07", "description": "Nikita Khrushchev becomes head of the Soviet Central Committee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/09/07", "description": "A hurricane in South-East Asia kills over 1,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/09/07", "description": "The first German prisoners of war return from the Soviet Union to West Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/09/26", "description": "Rationing of cane sugar ends in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/09/26", "description": "October \u2013 The UNIVAC 1103 is the first commercial computer to use random access memory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/09/26", "description": "Earl Warren is appointed Chief Justice of the United States by U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/09/26", "description": "The first meeting of Narcotics Anonymous is held (the first planning session was held August 17).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/10/06", "description": "United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) made a permanent specialized agency of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/10/06", "description": "Konrad Adenauer is re-elected as German chancellor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/10/06", "description": "The Guyanese constitution is suspended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/10/10", "description": " Roland (Monty) Burton wins New Zealand air race in under 23 hours.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/10/12", "description": "The play ''The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial'' opens at Plymouth Theatre, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/10/23", "description": "The Philippines' DZAQ-TV3 (now ABS-CBN) makes its initial telecast, becoming Asia's first commercial television broadcaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/10/30", "description": "Cold War: U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally approves the top secret document of the United States National Security Council NSC 162\/2, which states that the United States' arsenal of nuclear weapons must be maintained and expanded to counter the communist threat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/11/05", "description": "David Ben-Gurion resigns as prime minister of Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/11/09", "description": "In Cambodia the Khmer Issarak begins to fight the French Army and the nation joins the First Indochina War but the Kingdom is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/11/09", "description": "The Kingdom of Laos gains its independence from the French Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/11/19", "description": "The Laotian Civil War begins between the Kingdom of Laos and the Pathet Lao.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/11/19", "description": "Puerto Williams is founded in Chile as the southernmost settlement of the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/11/19", "description": "Authorities at the British Natural History Museum announce that the skull of the ''Piltdown Man'', one of the most famous fossil skulls in the world, is a hoax.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/11/25", "description": "England lose 6\u20133 to Hungary at Wembley Stadium, their first ever loss to a continental team at home.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/11/29", "description": "French paratroopers take Dien Bien Phu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/11/30", "description": "Edward Mutesa II, the ''kabaka'' (king) of Buganda, is deposed and exiled to London by Sir Andrew Benjamin Cohen, Governor of Uganda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/11/30", "description": "December \u2013 Hugh Hefner publishes the first issue of ''Playboy'' Magazine it sells 54,175 copies at $.50 each.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/12/02", "description": "The United Kingdom and Iran reform diplomatic relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/12/06", "description": "With the NBC Symphony Orchestra, conductor Arturo Toscanini performs what he claims is his favorite Beethoven symphony, ''Eroica'', for the last time. The live performance is broadcast nationwide on radio, and later released on records and CD.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/12/07", "description": "A visit to Iran by American Vice President Richard Nixon sparks several days of riots. Three students are shot dead by police in Tehran. This event would become an annual commemoration. See August 19.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/12/08", "description": "U.S. president Dwight D. Eisenhower delivers his Atoms for Peace address to the UN General Assembly in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/12/10", "description": "Albert Schweitzer is given the 1952 Nobel Peace Prize.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/12/17", "description": "The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approves color television.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/12/23", "description": "The Soviet Union announces officially that Lavrenti Beria has been executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/12/24", "description": "Tangiwai disaster: A railway bridge collapses at Tangiwai, New Zealand, sending a fully loaded passenger train into the Whangaehu River 151 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/12/25", "description": "Amami Islands are returned to Japan after 8 years of United States Military occupation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/12/30", "description": "The first colour television sets go on sale for about $1,175 (American dollars).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/12/30", "description": "The Japanese 10 yen coin is issued with serrated edges for a 5-year period, beginning in 1953. All 10 yen coins since have had smooth edges.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1953/12/30", "description": "Heavy massive rain, landslides, and flooding in western and southwestern Japan kill an estimated 2,566, and injure 9,433, mainly at Kizugawa, Wakayama, Kumamoto and Kitakyushu (June\u2013August).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/01/01", "description": "The Soviet Union ceases to demand war reparations from East Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/01/10", "description": "British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) Flight 781, a de Havilland Comet jet plane, disintegrates in mid-air due to metal fatigue and crashes in the Mediterranean Sea near Elba.  All 35 people on board are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/01/12", "description": "Avalanches in Austria kill more than 200.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/01/14", "description": "Marilyn Monroe marries baseball player Joe DiMaggio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/01/15", "description": "Mau Mau leader Waruhiu Itote is captured in Kenya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/01/17", "description": "In Yugoslavia, Milovan Djilas, one of the leading members of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, is relieved of his duties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/01/20", "description": "The U.S.-based National Negro Network is established with forty-six member radio stations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/01/21", "description": "The first nuclear-powered submarine, the {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571|6}}, is launched in Groton, Connecticut, by First Lady of the United States Mamie Eisenhower.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/01/25", "description": "The foreign ministers of the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union meet at the Berlin Conference.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/02/03", "description": "Elizabeth II becomes the first reigning monarch to visit Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/02/10", "description": "After authorizing $385 million over the $400 million already budgeted for military aid to Vietnam, U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower warns against United States intervention in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/02/23", "description": "The first mass vaccination of children against polio begins in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/02/25", "description": "Lt. Col. Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes premier of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/02/25", "description": "U.S. officials announce that a hydrogen bomb test (Castle Bravo) has been conducted on Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/02/25", "description": "U.S. Capitol shooting incident: Four Puerto Rican nationalists open fire in the United States House of Representatives chamber and wound five they were apprehended by security guards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/03/09", "description": "American journalists Edward Murrow and Fred W. Friendly produce a 30-minute ''See It Now'' documentary, entitled ''A Report on Senator Joseph McCarthy''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/03/12", "description": "Finland and Germany officially end their state of war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/03/13", "description": "French troops begin the battle against the Viet Minh in Dien Bien Phu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/03/19", "description": "Joey Giardello knocks out Willie Tory at Madison Square Garden, in the first televised boxing prize fight to be shown in color.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/03/23", "description": "In Vietnam, the Viet Minh capture the main airstrip of Dien Bien Phu. The remaining French Army units there are partially isolated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/03/23", "description": "The 26th Academy Awards ceremony is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/03/23", "description": "RCA manufactures the first color TV set (12-inch screen price: $1,000)", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/03/23", "description": "The Soviet Union recognizes the sovereignty of East Germany. Soviet troops remain in the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/03/27", "description": "The Castle Romeo nuclear test explosion is executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/03/28", "description": "Puerto Rico's first television station, ''WKAQ-TV'', commences broadcasting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/03/29", "description": "A C-47 transport with the French nurse Genevieve de Galard on board is wrecked on the runway at Dien Bien Phu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/03/30", "description": "The first operational subway line in Canada opens in Toronto, Ontario.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/03/30", "description": "April - Bill Haley ampamp The Comets record ampquotRock Around The Clockampquot thus starting the Rock and Roll craze.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/03/30", "description": "The U.S. Congress and President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorize the founding of the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/03/30", "description": "South Point School (India) was founded that would grow to the largest school in the world by 1992.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/04/03", "description": "Vladimir Petrov defects from the Soviet Union and asks for political asylum in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/04/04", "description": "The legendary symphony conductor Arturo Toscanini experiences a lapse of memory during a concert. At this concert's end, his retirement is announced, and Toscanini never conducts in public again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/04/07", "description": "Dwight D. Eisenhower gives his quotdomino theoryquot speech during a news conference.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/04/08", "description": "A Royal Canadian Air Force Canadair Harvard collides with a Trans-Canada Air Lines Canadair North Star over Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, killing 37 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/04/11", "description": "This day was denoted as the most boring day in the 20th century by True Knowledge, an answer engine developed by William Tunstall-Pedoe.ref name=quotboringquot{{cite web |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/blog.trueknowledge.com\/2010\/11\/most-boring-day-in-history.html\">http:\/\/blog.trueknowledge.com\/2010\/11\/most-boring-day-in-history.html<\/a> |title=The Most Boring Day in History \u2013 April 11, 1954 |author=William Tunstall-Pedoe |date=November 18, 2010 |work=True Knowledge Blog |publisher=True Knowledge |accessdate=December 1, 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/04/11", "description": "Aneurin Bevan resigns from the British Labour Party's ampquotshadow cabinetampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/04/11", "description": "A Soviet spy ring in Australia is unveiled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/04/16", "description": "Vice President Richard Nixon announces that the United States may be \u201cputting our own boys in Indochina regardless of Allied support.\u201d", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/04/22", "description": "Senator Joseph McCarthy begins hearings investigating the United States Army for being quotsoftquot on Communism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/04/26", "description": "International conference on Korea and Indo-China opens in Geneva.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/04/28", "description": "U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles accuses Communist China of sending combat troops to Indo-China to train the Viet Minh guerrillas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/05/01", "description": "The Unification Church is founded in South Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/05/04", "description": "General Alfredo Stroessner seizes power in a coup d'\u00e9tat in Paraguay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/05/06", "description": "Roger Bannister runs the first sub-four minute mile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/05/07", "description": "Vietnam War: The Battle of Dien Bien Phu ends in a French defeat (the battle began on March 13).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/05/08", "description": "Asian Football Confederation (AFC) was formed in Manila, Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/05/11", "description": "U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles declares that Indochina is important but not essential to the security of Southeast Asia thus ending any prospect of  American intervention on the side of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/05/14", "description": "The Boeing 707 is released after about two years of development.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/05/15", "description": "Latin Union (Uni\u00f3n Latina) created by Convention of Madrid, member countries belong to the five Romance languages: Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/05/15", "description": "''Brown v. Board of Education'' (347 US 483 1954): The United States Supreme Court rules that segregated schools are unconstitutional.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/05/15", "description": "The Petrov Royal Commission in Australia begins its inquiry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/05/15", "description": "Adnan Menderes of DP forms the new government of Turkey (21st government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/05/20", "description": "Chiang Kai-shek is reelected president of the Republic of China by the National Assembly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/05/22", "description": "The common Nordic Labour Market act is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/05/26", "description": "A fire aboard the United States aircraft carrier USS Bennington off Narragansett Bay kills 103 crewmen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/05/26", "description": "Robert Menzies's government is re-elected for a 4th term in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/05/26", "description": "Creation and first meeting of the Bilderberg Group.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/06/09", "description": "McCarthyism: Joseph Welch, special counsel for the United States Army, lashes out at Senator Joseph McCarthy, during hearings on whether Communism has infiltrated the Army, saying, 'Have you, at long last, no decency?'.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/06/14", "description": "The words quotunder Godquot are added to the United States Pledge of Allegiance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/06/15", "description": "The UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) is formed in Basel, Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/06/16", "description": " July 4 ampndash the 1954 FIFA World Cup is held in Switzerland", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/06/17", "description": "A CIA-engineered military coup occurs in Guatemala.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/06/18", "description": "Pierre Mend\u00e8s-France becomes prime minister of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/06/18", "description": "Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz Guzm\u00e1n steps down in a CIA-sponsored military coup, triggering a bloody civil war that continues for more than 35 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/06/18", "description": "The world's first atomic power station opens at Obninsk, near Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/06/18", "description": "The Common Nordic Labor Market Act comes into effect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/06/18", "description": "The United States officially begins using the international unit of the nautical mile, equal to 6,076.11549ampampnbspft. or 1,852 meters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/06/18", "description": "Food rationing in Great Britain ends with the lifting of restrictions on sale and purchase of meat, 14 years after it began early in World War II and nearly a decade after the war's end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/06/18", "description": "West Germany beats Hungary 3\u20132 to win the 1954 FIFA World Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/07/10", "description": "Peter Thomson becomes the first Australian to win the British Open Golf Championship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/07/10", "description": "The maiden flight of the Boeing 367-80 (or Dash 80), prototype of the Boeing 707 series.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/07/10", "description": "Juan Fangio, the Argentine driver for German Grand Prix team Mercedes-Benz, makes a new fastest lap of the Silverstone Circuit with an average speed of 100.35ampampnbspmph, the previous record being 100.16ampampnbspmph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/07/21", "description": "First Indochina War: The Geneva Conference sends French forces to the south, and Vietnamese forces to the north, of a ceasefire line, and calls for elections to decide the government for all of Vietnam by July 1956. Failure to abide by the terms of the agreement leads to the establishment de facto of regimes of North Vietnam and South Vietnam, and the Vietnam War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/07/31", "description": "Italian mountaineers Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni become the first successfully to reach the summit of the Himalayan peak K2.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/08/01", "description": "The First Indochina War ends with the Viet Minh in Vietnam, the Khmer Issarak in Cambodia and the Pathet Lao in Laos emerging victorious against the French Army and the Viet Minh is reorganised into the Viet Cong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/08/06", "description": "Emilie Dionne, one of the Dionne Quintuplets, dies of asphyxiation following an epileptic seizure at Sainte Agathe, Quebec. She was the first of the five to perish, and three of them lived into the 21st Century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/08/16", "description": "The first issue of ''Sports Illustrated'' magazine is published in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/08/24", "description": "The Brazilian president, Getulio Vargas, commits suicide after being accused of involvement in a  conspiracy to murder a Brazilian Air Force officer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/09/03", "description": "The last new episode of ''The Lone Ranger'' is aired on radio, after 2,956 episodes over a period of 21 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/09/06", "description": "The SEATO treaty is signed in Manila, Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/09/08", "description": "The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) is established in Bangkok, Thailand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/09/09", "description": "An earthquake centered on the city of Orl\u00e9ansville, Algeria kills 1,500 and leaves thousands homeless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/09/11", "description": "The Miss America Pageant is broadcast on television for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/09/11", "description": "The USSR tests  a nuclear weapon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/09/11", "description": "English composer Benjamin Britten\u2019s chamber opera version of ''The Turn of the Screw'' receives its world premiere at the Teatro La Fenice, Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/09/15", "description": "Black Wednesday in air travel", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/09/17", "description": "William Golding's novel ''Lord of the Flies'' is published in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/09/25", "description": "The Footscray Football Club wins their first Australian Football League Grand Final.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/09/26", "description": "The Japanese ferry ''Toya Maru'' sinks during a typhoon in the Tsugaru Strait. More than 1,100 people are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/09/30", "description": "The {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571}}, the world's first nuclear-powered submarine, is commissioned by the United States Navy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/10/02", "description": "New York Giants defeat the Cleveland Indians to win the 1954 World Series.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/10/02", "description": "Pre-Vietnam War: The Viet Minh takes control of North Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/10/02", "description": "Hurricane Hazel crosses over Haiti, killing 1,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/10/15", "description": "Hurricane Hazel makes U.S. landfall it is the only recorded Category 4 hurricane to strike as far north as North Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/10/15", "description": "Texas Instruments announces the development of the first transistor radio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/10/15", "description": "The comic strip ''Hi and Lois'', by Mort Walker and Dik Browne, is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/10/20", "description": "A dock workers' strike expands in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/10/20", "description": "West Germany joins NATO.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/10/20", "description": "Paris Agreement sets up the Western European Union to implement the Treaty of Brussels (1948) providing for mutual self-defence and other collaboration between Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/10/25", "description": "Landslides caused by heavy rains hit Salerno, Italy, killing about 300.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/10/26", "description": "Muslim Brotherhood member Mahmoud Abdul Latif tries to kill Gamal Abdal Nasser.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/10/31", "description": "Algerian War of Independence: The Algerian National Liberation Front begins a revolt against French rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/11/01", "description": "The FLN attacks representative and public buildings of the French colonial power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/11/02", "description": "The dock workers' strike in England ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/11/03", "description": "The first Godzilla movie premieres in Tokyo, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/11/05", "description": "Japan and Burma sign a separate peace treaty in Rangoon, to end their formal state of war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/11/10", "description": "U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower dedicates the USMC War Memorial (Iwo Jima memorial) in Arlington National Cemetery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/11/12", "description": "The main immigration port-of-entry in New York Harbor at Ellis Island closes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/11/14", "description": "Egyptian president Mohammed Naguib is deposed Gamal Abdel Nasser replaces him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/11/22", "description": "The United States Supreme Court decides the landmark case Berman v. Parker (348 U.S. 26), upholding the federal slum clearance and urban renewal program.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/11/23", "description": "The Dow Jones Industrial Average rises 3.27 points, or 0.86%, closing at an all-time high of 382.74. More significantly, this is the first time the Dow has surpassed its 1929 peak level reached just before that year's crash.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/11/30", "description": "In Sylacauga, Alabama, a four kilogram piece of the Hodges Meteorite crashes through the roof of a house and badly bruises a napping woman, in the first documented case of an object from outer space hitting a person.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/12/01", "description": "The first Hyatt Hotel, The Hyatt House Los Angeles, opens. It is the first hotel in the world built outside of an airport.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/12/01", "description": "Red Scare: The United States Senate votes 67\u201322 to condemn Joseph McCarthy for ampquotconduct that tends to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/12/01", "description": "The Taiwan-United States Mutual Defense Treaty is signed.ampamps:Mutual Defense Treaty between the United States of America and the Republic of Chinaampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/12/04", "description": "The first Burger King opens in Miami, Florida, USA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/12/23", "description": "J. Hartwell Harrison, M.D. and Joseph E. Murray perform the world's first kidney transplant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/12/24", "description": "Laos gains full independence from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/12/24", "description": "New Zealand inventor Sir William Hamilton invents the world's first water pump-jet engine, later named the ampquotHamilton Jetampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/12/24", "description": "The Boy Scouts of America desegregates on the basis of race.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/12/24", "description": "Gerbils (''Meriones unguiculatus'') are brought to the United States by Dr. Victor Schwentker.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/12/24", "description": "The case of Lothar Malskat, who had admitted that he had painted the supposedly antique frescoes in Marienkirche himself, goes to trial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/12/24", "description": "The TV dinner is introduced by the American entrepreneur Gerry Thomas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/12/24", "description": "New York City Ballet founding balletmaster George Balanchine's production of ''The Nutcracker'' is staged for the first time in New York City, and it became a tradition there, still being performed annually {{as of|lc=y|2010}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/12/24", "description": "South Korea opens the Gimpo International Airport.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1954/12/24", "description": "Vietnam splits into two nations with the North being communist and the South being capitalist.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/01/02", "description": " Jos\u00e9 Antonio Rem\u00f3n Cantera, president of Panama, is assassinated at a race track in Panama City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/01/03", "description": " Jos\u00e9 Ram\u00f3n Guizado becomes president of Panama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/01/07", "description": " Marian Anderson is the first African American singer to perform at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/01/18", "description": "January 20 ampndash Battle of Yijiangshan Islands: The Chinese Communist People's Liberation Army seizes the islands from the Republic of China (Taiwan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/01/19", "description": " The game Scrabble debuts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/01/22", "description": " The Pentagon announces a plan to develop ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missiles) armed with nuclear weapons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/01/23", "description": " Sutton Coldfield rail crash kills 17 near Birmingham, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/01/25", "description": " Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union announces the end of the war between the USSR and Germany, which began during World War II in 1941.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/01/28", "description": " United States Congress authorizes President Dwight D. Eisenhower to use force to protect Formosa from the People's Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/02/01", "description": " Ray Kroc opens a McDonald's fast food restaurant (the company's 9th since it was founded in 1940), but Kroc later takes over the company and oversees its worldwide expansion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/02/04", "description": " Pact of Mutual Cooperation quotBaghdad Pactquot signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/02/10", "description": " Seventh Fleet of the United States Navy helps the Republic of China evacuate Chinese Nationalist army and residents from the Tachen Islands to Taiwan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/02/12", "description": " U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower sends the first U.S. advisors to South Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/02/16", "description": " Nearly 100 die in a fire at a home for the elderly in Yokohama, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/02/19", "description": " Southeast Asia Treaty Organization established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/02/22", "description": " In Chicago's Democratic primary, Mayor Martin H. Kennelly loses to the head of the Cook County Democratic Party, Richard J. Daley, 364,839 to 264,77.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/03/02", "description": " Claudette Colvin (a fifteen year old African American girl) refuses to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama, to a white woman after the driver demands it. She is carried off the bus backwards whilst being kicked and handcuffed and harassed on the way to the police station.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/03/05", "description": " WBBJ-TV signs on the air in the Jackson, Tennessee, with WDXI as its initial call-letters, to expanded American commercial television in mostly-rural areas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/03/07", "description": " The Broadway musical version of ''Peter Pan'', which had opened in 1954 starring Mary Martin, is presented on television for the first time by NBC-TV with its original cast, as an installment of ''Producers' Showcase''. It is also the first time that a stage musical is presented in its entirety on TV almost exactly as it was performed on stage. This program gains the largest viewership of a TV special up to this time, and it becomes one of the first great TV family musical classics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/03/17", "description": " The Richard Riot occurs in Montreal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/03/19", "description": " KXTV of Stockton, California, signs on the air in the United States, being the 100th commercial television station in this country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/03/20", "description": " Evan Hunter's movie adaptation of the novel ''Blackboard Jungle'' premieres in the United States, featuring the famous single, ''Rock Around the Clock'', by Bill Haley and His Comets. Teenagers jump from their seats to dance to the song.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/04/01", "description": " EOKA A starts a revolution British rule in Cyprus (taken over from the Ottoman Empire in 1878 and a Crown Colony since 1925).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/04/01", "description": "Winston Churchill resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/04/01", "description": "Richard J. Daley defeats Robert Merrian to become Mayor of Chicago by a vote of 708,222 to 581,555.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/04/06", "description": " Anthony Eden becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/04/11", "description": " The Taiwanese Kuomintang put a time-bomb on the airplane ''Kashmir Princess'', killing 16 but failing to assassinate the People's Republic of China leader, Zhou Enlai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/04/12", "description": " The Salk polio vaccine, having passed large-scale trials earlier in the United States, receives full approval by the FDA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/04/14", "description": " The Detroit Red Wings win the Stanley Cup for the 7th time in franchise history. Detroit wouldn't win the Cup again until 1997.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/04/15", "description": " Middle East Treaty Organization (MENTO).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/04/16", "description": " Burma-Japanese peace treaty, signed in Rangoon on November 5, 1954, comes into effect, formally ending a state of war between the two countries that had not existed for a long time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/04/17", "description": " Imre Nagy, the communist Premier of Hungary, is ousted for being too moderate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/04/18", "description": "April 24 ampndash Asian-African Conference held in Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/05/01", "description": " Warsaw Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance signed (Warsaw Treaty Organization) (effective June 6).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/05/05", "description": " West Germany becomes a sovereign country recognized by important Western foreign countries, such as France, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/05/06", "description": " WEU charter effective.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/05/09", "description": " West Germany joins the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/05/11", "description": " Japanese National Railways' ferry ''Shiun Maru'' sinks after collision with sister ship ''Uko Maru'' in thick fog off Takamatsu, Shikoku, in the Seto Inland Sea of Japan 166 passengers (many children) and two crew are killed. This event is influential in plans to construct the Akashi-Kaiky\u014d Bridge (built 1986-98).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/05/12", "description": " New York's Third Avenue Elevated runs its last train between Chathem Square in Manhattan and East 149th Street in the Bronx, thus ending elevated train service in Manhattan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/05/14", "description": " Eight Communist Bloc countries, including the Soviet Union, sign a mutual defence treaty in Warsaw, Poland, that is called the Warsaw Pact.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/05/15", "description": " Austrian State Treaty, which restores Austria's national sovereignty, is concluded between the four occupying powers following World War II (the United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and France) and Austria, setting it up as a neutral country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/05/25", "description": " Joe Brown and George Band are the first to attain the summit of Kanchenjunga in the Himalayas, as part of a British team led by Charles Evans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/06/07", "description": " The TV quiz program ''The $64,000 Question'' premieres on CBS-TV in the United States, with Hal March as the host.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/06/11", "description": " Le Mans disaster: eighty-three people are killed and at least 100 are injured after two race cars collide in the 1955 24 Hours of Le Mans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/06/13", "description": " Mir Mine, the first diamond mine in the Soviet Union, is discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/06/16", "description": " ''Lady and the Tramp'', the Walt Disney company's 15th animated film, premieres in Chicago, Illinois.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/07/07", "description": " The New Zealand Special Air Service is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/07/13", "description": " Ruth Ellis (born 1926) is hanged for murder in London, becoming the last woman ever to be executed in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/07/17", "description": " The American Broadcasting Company broadcasts a sneak preview of Disneyland in Anaheim, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/07/17", "description": "Disneyland opens to the public in Anaheim, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/07/17", "description": "The first nuclear-generated electrical power is sold commercially, partially powering the town of Arco, Idaho.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/07/17", "description": "The Illinois Governor, William Stratton, signs the ampquotLoyalty Oath Actampquot, passed by the State Legislature, which mandates all public employees take a loyalty oath to Illinois and the United States, or lose their jobs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/07/17", "description": "The first Geneva Summit meeting between the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France begins. It ends on July 23.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/07/27", "description": " El Al Flight 402 from Vienna, Austria to Tel Aviv-Yafo via Istanbul is shot down over Bulgaria. All 58 passengers and crewmen aboard the Lockheed Constellation airplane are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/07/28", "description": " The first Interlingua Congress in Tours, France, leading to foundation of the Union Mundial pro Interlingua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/08/19", "description": " Hurricane Diane hits the northeastern United States, killing over 200 people, and causing over $1.0 billion in damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/08/20", "description": " Hundreds of people are killed in anti-French rioting in Morocco and Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/08/22", "description": " Eleven schoolchildren are killed when their school bus is hit by a freight train in Spring City, Tennessee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/08/25", "description": " The last Soviet Army occupation forces leave Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/08/27", "description": " First edition of the ''Guinness Book of Records'' is published, in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/09/02", "description": " Under the guidance of Dr Humphry Osmond, Christopher Mayhew ingests 400ampnbspmg of mescaline hydrochloride and allows himself to be filmed as part of a ''Panorama'' special for BBC TV that was never broadcast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/09/06", "description": " Istanbul Pogrom: Istanbul's Greek minority is the target of a government-sponsored pogrom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/09/10", "description": " The long-running program ''Gunsmoke'' debuts on the CBS-TV network.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/09/14", "description": " Pope Pius XII elevates many of the Apostolic Vicariates in Africa to Metropolitan Archdioceses", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/09/15", "description": " Vladimir Nabokov's controversial novel ''Lolita'' is published in Paris by Olympia Press.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/09/19", "description": "September 21 ampndash The President of Argentina, Juan Peron, is ousted in a military coup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/09/19", "description": " Hurricane Hilda kills about 200 people in Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/09/22", "description": " Independent Commercial Television (ITV) begins broadcasting in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/09/23", "description": " Alec Guinness meets the actor James Dean. Guinness supposedly has a premonition of Dean's death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/09/24", "description": " Dwight D. Eisenhower, President of the United States suffers a coronary thrombosis while on vacation in Denver, Colorado.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/09/30", "description": " Actor James Dean is killed when his automobile collides with another car at a highway junction near Cholame, California. Dean is just 24 years old.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/10/02", "description": " ''Alfred Hitchcock Presents'' TV program debuts on the NBC-TV network in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/10/03", "description": " ''The Mickey Mouse Club'' TV program debuts on the ABC-TV network in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/10/03", "description": "The Reverend Sun Myung Moon is released from prison in Seoul, South Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/10/03", "description": "The Brooklyn Dodgers finally win the World Series, defeating the New York Yankees 2\u20130 in Game 7 of the 1955 baseball playoff.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/10/05", "description": " Disneyland Hotel opens to the public in Anaheim, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/10/11", "description": " 70-mm film for projection is introduced with the theatrical release of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical film, ''Oklahoma!''", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/10/14", "description": " ODECA secretariat inaugurated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/10/14", "description": "The first footage of Elvis Presley is filmed as part of a film short about the Cleveland, Ohio, disc jockey Bill Randle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/10/14", "description": "Cardiff is announced as the capital city of the principality of Wales, within the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/10/14", "description": "After the last Allied troops have left the country and following the provisions of the Austrian Independence Treaty, Austria declares its permanent neutrality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/10/14", "description": "Ngo Dinh Diem proclaims Vietnam to be a republic with himself as its President and forms the Army of the Republic of Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/10/29", "description": " Soviet battleship ''Novorossiysk'' explodes at moorings in Sevastopol Bay, killing 608, the Soviet Union's worst naval disaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/11/01", "description": " The Vietnam War begins between the South Vietnam Army and the North Vietnam Army in which the latter is allied with the Viet Cong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/11/01", "description": "A time bomb explodes in the cargo hold of United Airlines Flight 629, a Douglas DC-6B airliner flying above Longmont, Colorado, killing all 39 passengers and 5 crew members on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/11/03", "description": " The five-and-one-half-mile long Rimutaka Railroad tunnel opens in New Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/11/05", "description": " Racial segregation is outlawed on trains and buses in Interstate Commerce in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/11/19", "description": " C. Northcote Parkinson first propounds 'Parkinson's Law', in ''The Economist''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/11/20", "description": " Bo Diddley makes his television debut on Ed Sullivan's ''Toast Of The Town'' show for the CBS-TV network.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/11/26", "description": " The British Governor of Cyprus declares a State of Emergency on the island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/11/26", "description": "In Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks refuses to obey bus driver James F. Blake's order that she give up her seat to make room for a white passenger and is arrested, leading to the Montgomery bus boycott.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/11/26", "description": "The International Federation of Blood Donor Organizations was founded in Luxembourg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/11/26", "description": "The American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations merge to become the AFL-CIO.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/11/26", "description": "The Montgomery Improvement Association is formed in Montgomery, Alabama, by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and other Black ministers to coordinate a Black people's boycott of all city buses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/12/09", "description": " Adnan Menderes of DP forms the new government of Turkey (22nd government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/12/09", "description": "The Tappan Zee Bridge in New York opens to traffic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/12/09", "description": "Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Laos, Libya, Nepal, Portugal, Romania, Spain, and Sri Lanka join the United Nations simultaneously, after several years of moratorium on admitting new members that began during the Korean War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/12/22", "description": " American cytogeneticist Joe Hin Tjio discovers the correct number of human chromosomes, forty-six.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/12/31", "description": " General Motors Corporation becomes the first American corporation to make a profit of over one billion dollars in one year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/12/31", "description": "Str\u00f6msund Bridge in Sweden is completed, being the first significant cable-stayed bridge of the modern era.ampamp{{cite web|title=Str\u00f6msund Bridge (1955)|work=Structurae|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/en.structurae.de\/structures\/data\/index.cfm?ID=s0000070|accessdate=2010-10-02}}ampamp\">http:\/\/en.structurae.de\/structures\/data\/index.cfm?ID=s0000070|accessdate=2010-10-02}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/12/31", "description": "World population: 2,755,823,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/12/31", "description": "Africa: 246,746,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/12/31", "description": "Asia: 1,541,947,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/12/31", "description": "Europe: 575,184,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/12/31", "description": "South America: 190,797,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/12/31", "description": "North America: 186,884,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1955/12/31", "description": "Oceania: 14,265,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/01/01", "description": "The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ends in Sudan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/01/03", "description": "By popular demand, ''Peter Pan'', starring Mary Martin, is restaged live by Producers' Showcase on NBC-TV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/01/08", "description": "Operation Auca: Five U.S. missionaries Nate Saint, Roger Youderian, Ed McCully, Jim Elliot and Pete Fleming are killed for tresspassing by the Waodani of Ecuador shortly after making contact with them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/01/16", "description": "Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser vows to reconquer Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/01/25", "description": "26 \u2013 Finnish troops reoccupy Porkkala after Soviet troops vacate its military base. Civilians can return February 4.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/01/26", "description": "The 1956 Winter Olympic Games open in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/02/11", "description": "British spies Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean resurface in the Soviet Union after being missing for 5 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/02/14", "description": "26 \u2013 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/02/16", "description": "Only  a little more than four months after the release of the 70mm version of ''Oklahoma!'', the film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's ''Carousel'', starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones, is released in Cinemascope 55. MacRae and Jones had previously starred in ''Oklahoma!'' ''Carousel'', intended for showing in 55mm, ends up being shown only in 35mm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/02/22", "description": "Elvis Presley enters the United States music charts for the first time, with ''Heartbreak Hotel''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/02/23", "description": "Norma Jean Mortenson legally changes her name to Marilyn Monroe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/02/24", "description": "Doris Day records her most famous song: Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be). It is from Alfred Hitchcock's ''The Man Who Knew Too Much'', in which Day co-stars with James Stewart.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/02/25", "description": "Nikita Khrushchev attacks the veneration of Joseph Stalin as a quotcult of personalityquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/03/01", "description": "The International Air Transport Association finalizes a draft of the Radiotelephony spelling alphabet for the International Civil Aviation Organization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/03/02", "description": "Morocco declares its independence from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/03/02", "description": "The British deport Archbishop Makarios from Cyprus to the Seychelles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/03/02", "description": "Soviet Armed Forces suppresses mass demonstrations in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, reacting to Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization policy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/03/11", "description": "After having opened in London the previous year, Laurence Olivier's film, ''Richard III'', adapted from Shakespeare's play, has its U.S. premiere in theatres and on NBC Television on the same day. On TV it is not shown in prime time, but as an afternoon matin\u00e9e, in a slightly cut version. It is one of the first such experiments of its kind. Olivier is later nominated for an Oscar for his performance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/03/11", "description": "96 U.S. Congressmen sign the Southern Manifesto, a protest against the 1954 Supreme Court ruling (''Brown v. Board of Education'') that desegregated public education.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/03/11", "description": "The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 500 for the first time rising 2.40 points, or 0.48%, to 500.24.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/03/13", "description": "Elvis Presley releases his first Gold Album titled ''Elvis Presley''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/03/15", "description": "The Broadway musical ''My Fair Lady'' opens in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/03/19", "description": "At age 48, Dutch boxer Bep van Klaveren contests his last match in Rotterdam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/03/20", "description": "Tunisia gains independence from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/03/21", "description": "The 28th Academy Awards ceremony is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/03/23", "description": "Pakistan becomes the first Islamic republic, and a national holiday is observed in the country including the former East Pakistan state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/04/02", "description": "The first episode of ''As the World Turns'' is broadcast on the CBS television network", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/04/07", "description": "Spain relinquishes its protectorate in Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/04/09", "description": "Habib Bourguiba is elected prime minister of Tunisia. {{noMention}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/04/14", "description": "Videotape is first demonstrated at the 1956 NARTB (now NAB) convention in Chicago by Ampex. It is the demonstration of the first practical and commercially successful videotape format known as 2quot Quadruplex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/04/17", "description": "Elizabeth II inaugurates Chew Valley Lake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/04/18", "description": "Maria Desylla-Kapodistria is elected mayor of Corfu and becomes the first female mayor in Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/04/18", "description": "British diver Lionel Crabb dives into Portsmouth harbour to investigate a visiting Soviet cruiser and vanishes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/04/18", "description": "Actress Grace Kelly marries Rainier III, Prince of Monaco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/04/21", "description": "Former U.S. First Daughter Margaret Truman marries Clifton Daniel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/04/27", "description": "Heavyweight boxing champion Rocky Marciano retires without losing a professional boxing match.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/05/02", "description": "The United Methodist Church in America decides at its General Conference to grant women full ordained clergy status. It also calls for an end to racial segregation in the denomination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/05/02", "description": "Austria and Israel form diplomatic relations. {{noMention}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/05/02", "description": "The constitutional union between Indonesia and the Netherlands is dissolved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/05/02", "description": "John Osborne's ''Look Back in Anger'' opens at the Royal Court Theatre, London, changing the scope of theatrical and other forms of drama in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/05/09", "description": "Manaslu, eighth highest mountain in the world, is first ascended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/05/18", "description": "Lhotse (main), the fourth highest mountain, is first ascended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/05/23", "description": "French minister Pierre Mend\u00e8s France resigns due to his government's policy on Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/05/24", "description": "The first Eurovision Song Contest is broadcast from Lugano, Switzerland. The winning song is ''Refrain'' by Lys Assia (music by G\u00e9o Voumard, text by \u00c9mile Gardaz).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/05/25", "description": "India announces the institution of diplomatic relations with Spain (still under Franco's rule)", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/06/01", "description": "Vyacheslav Molotov resigns as foreign minister of the Soviet Union he later becomes ambassador in Mongolia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/06/03", "description": "British Rail renames 'Third Class' passenger facilities as 'Second Class' (Second Class facilities had been abolished in 1875, leaving just First Class and Third Class).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/06/05", "description": "Elvis Presley introduces his new single, quotHound Dogquot, on ''The Milton Berle Show'', scandalizing the audience with his suggestive hip movements.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/06/06", "description": "In Singapore, chief minister David Marshall resigns after the breakdown of talks about internal self-government in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/06/08", "description": "General Electric\/Telechron introduces model 7H241 quotThe Snooz Alarmquot, first snooze alarm clock ever.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.telechron.net\/eod\/7h241.htm\">http:\/\/www.telechron.net\/eod\/7h241.htm<\/a> Telechron.net", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/06/10", "description": "1956 Summer Olympics: Equestrian events open in Stockholm, Sweden (all other events are held in November in Melbourne, Australia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/06/13", "description": "International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/06/14", "description": "The Flag of the United States Army is formally dedicated.{{cite web|title=Other Flags \u2013 World Flags 101 \u2013 US Army Flag !-- BOT GENERATED TITLE --|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.worldflags101.com\/other-flags\/us-army-flag.aspx|work=|archiveurl=http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5gWo2JMqH|archivedate=2009-05-04|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-04-06}}\">http:\/\/www.worldflags101.com\/other-flags\/us-army-flag.aspx|work=|archiveurl=http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5gWo2JMqH|archivedate=2009-05-04|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-04-06}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/06/15", "description": "Eindhoven University of Technology is founded in Eindhoven, The Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/06/18", "description": "The last foreign troops leave Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/06/23", "description": "Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes the 2nd president of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/06/23", "description": "MP Sydney Silverman's bill for the abolition of the death penalty in the UK passes the British House of Commons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/06/23", "description": "Labour riots in Pozna\u0144, Poland, are crushed with heavy loss of life. Soviet troops fire at a crowd that protests high prices, killing 53.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/06/23", "description": "The film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's ''The King and I'', starring Deborah Kerr and Yul Brynner, is released only a few months after the film version of RampampH's ''Carousel''. It becomes the most financially successful film version of a Rodgers and Hammerstein musical up to that time, and the only one to win an acting Oscar (Yul Brynner wins Best Actor for his performance as the King of Siam). It is also one of two Rodgers and Hammerstein films to be nominated for Best Picture (which it does not win).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/06/23", "description": "Actress Marilyn Monroe marries playwright Arthur Miller.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/06/23", "description": "President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Federal Aid Highway Act, creating the Interstate Highway System", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/06/30", "description": "A TWA Lockheed Constellation and United Airlines Douglas DC-7 collide in mid-air over the Grand Canyon in Arizona, killing all 128 people aboard both aircraft in the deadliest civil aviation disaster to date the accident leads to sweeping changes in the regulation of cross-country flight and air traffic control over the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/07/02", "description": "A lab experiment at Sylvania Electric Products results in an explosion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/07/08", "description": "The mountain Gasherbrum II is first ascended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/07/10", "description": "The British House of Lords defeats the abolition of the death penalty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/07/16", "description": "With the closing of its quotBig Tentquot show in Pittsburgh, Ringling Bros. and Barnum amp Bailey Circus announces all subsequent circuses will be quotarena showsquot due to changing economics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/07/24", "description": "At New York City's Copacabana Club, Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis perform their last comedy show together (their act started on July 25, 1946).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/07/25", "description": "{{convert|72|km|mi|sp=us}} south of Nantucket Island, the Italian ocean liner SS ''Andrea Doria'' sinks after colliding with the Swedish ship SS ''Stockholm'' in heavy fog, killing 51.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/07/26", "description": "Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal sparking international condemnation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/07/30", "description": "A Joint Resolution of Congress is signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, authorizing quotIn God We Trustquot as the U.S. national motto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/07/31", "description": "Cricket: Jim Laker sets an extraordinary record at Old Trafford in the fourth Test between England and Australia, taking 19 wickets in a first class match (the previous best was 17).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/07/31", "description": "August \u2013 The exhibition ''This Is Tomorrow'' opens at Whitechapel Art Gallery in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/08/06", "description": "After going bankrupt in 1955, the American broadcaster DuMont Television Network has its final broadcast, a boxing match from St. Nicholas Arena.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/08/08", "description": "262 miners die in a fire in a coal mine in Marcinelle, Belgium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/08/17", "description": "West Germany bans the Communist Party of Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/09/09", "description": "Elvis Presley appears on ''The Ed Sullivan Show'' for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/09/13", "description": "The hard disk drive is invented by an IBM team led by Reynold B. Johnson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/09/16", "description": "Television broadcasting commences in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/09/21", "description": "Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza Garc\u00eda is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/09/25", "description": "The submarine Transatlantic telephone cable opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/10/08", "description": "Baseball pitcher Don Larsen of the New York Yankees throws the only perfect game in World Series history in Game 5 of the 1956 World Series against the Brooklyn Dodgers. Yogi Berra caught the game. Dale Mitchell was the final out. The New York Yankees won the series. Larsen was named series MVP.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/10/08", "description": "Finland joins UNESCO.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/10/08", "description": "The Lockheed L-1649A Starliner makes its first flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/10/14", "description": "Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Indian Untouchable leader, converts to Buddhism along with 385,000 followers (see Neo-Buddhism).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/10/14", "description": "The RAF retires its last Lancaster bomber.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/10/14", "description": "Fidel Castro and Che Guevara depart from Tuxpan, Veracruz, Mexico, enroute to Santiago de Cuba aboard the yacht ''Granma'' with 82 men.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/10/17", "description": "The Game of the Century: 13-year-old Bobby Fischer beats GM Donald Byrne in the NY Rosenwald chess tournament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/10/22", "description": "Suez Crisis: Britain, France, and Israel secretly meet in and make plans to invade Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/10/23", "description": "The Hungarian revolution breaks out against the pro-Soviet government. Hungary attempts to leave the Warsaw Pact.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/10/26", "description": "Red Army troops invade Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/10/26", "description": "The ''Huntley-Brinkley Report'' debuts on NBC-TV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/10/26", "description": "Suez Crisis: Israel invades the Sinai Peninsula and push Egyptian forces back toward the Suez Canal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/10/26", "description": "Tangier Protocol: The international city Tangier is reintegrated into Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/10/26", "description": "Suez Crisis: The United Kingdom and France begin bombing Egypt to force the reopening of the Suez Canal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/10/26", "description": "A United States Navy team becomes the third group to reach the South Pole (arriving by air) and commences construction of the first permanent Amundsen\u2013Scott South Pole Station.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/10/26", "description": "The States Reorganisation Act of India reforms the boundaries and names of Indian states. Two new states Kerala and Karnataka were formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/10/26", "description": "City Lights Books publishes ''Howl and Other Poems'' by Allen Ginsberg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/10/26", "description": "The film ''Oklahoma!'' (1955), previously released to select cities in Todd-AO, now receives a national release in Cinemascope, since not all theatres are yet equipped for Todd-AO. To accomplish this, the film had to be actually shot twice, rather than printing one version in two different film processes as is done today.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/11/03", "description": "MGM's film ''The Wizard of Oz'' makes its TV debut on the CBS network. This marks the first time a major Hollywood film running more than ninety minutes is televised uncut in one evening. Up to then, only B-movies and British films had been telecast, often edited or in two parts if they ran more than ninety minutes. The longest film telecast prior to this was Olivier's version of ''Richard III'', which, unlike ''Oz'', was somewhat edited and not telecast in prime time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/11/04", "description": "1956 Hungarian Revolution: More Soviet troops invade Hungary to crush a revolt that started on October 23. Thousands are killed, more are wounded, and nearly a quarter million leave the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/11/06", "description": "United States presidential election, 1956: Republican incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower defeats Democrat challenger Adlai E. Stevenson in a rematch of their contest 4 years earlier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/11/07", "description": "Suez Crisis: The United Nations General Assembly adopts a resolution calling for the United Kingdom, France, and Israel to withdraw their troops from Arab lands immediately.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/11/13", "description": "The United States Supreme Court declares Alabama and Montgomery, Alabama laws requiring segregated buses illegal, thus ending the Montgomery Bus Boycott.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/11/14", "description": "Fighting ends in Hungary. {{noMention}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/11/15", "description": "Middle East Technical University is founded in Ankara, Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/11/20", "description": "In Yugoslavia, former prime minister Milovan Djilas is arrested after he criticizes Josip Broz Tito.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/11/22", "description": "The 1956 Summer Olympics begin in Melbourne, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/11/23", "description": "The Suez Crisis causes petrol rationing in Britain.<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/november\/29\/newsid_3247000\/3247805.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/november\/29\/newsid_3247000\/3247805.stm<\/a> Motorists panic as petrol rations loom, BBC news", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/11/28", "description": "Roger Vadim's drama film ''And God Created Woman'' released in France as ''Et Dieu\u2026 cr\u00e9a la femme'', propels Brigitte Bardot into the public spotlight as a quotsex kittenquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/11/30", "description": "Floyd Patterson wins the world heavyweight boxing championship that was vacant after the retirement of Rocky Marciano.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/11/30", "description": "Fidel Castro and his followers land in Cuba in the boat ''Granma''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/11/30", "description": "A pipe bomb planted by George Metesky explodes at the Paramount Theater in Brooklyn, injuring 6 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/12/04", "description": "December 4  - The Million Dollar Quartet (Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, and Johnny Cash) get together at Sun Studios for the first and last time in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/12/05", "description": "Rose Heilbron becomes Britain's first female judge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/12/09", "description": "Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810 crashes into a mountain in British Columbia. All 62 people on board are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/12/12", "description": "Japan becomes a member of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/12/18", "description": "''To Tell the Truth'' debuts on CBS-TV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/12/19", "description": "John Bodkin Adams is arrested for the murder of 2 patients in Eastbourne, Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/12/23", "description": "British and French troops leave the Suez Canal region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/12/31", "description": "Bob Barker makes his TV debut as host of the game show ''Truth or Consequences''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/12/31", "description": "Asian flu pandemic originates in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/12/31", "description": "Minamata disease is discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1956/12/31", "description": "The Alpine Club of Canada, Toronto section, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957", "description": "The Saarland joins West Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957", "description": "An Irish Republican Army attack on the Brookeborough police barracks leads to the deaths of Se\u00e1n South and Fergal O'Hanlon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957", "description": "Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini suffers the stroke that leads to his death a little over two weeks later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/01/02", "description": " The San Francisco and Los Angeles stock exchanges merge to form the Pacific Coast Stock Exchange.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/01/03", "description": " Hamilton Watch Company introduces the first electric watch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/01/04", "description": " After 69 years the last issue of ''Collier's Weekly'' Magazine is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/01/05", "description": " Russell Endean becomes the first batsman to be dismissed for having ''handled the ball'' in test match cricket.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/01/06", "description": " Elvis Presley appears on ''The Ed Sullivan Show'' for the 3rd and final time. He is only shown from the waist up, even during the gospel segment, singing quotPeace In The Valleyquot. Ed Sullivan describes Elvis thus: quotThis is a real decent, fine boy. We've never had a pleasanter experience on our show with a big name than we've had with you. You're thoroughly all right.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/01/09", "description": " British Prime Minister Anthony Eden resigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/01/10", "description": " Harold Macmillan becomes the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/01/11", "description": " The African Convention is founded in Dakar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/01/13", "description": " ''Wham-O'' Company produces the first Frisbee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/01/14", "description": " Jagadguru Kripalu Maharaj was named fifth Jagadguru (world teacher) after giving seven days of speeches before 500 Hindu scholars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/01/15", "description": " Release, in Japan, of the film ''Throne of Blood'', Akira Kurosawa's reworking of ''Macbeth''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/01/16", "description": " The Cavern Club opens in Liverpool.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/01/16", "description": "Dwight D. Eisenhower is inaugurated for a second term as President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/01/16", "description": "Israel withdraws from the Sinai Peninsula (captured from Egypt on October 29, 1956).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/01/16", "description": "The New York City ampquotMad Bomberampquot, George P. Metesky, is arrested in Waterbury, Connecticut, and is charged with planting more than 30 bombs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/01/23", "description": " Ku Klux Klan members force truck driver Willie Edwards to jump off a bridge into the Alabama River he drowns as a result.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/01/26", "description": " The Ibirapuera Planetarium (the first in the Southern Hemisphere) is inaugurated in the city of S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/01/31", "description": " Three students on a junior high school playground in Pacoima, California, are among the 8 persons killed following a mid-air collision between a Douglas DC-7 airliner and a Northrop F-89 Scorpion fighter jet, in the skies above the San Fernando Valley section of Los Angeles, US.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/02/02", "description": " President Iskander Mirza of Pakistan lays the foundation-stone of the Guddu Barrage across the river Indus near Sukkur.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/02/02", "description": "France prohibits U.N. involvement in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/02/02", "description": "The first nuclear-powered submarine, the {{USS|Nautilus|SSN-571}}, logs its 60,000th nautical mile, matching the endurance of the fictional ''Nautilus'' described in Jules Verne's novel ''ampquot20,000 Leagues Under the Seaampquot''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/02/02", "description": "A coal gas explosion at the giant Bishop coal mine in Bishop, Virginia kills 37 men.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/02/15", "description": " Andrei Gromyko becomes foreign minister of the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/02/15", "description": "The ampquotToddlers' Truceampquot, a controversial television closedown between 6.00 p.m. and 7.00 p.m., is abolished in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/02/15", "description": "Ingmar Bergman's film ''The Seventh Seal'' opens in Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/02/17", "description": " A fire at a home for the elderly in Warrenton, Missouri, kills 72 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/02/17", "description": "Kenyan rebel leader Dedan Kimathi is executed by the British colonial government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/02/17", "description": "The last person to be executed in New Zealand, Walter James Bolton, is hanged at Mount Eden Prison for poisoning his wife.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/02/23", "description": " The founding congress of the Senegalese Popular Bloc opens in Dakar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/02/23", "description": "U Nu becomes Prime Minister of Burma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/02/23", "description": "Arturo Lezama becomes President of the National Council of Government of Uruguay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/02/23", "description": "Sud Aviation forms from a merger between SNCASE (Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale de Constructions A\u00e9ronautiques du Sud Est) and SNCASO (Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale de Constructions A\u00e9ronautiques du Sud Ouest).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/02/23", "description": "Dr. Seuss' ''The Cat in the Hat'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/03/03", "description": " ''Net als toen'' by Corry Brokken (music by Guus Jansen, text by Willy van Hemert) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1957 for the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/03/04", "description": " Standard amp Poor's first publishes the SampP 500 guide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/03/04", "description": "United Kingdom colonies Gold Coast and British Togoland become the independent nation of Ghana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/03/04", "description": "Zodi Ikhia founds the Nigerien Democratic Front (FDN) in Niger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/03/07", "description": " The United States Congress approves the Eisenhower Doctrine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/03/08", "description": " Egypt re-opens the Suez Canal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/03/10", "description": " Floodgates of The Dalles Dam are closed, inundating Celilo Falls and ancient Indian fisheries along the Columbia River in Oregon, US.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/03/10", "description": "The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation arrests Jimmy Hoffa and charges him with bribery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/03/10", "description": "Anglo-Jordanian Treaty of 1948 expires.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/03/14", "description": " President Sukarno declares martial law in Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/03/17", "description": " Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay and 24 others are killed in a plane crash.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/03/20", "description": " The French newspaper ''L'Express'' reveals that the French army tortures Algerian prisoners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/03/25", "description": " The Treaty of Rome (patto di Roma) establishes the European Economic Community (EEC) (see European Union).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/03/26", "description": " 22-year-old Elvis Presley buys Graceland on 3734 Bellevue Boulevard (Highway 51 South) for $US100,000. He and his family move from the house on 1034 Audubon Drive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/03/27", "description": " The 29th Academy Awards ceremony is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/03/31", "description": " Rodgers and Hammerstein's ''Cinderella'', the team's only musical written especially for television, is telecast live and in color by CBS, starring Julie Andrews in the title role. The production is seen by millions, but this 1957 version is not to be telecast again for more than 40 years, when a kinescope of it is shown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/03/31", "description": "April ampampndash IBM sells the first compiler for the FORTRAN scientific programming language.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/04/01", "description": " The first new conscripts join the Bundeswehr.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/04/05", "description": " The Communist Party of India wins the elections in Kerala, making E. M. S. Namboodiripad its first chief minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/04/09", "description": " Egypt reopens the Suez Canal to all shipping.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/04/09", "description": "The United Kingdom announces that Singapore will gain self-rule on January 1, 1958.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/04/09", "description": "Allen Ginsberg's poem ''Howl'', printed in England, is seized by U.S. customs officials on the grounds of obscenity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/04/15", "description": " White Rock secedes from Surrey, British Columbia, following a referendum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/04/17", "description": " Suspected serial killer John Bodkin Adams is found not guilty of murder at the Old Bailey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/04/24", "description": " Patrick Moore presents the first episode of ''The Sky at Night'', a BBC television programme for astronomy enthusiasts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/05/02", "description": " Vincent Gigante fails to assassinate mafioso Frank Costello in Manhattan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/05/03", "description": " Brooklyn Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley agrees to move the team from Brooklyn, New York, to Los Angeles", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/05/03", "description": "Operation Grapple: At Malden Island in the Pacific, Britain tests its first hydrogen bomb, which fails to detonate properly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/05/03", "description": "Stanley Matthews plays his final international game, ending an English record international career of almost 23 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/05/16", "description": " Paul-Henri Spaak becomes the new Secretary General of NATO.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/05/24", "description": " Anti-American riots erupt in Taipei, Taiwan.{{cite web|title=HI Taipei 1957 Riot |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.msg-history.com\/HistoricalItems\/HI_Taipei_1957_Riot.html|work=|archiveurl=http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5kJBvDpzz|archivedate=2009-10-05|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-10-03}}\">http:\/\/www.msg-history.com\/HistoricalItems\/HI_Taipei_1957_Riot.html|work=|archiveurl=http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5kJBvDpzz|archivedate=2009-10-05|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-10-03}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/06/09", "description": " Broad Peak, on the China-Pakistan border, is first ascended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/06/15", "description": " Oklahoma celebrates its semi-centennial statehood. A brand new 1957 Plymouth Belvedere is buried in a time capsule (to be opened 50 years later on June 15, 2007).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/06/21", "description": " John Diefenbaker becomes Canada's 13th prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/06/25", "description": " The United Church of Christ is formed in Cleveland, Ohio, by the merger of the Congregational Christian Churches and the Evangelical and Reformed Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/06/27", "description": " Hurricane Audrey demolishes Cameron, Louisiana, US, killing 400 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/06/27", "description": "July", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/06/27", "description": "The International Geophysical Year begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/06/27", "description": "The <a href=\"http:\/\/www.uwaterloo.com\">http:\/\/www.uwaterloo.com<\/a> University of Waterloo is founded in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/07/06", "description": " John Lennon and Paul McCartney meet for the first time, as teenagers at Woolton Fete, 3 years before forming the Beatles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/07/09", "description": " Elvis Presley's ''Loving You'' opens in theaters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/07/11", "description": " His Highness Prince Karim Aga Khan becomes the 49th Imam of the Shia Ismaili Muslims at age 20. His grandfather Sir Sultan Mohammed Shah Aga Khan III appoints Prince Karim in his will.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/07/14", "description": " Rawya Ateya takes her seat in the National Assembly of Egypt, thereby becoming the first female parliamentarian in the Arab world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/07/16", "description": " United States Marine Major John Glenn flies an F8U supersonic jet from California to New York in 3 hours, 23 minutes and 8 seconds, setting a new transcontinental speed record.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/07/25", "description": " Tunisia becomes a republic, with Habib Bourguiba its first president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/07/25", "description": "The 6th World Festival of Youth and Students, a high point of the Khruschev Thaw, kicks off in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/07/25", "description": "Heavy rains and mudslides at Isahaya, western Ky\u016bsh\u016b, Japan, kill 992.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/07/25", "description": "A strong earthquake shakes Mexico City and Mexican port city Acapulco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/07/29", "description": " The International Atomic Energy Agency is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/08/04", "description": " Juan Manuel Fangio, driving for Maserati, wins the Formula One German Grand Prix, clinching (with 4 wins that season) his record 5th world drivers championship, including his 4th consecutive championship (also a record) these 2 records endure for nearly half a century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/08/05", "description": " ''American Bandstand'', a local dance show produced by WFIL-TV in Philadelphia, joins the ABC Television Network.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/08/21", "description": " U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower announces a 2-year suspension of nuclear testing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/08/28", "description": " United States Senator Strom Thurmond (D-SC) sets the record for the longest filibuster with his 24-hour, 18-minute speech railing against a civil rights bill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/08/31", "description": " The Federation of Malaya gains independence from the United Kingdom. Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad, Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan becomes the first Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/09/01", "description": " 175 die in Jamaica's worst railway disaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/09/03", "description": " The Wolfenden report on homosexuality is published in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/09/03", "description": "American Civil Rights Movement ampampndash Little Rock Crisis: Governor Orville Faubus of Arkansas calls out the US National Guard, to prevent African-American students from enrolling in Central High School in Little Rock.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/09/03", "description": "The Ford Motor Company introduces the Edsel on what the company proclaims as ampquotE Dayampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/09/05", "description": " The first edition of Jack Kerouac's ''On the Road'' goes on sale.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/09/09", "description": " Catholic Memorial High School opens its doors for the first time in Boston", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/09/14", "description": " ''Have Gun, Will Travel'' premieres on CBS.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/09/14", "description": "Olav V becomes King of Norway on the death of his father Haakon VII.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/09/14", "description": "The sailing ship ''Pamir'' sinks off the Azores in a hurricane.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/09/23", "description": " The Academy Award-winning movie ''The Three Faces of Eve'' is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/09/24", "description": " U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower sends federal troops to Arkansas to provide safe passage into Central High School for the Little Rock Nine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/09/26", "description": "West Side Story has its first appearance on Broadway and runs for 732 performances.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/09/29", "description": " Kyshtym disaster occurs at a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant in Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/10/02", "description": " David Lean's film ''The Bridge on the River Kwai'' opens in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/10/02", "description": "Space Age ampampndash Sputnik program: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/10/02", "description": "Canada's Avro Arrow is unveiled to the public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/10/02", "description": "The comedy sitcom ''Leave It to Beaver'' premieres on television.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/10/09", "description": " Neil H. McElroy is sworn in as United States Secretary of Defense.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/10/09", "description": "U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower apologizes to the finance minister of Ghana, Komla Agbeli Gbdemah, after he is refused service in a Dover, Delaware restaurant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/10/09", "description": "A fire at the Windscale power station in the UK releases radioactive material into the surrounding environment, including Iodine-131.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/10/09", "description": "The Jodrell Bank Radio telescope opens in Cheshire, UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/10/09", "description": "The orbit of the last stage of the R-7 Semyorka rocket (carrying Sputnik I) is first successfully calculated on an IBM 704 computer by teams at The M.I.T. Computation Center and Operation Moonwatch, Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/10/12", "description": " Ayn Rand's novel ''Atlas Shrugged'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/10/12", "description": "Two trains collide in Turkey 95 die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/10/12", "description": "The U.S. military sustains its first combat fatality in Vietnam, Army Capt. Hank Cramer of the 1st Special Forces Group.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/10/23", "description": " Morocco begins its invasion of Ifni.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/10/25", "description": " Mafia boss Albert Anastasia is assassinated in a barber shop, at the Park Sheraton Hotel in New York City, US.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/10/27", "description": " Celal Bayar is re-elected president of Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/10/31", "description": " Toyota begins exporting vehicles to the U.S., beginning with the Toyota Crown and the Toyota Land Cruiser", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/10/31", "description": "The Mackinac Bridge, the world's longest suspension bridge between anchorages at the time, opens in the US to connect Michigan's two peninsulas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/10/31", "description": "The westbound tube AKA the first tube of the Hampton Roads Bridge-Tunnel linking to Norfolk, Virginia and Hampton, Virginia opens at a cost of $44 million dollars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/11/03", "description": " Sputnik program: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 2, with the first animal to orbit the Earth (a dog named Laika) on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/11/07", "description": " Cold War: In the United States, the Gaither Report calls for more American missiles and fallout shelters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/11/08", "description": " Film ''Jailhouse Rock'' opens across the U.S. to reach #3, and Elvis Presley continues to gain more notoriety.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/11/08", "description": "Gordon Gould invents the laser.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/11/08", "description": "Flooding in the Po River valley of Italy leads to flooding also in Venice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/11/14", "description": " Apalachin Meeting: American Mafia leaders meet in Apalachin, New York at the house of Joseph Barbara the meeting is broken up by a curious patrolman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/11/14", "description": "A plane crash in the Isle of Wight leaves 43 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/11/14", "description": "Yugoslavia announces the end of an economic boycott of Franco's Spain (although it does not reinstitute diplomatic relations).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/11/14", "description": "Serial killer Edward Gein murders his last victim, Bernice Worden of Plainfield, Wisconsin, US.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/11/14", "description": "U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower has a stroke", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/11/14", "description": "Adnan Menderes of DP forms the new government of Turkey (23rd government,last government formed by DP and Adnan Menderes)", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/11/30", "description": " Indonesian president Sukarno survives a grenade attack at the Cikini School in Jakarta, but six children are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/01", "description": " In Indonesia, Sukarno announces the nationalization of 246 Dutch businesses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/04", "description": " The Lewisham train disaster in the UK leaves 92 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/05", "description": " All 326,000 Dutch nationals are expelled from Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/06", "description": " First U.S. attempt to launch a satellite fails, the rocket blowing up on the launch pad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/10", "description": " Canadian diplomat Lester B. Pearson receives the Nobel Peace Prize for his peackeeping efforts in the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/18", "description": " ''The Bridge on the River Kwai'' is released in the U.S. It goes on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. Additional Oscars go to Alec Guinness (Best Actor) and David Lean (Best Director), among others. This is Lean's first Oscar for directing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/19", "description": " Meredith Willson's classic musical ''The Music Man'', starring Robert Preston, debuts on Broadway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/20", "description": " The Boeing 707 airliner flies for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/22", "description": " The CBS afternoon anthology series ''Seven Lively Arts'' presents Tchaikovsky's ballet ''The Nutcracker'' on U.S. television for the first time, although heavily abridged.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/22", "description": "Hugh Everett III publishes the first scientifically founded many-worlds theory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/22", "description": "The Consumers' Association is founded in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/22", "description": "The Civil Rights Commission is established in the USA under the Civil Rights Act of 1957.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/22", "description": "Citro\u00ebn stops production of its Traction Avant motor car (production started in 1934).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/22", "description": "Gruppe SPUR is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/22", "description": "The Confederation of African Football is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/22", "description": "Operation Dropshot, an all-out U.S. war with the Soviet Union, is expected to be triggered by the Soviet takeover of Western Europe, the Near East and parts of Eastern Asia, as it was anticipated in 1949.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/22", "description": "Mao Zedong admits that 800,000 ampquotclass enemiesampquot have been summarily liquidated between 1949 and 1954.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/22", "description": "The so-called 'mound of Midas', the Great Tumulus near Gordium, is excavated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/22", "description": "The Africanized bee is accidentally released in Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1957/12/22", "description": "The Asian Flu pandemic begins in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958", "description": "European Economic Community (EEC) founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958", "description": "First Carrefour store opens, in Annecy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/01/03", "description": "Edmund Hillary's Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition completes the third overland journey to the South Pole, and the first to use powered vehicles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/01/04", "description": "Sputnik 1 (launched on October 4, 1957) falls to Earth from its orbit and burns up.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/01/08", "description": "14-year-old Bobby Fischer wins the United States Chess Championship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/01/08", "description": "Armed Lumbee Indians confront a handful of Klansmen in Maxton, North Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/01/08", "description": "The first of Leonard Bernstein's ''Young People's Concerts'' with the New York Philharmonic is telecast by CBS. The Emmy-winning series (one concert approximately every three months except for the summer) will run for more than fourteen years. It will make Bernstein's name a household word, and the most famous conductor in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/01/20", "description": "Anne de Vries releases the fourth and final volume of ''Journey Through the Night''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/01/28", "description": "Hall of Fame baseball player Roy Campanella is involved in an automobile accident that ends his career and leaves him paralyzed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/01/31", "description": "The first successful American satellite, Explorer 1, is launched into orbit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/02/01", "description": "Egypt and Syria unite to form the United Arab Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/02/02", "description": "The word ''Aerospace'' is coined, from the words Aircraft (aero) and Spacecraft (space), taking into consideration that the Earth's atmosphere and outerspace is to be one, or a single realm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/02/02", "description": "Gamel Abdel Nasser is nominated as the first president of the United Arab Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/02/02", "description": "The Tybee Bomb, a 7,600 pound (3,500ampampnbspkg) Mark 15 hydrogen bomb, is lost in the waters off Savannah, Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/02/06", "description": "Seven Manchester United footballers are among the 21 people killed in the Munich air disaster in West Germany on the return flight from a European Cup game in Yugoslavia. 23 people survive, but four of them, including manager Matt Busby and players Johnny Berry and Duncan Edwards, are in a serious condition.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/february\/6\/newsid_2535000\/2535961.stm|work=BBC\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/february\/6\/newsid_2535000\/2535961.stm|work=BBC<\/a> News|title=1958: United players killed in air disaster|date=February 6, 1958|accessdate= 3 October 2010!--DASHBot--|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100917140201\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/february\/6\/newsid_2535000\/2535961.stm|archivedate=17\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100917140201\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/february\/6\/newsid_2535000\/2535961.stm|archivedate=17<\/a> September 2010|deadurl=no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/02/06", "description": "The strongest ever known solar maximum is recorded.ampampAs of 2012. {{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/headlines\/y2006\/10mar_stormwarning.htm?list862664|title=Solar\">http:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/headlines\/y2006\/10mar_stormwarning.htm?list862664|title=Solar<\/a> Storm Warning|work=Science@NASA|date=2006-03-10|accessdate=2012-03-30}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/02/06", "description": "Marshal Chen Yi succeeds Zhou Enlai as Chinese Minister of Foreign affairs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/02/06", "description": "Ruth Carol Taylor is the first African American woman hired as a flight attendant. Hired by Mohawk Airlines, her career lasts only six months, due to another discriminatory barrier ampampndash the airline's ban on married flight attendants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/02/14", "description": "The Hashemite Kingdoms of Iraq and Jordan unite in the Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan with Iraqi King Faisal II as head of state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/02/17", "description": "Pope Pius XII declares Saint Clare the patron saint of television.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/02/20", "description": "A test rocket explodes at Cape Canaveral.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/02/21", "description": "A peace symbol is designed and completed by Gerald Holtom, commissioned by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, in protest against the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/02/21", "description": "Cuban rebels kidnap five-time world driving champion Juan Manuel Fangio, releasing him 28 hours later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/02/21", "description": "Arturo Frondizi is elected president of Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/02/24", "description": "In Cuba, Fidel Castro's ''Radio Rebelde'' begins broadcasting from Sierra Maestra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/02/25", "description": "Bertrand Russell launches the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/02/28", "description": "One of the worst school bus accidents in U.S. history occurs at Prestonburg, Kentucky 29 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/03/01", "description": "The Turkish passenger ship ''Uskudar'' capsizes and sinks at Izmit Bay, Kocaeli, Turkey at least 300 die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/03/02", "description": "A British Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition team led by Sir Vivian Fuchs completes the first overland crossing of the Antarctic, using snowcat caterpillar tractors and dogsled teams, in 99 days, via the South Pole.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/03/08", "description": "The USS ''Wisconsin'' is decommissioned, leaving the United States Navy without an active battleship for the first time since 1896 (it is recommissioned October 22, 1988).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/03/11", "description": "A U.S. B-47 bomber accidentally drops an atom bomb on Mars Bluff, South Carolina. Without a fissile warhead, its conventional explosives destroy a house and injure several people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/03/17", "description": "Convention on the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO) enters into force, founding the IMCO as a specialized agency of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/03/17", "description": "The United States launches the Vanguard 1 satellite.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/03/19", "description": "Monarch Underwear Company fire in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/03/24", "description": "The U.S. Army inducts Elvis Presley, transforming The King Of Rock amp Roll into U.S. private #53310761.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/03/25", "description": "Canada's Avro Arrow makes its debut flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/03/25", "description": "The United States Army launches Explorer 3.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/03/25", "description": "The 30th Academy Awards ceremony takes place ''The Bridge on the River Kwai'' wins seven awards, including Academy Award for Best Picture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/03/27", "description": "Nikita Khrushchev becomes Premier of the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/03/27", "description": "April \u2013 Unemployment in Detroit reaches 20%, marking the height of the Recession of 1958 in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/04/01", "description": "The BBC Radiophonic Workshop is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/04/03", "description": "Castro's revolutionary army begins its attacks on Havana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/04/04", "description": "April 7 \u2013 In the first protest march for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament from Hyde Park, London to Aldermaston, Berkshire, demonstrators demand the banning of nuclear weapons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/04/04", "description": "Cheryl Crane, daughter of actress Lana Turner, fatally stabs her mother's gangster lover Johnny Stompanato (the stabbing is eventually ruled as self-defense).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/04/06", "description": "Soraya Esfandiary Bakhtiari divorces the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi after she is unable to produce any children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/04/06", "description": "The satellite Sputnik 2 disintegrates in space after several orbits.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/04/06", "description": "Van Cliburn wins the Tchaikovsky International Competition for pianists in Moscow, breaking Cold War tensions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/04/15", "description": "The San Francisco Giants beat the Los Angeles Dodgers 8\u20130 at San Francisco's Seals Stadium, in the first Major League Baseball regular season game ever played in California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/04/17", "description": "King Baudouin of Belgium officially opens the World Fair in Brussels, also known as Expo '58. The Atomium forms the centrepiece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/04/20", "description": "Montreal Canadiens win the Stanley cup after a defeating the  Boston Bruins in 6 games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/04/21", "description": "United Airlines Flight 736 is involved in a mid-air collision with a U.S. Air Force F-100F-5-NA Super Sabre jet fighter near Las Vegas, Nevada. All 49 persons in both aircraft are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/04/21", "description": "Arturo Frondizi becomes President of Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/04/21", "description": "The Nordic Passport Union comes into force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/05/09", "description": "Actor-singer Paul Robeson, whose passport has been reinstated, sings in a sold-out one-man recital at Carnegie Hall. The recital is such a success that Robeson gives another one at Carnegie Hall a few days later but, after this, Robeson is seldom seen in public in the United States again. His Carnegie Hall concerts are later released on records and on CD.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/05/10", "description": "Interviewed in the Chave d'Ouro caf\u00e9, when asked about his rival Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar, Humberto Delgado utters one of the most famous comments in Portuguese political history: quotObviamente, demito-o! (Obviously, I'll sack him!)quot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/05/12", "description": "A formal North American Aerospace Defense Command agreement is signed between the United States and Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/05/12", "description": "French Algerian protesters seize government offices in Algiers, leading to a military coup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/05/12", "description": "During a visit to Caracas, Venezuela, Vice President Richard M. Nixon's car is attacked by anti-American demonstrators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/05/15", "description": "The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 3.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/05/15", "description": "MGM's ''Gigi'' opens in New York City, beginning its run in the U.S. after being shown at the Cannes film festival. The last of the great MGM musicals, it will become a huge critical and box office success and win nine Academy Awards including Best Picture. ''Gigi'' is Lerner and Loewe's first musical written especially for film, and is deliberately written in a style evoking the team's ''My Fair Lady'', which was still playing on Broadway at the time and could not be filmed yet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/05/18", "description": "An F-104 Starfighter sets a world speed record of {{Convert|1404.19|mi\/h|km\/h|abbr=on}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/05/20", "description": "Fulgencio Batista's government launches a counteroffensive against Castro's rebels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/05/21", "description": "United Kingdom Postmaster General Ernest Marples announces that from December, Subscriber Trunk Dialling will be introduced in the Bristol area.{{cite news| url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/may\/21\/newsid_2510000\/2510289.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/may\/21\/newsid_2510000\/2510289.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title=1958: Trunk dialling heralds cheaper calls | date=May 21, 1958}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/05/23", "description": "Explorer 1 ceases transmission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/05/30", "description": "The bodies of unidentified United States soldiers killed in action during World War II and the Korean War are buried at the Tomb of the Unknowns in Arlington National Cemetery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/05/30", "description": "Charles de Gaulle is brought out of retirement to lead France by decree for 6 months.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/05/30", "description": "Iceland extends its fishing limits to 12 miles (22.2ampampnbspkm).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/06/02", "description": "In San Simeon, California, Hearst Castle opens to the public for guided tours.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.hearstcastle.com|title=Hearst\">http:\/\/www.hearstcastle.com|title=Hearst<\/a> Castle|publisher=California State Parks|accessdate=2011-02-15|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110208001323\/http:\/\/hearstcastle.com\/|archivedate=8\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110208001323\/http:\/\/hearstcastle.com\/|archivedate=8<\/a> February 2011!--DASHBot--|deadurl=no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/06/04", "description": "French President Charles De Gaulle visits Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/06/08", "description": "The {{SS|Edmund Fitzgerald}} is launched she will be the largest Lake freighter for more than a dozen years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/06/16", "description": "Imre Nagy is hanged for treason in Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/06/20", "description": "The iron barque ''Omega'' of Callao, Peru (built in Scotland, 1887), sinks on passage carrying guano from the Pachacamac Islands for Huacho, the world\u2019s last full rigged ship trading under sail alone.{{cite web|title=Drumcliff|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sjohistoriskasamfundet.se\/LB\/Nautica\/Ships\/Fourmast_ships\/Drumcliff(1887).html|publisher=Sj\u00f6historiska\">http:\/\/www.sjohistoriskasamfundet.se\/LB\/Nautica\/Ships\/Fourmast_ships\/Drumcliff(1887).html|publisher=Sj\u00f6historiska<\/a> Samfundet|year=1999|accessdate=2011-02-15}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/06/27", "description": "The Peronist Party becomes legal again in Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/06/29", "description": "Brazil beats Sweden 5\u20132 to win the football World Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/07/05", "description": "Gasherbrum I, the 11th highest mountain in the world, is first ascended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/07/05", "description": "President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Alaska Statehood Act into United States law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/07/05", "description": "The first International House of Pancakes (IHOP) opens in Toluca Lake, Los Angeles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/07/09", "description": "A 7.5 Richter scale earthquake in Lituya Bay, Alaska, causes a landslide that produces a huge 520-meter high wave.!-- Exact date unverified? Sources differ. Best sources say 9th. --", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/07/10", "description": "The first parking meters are installed in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/07/11", "description": "Count Michael Rh\u00e9dey von Kis-Rh\u00e9de, direct descendant of Samuel Aba, King of Hungary, at the age of 60 is pistol-whipped and murdered over a few hectares of land by Czechoslovak Communists during the collectivization process at his residence in Olcsvar, Slovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/07/12", "description": "Henri Cornelis becomes Governor-General of the Belgian Congo.  He was the last Belgian governor of the Congo prior to independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/07/15", "description": "In Lebanon, 5,000 United States Marines land in the capital Beirut in order to protect the pro-Western government there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/07/17", "description": "British paratroopers arrive in Jordan King Hussein has asked help against pressure from Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/07/19", "description": "The Beatles, then The Quarrymen, pay 17 shillings and 6 pence to have their first recording session where they record ''That'll Be The Day'' by Buddy Holly and ''In Spite Of All The Danger'' by Paul McCartney and George Harrison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/07/20", "description": "Various rebel groups in Cuba join forces but the communists do not join them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/07/24", "description": "The first life peerage under the Life Peerages Act 1958 is created in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/07/24", "description": "Explorer program: Explorer 4 is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/07/24", "description": "Elizabeth II gives her son and heir apparent The Prince Charles the customary title of Prince of Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/07/29", "description": "The U.S. Congress formally creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/07/31", "description": "Tibetan resistance movement against rule by China receives support from the United States Central Intelligence Agency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/08/01", "description": "The last Tom and Jerry episode (''Tot Watchers'') made by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera is released. Tom and Jerry will not be released to theatres again until 1961.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/08/03", "description": "The nuclear powered submarine USS ''Nautilus'' becomes the first vessel to cross the North Pole under water.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/08/06", "description": "Australian athlete Herb Elliott clips almost three seconds off the world record for the mile run at Santry Stadium, Dublin, recording a time of 3 minutes 54.5 seconds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/08/14", "description": "A 4-engine Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation aircraft belonging to KLM crashes into the sea with 99 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/08/17", "description": "The first Thor-Able rocket is launched, carrying Pioneer 0, from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 17. The launch fails due to a first stage malfunction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/08/17", "description": "Vladimir Nabokov's controversial novel ''Lolita'' is published in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/08/17", "description": "Brojen Das from East Pakistan swims across the English Channel in a competition, as the first Bangali as well as the first Asian to ever do it. He is first among 39 competitors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/08/17", "description": "Chinese Civil War: The Second Taiwan Strait crisis begins with the People's Liberation Army's bombardment of Quemoy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/08/17", "description": "President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Federal Aviation Act, transferring all authority over aviation in the USA to the newly created Federal Aviation Agency (FAA, later renamed Federal Aviation Administration).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/08/27", "description": "Operation Argus: The United States begins nuclear tests over the South Atlantic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/08/30", "description": "September 1 \u2013 Notting Hill race riots: Riots between blacks and whites in Notting Hill, London.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/newsfilm.bufvc.ac.uk\/article.php?story=2005100819205024|title=quotNotting\">http:\/\/newsfilm.bufvc.ac.uk\/article.php?story=2005100819205024|title=quotNotting<\/a> Hill Riot Specialquot, newsfilm online|accessdate=2008-03-05}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/09/01", "description": "The first Cod War begins between the United Kingdom and Iceland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/09/06", "description": "Paul Robeson performs in concert at the Soviet Young Pioneer camp Artek.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/09/12", "description": "Jack Kilby invents the first integrated circuit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/09/14", "description": "Two rockets designed by German engineer Ernst Mohr (the first German post-war rockets) reach the upper atmosphere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/09/27", "description": "Typhoon Ida kills at least 1,269 in Honsh\u016b, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/09/28", "description": "In France, a majority of 79% says yes to the constitution of the Fifth Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/09/30", "description": "The U.S.S.R. performs a nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/09/30", "description": "Tunisia and Morocco join the Arab League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/09/30", "description": "NASA starts operations and replaces the NACA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/10/02", "description": "Guinea declares itself independent from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/10/04", "description": "BOAC uses the new De Havilland Comet jets, to become the first airline to fly jet passenger services across the Atlantic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/10/09", "description": "Pope Pius XII dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/10/11", "description": "Pioneer 1, the second and most successful of the 3 project Able space probes, becomes the first spacecraft launched by the newly formed NASA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/10/16", "description": "First broadcast of the long-running BBC Television children's programme ''Blue Peter''.ref name=quotPocket On This Dayquot{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/10/21", "description": "The Life Peerages Act entitles women to sit in the British House of Lords for the first time. The Baronesses Swanborough (Stella Isaacs, Marchioness of Reading) and Wooton (Barbara Wooton) are the first to take their seats.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/10/26", "description": "First transatlantic flight of a Pan American World Airways Boeing 707.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/10/28", "description": "Pope John XXIII succeeds Pope Pius XII as the 261st pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/11/03", "description": "The new UNESCO building is inaugurated in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/11/10", "description": "The Bossa nova is born in Rio de Janeiro, with Jo\u00e3o Gilberto's recording of ''Chega de Saudade''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/11/18", "description": "The {{SS|Carl D. Bradley}} sinks in a storm on Lake Michigan, killing 33 of the 35 crewmen on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/11/22", "description": "The Menzies Liberal government in Australia is re-elected for a fifth term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/11/23", "description": "The radio version of ''Have Gun - Will Travel'' premieres. It is one of the last dramas to go on the air on commercial radio. Only some NPR stations will broadcast radio dramas in years to come.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/11/25", "description": "French Sudan gains autonomy as a self-governing member of the French colonial empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/11/28", "description": "Chad, the Republic of the Congo, and Gabon become autonomous republics within the French colonial empire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/11/29", "description": "Ted Kennedy marries Virginia Joan Bennett at St. Joseph's Church in Bronxville, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/11/30", "description": "Gaullists win the French parliamentary election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/11/30", "description": "Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos takes office as President of Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/11/30", "description": "Our Lady of the Angels School Fire: At least ninety students and three nuns are killed in a fire in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/11/30", "description": "Subscriber trunk dialling (STD) is inaugurated in the UK by the Queen, when she dials a call from Bristol to Edinburgh and speaks to the Lord Provost.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bt.com\/archives\/history\/19461959.htm#1958{{dead\">http:\/\/www.bt.com\/archives\/history\/19461959.htm#1958{{dead<\/a> link|date=March 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/11/30", "description": "The Preston bypass, the United Kingdom's first motorway, opens to traffic for the first time. This stretch is now part of the M6 and M55 motorways.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/06", "description": "The 3rd launch of a Thor-Able rocket, carrying Pioneer 2, is unsuccessful due to a 3rd stage ignition failure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/09", "description": "The right-wing John Birch Society is founded in the USA by Robert Welch, a retired candy manufacturer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/14", "description": "The ''3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition'' becomes the first ever to reach the Southern Pole of Inaccessibility.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/15", "description": "Arthur L. Schawlow and Charles H. Townes of Bell Laboratories publish a paper in ''Physical Review Letters'' setting out the principles of the optical laser.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/16", "description": "A fire breaks out in the Vida Department Store in Bogota, Colombia and kills 84 persons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/19", "description": "President Dwight D. Eisenhower broadcasts a message from a Project SCORE satellite.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/21", "description": "General Charles de Gaulle is elected president of France with 78.5% of the votes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/24", "description": "A BOAC Bristol Britannia (312 G-AOVD) crashes near Winkton, England during a test flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/25", "description": "Tchaikovsky's ballet ''The Nutcracker'' (the George Balanchine version) is shown on prime-time television in color for the first time, as an episode of the CBS anthology series ''Playhouse 90''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/28", "description": "The Baltimore Colts beat the New York Giants 23\u201317 to win the NFL Championship Game, the first to go into sudden death overtime and quotThe Greatest Game Ever Playedquot.Barnidge, Tom. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nfl.com\/insider\/story\/6032205\">http:\/\/www.nfl.com\/insider\/story\/6032205<\/a> 1958 Colts remember the 'Greatest Game', nfl.com, reprinted from Official Super Bowl XXXIII Game Program, accessed March 21, 2007.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/29", "description": "Rebel troops under Che Guevara begin to invade Santa Clara, Cuba. Fulgencio Batista resigns two days later, on the night of the 31st.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/31", "description": "Tallies reveal that, for the first time, the total of passengers carried by air this year exceeds the total carried by sea in transatlantic service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/31", "description": "Nikita Khrushchev orders Western allies to evacuate West Berlin within 6 months but backs down in the face of the allies' unity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/31", "description": "USA, USSR and Great Britain agree to stop testing atomic bombs for 3 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/31", "description": "During the International Geophysical Year, Earth's magnetosphere is discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/31", "description": "The last legal female genital cutting occurs in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/31", "description": "Denatonium, the bitterest substance known, is discovered. It is used as an aversive agent in products such as bleach to reduce the risk of children drinking them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/31", "description": "The Jim Henson Company is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/31", "description": "Instant noodles go on sale for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/31", "description": "The Japanese 10 yen coin ceases having serrated edges after a 5-year period beginning in 1953. All 10 yen coins since have smooth edges.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/31", "description": "The British Rally Championship begins its first year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/31", "description": "The Amirkabir University of Technology is founded in Tehran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/31", "description": "The University of New Orleans established", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/31", "description": "Illinois observes the centennial of the Lincoln-Douglas Debates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/31", "description": "Sicilian writer Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa's novel ''Il Gattopardo'' is published posthumously.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/31", "description": "Welsh cultural critic Raymond Williams publishes ''Culture and Society''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/31", "description": "Based on birth rates (per 1,000 population), the post-war baby boom ends in the United States as an 11-year decline in the birth rate begins (the longest on record in that country).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1958/12/31", "description": "The Professional Bowlers Tour is established at its headquarters in Seattle, WA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959", "description": "Cultivars of plants named after this date must be named in a modern language, not in Latin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959", "description": "Cuba: Fulgencio Batista flees Havana when the forces of Fidel Castro advance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959", "description": "CBS Radio cuts four soap operas: ''Backstage Wife'', ''Our Gal Sunday'', ''The Road of Life'', and ''This is Nora Drake''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959", "description": "Castro's troops approach Havana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959", "description": "The Soviet Union successfully launches the Luna 1 spacecraft from Baikonur Cosmodrome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959", "description": "The island of Addu in the Maldives declares independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959", "description": "Alaska is admitted as the 49th U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959", "description": "In Cuba, rebel troops led by Che Guevara and Camilo Cienfuegos enter the city of Havana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959", "description": "In L\u00e9opoldville, 42 people are killed during food fights between the police and participants of a meeting of the Abako Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959", "description": "Fidel Castro arrives in Havana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959", "description": "The International Maritime Organization is inaugurated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/01/07", "description": "The United States recognizes the new Cuban government of Fidel Castro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/01/08", "description": "Charles De Gaulle is inaugurated as the first president of the French Fifth Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/01/08", "description": "Caves of Nerja are discovered in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/01/08", "description": "Motown Records founded by Berry Gordy, Jr.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/01/13", "description": "Cuban communists execute 71 supporters of Fulgencio Batista.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/01/22", "description": "Knox Mine Disaster: Water breaches the River Slope Mine in Port Griffith, Pennsylvania near Pittston, Pennsylvania 12 miners are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/01/25", "description": "Pope John XXIII announces that the Second Vatican Council will be convened in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/01/29", "description": "Walt Disney releases his 16th animated film, ''Sleeping Beauty'' in Beverly Hills. It is Disney's first animated film to be shown in 70mm and modern 6-track stereophonic sound.''Fantasia'' had also used a multi-speaker stereophonic sound system, but it was primitive compared to the one used in ''Sleeping Beauty''. Also on the program is Disney's new live-action short subject ''Grand Canyon'', which uses the music of Ferde Grofe's ''Grand Canyon Suite''. ''Grand Canyon'' wins an Oscar for Best Documentary Short.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/01/30", "description": "Danish passenger\/cargo ship {{MS|Hans Hedtoft}}, returning to Copenhagen after its maiden voyage to Greenland, strikes an iceberg and sinks off the Greenland coast with the loss of all 95 on board.{{cite news|title=Three Rescue Vessels Reach Ship-Iceberg Collision Scene|location=Oakland|newspaper=Tribune|date=1959-01-31|page=1}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/02/01", "description": "A referendum in Switzerland turns down female suffrage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/02/01", "description": "A chartered plane transporting musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and The Big Bopper and pilot Roger Peterson goes down in foggy conditions near Clear Lake, Iowa, killing all 4 occupants on board. The tragedy is later termed ampquotThe Day the Music Diedampquot, popularized in Don McLean's 1972 song ampquotAmerican Pieampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/02/01", "description": "American Airlines Flight 320, a Lockheed L-188 Electra heading from Chicago to New York City, crashes into the East River, killing 65 of the 73 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/02/06", "description": "At Cape Canaveral, Florida, the first successful test firing of a Titan intercontinental ballistic missile is accomplished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/02/09", "description": "Yugoslavia and Spain set trade relations (not diplomatic ones)", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/02/13", "description": "TAT-2, ATampT's second Trans-Atlantic telephone cable, goes into operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/02/13", "description": "Fidel Castro becomes Premier of Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/02/13", "description": "A blizzard causes a massive power outage in Newfoundland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/02/17", "description": "The United States launches the Vanguard II weather satellite.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/02/17", "description": "Jes\u00fas Sosa Blanco, a  colonel in the  Cuban army of Fulgencio Batista, is executed in Cuba after being convicted of committing 108 murders for Batista.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/02/17", "description": "Women in Nepal vote for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/02/19", "description": "The United Kingdom decides to grant Cyprus its independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/02/20", "description": "The Canadian Government cancels the CF-105 Arrow project.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/02/22", "description": "Lee Petty wins the first Daytona 500.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/02/22", "description": "The USS Tuscaloosa, USS New Orleans, USS Tennessee and USS West Virginia are struck from the Naval Vessel Register.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/02/22", "description": "Archbishop Makarios returns to Cyprus from exile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/03/02", "description": "Recording sessions for the album Kind of Blue by Miles Davis take place at Columbia's 30th Street Studio in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/03/08", "description": "The Marx Brothers make their last television appearance, in ''The Incredible Jewel Robbery''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/03/09", "description": "The Barbie doll debuts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/03/10", "description": "A Tibetan uprising against 10 years of Chinese rule erupts in Lhasa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/03/10", "description": "''Een beetje'' by Teddy Scholten (music by Dick Schallies, text by Willy van Hemert) wins the Eurovision Song Contest for the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/03/10", "description": "''A Raisin in the Sun'' by Lorraine Hansberry opens on Broadway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/03/17", "description": "Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, flees Tibet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/03/18", "description": "American President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs a bill allowing for Hawaiian statehood.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/03/19", "description": "Two other islands join Addu in the United Suvadive Republic (abolished September 1963), in the Maldives Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/03/19", "description": "Busch Gardens in Tampa, Florida opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/03/19", "description": "The Dalai Lama is granted asylum in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/04/06", "description": "The 31st Academy Awards ceremony is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/04/08", "description": "The Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/04/09", "description": "NASA announces its selection of seven military pilots to become the first U.S. astronauts (later known as the ''Mercury Seven'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/04/10", "description": "Japanese Prince Akihito marries Sh\u014dda Michiko.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/04/22", "description": "Recording sessions for the influential jazz album Kind of Blue by Miles Davis take place at Columbia's 30th Street Studio in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/04/25", "description": "The  St. Lawrence Seaway linking the Great Lakes and the Atlantic Ocean officially opens to shipping.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/04/27", "description": "National People's Congress elects Liu Shaoqi as Chairman of the People's Republic of China, as a successor of Mao Zedong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/04/27", "description": "May", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/04/27", "description": "The first Ten Tors event is held in Dartmoor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/04/27", "description": "Import tariffs are lifted in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/05/02", "description": "1959 FA Cup Final: Nottingham Forest defeats Luton Town 2\u20131.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/05/18", "description": "The National Liberation Committee of C\u00f4te d'Ivoire is launched in Conakry, Guinea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/05/21", "description": "''Gypsy: A Musical Fable'', starring Ethel Merman in her last new musical, opens on Broadway and runs for 702 performances", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/05/24", "description": "British Empire Day is renamed Commonwealth Day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/05/28", "description": "Two monkeys, Able and Miss Baker are the first living beings to successfully return to Earth from space aboard the flight Jupiter AM-18.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/06/03", "description": "Singapore becomes a self-governing crown colony of Britain with Lee Kuan Yew as Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/06/05", "description": "A new government of the State of Singapore is sworn in by Sir William Goode. Two former ministers are re-elected to the Legislative Assembly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/06/08", "description": "The USS ''Barbero'' and United States Postal Service attempt the delivery of mail via Missile Mail.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/06/09", "description": "The USS ''George Washington'' is launched as the first submarine to carry ballistic missiles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/06/09", "description": "Disneyland Monorail System, the first daily operating monorail system in the Western Hemisphere, opens to the public in Anaheim, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/06/09", "description": "A 3-front revolutionary invasion by air and sea takes place in the Dominican Republic, consisting of exiles aided by Fidel Castro and the Venezuelan government, whose objective is to overthrow dictator Rafael Leonidas Trujillo. Within a few days most are captured and executed. Only four are released by the government. Trujillo is killed less than two years later by men partly inspired by the deaths of the 1959 revolutionaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/06/18", "description": "The film ''The Nun's Story'', based on the best-selling novel, is released. Audrey Hepburn stars as the title character she later says that this is her favorite film role. The film is a box-office hit, and is nominated for several Oscars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/06/18", "description": "Sean Lemass becomes the third Taoiseach of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/06/18", "description": "Convicted Manhattan Project spy Klaus Fuchs is released after only nine years in a British prison and allowed to emigrate to Dresden, East Germany where he resumes a scientific career.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/06/18", "description": "Elizabeth II (Queen of Canada) and U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower open the Saint Lawrence Seaway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/06/18", "description": "''Darby O'Gill and the Little People'', a film based on H.T. Kavanagh's short stories, is released in the U.S. by the Walt Disney Company after a world premiere in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/06/30", "description": "Twenty-one students were killed and more than a hundred were injured when an American North American F-100 Super SabreF-100 jet crashed into Miamori Elementary School  on the island of Okinawa.  The pilot had ejected after the plane malfunctioned and struck the school.quot21 Die as Jet Hits School On Okinawaquot, ''Oakland Tribune'', June 30, 1959, p1", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/07/02", "description": "Prince Albert of Belgium marries Italian Donna Paola Ruffo di Calabria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/07/04", "description": "With the admission of Alaska as the 49th U.S. state earlier in the year, the 49-star flag of the United States debuts in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/07/07", "description": "At 14:28 UT Venus occults the star Regulus. The rare event (which will next occur on October 1, 2044) is used to determine the diameter of Venus and the structure of Venus' atmosphere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/07/14", "description": "roups of Kurdish and communist militias  rebelled in Kirkuk, Iraq against the central government. {{cite news|title=Iraq revolt Is Stil Reported Raging|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times|location=St. Petersburg, FL|date=July 21, 1959|page=A1|accessdate= June 27, 2012|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?id=N9MNAAAAIBAJampsjid=FncDAAAAIBAJ}}\">http:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?id=N9MNAAAAIBAJampsjid=FncDAAAAIBAJ}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/07/15", "description": "A strike occurs against the United States' steel industry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/07/17", "description": "The first skull of Australopithecus is discovered by Louis Leakey and his wife Mary Leakey in the Olduvai Gorge of Tanzania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/07/22", "description": "Kumamoto University medical research group studying Minamata disease concludes that it is caused by mercury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/07/24", "description": "At the opening of the American National Exhibition in Moscow, United States Vice President Richard Nixon and USSR Premier Nikita Khrushchev engage ine the quotKitchen Debatequot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/07/25", "description": "The SR-N1 hovercraft crosses the English Channel from Calais to Dover in just over 2 hours, on the 50th anniversary of Louis Bl\u00e9riot's first crossing by heavier-than-air craft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/08/04", "description": "Martial law is declared in Laos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/08/04", "description": "Explorer program: The United States launches Explorer 6 from the Atlantic Missile Range in Cape Canaveral, Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/08/04", "description": "United States The Roseburg Oregon Blast kills 14 and causes $12 million worth of damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/08/08", "description": "A flood in Taiwan kills 2,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/08/14", "description": "Explorer 6 sends the first picture of Earth from orbit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/08/15", "description": "Cyprus gains independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/08/15", "description": "The Hebgen Lake Earthquake in southwest Montana kills 28.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/08/15", "description": "Columbia Records releases Miles Davis' groundbreaking album, ''Kind of Blue''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/08/19", "description": "The Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/08/21", "description": "Hawaii is admitted as the 50th U.S. state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/08/24", "description": "Cyprus joins the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/08/26", "description": "The original Mini designed by Sir Alec Issigonis is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/09/14", "description": "Luna 2 becomes the first man-made object to crash on the Moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/09/17", "description": "The first ''Navy Navigation Satellite System'' Transit 1A is launched but fails to reach orbit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/09/23", "description": "The ''M\/S Princess of Tasmania'' (Australia's first passenger RO\/RO diesel ferry) makes its maiden voyage across the Bass Strait.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/09/25", "description": "Ceylon's prime minister S.W.R.D. Bandaranaike is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/09/25", "description": "Typhoon Vera hits central Honsh\u016b, Japan, killing an estimated 5,098, injuring another 38,921, and leaving 1,533,000 homeless. Most of the victims and damage are centered in the Nagoya area.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/09/25", "description": "The first official large unit action of the Vietnam War took place when two companies of the ARVN 23d Division were ambushed by a well-organized Vietcong force of several hundred identified as the ampquot2d Liberation Battalionampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/09/30", "description": "Soviet Union leader Nikita Khrushchev meets Mao Zedong in Beijing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/10/02", "description": "Rod Serling's classic anthology series ''The Twilight Zone'' premieres on CBS.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/10/07", "description": "The U.S.S.R. probe ''Luna 3'' sends back the first ever photos of the far side of the Moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/10/12", "description": "At the national APRA Congress in Peru, a group of leftist radicals is expelled from the party they later form APRA Rebelde.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/10/13", "description": "The United States launches Explorer 7.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/10/21", "description": "In New York City, the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (designed by Frank Lloyd Wright) opens to the public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/10/31", "description": "Riots break out in the Belgian Congo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/11/01", "description": "In Rwanda, Hutu politician Dominique Mbonyumutwa is beaten up by Tutsi forces, leading to a period of violence known as the wind of destruction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/11/02", "description": "The first section of the M1 motorway in England opens between Hertfordshire, just north of London, and the border of Northamptonshire and Warwickshire. The motorway is set to be expanded over the next few years to provide an unbroken motorway link with London and Leeds. A full motorway network across Britain is also set to be developed over the coming decade and into the 1970s.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/11/12", "description": "The Warner Bros. religious epic ''The Miracle'', very loosely based on the 1911 stage pantomime ''Das Mirakel'', is released. It is a critical and financial bomb.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/11/15", "description": "The Clutter family of Holcomb, Kansas is brutally murdered, inspiring Truman Capote's ''In Cold Blood''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/11/18", "description": "MGM's widescreen, multimillion dollar, Technicolor version of ''Ben-Hur'', starring Charlton Heston, is released and becomes the studio's greatest hit up to that time. It is critically acclaimed and eventually wins 11 Academy Awards \u2013 a record held until 1998, when 1997's ''Titanic'' becomes the first film to equal the record. To the present day, the 1959 ''Ben-Hur'' remains the last MGM film to win a Best Picture Oscar, though ''Doctor Zhivago'', another MGM film, was nominated in 1965.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/11/20", "description": "The Declaration of the Rights of the Child is adopted by the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/12/01", "description": "Cold War \u2013 Antarctic Treaty: 12 countries, including the United States and the Soviet Union, sign a landmark treaty, which sets aside Antarctica as a scientific preserve and bans military activity on that continent (the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/12/02", "description": "Malpasset Dam in southern France collapses and water flows over the town of Frejus, killing 412.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/12/08", "description": "The Mona, a lifeboat based at Broughty Ferry in Scotland, capsizes during a rescue attempt, with the loss of 8 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/12/13", "description": "Three years after its first telecast, MGM's ''The Wizard of Oz'' is shown on television for only the second time, but it gains an even larger viewing audience than its first television outing, spurring CBS to make it an annual tradition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/12/14", "description": "Makarios III is selected the first president of Cyprus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/12/14", "description": "Pantyhose introduced by Glen Raven Mills.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/12/14", "description": "The Workers World Party is founded by Sam Marcy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/12/14", "description": "The first known human with HIV dies in the Congo.ampamp{{cite journal |title=An African HIV-1 sequence from 1959 and implications for the origin of the epidemic|pages=594\u20137|doi=10.1038\/35400| pmid=9468138  |first1= David D. |last2= Zhu |first2= Tuofu |last3= Korber |first3= Bette T. |last4= Nahmias |first4= Andre J. |last5= Hooper |first5= Edward |last6= Sharp |first6= Paul M. |journal= Nature |volume= 391 |issue= 6667}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/12/14", "description": "The current (as of 2006) design of the Japanese 10 yen coin is put into circulation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/12/14", "description": "The Caspian Tiger becomes extinct in Iran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/12/14", "description": "The Henney Kilowatt goes on sale in the United States, becoming the first mass-produced electric car in almost three decades.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1959/12/14", "description": "Erving Goffman publishes his seminal study in sociology, ''The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960", "description": "January \u2013 The state of emergency is lifted in Kenya, officially ending the Mau Mau Uprising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/01/01", "description": "Cameroon gains its independence from French-administered U.N. trusteeship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/01/02", "description": "U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy (D-MA) announces his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/01/09", "description": "January 11 \u2013 Aswan High Dam construction begins in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/01/10", "description": "British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan makes the Wind of Change speech for the first time (see February 3).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/01/14", "description": "The Reserve Bank and Commonwealth Bank are created in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/01/19", "description": "The Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan is signed in Washington, D.C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/01/21", "description": "A mine collapses at Coalbrook, South Africa, killing 500 miners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/01/21", "description": "In France, President Charles de Gaulle fires Jacques Massu, the commander-in-chief of the French troops in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/01/21", "description": "Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh descend into the Mariana Trench in the ''bathyscaphe Trieste'', reaching the depth of 10,911 meters (35,797 feet) and become the first human beings to reach the lowest spot on Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/01/24", "description": "A major insurrection occurs in Algiers against French colonial policy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/01/25", "description": "In Washington, D.C., the National Association of Broadcasters reacts to the payola scandal by threatening fines for any disc jockeys who accepted money for playing particular records.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/01/30", "description": "The African National Party is founded in Chad, through the merger of traditionalist parties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/02/01", "description": "In Greensboro, North Carolina, four black students from North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University begin a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth's lunch counter. Although they are refused service, they are allowed to stay at the counter. The event triggers many similar nonviolent protests throughout the Southern United States, and six months later the original four protesters are served lunch at the same counter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/02/03", "description": "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan makes the Wind of Change speech to the South African Parliament in Cape Town (although he had first made the speech, to little publicity, in Accra, Gold Coast \u2013 now Ghana \u2013 on January 10).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/02/05", "description": "The first CERN particle accelerator becomes operational in Geneva, Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/02/05", "description": "Joanne Woodward receives the first star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Southern California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/02/05", "description": "Adolph Coors III, the chairman of the board of the Coors Brewing Company, is kidnapped, and his captors demand a ransom of $500,000. Coors was later found murdered, and Joseph Corbett, Jr., is indicted for the crime.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/02/10", "description": "A conference about the proposed independence of the Belgian Congo begins in Brussels, Belgium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/02/10", "description": "The N class blimp ZPG-3W of the U.S. Navy is destroyed during a storm over Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/02/10", "description": "Twelve Indian soldiers die in clashes with Red Chinese troops along their small common border.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/02/13", "description": "France tests its first atomic bomb - in the Sahara Desert of Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/02/18", "description": "The 1960 Winter Olympic Games begin at the Squaw Valley Ski Resort, in Placer County, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/02/26", "description": "A New York bound Alitalia airliner crashes into a cemetery at Shannon, Ireland, shortly after takeoff, killing 34 of the 52 persons on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/02/29", "description": "The 1960 Agadir earthquake completely destroys the town of  Agadir, Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/03/03", "description": "Elvis Presley returns home from Germany, after being away on duty for 2 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/03/05", "description": "Alberto Korda takes his iconic photograph of Che Guevara, ''Guerrillero Heroico'', in Havana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/03/05", "description": "Vietnam War: The United States announces that 3,500 American soldiers will be sent to Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/03/05", "description": "The Canton of Geneva in Switzerland gives women the right to vote.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/03/17", "description": "Northwest Airlines Flight 710 crashes near Tell City, Indiana, killing all 63 on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/03/21", "description": "The Sharpeville massacre in South Africa results in more than 69 dead, 300 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/03/22", "description": "Arthur Leonard Schawlow amp Charles Hard Townes receive the first patent for a laser.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/03/23", "description": "Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev meets French president Charles de Gaulle in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/03/29", "description": "''Tom Pillibi'' by Jacqueline Boyer (music by Andr\u00e9 Popp, text by Pierre Cour) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1960 for France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/03/29", "description": "Tuanku Abdul Rahman ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad, 1st Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, dies in office. He is replaced by Hisamuddin Alam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah, Sultan of Selangor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/03/29", "description": "The United States launches the first weather satellite, TIROS-1.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/03/29", "description": "The 1960 United States Census begins. There are 179,323,175 U.S. residents on this day.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www2.census.gov\/prod2\/statcomp\/documents\/1961-02.pdf\">http:\/\/www2.census.gov\/prod2\/statcomp\/documents\/1961-02.pdf<\/a> Populationampamp All people from Latin America are listed as white, including blacks from the Dominican Republic, European whites from Argentina and Mexicans who resemble Native Americans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/03/29", "description": "At the 32nd Academy Awards ceremony, ''Ben-Hur'' wins a record number of Oscars, including Best Picture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/03/29", "description": "Elvis Presley's song ampquotAre You Lonesome Tonightampquot is recorded for the first time", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/04/12", "description": "Eric Peugeot, the youngest son of the founder of the Peugeot Corporation, is kidnapped in Paris. Then, he is released on April 15 in exchange for $300,000 in ransom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/04/12", "description": "United States launches navigation satellite Transit I-b.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/04/12", "description": "The proposed mass-production of the Blue Streak missile is canceled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/04/16", "description": "The gunman David Pratt shoots South African Prime Minister Henrik Verwoerd in Johannesburg, wounding him seriously.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/04/17", "description": "Russwood Park, a baseball stadium in Memphis, Tennessee, burns to the ground from a fire shortly after a Chicago White Sox versus Cleveland Indians Major League Baseball game.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/04/19", "description": "April Revolution: South Korean students hold a nationwide pro-democracy protest against President Syngman Rhee. Thus eventually leads him to resign from that office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/04/21", "description": "In Brazil, the country's capital (Federal District) is relocated from the city of Rio de Janeiro to the new city, Bras\u00edlia, in the highlands. The actual city of Rio de Janeiro becomes the State of Guanabara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/04/27", "description": "Togo gains independence from France, with the French-administered United Nations Trust Territory being terminated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/04/27", "description": "Several Soviet surface-to-air missiles shoot down an American Lockheed U-2 spy plane. Its pilot, Francis Gary Powers, of the Central Intelligence Agency is captured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/04/27", "description": "In India, May 1 is declared as 'Maharashtra Divas', i.e., Maharashtra Day (also celebrated as 'Kaamgaar Divas', i.e., Workers Day).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/04/27", "description": "European Free Trade Association (EFTA) established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/04/27", "description": "The Fantasticks, the world's longest-running musical, opens at New York City's Sullivan Street Playhouse where it will play for 42 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/04/27", "description": "West German refugee minister Theodor Oberl\u00e4nder is fired because of his past with Nazi Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/04/27", "description": "A.J. Liebling promulgates Liebling's Law in The New Yorker magazine: ampquotFreedom of the press is guaranteed only to those who own one.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/05/06", "description": "President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act of 1960 into law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/05/09", "description": "The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announces that it will approve birth control as an additional indication for Searle's Enovid, making it the world's first approved oral contraceptive pill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/05/10", "description": "The nuclear submarine USS ''Triton'', under the command of Captain Edward L. Beach, Jr., completes the first underwater circumnavigation of the Earth codenamed Operation Sandblast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/05/11", "description": "In Buenos Aires, four Mossad agents abduct the fugitive Nazi criminal against humanity, Adolf Eichmann, in order that he could be taken to Israel and put on trial. Eichmann was later convicted and executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/05/13", "description": "A joint Swiss amp Austrian expedition makes the first ascent of the Asian mountain, Dhaulagiri, the world's 7th highest mountain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/05/14", "description": "The Kenyan African National Congress Party is founded in Kenya, when 3 political parties join forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/05/15", "description": "The satellite Sputnik 4 is launched into orbit by the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/05/15", "description": "Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev demands an apology from President Dwight D. Eisenhower for the U-2 reconnaissance plane flights over the Soviet Union, thus aborting the summit meeting scheduled for Paris in 1960.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/05/15", "description": "Theodore Maiman operates the first laser.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/05/20", "description": "In Japan, police carry away socialist members of the Diet of Japan. The Diet next approves a mutual security treaty with the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/05/22", "description": "The Great Chilean Earthquake: Chile's subduction fault ruptures from Talcahuano to Taitao Peninsula, causing the most powerful earthquake on record (with a magnitude of 9.5) and a tsunami. Because of its power, the seismographs in the city of Valdivia are overloaded and malfunction through the entire earthquake.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/05/23", "description": "Prime Minister of Israel David Ben-Gurion announces that Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann has been captured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/05/27", "description": "In Turkey, a bloodless military coup d'\u00e9tat removes President Celal Bayar and installs General Cemal G\u00fcrsel the as head of state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/05/30", "description": "Cemal G\u00fcrsel forms the new government of Turkey (its 24th government, composed mostly of so-called quottechnocratsquot)", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/06/01", "description": "New Zealand's first television station begins broadcasting in the city of Auckland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/06/07", "description": "U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy wins the California Democratic primary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/06/09", "description": "Typhoon Mary kills 1,600 people in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/06/09", "description": "Violent demonstrations at Tokyo University result in 182 arrests, 589 injuries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/06/09", "description": "The BC Ferries company, later to become the second-largest ferry operator in th world, commences service between Tsawwassen and Swartz Bay, British Columbia, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/06/19", "description": "The Associated Broadcasting Company (now TV5) is founded in the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/06/20", "description": "The short-lived Mali Federation, consisting of the Sudanese Republic (now the Republic of Mali) and Senegal, gains independence from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/06/23", "description": "The Japanese prime minister, Nobusuke Kishi, announces his resignation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/06/24", "description": "Joseph Kasavubu is elected as the first President of the independent Congo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/06/24", "description": "British Somaliland receives its independence from the United Kingdom. Five days later, it unites with Somalia (the former Italian Somaliland) to create the Somalia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/06/24", "description": "The Malagasy Republic, now Madagascar, becomes independent from France", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/06/24", "description": "The Belgian Congo receives its independence from Belgium as the Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville). A civil war followed closely on the heels of this.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/06/24", "description": "Public demonstrations by democratic and left forces, against Italian government support of the post-fascist Italian Social Movement, are heavily suppressed by police.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/06/24", "description": "Ghana becomes a republic and Kwame Nkrumah becomes its first President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/06/24", "description": "Cold War: A Soviet Air Force MiG-19 fighter plane flying north of Murmansk, Russia, over the Barents Sea shoots down a six-man RB-47 Stratojet reconnaissance plane of the U.S. Air Force. Four of the U.S. Air Force officers are killed, and the two survivors are held prisoner in the Soviet Union", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/06/24", "description": "Italian Somaliland gains its independence from Italy, 5 days after British Somaliland, with which it unites to form the Somali Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/07/04", "description": "Following the admission of the State of Hawaii as the 50th state in August 1959, the new 50-star Flag of the United States is first officially flown over Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/07/10", "description": "The Soviet Union national football team defeats the Yugoslavian national football team 2\u20131 in Paris to win the first European Soccer Championship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/07/10", "description": "Moise Tshombe declares the Congolese province of Katanga independent. He requests and receives help from Belgium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/07/10", "description": "Harper Lee publishes her novel ''To Kill a Mockingbird'', which later wins the Pulitzer Prize for the best American novel of 1960.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/07/13", "description": "The U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy is nominated for President of the United States at", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/07/14", "description": "The United Nations Security Council decides to send troops to Katanga to oversee the withdrawal of Belgian troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/07/20", "description": "Ceylon elects Mrs Sirimavo Bandaranaike as its Prime Minister, the world's first elected female head of government. She takes office the following day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/07/21", "description": "Francis Chichester, English navigator and yachtsman, arrives at New York City aboard his yacht, ''Gypsy Moth II'', crossing the Atlantic Ocean solo in a new record of just forty days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/07/25", "description": "The Woolworth Company's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina, the location of a sit-in that had sparked demonstrations by Negroes across the Southern United States, serves a meal to its first black customer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/07/25", "description": "July 28 \u2013 In Chicago, the 1960 Republican National Convention nominates Vice-President Richard Nixon as its candidate for President of the United States, and Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., as its candidate to become the new Vice-President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/01", "description": "Dahomey, now known as Benin, becomes independent from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/03", "description": "Niger becomes independent from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/05", "description": "Upper Volta, now known as Burkina Faso, becomes independent from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/05", "description": "Cuban Revolution: In response to a United States embargo against Cuba, Fidel Castro nationalizes all American and foreign-owned property in Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/05", "description": "In the Republic of the Congo (L\u00e9opoldville), now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Albert Kalonji declares the independence of the ampquotAutonomous State of South Kasaiampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/07", "description": "The C\u00f4te d'Ivoire (the Ivory Coast)  becomes independent from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/11", "description": "Chad becomes independent from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/13", "description": "Ubangi-Shari becomes independent from France, as the quotCentral African Republicquot. It later becomes the quotCentral African Empirequot for some years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/15", "description": "Middle Congo becomes independent from France, as Republic of Congo (Congo-Brazzaville).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/15", "description": "Joseph Kittinger parachutes from a balloon over New Mexico at an aititude of about 102,800 feet (31,333 meters). Kittinger set unbeaten ({{As of|2012|lc=on}}) world records for: high-altitude jump free-fall by falling 16.0 miles (25.7 kilometers) before opening his parachute and the fastest speed attained by a human being without mechanical or chemical assistance, about 982 k.p.h (614 m.p.h.). Kittinger survived more or less uninjured, and he is still alive in Florida as of 2012.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/15", "description": "The Mediterranean island of Cyprus receives its independence from the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/15", "description": "The newly-named band, the Beatles begin a 48-night series of performances at the Indra Club in Hamburg, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/15", "description": "Gabon becomes independent from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/15", "description": "The trial of the American U - 2 pilot Francis Gary Powers begins in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/15", "description": "Cold War: In Moscow, the American U - 2 pilot Francis Gary Powers is sentenced to 10 years in prison for espionage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/15", "description": "Sputnik program: The Soviet Union launches the satellite Sputnik 5, with the dogs Belka and Strelka (the Russian for ampquotSquirrelampquot and ampquotLittle Arrowampquot), 40 mice, two rats and a variety of plants. This satellite returns to earth the next day and all animals are recovered safely.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/20", "description": "Senegal breaks away from the Mali Federation, declaring its independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/20", "description": "The 1960 Summer Olympic Games begin in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/20", "description": "The American nuclear submarine USS ''Seadragon'' (SSN-584) surfaced through the arctic ice cap at the North Pole, the first submarine ever to do so.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/29", "description": "Hurricane Donna kills 50 people in Florida and New England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/29", "description": "Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah, Sultan of Selangor and 2nd Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, dies in office. He is replaced by Tuanku Syed Putra, Raja of Perlis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/08/29", "description": "Disgruntled railroad workers effectively halt operations of the Pennsylvania Railroad, marking the first shutdown in the company's history (the event lasts two days).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/09/02", "description": "The first elections of the Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration are held. The Tibetan community observes this date as Democracy Day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/09/02", "description": "1960 Summer Olympic Games: Cassius Clay wins the gold medal in light-heavyweight boxing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/09/02", "description": "The Congolese president, Joseph Kasavubu, fires Patrice Lumumba's entire government, and also places Lumumba under house arrest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/09/06", "description": "William Hamilton Martin and Bernon F. Mitchell, two American cryptologists, announce their defection to the Soviet Union at a press conference in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/09/08", "description": "In Huntsville, Alabama, U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally dedicates the Marshall Space Flight Center (which had been activated by NASA on July 1).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/09/08", "description": "Colonel Joseph Mobutu takes power in Republic of the Congo via a military coup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/09/08", "description": "The countries of Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela form OPEC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/09/22", "description": "Mali, the sole remaining member of the quotMali Federationquot following the withdrawal of Senegal one month earlier, declares its full independence as the ''Republic of Mali''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/09/26", "description": "The leading candidates for President of the United States, Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy, made the first televised debate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/10/01", "description": "Nigeria becomes independent from United Kingdom, and Nnamdi Azikiwe becomes its first native-born Governor General.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/10/01", "description": "Cameroon declared independence from United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/10/03", "description": "J\u00e2nio Quadros is elected the President of Brazil for a five-year term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/10/05", "description": "White South Africans vote to make the country a republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/10/07", "description": "Nigeria becomes the 99th member of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/10/07", "description": "Cold War: Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev pounds his shoe on a table at a meeting of the United Nations General Assembly, his way of protesting the discussion of the Soviet Union's policies toward Eastern Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/10/07", "description": "Otoya Yamaguchi assassinates Inejiro Asanuma, the chairman of the Japanese Socialist Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/10/13", "description": "The Pittsburgh Pirates won the 1960 World Series of baseball in Game 7, on a home run hit by Bill Mazeroski for a 10\u20139 victory over the New York Yankees. It was the first time in the history of the Series that a homer had won the championship.<a href=\"http:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?id=g0QNAAAAIBAJampsjid=uWwDAAAAIBAJamppg=7531,3692253ampdq=bill-mazeroskiamphl=en\">http:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?id=g0QNAAAAIBAJampsjid=uWwDAAAAIBAJamppg=7531,3692253ampdq=bill-mazeroskiamphl=en<\/a> quotBucs Are the Champs: Maz's Homer in 9th Wins, 10-0quot, ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette'', October 13, 1960, p1", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/10/14", "description": "Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy first suggests the idea for the Peace Corps of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/10/24", "description": "A large rocket explodes on the launch pad at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, killing at least 90 people of the Soviet space program.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/10/26", "description": "Robert F. Kennedy telephones Coretta Scott King, the wife of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and he also secures King's release from jail regarding a traffic violation in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S..", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/10/29", "description": "In Louisville, Kentucky, Cassius Clay (later Muhammad Ali) wins his first professional boxing match.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/10/30", "description": "Dr. Michael Woodruff carries out the first successful kidney transplant in the United Kingdom, in Edinburgh, Scotland, at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/11/02", "description": "Penguin Books is found not guilty of obscenity in the case of D. H. Lawrence's novel ''Lady Chatterley's Lover''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/11/08", "description": "United States presidential election, 1960: In a close race, John F. Kennedy is elected over Richard Nixon, to become (at 43) the second youngest man to serve at the  President of the United States, and the youngest man elected to this position.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/11/13", "description": "Sammy Davis, Jr., marries the Swedish actress May Britt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/11/13", "description": "Belgium threatens to leave the United Nations over criticism of its policy concerning the Republic of the Congo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/11/13", "description": "A collision between two trains in Pardubice, Czechoslovakia, kills 117 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/11/15", "description": "A Polaris missile is test-launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/11/22", "description": "The United Nations supports the government of Joseph Kasavubu and Joseph Mobutu in the Republic of the Congo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/11/24", "description": "The professional basketball player Wilt Chamberlain of the Philadelphia 76ers  gets 55 rebounds in an NBA game versus the Boston Celtics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/11/28", "description": "Mauritania becomes independent of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/11/28", "description": "December \u2013 African and Malagasy Organisation for Economic Cooperation (OAMCE) (Organisation Africain et Malagache de Coop\u00e9ration \u00c9conomique) is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/11/28", "description": "Patrice Lumumba, the deposed premier of the Republic of the Congo, is arrested by the troops of Colonel Joseph Mobutu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/11/28", "description": "A Soviet satellite containing live animals and plants is launched into orbit. Due to a malfunction it burns up during re-entry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/11/28", "description": "The Archbishop of Canterbury, the Most Rev. Geoffrey Francis Fisher, talks with Pope John XXIII for about one hour in Vatican City. This is the first time that any chief of the Anglican Church had ever visited the Pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/11/28", "description": "U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorizes the use of $1.0 million for the relief and resettlement of Cuban refugees, who had been arriving in Florida at the rate of about 1,000 per week.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/04", "description": "The admission of Mauritania to the United Nations vetoed by the Soviet Union for inscrutable reasons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/04", "description": "Pierre Lagaillarde, who led the insurrections in 1958 and 1960 in Algeria, fails to appear in court in Paris, France. He had reportedly fled with his four fellow defendants to Spain en route to return to Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/04", "description": "''Boynton v. Virginia'': The Supreme Court declares that segregation in public transportation is illegal in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/07", "description": "The United Nations Security Council is called into session by the Soviet Union in order to consider Soviet demands for the Security Council to seek the immediate release of the former Congolese Premier Patrice Lumumba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/08", "description": "For the first time, the Mary Martin ''Peter Pan'' is presented as a stand-alone two-hour special on NBC instead of as part of an anthology series. This version, rather than being presented live, is shown on videotape, enabling NBC to repeat it as often as they wish without having to restage it. Although nearly all of the adult actors repeat their original Broadway roles, all of the original children have, ironically, outgrown their roles and are replaced by new actors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/08", "description": "French President Charles de Gaulle's visit to Algeria is bloodied by European and Muslim rioters in Algeria's largest cities. These riots caused 127 deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/08", "description": "The first episode of the classic British TV series ''Coronation Street'' is broadcast. Planned as a 13-part drama, it becomes such a success among viewers that it is still shown five times per week.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/11", "description": "MGM's ''The Wizard of Oz'' is rerun on CBS only a year after its previous telecast, thus beginning the tradition of annual telecasts of the film.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/12", "description": "The Supreme Court of the United States upholds a lower Federal Court ruling that the State of Louisiana's laws on racial segregation laws are unconstitutional, and overturns them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/12", "description": "While Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia visits Brazil, his Imperial Bodyguard leads a military coup against his rule, proclaiming that the emperor's son, Crown Prince Asfa Wossen, is the new emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/12", "description": "The countries of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua announce the formation of the Central American Common Market.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/12", "description": "The U.S. Navy's Commander Leroy Heath (the pilot) and Lieutenant Larry Monroe (the bombardier\/navigator) establish a world flight-altitude record of 91,450 feet (27,874 m), with payload, in an A-5 Vigilante twinjet bomber carrying a 1,000 kilogram payload, and they better the previous world record by over four miles (6ampampnbspkm).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/14", "description": "Antoine Gizenga proclaims in Republic of the Congo, that he has taken over as the premier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/14", "description": "King Mahendra of Nepal deposes the democratic government there and he takes direct control himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/14", "description": "King Baudouin of Belgium marries Do\u00f1a Fabiola de Mora y Aragon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/14", "description": "Secretary of State Christian Herter announces that the United States will commit five nuclear submarines and eighty Polaris missiles to the defense of the NATO countries by the end of 1963.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/14", "description": "New York air disaster: a United Airlines DC-8 collides in mid-air with a TWA Lockheed Constellation over Staten Island in New York City. All 128 passengers and crewmembers on the two airliners,  and six people on the ground, are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/17", "description": "Troops loyal to Emperor Haile Selassie I in Ethiopia overcome the coup that began on December 13, returning the reins to the Emperor upon his return from a trip to Brazil. The Emperor absolves his own son of any guilt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/19", "description": "Fire sweeps through the USS ''Constellation'', to become the U.S. Navy's largest aircraft carrier, while she is under construction at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. 50 workers are killed and 150 are injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/27", "description": "France sets off its third A-bomb test at its nuclear weapons testing range near Reggane, Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/31", "description": "Last day on which the farthing, a coin first minted in England in the 13th century, is legal tender in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/31", "description": "Beginning in 1959, Argentina suffers economic recession.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Ongoing events", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/31", "description": "World population: 3,021,475,001", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/31", "description": "Africa: 277,398,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/31", "description": "Asia: 1,701,336,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/31", "description": "Europe: 604,401,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/31", "description": "Latin-America: 218,300,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/31", "description": "Northern America: 204,152,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1960/12/31", "description": "Oceania: 15,888,000", "lang": "en", "category1": "World population", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961", "description": "President Dwight Eisenhower announces that the United States has severed diplomatic and consular relations with Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961", "description": "At the National Reactor Testing Station near Idaho Falls, Idaho, atomic reactor SL-1 explodes, killing 3 military technicians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961", "description": "Italian sculptor Alfredo Fioravanti marches into the U.S. Consulate in Rome, and confesses that he was part of the team that forged the Etruscan terracotta warriors in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961", "description": "Cemal G\u00fcrsel forms the new government of Turkey (25th government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/01/07", "description": " Following a 4-day conference in Casablanca, 5 African chiefs of state announce plans for a NATO-type African organization to ensure common defense. The Charter of Casablanca involves the Casablanca Group: Morocco, the United Arab Republic, Ghana, Guinea, and Mali.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/01/08", "description": " In France, a referendum supports Charles de Gaulle's policies on independence for Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/01/09", "description": " British authorities announce that they have discovered a large Soviet spy ring in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/01/09", "description": "President Dwight Eisenhower gives his final State of the Union Address to Congress.  In a Farewell Address the same day, he warns of the increasing power of a ampquotmilitary-industrial complex.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/01/09", "description": "Patrice Lumumba of Republic of Congo is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/01/20", "description": " John F. Kennedy succeeds Dwight Eisenhower as the 35th President of the United States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/01/24", "description": " B-52 Stratofortress, with two nuclear bombs, crashes near Goldsboro, North Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/01/24", "description": "In Washington, DC John F. Kennedy delivers the first live presidential news conference. In it, he announces that the Soviet Union has freed the 2 surviving crewmen of a USAF RB-47 reconnaissance plane shot down by Soviet flyers over the Barents Sea July 1, 1960 (see RB-47H shot down).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/01/24", "description": "Acting to halt 'leftist excesses,' a junta composed of 2 army officers and 4 civilians takes over El Salvador, ousting another junta that had ruled for 3 months.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/01/26", "description": " John F. Kennedy appoints Janet G. Travell to be his physician, the first woman to hold this appointment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/01/30", "description": " President John F. Kennedy delivers his first State of the Union Address.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/01/31", "description": " Ham the Chimp, a 37-pound (17-kg) male, is rocketed into space aboard Mercury-Redstone 2, in a test of the Project Mercury capsule, designed to carry United States astronauts into space.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/02/01", "description": " The United States launches its first test of the Minuteman I intercontinental ballistic missile.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fas.org\/spp\/military\/program\/6555th\/6555c3-8.htm\">http:\/\/www.fas.org\/spp\/military\/program\/6555th\/6555c3-8.htm<\/a> Fas.org", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/02/03", "description": " China buys grain from Canada for $60 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/02/04", "description": " The Portuguese Colonial War begins in Angola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/02/05", "description": " February 9 ampndash In Congo, President Joseph Kasavubu names Joseph Ileo as the new Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/02/09", "description": " The Beatles perform for the first time at the Cavern Club.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/02/12", "description": " The U.S.S.R. launches ''Venera 1'' towards Venus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/02/13", "description": " The Congo government announces that villagers have killed Patrice Lumumba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/02/14", "description": " Discovery of the chemical elements: Element 103, Lawrencium, is first synthesized in Berkeley, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/02/14", "description": "President Kennedy warns the Soviet Union to avoid interfering with the United Nations pacification of the Congo.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jfklibrary.org\/Historical+Resources\/Archives\/Reference+Desk\/Selected+Milestones+in+the+Presidency+of+John+F.+Kennedy.htm\">http:\/\/www.jfklibrary.org\/Historical+Resources\/Archives\/Reference+Desk\/Selected+Milestones+in+the+Presidency+of+John+F.+Kennedy.htm<\/a> |title=Selected Milestones of the Kennedy Presidency - John F. Kennedy Presidential Library ampamp Museum |publisher=Jfklibrary.org |date= |accessdate=2012-04-27}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/02/14", "description": "A Sabena Boeing 707 crashes near Brussels, Belgium, killing 73, including the entire United States figure skating team and several coaches.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/02/14", "description": "A total solar eclipse occurs in southern part of Europe", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/02/25", "description": " The last public trams in Sydney, Australia, cease operation, bringing to an end the Southern Hemisphere's largest tramway network.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/02/26", "description": " Hassan II is pronounced King of Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/02/26", "description": "MarchampampndashApril ampampndash Drilling for Project Mohole is undertaken off the coast of Guadalupe Island, Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/03/01", "description": " President of the United States John F. Kennedy establishes the Peace Corps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/03/03", "description": " Hassan II is crowned King of Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/03/03", "description": "Max Conrad circumnavigates the earth in 8 days, 18 hours and 49 minutes, setting a new world record.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/03/03", "description": "The first U.S. Polaris submarines arrive at Holy Loch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/03/03", "description": "Black and white \u00a35 notes cease to be legal tender in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/03/03", "description": "A dam burst in Kiev, USSR, killing 145.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/03/03", "description": "United States delegate to the UNSC Adlai Stevenson votes against Portuguese policies in Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/03/03", "description": "President of the United States John F. Kennedy proposes a long-term ampquotAlliance for Progressampquot between the United States and Latin America.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jfklibrary.org\/Historical+Resources\/Archives\/Reference+Desk\/Selected+Milestones+in+the+Presidency+of+John+F.+Kennedy.htm\">http:\/\/www.jfklibrary.org\/Historical+Resources\/Archives\/Reference+Desk\/Selected+Milestones+in+the+Presidency+of+John+F.+Kennedy.htm<\/a> JFK Library.orgampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/03/03", "description": "Cyprus joins the Commonwealth of Nations, becoming the first small country in the Commonwealth.ampamp{{cite journal |last=McIntyre |first=W. David |authorlink=W. David McIntyre |year=2008 |month=April |title=The Expansion of the Commonwealth and the Criteria for Membership |journal=Round Table |volume=97 |issue=395 |pages=273\u201385 |doi=10.1080\/00358530801962089 |accessdate=2008-12-19 |quote= }}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/03/03", "description": "Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, takes in its first students.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/03/03", "description": "South Africa withdraws from the Commonwealth of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/03/03", "description": "The Union of Peoples of Angola, led by Holden Roberto, attacks strategic locations in the north of Angola. These events result in the beginning of the colonial war with Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/03/03", "description": "A ceasefire takes effect in the Algerian War of Independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/03/03", "description": "''Nous les amoureux'' by Jean-Claude Pascal (music by Jacques Datin, text by Maurice Vidalin) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1961 for Luxembourg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/03/29", "description": " The Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, allowing residents of Washington, D.C. to vote in presidential elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/03/30", "description": " The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs is signed at New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/04/05", "description": " The New Guinea Council of Western Papua is installed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/04/08", "description": " The British passenger ship ''Dara'' blows up and sinks off Dubai. 238 passengers and crew are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/04/11", "description": " The trial of Nazi Adolf Eichmann begins in Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/04/11", "description": "''Vostok 1'': Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first human in space, orbiting the Earth once.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/04/11", "description": "Albert Kalonji takes the title ''Emperor Albert I Kalonji'' of South Kasai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/04/13", "description": " In Portugal, a coup attempt against Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/04/13", "description": "The Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba begins it fails by April 19.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/04/13", "description": "The 33rd Academy Awards ceremony is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/04/18", "description": " Portugal sends to Angola its first military reinforcement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/04/20", "description": " Fidel Castro announces that the Bay of Pigs invasion has been defeated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/04/22", "description": " Algiers putsch: Four French generals who oppose de Gaulle's policies in Algeria fail in a coup attempt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/04/23", "description": " Judy Garland performs in a legendary comeback concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/04/24", "description": " The Swedish ship ''Regalskeppet Vasa'' is removed from the water after being sunk 333 years earlier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/04/24", "description": "President Kennedy delivers a revealing speech: ''The President and the Press: Address before the American Newspaper Publishers Association''ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jfklibrary.org\/Historical+Resources\/Archives\/Reference+Desk\/Speeches\/JFK\/003POF03NewspaperPublishers04271961.htm\">http:\/\/www.jfklibrary.org\/Historical+Resources\/Archives\/Reference+Desk\/Speeches\/JFK\/003POF03NewspaperPublishers04271961.htm<\/a> JFK Library.orgampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/04/24", "description": "Sierra Leone becomes independent from the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/05/04", "description": " U.S. Freedom Riders begin interstate bus rides to test the new U.S. Supreme Court integration decision.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/05/05", "description": " Mercury program: Alan Shepard becomes the first American in space aboard Mercury-Redstone 3.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/05/06", "description": " Tottenham Hotspur F.C. becomes the first team in the 20th century to win the English league and cup double. This being the last time Tottenham won the English League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/05/08", "description": " Briton George Blake is sentenced to 42 years imprisonment for spying.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/05/14", "description": " American civil rights movement: A Freedom Riders bus is fire-bombed near Anniston, Alabama and the civil rights protestors are beaten by an angry mob.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/05/15", "description": " Heinrich Matthaei alone performs the Poly-U-Experiment and is the first human to recognize and understand the genetic code. This is the birthdate of modern genetics.Hans-J\u00f6rg Rheinberger, quotExperimentalsysteme ampndash Eine Geschichte der Proteinsynthese im Reagenzglasquot Wallstein ISBN 3-89244-454-4", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/05/16", "description": " Park Chung Hee takes over in a military coup in South Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/05/19", "description": " ''Venera 1'' becomes the first man-made object to fly-by another planet by passing Venus (however, the probe had lost contact with Earth a month earlier and does not send back any data).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/05/21", "description": " American civil rights movement: Alabama Governor John Patterson declares martial law in an attempt to restore order after race riots break out.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/05/22", "description": " An Earthquake rocks New South Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/05/24", "description": " American civil rights movement: Freedom Riders are arrested in Jackson, Mississippi for quotdisturbing the peacequot after disembarking from their bus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/05/25", "description": " Apollo program: President Kennedy announces before a special joint session of Congress his goal to put a man on the Moon before the end of the decade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/05/27", "description": " Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaya, holds a press conference in Singapore, announcing his idea to form the Federation of Malaysia, comprising Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, Brunei and North Borneo (Sabah).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/05/28", "description": " Peter Benenson's article quotThe Forgotten Prisonersquot is published in several internationally read newspapers. This is later considered the founding of the human rights organization Amnesty International.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/05/30", "description": " Rafael Le\u00f3nidas Trujillo, totalitarian despot of the Dominican Republic since 1930, is killed in an ambush, putting an end to the second longest-running dictatorship in Latin American history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/05/30", "description": "In France, rebel generals Maurice Challe and Andre Zelelr are sentenced to 15 years in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/05/30", "description": "South Africa officially leaves the Commonwealth of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/05/30", "description": "President John F. Kennedy and Charles De Gaulle meet in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/06/01", "description": " Ethiopia experiences its most devastating earthquake of the 20th century, with a magnitude of 6.7. The town of Majete is destroyed, 45% of the houses in Karakore collapse, {{convert|17|km|mi|sp=us}} of the main road north of Karakore are damaged by landslides and fissures, and 5,000 inhabitants in the area are left homeless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/06/04", "description": " Vienna summit: John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev meet during 2 days in Vienna. They discuss nuclear tests, disarmament and Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/06/16", "description": " Russian ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev requests asylum in France while in Paris with the Kirov Ballet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/06/16", "description": "A Paris-to-Strasbourg train derails near Vitry-le-Fran\u00e7ois 24 are killed, 109 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/06/16", "description": "The New Democratic Party of Canada is founded with the merger of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and the Canadian Labour Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/06/19", "description": " The British protectorate ends in Kuwait and it becomes an emirate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/06/22", "description": " Moise Tshombe is released for lack of evidence of connection to the murder of Patrice Lumumba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/06/23", "description": " Antarctic Treaty comes into effect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/06/25", "description": " Iraqi president Abdul Karim Kassem announces he is going to annex Kuwait.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/06/27", "description": " Kuwait requests British help the United Kingdom sends in troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/07/04", "description": " The Soviet submarine ''K-19'' reactor leak occurs in the North Atlantic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/07/05", "description": " The first Israeli rocket, ''Shavit 2'', is launched.{{cite web|accessdate=2007-12-18|url= <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nti.org\/e_research\/profiles\/Egypt\/Missile\/index.html|title=Missile\">http:\/\/www.nti.org\/e_research\/profiles\/Egypt\/Missile\/index.html|title=Missile<\/a> Overview|publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080105202129\/http:\/\/www.nti.org\/e_research\/profiles\/Egypt\/Missile\/index.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080105202129\/http:\/\/www.nti.org\/e_research\/profiles\/Egypt\/Missile\/index.html|<\/a> archivedate= 5 January 2008 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= yes}}{{cite web|accessdate=2007-12-18|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.hq.nasa.gov\/office\/pao\/History\/Timeline\/1961-3.html|title=July\">http:\/\/www.hq.nasa.gov\/office\/pao\/History\/Timeline\/1961-3.html|title=July<\/a> 1961|publisher=NASA| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071117062555\/http:\/\/www.hq.nasa.gov\/office\/pao\/History\/Timeline\/1961-3.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20071117062555\/http:\/\/www.hq.nasa.gov\/office\/pao\/History\/Timeline\/1961-3.html|<\/a> archivedate= 17 November 2007 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/07/08", "description": " A mine explosion in Czechoslovakia leaves 108 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/07/12", "description": " A Czechoslovakian Ilyushin Il-18 crashes while attempting to land at Casablanca, Morocco, killing all 72 persons on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/07/21", "description": " Mercury program: Gus Grissom, piloting the Mercury-Redstone 4 capsule ''Liberty Bell 7'', becomes the second American to go into space (sub-orbital). Upon splashdown, the hatch prematurely opens, and the capsule sinks (it is recovered in 1999).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/07/25", "description": " U.S. President John F. Kennedy gives a widely watched TV speech on the Berlin crisis, warning quotwe will not be driven out of Berlin.quot  Kennedy urges Americans to build fallout shelters, setting off a four-month debate on civil defense.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/07/25", "description": "At Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts, the first All-Star Game tie in major league baseball history occurs, when the game is stopped in the 9th inning due to rain (the only tie until 2002 in MLB All-Star Game history).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/07/25", "description": "Ireland submits the first ever application to join the then European Economic Community.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/07/25", "description": "August ampampndash USA founds Alliance for Progress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/08/01", "description": " The Six Flags over Texas theme park officially opens to the public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/08/06", "description": " Vostok 2: Soviet cosmonaut Gherman Titov becomes the second human to orbit the Earth, and the first to be in outer space for more than one day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/08/07", "description": " Vostok 2 with Titov onboard lands in Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/08/10", "description": " Britain applies for membership in the European Economic Community.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/08/13", "description": " Construction of the Berlin Wall begins, restricting movement between East Berlin and West Berlin and forming a clear boundary between West Germany and East Germany, Western Europe and Eastern Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/08/21", "description": " Jomo Kenyatta is released from prison in Kenya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/08/31", "description": " Construction of the Berlin Wall is completed after just 18 days.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.expressandstar.com\/days\/1950-75\/1961.html\">http:\/\/www.expressandstar.com\/days\/1950-75\/1961.html<\/a> |title=Those were the days |publisher=Expressandstar.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-27}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/09/01", "description": " The Eritrean War of Independence officially begins with the shooting of the Ethiopian police by Hamid Idris Awate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/09/01", "description": " First meeting held of the Non-Aligned Movement.  The Soviet Union resumes nuclear testing, escalating fears over the ongoing Berlin crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/09/07", "description": " Tom and Jerry make a return with their first episode since 1957, Switchin' Kitten. The new creator, Gene Deitch makes 12 more Tom and Jerry episodes until 1962.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/09/10", "description": " During the F1 Italian Grand Prix on the circuit of Monza, German Wolfgang Von Trips, driving a Ferrari, crashes into a stand, killing 14 spectators and himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/09/14", "description": " The new military government of Turkey sentences 15 members of the previous government to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/09/14", "description": " The Focolare Movement opens its first North American center in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/09/17", "description": " Military rulers in Turkey hang former prime minister Adnan Menderes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/09/18", "description": " UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld dies in an air crash en route to Katanga, Congo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/09/21", "description": " In France, the OAS slips an anti-de Gaulle message into TV programming.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/09/21", "description": "The old Deutsche Opernhaus in the Berlin neighborhood of Charlottenburg is returned to its newly rebuilt house as the Deutsche Oper Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/09/21", "description": "In the U.S., the Walt Disney anthology television series, renamed ''Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color'', moves from ABC to NBC after seven years on the air, and begins telecasting its programs in color for the first time. Years later, after Disney's death, the still-on-the-air program will be renamed ''The Wonderful World of Disney''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/09/28", "description": " A military coup in Damascus, Syria effectively ends the United Arab Republic, the union between Egypt and Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/09/30", "description": " Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) formed to replace the Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/01", "description": " Baseball player Roger Maris of the New York Yankees hits his 61st home run in the last game of the season, against the Boston Red Sox, beating the 34-year-old record held by Babe Ruth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/10", "description": " A volcanic eruption on Tristan da Cunha causes the whole population to be evacuated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/12", "description": " The death penalty is abolished in New Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/17", "description": " Paris massacre of 1961: French police in Paris attack about 30,000 protesting a curfew applied solely to Algerians. The official death toll is 3, but human rights groups claim 240 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/18", "description": " ''West Side Story'' is released as a film.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/19", "description": " The Arab League takes over protecting Kuwait the last British troops leave.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/25", "description": " The first edition of ''Private Eye'', the British satirical magazine, is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/26", "description": "Cemal G\u00fcrsel becomes the fourth president of Turkey. (His former title was head of state and government. By constitution referendum, he is elected as president).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/26", "description": "An armistice begins in Katanga, Congo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/26", "description": "Mongolia and Mauritania join the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/26", "description": "A standoff between Soviet and American tanks in Berlin, Germany heightens Cold War tensions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/26", "description": "Fahri \u00d6zdiilek becomes the acting prime minister of Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/26", "description": "DZBB-TV Channel 7, the Philippines' third TV station, is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/26", "description": "Devrim has been released. Project completed only in 130 days almost from scratch and this period includes decision of the project, research, design, development and production of four cars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/30", "description": " Nuclear testing: The Soviet Union detonates a 58-megaton yield hydrogen bomb known as Tsar Bomba over Novaya Zemlya. It remains the largest ever man-made explosion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/30", "description": "Hurricane Hattie devastates Belize City, Belize killing over 270. After the hurricane, the capital moves to the inland city of Belmopan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/30", "description": "Joseph Stalin's body is removed from the Lenin Mausoleum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/30", "description": "November ampampndash The Fantastic Four #1 comic debuts, launching the Marvel Universe and revolutionizing the American comic book industry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/30", "description": "The Hungry generation Movement is launched in Calcutta, India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/30", "description": "The Interstate Commerce Commission's federal order banning segregation at all interstate public facilities officially comes into effect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/10/30", "description": "The Madame Alexander Doll Club is founded by Margaret Doris Winson of Sweet Springs MO.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/11/02", "description": " ''Kean'' opens at Broadway Theater in New York City for 92 performances.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/11/03", "description": " The UN General Assembly unanimously elects U Thant acting Secretary General.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/11/06", "description": " The U.S. government issues a stamp honoring the 100th birthday of James Naismith.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/11/08", "description": " Imperial Airlines Flight 201\/8 crashes while attempting to land at Richmond, Virginia, killing 77 persons on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/11/09", "description": " Neil Armstrong records a world record speed in a rocket plane of 6,587ampnbspkm\/h flying a X-15.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/11/10", "description": " ''Catch-22'' is first published by Joseph Heller.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/11/10", "description": "Congolese soldiers murder 13 Italian United Nations pilots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/11/10", "description": "Stalingrad is renamed Volgograd.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/11/17", "description": " Michael Rockefeller, son of New York Governor and later Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, disappears in the jungles of New Guinea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/11/18", "description": " U.S. President John F. Kennedy sends 18,000 military advisors to South Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/11/18", "description": "The funeral of longtime House Speaker Sam Rayburn is held in Washington, DC. Two former Presidents (Truman, Eisenhower) and one future one (Lyndon B. Johnson) join President Kennedy in paying their respects.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/11/18", "description": "\u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc of CHP forms the new government of Turkey (26th government, first coalition in Turkey, partner AP)", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/11/24", "description": " World Food Program (WFP) formed as a temporary UN program.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/11/30", "description": " The Soviet Union vetoes Kuwait's application for United Nations membership.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/01", "description": " Netherlands New Guinea raises the new Morning Star flag and changes its name to West Papua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/02", "description": " Cold War: In a nationally broadcast speech, Cuban leader Fidel Castro announces he is a Marxist-Leninist, and that Cuba will adopt socialism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/05", "description": " U.S. President John F. Kennedy gives support to the Volta Dam project in Ghana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/05", "description": "Tanganyika gains independence and declares itself a republic, with Julius Nyerere as its first President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/05", "description": "The Australian government of Robert Menzies is re-elected for a sixth term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/10", "description": " The Soviet Union severs diplomatic relations with Albania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/10", "description": "The Vietnam War officially begins, as the first American helicopters arrive in Saigon along with 400 U.S. personnel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/10", "description": "Adolf Eichmann is pronounced guilty of crimes against humanity by a panel of 3 Israeli judges.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/14", "description": " Walt Disney's first live-action Technicolor musical, ''Babes in Toyland'', a remake of the famous Victor Herbert operetta, is released, but flops at the box office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/15", "description": " An Israeli war crimes tribunal sentences Adolf Eichmann to die for his part in The Holocaust.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/17", "description": " A circus{{cite web|accessdate=2011-06-01|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/grancircusincendio.blogspot.com\/|title=INC\u00caNDIO\">http:\/\/grancircusincendio.blogspot.com\/|title=INC\u00caNDIO<\/a> GRAN-CIRCUS NORTE-AMERICANO 1961|publisher=Blogger}} tent fire in Niter\u00f3i, Brazil kills 323.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/18", "description": " India opens hostilities in its annexation of Portuguese India, the colonies of Goa, Damao and Diu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/18", "description": "Portuguese surrender Goa to India after 400 years of Portuguese rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/18", "description": "Indonesian president Sukarno announces that he will take West Irian by force if necessary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/21", "description": " In Congo, Katangan prime minister Moise Tshombe recognizes the Congolese constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/23", "description": " Luxembourg's national holiday, the Grand Duke's Official Birthday, is set on June 23 by Grand Ducal decree.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/30", "description": " Congolese troops capture Albert Kalonji of South Kasai (who soon escapes).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/31", "description": " Ireland's first national television station, ''Telef\u00eds \u00c9ireann'' (later RT\u00c9), begins broadcasting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/31", "description": "ampquotBarbieampquot gets a boyfriend when the ampquotKenampquot doll is introduced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1961/12/31", "description": "''The Incredible Journey'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962", "description": "Western Samoa becomes independent from New Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962", "description": "The United States Navy SEALs are activated. SEAL Team One is commissioned in the Pacific Fleet and SEAL Team Two in the Atlantic Fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962", "description": "The Beatles audition for Decca Records.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/02", "description": " NAACP Executive Secretary Roy Wilkins praises U.S. President John F. Kennedy's quotpersonal rolequot in advancing civil rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/03", "description": " Pope John XXIII excommunicates Fidel Castro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/04", "description": " New York City introduces a subway train that operates without a crew on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/05", "description": " The first album on which The Beatles play, ''My Bonnie'', credited to quotTony Sheridan and the Beat Brothersquot (recorded last June in Hamburg), is released by Polydor in the U.K.{{cite book|last=Everett|first=Walter|year=2001|title=The Beatles as Musicians: The Quarry Men through Rubber Soul|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-514105-4|page=100}}ref name=Spitz{{cite book|last=Spitz|first=Bob|year=2005|authorlink=Bob Spitz|title=The Beatles: The Biography|publisher=Little, Brown|location=New York|isbn=978-0-316-80352-6}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/08", "description": " Harmelen train disaster: 93 die in the worst Dutch rail disaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/09", "description": " Cuba and the Soviet Union sign a trade pact.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/10", "description": " An avalanche on Nevado Huascar\u00e1n in Peru causes 4,000 deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/12", "description": " The Indonesian Army confirms that it has begun operations in West Irian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/13", "description": " Albania allies itself with the People's Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/15", "description": " Portugal abandons the U.N. General Assembly due to the debate over Angola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/16", "description": " A military coup occurs in the Dominican Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/19", "description": " A counter-coup occurs in the Dominican Republic the old government returns except for the new president Rafael Filiberto Bonnelly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/22", "description": " The Organization of American States suspends Cuba's membership.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/22", "description": "The East German government readopts conscription.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/22", "description": "The Organisation arm\u00e9e secr\u00e8te (OAS) bombs the French Foreign Ministry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/26", "description": " Ranger 3 is launched to study the Moon it later misses the Moon by 22,000 miles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/27", "description": " The Soviet government changes all place names honoring Molotov, Kaganovich and Georgi Malenkov.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/30", "description": " Two of the high-wire quotFlying Wallendasquot are killed, when their famous 7-person pyramid collapses during a performance in Detroit, Michigan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/30", "description": "An American Airlines Boeing 707 crashes on takeoff at New York International Airport, after a rudder malfunction causes an uncontrolled roll, resulting in the loss of control of the aircraft, with the loss of all life on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/30", "description": "The S. S. Kresge Company opens its first Kmart discount store in Garden City, Michigan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/30", "description": "A military coup in Burma brings General Ne Win to power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/01/30", "description": "Wilt Chamberlain scores 100 points in a single NBA basketball game.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/03/07", "description": " Ash Wednesday Storm: A snow storm batters the Mid-Atlantic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/03/08", "description": "12 ampndash In Geneva, France and the Algerian FLN begin negotiations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/03/15", "description": " Katangan Prime Minister Moise Tshombe begins negotiations to rejoin the Congo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/03/15", "description": "\u00c9vian Accords: France and Algeria sign an agreement in \u00c9vian-les-Bains ending the Algerian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/03/15", "description": "''Un premier amour'', sung by Isabelle Aubret (music by Claude-Henri Vic, text by Roland Stephane Valade), wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1962 for France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/03/19", "description": " An armistice begins in Algeria however, the OAS continues its terrorist attacks against Algerians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/03/23", "description": " The Scandinavian States of the Nordic Council sign the Helsinki Convention on Nordic Co-operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/03/24", "description": " OAS leader Edmond Jouhaud is arrested in Oran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/03/24", "description": "France shortens the term for military service from 26 months to 18.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/03/24", "description": "''Baker v. Carr'': The U.S. Supreme Court rules that federal courts can order state legislatures to reapportion seats.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/04/20", "description": " New Orleans Citizens Co gives free 1-way ride to blacks to move North.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/04/20", "description": "May ampampndash The Hulk debuts with ''The Incredible Hulk'' #1 by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/04/20", "description": "Norwich City wins the English League Cup, beating Rochdale in the final.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/04/20", "description": "Dayton Hudson Corporation opens the first of its Target discount stores in Roseville, Minnesota.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/05/02", "description": " An OAS bomb explodes in Algeria ampndash this and other attacks kill 110 and injure 147.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/05/03", "description": " 160 die in a triple-train disaster near Tokyo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/05/05", "description": " Twelve East Germans escape via a tunnel under the Berlin Wall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/05/06", "description": " Antonio Segni is elected President of the Italian Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/05/06", "description": "Juan Carlos of Spain marries the Greek Princess Sophia in Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/05/06", "description": "Milovan Djilas, former vice-president of Yugoslavia, is given further sentence for publishing ''Conversations with Stalin''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/05/22", "description": " Continental Airlines Flight 11 crashes near Unionville, Missouri after the in-flight detonation of a bomb near the rear lavatory. All 45 passengers and crew aboard are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/05/22", "description": "Drilling for the new Montreal subway commences.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/05/22", "description": "Raoul Salan, founder of the French terrorist Organisation arm\u00e9e secr\u00e8te, is sentenced to life imprisonment in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/05/24", "description": " Project Mercury: Scott Carpenter orbits the Earth 3 times in the ''Aurora 7'' space capsule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/05/25", "description": " The new Coventry Cathedral is consecrated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/05/26", "description": " Acker Bilk's Stranger On The Shore becomes the first British recording to reach number one in the US Billboard Hot 100.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/05/29", "description": " Negotiations between the OAS and the FLA lead to a real armistice in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/05/30", "description": " The 1962 FIFA World Cup begins in Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/05/31", "description": " Nazi Adolf Eichmann is hanged at a prison in Ramla, Israel. His body is cremated and his ashes are spread in the Mediterranean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/03", "description": " Air France Flight 007, a Boeing 707, crashes on take-off at Orly Airport in Paris 130 of 132 people on board are killed, 2 flight attendants survive.  Most victims are cultural and civic leaders of Atlanta, Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/06", "description": " President John F. Kennedy gives the commencement address at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/06", "description": "President John F. Kennedy gives the commencement address at Yale University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/06", "description": "Frank Morris, John Anglin and Clarence Anglin, with apparent success, escape from the Alcatraz Island prison. Although the men were never heard from again, there is evidence that they survived the attempt and there was to be sightings of them over the years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/15", "description": " Students for a Democratic Society complete the Port Huron Statement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/15", "description": "The OAS signs a truce with the FLN in Algeria, but a day later announces that it will continue the fight on behalf of French Algerians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/15", "description": "Brazil beats Czechoslovakia 3\u20131 to win the 1962 FIFA World Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/22", "description": " An Air France Boeing 707 jet crashes into terrain during bad weather in Guadeloupe, West Indies, killing all 113 on board. It is the airline's second fatal accident in just 3 weeks, and the third fatal 707 crash of the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/22", "description": "''Engel v. Vitale'': The United States Supreme Court rules that mandatory prayers in public schools are unconstitutional.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/22", "description": "''MANual Enterprises v. Day'': The United States Supreme Court rules that photographs of nude men are not obscene, decriminalizing nude male pornographic magazines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/22", "description": "\u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc of CHP forms the new government of Turkey (27th government, coalition partners YTP and CKMP)", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/26", "description": " A 2-day steel strike begins in Italy, in support of increased wages and a 5-day working week.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/28", "description": " The United Lutheran Church in America, Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America, American Evangelical Lutheran Church, and Augustana Evangelical Lutheran Church merge to form the Lutheran Church in America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/30", "description": " The last soldiers of the French Foreign Legion leave Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/30", "description": "Rwanda and Burundi gain independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/30", "description": "Supporters of Algerian independence win 99% majority in a referendum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/30", "description": "A heavy smog develops over London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/30", "description": "Treaty of Nordic Cooperation of Helsinki (23 Mar 1962 signed) in force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/30", "description": "Charles de Gaulle accepts Algerian independence France recognizes it the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/06/30", "description": "The first Walmart store, then known as Wal-Mart (which is still the corporate name), opens for business in Rogers, Arkansas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/07/05", "description": " Algeria becomes independent from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/07/06", "description": " Irish broadcaster Gay Byrne presents his first edition of ''The Late Late Show''. Byrne goes on to present the talk show for 37 years, making it the longest running in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/07/09", "description": " American artist Andy Warhol premieres his ''Campbell's Soup Cans'' exhibit in Los Angeles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/07/10", "description": " ATampT's Telstar, the world's first commercial communications satellite, is launched into orbit and activated the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/07/12", "description": " The Rolling Stones make their debut at London's Marquee Club, Number 165 Oxford Street, opening for Long John Baldry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/07/13", "description": " In what the press dubs quotthe Night of the Long Knivesquot, United Kingdom Prime Minister Harold Macmillan dismisses 1\/3 of his Cabinet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/07/17", "description": " Nuclear testing: The quotSmall Boyquot test shot Little Feller I becomes the last atmospheric test detonation at the Nevada Test Site.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/07/19", "description": " The First Annual Swiss amp Wielder Hoop and Stick Tournament is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/07/20", "description": " France and Tunisia reestablish diplomatic relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/07/22", "description": " Mariner program: The Mariner 1 spacecraft flies erratically several minutes after launch and has to be destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/07/22", "description": "Telstar relays the first live trans-Atlantic television signal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/07/22", "description": "International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos signed in Geneva, Switzerland", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/07/22", "description": "Algeria proclaims independence Ahmed Ben Bella is the first President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/07/22", "description": "A crowd assaults the rally of Sir Oswald Mosley's right-wing Union Movement in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/07/22", "description": "Marilyn Monroe is found dead from an overdose of sleeping pills and chloral hydrate, officially ruled a ampquotprobable suicideampquot. However, the exact cause of her death has been disputed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/07/22", "description": "The South African government arrests Nelson Mandela in Howick, and charges him with incitement to rebellion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/08/06", "description": " Jamaica becomes independent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/08/10", "description": " Marvel Comics publishes Amazing Fantasy#15, which features the first published appearance of the superhero character of Spider-Man, created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/08/15", "description": " The New York Agreement is signed trading the West New Guinea colony to Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/08/15", "description": "The Beatles drummer Pete Best is fired and replaced by Ringo Starr.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/08/15", "description": "Algeria joins the Arab League.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/08/17", "description": " East German border guards kill 18-year-old Peter Fechter, as he attempts to cross the Berlin Wall into West Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/08/22", "description": " A failed assassination attempt is made against French President Charles De Gaulle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/08/23", "description": " John Lennon secretly marries Cynthia Powell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/08/24", "description": " A group of armed Cuban exile terrorists fire at a hotel in Havana from a speedboat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/08/27", "description": " NASA launches the ''Mariner 2'' space probe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/08/31", "description": " Trinidad and Tobago becomes independent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/08/31", "description": "A referendum in Singapore supports the Malayan Federation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/08/31", "description": "Typhoon Wanda strikes Hong Kong, killing at least 130 and wounding more than 600.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/02", "description": " The Soviet Union agrees to send arms to Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/08", "description": " Newly independent Algeria, by referendum, adopts a constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/12", "description": " President John F. Kennedy, at a speech at Rice University,  reaffirms that the U.S. will put a man on the moon by the end of the decade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/19", "description": " <a href=\"http:\/\/www.atlanticcollege.org\">http:\/\/www.atlanticcollege.org<\/a> Atlantic College opens it doors for the first time, marking the birth of the pioneering UWC educational movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/19", "description": "A border conflict between China and India erupts into fighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/19", "description": "''New Musical Express'', a British music magazine, publishes a story about two 13-year-old schoolgirls, Sue and Mary, releasing a disc on Decca and adds ampquotA Liverpool group, The Beatles, have recorded 'Love Me Do' for Parlophone Records, set for October 5 release.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/25", "description": " Sonny Liston and Floyd Patterson fight for the boxing world title.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/26", "description": " Civil war erupts in Yemen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/26", "description": "A flash flood in Barcelona, Spain, kills more than 440 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/26", "description": "Rachel Carson's book ''Silent Spring'' is released, giving rise to the modern environmentalist movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/28", "description": " Prime Minister Ahmed Ben Bella founds the first government in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/29", "description": " The Canadian Alouette 1, the first satellite built outside the United States and the Soviet Union, is launched from Vandenberg AFB in California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/30", "description": " CBS broadcasts the final episodes of ''Suspense'' and ''Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar'', marking the end of the Golden Age of Radio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/30", "description": "The first black student, James Meredith, registers at the University of Mississippi, escorted by Federal Marshals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/30", "description": "Johnny Carson takes over as permanent host of NBC's ''Tonight Show'', a post he would hold for 30 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/30", "description": "The French National Assembly censures the proposed referendum to sanction presidential elections by popular mandate Prime Minister Georges Pompidou resigns, but President de Gaulle asks him to stay in office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/30", "description": "''Dr. No'', the first James Bond film, premieres in UK theaters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/30", "description": "The Beatles release their first single for EMI, ''Love Me Do''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/30", "description": "The German magazine ''Der Spiegel''  publishes an article about the Bundeswehr's poor preparedness the Spiegel scandal erupts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/09/30", "description": "Algeria is accepted into the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/10/09", "description": " Uganda becomes independent within the Commonwealth of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/10/10", "description": "The Sino-Indian War, a border dispute involving two of the world's largest nations (India and the People's Republic of China), begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/10/11", "description": " Second Vatican Council: Pope John XXIII convenes the first ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church in 92 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/10/11", "description": "The infamous Columbus Day Storm strikes the U.S. Pacific Northwest with wind gusts up to 170ampampnbspmph (270ampampnbspkm\/h) 46 are killed, 11 billion board feet (26 million m\u00b3) of timber is blown down, with $230 million U.S. in damages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/10/11", "description": "Jazz bassist\/composer Charles Mingus presents a disastrous concert at Town Hall in New York City. It will gain a reputation as the worst moment of his career.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/10/13", "description": " ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'' opens on Broadway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/10/16", "description": " Cuban Missile Crisis begins: A U-2 flight over Cuba takes photos on Oct. 14 of Soviet nuclear weapons being installed. A stand-off then ensues for another 12 days after President Kennedy is told of the pictures, between the United States and the Soviet Union, threatening the world with nuclear war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/10/22", "description": " In a televised address, U.S. President John F. Kennedy announces to the nation the existence of Soviet missiles in Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/10/24", "description": " Cuban Missile Crisis: First confrontation between US Navy and Soviet cargo vessel. The vessel changes course.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/10/26", "description": " Spiegel scandal: German police occupy ''Der Spiegel'' offices in Hamburg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/10/26", "description": "Cuban Missile Crisis: Soviet Union leader Nikita Khrushchev announces that he has ordered the removal of Soviet missile bases in Cuba. In a secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev, Kennedy agrees to the withdrawal of U.S. missiles from Turkey. The fact that this deal is not made public makes it look like the Soviets have backed down. {{dubious|date=April 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/10/26", "description": "A referendum in France favors the election of the president by universal suffrage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/10/31", "description": " The UN General Assembly asks the United Kingdom to suspend enforcement of the new constitution in Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), but the constitution comes into effect on November 1.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/10/31", "description": "The Soviets begin dismantling their missiles in Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/10/31", "description": "The first issue of ''Diabolik'' is published in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/11/03", "description": " The term quotpersonal computerquot is first mentioned by the media.<a href=\"http:\/\/firstmention.com\/pc.aspx\">http:\/\/firstmention.com\/pc.aspx<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/11/03", "description": "Franz Josef Strau\u00df, the West German defense minister, is relieved of his duties over the Spiegel scandal, due to his alleged involvement in police action against the magazine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/11/03", "description": "Saudi Arabia breaks off diplomatic relations with Egypt, following a period of unrest partly caused by the defection of several Saudi princes to Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/11/03", "description": "A coal mining disaster in Ny-\u00c5lesund kills 21 people. The Norwegian government is forced to resign in the aftermath of this accident in August, 1963.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/11/06", "description": " Apartheid: The United Nations General Assembly passes a resolution condemning South Africa's racist apartheid policies, and calls for all UN member states to cease military and economic relations with the nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/11/07", "description": " Richard M. Nixon loses the California governor's race. In his concession speech, he states that this is his quotlast press conferencequot and that quotyou don't have Nixon to kick around any morequot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/11/17", "description": " In Washington, D.C., U.S. President John F. Kennedy dedicates Dulles International Airport.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/11/20", "description": " The Cuban Missile Crisis ends: In response to the Soviet Union agreeing to remove its missiles from Cuba, U.S. President John F. Kennedy ends the blockade of the Caribbean nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/11/23", "description": " United Airlines Flight 297 crashes in Columbia, Maryland, killing all 17 on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/11/23", "description": "Spiegel scandal: German police end their occupation of ''Der Spiegel'''s offices.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/11/23", "description": "Mies Bouwman starts presenting the first live TV-marathon fundraising show (''Open Het Dorp''), which lasts 23 hours non-stop.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/11/27", "description": " French President Charles De Gaulle orders Georges Pompidou to form a government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/11/29", "description": " An agreement is signed between Britain and France to develop the ''Concorde'' supersonic airliner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/11/30", "description": " The United Nations General Assembly elects U Thant of Burma as the new UN Secretary-General.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/02", "description": " Vietnam War: After a trip to Vietnam at the request of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, U.S. Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield becomes the first American official to make a non-optimistic public comment on the war's progress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/07", "description": " Rainier III, Prince of Monaco revises the principality's constitution, devolving some of his formerly autocratic power to several advisory and legislative councils.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/07", "description": "The first period of the Second Vatican Council closes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/07", "description": "The North Kalimantan National Army revolts in Brunei, in the first stirrings of the Indonesian Confrontation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/07", "description": "The 1962 New York City newspaper strike begins, affecting all of the city's major newspapers It would last for 114 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/07", "description": "Former Dutch queen Wilhelmina buried at the New Church in Delft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/09", "description": " Tanganyika (now Tanzania) becomes a republic within the Commonwealth, with Julius Nyerere as president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/09", "description": "MGM's ''The Wizard of Oz'' receives its last of four December telecasts on CBS. It will skip a telecast in 1963, so beginning in 1964, first on CBS, then on NBC, and finally again on CBS, it will nearly always be telecast during the early part of the year until Turner Entertainment buys the rights to the film in the 1990s.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/10", "description": " David Lean's epic film ''Lawrence of Arabia'', featuring Peter O' Toole, Omar Sharif, Alec Guinness, Jack Hawkins, and Anthony Quinn premieres in London. Six days later, it opens in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/10", "description": "In West Germany, a coalition government of Christian Democrats, Christian Socialists, and Free Democrats is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/10", "description": "The last execution by hanging in Canada takes place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/10", "description": "U.S. spacecraft Mariner 2 flies by Venus, becoming the first probe to successfully transmit data from another planet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/10", "description": "The Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci ''Mona Lisa'' was assessed for insurance purposes at US$100 million, before the painting toured the United States for several months. It is the highest insurance value for a painting in history. However, the Louvre chose to spend the money that would have been spent on the insurance premium on security instead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/15", "description": " Storm over North Sea. Belgian pirate radio station Radio Uylenspiegel is knocked off the airwaves, never to operate again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/19", "description": " Britain acknowledges the right of Nyasaland (now Malawi) to secede from the Central African Federation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/21", "description": " Britain agrees to purchase Polaris missiles from the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/22", "description": " quotBig Freezequot in Britain: There are no frost-free nights until March 5, 1963.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/24", "description": " Cuba releases the last 1,113 participants in the Bay of Pigs Invasion to the U.S., in exchange for food worth $53 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/24", "description": "United Nations troops occupy the last rebel positions in Katanga Moise Tshombe moves to South Rhodesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/24", "description": "An unexpected storm buries Maine under five feet of snow, forcing the Bangor Daily News to miss a publication date for the only time in history. The same day, also the Netherlands are covered with several feet of snow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/24", "description": "American advertising man Martin K. Speckter invents the interrobang, a new English-language punctuation mark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/24", "description": "Publication of Helen Gurley Brown's ''Sex and the Single Girl'' in the US.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1962/12/24", "description": "The band The Dubliners is formed at O'Donoghue's Pub in Dublin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963", "description": "Osamu Tezuka's ''Tetsuwan Atomu (Astro Boy)'', Japan's first serialized animated series based on the popular manga, debuts on Japanese television station Fuji TV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963", "description": "Bogle-Chandler case: CSIRO scientist Dr. Gilbert Bogle and Mrs. Margaret Chandler are found dead (presumed poisoned), in bushland near the Lane Cove River, Sydney.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/01/08", "description": " Leonardo da Vinci's ''Mona Lisa'' is exhibited in the United States for the first time, at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C..", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/01/08", "description": "George C. Wallace becomes governor of Alabama. In his inaugural speech, he defiantly proclaims ampquotsegregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever!ampquotampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/amex\/wallace\/timeline\/index_2.html\">http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/amex\/wallace\/timeline\/index_2.html<\/a> The American Experience: George Wallace: Settin' the Woods on Fire: Timeline (1952 ampampndash 1972), ''Public Broadcasting Service'', 2000ampampampampMichael J. Klarman. ampquot<a href=\"http:\/\/www.neh.gov\/news\/humanities\/2004-03\/brown.html\">http:\/\/www.neh.gov\/news\/humanities\/2004-03\/brown.html<\/a> ''Brown v. Board'': 90 Years Laterampquot, ''Humanities: The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities'', <a href=\"http:\/\/www.neh.gov\/news\/humanities\/2004-03\/contents.html\">http:\/\/www.neh.gov\/news\/humanities\/2004-03\/contents.html<\/a> March\/April 2004ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/01/08", "description": "The locomotive ''Flying Scotsman'' (British Railways No. 60103) makes its last scheduled run, before going into the hands of Alan Pegler for preservation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/01/18", "description": " Netherlands Due to severe winter conditions the twelfth elfstedentocht almost turns into a total disaster. Of the 9294 participants only 69 manage to finish, making this the heaviest elfstedentocht ever held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/01/22", "description": " France and West Germany sign the Elys\u00e9e Treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/01/26", "description": " The Australia Day shootings rock Perth, Western Australia 2 people are shot dead and 3 others injured by Eric Edgar Cooke.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/01/28", "description": " African American student Harvey Gantt enters Clemson University in South Carolina, the last U.S. state to hold out against racial integration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/01/29", "description": " French President Charles de Gaulle vetoes the United Kingdom's entry into the EEC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/02/08", "description": " Travel, financial and commercial transactions by United States citizens to Cuba are made illegal by the John F. Kennedy Administration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/02/10", "description": " Five Japanese cities located on the northernmost part of Ky\u016bsh\u016b are merged and become the city of Kitaky\u016bsh\u016b, with a population of more than 1 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/02/11", "description": " The CIA's Domestic Operations Division is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/02/11", "description": "The Beatles record their debut album ''Please Please Me'' in a single session.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/02/11", "description": "Sylvia Plath commits suicide in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/02/12", "description": " Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 705 crashes in the Florida Everglades killing all 43 persons aboard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/02/14", "description": " Harold Wilson becomes leader of Britain's opposition Labour Party, and could be within 18 months of becoming prime minister with a general election due in that time.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.expressandstar.com\/days\/1950-75\/1963.html\">http:\/\/www.expressandstar.com\/days\/1950-75\/1963.html<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/02/19", "description": " The publication of Betty Friedan's ''The Feminine Mystique'' launches the reawakening of the Women's Movement in the United States as women's organizations and consciousness-raising groups spread.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/02/21", "description": " An earthquake destroys the village of Barce, Libya, killing 900.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/02/21", "description": "Juan Bosch takes office as the 41st president of the Dominican Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/02/21", "description": "Female suffrage is enacted in Iran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/02/28", "description": " Dorothy Schiff resigns from the New York Newspaper Publisher's Association, feeling that the city needs at least one paper.  Her paper, the ''New York Post'', resumes publication on March 4.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/02/28", "description": "March", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/02/28", "description": "Iron Man debuts in Marvel Comics's Tales of Suspense #39.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/02/28", "description": "The divorce case of The Duke and Duchess of Argyll causes scandal in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/03/04", "description": " In Paris, 6 people are sentenced to death for conspiring to assassinate President Charles de Gaulle. De Gaulle pardons 5 of them but the other conspirator is executed by firing squad a few days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/03/05", "description": " In Camden, Tennessee, country music superstar Patsy Cline (Virginia Patterson Hensley) is killed in a plane crash along with fellow performers Hawkshaw Hawkins, Cowboy Copas and Cline's manager and pilot Randy Hughes, while returning from a benefit performance in Kansas City, Kansas for country radio disc jockey quotCactusquot Jack Call.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/03/16", "description": " Mount Agung erupts on Bali, killing 11,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/03/18", "description": " ''Gideon v. Wainwright'': The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the poor must have lawyers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/03/21", "description": " The Alcatraz Island federal penitentiary in San Francisco Bay closes the last 27 prisoners are transferred elsewhere at the order of Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/03/22", "description": " The Beatles release their first album ''Please Please Me''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/03/23", "description": " ''Dansevise'' by Grethe amp J\u00f8rgen Ingmann (music by Otto Francker, text by Sejr Volmer-S\u00f8rensen) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1963 for Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/03/27", "description": " In Britain, Dr. Beeching issues a report calling for huge cuts to the UK's rail network.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/03/30", "description": " Indigenous Australians legally allowed to drink alcohol in New South Wales.''Tracker'', quotFootprints Trackerquot, August 2012, p. 46.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/03/31", "description": " The 1962 New York City newspaper strike ends after 114 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/04/01", "description": " The longrunning soap opera ''General Hospital'' debuted on ABC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/04/03", "description": " SCLC volunteers kick off the Birmingham campaign (Birmingham, Alabama) against racial segregation in the United States with a sit-in.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/04/07", "description": " Yugoslavia is proclaimed to be a socialist republic, and Josip Broz Tito is named President for Life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/04/08", "description": " The 35th Academy Awards ceremony was held.  ''Lawrence of Arabia'' won Best Picture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/04/09", "description": " Sir Winston Churchill becomes honorary citizen of the United States", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/04/10", "description": " The U.S. nuclear submarine ''Thresher'' sinks {{convert|220|mi|km}} east of Cape Cod all 129 crewmen die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/04/10", "description": "Martin Luther King, Jr., Ralph Abernathy, Fred Shuttlesworth and others are arrested in a Birmingham, Alabama protest for ampquotparading without a permitampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/04/10", "description": "The Soviet nuclear powered submarine ''K-33'' collides with the Finnish merchant vessel M\/S ''Finnclipper'' in the Danish Straits. Although severely damaged, both vessels make it to port.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/04/14", "description": " The Institute of Mental Health (Belgrade) is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/04/15", "description": " 70,000 marchers arrive in London from Aldermaston, to demonstrate against nuclear weapons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/04/16", "description": " Martin Luther King, Jr. issues his ''Letter from Birmingham Jail''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/04/20", "description": " In Quebec, Canada, members of the terrorist group Front de lib\u00e9ration du Qu\u00e9bec, bomb a Canadian Army recruitment center, killing night watchman Wilfred V. O'Neill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/04/21", "description": "April 23 ampndash The first election of the Supreme Institution of the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith (known as the Universal House of Justice, whose seat is at the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World Centre on Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel) is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/04/22", "description": " Lester Bowles Pearson becomes the 14th Prime Minister of Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/04/28", "description": " A general election is held in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/04/29", "description": " Buddy Rogers becomes the first WWF Champion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/05/01", "description": " The Coca-Cola Company introduces its first diet drink, TaB cola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/05/01", "description": "Thousands of African Americans, many of them children, are arrested while protesting segregation in Birmingham, Alabama. Public Safety Commissioner Eugene ampquotBullampquot Connor later unleashes fire hoses and police dogs on the demonstrators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/05/01", "description": "Berthold Seliger launches near Cuxhaven a 3 stage rocket with a maximum flight altitude of more than 62 miles (the only sounding rocket developed in Germany).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/05/04", "description": " The Le Monde Theater fire in Dioirbel, Senegal kills 64.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/05/04", "description": "''Dr. No'', the first James Bond film, is shown in U.S. theaters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/05/04", "description": "Hue Vesak shootings: The Army of the Republic of Vietnam opens fire on Buddhists who defy a ban on the flying of the Buddhist flag on Vesak, the birthday of Gautama Buddha, killing nine. Earlier, President Ngo Dinh Diem allowed the flying of the Vatican flag in honour of his brother, Archbishop Ngo Dinh Thuc.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/05/13", "description": " A smallpox outbreak hits Stockholm, Sweden, lasting until July.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/05/15", "description": " Mercury program: NASA launches Gordon Cooper on ''Mercury 9'', the last mission (on June 12 NASA Administrator James E. Webb tells Congress the program is complete).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/05/23", "description": " Fidel Castro visits the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/05/25", "description": " The Organisation of African Unity is established in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/05/27", "description": " ''The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan'' is singer-songwriter Bob Dylan's second studio album, and most influential, released by Columbia Records.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/06/03", "description": " Hue chemical attacks: The Army of the Republic of Vietnam pours chemicals on the heads of Buddhist protestors. The United States threatens to cut off aid to Ngo Dinh Diem's regime", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/06/04", "description": " President John F. Kennedy signs Executive Order 11110.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/06/05", "description": " The first annual NHL draft is held in Montreal, Quebec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/06/10", "description": "resident John F. Kennedy delivers his Peace Speech at American University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/06/10", "description": " The University of Central Florida is established by the Florida legislature.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/06/10", "description": "In Saigon, Buddhist monk Th\u00edch Qu\u1ea3ng \u00d0\u1ee9c commits self-immolation to protest the oppression of Buddhists by the Ngo Dinh Diem administration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/06/10", "description": "Alabama Governor George C. Wallace stands in the door of the University of Alabama to protest against integration, before stepping aside and allowing African Americans James Hood and Vivian Malone to enroll.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/06/10", "description": "President John F. Kennedy delivered a historic Civil Rights Address, in which he promises a Civil Rights Bill, and asks for ampquotthe kind of equality of treatment that we would want for ourselves.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/06/10", "description": "Medgar Evers is murdered in Jackson, Mississippi (his killer is convicted in 1994).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/06/10", "description": "Release of the film ''Cleopatra''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/06/13", "description": " The cancellation of Mercury 10 effectively ends the Mercury program of United States manned spaceflight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/06/16", "description": " ''Vostok 6'' carries Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova, the first woman, into space.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/06/17", "description": " ''Abington School District v. Schempp'': The U.S. Supreme Court rules that state-mandated Bible reading in public schools is unconstitutional.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/06/19", "description": " Valentina Tereshkova the first woman in space, returns to Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/06/21", "description": " Pope Paul VI (Giovanni Battista Montini) succeeds Pope John XXIII as the 262nd pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/06/26", "description": " John F. Kennedy gives his 'Ich bin ein Berliner' speech in West Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/07/01", "description": " ZIP Codes are introduced in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/07/01", "description": "Diplomatic relations between the Israeli and the Japanese governments are raised to embassy level.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/07/01", "description": "The Roman Catholic Church accepts cremation as a funeral practice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/07/07", "description": " Double Seven Day scuffle: Secret police loyal to Ngo Dinh Nhu, brother of President Ngo Dinh Diem, attack American journalists including Peter Arnett and David Halberstam at a demonstration during the Buddhist crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/07/12", "description": " Pauline Reade, 16, is abducted by Myra Hindley and Ian Brady in Manchester, England. Her remains would be found in July 1987.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/07/19", "description": " American test pilot Joe Walker, flying the X-15, reaches an altutude of 65.8 miles (105.9 kilometers), making it a sub-orbital spaceflight by recognized international standards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/07/19", "description": "An earthquake in Skopje, Yugoslavia (now in the Republic of Macedonia) leaves 1,800 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/07/19", "description": "NASA launches Syncom 2, the world's first geostationary (synchronous) satellite.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/07/30", "description": " The Soviet newspaper ''Izvestia'' reports that Kim Philby has been given asylum in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/08/05", "description": " The United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union sign a nuclear test ban treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/08/08", "description": " The Great Train Robbery of 1963 takes place in Buckinghamshire, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/08/15", "description": " President Fulbert Youlou is overthrown in the Republic of Congo, after a three-day uprising in the capital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/08/18", "description": " American civil rights movement: James Meredith becomes the first black person to graduate from the University of Mississippi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/08/18", "description": "Xa Loi Pagoda raids: The Army of the Republic of Vietnam Special Forces loyal to Ngo Dinh Nhu, brother of President Ngo Dinh Diem, vandalise Buddhist pagodas across the country, arresting thousands and leaving an estimated hundreds dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/08/18", "description": "Cable 243: In the wake of the Xa Loi Pagoda raids, the Kennedy administration orders the US Embassy, Saigon to explore alternative leadership in South Vietnam, opening the way towards a coup against Diem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/08/22", "description": " American test pilot Joe Walker again achieves a sub-orbital spaceflight according to international standards, this time by piloting the X-15 to an altutude of 67.0 miles (107.8 kilometers).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/08/28", "description": " Martin Luther King, Jr. delivers his ''I Have A Dream'' speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial to an audience of at least 250,000, during the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/08/28", "description": "September ampampndash Marvel Comics releases the first-ever X-Men comic book", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/09/05", "description": " British prostitute Christine Keeler is arrested for perjury. On December 6 she is sentenced to 9 months in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/09/06", "description": " The Centre for International Industrial Property Studies (CEIPI) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/09/07", "description": " The Pro Football Hall of Fame opens in Canton, Ohio with 17 charter members.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/09/10", "description": " Mafia boss Bernardo Provenzano is indicted for murder (he is captured 43 years later, on April 11, 2006).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/09/15", "description": " American civil rights movement: The 16th Street Baptist Church bombing, in Birmingham, Alabama, kills 4 and injures 22.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/09/15", "description": "Malaysia is formed through the merging of the Federation of Malaya and the British crown colony of Singapore, North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/09/15", "description": "In Fort-Lamy, Chad, demonstrations are quelled with 300 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/09/18", "description": " Rioters burn down the British Embassy in Jakarta, to protest the formation of Malaysia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/09/23", "description": " King Fahd University for Petroleum and Minerals is established by a Saudi Royal Decree as the College of Petroleum and Minerals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/09/24", "description": " The U.S. Senate ratifies the nuclear test ban treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/09/25", "description": " The Denning Report on the Profumo affair is published in Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/09/27", "description": " ''The Littlest Hobo'' debuts on TV across North America with the first episode entitled quotBlue Water Sailorquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/09/27", "description": "The second period of the Second Vatican Council in Rome opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/09/27", "description": "The University of East Anglia is established in Norwich, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/09/27", "description": "Nigeria becomes a republic The 1st Republican Constitution is established", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/09/27", "description": "In the U.S., the President's Commission on the Status of Women issues its final reports to President Kennedy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/10/02", "description": " Los Angeles Dodgers left-handed pitcher Sandy Koufax sets a World Series record by striking out 15 New York Yankees in a 5-2 victory in Game 1 at Yankee Stadium. The Dodgers sweep the series in four straight, with Koufax defeating the Yankees 2-1 in Game 4 at Dodger Stadium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/10/04", "description": " Hurricane Flora, one of the worst Atlantic storms in history, hits Hispaniola and Cuba killing nearly 7,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/10/08", "description": " Sam Cooke and his band are arrested after trying to register at a quotwhites onlyquot motel in Louisiana. In the months following, he records the song quotA Change Is Gonna Comequot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/10/09", "description": " In northeast Italy, over 2,000 people are killed when a large landslide behind the Vajont Dam causes a giant wave of water to overtop it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/10/09", "description": "The nuclear test ban treaty, signed on August 5, takes effect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/10/09", "description": "The second James Bond film, ''From Russia with Love'', opens in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/10/14", "description": " A revolution starts in Radfan, South Yemen, against British colonial rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/10/16", "description": " The thousandth day of John F. Kennedy's presidency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/10/19", "description": " Alec Douglas-Home succeeds Harold Macmillan as British Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/10/28", "description": " Demolition of the 1910 Pennsylvania Station begins in New York City.  Demolition continues until 1966.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/10/30", "description": " Car manufacturing firm Lamborghini is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/10/31", "description": " 74 die in a gas explosion during a Holiday on Ice show at the Indiana State Fair Coliseum in Indianapolis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/01", "description": " Arecibo Observatory officially begins operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/02", "description": " 1963 South Vietnamese coup: South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem is assassinated following a military coup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/02", "description": "Vietnam War: Coup leader General Duong Van Minh takes over as leader of South Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/02", "description": "Laura Welch (later Bush) causes a car accident that results in the death of Michael Dutton Douglas in her hometown of Midland, Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/07", "description": " Wunder von Lengede: In Germany, 11 miners are rescued from a collapsed mine after 14 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/08", "description": " Finnair flight OH-LCA crashes before landing at Mariehamn airport on the \u00c5land islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/08", "description": "Miike Coal Mine explosion: In Japan, a coal mine explosion kills 458 and sends 839 carbon monoxide poisoning victims to the hospital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/08", "description": "A triple-train disaster in Yokohama, Japan kills 161.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/10", "description": " Malcolm X makes a historic speech in Detroit, Michigan: Message to the Grass Roots", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/14", "description": " A volcanic eruption under the sea near Iceland creates a new island, Surtsey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/16", "description": " A newspaper strike begins in Toledo, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/16", "description": "The Dartford Tunnel opens in the U.K.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/16", "description": "The first push-button telephone is made available to ATampampT customers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/16", "description": "The Beatles' second U.K. album, ''With The Beatles'', is released", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/16", "description": "John F. Kennedy assassination: In Dallas, Texas, United States President John F. Kennedy is assassinated, Texas Governor John B. Connally is seriously wounded, and Vice President Lyndon Baines Johnson becomes the 36th President. All television coverage for the next four days is devoted to the assassination, its aftermath, the procession of the horsedrawn casket to the Capitol Rotunda, and the funeral of President Kennedy. Stores and businesses shut down for the entire weekend and Monday, in tribute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/16", "description": "John Kilbride, 12, is abducted by Myra Hindley and Ian Brady in Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/16", "description": "The first episode of the BBC television series ''Doctor Who'' is broadcast in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/16", "description": "The Golden Age Nursing Home fire kills 63 elderly people near Fitchville, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/16", "description": "John F. Kennedy assassination:Lee Harvey Oswald, alleged assassin of John F. Kennedy, is shot dead by Jack Ruby in Dallas, Texas on live national television. Later that night, a hastily arranged program, ''A Tribute to John F. Kennedy from the Arts'', featuring actors, opera singers, and noted writers, all performing dramatic readings and\/or music, is telecast on ABC-TV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/16", "description": "Vietnam War: New U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson confirms that the United States intends to continue supporting South Vietnam militarily and economically.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/25", "description": " U.S. President Kennedy is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Schools around the nation do not have class on that day, millions watch the funeral on live international television.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/25", "description": "U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson establishes the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination of President Kennedy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/25", "description": "Trans-Canada Airlines Flight 831, a Douglas DC-8 carrying 118, crashes into a wooded hillside after taking-off from Dorval International Airport near Montreal, killing all on board (the worst air disaster for many years in Canada's history).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/11/25", "description": "Foundation stone for Mirzapur Cadet College is led in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/03", "description": " The Warren Commission begins its investigation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/04", "description": " The second period of Second Vatican Council closes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/05", "description": " The Seliger Forschungs-und-Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH demonstrates rockets for military use to military representatives of non-NATO-countries near Cuxhaven. Although these rockets land via parachute at the end of their flight and no allied laws are violated, the Soviet Union protests this action.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/07", "description": " Tony Verna, a CBS-TV director, invented  Instant Replay and  aired it during his direction of a live, televised sporting event, the 1963 Army-Navy Game played in Philadelphia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/07", "description": "A lightning strike causes the crashing of Pan Am Flight 214 near Elkton, Maryland, killing 81 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/07", "description": "Frank Sinatra Jr. is kidnapped at Harrah's Lake Tahoe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/10", "description": " In the United States, the X-20 Dyna-Soar spaceplane program is cancelled. Also on this date: Chuck Yeager quotwhile testing an NF-104A rocket-augmented aerospace trainer, he narrowly escaped death when his aircraft went out of control at 108,700 feet (nearly 21 miles up) and crashed. He parachuted to safety at 8,500 feet after vainly battling to gain control of the powerless, rapidly falling craft. In this incident he became the first pilot to make an emergency ejection in the full pressure suit needed for high altitude flights.\u201d", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/12", "description": " Kenya becomes independent, with Jomo Kenyatta as prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/19", "description": " Zanzibar gains independence from Great Britain as a constitutional monarchy, under Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/21", "description": " Cyprus Emergency: Inter-communal fighting erupts between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/22", "description": " The cruise ship ''Lakonia'' burns {{convert|180|mi|km}} north of Madeira, with the loss of 128 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/22", "description": "Walt Disney releases his 18th feature-length animated motion picture ''The Sword in the Stone'', about the boyhood of King Arthur. It is the penultimate animated film personally supervised by Disney.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/22", "description": "\u0130smet \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc of CHP forms the new government of Turkey (28th government, coalition partners independents, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc has served 10 ten times as a prime minister, this is his last government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/26", "description": " quotI Want to Hold Your Handquot and quotI Saw Her Standing Therequot are released in the U.S., marking the beginning of Beatlemania on an international level.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/26", "description": "The 1955 film ''Oklahoma!'', an adaptation of the famed Rodgers and Hammerstein musical, is re-released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/26", "description": "David. H. Frisch and J. H. Smith prove that the radioactive decay of mesons is slowed by their motion (see Einstein's special relativity and general relativity).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/26", "description": "The Semi Automatic Ground Environment is fully deployed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/26", "description": "TAT-3 cable goes into operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/26", "description": "Ivan Sutherland writes the revolutionary Sketchpad program and runs it on the Lincoln TX-2 computer at MIT.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/26", "description": "Construction of Moscow's Ostankino Tower begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/26", "description": "Harvey Ball invents the ubiquitous smiley face symbol.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/26", "description": "The Reformed Druids of North America (RDNA) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/26", "description": "The IEEE Computer Society is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/26", "description": "The Urdu typewriter keyboard is standardised by the Central Language Board in Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1963/12/26", "description": "For the first time in four consecutive years, the film ''The Wizard of Oz'' is not telecast. Reasons for this remain unknown to this day, but because the film at that time was telecast during the second week of December and the nation was still in mourning over the Kennedy assassination then, it could be that CBS executives decided it would be inappropriate to show it less than three weeks after such a tragic event.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964", "description": "January \u2013 The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland is dissolved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964", "description": "U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater announces that he will seek the Republican nomination for President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964", "description": "In the first meeting between leaders of the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches since the 15th century, Pope Paul VI and Patriarch Athenagoras I meet in Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/07", "description": "A British firm, the Leyland Motor Corp., announces the sale of 450 buses to the Cuban government, challenging the United States blockade of Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/08", "description": "In his first State of the Union Address, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson declares a quotWar on Povertyquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/09", "description": "''Martyrs' Day'': Armed clashes between United States troops and Panamanian civilians in the Panama Canal Zone precipitate a major international crisis, resulting in the deaths of 21 Panamanians and 4 U.S. soldiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/10", "description": "''Introducing...the Beatles'' is released by Chicago's Vee-Jay Records to get the jump on Capitol Records' release of ''Meet the Beatles!'', scheduled for January 20.  The two record companies fight over Vee-Jay's release of this album in court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/11", "description": "United States Surgeon General Luther Leonidas Terry reports that smoking may be hazardous to one's health (the first such statement from the U.S. government).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/11", "description": "The predominantly Arab government of Zanzibar is overthrown by African nationalist rebels a U.S. destroyer evacuates 61 U.S. citizens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/11", "description": "Routine U.S. naval patrols of the South China Sea begin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/13", "description": "In Manchester, New Hampshire, 14-year-old Pamela Mason is murdered. Edward Coolidge is tried and convicted of the crime, but the conviction is set aside by the landmark Fourth Amendment Case quotCoolidge vs. New Hampshire (1971).quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/13", "description": "''Hello, Dolly!'' opens in New York City's St. James Theatre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/13", "description": "John Glenn, the first American to orbit the earth, resigns from the space program.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/17", "description": "John Glenn announces that he will seek the Democratic nomination for U.S. Senator from Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/18", "description": "Plans to build the New York World Trade Center are announced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/20", "description": "''Meet the Beatles!'', the first The Beatles album from Capitol Records in the United States, is released ten days after Chicago's Vee-Jay Records releases ''Introducing... The Beatles''.  The two record companies battle it out in court for months, eventually coming to a settlement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/22", "description": "Kenneth Kaunda is inaugurated as the first Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/22", "description": "Pope Paul VI institutes the World Day of Prayer for Vocations. It is being observed up to now. During this celebration the  Popes remind the universal Church that still today salvation comes to us. It is celebrated every Fourth Sunday of Easter also known as Good Shepherd Sunday.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/22", "description": "Thirteen years after its proposal and nearly 2 years after its passage by the United States Senate, the 24th Amendment to the United States Constitution, prohibiting the use of poll taxes in national elections, is ratified.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/22", "description": "Arthur Miller's ''After the Fall'' opens on Broadway. A semi-autobiographical work, it arouses controversy over his portrayal of late ex-wife Marilyn Monroe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/26", "description": "The annual telecasts of ''The Wizard of Oz'' resume after being temporarily discontinued in 1963. The reason for the film's not being shown that year is not made public, but it is possible that it was because of the recent assassination of President John F. Kennedy. If the then-established pattern of Christmas-season showings of the film had continued in 1963, the movie would have had to be shown in early December, only two weeks after the President's death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/26", "description": "France and the People's Republic of China announce their decision to establish diplomatic relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/26", "description": "U.S. Senator Margaret Chase Smith, 66, announces her candidacy for the Republican presidential nomination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/28", "description": "A U.S. Air Force jet training plane that strays into East Germany is shot down by Soviet fighters near Erfurt all 3 crew men are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/29", "description": "February 9 \u2013 The 1964 Winter Olympics are held in Innsbruck, Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/29", "description": "The Soviet Union launches 2 scientific satellites, Elektron I and II, from a single rocket.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/29", "description": "Ranger 6 is launched by NASA, on a mission to carry television cameras and crash-land on the Moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/30", "description": "General Nguyen Khanh leads a bloodless military coup d'\u00e9tat, replacing Duong Van Minh as Prime Minister of South Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/01/30", "description": "February \u2013 African and Malagasy Union for Economic Cooperation (UAMCE) (Union Africaine et Malgache de Coop\u00e9ration \u00c9conomique).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/02/01", "description": "The Beatles vault to the #1 spot on the U.S. singles charts for the first time, with quotI Want to Hold Your Handquot, forever changing the way popular music sounds to Americans, also starting the British Invasion in America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/02/03", "description": "Protesting against alleged de-facto school racial segregation, Black and Puerto Rican groups in New York City boycott public schools.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/02/03", "description": "The Government of the United States authorizes the Twenty-fourth Amendment, outlawing the poll tax.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/02/03", "description": "General Motors introduces the Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser and the Buick Sport Wagon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/02/05", "description": "Kashmir Day On February 5, 1964, India backed out of its promise to hold plebiscite in disputed territory of Kashmir. Instead, in March 1965, the Indian Parliament passed a bill, declaring Kashmir a province of India. In 1948, India had taken the issue of Kashmir to the United Nations Security Council and offered to hold a plebiscite in the held Kashmir under UN supervision.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/02/06", "description": "Cuba cuts off the normal water supply to the United States Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, in reprisal for the U.S. seizure 4 days earlier of 4 Cuban fishing boats off the coast of Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/02/06", "description": "A Jackson, Mississippi jury, trying Byron De La Beckwith for the murder of Medgar Evers in June 1963, reports that it cannot reach a verdict, resulting in a mistrial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/02/06", "description": "The Beatles arrive from England at New York City's JFK International Airport, receiving a tumultuous reception from a throng of screaming fans, marking the first occurrence of ampquotBeatlemaniaampquot in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/02/09", "description": "The Beatles appear on ''The Ed Sullivan Show'', marking their first live performance on American television. Seen by an estimated 73 million viewers, the appearance becomes the catalyst for the mid-1960s quotBritish Invasionquot of American popular music.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/02/09", "description": "Greeks ampamp Turks begin fighting in Limassol, Cyprus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/02/09", "description": "The Republic of China (Taiwan) drops diplomatic relations with France because of French recognition of the People's Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/02/09", "description": "''Wesberry v. Sanders'' (376 US 1 1964): The Supreme Court of the United States rules that congressional districts have to be approximately equal in population.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/02/09", "description": "Gabonese president Leon M'ba is toppled by a military coup and his archrival, Jean-Hilaire Aubame, is installed in his place.  However, French intervention restores M'ba's government the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/02/23", "description": "hrysler's Second Generation HEMI racing engine (426 Cubic Inches with Hemispherical Head design) debuts at the Daytona 500. The HEMI powered Plymouth of Richard Petty (#43) wins. HEMI powered Plymouths finish 1-2-3.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/02/25", "description": "Muhammad Ali beats Sonny Liston in Miami Beach, Florida, and is crowned the heavyweight champion of the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/02/26", "description": "U.S. politician John Glenn slips on a bathroom rug in his Columbus, Ohio apartment and hits his head on the bathtub, injuring his left inner ear, and prompting him (later that week) to withdraw from the race for the Democratic Party Senate nomination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/02/27", "description": "The government of Italy asks for help to keep the Leaning Tower of Pisa from toppling over.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/02/29", "description": "U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces that the United States has developed a jet airplane (the A-11), capable of sustained flight at more than {{convert|2000|mi\/h|km\/h}} and of altitudes of more than {{convert|70000|ft|m}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/04", "description": "Teamsters President Jimmy Hoffa is convicted by a federal jury of tampering with a federal jury in 1962.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/04", "description": "Constantine II becomes King of Greece, upon the death of his father King Paul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/04", "description": "Malcolm X, suspended from the Nation of Islam, says in New York City that he is forming a black nationalist party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/04", "description": "''New York Times Co. v Sullivan'' (376 US 254 1964): The United States Supreme Court rules that under the First Amendment, speech criticizing political figures cannot be censored.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/04", "description": "The first Ford Mustang rolls off the assembly line at Ford Motor Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/04", "description": "Soviet military forces shoot down an unarmed reconnaissance bomber that had strayed into East Germany the 3 U.S. flyers parachute to safety.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/04", "description": "Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr., Ambassador to South Vietnam, wins the New Hampshire Republican primary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/12", "description": "Malcolm X leaves the Nation of Islam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/13", "description": "In a notorious incident, 38 of her neighbors in Queens, New York City fail to respond to the cries of Kitty Genovese, 28, as she is being stabbed to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/14", "description": "A Dallas, Texas jury finds Jack Ruby guilty of killing John F. Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/15", "description": "Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor marry (for the first time) in Montreal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/20", "description": "June 6 \u2013 The first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development takes place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/20", "description": "The precursor of the European Space Agency, ESRO (European Space Research Organization) is established per an agreement signed on June 14, 1962.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/21", "description": "''Non ho l'et\u00e0'' by Gigliola Cinquetti (music by Nicola Salerno, text by Mario Panzeri) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1964 for Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/26", "description": "U.S. Defense Secretary Robert McNamara delivers an address that reiterates American determination to give South Vietnam increased military and economic aid, in its war against the Communist insurgency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/27", "description": "Good Friday) \u2013 The Great Alaskan earthquake, the second most powerful known (and the most powerful earthquake in the United States) at a magnitude of 9.2, strikes South Central Alaska, killing 125 people and inflicting massive damage to the city of Anchorage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/28", "description": "King Saud of Saudi Arabia abdicates the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/29", "description": "Radio Caroline becomes England's first pirate radio station, from a ship anchored just outside  UK territorial waters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/30", "description": "Merv Griffin's game show ''Jeopardy!'' debuts on NBC Art Fleming is its first host.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/03/31", "description": "The military overthrows Brazilian President Jo\u00e3o Goulart in a coup, starting 21 years of dictatorship in Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/02", "description": "Mrs. Malcolm Peabody, 72, mother of Massachusetts Governor Endicott Peabody, is released on $450 bond after spending 2 days in a St. Augustine, Florida jail, for participating in an anti-segregation demonstration there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/02", "description": "The Beatles hold the top 5 positions in the Billboard Top 40 singles in America, an unprecedented achievement. The top songs in America as listed on April 4, in order, are: Can't Buy Me Love, Twist and Shout, She Loves You, I Want to Hold Your Hand, and Please Please Me.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/02", "description": "Three high school friends in Hoboken, N.J., open the first BLIMPIE on Washington Street.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/06", "description": "Jigme Palden Dorji, Premier of the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan, is shot dead by an unidentified assassin in Puncholing, near the Indian border.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/07", "description": "IBM announces the System\/360.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/07", "description": "Four of 5 railroad operating unions strike against the Illinois Central Railroad without warning, bringing to a head a 5-year dispute over railroad work rules.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/07", "description": "Gemini 1 is launched, the first unmanned test of the 2-man spacecraft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/07", "description": "''From Russia with Love'' premiers in U.S. movie theaters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/09", "description": "The United Nations Security Council adopts by a 9\u20130 vote a resolution deploring a British air attack on a fort in Yemen 12 days earlier, in which 25 persons were reported killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/11", "description": "The Brazilian Congress elects Field Marshal Humberto de Alencar Castello Branco as President of Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/12", "description": "In Detroit, Michigan, Malcolm X delivers a speech entitled quotThe Ballot or the Bullet.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/13", "description": "The 36th Academy Awards ceremony is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/13", "description": "Sidney Poitier is the first black person to win an Academy Award in the catergory Best Actor in a Leading Role in Lilies of the Field", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/14", "description": "A Delta rocket's third stage motor ignites prematurely in an assembly room at Cape Canaveral, killing 3.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/14", "description": "The Rolling Stones release their debut album, ''The Rolling Stones''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/14", "description": "Sentences totalling 307 years are passed on 12 men who stole \u00a32.6m in used bank notes, after holding up the night mail train travelling from Glasgow to London in August 1963 \u2013 a heist that became known as the Great Train Robbery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/14", "description": "In the United States, the Ford Mustang is officially unveiled to the public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/14", "description": "Shea Stadium opens in Flushing, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/19", "description": "In Laos, the coalition government of Prince Souvanna Phouma is deposed by a right-wing military group, led by Brig. Gen. Kouprasith Abhay.  Not supported by the U.S., the coup is ultimately unsuccessful, and Souvanna Phouma is reinstated, remaining Prime Minister until 1975.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/19", "description": "U.S. President Lyndon Johnson in New York, and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Moscow, simultaneously announce plans to cut back production of materials for making nuclear weapons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/19", "description": "Nelson Mandela makes his ampquotI Am Prepared to Dieampquot speech at the opening of the Rivonia Trial, a classic of the anti-apartheid movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/19", "description": "BBC2 starts broadcasting in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/19", "description": "British businessman Greville Wynne, imprisoned in Moscow since 1963 for spying, is exchanged for Soviet spy Gordon Lonsdale.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/19", "description": "The 1964 New York World's Fair opens to celebrate the 300th anniversary of New Amsterdam being taken over by British forces under the Duke of York (later King James II) and being renamed New York in 1664. The fair runs until October 18, 1964 and reopens April 21, 1965, finally closing October 17, 1965. (Not sanctioned, due to being within 10 years of the Seattle World's Fair in 1962, some countries decline, but many countries have pavilions with exotic crafts, art ampamp food.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/24", "description": "The Swedish warship ''Vasa'', sunk in 1628, is raised from the waters of Stockholm harbor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/25", "description": "Thieves steal the head of the Little Mermaid statue in Copenhagen, Denmark (Henrik Bruun confesses in 1997).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/04/26", "description": "Tanganyika and Zanzibar merge to form Tanzania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/05/01", "description": "At 4:00 a.m., John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz run the first program written in BASIC (Beginners' All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), an easy to learn high level programming language which they have created. BASIC is eventually included on many computers and even some games consoles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/05/01", "description": "Senator Barry Goldwater receives more than 75% of the votes in the Texas Republican Presidential primary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/05/01", "description": "Some 400\u20131,000 students march through Times Square, New York and another 700 in San Francisco, in the first major student demonstration against the Vietnam War. Smaller marches also occur in Boston, Seattle, and Madison, Wisconsin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/05/01", "description": "Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore, hitchhiking in Meadville, Mississippi, are kidnapped and beaten by members of the Ku Klux Klan. Their badly decomposed bodies are found by chance 2 months later in July, during the search for 3 civil rights workers \u2013 Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/05/04", "description": "The United States Congress recognized Bourbon whiskey as a quotdistinctive product of the United Statesquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/05/04", "description": "Pacific Air Lines Flight 773 crashes near San Ramon, California, killing all 44 aboard the FBI later reports that a cockpit recorder tape indicates that the pilot and co-pilot had been shot by a suicidal passenger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/05/04", "description": "At a mail rockets demonstration by Gerhard Zucker on Hasselkopf Mountain near Braunlage (Lower Saxonia, Germany), 3 persons are killed by a rocket explosion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/05/09", "description": "South Korean President Chung Hee Park reshuffles his Cabinet, after a series of student demonstrations against his efforts to restore diplomatic and trade relations with Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/05/11", "description": "Terence Conran opens the first Habitat store on London's Fulham Road.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/05/12", "description": "Twelve young men in New York City publicly burn their draft cards to protest the war the first such act of war resistance.{{cite book |last=Flynn |first=George Q. |title=The Draft, 1940\u20131973 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |year=1993 |series=Modern war studies |isbn=0-7006-0586-X |page=175}}{{cite book |last=Gottlieb |first=Sherry Gershon |title=Hell no, we won't go!: resisting the draft during the Vietnam War |publisher=Viking |year=1991 |page=xix |quote=1964: May 12\u2014Twelve students at a New York rally burn their draft cards... |isbn=0-670-83935-3}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/05/19", "description": "The United States State Department says that more than 40 hidden microphones have been found embedded in the walls of the U.S. Embassy in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/05/19", "description": "Mrs. Madeline Dassault, 63, wife of a French plane manufacturer and politician, is kidnapped while leaving her car in front of her Paris home she is found unharmed the next day in a farmhouse {{convert|27|mi|km}} from Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/05/19", "description": "Pablo Picasso paints his fourth ''Head of a Bearded Man''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/05/24", "description": "25 \u2013 The crowd at a football match in Lima, Peru riots over a referee's decision in the Peru-Argentina game 319 are killed, 500 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/05/26", "description": "Nelson Rockefeller defeats Barry Goldwater in the Oregon Republican primary, slowing but not stalling Goldwater's drive toward the nomination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/05/27", "description": "Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru dies he is succeeded by Lal Bahadur Shastri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/05/27", "description": "Senator Barry Goldwater wins the California Republican Presidential primary, making him the overwhelming favorite for the nomination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/05/27", "description": "Five million shares of stock in the Communications Satellite Corporation (Comsat) are offered for sale at $20 a share, and the issue is quickly sold out.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/06/03", "description": "South Korean President Park Chung Hee declares martial law in Seoul, after 10,000 student demonstrators overpower police.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/06/06", "description": "With a temporary order, the rocket launches at Cuxhaven are terminated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/06/07", "description": "The Beatles travel the canals of Amsterdam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/06/09", "description": "In Federal Court in Kansas City, Kansas, army deserter George John Gessner, 28, is convicted of passing United States secrets to the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/06/10", "description": "The U.S. Senate votes cloture of the Civil Rights Bill after a 75-day filibuster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/06/10", "description": "Greece rejects direct talks with Turkey over Cyprus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/06/10", "description": "In Cologne, Germany, Walter Seifert attacks students and teachers in an elementary school with a flamethrower, killing 10 and injuring 21.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/06/10", "description": "Pennsylvania Governor William Scranton announces his candidacy for the Republican Presidential nomination, as part of a 'stop-Goldwater' movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/06/10", "description": "Nelson Mandela and 7 others are sentenced to life imprisonment in South Africa, and sent to the Robben Island prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/06/16", "description": "Keith Bennett, 12, is abducted by Myra Hindley and Ian Brady.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/06/19", "description": "U.S. Senator Edward Kennedy, 32, is seriously injured in a private plane crash at Southampton, Massachusetts the pilot is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/06/19", "description": "Three civil rights workers, Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman, and James Chaney, are murdered near Philadelphia, Mississippi, by local Klansmen, cops, and a sheriff.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/06/19", "description": "Spain beats the Soviet Union 2\u20131 to win the 1964 European Nations Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/06/19", "description": "Jim Bunning pitches a perfect game for the Philadelphia Phillies, the first in the National League since 1880.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/06/25", "description": "The Catholic Church condemns the female combined oral contraceptive pill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/06/26", "description": "Moise Tshombe returns to the Democratic Republic of the Congo from exile in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/06/29", "description": "Manx Radio commences broadcasting from Douglas, Isle of Man after receiving its first Low power broadcast licence from the United Kingdom's General Post Office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/02", "description": "President Lyndon Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, abolishing racial segregation in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/06", "description": "Malawi receives its independence from the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/08", "description": "U.S. military personnel announce that U.S. casualties in Vietnam have risen to 1,387, including 399 dead and 17 MIA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/10", "description": "The Beatles return to Liverpool in triumph after their successful US tour, just in time for the premiere of their film 'A Hard Day's Night'. Since 2008, this day is celebrated as Beatles Day in Liverpool, Hamburg and other cities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/16", "description": "At the Republican National Convention in San Francisco, U.S. presidential nominee Barry Goldwater declares that quotextremism in the defense of liberty is no vicequot, and quotmoderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtuequot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/16", "description": "Six days of race riots begin in Harlem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/16", "description": "Judith Graham Pool publishes her discovery of cryoprecipitate, a substance that extends the lives of hemophiliacs around the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/19", "description": "Vietnam War: At a rally in Saigon, South Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Khanh calls for expanding the war into North Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/19", "description": "Vietnam War: Viet Cong forces attack a provincial capital, killing 11 South Vietnamese military personnel and 40 civilians (30 of which are children).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/19", "description": "The National Movement of the Revolution is instituted as the sole legal political party in the Republic of Congo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/21", "description": "Race riots begin in Singapore between ethnic Chinese and Malays.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/22", "description": "The second meeting of the Organization of African Unity is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/27", "description": "Vietnam War: The U.S. sends 5,000 more military advisers to South Vietnam, bringing the total number of United States forces in Vietnam to 21,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/31", "description": "Ranger program: Ranger 7 sends back the first close-up photographs of the moon (images are 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from Earth-bound telescopes).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/31", "description": "The Final Looney Tune, ampquotSe\u00f1orella and the Glass Huaracheampquot, is released before the Warner Bros. Cartoon Division is shut down by Jack Warner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/31", "description": "Emancipation Day in Barbados, Bermuda, Guyana, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, and Jamaica \u2013 celebration of the end of slavery in these former and continuing British colonies in the Caribbean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/31", "description": "American civil rights movement: The bodies of murdered civil rights workers Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman and James Chaney are found.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/31", "description": "Vietnam War: United States destroyers USS ''Maddox'' and USS ''C. Turner Joy'' are attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin. Air support from the carrier USS ''Ticonderoga'' sinks 1 gunboat, while the other 2 leave the battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/31", "description": "Vietnam War: Operation Pierce Arrow \u2013 Aircraft from carriers USS ''Ticonderoga'' and USS ''Constellation'' bomb North Vietnam in retaliation for strikes against U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/07/31", "description": "The Simba rebel army in the Democratic Republic of the Congo captures Stanleyville, and takes 1,000 Western hostages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/08/07", "description": "Vietnam War: The United States Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, giving U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson broad war powers to deal with North Vietnamese attacks on U.S. forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/08/08", "description": "A Rolling Stones gig in Scheveningen gets out of control. Riot police end the gig after about 15 minutes, upon which spectators start to fight the riot police.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/08/13", "description": "Murderers Gwynne Owen Evans and Peter Anthony Allen become the last people to be executed in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/08/16", "description": "Vietnam War: In a coup, General Nguyen Khanh replaces Duong Van Minh as South Vietnam's chief of state and establishes a new constitution, drafted partly by the U.S. Embassy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/08/17", "description": "Margaret Harshaw, Metropolitan Opera soprano, sings the role of Turandot in Puccini's opera ''Turandot'' at the New York World's Fair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/08/20", "description": "International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium{{specify|date=May 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/08/20", "description": "Fannie Lou Hamer, civil rights activist and Vice Chair of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, addresses the Credentials Committee of the Democratic National Convention, challenging the all-white Mississippi delegation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/08/20", "description": "Goalkeeper Derek Foster of Sunderland becomes the youngest-ever player to play in the Football League, aged 15 years and 185 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/08/24", "description": "27 \u2013 The Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City nominates incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson for a full term, and U.S. Senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota as his running mate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/08/27", "description": "Walt Disney's ''Mary Poppins'' has its world premiere in Los Angeles. It will go on to become Disney's biggest moneymaker, and winner of 5 Academy Awards, including a Best Actress award for Julie Andrews, who accepted the part after she was passed over by Jack L. Warner for the leading role of Eliza Dolittle in the film version of ''My Fair Lady''. ''Mary Poppins'' is the first Disney film to be nominated for Best Picture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/08/28", "description": "30 \u2013 Philadelphia 1964 race riot: Tensions between African American residents and police lead to 341 injuries and 774 arrests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/09/02", "description": "Indian Hungry generation poets are arrested on charges of conspiracy against the State and obscenity in literature.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/09/04", "description": "The Forth Road Bridge opens over the Firth of Forth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/09/04", "description": "African Development Bank (AfDB) founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/09/04", "description": "The third period of the Second Vatican Council opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/09/04", "description": "The London ''Daily Herald'' ceases publication, replaced by ''The Sun''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/09/16", "description": "''Shindig!'' premieres on the ''ABC'', featuring the top musical acts of the Sixties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/09/16", "description": "''Goldfinger'' opens in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/09/16", "description": "''Bewitched'', starring Elizabeth Montgomery, premieres on ABC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/09/18", "description": "In Athens, King Constantine II of Greece marries Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark, who becomes Europe's youngest Queen at age eighteen years, nineteen days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/09/20", "description": "At the autumnal equinox, the Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids (OBOD) is founded in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/09/21", "description": "The island of Malta obtains independence from the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/09/24", "description": "The Warren Commission Report, the first official investigation of the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy, is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/09/25", "description": "The Mozambican War of Independence is launched by FRELIMO.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/09/25", "description": "September \u2013 Pete Townshend of The Who destroys his first guitar in the name of auto-destructive art at the Railway Hotel, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/09/25", "description": "October \u2013 In ''Photoplay'' magazine, Hedda Hopper announces that Sophia Loren and Paul Newman will star in the film version of Arthur Miller's play ''After the Fall'', with Loren in the role that was written about Marilyn Monroe. The film was never made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/09/25", "description": "Three thousand student activists at University of California, Berkeley surround and block a police car from taking a CORE volunteer arrested for not showing his ID, when he violated a ban on outdoor activist card tables. This protest eventually explodes into the Berkeley Free Speech Movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/09/25", "description": "The ''Shinkansen'' high-speed rail system is inaugurated in Japan, for the first sector between Tokyo and Osaka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/02", "description": "The Kinks release their first album, ''The Kinks''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/02", "description": "Twenty-three men and thirty-one women escape to West Berlin through a narrow tunnel under the Berlin Wall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/02", "description": "Elizabeth II and The Duke of Edinburgh begin an 8-day visit to Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/10", "description": "24 \u2013 The 1964 Summer Olympics are held in Tokyo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/12", "description": "The Soviet Union launches ''Voskhod 1'' into Earth orbit as the first spacecraft with a multi-person crew and the first flight without space suits. The flight is cut short and lands again on October 13 after 16 orbits.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/14", "description": "American civil rights movement leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. becomes the youngest recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, which was awarded to him for leading non-violent resistance to end racial prejudice in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/14", "description": "15 \u2013 Nikita Khrushchev is deposed as leader of the Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev and Alexei Kosygin assume power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/14", "description": "The Labour Party wins the parliamentary elections in the United Kingdom, ending 13 years of Conservative Party rule. The new prime minister is Harold Wilson.ampamp{{cite news| url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk_politics\/vote_2005\/basics\/4393293.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk_politics\/vote_2005\/basics\/4393293.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title=1964: Labour scrapes through | date=April 5, 2005}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/14", "description": "Craig Breedlove's jet-powered car ''Spirit of America'' goes out of control in Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah and makes skid marks 9.6ampampnbspkm long.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/14", "description": "The St. Louis Cardinals defeat the visiting New York Yankees, 7\u20135 to win the World Series in 7 games (4\u20133), ending a long run of 29 World Series appearances in 44 seasons for the Bronx Bombers (also known as the ''Yankee Dynasty'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/14", "description": "Harold Wilson becomes British Prime Minister after leading the Labour Party to a narrow election win over the Tory government of Sir Alec Douglas-Home, which had been in power for 13 years and had four different leaders during that time.ampamp{{cite news| url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/october\/12\/newsid_3993000\/3993883.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/october\/12\/newsid_3993000\/3993883.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title=1964: Labour voters are 'bonkers' says Hogg | date=October 12, 1964}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/14", "description": "The People's Republic of China explodes an atomic bomb in Sinkiang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/18", "description": "The NY World's Fair closes for the year (it reopens April 21, 1965).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/21", "description": "The film version of the hit Broadway stage musical ''My Fair Lady'' premieres in New York City. The movie stars Audrey Hepburn in the role of Eliza Doolittle and Rex Harrison repeating his stage performance as Professor Henry Higgins, and which will win him his only Academy Award for Best Actor. The film will win seven other Academy Awards, including Best Picture, but Audrey Hepburn will not be nominated. Critics interpret this as a rebuke to Jack L. Warner for choosing Ms Hepburn over Julie Andrews.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/21", "description": "Canada: A Federal Multi-Party Parliamentary Committee selects a design to become the new official Flag of Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/21", "description": "A 5.3 Kiloton nuclear device is detonated at the Tatum Salt Dome, {{convert|21|mi|km}} from Hattiesburg, Mississippi as part of the Vela Uniform program. This test is the Salmon phase of the Atomic Energy Commission's Project Dribble.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/24", "description": "Northern Rhodesia, a former British protectorate, becomes the independent Republic of Zambia, ending 73 years of British rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/26", "description": "Eric Edgar Cooke becomes the last man executed in Western Australia, for murdering 8 citizens in  Perth, Western Australia between 1959 and 1963.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/27", "description": "In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, rebel leader Christopher Gbenye takes 60 Americans and 800 Belgians hostage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/29", "description": "A collection of irreplaceable gemstones, including the {{convert|565|carat|g}} Star of India, is stolen from the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/10/31", "description": "Campaigning at Madison Square Garden, New York, U.S. President Lyndon Johnson pledges the creation of the Great Society.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/11/01", "description": "Mortar fire from North Vietnamese forces rains on the Bien Hoa Air Base, killing four U.S. servicemen, wounding 72, and destroying five B-57 jet bombers and other planes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/11/01", "description": "United States presidential election, 1964: Incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson defeats Republican challenger Barry Goldwater with over 60 percent of the popular vote.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/11/01", "description": "The Bolivian government of President V\u00edctor Paz Estenssoro is overthrown by a military rebellion led by General Alfredo Ovando Cand\u00eda, commander-in-chief of the armed forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/11/05", "description": "Mariner program: Mariner 3, a U.S. space probe intended for Mars, is launched from Cape Kennedy but fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/11/09", "description": "The British House of Commons votes to abolish the death penalty for murder in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/11/10", "description": "Australia partially reintroduces compulsory military service due to the Indonesian Confrontation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/11/13", "description": "Bob Pettit (St. Louis Hawks) becomes the first NBA player to score 20,000 points.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/11/19", "description": "The United States Department of Defense announces the closing of 95 military bases and facilities, including the Brooklyn Navy Yard, the Brooklyn Army Terminal, and Fort Jay, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/11/19", "description": "Second Vatican Council: The third period of the Catholic Church's ecumenical council closes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/11/19", "description": "The Verrazano Narrows Bridge opens to traffic (the world's longest suspension bridge at this time).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/11/24", "description": "Belgian paratroopers and mercenaries capture Stanleyville, but a number of hostages die in the fighting, among them Evangelical Covenant Church missionary Dr. Paul Carlson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/11/24", "description": "Mariner program: NASA launches the Mariner 4 space probe from Cape Kennedy toward Mars to take television pictures of that planet in July 1965.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/11/24", "description": "Vietnam War: United States National Security Council members, including Robert McNamara, Dean Rusk, and Maxwell Taylor, agree to recommend a plan for a 2-stage escalation of bombing in North Vietnam, to President Lyndon B. Johnson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/11/24", "description": "28 November  - France performs underground nuclear test at Ecker in Algeria", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/11/24", "description": "Gustavo D\u00edaz Ordaz takes office as President of Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/11/24", "description": "Vietnam War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson and his top-ranking advisers meet to discuss plans to bomb North Vietnam (after some debate, they agree on a 2-phase bombing plan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/03", "description": "Berkeley Free Speech Movement: Police arrest about 800 students at the University of California, Berkeley, following their takeover of and massive sit-in at the Sproul Hall administration building.  The sit-in most directly protested the U.C. Regents' decision to punish student activists for what many thought had been justified civil disobedience earlier in the conflict.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/06", "description": "The 1-hour stop-motion animated special ''Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer'', based on the popular Christmas song, premieres on NBC. It becomes a beloved Christmas tradition, still being shown on television more than 40 years later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/10", "description": "Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo, Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/11", "description": "Che Guevara addresses the U.N. General Assembly.{{cite web|title = Chronology (1964-66)|work=Misi\u00f3n permanente de la rep\u00fablica de Cuba ante las naciones unidas|publisher = Permanent Missions To The United Nations|url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.un.int\/cuba\/Pages\/cronologia1964-1966-ing.htm|accessdate\">http:\/\/www.un.int\/cuba\/Pages\/cronologia1964-1966-ing.htm|accessdate<\/a> = 2006-10-09}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/14", "description": "''Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States'' (379 US 241 1964): The U.S. Supreme Court rules that, in accordance with the Civil Rights Act of 1964, establishments providing public accommodations must refrain from racial discrimination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/15", "description": "''The Washington Post'' publishes an article about James Hampton, who had built a glittering religious throne out of recycled materials.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/15", "description": "In the wake of deadly riots in January over control of the Panama Canal, the U.S. offers to negotiate a new canal treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/15", "description": "The deadly Christmas flood of 1964 begins It becomes one of the most destructive weather events to affect Oregon in the 20th century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/21", "description": "The James Bond film ''Goldfinger'' begins its run in U.S. theaters. It becomes one of the most successful and popular Bond films ever made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/21", "description": "Comedian Lenny Bruce is sentenced to 4 months in prison, concluding a 6-month obscenity trial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/21", "description": "A cyclone in the Palk Strait destroys the Indian town of Dhanushkodi, killing 1800 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/23", "description": " ''Wonderful Radio London'' commences transmissions with American top 40 format broadcasting, from a ship anchored off the south coast of England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/26", "description": "Lesley Ann Downey, 10, is abducted by Myra Hindley and Ian Brady.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/27", "description": "The Cleveland Browns defeat the Baltimore Colts in the NFL Championship Game.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/30", "description": "United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) established as a permanent organ of the UN General Assembly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/30", "description": "Cosmic microwave background radiation is discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/30", "description": "Jerome Horowitz synthesizes zidovudine, an antiviral drug which would later be used in treating HIV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/30", "description": "Dr. Farrington Daniels' book ''Direct Use of the Sun's Energy'' is published by Yale University Press.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/30", "description": "The Vishva Hindu Parishad is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/30", "description": "The first Moog synthesizer is designed by Robert Moog.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/30", "description": "Rudi Gernreich designs the original monokini topless swimsuit in the US.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/gernreich.steirischerbst.at\/pages\/bio1.htm\">http:\/\/gernreich.steirischerbst.at\/pages\/bio1.htm<\/a> Gernreich Bioampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1964/12/30", "description": "Roald Dahl writes ''Charlie and the Chocolate Factory''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/01/01", "description": " The ship SS ''Catala'' is driven onto the beach in Ocean Shores, Washington, stranding her.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/01/04", "description": " U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson proclaims his quotGreat Societyquot during his State of the Union Address.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/01/09", "description": " The Mirzapur Cadet College formally opens for academic activities in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/01/12", "description": " Wanda Beach Murders: The bodies of two 15-year-olds, Christine Sharrock and Marianne Schmidt, are found at Wanda Beach, Sydney.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/01/14", "description": " The Prime Minister of Northern Ireland and the Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland meet for the first time in 43 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/01/19", "description": " The unmanned ''Gemini 2'' is launched on a suborbital test of various spacecraft systems.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/01/20", "description": " Lyndon B. Johnson is sworn in for his own full term as U.S. President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/01/26", "description": " Anti-Hindi agitations break out in India, because of which Hindi does not get quotNational Languagequot status and remains one of the 23 official languages of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/01/30", "description": " State funeral of Sir Winston Churchill takes place with the largest assembly of statesmen in the world until the 2005 funeral of Pope John Paul II.{{cite news| url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/europe\/4421081.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/europe\/4421081.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title=Holding history's largest funeral | date=April 8, 2005 | accessdate=March 29, 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/02/06", "description": " Sir Stanley Matthews plays his final First Division game, at the record age of 50 years and 5 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/02/12", "description": " African and Malagasy Common Organization (OCAM) (Organization Commune Africaine et Malgache) formed as successor to the Afro-Malagasy Union for Economic Cooperation (Union Africaine et Malgache de Cooperation Economique UAMCE), formerly the African and Malagasy Union (Union Africaine et Malgache UAM)).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/02/15", "description": " A new red and white maple leaf design is inaugurated as the flag of Canada, replacing the Union Flag and the Canadian Red Ensign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/02/18", "description": " The Gambia becomes independent from the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/02/18", "description": "''Ranger 8'' crashes into the Moon, after a successful mission of photographing possible landing sites for the Apollo program astronauts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/02/18", "description": "Suat Hayri \u00dcrg\u00fcpl\u00fc forms the new (interim) government of Turkey (29th government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/02/21", "description": "frican-American Muslim minister and human rights activist Malcolm X was assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/02/22", "description": " A new, revised, color production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's ''Cinderella'' airs on CBS. Lesley Ann Warren makes her TV debut in the title role. The show becomes an annual tradition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/02", "description": " ''The Sound of Music'' premieres at the Rivoli Theater in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/07", "description": " Bloody Sunday: Some 200 Alabama State Troopers clash with 525 civil rights demonstrators in Selma, Alabama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/08", "description": " Vietnam War: Some 3,500 United States Marines arrive in South Vietnam, becoming the first American combat troops in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/09", "description": " The second attempt to march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, under the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr., stops at the bridge that was the site of Bloody Sunday, to hold a prayer service and return to Selma, in obedience to a court restraining order.  White supremacists beat up white Unitarian Universalist minister James J. Reeb later that day in Selma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/09", "description": "Goldie, a London Zoo golden eagle, is recaptured 12 days after her escape.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/09", "description": "Engagement announced between Princess Margriet of the Netherlands and Pieter van Vollenhoven, who will become the first commoner and the first Dutchman to marry into the Dutch Royal Family.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/11", "description": " White Unitarian Universalist minister James J. Reeb, beaten by White supremacists in Selma, Alabama on March 9 following the second march from Selma, dies in a hospital in Birmingham, Alabama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/15", "description": " President Lyndon B. Johnson makes his quotWe Shall Overcomequot speech.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/16", "description": " Police clash with 600 SNCC marchers in Montgomery, Alabama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/16", "description": "In Montgomery, Alabama, 1,600 civil rights marchers demonstrate at the Courthouse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/16", "description": "In response to the events of March 7 and 9 in Selma, Alabama, President Lyndon B. Johnson sends a bill to Congress that forms the basis for the Voting Rights Act of 1965.  It is passed by the Senate May 26, the House July 10, and signed into law by President Johnson Aug. 6.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/16", "description": "Cosmonaut Aleksei Leonov, leaving his spacecraft ''Voskhod 2'' for 12 minutes, becomes the first person to walk in space.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/16", "description": "A United States federal judge rules that SCLC has the lawful right to march to Montgomery, Alabama to petition for 'redress of grievances'.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/19", "description": " The wreck of the ''SS Georgiana'', reputed to have been the most powerful Confederate cruiser ever built and owned by the real Rhett Butler, is discovered off the Isle of Palms, South Carolina, by teenage diver E. Lee Spence, exactly 102 years after she was sunk with a million dollar cargo while attempting to run past the Union blockade into Charleston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/19", "description": "''Poup\u00e9e de cire, poup\u00e9e de son'', sung by France Gall (music and lyrics by Serge Gainsbourg) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1965 for Luxembourg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/19", "description": "The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/19", "description": "Ranger program: NASA launches ''Ranger 9'', which is the last in a series of unmanned lunar space probes.''", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/19", "description": "Martin Luther King, Jr. leads 3,200 civil rights activists in the third march from Selma, Alabama to the capitol in Montgomery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/22", "description": " Nicolae Ceau\u015fescu becomes the first secretary of the Romanian Communist Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/23", "description": " ''Gemini 3'': NASA launches the United States' first 2-person crew (Gus Grissom, John Young) into Earth orbit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/25", "description": " Martin Luther King, Jr. and 25,000 civil rights activists successfully end the 4-day march from Selma, Alabama, to the capitol in Montgomery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/25", "description": "Funeral services are held for Detroit homemaker Viola Liuzzo, who was shot dead by 4 Klansmen as she drove marchers back to Selma at night after the civil rights march.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/03/25", "description": "Second ODECA charter, signed on 12 December 1962, effective.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/03", "description": " The world's first space nuclear power reactor, ''SNAP-10A'', is launched by the United States from Vandenberg AFB, California.  The reactor operates for 43 days and remains in Low Earth orbit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/05", "description": " At the 37th Academy Awards, ''My Fair Lady'' wins 8 Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director. Rex Harrison wins an Oscar for Best Actor. ''Mary Poppins'' takes home 5 Oscars. Julie Andrews wins an Academy Award for Best Actress, for her portrayal in the role.  Sherman Brothers receives 2 Oscars including Best Song, quotChim Chim Cher-eequot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/05", "description": "The Early Bird communications satellite is launched. It becomes operational May 2 and is placed in commercial service in June.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/05", "description": "The British Government announced the cancellation of the TSR-2 aircraft project.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/05", "description": "The West German parliament extends the statute of limitations on Nazi war crimes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/05", "description": "In Houston, Texas, the Harris County Domed Stadium (more commonly known as the Astrodome) opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/05", "description": "The 100th anniversary of the end of the American Civil War is observed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/05", "description": "Charlie Brown and the ''Peanuts'' Gang appear on the cover of ''Time Magazine''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/11", "description": " The Palm Sunday tornado outbreak of 1965: An estimated 51 tornadoes (47 confirmed) hit in 6 Midwestern states, killing between 256 to 271 people and injuring some 1,500 more.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/14", "description": " ''In Cold Blood'' killers Richard Hickock and Perry Smith, convicted of murdering 4 members of the Herbert Clutter family of Holcomb, Kansas, are executed by hanging at the Kansas State Penitentiary for Men in Lansing, Kansas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/17", "description": " The first SDS march against the Vietnam War draws 25,000 protestors to Washington, DC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/18", "description": " Consecration of St Clement of Ohrid Macedonian Orthodox Cathedral in Toronto, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/21", "description": " The NY World's Fair in Flushing Meadows, NY, reopens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/23", "description": " The Pennine Way officially opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/23", "description": "The 1965 Yerevan demonstrations start in Yerevan, demanding recognition of the Armenian Genocide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/23", "description": "The bodies of Portuguese opposition politician Humberto Delgado and his secretary Arajaryr Moreira de Campos are found in a forest near Villanueva del Fresno, Spain (they were killed February 12).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/23", "description": "In the Dominican Republic, officers and civilians loyal to deposed President Juan Bosch mutiny against the right-wing junta running the country, setting up a provisional government.  Forces loyal to the deposed military-imposed government stage a countercoup the next day, and civil war breaks out, although the new government retains its hold on power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/25", "description": " On this Sunday morning teenage sniper Michael Clark kills three and wounds others shooting at cars from a hilltop along Highway 101 just south of Orcutt, California. Sixteen year old Clark kills himself as police rush hilltop.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/25", "description": "U.S. troops are sent to the Dominican Republic by President Lyndon B. Johnson, ampquotfor the stated purpose of protecting U.S. citizens and preventing an alleged Communist takeover of the countryampquot, thus thwarting the possibility of ampquotanother Cubaampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/25", "description": "Vietnam War: Prime Minister of Australia Robert Menzies announces that the country will substantially increase its number of troops in South Vietnam, supposedly at the request of the Saigon government (it is later revealed that Menzies had asked the leadership in Saigon to send the request at the behest of the Americans).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/29", "description": " Australia announces that it is sending an infantry battalion to support the South Vietnam government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/29", "description": "Bob Askin replaces Jack Renshaw as Premier of New South Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/29", "description": "The Battle of Dong-Yin occurs as a conflict between Taiwan and the People's Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/04/29", "description": "Liverpool wins the FA Cup Final, beating Leeds Utd 2\u20131.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/05/05", "description": " Forty men burn their draft cards at the University of California, Berkeley, and a coffin is marched to the Berkeley Draft Board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/05/06", "description": " A tornado outbreak near the Twin Cities in Minnesota kills 13 and injures 683.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/05/09", "description": " The pianist Vladimir Horowitz returned to stage after a 12 years absence performing a legendary concert in Carnegie Hall in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/05/09", "description": "West Germany and Israel establish diplomatic relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/05/09", "description": "The Italian liner T\/S ''Michelangelo'' enters into service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/05/13", "description": " A West German court of appeals condemns the behavior of ex-defense minister Franz Joseph Strauss during the Spiegel scandal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/05/21", "description": " The largest teach-in to date begins at Berkeley, California, attended by 30,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/05/22", "description": " The first skateboard championship is held.  In addition, several hundred Vietnam War protesters in Berkeley, California, march to the Draft Board again to burn 19 more cards. Lyndon Johnson is hung in effigy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/05/25", "description": " Muhammad Ali knocks out Sonny Liston in the first round of their championship rematch with the quotPhantom Punchquot at the Central Maine Civic Center in Lewiston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/05/29", "description": " A mining accident in Dhanbad, India kills 274.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/05/31", "description": " Racing driver Jim Clark wins the Indianapolis 500, and later wins the Formula One world driving championship in the same year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/05/31", "description": "Florida International University is founded in Miami, FL.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/05/31", "description": "A coal mine explosion in Fukuoka, Japan kills 237.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/06/02", "description": " Vietnam War: The first contingent of Australian combat troops arrives in South Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/06/03", "description": " ''Gemini 4'': Astronaut Edward Higgins White makes the first U.S. space walk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/06/07", "description": " A mining accident in Kakanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina, results in 128 deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/06/10", "description": " Vietnam War ampndash Battle of Dong Xoai: About 1,500 Vietcong mount a mortar attack on Dong Xoai, overrunning its military headquarters and the adjoining militia compound.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/06/16", "description": " A planned anti-war protest at The Pentagon becomes a teach-in, with demonstrators distributing 50,000 leaflets in and around the building.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/06/19", "description": " Houari Boum\u00e9dienne's Revolutionary Council ousts Ahmed Ben Bella, in a bloodless coup in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/06/20", "description": " Police in Algiers break up demonstrations by people who have taken to the streets chanting slogans in support of deposed President Ben Bella.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/06/22", "description": " The Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea is signed in Tokyo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/06/25", "description": " A U.S. Air Force Boeing C135-A bound for Okinawa crashes just after takeoff at MCAS El Toro in Orange County, California, killing all 85 on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/06/25", "description": "July ampampndash Commonwealth secretariat created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/07/14", "description": " U.S. spacecraft ''Mariner 4'' flies by Mars, becoming the first spacecraft to return images from the Red Planet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/07/15", "description": " Greek Prime minister George Papandreou and his government are dismissed by King Constantine II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/07/16", "description": " The Mont Blanc Tunnel is inaugurated by presidents Giuseppe Saragat and Charles de Gaulle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/07/24", "description": " Vietnam War:  Four F-4C Phantoms escorting a bombing raid at Kang Chi are targeted by antiaircraft missiles, in the first such attack against American planes in the war. One is shot down and the other 3 sustain damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/07/25", "description": " Bob Dylan elicits controversy among folk purists by quotgoing electricquot at the Newport Folk Festival.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/07/26", "description": " The Maldives receive full independence from Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/07/27", "description": " Edward Heath becomes Leader of the British Conservative Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/07/28", "description": " Vietnam War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces his order to increase the number of United States troops in South Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000, and to more than double the number of men drafted per month - from 17,000 to 35,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/07/29", "description": " Vietnam War: The first 4,000 101st Airborne Division paratroopers arrive in Vietnam, landing at Cam Ranh Bay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/07/30", "description": " War on Poverty: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Social Security Act of 1965 into law, establishing Medicare and Medicaid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/08/01", "description": " Cigarette advertising is banned on British television.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/08/06", "description": " U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965 into law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/08/07", "description": " Tunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia, recommends the expulsion of Singapore from the Federation of Malaysia, negotiating its separation with Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/08/07", "description": "Singapore is expelled from the Federation of Malaysia, which recognizes it as a sovereign nation.  Lee Kuan Yew announces Singapore's independence and assumes the position of Prime Minister of the new island nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/08/07", "description": "An explosion at an Arkansas missile plant kills 53.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/08/07", "description": "Indonesian president Sukarno collapses in public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/08/11", "description": " The Watts Riots begin in Los Angeles, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/08/13", "description": " The rock group Jefferson Airplane debuts at the Matrix in San Francisco, California and begins to appear there regularly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/08/15", "description": " The Beatles perform the first stadium concert in the history of rock, playing before 55,600 persons at Shea Stadium in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/08/18", "description": " Vietnam War ampndash Operation Starlite: 5,500 United States Marines destroy a Viet Cong stronghold on the Van Tuong peninsula in Quang Ngai Province, in the first major American ground battle of the war. The Marines were tipped-off by a Viet Cong deserter who said that there was an attack planned against the U.S. base at Chu Lai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/08/19", "description": " At the Auschwitz trial in Frankfurt, 66 ex-SS personnel receive life sentences, 15 others smaller ones.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/08/20", "description": " Jonathan Myrick Daniels, an Episcopal seminarian from Keene, New Hampshire, is murdered in Hayneville, Alabama while working in the American civil rights movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/08/21", "description": " ''Gemini 5'' (Gordon Cooper, Pete Conrad) is launched on the first 1-week flight, as well as the first test of fuel cells for electrical power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/08/21", "description": "Casey Stengel announces his retirement after 55 years in baseball.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/08/21", "description": "Rock musician Bob Dylan releases his influential album ''Highway 61 Revisited'', featuring the song ampquotLike a Rolling Stoneampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/08/21", "description": "An avalanche buries a dam construction site at Saas-Fee, Switzerland killing 90 workers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/08/31", "description": " President Johnson signs a law penalizing the burning of draft cards with up to 5 years in prison and a $1,000 fine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/02", "description": " Pakistani troops enter the Indian sector of Kashmir, while Indian troops try to invade Lahore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/06", "description": " Islamic Republic Of Pakistan observes its Defence Day on account of successful defence of Lahore and other important areas against India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/06", "description": "Pakistan celebrates Air Force Day on account of heavy retaliations to India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/06", "description": "The People's Republic of China announces that it will reinforce its troops on the Indian border.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/06", "description": "Vietnam War: In a follow-up to August's Operation Starlite, United States Marines and South Vietnamese forces initiate Operation Piranha on the Batangan Peninsula, {{convert|23|mi|km}} south of the Chu Lai Marine base.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/06", "description": "India opens 2 additional fronts against Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/06", "description": "Pakistan Navy raids Indian coasts without any resistance in Operation Dwarka, Pakistan celebrates Victory Day annually.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/06", "description": "Sandy Koufax pitches a perfect game in a baseball match against the Chicago Cubs. The opposing pitcher, Bob Hendley, allows only 1 run, which is unearned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/06", "description": "U.N. Secretary General U Thant negotiates with Pakistan President Ayub Khan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/06", "description": "U Thant recommends China for United Nations membership.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/06", "description": "Hurricane Betsy roars ashore near New Orleans, Louisiana with winds of {{convert|145|mi\/h|km\/h|abbr=on}}, causing 76 deaths and $1.42 billion in damage. The storm is the first hurricane to cause $1 billion in unadjusted damages, giving it the nickname ampquotBillion Dollar Betsyampquot. It is the last major hurricane to strike New Orleans until Hurricane Katrina 40 years later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/13", "description": " The Congress of Arab Countries begins in Casablanca Habib Bourguiba of Tunisia boycotts the meeting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/14", "description": " The fourth and final period of the Second Vatican Council opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/15", "description": " ''Mary Poppins'' comes out in theaters in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/15", "description": "China protests against Indian provocations in its border region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/15", "description": "In Iraq, Prime Minister Arif Abd ar-Razzaq's attempted coup fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/17", "description": " King Constantine II of Greece forms a new government with Prime Minister Stephanos Stephanopoulos, in an attempt to end a 2-year-old political crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/17", "description": "In Denmark, Palle S\u00f8rensen shoots 4 policemen in pursuit he is apprehended the same day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/17", "description": "Comet Ikeya-Seki is first sighted by Japanese astronomers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/17", "description": "Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin invites the leaders of India and Pakistan to meet in the Soviet Union to negotiate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/22", "description": " Radio Peking announces that Indian troops have dismantled their equipment on the Chinese side of the border.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/22", "description": "Fighting resumes between Indian and Pakistani troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/22", "description": "The British governor of Aden cancels the constitution and takes direct control of the protectorate, due to the bad security situation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/25", "description": " The ''Tom amp Jerry'' cartoon series makes its world broadcast premiere on CBS.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/27", "description": " The largest tanker ship at the time, ''Tokyo Maru'', is launched in Yokohama, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/28", "description": " Fidel Castro announces that anyone who wants to can emigrate to the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/28", "description": " Taal Volcano in Luzon, Philippines, erupts, killing hundreds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/28", "description": "The Indonesian army, led by General Suharto, crushes an alleged communist coup attempt (see Transition to the New Order and 30 September Movement).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/28", "description": "Classic family sci-fi show ''Thunderbirds'' debuts on ITV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/28", "description": "Fidel Castro announces that Che Guevara has resigned and left the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/28", "description": "U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs an immigration bill which abolishes quotas based on national origin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/28", "description": "At least 150 killed when a commuter train derails at the outskirts of Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/28", "description": "Prime minister Ian Smith of Rhodesia and Arthur Bottomley of the Commonwealth of Nations begin negotiations in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/28", "description": "Pope Paul VI visits the United States.   He appears for a Mass in Yankee Stadium and makes a speech at the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/09/28", "description": "The University of California, Irvine opens its doors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/05", "description": " Pakistan severs diplomatic relations with Malaysia because of their disagreement in the UN.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/06", "description": " Ian Brady, a 27-year-old stock clerk from Hyde in Cheshire, is arrested for allegedly hacking to death (with a hatchet) 17-year-old apprentice electrician Edward Evans at a house on the Hattersley housing estate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/07", "description": " Seven Japanese fishing boats are sunk off Guam by super typhoon Carmen 209 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/07", "description": "The Indonesian army instigates the arrest and execution of communists which last until March 1966{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} (see Indonesian killings of 1965\u201366).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/07", "description": "The International Olympic Committee admits East Germany as a member.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/07", "description": "The Post Office Tower opens in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/07", "description": "Yale University presents the ''Vinland map''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/07", "description": "A brigade of South Korean soldiers arrive in South Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/10", "description": " The first group of Cuban refugees travels to the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/10", "description": "Per Borten forms a government in Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/10", "description": "The U.N. General Council recommends that the United Kingdom try everything to stop a rebellion in Rhodesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/13", "description": " Congo President Joseph Kasavubu fires Prime Minister Moise Tshombe and forms a provisional government, with Evariste Kimba in a leading position.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/15", "description": " Vietnam War: The Catholic Worker Movement stages an anti-war protest in Manhattan. One draft card burner is arrested, the first under the new law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/15", "description": "Police find a girl's body on Saddleworth Moor near Oldham in Lancashire. The body is quickly identified as that of 10-year-old Lesley Ann Downey, who disappeared on Boxing Day the previous year from a fairground in the Ancoats area of Manchester. Ian Brady, arrested for the murder of a 17-year-old man in nearby Hattersley, is charged with murdering Lesley, as is his 23-year-old girlfriend Myra Hindley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/15", "description": "Anti-war protests draw 100,000 in 80 U.S. cities and around the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/17", "description": " The NY World's Fair at Flushing Meadows, NY, closes.  Due to financial losses, some of the projected site park improvements fail to materialize.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/18", "description": " The Indonesian government outlaws the Communist Party of Indonesia.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/20", "description": " Ludwig Erhard is re-elected Chancellor of West Germany (he had first been elected in 1963).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/20", "description": "Comet Ikeya-Seki approaches perihelion, passing 450,000 kilometers from the sun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/20", "description": "The OAU meets in Accra, Ghana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/20", "description": "French authors Andr\u00e9 Figueras and Jacques Laurent are fined for their comments against Charles De Gaulle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/20", "description": "African countries demand that the United Kingdom use force to prevent Rhodesia from declaring unilateral independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/20", "description": "Colonel Christophe Soglo stages a second coup in Dahomey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/20", "description": "British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and Commonwealth Secretary Arthur Bottomley travel to Rhodesia for negotiations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/20", "description": "British police find the decomposed body of a boy on Saddleworth Moor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/25", "description": " The Soviet Union declares its support of African countries in case Rhodesia unilaterally declares independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/25", "description": "Anti-government demonstrations occur in the Dominican Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/25", "description": "Police discover the body of Sylvia Likens in Indianapolis, Indiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/25", "description": "Brazilian president Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco removes power from parliament, legal courts and opposition parties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/25", "description": "S\u00fcleyman Demirel of AP forms the new government of Turkey (30th government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/25", "description": "French Foreign Minister Couve de Murville travels to Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/25", "description": "Pope Paul VI announces that the ecumenical council has decided that Jews are not collectively responsible for the killing of Christ.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/25", "description": "In St. Louis, Missouri, the {{convert|630|ft|m|adj=on}}-tall inverted catenary steel Gateway Arch is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/25", "description": "Mehdi Ben Barka, a Moroccan politician, is kidnapped in Paris and never seen again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/25", "description": "Ian Brady and Myra Hindley appear in court, charged with the murders of Edward Evans (17), Lesley Ann Downey (10), and John Kilbride (12).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/25", "description": "An 80-kiloton nuclear device is detonated at Amchitka Island, Alaska as part of the Vela Uniform program, code-named Project Long Shot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/25", "description": "Vietnam War: Near Da Nang, United States Marines repel an intense attack by Viet Cong forces, killing 56 guerrillas. A sketch of Marine positions is found on the dead body of a 13-year-old Vietnamese boy who sold drinks to the Marines the day before.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/10/25", "description": "In Washington, DC, a pro-Vietnam War march draws 25,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/01", "description": " A trolleybus plunges into the Nile at Cairo killing 74 passengers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/01", "description": "Republican John Lindsay is elected mayor of New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/01", "description": "Quaker Norman Morrison, 32, sets himself on fire in front of The Pentagon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/03", "description": " French President Charles De Gaulle announces that he will stand for re-election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/05", "description": " Martial law is announced in Rhodesia. The UN General Assembly accepts British intent to use force against Rhodesia if necessary by a vote of 82\u20139.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/06", "description": " Freedom Flights begin: Cuba and the United States formally agree to start an airlift for Cubans who want to go to the United States (by 1971 250,000 Cubans take advantage of this program).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/07", "description": " Pillsbury's world-famous mascot, the Pillsbury Doughboy, is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/07", "description": "Vietnam War ampampndash Operation Hump: The 173rd Airborne is ambushed by over 1,200 Viet Cong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/07", "description": "The British Indian Ocean Territory is created, consisting of Chagos Archipelago, Aldabra, Farquhar and Des Roches islands (on June 23, 1976 Aldabra, Farquhar and Des Roches are returned to the Seychelles).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/07", "description": "The Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965 is given Royal Assent, suspending the death penalty for murder in the United Kingdom renewal of the Act in 1969 made the abolition permanent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/07", "description": "The soap opera ''Days of our Lives'' debuts on NBC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/07", "description": "Northeast Blackout of 1965: Several U.S. states (VT, NH, MA, CT, RI, NY and portions of NJ) and parts of Canada are hit by a series of blackouts lasting up to 13\u00bd hours.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/07", "description": "Vietnam War: In New York City, 22-year-old Catholic Worker Movement member Roger Allen LaPorte sets himself on fire in front of the United Nations building in protest of the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/07", "description": "In Rhodesia (modern-day Zimbabwe), the white-minority government of Ian Smith unilaterally declares independence ('UDI').", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/07", "description": "United Airlines Flight 227 a Boeing 727-22, crashes short of the runway and catches fire at Salt Lake City International Airport in Salt Lake City, Utah. 43 out of 91 passengers and crew perish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/12", "description": " A UN Security Council resolution (voted 10\u20130) recommends that other countries not recognize independent Rhodesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/13", "description": " The SS ''Yarmouth Castle'' burns and sinks {{convert|60|mi|km}} off Nassau, with the loss of 90 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/14", "description": " Vietnam War ampndash Battle of the Ia Drang: In the Ia Drang Valley of the Central Highlands in Vietnam, the first major engagement of the war between regular United States and North Vietnamese forces begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/15", "description": " U.S. racer Craig Breedlove sets a new land speed record of {{convert|600.601|mi\/h|km\/h|abbr=on}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/16", "description": " Venera program: The Soviet Union launches the ''Venera 3'' space probe from Baikonur, Kazakhstan toward Venus (on March 1, 1966 it became the first spacecraft to reach the surface of another planet).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/20", "description": " The UN Security Council recommends that all states stop trading with Rhodesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/21", "description": " Mireille Mathieu sings on France's T\u00e9l\u00e9-Dimanche and begins her successful singing career (Dimanche is French for Sunday).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/21", "description": "''Man of La Mancha'' opens in a Greenwich Village theatre in New York and eventually becomes one of the greatest musical hits of all time, winning a Tony Award for its star, Richard Kiley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/21", "description": "Bob Dylan weds Sara Lowndes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/21", "description": "UNDP established as a specialized agency of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/23", "description": " Soviet general Mikhail Kazakov assumes command of the Warsaw Pact.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/24", "description": " Congolese lieutenant general Mobutu ousts Joseph Kasavubu and declares himself president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/26", "description": " At the Hammaguira launch facility in the Sahara Desert, France launches a Diamant-A rocket with its first satellite, ''Asterix-1'' on board, becoming the third country to enter outer space.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/26", "description": "Tens of thousands of Vietnam War protesters picket the White House, then march on the Washington Monument.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/26", "description": "Vietnam War: The Pentagon tells U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson that if planned major sweep operations to neutralize Viet Cong forces during the next year are to succeed, the number of American troops in Vietnam will have to be increased from 120,000 to 400,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/28", "description": " Vietnam War: In response to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson's call for quotmore flagsquot in Vietnam, Philippines President-elect Ferdinand Marcos announces he will send troops to help fight in South Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/11/29", "description": " The Canadian satellite ''Alouette 2'' is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/01", "description": " The Border Security Force is established in India as a special force to guard the borders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/01", "description": "The first British aid flight arrives in Lusaka Zambia had asked for British help against Rhodesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/01", "description": "Members of the Organization of African Unity decide to sever diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom, unless the British government ends the rebellion of Rhodesia by mid-December.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/01", "description": "The Beatles release ''Rubber Soul''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/05", "description": " Charles de Gaulle is re-elected as French president with 10,828,421 votes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/05", "description": "Rhodesian prime minister Ian Smith warns that Rhodesia will resist a trade embargo by neighboring countries with force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/05", "description": "The Race Relations Act becomes the first legislation to address racial discrimination in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/05", "description": "The Second Vatican Council closes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/09", "description": " ''A Charlie Brown Christmas'', the first ''Peanuts'' television special, debuts on CBS, quickly becoming an annual tradition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/09", "description": "Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/09", "description": "Tanzania and Guinea sever diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/09", "description": "''Gemini 6'' and ''Gemini 7'' perform the first controlled rendezvous in Earth orbit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/17", "description": " The British government begins an oil embargo against Rhodesia the United States joins the effort.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/20", "description": " WFP made a permanent UN agency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/20", "description": "The Soviet Union announces that it has shipped rockets to North Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/20", "description": "Soviet scientists condemn Trofim Lysenko for pseudoscience.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/20", "description": "In West Germany, Konrad Adenauer resigns as chairman of the Christian Democratic Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/20", "description": "A new, 1-hour German-American production of ''The Nutcracker'', with an international cast that includes Edward Villella in the title role, makes its U.S. TV debut. It is repeated annually by CBS over the next 3 years, but after that, it is virtually forgotten, until it is issued on DVD in 2009 by Warner Archive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/20", "description": "A military coup occurs in Dahomey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/20", "description": "A {{convert|70|mi\/h|km\/h|abbr=on}} speed limit is imposed on British roads.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/20", "description": "Release of David Lean's film of ''Doctor Zhivago'', starring Omar Sharif and Julie Christie.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/25", "description": " The Yemeni Nasserite Unionist People's Organisation is founded in Taiz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/27", "description": " The British oil platform ''Sea Gem'' collapses in the North Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/28", "description": " Italian Foreign Minister Amintore Fanfani resigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/28", "description": "President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia announces that Zambia and the United Kingdom have agreed on a deadline before which the Rhodesian white government should be ousted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/28", "description": "Ferdinand Marcos becomes President of the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/31", "description": " Bokassa takes power in the Central Africa Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/31", "description": "Tokyo officially becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from New York City.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htmampamp\">http:\/\/geography.about.com\/library\/weekly\/aa011201a.htmampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/31", "description": "The Council for National Academic Awards is established in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/31", "description": "TAT-4 cable goes into operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1965/12/31", "description": "Aborigines are given the vote in Queensland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/01", "description": " In a coup, Colonel Jean-B\u00e9del Bokassa takes over as military ruler of the Central African Republic, ousting President David Dacko.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/02", "description": " A strike of public transportation workers in New York City begins (it will end January 13).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/03", "description": " The first Acid Test is conducted at the Fillmore, San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/03", "description": "A military coup occurs in Upper Volta (later Burkina Faso).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/03", "description": "The prime ministers of India and Pakistan meet in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/03", "description": "A gas leak fire at the Feyzin oil refinery near Lyon, France kills 18 and injures 84.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/03", "description": "PakistaniampampndashIndian peace negotiations end successfully in Tashkent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/03", "description": "The French paper ''L'Express'' publishes a story of Georges Figon, who took part in the kidnapping of Mehdi Ben Barka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/03", "description": "A conference on Rhodesia begins in Lagos, Nigeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/03", "description": "The first SR-71 Blackbird spy plane goes into service at Beale AFB.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/12", "description": " United States President Lyndon Johnson states that the United States should stay in South Vietnam until Communist aggression there is ended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/13", "description": " Robert C. Weaver becomes the first African American Cabinet member, by being appointed United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/15", "description": " A bloody military coup is staged in Nigeria, deposing the civilian government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/15", "description": "The Nigerian coup is overturned by another faction of the military, leaving a military government in power.  This is the beginning of a long period of military rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/15", "description": "A B-52 bomber collides with a KC-135 Stratotanker over Spain, dropping three 70-kiloton hydrogen bombs near the town of Palomares, and one into the sea, in the 1966 Palomares B-52 crash.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/15", "description": "Carl Brashear, the first African American United States Navy diver, is involved in an accident during the recovery of a lost H-bomb which results in the amputation of his leg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/15", "description": "French police announce that Georges Figon has committed suicide, prior to his arrest for the kidnapping of Mehdi Ben Barka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/15", "description": "About 8,000 U.S. soldiers land in South Vietnam U.S. troops now total 190,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/19", "description": " Indira Gandhi is elected Prime Minister of India she is sworn in January 24.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/20", "description": " Demonstrations occur against high food prices in Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/21", "description": " Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro resigns due to a power struggle in his party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/21", "description": "The military government of Nigeria announces that ex-prime minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa was killed during the coup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/21", "description": "The Chadian Muslim insurgent group FROLINAT is founded in Sudan, starting the Chadian Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/24", "description": " Air India Flight 101 crashes into Mont Blanc, killing all 117 persons on board, including Dr. Homi J. Bhabha, chairman of the Indian Atomic Energy Commission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/24", "description": "Harold Holt becomes Prime Minister of Australia when Robert Menzies retires.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/24", "description": "Beaumont children disappearance: Three children disappear on their way to Glenelg, South Australia, never to be seen again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/27", "description": " The British government promises the U.S. that British troops in Malaysia will stay until more peaceful conditions occur in the region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/29", "description": " The first of 608 performances of ''Sweet Charity'' opens at the Palace Theatre in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/01/31", "description": " The United Kingdom ceases all trade with Rhodesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/02/01", "description": " West Germany procures some 2,600 political prisoners from East Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/02/03", "description": " The unmanned Soviet Luna 9 spacecraft makes the first controlled rocket-assisted landing on the Moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/02/04", "description": " All Nippon Airways Flight 60 plunges into Tokyo Bay 133 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/02/08", "description": " The National Hockey League expands to twelve teams.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/02/10", "description": " Soviet writers Yuli Daniel and Andrei Sinyavsky are sentenced to 5 and 7 years, respectively, for 'anti-Soviet' writings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/02/11", "description": " The Belgian government resigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/02/12", "description": " Tay Vinh massacre: Vietnam War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/02/14", "description": " The Australian dollar is introduced at a rate of 2 dollars per pound, or 10 shillings per dollar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/02/19", "description": " The naval minister of the United Kingdom, Christopher Mayhew, resigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/02/20", "description": " While Soviet author and translator Valery Tarsis is abroad, the Soviet Union negates his citizenship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/02/23", "description": " An intra-party military coup in Syria replaces the previous government of Amin al-Hafiz\u00a0by one lead by Salah Jadid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/02/24", "description": " A military coup in Ghana raises sacked General Ankrah to power while president Kwame Nkrumah is abroad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/02/24", "description": "Go Dai massacre: Vietnam War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/02/24", "description": "A curfew is declared in Jakarta, Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/02/28", "description": " U.S. astronauts Charles Bassett and Elliott See are killed in an aircraft accident in St. Louis, Missouri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/02/28", "description": "Soviet space probe ''Venera 3'' crashes on Venus, becoming the first spacecraft to land on another planet's surface.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/02/28", "description": "The Ba'ath Party takes power in Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/02", "description": " Kwame Nkrumah arrives in Guinea and is granted asylum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/02", "description": "Canadian Pacific Airlines Flight 402 crashes while landing at Tokyo International Airport in Japan, killing 64 of 72 persons on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/02", "description": "In an interview with ''London Evening Standard'' reporter Maureen Cleave, John Lennon of The Beatles states that they are ampquotmore popular than Jesus nowampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/02", "description": "BOAC Flight 911 crashes in severe clear-air turbulence over Mount Fuji near Tokyo, Japan, killing all 124 persons on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/02", "description": "A massive theft of nuclear materials is revealed in Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/02", "description": "''Merci Ch\u00e9rie'' by Udo J\u00fcrgens (music by Udo J\u00fcrgens, text by Udo J\u00fcrgens and Thomas H\u00f6rbiger) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1966 for Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/07", "description": " Charles De Gaulle asks U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson for negotiations about the state of NATO equipment in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/07", "description": "Anti-communist demonstrations occur at the Indonesian Foreign Ministry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/07", "description": "Vietnam War: U.S. announces it will substantially increase the number of its troops in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/07", "description": "An Irish Republican Army bomb destroys Nelson's Pillar in Dublin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/09", "description": " Ronnie Kray murders George Cornell in east London's Blind Beggar pub, a crime for which he is finally convicted in 1969.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/10", "description": " Crown Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands marries Claus von Amsberg. Some spectators demonstrate against the groom because he is German.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/10", "description": "Indonesian President Sukarno gives all executive powers to General Suharto (see Transition to the New Order and Supersemar).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/10", "description": "French President Charles De Gaulle states that French troops will be taken out of NATO and that all French NATO bases and HQ's must be closed within a year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/12", "description": " Bobby Hull of the Chicago Blackhawks sets the NHL single season scoring record against the New York Rangers, with his 51st goal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/16", "description": " ''Gemini 8'' (David Scott, Neil Armstrong) docks with an Agena target vehicle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/16", "description": "More anti-communist demonstrations occur in Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/16", "description": "Off the coast of Spain in the Mediterranean, the ''DSV Alvin'' submarine finds a missing American hydrogen bomb.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/19", "description": " The Texas Western Miners defeat the Kentucky Wildcats with 5 African-American starters, ushering in desegregation in athletic recruiting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/20", "description": " The World Cup Trophy (the quotJules Rimetquot) is stolen at an exhibition it is later found by a dog named quotPicklesquot and his owner David Corbett.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/22", "description": " In Washington, D.C., General Motors President James M. Roche appears before a Senate subcommittee, and apologizes to consumer advocate Ralph Nader for the company's intimidation and harassment campaign against him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/23", "description": " Pope Paul VI and Arthur Michael Ramsey, the Archbishop of Canterbury, meet in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/26", "description": " Demonstrations are held across the United States against the Vietnam War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/27", "description": " In South Vietnam, 20,000 Buddhists march in demonstrations against the policies of the military government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/27", "description": "Indira Gandhi visits Washington, D.C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/27", "description": "Cevdet Sunay becomes the fifth president of Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/29", "description": " The 23rd Communist Party Conference is held in the Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev demands that U.S. troops leave Vietnam, and announces that Chinese-Soviet relations are not satisfying.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/29", "description": "The Labour Party under Harold Wilson wins the British General Election, gaining a 96-seat majority which is a great improvement upon the five-seat majority gained at the election 17 months ago.ampamp{{cite news| url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/march\/31\/newsid_4693000\/4693142.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/march\/31\/newsid_4693000\/4693142.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title=1966: Harold Wilson wins sweeping victory | date=March 31, 1966}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/03/29", "description": "The Soviet Union launches ''Luna 10'', which later becomes the first space probe to enter orbit around the Moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/02", "description": " The Indonesian army demands that the country rejoin the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/03", "description": " The first manmade object ''Luna 10'' enters lunar orbit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/07", "description": " The United Kingdom asks the United Nations Security Council for authority to use force to stop oil tankers that violate the embargo against Rhodesia (authority is given April 10).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/08", "description": " Buddhists in South Vietnam protest against the fact that the new government has not set a date for free elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/09", "description": " Norwich City F.C. captain Barry Butler is killed in a car accident.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/13", "description": " United States president Lyndon Johnson signs the 1966 Uniform Time Act, dealing with daylight saving time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/14", "description": " The South Vietnamese government promises free elections in 3\u20135 months.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/15", "description": " An anti-Nasser conspiracy is exposed in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/15", "description": "China declares that it will stop economic aid to Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/15", "description": "The 38th Academy Awards ceremony is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/19", "description": " Bobbi Gibb becomes the first woman to run the Boston Marathon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/19", "description": "An artificial heart is installed in the chest of Marcel DeRudder in a Houston, Texas hospital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/19", "description": "The opening of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is televised for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/19", "description": "Haile Selassie visits Jamaica for the first time, meeting with Rasta leaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/19", "description": "Ian Brady and Myra Hindley go on trial at Chester Crown Court, for the murders of 3 children who vanished between November 1963 and October 1965.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/24", "description": " Uniform daylight saving time is first observed in most parts of North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/26", "description": " A new government is formed in the Republic of Congo, led by Ambroise Noumazalaye.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/27", "description": " Pope Paul VI and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko meet in the Vatican (the first meeting between leaders of the Roman Catholic Church and the Soviet Union).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/28", "description": " In Rhodesia, security forces kill 7 ZANLA men in combat ''Chimurenga'', the ZANU rebellion, begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/29", "description": " U.S. troops in Vietnam total 250,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/29", "description": "Regular hovercraft service begins over the English Channel (discontinued in 2000 due to the Channel Tunnel).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/04/29", "description": "The Church of Satan is formed by Anton Szandor LaVey in San Francisco", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/01", "description": " Floods occur on the Finnish coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/03", "description": " Swinging Radio England and Britain Radio commence broadcasting on AM, with a combined potential 100,000 watts, from the same ship anchored off the south coast of England in international waters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/04", "description": " Fiat signs a contract with the Soviet government to build a car factory in the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/05", "description": " The Montreal Canadiens defeat the Detroit Red Wings to win the Stanley Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/06", "description": " The Moors murders trial ends with Ian Brady being found guilty on all 3 counts of murder and sentenced to 3 concurrent terms of life imprisonment. Myra Hindley is convicted on 2 counts of murder and of being an accessory in the third murder committed by Brady, and receives 2 concurrent terms of life imprisonment and a 7-year fixed term for being an accessory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/06", "description": "African members of the UN Security Council say that the British army should blockade Rhodesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/06", "description": "The Busch Memorial Stadium opens in St Louis, Missouri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/06", "description": "Radio Peking claims that U.S. planes have shot down a Chinese plane over Yunnan (the U.S. denies the story the next day).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/14", "description": " Turkey and Greece intend to start negotiations about the situation in Cyprus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/14", "description": "Indonesia asks Malaysia for peace negotiations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/14", "description": "The South Vietnamese army besieges Da Nang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/14", "description": "Tens of thousands of anti-war demonstrators again picket the White House, then rally at the Washington Monument.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/14", "description": "The Communist Party of China issues the 'May 16 Notice', marking the beginning of the Cultural Revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/14", "description": "A seamen's strike is called in Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/14", "description": "The legendary album ''Pet Sounds'' by The Beach Boys is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/14", "description": "Bob Dylan's seminal album, ''Blonde on Blonde'' is released in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/14", "description": "In New York City, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. makes his first public speech on the Vietnam War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/19", "description": " Gertrude Baniszewski is found guilty of murdering and torturing Sylvia Likens and is sentenced to life in prison. (she is released on parole in December 1985).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/19", "description": "Ugandan army troops arrest Mutesa II of Buganda and occupy his palace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/19", "description": "The Nigerian government forbids all political activity in the country until January 17, 1969.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/19", "description": "Explorer program: ''Explorer 32'' is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/26", "description": " Guyana achieves independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/26", "description": "It's a Small World opens at Disneyland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/26", "description": "Fidel Castro declares martial law in Cuba because of a possible U.S. attack.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/26", "description": "The Indonesian and Malaysian governments declare that the Indonesian Confrontation is over (a treaty is signed on August 11).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/05/31", "description": " The Philippines reestablishes diplomatic relations with Malaysia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/01", "description": " The final new episode of ''The Dick Van Dyke Show'' airs (the first episode aired on October 3, 1961).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/01", "description": "\u00c9amon de Valera is re-elected as Irish president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/01", "description": "Surveyor program: ''Surveyor 1'' lands in Oceanus Procellarum on the Moon, becoming the first U.S. spacecraft to soft-land on another world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/01", "description": "Four former cabinet ministers are executed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for alleged involvement in a plot to kill Mobutu Sese Seko.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/03", "description": " Joaqu\u00edn Balaguer is elected president of the Dominican Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/05", "description": " ''Gemini 9'': Gene Cernan completes the second U.S. spacewalk (2 hours, 7 minutes).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/06", "description": " Civil rights activist James Meredith is shot while trying to march across Mississippi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/06", "description": "An XB-70 Valkyrie prototype is destroyed in a mid-air collision with a F-104 Starfighter chase plane during a photo shoot. NASA pilot Joseph A. Walker and USAF test pilot Carl Cross are both killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/06", "description": "Topeka, Kansas is devastated by a tornado that registers as an ampquotF5ampquot on the Fujita Scale, the first to exceed US $100 million in damages.  Sixteen people are killed, hundreds more injured, and thousands of homes damaged or destroyed.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.crh.noaa.gov\/top\/events\/66tornado.php\">http:\/\/www.crh.noaa.gov\/top\/events\/66tornado.php<\/a> NOAA.govampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/13", "description": " ''Miranda v. Arizona'': The Supreme Court of the United States rules that the police must inform suspects of their rights before questioning them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/14", "description": " The Vatican abolishes the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' (index of banned books).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/17", "description": " An Air France personnel strike begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/18", "description": " CIA chief William Raborn resigns Richard Helms becomes his successor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/20", "description": " French President Charles De Gaulle starts his visit to the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/21", "description": " Opposition leader Arthur Calwell is shot after attending a political meeting in Mosman, Sydney, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/27", "description": " The gothic soap opera Dark Shadows premiered on ABC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/28", "description": " In Argentina, a junta deposes president Arturo Umberto Illia in a coup, and appoints General Juan Carlos Ongan\u00eda to lead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/28", "description": "A sailors' strike, organised by the National Union of Seamen, ends in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/28", "description": "Vietnam War: U.S. planes begin bombing Hanoi and Haiphong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/28", "description": "France formally leaves NATO.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/28", "description": "The National Organization for Women (NOW) is founded in Washington, DC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/06/28", "description": "July ampampndash Gangster Charlie Richardson is arrested by police and sentenced to 25 years in prison in the following year for his part in the Torture Gang assaults.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/01", "description": " Joaquin Balaguer becomes president of the Dominican Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/03", "description": " Rene Barrientos is elected president of Bolivia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/03", "description": "North Vietnam declares general mobilization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/03", "description": "American President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Freedom of Information Act, which goes into effect the following year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/06", "description": " Malawi becomes a republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/07", "description": " A Warsaw Pact conference ends with a promise to support North Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/08", "description": " King Mwambutsa IV Bangiriceng of Burundi is deposed by his son Ntare V, who is in turn deposed by prime minister Michel Micombero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/11", "description": " The 1966 FIFA World Cup begins in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/11", "description": "Indira Gandhi visits Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/11", "description": "Zambia threatens to leave the Commonwealth of Nations because of British peace overtures to Rhodesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/11", "description": "Israeli and Syrian jet fighters clash over the Jordan River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/11", "description": "Richard Speck murders 8 student nurses in their Chicago dormitory. He is arrested on July 17.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/11", "description": "Gwynfor Evans becomes member of Parliament for Carmarthen, the first Plaid Cymru MP in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/16", "description": " British Prime Minister Harold Wilson flies to Moscow to try to start peace negotiations about the Vietnam War (the Soviet government refutes his ideas).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/16", "description": "''Gemini 10'' (John Young, Michael Collins) is launched. After docking with an Agena target vehicle, the astronauts then set a world altitude record of 474 miles (763ampampnbspkm).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/16", "description": "The Hough Riots break out in Cleveland, Ohio, the city's first race riot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/19", "description": " A Chinese delegate in the Netherlands, Liu en-Tsiu, is declared persona non grata because of the death of a Chinese engineer in unclear circumstances there are claims that he was kidnapped and taken to the delegate's office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/22", "description": " The Chinese government declares Dutch delegate G. J. Jongejans persona non grata, but tells him not to leave the country before a group of Chinese engineers has left the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/23", "description": " Katangese troops in Stanleyville, Congo, revolt for several weeks in support of the exiled minister Moise Tshombe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/24", "description": " U.N. Secretary General U Thant visits Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/26", "description": " Lord Gardiner issues the Practice Statement in the House of Lords, stating that the House is not bound to follow its own previous precedent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/28", "description": " The U.S. announces that a Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance plane has disappeared over Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/28", "description": "Nigerian army officers from the north of the country rebel and execute head of state General Aguiyi-Ironsi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/28", "description": "Bob Dylan is injured in a motorcycle accident near his home in Woodstock, New York. He is not seen in public for over a year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/30", "description": " England beats West Germany 4\u20132 to win the 1966 FIFA World Cup at Wembley after extra time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/30", "description": "Sniper Charles Whitman kills 13 people and wounds 31 from atop the University of Texas at Austin Main Building tower, after earlier killing his wife and mother.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/07/30", "description": "A military coup occurs in Nigeria General Yakubu Gowon takes over.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/02", "description": " The Spanish government forbids overflights of British military aircraft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/02", "description": "Groundbreaking takes place for the World Trade Center.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/02", "description": "Martin Luther King Jr. leads a civil rights march in Chicago, during which he is struck by a rock thrown from an angry white mob.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/02", "description": "Caesars Palace hotel and casino opens in Las Vegas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/02", "description": "The Beatles release the legendary ''Revolver'' album in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/02", "description": "Braniff Airlines Flight 250 crashes in Falls City, Nebraska, killing all 42 on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/02", "description": "Rene Barrientos takes office as the president of Bolivia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/02", "description": "The Salazar Bridge (now the 25 de Abril Bridge) opens in Lisbon, Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/07", "description": " Race riots occur in Lansing, Michigan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/07", "description": "An East German court sentences G\u00fcnter Laudahn to life imprisonment for spying for the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/07", "description": "Lunar Orbiter 1, the first U.S. spacecraft to orbit the moon, is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/11", "description": " The Beatles hold a press conference in Chicago, during which John Lennon apologizes for his quotmore popular than Jesusquot remark, saying, quotI didn't mean it as a lousy anti-religious thing.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/12", "description": " Massacre of Braybrook Street: Harry Roberts, John Duddy and Jack Witney shoot dead 3 plainclothes policemen in London they are later sentenced to life imprisonment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/12", "description": "In the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong begins the Cultural Revolution to purge and reorganize China's Communist Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/12", "description": "An earthquake in Varto town, Turkey, kills 2,394 and injures 10,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/12", "description": "Syrian and Israeli troops clash over Lake Kinneret (also known as the Sea of Galilee) for 3 hours.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/12", "description": "It is announced that the ''New York Herald Tribune'' will not resume publication.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/16", "description": " Vietnam War: The House Un-American Activities Committee starts investigating Americans who have aided the Viet Cong, with the intent to make these activities illegal. Anti-war demonstrators disrupt the meeting and 50 are arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/17", "description": " Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Republic begin negotiations in Kuwait to end the war in Yemen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/18", "description": " Vietnam War ampndash Battle of Long Tan: D Company, 6th Battalion of the Royal Australian Regiment, meets and defeats a Viet Cong force estimated to be 4 times larger, at the  in Phuoc Tuy Province, Republic of Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/19", "description": " An earthquake in eastern Turkey destroys whole cities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/21", "description": " Seven men are sentenced to death in Egypt, for anti-Nasser agitation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/21", "description": "Asian Development Bank (ADB) established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/21", "description": "The United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC), predecessor of the United Farm Workers of America (UFW), is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/24", "description": " The Doors record their self-titled debut LP.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/24", "description": "Riots occur in French Somaliland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/24", "description": "First battle between the South African Defense Force and the armed wing of SWAPO - PLAN takes place at Ongulumbashe in Northern Namibia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/29", "description": " The Beatles end their US tour with a concert at Candlestick Park in San Francisco, California. It is their last-ever live performance, except for the short quotrooftop concertquot at the Apple Corps offices in January 1969.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/30", "description": " France offers independence to French Somaliland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/30", "description": "United Nations Secretary-General U Thant declares that he will not seek re-election, because U.N. efforts in Vietnam have failed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/30", "description": "98 British tourists die in an air crash in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/08/30", "description": "While waiting at a bus stop, Ralph Baer an inventor with Sanders Associates, writes a four-page document which lays out the basic principles for creating a video game to be played on a television: the beginning of a multi billion dollar industry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/09/06", "description": " In Cape Town, the South African architect of Apartheid, Prime Minister Hendrik Verwoerd, is stabbed to death by Dimitri Tsafendas during a parliamentary meeting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/09/07", "description": "the ocean liner ''SS Hanseatic'' catches fire and burns in New York City Harbor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/09/08", "description": " ''Star Trek'', the classic science fiction television series, debuts on NBC-TV with its first episode, titled quotThe Man Trapquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/09/09", "description": " NATO decides to move SHAPE headquarters to Belgium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/09/09", "description": "''Gemini 11'' (Richard Gordon, Pete Conrad) docks with an Agena target vehicle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/09/09", "description": "Balthazar Johannes Vorster becomes the new South African Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/09/13", "description": " TASS reports on clashes between the Chinese Communist Party and the Red Guards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/09/13", "description": "In South Vietnam, Thich Tri Quang ends a 100-day hunger strike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/09/13", "description": "The Metropolitan Opera House opens at Lincoln Center in New York City to the world premiere of Samuel Barber's opera, ''Antony and Cleopatra''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/09/18", "description": " Valerie Percy, 21-year-old daughter of then U.S. Senate candidate Charles H. Percy, is stabbed and bludgeoned to death in the family mansion on Chicago's North Shore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/09/18", "description": "Scotland Yard arrests Buster Edwards, suspected of involvement in the Great Train Robbery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/09/18", "description": "Timothy Leary forms the spiritual group League for Spiritual Discovery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/09/18", "description": "Baldur von Schirach and Albert Speer are released from Spandau Prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/09/18", "description": "Botswana achieves independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/09/18", "description": "October", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/09/18", "description": "Bobby Seale and Huey P. Newton found the Black Panther Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/09/18", "description": "Toyota Corolla car introduced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/01", "description": " West Coast Airlines Flight 956 crashes with 18 fatal injuries and no survivors {{convert|5.5|mi|km}} south of Wemme, Oregon. This accident marks the first loss of a DC-9.<a href=\"http:\/\/amelia.db.erau.edu\/reports\/ntsb\/aar\/AAR67-AF.pdf\">http:\/\/amelia.db.erau.edu\/reports\/ntsb\/aar\/AAR67-AF.pdf<\/a> Aircraft Accident Report. West Coast Airlines, Inc DC-9 N9101. Near Wemme, Oregon, Adopted: 11 December 1967", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/03", "description": " Tunisia severs diplomatic relations with the United Arab Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/03", "description": "Israel applies for the membership of the EEC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/03", "description": "Basutoland becomes independent and takes the name Lesotho.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/03", "description": "UNESCO signs the Recommendation Concerning the Status of Teachers. This event is now celebrated as World Teachers' Day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/03", "description": "An experimental Reactor at the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station suffered a partial meltdown when its cooling system failed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/03", "description": "LSD is made illegal in the United States and controlled so strictly that not only were possession and recreational use criminalized, but all legal scientific research programs on the drug in the US were shut down as well.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/03", "description": "The Love Pageant Rally takes place in the Panhandle of Golden Gate Park, a narrower section that projects into San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/07", "description": " The Soviet Union declares that all Chinese students must leave the country before the end of October.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/07", "description": "The Baltimore Orioles defeat the Los Angeles Dodgers in Game 4 of the World Series, 1\u20130, to sweep the series for their 1st World Championship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/07", "description": "Vietnam War: Binh Tai massacre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/07", "description": "Vietnam War: Dien Nien-Phuoc Binh Massacre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/11", "description": " France and the Soviet Union sign a treaty for cooperation in nuclear research.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/14", "description": " The city of Montreal inaugurates its metro system (see Montreal Metro).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/14", "description": "U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs a bill creating the United States Department of Transportation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/14", "description": "The U.S. Congress passes a bill for the creation of Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/14", "description": "ABC-TV telecasts a highly acclaimed 90-minute television adaptation of the musical ''Brigadoon'', starring Robert Goulet, Peter Falk, and Sally Ann Howes. It wins many Emmy Awards and inaugurates a short-lived series of special television adaptations of famous Broadway musicals on ABC.  Goulet stars in all but one of these specials.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/16", "description": " Grace Slick performs live for the first time with Jefferson Airplane.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/17", "description": " Lesotho and Botswana are admitted to the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/17", "description": "The Aberfan disaster occurs in South Wales, United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/17", "description": "The AFL-NFL merger is approved by the U.S. Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/17", "description": "British spy George Blake escapes from Wormwood Scrubs prison he is next seen in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/17", "description": "Spain demands that the United Kingdom stop military flights to Gibraltar Britain refuses the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/24", "description": " Negotiations about the Vietnam War begin in Manila, Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/24", "description": "A military court in Jakarta sentences ex-foreign minister Subandrio to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/24", "description": "Spain closes its Gibraltar border to non-pedestrian traffic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/24", "description": "NATO moves its HQ from Paris to Brussels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/24", "description": "A fire aboard the aircraft carrier USS Oriskany in the Gulf of Tonkin kills 44 crewmen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/27", "description": " The United Nations takes Namibia from South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/27", "description": "The first ever regeneration in Doctor Who: William Hartnell's face morphs into that of Patrick Troughton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/10/27", "description": "The Guinean delegation to the OAU meeting in Ethiopia, become hostages of the Ghanaian government in Accra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/02", "description": " The Cuban Adjustment Act comes into force, allowing 123,000 Cubans the opportunity to apply for permanent residence in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/04", "description": " The Arno River floods Florence, Italy, to a maximum depth of {{convert|6.7|m|ft|abbr=on}}, leaving thousands homeless and destroying millions of masterpieces of art and rare books.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/05", "description": " Thirty-eight African states demand that the United Kingdom use force against the Rhodesian government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/06", "description": " Lunar Orbiter 2 is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/06", "description": "Former Massachusetts Attorney General Edward Brooke becomes the first African American elected to the United States Senate since Reconstruction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/06", "description": "Actor Ronald Reagan, is elected Governor of California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/09", "description": " John Lennon meets Yoko Ono at the Indica Gallery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/10", "description": " Se\u00e1n Lemass retires as Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland to be replaced in the role by fellow Fianna F\u00e1il member Jack Lynch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/10", "description": "A mine kills 3 Israeli paratroopers on the West Bank border.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/10", "description": "Spain declares general amnesty for crimes committed during the Spanish Civil War (effective only for the Falangists' side).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/14", "description": " Jack L. Warner sells Warner Bros. Pictures to Seven Arts Productions, which eventually becomes Warner Bros.-Seven Arts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/14", "description": "''Gemini 12'' (James A. Lovell, Buzz Aldrin), splashes down safely in the Atlantic Ocean, 600ampampnbspkm east of the Bahamas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/14", "description": "Harry Maurice Roberts, who killed 3 policemen in August, is caught near London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/14", "description": "A Boeing 727 carrying Pan Am Flight 708 crashes near Berlin, Germany, killing all three people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/16", "description": " U.S. doctor Sam Sheppard is acquitted in his second trial for the murder of his pregnant wife in 1954.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/16", "description": "The U.N. General Assembly decides to found the United Nations Industrial Development Organization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/16", "description": "A spectacular Leonid meteor shower passes over Arizona, at the rate of 2,300 a minute for 20 minutes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/21", "description": " In Togo, the army crushes an attempted coup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/24", "description": " The Beatles begin recording sessions for their landmark Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/24", "description": "Bulgarian TABSO Flight 101 crashes near Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, killing all 82 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/26", "description": " In Vancouver, the Saskatchewan Roughriders defeat the Ottawa Rough Riders to win the 54th Grey Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/27", "description": " The Washington Redskins defeat the New York Giants 72\u201341 in the highest scoring game in NFL history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/28", "description": " Truman Capote's Black and White Ball ('The Party of the Century') is held in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/29", "description": " The SS Daniel J. Morrell sinks in a storm on Lake Huron, killing 28 of its 29 crewmen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/30", "description": " Barbados achieves independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/30", "description": "Kurt Georg Kiesinger is elected Chancellor of West Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/11/30", "description": "British Prime Minister Harold Wilson and Rhodesian Prime minister Ian Smith negotiate on the HMS ''Tiger'' in the Mediterranean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/02", "description": " U Thant agrees to serve a second term as U.N. Secretary General.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/03", "description": " Anti-Portuguese demonstrations occur in Macau a curfew is declared the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/06", "description": " Binh Hoa massacre: Vietnam War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/06", "description": "Syria offers weapons to rebels in Jordan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/06", "description": "Barbados is admitted to the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/08", "description": " The Typaldos Line's ferry ''Heraklion'' sinks in rough seas, in the Aegean Sea near Crete, leaving 217 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/15", "description": " Walt Disney dies while producing ''The Jungle Book'', the last animated feature under his personal supervision.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/15", "description": "The U.N. Security Council approves an oil embargo against Rhodesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/15", "description": "The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights are adopted by the General Assembly, as Resolution 2200 A (XXI).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/17", "description": " South Africa does not join the trade embargo against Rhodesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/18", "description": " ''How the Grinch Stole Christmas'', narrated by Boris Karloff, is shown for the first time on CBS, becoming an annual Christmas tradition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/19", "description": " ADB operations begin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/20", "description": " Harold Wilson withdraws all his previous offers to the Rhodesian government, and announces that he will agree to independence only after the founding of a Black majority government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/22", "description": " Prime Minister Ian Smith declares that Rhodesia is already a republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/26", "description": " The first Kwanzaa is celebrated by Maulana Karenga, founder of Organization US (a black nationalist group) and later chair of Black Studies, at California State University, Long Beach from 1989 to 2002.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/26", "description": "East German Premier Walter Ulbricht discusses negotiations about German reunification.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/26", "description": "Thieves steal millions' worth of paintings from the Dulwich Art Gallery in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/26", "description": "The Congolese government takes over the Union Mini\u00e8re du Haut Katanga.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/26", "description": "Konstantin Chernenko, later leader of the Soviet Union, becomes a candidate member of the Central Committee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/26", "description": "Paramount Pictures Corporation becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of Gulf+Western Industries, Inc.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/26", "description": "The Surrealist Movement in the United States is founded by Franklin and Penelope Rosemont.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/26", "description": "Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn are awarded the Fermi Prize.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/26", "description": "The Congress of the United States creates the National Council for Marine Resources and Engineering Development.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/26", "description": "Martin Richards designs the programming language BCPL.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/26", "description": "The DKW automobile ceases production.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/26", "description": "The World Buddhist Sangha Council is convened by Theravadins in Sri Lanka, with the hope of bridging differences and working together.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/26", "description": "''The Jerusalem Bible'', a Roman Catholic translation, is published in English.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/26", "description": "Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann publish ''The Social Construction of Reality''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/26", "description": "Long-term potentiation (LTP), the putative cellular mechanism of learning and memory, is first observed by Terje L\u00f8mo in Oslo, Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1966/12/26", "description": "In or about this year, one person returning to Haiti from the Congo is thought to have first brought HIV to the Americas.ampamp{{cite journal|title=Solved: the mystery of how AIDS left Africa|journal=New Scientist|date=November 3, 2007|page=20}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/01", "description": "Canada begins a year-long celebration of the 100th anniversary of the British North America Act, 1867, featuring the Expo 67 World's Fair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/04", "description": "The Doors' self-titled debut album is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/04", "description": "Spain and Romania sign in Paris an agreement establishing full consular and commercial relations (not diplomatic ones).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/04", "description": "Charlie Chaplin launches his last film, ''A Countess From Hong Kong'', in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/06", "description": "Vietnam War: USMC and ARVN troops launch ''Operation Deckhouse Five'' in the Mekong River Delta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/08", "description": "Vietnam War: Operation Cedar Falls starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/10", "description": "Segregationist Lester Maddox is sworn in as Governor of Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/12", "description": "Dr. James Bedford becomes the first person to be cryonically preserved with the intent of future resuscitation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/13", "description": "A military coup occurs in Togo under the leadership of Etienne Eyadema.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/13", "description": "''The New York Times'' reports that the U.S. Army is conducting secret germ warfare experiments.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/13", "description": "The Human Be-In takes place in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco the event sets the stage for the Summer of Love.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/13", "description": "Louis Leakey announces the discovery of pre-human fossils in Kenya he names the species ''Kenyapithecus africanus''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/13", "description": "January 15 The first Super Bowl is played in Los Angeles The Green Bay Packers defeat the Kansas City Chiefs 35-10.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/13", "description": "The United Kingdom enters the first round of negotiations for European Economic Community membership in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/13", "description": "Albert DeSalvo (''The Boston Strangler'') is convicted of numerous crimes and sentenced to life in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/13", "description": "Jeremy Thorpe becomes leader of the UK's Liberal Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/13", "description": "''A Fistful of Dollars'', the first significant ampquotspaghetti Westernampquot film, is released in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/13", "description": "In Munich, the trial begins of Wilhelm Harster, accused of the murder of 82,856 Jews (including Anne Frank) when he led German security police during the German occupation of the Netherlands. He is eventually sentenced to 15 years in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/13", "description": "The new town of Milton Keynes (England) is founded by Order in Council.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/26", "description": "The Parliament of the United Kingdom decides to nationalize 90% of the British steel industry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/26", "description": "''Apollo 1'': U.S. astronauts Gus Grissom, Edward Higgins White, and Roger Chaffee are killed when fire breaks out in their Apollo spacecraft during a launch pad test.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/26", "description": "The United States, Soviet Union and United Kingdom sign the Outer Space Treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/01/31", "description": "West Germany and Romania establish diplomatic relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/02", "description": "The American Basketball Association is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/03", "description": "Ronald Ryan becomes the last man hanged in Australia, for murdering a guard while escaping from prison in December 1965.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/04", "description": "The Soviet Union protests the demonstrations before its embassy in Beijing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/04", "description": "NASA launches ''Lunar Orbiter 3''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/04", "description": "Italy's first guided missile cruiser, the ''Vittorio Veneto (C550)'', is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/04", "description": "General Anastasio Somoza Debayle becomes president of Nicaragua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/06", "description": "Alexei Kosygin arrives in the UK for an 8-day visit. He meets The Queen on February 9.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/06", "description": "The Chinese government announces that it can no longer guarantee the safety of Soviet diplomats outside the Soviet Embassy building.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/06", "description": "Serious bushfires in southern Tasmania claim 62 lives, and destroys 2,642.7 square kilometres (653,025.4ampampnbspacres) of land.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/06", "description": "Mazenod College, Victoria opens in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/10", "description": "The 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution (presidential succession and disability) is ratified.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/11", "description": "Burgess Ice Rise lying off the west coast of Alexander Island, Antarctica is first mapped by the British Antarctic Survey (BAS).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/13", "description": "American researchers discover the Madrid Codices by Leonardo da Vinci in the National Library of Spain.<a href=\"http:\/\/192.220.96.166\/leonardo\/leonardo.html\">http:\/\/192.220.96.166\/leonardo\/leonardo.html<\/a> The Controversial Replica of Leonardo da Vinci's Adding Machine", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/14", "description": "''Respect'' is recorded by Aretha Franklin (to be released in April).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/15", "description": "The Soviet Union announces that it has sent troops near the Chinese border.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/18", "description": "New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison claims he will solve the John F. Kennedy assassination, and that a conspiracy was planned in New Orleans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/18", "description": "Suharto takes power from Sukarno in Indonesia (see Transition to the New Order and Supersemar).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/18", "description": "Donald Sangster becomes the new Prime Minister of Jamaica, succeeding Alexander Bustamante.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/18", "description": "Trinidad and Tobago is the first Commonwealth nation to join the Organization of American States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/18", "description": "The 25th Amendment to the United States Constitution is enacted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/24", "description": "Moscow forbids its satellite states to form diplomatic relations with West Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/24", "description": "The Chinese government announces that it has ordered the army to help in the spring seeding.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/24", "description": "Britain's second Polaris missile submarine, HMS ''Renown'', is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/26", "description": "A Soviet nuclear test is conducted at the Semipalatinsk Test Site, Eastern Kazakhstan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/27", "description": "The Dutch government supports British EEC membership.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/27", "description": "The city of Hatogaya, Saitama, Japan is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/27", "description": "Brazilian police arrest Franz Stangl, ex-commander of Treblinka and Sobib\u00f3r concentration camps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/27", "description": "The Red Guards return to schools in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/27", "description": "The Queen Elizabeth Hall is opened in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/27", "description": "The first North Sea gas is pumped ashore at Easington, East Riding of Yorkshire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/02/27", "description": "Queens Park Rangers become the first 3rd Division side to win the League Cup at Wembley Stadium, defeating West Bromwich Albion 3\u20132.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/03/07", "description": "Jimmy Hoffa begins his 8-year sentence for attempting to bribe a jury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/03/09", "description": "Joseph Stalin's daughter, Svetlana Alliluyeva, defects to the USA via the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/03/09", "description": "The Indonesian State Assembly takes all presidential powers from Sukarno and names Suharto as acting president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/03/09", "description": "The Velvet Underground's groundbreaking first album, ''The Velvet Underground ampamp Nico'', is released. It is initially a disaster but receives widespread critical and commercial acclaim in later years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/03/13", "description": "Moise Tshombe, ex-prime minister of Congo, is sentenced to death in absentia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/03/13", "description": "The body of U.S. President John F. Kennedy is moved to a permanent burial place at Arlington National Cemetery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/03/13", "description": "Nine executives of the German pharmaceutical company Grunenthal are charged for breaking German drug laws because of thalidomide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/03/16", "description": "In the Aspida case in Greece, 15 officers are sentenced to 2\u201318 years in prison, accused of treason and intentions of staging a coup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/03/18", "description": "The supertanker ''Torrey Canyon'' runs aground in between Land's End and the Scilly Isles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/03/19", "description": "A referendum in French Somaliland favors the connection to France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/03/21", "description": "A military coup takes place in Sierra Leone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/03/26", "description": "10,000 gather for the Central Park Be-In.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/03/28", "description": "Pope Paul VI issues the encyclical ''Populorum Progressio''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/03/28", "description": "A 13-day TV strike begins in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/03/28", "description": "The first French nuclear submarine, ''Le Redoutable'', is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/03/28", "description": "The SEACOM telephone cable is inaugurated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/03/28", "description": "Fleet Air Arm and Royal Air Force bomb the ''Torrey Canyon'' and sink her.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/03/31", "description": "U.S. President Lyndon Johnson signs the Consular Treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/02", "description": "A United Nations delegation arrives in Aden due to approaching independence. They leave April 7, accusing British authorities of lack of cooperation. The British say the delegation did not contact them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/04", "description": "Martin Luther King, Jr. denounces the Vietnam War during a religious service in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/06", "description": "Georges Pompidou begins to form the next French government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/07", "description": "Six-Day War (approach): Israeli fighters shoot down 7 Syrian MIG-21s.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/08", "description": "''Puppet On A String'' by Sandie Shaw (music and text by Bill Martin and Phil Coulter) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1967 for United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/09", "description": "The first Boeing 737 (a 100 series) takes its maiden flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/09", "description": "The AFTRA strike is settled just in time for the 39th Academy Awards ceremony to be held, hosted by Bob Hope. Best Picture goes to ''A Man for All Seasons''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/09", "description": "Oral arguments begin in the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia, 388 U.S. 1 (1967), challenging the State of Virginia's statutory scheme to prevent marriages between persons solely on the basis of racial classifications.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/12", "description": "The Ahmanson Theatre opens in Los Angeles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/13", "description": "Conservatives win the Greater London Council elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/14", "description": "In San Francisco, 10,000 march against the Vietnam War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/15", "description": "Large demonstrations are held against the Vietnam War in New York City and San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/15", "description": "Surveyor 3 probe lands on the Moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/15", "description": "A Globe Air Bristol Britannia turboprop crashes at Nicosia, Cyprus, killing 126 people.ampamp{{cite web|title=Aviation accidents |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.planecrashinfo.com\/1967\/1967-31.htm|work=|archiveurl=http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5gX4LEIUg|archivedate=2009-05-04|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-04-06}}ampampampamphttp:\/\/aviation-safety.net\/database\/record.php?id=19670420-1ampamplang=en\">http:\/\/www.planecrashinfo.com\/1967\/1967-31.htm|work=|archiveurl=http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5gX4LEIUg|archivedate=2009-05-04|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-04-06}}ampampampamphttp:\/\/aviation-safety.net\/database\/record.php?id=19670420-1ampamplang=en<\/a> {{WebCite|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5gX4LfrAL|date\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5gX4LfrAL|date<\/a> =2009-05-04}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/15", "description": "Greece is taken over by a military dictatorship led by George Papadopoulos future-Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou political prisoner to December 25.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/15", "description": "An outbreak of tornadoes strikes the upper Midwest section of the United States (in particular the Chicago area, including the suburbs of Belvidere and Oak Lawn, Illinois, where 33 people are killed and 500 injured).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/23", "description": "A group of young radicals are expelled from the Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN). This group goes on to found the Socialist Workers Party (POS).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/24", "description": "''Soyuz 1'': Vladimir Komarov becomes the first Soviet cosmonaut to die, when the parachute of his space capsule fails during re-entry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/27", "description": "Montreal, Quebec, Expo 67, a World's Fair to coincide with the Canadian Confederation centennial, officially opens with Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson igniting the Expo Flame in the Place des Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/27", "description": "In Houston, Texas, boxer Muhammad Ali refuses military service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/27", "description": "Expo 67 opens to the public, with over 310,000 people attending. Al Carter from Chicago is the first visitor as noted by Expo officials.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/27", "description": "The U.S. aerospace manufacturer McDonnell Douglas is formed through a merger of McDonnell Aircraft and Douglas Aircraft. (becomes part of The Boeing Company three decades later)", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/29", "description": "Fidel Castro announces that all intellectual property belongs to the people and that Cuba intends to translate and publish technical literature without compensation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/30", "description": "Moscow's 537m-tall TV tower is finished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/30", "description": "Elvis Presley and Priscilla Beaulieu are married in Las Vegas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/30", "description": "GO Transit, Canada's first interregional public transit system, is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/30", "description": "The Toronto Maple Leafs win the Stanley Cup. It was their last Stanley Cup and last finals appearance to date. It would turn out to be the last game in the original six era. Six more teams would be added in the fall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/04/30", "description": "Harold Wilson announces that the United Kingdom has decided to apply for EEC membership.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/04", "description": "Lunar Orbiter 4 is launched by the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/04", "description": "Dr. Zakir Hussain is the first Muslim to become president of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/04", "description": "Four hundred students seize the administration building at Cheyney State College, now Cheyney University of Pennsylvania, the oldest institute for higher education for African Americans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/04", "description": "Hong Kong 1967 riots: Clashes between striking workers and police kill 51 and injure 800.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/08", "description": "The Philippine province of Davao is split into three: Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, and Davao Oriental.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/10", "description": "The Greek military government accuses Andreas Papandreou of treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/11", "description": "The United Kingdom and Ireland apply officially for European Economic Community membership.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/11", "description": "Syria mobilizes against Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/11", "description": "President Gamal Abdal Nasser of Egypt demands withdrawal of the peacekeeping UN Emergency Force in the Sinai. U.N. Secretary-General U Thant complies (May 18).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/11", "description": "Tennessee Governor Ellington repeals the ampquotMonkey Lawampquot (officially the Butler Act see the Scopes Trial).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/11", "description": "In Mexico, schoolteacher Lucio Caba\u00f1as begins guerrilla warfare in Atoyac de Alvarez, west of Acapulco, in the state of Guerrero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/11", "description": "NASA announces the crew for the ''Apollo 7'' space mission (first manned Apollo flight): Walter M. Schirra, Jr., Donn F. Eisele, and R. Walter Cunningham.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/11", "description": "The Soviet Union ratifies a treaty with the United States and the United Kingdom, banning nuclear weapons from outer space.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/11", "description": "Yuri Andropov becomes KGB chief.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/22", "description": "The ''Innovation'' department store in the centre of Brussels, Belgium burns down. It is the most devastating fire in Belgian history, resulting in 323 dead and missing and 150 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/23", "description": "Egypt closes the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, blockading Israel's southern port of Eilat, and Israel's entire Red Sea coastline.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/25", "description": "The 25th Amendment is added to the Constitution of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/25", "description": "Naxalite Guerrilla War: Beginning with a peasant uprising in the town of Naxalbari, this Marxist\/Maoist rebellion sputters on in the Indian countryside. The guerrillas operate among the impoverished peasants, fighting both the government security forces and private paramilitary groups funded by wealthy landowners. Most fighting takes place in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/25", "description": "The Australian referendum, 1967 passes with an overwhelming 90% support, removing, from the Australian Constitution, 2 discriminatory sentences referring to Indigenous Australians. It signifies Australia's first step in recognising Indigenous rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/25", "description": "The Folk-Rock band Fairport Convention plays their first gig in Golders Green, north London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/30", "description": "Biafra, in eastern Nigeria, announces its independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/05/30", "description": "June \u2013 Moshe Dayan becomes Israel's Minister of Defense.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/01", "description": "The Beatles legendary  release of ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'', nicknamed quotThe Soundtrack of the Summer of Lovequot it would be number one on the albums charts throughout the summer of 1967.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/01", "description": "Protests in West Berlin against the arrival of the Shah of Iran turn into fights, during which 27-year-old Benno Ohnesorg is killed by a police officer. His death results in the founding of the terrorist group ''Movement 2 June''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/01", "description": "Luis Monge is executed in Colorado's gas chamber, in the last pre-''Furman'' execution in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/04", "description": "Stockport Air Disaster: British Midland flight G-ALHG crashes in Hopes Carr, Stockport, killing 72 passengers and crew.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/04", "description": "Murderer Richard Speck is sentenced to death in the electric chair for killing eight student nurses in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/04", "description": "Six-Day War: Israel occupies the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai peninsula and Golan Heights after defeating its Arab neighbours.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/06", "description": "East African Community (EAC) established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/07", "description": "Two Moby Grape members are arrested for contributing to the delinquency of minors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/08", "description": "Six-Day War \u2013 USS Liberty incident: Israeli fighter jets and Israeli warships fire at the USS ''Liberty'' off Gaza, killing 34 and wounding 171.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/08", "description": "Israel and Syria agree to a United Nations-mediated cease-fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/08", "description": "The Soviet Union severs diplomatic relations with Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/08", "description": "Margrethe, heir apparent to the throne of Denmark, marries French count Henri de Laborde de Monpezat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/11", "description": "A race riot occurs in Tampa, Florida after the shooting death of Martin Chambers by police while allegedly robbing a camera store.  The unrest lasts several days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/11", "description": "''Loving v. Virginia'': The United States Supreme Court declares all U.S. state laws prohibiting interracial marriage to be unconstitutional.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.law.umkc.edu\/faculty\/projects\/ftrials\/conlaw\/loving.html\">http:\/\/www.law.umkc.edu\/faculty\/projects\/ftrials\/conlaw\/loving.html<\/a> Loving v. Virginia {{WebCite|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5gX4M35KC|date\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5gX4M35KC|date<\/a> =2009-05-04}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/11", "description": "Venera program: ''Venera 4'' is launched by the Soviet Union (the first space probe to enter another planet's atmosphere and successfully return data).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/13", "description": "Solicitor General Thurgood Marshall is nominated as the first African American justice of the United States Supreme Court.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.supremecourthistory.org\/02_history\/subs_timeline\/images_associates\/082.html\">http:\/\/www.supremecourthistory.org\/02_history\/subs_timeline\/images_associates\/082.html<\/a> {{dead link|date=November 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/13", "description": "Mariner program: ''Mariner 5'' is launched toward Venus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/13", "description": "The People's Republic of China tests its first hydrogen bomb.ampamp{{cite web|author=John Pike |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/wmd\/world\/china\/nuke.htm\">http:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/wmd\/world\/china\/nuke.htm<\/a> |title=Nuclear Weapons - China Nuclear Forces |publisher=Globalsecurity.org |date= |accessdate=2011-11-29}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/14", "description": "June 15 \u2013 Glenn Gould records Prokofiev's Seventh Piano Sonata, Op. 83, in New York City (his only recording of a Prokofiev composition).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/16", "description": "The Monterey Pop Festival begins and is held for 3 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/17", "description": "The People's Republic of China announces a successful hydrogen bomb test.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/23", "description": "Cold War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson meets with Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin in Glassboro, New Jersey, for the 3-day Glassboro Summit Conference. Johnson travels to Los Angeles for a dinner at the Century Plaza Hotel where earlier in the day thousands of war protesters clashed with L.A. police.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.lbjlib.utexas.edu\/johnson\/archives.hom\/diary\/1967\/670623.asp\">http:\/\/www.lbjlib.utexas.edu\/johnson\/archives.hom\/diary\/1967\/670623.asp<\/a> |title=PRESIDENT\u0092S DAILY DIARY, June 23, 1967 |publisher=Lbjlib.utexas.edu |date=1967-06-23 |accessdate=2011-11-29}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/25", "description": "400 million viewers watch Our World, the first live, international, satellite television production. It features the live debut of The Beatles' song quotAll You Need is Lovequot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/25", "description": "Pope Paul VI ordains 276 new cardinals (one of whom is the future Pope John Paul II).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/25", "description": "The Buffalo Race Riot begins, lasting until July 1 leads to 200 arrests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/27", "description": "The first automatic cash machine (voucher-based) is installed, in the office of the Barclays Bank in Enfield, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/28", "description": "Israel declares the annexation of East Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/30", "description": "Moise Tshombe, former President of Katanga and former prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is kidnapped to Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/30", "description": "Canada celebrates its first one hundred years of Confederation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/30", "description": "EEC joined with European Coal and Steel Community and European Atomic Community to form the European Communities (from the 1980s usually known as European Community EC).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/30", "description": "The first UK colour television broadcasts begin on BBC2. The first one is from the tennis championship at Wimbledon. A full colour service begins on BBC2 on December 2.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/06/30", "description": "American Samoa's first constitution becomes effective.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/03", "description": "A military rebellion led by Belgian mercenary Jean Schramme begins in Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/04", "description": "The British Parliament decriminalizes homosexuality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/05", "description": "Troops of Belgian mercenary commander Jean Schramme revolt against Mobutu Sese Seko, and try to take control of Stanleyville, Congo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/05", "description": "Biafran War: Nigerian forces invade Biafra, following the latter's secession May 30.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/05", "description": "A level crossing collision between a train loaded with children and a tanker-truck near Magdeburg, East Germany kills 94 people, mostly children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/10", "description": "Heavy massive rains and a landslide at Kobe and Kure, Hiroshima, Japan, kill at least 371.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/10", "description": "The Greek military regime strips 480 Greeks of their citizenship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/10", "description": "1967 Newark riots: After the arrest of an African-American cab driver for allegedly illegally driving around a police car and gunning it down the road, race riots break out in Newark, New Jersey, lasting six days and leaving 26 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/14", "description": "Near Newark, New Jersey, the Plainfield, NJ, riots also occur.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/16", "description": "A prison riot in Jay, Florida leaves 37 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/18", "description": "The United Kingdom announces the closing of its military bases in Malaysia and Singapore. Australia and the U.S. disapprove.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/19", "description": "A race riot breaks out in the North Side of Minneapolis on Plymouth Street during the Minneapolis Aquatennial Parade and business are vandalized and fires break out in the area, although the disturbance is quelled within hours.  However, the next day a shooting sets off another incident in the same area that leads to 18 fires, 36 arrests, 3 shootings, 2 dozen people injured, and damages totaling 4.2 million.  There will be two more such incidents in the following two weeks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/20", "description": "Chilean poet Pablo Neruda receives the first Viareggio-Versile prize.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/21", "description": "The town of Winneconne, Wisconsin, announces secession from the United States because it is not included in the official maps and declares war. Secession is repealed the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/23", "description": "12th Street Riot\/Detroit Race Riots: In Detroit, Michigan, one of the worst riots in United States history begins on 12th Street in the predominantly African American inner city: 43 are killed, 342 injured and 1,400 buildings burned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/24", "description": "During an official state visit to Canada, French President Charles de Gaulle declares to a crowd of over 100,000 in Montreal: ''Vive le Qu\u00e9bec libre!'' (Long live free Quebec!). The statement, interpreted as support for Quebec independence, delights many Quebecers but angers the Canadian government and many English Canadians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/24", "description": "An explosion and fire aboard the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier ''USS Forrestal'' in the Gulf of Tonkin leaves 134 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/24", "description": "Georges Bidault moves to Belgium where he receives political asylum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/24", "description": "An earthquake in Caracas, Venezuela leaves 240 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/07/30", "description": "The 1967 Milwaukee race riots begin, lasting through August 2 and leading to a ten-day shutdown of the city from August 1.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/08/01", "description": "Race riots in the United States spread to Washington, D.C..", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/08/02", "description": "The Turkish football club Trabzonspor is established in Trabzon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/08/05", "description": "Pink Floyd releases their debut album ''The Piper at the Gates of Dawn'' in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/08/06", "description": "A pulsar is noted by Jocelyn Bell and Antony Hewish. The discovery is first recorded in print in 1968: quotAn entirely novel kind of star came to light on ''Aug. 6 last year'' ...quot. The date of the discovery is not recorded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/08/06", "description": "Vietnam War: The People's Republic of China agrees to give North Vietnam an undisclosed amount of aid in the form of a grant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/08/06", "description": "A general strike in the old quarter of Jerusalem protests Israel's unification of the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/08/08", "description": "The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is founded in Bangkok, Thailand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/08/09", "description": "Vietnam War \u2013 Operation Cochise: United States Marines begin a new operation in the Que Son Valley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/08/10", "description": "Belgian mercenary Jean Schramme's troops take the Congolese border town of Bukavu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/08/13", "description": "Night of the Grizzlies sparks national concern over bear drama, from PBS in Montana's Glacier National Park.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/08/14", "description": "Wonderful Radio London shuts down at 3:00ampnbspPM in anticipation of the Marine Broadcasting Offences Act.  Many fans greet the staff upon their return to London that evening with placards reading quotFreedom died with Radio London.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/08/15", "description": "August 15  \u2013 The United Kingdom Marine Broadcasting Offences Act declares participation in offshore pirate radio illegal. Radio Caroline defies the Act and continues broadcasting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/08/18", "description": "The State of Tamil Nadu, India is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/08/19", "description": "West Germany receives 36 East German prisoners it has quotpurchasedquot through the border posts of Herleshausen and Wartha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/08/19", "description": "A truce is declared in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/08/19", "description": "The People's Republic of China announces that it has shot down United States planes violating its airspace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/08/25", "description": "American Nazi Party leader George Lincoln Rockwell is assassinated in Arlington, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/08/27", "description": "East Coast Wrestling Association is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/08/30", "description": "Thurgood Marshall is confirmed as the first African American Justice of the United States Supreme Court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/09/01", "description": "Ilse Koch, also known as the quotWitch of Buchenwaldquot, commits suicide in the Bavarian prison of Aichach.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/09/01", "description": "Nguyen Van Thieu is elected President of South Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/09/01", "description": "H-Day in Sweden: At 5:00ampampnbspa.m. local time, all traffic in the country switches from left-hand traffic pattern to right-hand traffic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/09/04", "description": "Vietnam War \u2013 Operation Swift: The United States Marines launch a search and destroy mission in Quang Nam and Quang Tin Provinces. The ensuing 4-day battle in Que Son Valley kills 114 Americans and 376 North Vietnamese.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/09/09", "description": "Fashion Island, one of California's first outdoor shopping malls, opens in Newport Beach.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/09/10", "description": "In Gibraltar, only 44 out of 12,182 voters support union with Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/09/10", "description": "A riot during a football match in Kayseri, Turkey leaves 44 dead, about 600 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/09/10", "description": "Jim Morrison and The Doors defy CBS censors on ''The Ed Sullivan Show'', when Morrison sings the word ampquothigherampquot from their #1 hit ''Light My Fire'', despite having been asked not to.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/09/18", "description": "''Love Is a Many Splendored Thing'' debuts on U.S. daytime television and is the first soap opera to deal with an interracial relationship. CBS censors find it too controversial and ask for it to be stopped, causing show creator Irna Phillips to quit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/09/27", "description": "The {{RMS|Queen Mary}} arrives in Southampton, at the end of her last transatlantic voyage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/09/30", "description": "BBC Radio 1, BBC Radio 2, BBC Radio 3 and BBC Radio 4 are all launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/03", "description": "An X-15 research aircraft with test pilot William J. Knight establishes an unofficial world fixed-wing speed record of Mach 6.7.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/04", "description": "Omar Ali Saifuddin III of Brunei abdicates in favour of his son, His Majesty Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/06", "description": "Southern California's Pacific Ocean Park closes down, known as the Disneyland by the sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/08", "description": "Guerrilla leader Che Guevara and his men are captured in Bolivia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/08", "description": "Vietnam War: U.S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk states during a news conference that proposals by the U.S. Congress for peace initiatives are futile, because of North Vietnam's opposition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/08", "description": "Desmond Morris publishes ''The Naked Ape''.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/october\/12\/newsid_3116000\/3116329.stm|title=1967:\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/october\/12\/newsid_3116000\/3116329.stm|title=1967:<\/a> The Naked Ape steps out|work=On This Day|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2011-08-24|date=1967-10-12}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/14", "description": "Quebec Nationalism: Ren\u00e9 L\u00e9vesque leaves the Liberal Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/16", "description": "Thirty-nine people, including singer-activist Joan Baez, are arrested in Oakland, California, for blocking the entrance of that city's military induction center.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/16", "description": "The musical ''Hair'' opens off-Broadway. It moves to Broadway the following April.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/16", "description": "Vietnam War: Battle of Ong Thanh", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/16", "description": "Vietnam War: Students at the University of Wisconsin-Madison protest over recruitment by Dow Chemical on the University campus. 76 are injured in the resulting riot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/16", "description": "Walt Disney's 19th full-length animated feature ''The Jungle Book'', the last animated film personally supervised by Disney, is released and becomes an enormous box-office and critical success. On a double bill with the film is the (now) much less well-known true-life adventure, ''Charlie the Lonesome Cougar''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/19", "description": "The ''Mariner 5'' probe flies by Venus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/20", "description": "Patterson-Gimlin film, Roger Patterson and Robert Gimlin's famous film of an unidentified animate cryptid, thought to be Bigfoot or Sasquatch, is recorded at Bluff Creek, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/20", "description": "Tens of thousands of Vietnam War protesters march in Washington, D.C.. Allen Ginsberg symbolically chants to 'levitate' The Pentagon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/20", "description": "An Egyptian surface-to-surface missile sinks the Israeli destroyer ''Eilat'', killing 47 Israeli sailors. Israel retaliates by shelling Egyptian refineries along the Suez Canal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/25", "description": "An abortion bill passes in the British Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/25", "description": "Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran is officially crowned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/25", "description": "U.S. Navy pilot John McCain is shot down over North Vietnam and made a POW.  His capture will be announced in the NY Times and Washington Post two days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/25", "description": "Charles De Gaulle vetoes British entry into the European Economic Community again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/25", "description": "London criminal Jack McVitie is murdered by the Kray twins, leading to their eventual imprisonment and downfall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/25", "description": "Mobutu's troops launch an offensive against mercenaries in Bukavu, Congo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/25", "description": "The Montreal, Quebec Expo 67 closes, having received over 50 million attendees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/10/30", "description": "Hong Kong 1967 riots: British troops and Chinese demonstrators clash on the border of China and Hong Kong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/02", "description": "Vietnam War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson holds a secret meeting with a group of the nation's most prestigious leaders (quotthe Wise Menquot) and asks them to suggest ways to unite the American people behind the war effort. They conclude that the American people should be given more optimistic reports on the progress of the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/03", "description": "Vietnam War \u2013 Battle of Dak To: Around Dak To (located about 280ampnbspmiles north of Saigon near the Cambodian border), heavy casualties are suffered on both sides (the Americans narrowly win the battle on November 22).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/04", "description": "November 5 \u2013 Mercenaries of Jean Schramme and Jerry Puren withdraw from Bukavu, over the Shangugu Bridge, to Rwanda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/06", "description": "The Rhodesian parliament passes pro-Apartheid laws.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/06", "description": "U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967, establishing the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/06", "description": "Carl B. Stokes is elected mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, becoming the first African American mayor of a major United States city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/06", "description": "The 50th Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution is celebrated in the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/08", "description": "The BBC's first local radio station (BBC Radio Leicester) is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/09", "description": "Apollo program: NASA launches a Saturn V rocket carrying the unmanned ''Apollo 4'' test spacecraft from Cape Kennedy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/11", "description": "Vietnam War: In a propaganda ceremony in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 3 United States prisoners of war are released by the Viet Cong and turned over to quotNew Leftquot antiwar activist Tom Hayden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/14", "description": "The Congress of Colombia in commemoration of the 150-year anniversary  of the death of Policarpa Salavarrieta, declares this day as the quotDay of the Colombian Womanquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/14", "description": "General Grivas and his 10,000 strong Greek Army division are forced to leave Cyprus, after 24 Turkish Cypriot civilians are killed by the Greek Cypriot National Guard in the villages of Kophinou and Ayios Theodhoros relations sour between Nicosia and Athens. Turkey flies sorties into Greek territory, and masses troops in Thrace on her border with Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/14", "description": "Test pilot Michael Adams is killed when his X-15 rocket plane tumbles out of control during atmospheric re-entry and disintegrates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/14", "description": "Vietnam War: Acting on optimistic reports he was given on November 13, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson tells his nation that, while much remained to be done, ampquotWe are inflicting greater losses than we're taking...We are making progress.ampquot (2 months later the Tet Offensive by the Viet Cong makes it appear, to those watching news reports, that progress is not being made.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/14", "description": "French author R\u00e9gis Debray is sentenced to 30 years imprisonment in Bolivia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/18", "description": "The UK pound is devalued from 1 GBP = 2.80 USD to 1 GBP = 2.40 USD.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/21", "description": "Vietnam War: United States General William Westmoreland tells news reporters: quotI am absolutely certain that whereas in 1965 the enemy was winning, today he is certainly losing.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/22", "description": "UN Security Council Resolution 242 is adopted by the UN Security Council, establishing a set of principles aimed at guiding negotiations for an Arab\u2013Israeli peace settlement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/26", "description": "Major floods hit Lisbon, Portugal, killing 462.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/27", "description": "The Beatles release ''Magical Mystery Tour'' in the US as a full album. The songs added to the original six songs on the double EP include ''All You Need Is Love'', ''Penny Lane'', ''Strawberry Fields Forever'', ''Baby, You're a Rich Man'' and ''Hello, Goodbye''. Release as a double EP will not take place in the UK until December.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/29", "description": "Vietnam War: U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara announces his resignation to become president of the World Bank. This action is due to U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson's outright rejection of McNamara's early November recommendations to freeze troop levels, stop bombing North Vietnam and hand over ground fighting to South Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/29", "description": "Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto founds the Pakistan People's Party and becomes its first chairman. Today it is one of the major political parties in Pakistan (alongside the ''Pakistan Muslim League'') that is broken into many factions, bearing the same name under different leaders, such as the Pakistan's Peoples Party Parliamentarians (PPPP).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/29", "description": "The People's Republic of South Yemen becomes independent of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/11/29", "description": "U.S. Senator Eugene McCarthy announces his candidacy for the Democratic Party presidential nomination, challenging incumbent President Lyndon B. Johnson over the Vietnam War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/01", "description": "The RMS ''Queen Mary'' is retired. Her place is taken by the RMS ''Queen Elizabeth 2''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/03", "description": "Christiaan Barnard carries out the world's first heart transplant at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/03", "description": "At 6:50ampampnbspPM, a volcano erupts on Deception Island in Antarctica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/03", "description": "Vietnam War: U.S. and South Vietnamese forces engage Viet Cong troops in the Mekong Delta (235 of the 300-strong Viet Cong battalion are killed).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/05", "description": "In New York City, Benjamin Spock and Allen Ginsberg are arrested for protesting against the Vietnam War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/08", "description": "Magical Mystery Tour is released by The Beatles as a double EP in the U.K. and also the only psychedelic rock album of The Rolling Stones, Their Satanic Majesties Request in the U.K and in the U.S.A.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/09", "description": "Nicolae Ceau\u015fescu becomes the Chairman of the Romanian State Council, making him the de-facto leader of Romania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/11", "description": "Supersonic airliner Concorde is unveiled in Toulouse, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/13", "description": "King Constantine II of Greece flees the country when his coup attempt fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/15", "description": "The Silver Bridge over the Ohio River in Point Pleasant, West Virginia, collapses, killing 46 people. It has been linked to the so-called ''Mothman'' mystery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/17", "description": "Harold Holt, Australian prime minister, disappears when swimming at a beach 60ampnbspkm from Melbourne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "Professor John Archibald Wheeler uses the term ''Black Hole'' for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "The Green Bay Packers become the first team in the modern era to win their third consecutive NFL Championship, 21-17 over the Dallas Cowboys in what became known as ampquotThe Ice Bowlampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "Motorcycle daredevil Evel Knievel attempted to jump 141ampampnbspfeet over the Caesars Palace Fountains on the Las Vegas Strip.  Knievel crashed on landing and the accident was caught on film.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "December 20 Charles Joseph Volcher was born at Saint Francis Hospital in Lynwood California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "St Christopher's Hospice, the world's first purpose-built secular hospice specialising in palliative care of the terminally ill, is established in South London by Cicely Saunders.ampamp{{cite web|first=Mary|last=Baines|title=History|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.stchristophers.org.uk\/about\/history|publisher=St\">http:\/\/www.stchristophers.org.uk\/about\/history|publisher=St<\/a> Christopher's|accessdate=2012-08-08}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "Warner Bros. Pictures becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of Seven Arts Productions, thus becoming Warner Bros.-Seven Arts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "The Jari project begins in the Amazon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "Albania is officially declared an atheist state by its leader, Enver Hoxha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "The University of Winnipeg is founded in Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "Lonsdaleite (the rarest allotrope of carbon) is first discovered in the Barringer Crater, Arizona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "A lost city is discovered on the island of Thera, buried under volcanic debris. It has been suggested that Plato may have heard legends about this, and used them as the germ of his story of Atlantis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "PAL is first introduced in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "The Summer of Love is held in San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa goes to work in Gda\u0144sk shipyards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "Benjamin Netanyahu joins the Israeli Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "The Greek military junta exiles Melina Mercouri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "Parker Morris Standards become mandatory for all housing built in New Towns in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "Gabriel Garc\u00eda M\u00e1rquez's influential novel ''One Hundred Years of Solitude'' is published (in Spanish).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "The first edition of the book, ''A Short History of Pakistan'', is published by Karachi University, Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1967/12/19", "description": "Fernand Braudel begins publication of ''Civilisation mat\u00e9rielle, \u00e9conomie et capitalisme, XVampsupampeamp\/supamp-XVIIIampsupampeamp\/supamp si\u00e8cle''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/01/05", "description": " ''Prague Spring'': Alexander Dub\u010dek is chosen as the leader of the Communist Party in Czechoslovakia. {{Cite book", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/01/08", "description": " British Prime Minister Harold Wilson endorses the 'I'm Backing Britain' campaign for working an additional half hour each day without pay.ref name=quotWilson after-dinner speechquotJohn Chartres, quotWilson Joins 'I Back Britain'quot, ''The Times'', 9 January 1968, p. 1.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/01/15", "description": " An earthquake in Sicily kills 380 and injures around 1,000.{{cite news |title=Italy: The Day the Earth Shook |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.time.com\/time\/magazine\/article\/0,9171,837724,00.html\">http:\/\/www.time.com\/time\/magazine\/article\/0,9171,837724,00.html<\/a> |newspaper=TIME magazine |date=26 January 1968 |accessdate=2 August 2011}}<a href=\"http:\/\/emidius.mi.ingv.it\/CPTI99\/CPTI_finestre.html\">http:\/\/emidius.mi.ingv.it\/CPTI99\/CPTI_finestre.html<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/01/17", "description": " Lyndon B. Johnson calls for the non-conversion of the U.S. dollar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/01/17", "description": "Vietnam War ampampndash Battle of Khe Sanh: One of the most publicized and controversial battles of the war begins, ending on April 8.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/01/17", "description": "A U.S. B-52 Stratofortress crashes in Greenland, discharging four nuclear bombs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/01/22", "description": " ''Rowan amp Martin's Laugh-In'' debuts on NBC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/01/23", "description": " North Korea seizes the ''USS Pueblo'', claiming the ship violated its territorial waters while spying.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/01/25", "description": " The Israeli submarine ''INS Dakar'' sinks in the Mediterranean Sea, killing 69.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/01/27", "description": " A French submarine sinks in the Mediterranean Sea with 52 men.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/01/30", "description": " Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive begins, as Viet Cong forces launch a series of surprise attacks across South Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/01/30", "description": "Viet Cong soldiers attack the US Embassy, Saigon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/01/30", "description": "Nauru president Hammer DeRoburt declares independence from Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/01/30", "description": "Vietnam War: A Viet Cong officer named Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n L\u00e9m is executed by Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc Loan, a South Vietnamese National Police Chief. The event is photographed by Eddie Adams. The photo makes headlines around the world, eventually winning the 1969 Pulitzer Prize, and sways U.S. public opinion against the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/01/30", "description": "The Pennsylvania Railroad and the New York Central Railroad merge to form Penn Central, the largest ever corporate merger up to this date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/02/06", "description": "February 18 ampndash The 1968 Winter Olympics are held in Grenoble, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/02/08", "description": " American civil rights movement: A civil rights protest staged at a white-only bowling alley in Orangeburg, South Carolina is broken up by highway patrolmen 3 college students are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/02/08", "description": "Border clashes take place between Israel and Jordan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/02/08", "description": "Madison Square Garden in New York City opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/02/12", "description": " Phong Nhi and Phong Nhat massacre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/02/13", "description": " Civil rights disturbances occur at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/02/17", "description": " Administrative reforms in Romania divide the country into 39 counties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/02/19", "description": " The Florida Education Association (FEA) initiates a mass resignation of teachers to protest state funding of education. This is, in effect, the first statewide teachers' strike in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/02/19", "description": " NET televises the very first episode of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/02/24", "description": " Vietnam War: The Tet Offensive is halted South Vietnam recaptures Hu\u00e9.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/02/25", "description": " Vietnam War: Ha My massacre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/02/27", "description": " Ex-Teenagers singer Frankie Lymon is found dead from a heroin overdose in Harlem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/06", "description": " Un-recognized Rhodesia executes three black citizens, the first executions since UDI, prompting international condemnation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/07", "description": " Vietnam War: The First Battle of Saigon ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/08", "description": " The first student protests spark the 1968 Polish political crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/10", "description": "11 ampndash Vietnam War: Battle of Lima Site 85, largest single ground combat loss of United States Air Force members (12) during the then-secret war later known as the Laotian Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/11", "description": " U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson mandates that all computers purchased by the federal government support the ASCII character encoding.Lyndon B. Johnson (March 11, 1968). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/ws\/index.php?pid=28724\">http:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/ws\/index.php?pid=28724<\/a> Memorandum Approving the Adoption by the Federal Government of a Standard Code for Information Interchange. ''The American Presidency Project''. Accessed 2008-04-14.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/11", "description": "Mauritius achieves independence from British rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/11", "description": "U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson edges out antiwar candidate Eugene J. McCarthy in the New Hampshire Democratic primary, a vote which highlights the deep divisions in the country, and the party, over Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/13", "description": " The first Rotaract club is chartered in North Charlotte, North Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/14", "description": " Nerve gas leaks from the U.S. Army Dugway Proving Ground near Skull Valley, Utah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/15", "description": " British Foreign Secretary George Brown resigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/15", "description": "Vietnam War ampampndash My Lai massacre: American troops kill scores of civilians. The story will first become public in November 1969 and will help undermine public support for the U.S. efforts in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/15", "description": "U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy enters the race for the Democratic Party presidential nomination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/17", "description": " A demonstration in London's Grosvenor Square against U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War leads to violence 91 people are injured, 200 demonstrators arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/18", "description": " Gold standard: The Congress of the United States repeals the requirement for a gold reserve to back U.S. currency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/19", "description": "March 23 ampndash Afrocentrism, Black power, Vietnam War: Students at Howard University in Washington, D.C., signal a new era of militant student activism on college campuses in the U.S. Students stage rallies, protests and a 5-day sit-in, laying siege to the administration building, shutting down the university in protest over its ROTC program and the Vietnam War, and demanding a more Afrocentric curriculum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/21", "description": " Vietnam War: In ongoing campus unrest, Howard University students protesting the Vietnam War, the ROTC program on campus and the draft, confront Gen. Lewis Hershey, then head of the U.S. Selective Service System, and as he attempts to deliver an address, shout him down with cries of quotAmerica is the Black man's battleground!quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/22", "description": " Daniel Cohn-Bendit (quotDanny The Redquot) and 7 other students occupy the administrative offices of the University of Nanterre, setting in motion a chain of events that lead France to the brink of revolution in May.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/24", "description": " Aer Lingus Flight 712 crashed en route from Cork to London near Tuskar Rock, Wexford, killing 61 passengers and crew.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/26", "description": " Joan Baez marries activist David Harris in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/28", "description": " Brazilian high school student Edson Lu\u00eds de Lima Souto is shot by the police in a protest for cheaper meals at a restaurant for low-income students. The aftermath of his death was one of the first major events against the military dictatorship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/31", "description": " U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces he will not seek re-election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/31", "description": "Bombs explode at midnight in two department stores in Frankfurt-am-Main Andreas Baader and Gudrun Ensslin are later arrested and sentenced for arson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/03/31", "description": "The film  ''2001: A Space Odyssey'' premieres in Washington, D.C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/03", "description": " The American movie ''Planet of the Apes'' is released in theaters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/03", "description": "Martin Luther King, Jr. is shot dead at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee. Riots erupt in major American cities, lasting for several days afterwards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/03", "description": "Apollo Program: Apollo-Saturn mission 502 (''Apollo 6'') is launched, as the second and last unmanned test-flight of the Saturn V launch vehicle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/03", "description": "''La, la, la'' by Massiel (music and lyrics by Manuel de la Calva and Ram\u00f3n Arcusa) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1968 for Spain, at the Royal Albert Hall in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/03", "description": "A shootout between Black Panthers and Oakland police results in several arrests and deaths, including 16-year-old Panther Bobby Hutton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/03", "description": "A double explosion in downtown Richmond, Indiana kills 41 and injures 150.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/07", "description": " Racing driver Jim Clark is killed in a Formula 2 race at Hockenheim.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/08", "description": " Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (under Department of Justice) (BNDD) created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/10", "description": " The ferry ''Wahine'' strikes a reef at the entrance to Wellington Harbour, New Zealand, with the loss of 53 lives, during Cyclone Giselle, which provides the windiest conditions ever recorded in New Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/10", "description": "Josef Bachmann tries to assassinate Rudi Dutschke, leader of the left-wing movement (APO) in Germany, and tries to commit suicide afterwards, failing in both, although Dutschke dies of his brain injuries 11 years later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/10", "description": "German left-wing students blockade the Springer Press HQ in Berlin and many are arrested (one of them Ulrike Meinhof).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/10", "description": "U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/10", "description": "Pierre Trudeau becomes Canada's 15th Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/10", "description": "English politician Enoch Powell makes his controversial Rivers of Blood Speech.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/10", "description": "MGM's classic film ''The Wizard of Oz'' makes its NBC debut after being telecast on CBS since 1956. It will remain on NBC for the next eight years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/10", "description": "President Mobutu releases captured mercenaries in the Congo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/10", "description": "Surgeons at the H\u00f4pital de la Piti\u00e9, Paris, perform Europe's first heart transplant, on Clovis Roblain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/10", "description": "The United Methodist Church is created by the union of the former Methodist and Evangelical United Brethren churches.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/23", "description": "April 30 ampndash Vietnam War: Student protesters at Columbia University in New York City take over administration buildings and shut down the university (see main article Columbia University protests of 1968).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/26", "description": " The nuclear weapon quotBoxcarquot is tested at the Nevada Test Site in the biggest detonation of Operation Crosstie.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/04/29", "description": " The musical ''Hair'' officially opens on Broadway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/05/02", "description": " The Israel Broadcasting Authority commences television broadcasts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/05/03", "description": " Braniff Flight 352 crashes near Dawson, Texas killing all 85 persons on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/05/13", "description": " Paris student riots one million march through streets of Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/05/14", "description": " The Beatles announce the creation of Apple Records in a New York press conference.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/05/15", "description": " An outbreak of severe thunderstorms produces tornadoes causing massive damage and heavy casualties in Charles City, Iowa, Oelwein, Iowa, and Jonesboro, Arkansas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/05/17", "description": " The Catonsville Nine enter the Selective Service offices in Catonsville, Maryland, take dozens of selective service draft records, and burn them with napalm as a protest against the Vietnam War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/05/17", "description": "A general election is held in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/05/17", "description": "Nigerian forces capture Port Harcourt and form a ring around the Biafrans. This contributes to a humanitarian disaster as the surrounded population already suffers from hunger and starvation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/05/22", "description": " The U.S. nuclear-powered submarine ''Scorpion'' sinks with 99 men aboard, 400 miles southwest of the Azores.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/05/29", "description": " Football: Manchester United wins the European Cup Final, becoming the first English team to do so.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/06/03", "description": " Radical feminist Valerie Solanas shoots Andy Warhol as he enters his studio, wounding him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/06/04", "description": " The Standard amp Poor's 500 index closes above 100 for the first time, at 100.38.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/06/05", "description": " U.S. presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy is shot at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, California by Sirhan Sirhan. Kennedy dies from his injuries the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/06/08", "description": " James Earl Ray is arrested for the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/06/10", "description": " Football: Italy beats Yugoslavia 2\u20130 in a replay to win the 1968 European Championship. The original final on June 8 ended 1\u20131.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/06/20", "description": " Austin Currie, Member of Parliament (MP) at Stormont in Northern Ireland, along with others, squats a house in Caledon to protest discrimination in housing allocations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/06/23", "description": " A football stampede in Buenos Aires leaves 74 dead and 150 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/06/24", "description": " Giorgio Rosa declares the independence of his Republic of Rose Island, an artificial island off Rimini, Italy. Italian troops demolish it not long after.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/06/26", "description": " Bonin Islands are returned to Japan after 23 years of occupation by the United States Navy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/06/30", "description": " Lockheed C-5 Galaxy heavy military transport aircraft first flies in the U.S. This model will still be in service forty years on.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/06/30", "description": "The Central Intelligence Agency's Phoenix Program is officially established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/06/30", "description": "The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty opens for signature.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/07/04", "description": " Yachtsman Alec Rose, 59, receives a hero's welcome as he sails into Portsmouth, England after his 354-day round-the-world trip.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/07/15", "description": " The soap opera ''One Life to Live'' premieres on ABC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/07/17", "description": " Saddam Hussein becomes Vice Chairman of the Revolutionary Council in Iraq after a coup d'\u00e9tat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/07/18", "description": " The semiconductor company Intel is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/07/23", "description": "July 28 ampndash Black militants led by Fred (Ahmed) Evans engage in a fierce gunfight with police in the Glenville Shootout of Cleveland, Ohio, in United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/07/25", "description": " Pope Paul VI publishes the encyclical entitled ''Humanae Vitae'', condemning birth control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/07/26", "description": " Vietnam War: South Vietnamese opposition leader Truong Dinh Dzu is sentenced to 5 years hard labor, for advocating the formation of a coalition government as a way to move toward an end to the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/07/29", "description": " Arenal Volcano erupts in Costa Rica for the first time in centuries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/07/30", "description": " Thames Television starts transmission in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/08/05", "description": "August 8 ampndash The Republican National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida nominates Richard Nixon for U.S. President and Spiro Agnew for Vice President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/08/11", "description": " The last steam passenger train service runs in Britain. A selection of British Railways steam locomotives make the 120-mile journey from Liverpool to Carlisle and return to Liverpool ampndash the journey is known as the Fifteen Guinea Special).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/08/18", "description": " Two charter buses push into the Hida River on National Highway Route 41 in Japan, in an accident caused by heavy rain 104 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/08/20", "description": "August 21 ampndash The ''Prague Spring'' of political liberalization ends, as 200,000 Warsaw Pact troops and 5,000 tanks invade Czechoslovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/08/21", "description": " The Medal of Honor is posthumously awarded to James Anderson, Jr.ampmdashhe is the first black U.S. Marine to be awarded the Medal of Honor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/08/22", "description": "August 30 ampndash Police clash with anti-war protesters in Chicago, Illinois, outside the 1968 Democratic National Convention, which nominates Hubert Humphrey for U.S. President, and Edmund Muskie for Vice President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/08/22", "description": "John Gordon Mein, US Ambassador to Guatemala, is assassinated on the streets of Guatemala City. First US Ambassador assassinated in the line of duty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/08/22", "description": "Crown Prince Harald of Norway marries Sonja Haraldsen, the commoner he has dated for 9 years, in Oslo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/08/24", "description": " France explodes its first hydrogen bomb.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/09/06", "description": " Swaziland becomes independent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/09/09", "description": "regorio Vazquez Jr is born", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/09/09", "description": "Mattel's ''Hot Wheels'' toy cars are introduced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/09/09", "description": "150 women (members of New York Radical Women) arrive in Atlantic City, New Jersey to protest against the Miss America Pageant, as exploitative of women. Led by activist and author Robin Morgan, it is one of the first large demonstrations of Second Wave Feminism as Women's Liberation begins to gather much media attention.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/09/09", "description": "The International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) was found.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/09/09", "description": "French General Ren\u00e9 Cogny and 94 others die in an Air France Caravelle jetliner crash near Nice in the Mediterranean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/09/09", "description": "Albania officially retreats from the Warsaw Pact upon the Soviet Union-led Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, having already ceased to participate actively in Pact activity since 1962.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/09/09", "description": "US Army Maj. Gen. Keith L. Ware, WWII Medal of Honor recipient, is killed when his helicopter is shot down in Vietnam. He is posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Cross.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/09/09", "description": "Agreement for merger between the General Electric Company and English Electric, the largest industrial merger in the UK up to this date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/09/17", "description": " The D'Oliveira Affair: The Marylebone Cricket Club tour of South Africa is cancelled when the South Africans refuse to accept the presence of Basil D'Oliveira, a Cape Coloured, in the side.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/09/20", "description": " ''Hawaii 5-O'' debuts on CBS and eventually becomes the longest-running crime show in television history until ''Law amp Order'' overtakes it in 2003.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/09/21", "description": " The Soviet's Zond 5 unmanned lunar flyby mission returns to earth, with its first of a kind biological payload intact.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/09/24", "description": " ''60 Minutes'' debuts on CBS and remains on the air as of 2012.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/09/27", "description": " Marcelo Caetano becomes prime minister of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/09/29", "description": " A referendum in Greece gives more power to the military junta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/09/30", "description": " At Paine Field, near Everett Washington in the United States, Boeing officially rolls out its new 747 for the media and the public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/10/02", "description": " Tlatelolco massacre: A student demonstration ends in bloodbath at La Plaza de las Tres Culturas in Tlatelolco, Mexico City, Mexico, 10 days before the inauguration of the 1968 Summer Olympics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/10/03", "description": " In Peru, Juan Velasco Alvarado takes power in a revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/10/05", "description": " Police baton civil rights demonstrators in Derry, Northern Ireland, marking the beginning of The Troubles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/10/08", "description": " Vietnam War ampndash Operation Sealords: United States and South Vietnamese forces launch a new operation in the Mekong Delta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/10/10", "description": " the Detroit Tigers win the 1968 World Series, defeating the St. Louis Cardinals 4 games to 3.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/10/10", "description": "Apollo program: NASA launches ''Apollo 7'', the first manned Apollo mission (Wally Schirra, Donn Eisele, Walter Cunningham). Mission goals include the first live television broadcast from orbit and testing the lunar module docking maneuver.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/10/10", "description": "In Panama, a military coup d'\u00e9tat, led by Col. Boris Martinez and Col. Omar Torrijos, overthrows the democratically elected (but highly controversial) government of President Arnulfo Arias. Within a year, Torrijos ousts Martinez and takes charge as de facto Head of Government in Panama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/10/12", "description": "October 27 ampndash The Games of the XIX Olympiad are held in Mexico City, Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/10/12", "description": " Equatorial Guinea receives its independence from Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/10/14", "description": " Vietnam War: The United States Department of Defense announces that the United States Army and United States Marines will send about 24,000 troops back to Vietnam for involuntary second tours.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/10/15", "description": " Led Zeppelin makes their first live performance, at Surrey University in England<a href=\"http:\/\/www.rockhall.com\/inductee\/led-zeppelin\">http:\/\/www.rockhall.com\/inductee\/led-zeppelin<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/10/15", "description": "In Mexico City, black American athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos raise their arms in a black power salute after winning, respectively, the gold and bronze medals in the Olympic men's 200 metres.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/10/15", "description": "Kingston, Jamaica is rocked by the Rodney Riots, provoked by the banning of Walter Rodney from the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/10/20", "description": " Former U.S. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy marries Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis on the Greek island of Skorpios.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/10/31", "description": " Vietnam War: Citing progress in the Paris peace talks, U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces to the nation that he has ordered a complete cessation of quotall air, naval, and artillery bombardment of North Vietnamquot effective November 1.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/10/31", "description": "U.S. presidential election, 1968: Republican challenger Richard M. Nixon defeats the Democratic candidate, Vice President Hubert Humphrey, and American Independent Party candidate George C. Wallace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/10/31", "description": "Luis A. Ferre is elected Governor of Puerto Rico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/10/31", "description": "Vietnam War: Operation Commando Hunt is initiated to interdict men and supplies on the Ho Chi Minh Trail, through Laos into South Vietnam. By the end of the operation, 3 million tons of bombs are dropped on Laos, slowing but not seriously disrupting trail operations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/10/31", "description": "A second republic is declared in the Maldives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/11/14", "description": " Yale University announces it is going to admit women.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/11/17", "description": " The Heidi game: NBC cuts off the final 1:05 of an Oakland Raiders\u2013New York Jets football game to broadcast the pre-scheduled ''Heidi''. Fans are unable to see Oakland (which had been trailing 32\u201329) score 2 late touchdowns to win 43\u201332 as a result, thousands of outraged football fans flood the NBC switchboards to protest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/11/20", "description": " The Farmington Mine Disaster in Farmington, West Virginia, kills seventy-eight men.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/11/22", "description": " The Beatles release their self-titled album popularly known as the ''White Album''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/11/24", "description": " 4 men hijack Pan Am Flight 281 from JFK International Airport, New York to Havana, Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/11/26", "description": " Vietnam War: United States Air Force First Lieutenant and Bell UH-1F helicopter pilot James P. Fleming rescues an Army Special Forces unit pinned down by Viet Cong fire, earning a Medal of Honor for his bravery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/12/03", "description": " The '68 Comeback Special marks the concert return of Elvis Presley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/12/09", "description": " Douglas Engelbart publicly demonstrates his pioneering hypertext system, NLS, in San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/12/10", "description": " Japan's biggest heist, the still-unsolved quot300 million yen robberyquot, occurs in Tokyo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/12/11", "description": " The film ''Oliver!'', based on the hit London and Broadway musical, opens in the U.S. after being released first in England. It goes on to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/12/11", "description": "''The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus'' is also filmed on this date, but not released until 1996.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/12/13", "description": " Brazilian president Artur da Costa e Silva decrees the AI-5 (or the Fifth Institutional Act), which lasts until 1978 and marks the beginning of the hard times of Brazilian military dictatorship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/12/20", "description": " The Zodiac Killer is believed to have shot Betty Lou Jensen and David Faraday on Lake Herman Road, Benicia, San Francisco Bay, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/12/20", "description": "David Eisenhower, grandson of former US President Dwight D. Eisenhower, marries Julie Nixon, the daughter of US President-elect Richard Nixon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/12/20", "description": "Mao Zedong advocates that educated youth in urban China be re-educated in the country. It marks the start of the ampquotUp to the mountains and down to the villagesampquot movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/12/24", "description": " Apollo Program: U.S. spacecraft ''Apollo 8'' enters orbit around the Moon. Astronauts Frank Borman, Jim Lovell and William A. Anders become the first humans to see the far side of the Moon and planet Earth as a whole. The crew also reads from Genesis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1968/12/24", "description": "The Khmer Rouge is officially formed in Cambodia as a offshot movement of the Vietnam People's Army from North Vietnam to bring communism to the nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Dates Unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969", "description": "Australian media baron Rupert Murdoch purchases the largest selling British Sunday newspaper, ''The News of the World''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969", "description": "People's Democracy begins a march from Belfast to Derry, Northern Ireland in support of civil rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969", "description": "Ohio State defeats USC in the Rose Bowl to win the national title for the 1968 season.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/05", "description": " The Soviet Union launches ''Venera 5'' toward Venus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/06", "description": " The final passenger train traverses the Waverley Line, which subsequently closed to passengers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/06", "description": "Members of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) damage property and assault occupants in the Bogside in Derry.  In response, residents erect barricades and establish Free Derry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/06", "description": "The Soviet Union launches ''Venera 6'' toward Venus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/06", "description": "Led Zeppelin I, Led Zeppelin's first studio recorded album, is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/06", "description": "Martial law is declared in Madrid, the University is closed and over 300 students are arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/06", "description": "An explosion aboard the USS ''Enterprise'' near Hawaii kills 27 and injures 314.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/06", "description": "The Soviet Union launches ''Soyuz 4''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/15", "description": " The Soviet Union launches ''Soyuz 5'', which docked with Soyuz 4 for a transfer of crew.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/16", "description": " Student Jan Palach sets himself on fire in Prague's Wenceslas Square to protest the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia 3 days later he dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/18", "description": " In Washington, D.C., the Smithsonian displays the art of Winslow Homer for 6 weeks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/18", "description": "Richard Milhous Nixon succeeds Lyndon Baines Johnson as the 37th President of the United States of America.  thumb|37th President Richard M. Nixon", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/18", "description": "After 147 years, the last issue of ''The Saturday Evening Post'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/26", "description": " Elvis Presley steps into American Studios in Memphis, Tennessee, recording quotLong Black Limousinequot thus beginning the recording of what becomes his landmark comeback sessions for the albums ''From Elvis in Memphis'' and ''Back in Memphis''. The sessions yield the popular and critically acclaimed singles quotSuspicious Minds,quot quotIn the Ghettoquot and quotKentucky Rain.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/26", "description": "Fourteen men, nine of them Jews, are executed in Baghdad for spying for Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/26", "description": "Reverend Ian Paisley, hardline Protestant leader in Northern Ireland, is jailed for 3 months for illegal assembly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/26", "description": "The present-day Hetch Hetchy Moccasin Powerhouse, rated at 100,000 KVA, is completed and placed in operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/28", "description": " A blow-out on Union Oil's Platform spills 80,000 to 100,000 barrels of crude oil into a channel and onto the beaches of Santa Barbara County in Southern California inspiring Wisconsin Senator Gaylord Nelson to organize the first Earth Day in 1970", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/30", "description": " The Beatles give their last public performance, on the roof of Apple Records.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/30", "description": "Two cosmonauts transfer from Soyuz 5 to Soyuz 4 via a spacewalk while the two craft are docked together, the first time such a transfer takes place.  The two spacecraft undock.  Soyuz 4 will reenter Earth's atmosphere and land February 17 while Soyuz 5 will have a hard landing February 18.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/01/30", "description": "Ten paintings are defaced in New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/02/04", "description": " In Cairo, Yasser Arafat is elected Palestine Liberation Organization leader at the Palestinian National Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/02/05", "description": " A huge oil spill off the coast of Santa Barbara, California closes the city's harbor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/02/07", "description": " The original Hetch Hetchy Moccasin Powerhouse is removed from service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/02/08", "description": " The last issue of ''The Saturday Evening Post'' hits magazine stands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/02/09", "description": " The Boeing 747 makes its maiden flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/02/13", "description": " FLQ terrorists bomb the Stock Exchange in Montreal, Quebec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/02/14", "description": " Pope Paul VI issues a motu proprio deleting many names from the Roman calendar of saints (including Valentine, who was celebrated on that day).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/02/17", "description": " Aquanaut Berry L. Cannon dies of carbon dioxide poisoning while attempting to repair the SEALAB III habitat off San Clemente Island, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/02/17", "description": "The ''Mariner 6'' Mars probe is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/02/17", "description": "''Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District'': The U.S. Supreme Court  rules that the First Amendment applies to public schools.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/02/17", "description": "In Toulouse, France the first Concorde test flight is conducted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/02/17", "description": "Soviet and Chinese forces clash at a border outpost on the Ussuri River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/02/17", "description": "In a Los Angeles, California court, Sirhan Sirhan admits that he killed presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/02/17", "description": "Apollo program: NASA launches ''Apollo 9'' (James McDivitt, David Scott, Rusty Schweickart) to test the lunar module.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/02/17", "description": "In Memphis, Tennessee, James Earl Ray pleads guilty to assassinating Martin Luther King Jr. (he later retracts his guilty plea).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/02/17", "description": "The novel ''The Godfather (novel)'' by Mario Puzo is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/03/13", "description": " Apollo program: ''Apollo 9'' returns safely to Earth after testing the Lunar Module.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/03/13", "description": "The Longhope, Orkney lifeboat in Scotland is lost the entire crew of 8 die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/03/13", "description": "Golda Meir becomes the first female prime minister of Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/03/18", "description": " Operation Breakfast, the secret bombing of Cambodia, begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/03/18", "description": "British paratroopers and Marines land on the island of Anguilla.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/03/18", "description": "A {{Convert|385|m|ft}} tall TV-mast at Emley Moor, UK, collapses due to ice build-up.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/03/22", "description": " The landmark art exhibition ''When Attitudes become Form'', curated by Harald Szeemann opens at the Kunsthalle Bern in Bern, Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/03/28", "description": " Former United States General and President Dwight D. Eisenhower dies after a long illness in the Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C..", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/03/29", "description": " The Eurovision Song Contest 1969 is held in Madrid, and results in four co-winners, with 18 votes each, from Spain, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/04/01", "description": " The Hawker Siddeley Harrier enters service with the Royal Air Force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/04/04", "description": " Dr. Denton Cooley implants the first temporary artificial heart.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/04/04", "description": "The Harvard University Administration Building is seized by close to 300 students, mostly members of the Students for a Democratic Society. Before the takeover ends, 45 will be injured and 184 arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/04/04", "description": "Ferm\u00edn Monasterio P\u00e9rez is killed by the ETA in Biscay, Spain, being the 4th victim in the name of Basque nationalism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/04/13", "description": " Queensland: The Brisbane Tramways end service after 84 years of operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/04/15", "description": " The EC-121 shootdown incident: North Korea shoots down the aircraft over the Sea of Japan, killing all 31 on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/04/15", "description": "British troops arrive in Northern Ireland to reinforce the Royal Ulster Constabulary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/04/15", "description": "A grassroots movement of Berkeley community members seizes an empty lot owned by the University of California to begin the formation of ampquotPeople's Parkampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/04/22", "description": " Robin Knox-Johnston becomes the first person to sail around the world solo without stopping.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/04/24", "description": " Recently formed British Leyland launches their first new model, the Austin Maxi in Portugal .", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/04/28", "description": " Charles de Gaulle steps down as president of France after suffering defeat in a referendum the day before.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/04/28", "description": "Zip to Zap, a harbinger of the Woodstock Concert, ends with the dispersal and eviction of youths and young adults at Zap, North Dakota by the National Guard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/04/28", "description": "The Battle of Dong Ap Bia, also known as Hamburger Hill, begins during the Vietnam War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/05/13", "description": " May 13 Incident: Race riots occur in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/05/14", "description": " Colonel Muammar Gaddafi visits Mecca, Saudi Arabia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/05/15", "description": " An American teenager known as 'Robert R.' dies in St. Louis, Missouri, of a baffling medical condition. In 1984 it will be identified as the first confirmed case of HIV\/AIDS in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/05/16", "description": " Venera program: ''Venera 5'', a Soviet spaceprobe, lands on Venus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/05/17", "description": "  Venera program: Soviet probe ''Venera 6'' begins to descend into Venus' atmosphere, sending back atmospheric data before being crushed by pressure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/05/18", "description": " Apollo program: ''Apollo 10'' (Tom Stafford, Gene Cernan, John Young) is launched, on the full dress-rehearsal for the Moon landing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/05/20", "description": " United States National Guard helicopters spray skin-stinging powder on anti-war protesters in California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/05/21", "description": " ''Rosariazo'': Civil unrest breaks out in Rosario, Argentina, following the death of a 15-year-old student.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/05/22", "description": " Apollo program: ''Apollo 10'''s lunar module flies to within 15,400 m of the Moon's surface.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/05/25", "description": " ''Midnight Cowboy'', an X-rated, oscar winning John Schlesinger film, debuts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/05/25", "description": "Andean Pact (Andean Group) established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/05/25", "description": "Apollo program: ''Apollo 10'' returns to Earth, after a successful 8-day test of all the components needed for the upcoming first manned Moon landing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/05/26", "description": "June 2 ampndash John Lennon and Yoko Ono conduct their Bed-In at the Queen Elizabeth Hotel in Montreal, Quebec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/05/26", "description": "''Cordobazo'': A general strike and civil unrest break out in C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/05/26", "description": "Guided tours begin at the Kremlin and other government sites in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/05/30", "description": " Riots in Cura\u00e7ao mark the start of an Afro-Caribbean civil rights movement on the island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/06/03", "description": " While operating at sea on SEATO maneuvers, the Australian aircraft carrier HMAS ''Melbourne'' accidentally rammed and sliced in two the American destroyer USS ''Frank E. Evans'' in the South China Sea, killing 74 American seamen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/06/05", "description": " An international communist conference begins in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/06/07", "description": " The rock supergroup Blind Faith play its debut gig in front of 100,000 people in London's Hyde Park.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/06/08", "description": "  U.S. President Richard Nixon and South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu meet at Midway Island.   Nixon announces that 25,000 U.S. troops will be withdrawn by September.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/06/17", "description": " After a 23 game match, Boris Spassky defeats Tigran Petrosian to become the World Chess Champion in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/06/18", "description": "June 22 ampndash The National Convention of the Students for a Democratic Society, held in Chicago, collapses, and the Weatherman faction seizes control of the SDS National Office. Thereafter, any activity run from the National Office or bearing the name of SDS is Weatherman-controlled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/06/20", "description": " Georges Pompidou is elected President of France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/06/20", "description": "The Cuyahoga River fire helps spur an avalanche of water pollution control activities resulting in the Clean Water Act, Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement and the creation of the federal Environmental Protection Agency", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/06/20", "description": "Judy Garland dies of drug overdose in her London home", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/06/23", "description": " Warren E. Burger is sworn in as Chief Justice of the United States by retiring Chief Justice Earl Warren.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/06/24", "description": " The United Kingdom and Rhodesia sever diplomatic ties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/06/28", "description": " The Stonewall riots in New York City mark the start of the modern gay rights movement in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/01", "description": " Charles, Prince of Wales, is invested with his title at Caernarfon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/03", "description": " Brian Jones, musician and founder of The Rolling Stones, drowns in his swimming pool at his home in Sussex, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/04", "description": " Michael Mageau and Darlene Ferrin are shot at Blue Rock Springs in California. They are the second (known) victims of the Zodiac Killer. Mageau survives the attack while Ferrin was pronounced dead-on-arrival at Kaiser Foundation Hospital - Richmond.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/05", "description": " Tom Mboya, Kenyan Minister of Development, is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/07", "description": " French is made equal to English throughout the Canadian national government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/08", "description": " Vietnam War: The very first U.S. troop withdrawals are made.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/10", "description": " Donald Crowhurst's trimaran ''Teignmouth Electron'' is found drifting and unoccupied. It is assumed that Crowhurst might have committed suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/10", "description": "Football War: After Honduras loses a soccer game against El Salvador, rioting breaks out in Honduras against Salvadoran migrant workers. Of the 300,000 Salvadoran workers in Honduras, tens of thousands are expelled, prompting a brief Salvadoran invasion of Honduras. The OAS works out a cease-fire on July 18, which takes effect on July 20.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/10", "description": "Act of Free Choice commenced in Merauke, West Irian.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/16", "description": " Apollo program: ''Apollo 11'' (Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins) lifts off toward the first landing on the Moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/17", "description": " The New York Times publicly takes back the ridicule of the rocket scientist Robert H. Goddard published in 13 Jan 1920 that spaceflight is impossible.ref name=quotastronauticsnow_com-indexquotRobert H. Goddard. ''The New York Times''. astronauticsnow.com\/history\/goddard\/index.html 090118 astronauticsnow.com", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/18", "description": " Chappaquiddick incident \u2013 Edward M. Kennedy drives off a bridge on his way home from a party on Chappaquiddick Island, Massachusetts. Mary Jo Kopechne, a former campaign aide to his brother, dies in the early morning hours of July 19 in the submerged car.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/18", "description": "Gloria Diaz wins the Miss Universe Pageant, with the Philippines receiving its first title.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/18", "description": "John Fairfax lands in Hollywood Beach, Florida near Miami and becomes the first person to row across an ocean solo, after 180 days spent at sea on board  25' ocean rowboat 'Britannia' (left Gran Canaria on January 20, 1969).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/20", "description": " Apollo program: The lunar module ''Eagle'' lands on the lunar surface. An estimated 500 million people worldwide watch in awe as Neil Armstrong takes his historic first steps on the Moon at 02:56 UTC, the largest television audience for a live broadcast at that time.{{cite web|title=Manned Space Chronology: Apollo_11|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.spaceline.org\/flightchron\/apollo11.html|publisher=spaceline.org|accessdate=2008-02-06|\">http:\/\/www.spaceline.org\/flightchron\/apollo11.html|publisher=spaceline.org|accessdate=2008-02-06|<\/a> archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080214213826\/http:\/\/www.spaceline.org\/flightchron\/apollo11.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080214213826\/http:\/\/www.spaceline.org\/flightchron\/apollo11.html|<\/a> archivedate= 14 February 2008 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}{{cite web|title= Apollo Anniversary: Moon Landing quotInspired Worldquot|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.nationalgeographic.com\/news\/2004\/07\/0714_040714_moonlanding.html|publisher=nationalgeographic.com|accessdate=2008-02-06|\">http:\/\/news.nationalgeographic.com\/news\/2004\/07\/0714_040714_moonlanding.html|publisher=nationalgeographic.com|accessdate=2008-02-06|<\/a> archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080209140059\/http:\/\/news.nationalgeographic.com\/news\/2004\/07\/0714_040714_moonlanding.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080209140059\/http:\/\/news.nationalgeographic.com\/news\/2004\/07\/0714_040714_moonlanding.html|<\/a> archivedate= 9 February 2008 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/20", "description": "The ''Apollo 11'' astronauts return from the first successful Moon landing, and are placed in biological isolation for several days, on the chance they may have brought back lunar germs. The airless lunar environment is later determined to preclude microscopic life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/20", "description": "The Soviet Union returns Gerald Brooke to the  United Kingdom in exchange for spies Peter and Helen Kroger (Morris and Lona Cohen).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/25", "description": " Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon declares the Nixon Doctrine, stating that the United States now expects its Asian allies to take care of their own military defense. This starts the quotVietnamizationquot of the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/26", "description": " The New York Chapter of the Young Lords was founded", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/30", "description": " Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard M. Nixon makes an unscheduled visit to South Vietnam, meeting with President Nguyen Van Thieu and U.S. military commanders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/07/31", "description": " The halfpenny ceases to be legal tender in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/08/04", "description": " Vietnam War: At the apartment of French intermediary Jean Sainteny in Paris, U.S. representative Henry Kissinger and North Vietnamese representative Xuan Thuy begin secret peace negotiations. They eventually fail since both sides cannot agree to any terms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/08/05", "description": " Mariner program: ''Mariner 7'' makes its closest fly-by of Mars (3,524 kilometers).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/08/05", "description": "The Beatles at 11:30 have photographer Iain Macmillan take their photo on a zebra crossing on Abbey Road.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/08/05", "description": "A fire breaks out in the Bannerman's Castle in the Hudson River most of the roof collapses and crashes down to the lower levels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/08/05", "description": "The Haunted Mansion attraction opens at Disneyland California.  Later versions opened in Florida, Tokyo and Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/08/05", "description": "Followers of Charles Manson murder Sharon Tate, (who was eight months pregnant), and her friends: Folgers coffee heiress Abigail Folger, Wojciech Frykowski, and Hollywood hairstylist Jay Sebring at the home of Tate and her husband, Roman Polanski, in Los Angeles, California. Also killed was Steven Parent, leaving from a visit to the Polanskis' caretaker.  More than 100 stab wounds are found on the victims, except for Parent, who had been shot almost as soon as the Manson Family entered the property.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/08/10", "description": " The Manson Family kills Leno and Rosemary LaBianca, wealthy Los Angeles businesspeople.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/08/12", "description": " Violence erupts after the Apprentice Boys of Derry march in Derry, Northern Ireland, resulting in a three-day communal riot known as the Battle of the Bogside.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/08/13", "description": " Serious border clashes occur between the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/08/14", "description": " British troops are deployed in Northern Ireland following the 3-day Battle of the Bogside.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/08/15", "description": "August 18 ampndash The Woodstock Festival is held in upstate New York, featuring some of the top rock musicians of the era.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/08/17", "description": " Category 5 Hurricane Camille, the most powerful tropical cyclonic system at landfall in history, hits the Mississippi coast, killing 248 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage (1969 dollars).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/08/20", "description": " Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument is established in Florissant, CO, USA", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/08/21", "description": " Australian Denis Michael Rohan sets the Al-Aqsa Mosque on fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/09/01", "description": " A coup in Libya ousts King Idris, and brings Colonel Muammar Gaddafi to power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/09/01", "description": "The first automatic teller machine in the United States is installed in Rockville Centre, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/09/01", "description": "Ho Chi Minh, former president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/09/05", "description": " Lieutenant William Calley is charged with 6 counts of premeditated murder, for the 1968 My Lai Massacre deaths of 109 Vietnamese civilians in My Lai, Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/09/06", "description": " TV series H.R. Pufnstuf debuts on NBC", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/09/09", "description": " Allegheny Airlines Flight 853 DC-9 collides in flight with a Piper PA-28, and crashes near Fairland, Indiana killing all 83 persons in both aircraft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/09/13", "description": " The first-ever episode of ''Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!'' is broadcast on CBS: quotWhat a Night for a Knightquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/09/20", "description": " The very last Warner Bros. cartoon of the original theatrical Looney Tunes series is released: ''Injun Trouble''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/09/22", "description": "September 25 ampndash An Islamic conference in Rabat, Morocco, following the al-Aqsa Mosque fire (August 21), condemns the Israeli claim of ownership of Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/09/23", "description": " ''Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid'' directed by George Roy Hill and starring Paul Newman and Robert Redford opens to limited release in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/09/24", "description": " The ''Chicago Eight'' trial begins in Chicago, Illinois.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/09/25", "description": " Organisation of the Islamic Conference founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/09/25", "description": "The Beatles release their ''Abbey Road'' album, receiving critical praise and enormous commercial success.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/09/25", "description": "''The Brady Bunch'' premieres on ABC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/09/28", "description": " The Social Democrats and the Free Democrats receive a majority of votes in the German parliamentary elections, and decide to form a common government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/09/28", "description": "In Sweden, Olof Palme is elected Labour Party leader, replacing Tage Erlander as prime minister on October 14.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/09/28", "description": "The Beijing Subway begins operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/10/02", "description": " A 1.2 megaton thermonuclear device is tested at Amchitka Island, Alaska. This test is code-named Project Milrow, the 11th test of the Operation Mandrel 1969\u20131970 underground nuclear test series. This test is known as a quotcalibration shotquot to test if the island is fit for larger underground nuclear detonations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/10/05", "description": " ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'' first airs on BBC One.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/10/09", "description": "October 12 ampndash Days of Rage: In Chicago, the United States National Guard is called in to control demonstrations involving the radical Weathermen, in connection with the quotChicago Eightquot Trial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/10/15", "description": " Vietnam War: Hundreds of thousands of people take part in Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam demonstrations across the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/10/16", "description": " The quotmiraclequot New York Mets win the World Series, beating the heavily favored Baltimore Orioles 4 games to 1.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/10/16", "description": "Willard S. Boyle and George Smith invent the CCD at Bell Laboratories (30 years later, this technology is widely used in digital cameras).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/10/16", "description": "Fourteen black athletes are kicked off the University of Wyoming football team for wearing black armbands into their coach's office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/10/16", "description": "Willy Brandt becomes Chancellor of West Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/10/16", "description": "General Siad Barre comes to power in Somalia in a coup, 6 days after the assassination of President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/10/29", "description": " The first message is sent over ARPANET, the forerunner of the internet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/10/31", "description": " Wal-Mart incorporates as Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/10/31", "description": "Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard M. Nixon addresses the nation on television and radio, asking the ampquotsilent majorityampquot to join him in solidarity with the Vietnam War effort, and to support his policies.   Vice President Spiro T. Agnew denounces the President's critics as 'an effete corps of impudent snobs' and 'nattering nabobs of negativism'.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/10/31", "description": "S\u00fcleyman Demirel of AP forms the new government of Turkey (31st government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/11/09", "description": " A group of Amerindians, led by Richard Oakes, seizes Alcatraz Island for 19 months, inspiring a wave of renewed Indian pride and government reform.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/11/10", "description": " ''Sesame Street'' premieres on the National Educational Television (NET) network.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/11/12", "description": " Vietnam War ampndash My Lai Massacre: Independent investigative journalist Seymour Hersh breaks the My Lai story.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/11/14", "description": " Apollo program: NASA launches ''Apollo 12'' (Pete Conrad, Richard Gordon, Alan Bean), the second manned mission to the Moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/11/14", "description": "Cold War: The Soviet submarine K-19 collides with the American submarine USS ''Gato'' in the Barents Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/11/14", "description": "Vietnam War: In Washington, DC, 250,000\u2013500,000 protesters stage a peaceful demonstration against the war, including a symbolic ampquotMarch Against Deathampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/11/14", "description": "Regular colour television broadcasts begin on BBC1 and ITV in UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/11/14", "description": "Dave Thomas opens his first restaurant in a former steakhouse on a cold, snowy Saturday in downtown Columbus, Ohio. He names the chain ''Wendy's'' after his 8-year-old daughter Melinda Lou (nicknamed Wendy by her siblings).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/11/17", "description": " Cold War: Negotiators from the Soviet Union and the United States meet in Helsinki, to begin the SALT I negotiations aimed at limiting the number of strategic weapons on both sides.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/11/17", "description": "Apollo program: ''Apollo 12'' astronauts Charles Conrad and Alan Bean land at Oceanus Procellarum (ampquotOcean of Stormsampquot), becoming the third and fourth humans to walk on the Moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/11/17", "description": "Soccer great Pel\u00e9 scores his 1,000th goal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/11/17", "description": "Vietnam War: ''The Plain Dealer'' publishes explicit photographs of dead villagers from the My Lai massacre in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/11/17", "description": "Richard Oakes returns with 90 followers and offers to buy Alcatraz for $24 (he leaves the island January 1970).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/11/17", "description": "U.S. President Richard Nixon and Japanese Premier Eisaku Sato agree in Washington, D.C. to the return of Okinawa to Japanese control in 1972. Under the terms of the agreement, the U.S. retains rights to military bases on the island, but they must be nuclear-free.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/11/17", "description": "The first ARPANET link is established (the progenitor of the global Internet).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/11/17", "description": "The United States Senate votes down the Supreme Court nomination of Clement Haynsworth, the first such rejection since 1930.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/11/24", "description": " Apollo program: The ''Apollo 12'' spacecraft splashes down safely in the Pacific Ocean, ending the second manned mission to the Moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/11/25", "description": " John Lennon returns his MBE medal to protest the British government's support of the U.S. war in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/12/01", "description": " Vietnam War: The first draft lottery in the United States is held since World War II (on January 4, 1970, the ''New York Times'' will run a long article, quotStatisticians Charge Draft Lottery Was Not Randomquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/12/02", "description": " The Boeing 747 jumbo jet makes its debut. It carries 191 people, most of them reporters and photographers, from Seattle, Washington, to New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/12/04", "description": " Black Panther Party members Fred Hampton and Mark Clark are shot dead in their sleep during a raid by 14 Chicago police officers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/12/06", "description": " The Altamont Free Concert is held at the Altamont Speedway in northern California. Hosted by the Rolling Stones, it is an attempt at a quotWoodstock Westquot and is best known for the uproar of violence that occurred. It is viewed by many as the quotend of the sixties.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/12/12", "description": " The Piazza Fontana bombing in Italy (Strage di Piazza Fontana) takes place. A U.S. Navy officer and C.I.A. agent called David Carrett is later investigated for possible involvement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/12/28", "description": " The Young Lords took over the First Spanish Methodist Church in East Harlem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/12/30", "description": " The Linwood bank robbery leaves two police officers dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/12/31", "description": " The date you are commonly given when a computer's time is set to 0 in seconds. Start of the Unix Epoch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/12/31", "description": "Common African, Malagasy and Mauritian Organization (OCAMM) (Organisation Commune Africaine Malgache et Mauricienne).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/12/31", "description": "The first Gap store opens, in San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/12/31", "description": "Reported as being the year the first strain of the AIDS virus (HIV) migrates to the United States via Haiti.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.voanews.com\/english\/news\/a-13-2007-10-30-voa66.htmlampamp\">http:\/\/www.voanews.com\/english\/news\/a-13-2007-10-30-voa66.htmlampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/12/31", "description": "Summer sees the invention of Unix under the potential name ampquotUnicsampquot (after Multics).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/12/31", "description": "Laurence J. Peter and Raymond Hull publish their book ''The Peter Principle: why things always go wrong'' in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/12/31", "description": "Women are allowed membership into the Future Farmers of America (now the National FFA Organization).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/12/31", "description": "Long John Silver's restaurant chain opens first store in Lexington, Kentucky.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1969/12/31", "description": "The Satanic Bible is written and published by Anton LaVey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/01/01", "description": " UNIX epoch begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/01/01", "description": "The first episode of US soap opera ''All My Children'' is broadcast on the ABC television network.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/01/01", "description": "An earthquake (Richter Scale 7.7 magnitude) at Yunnan, China kills at least 15,621.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/01/12", "description": " Biafra capitulates, ending the Nigerian civil war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/01/14", "description": " Diana Ross amp The Supremes perform their farewell live concert together at the Frontier Hotel in Las Vegas. Ross's replacement, Jean Terrell, is introduced onstage at the end of the last show.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/01/15", "description": " After a 32-month fight for independence from Nigeria, Biafran forces under Philip Effiong formally surrender to General Yakubu Gowon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/01/20", "description": " The Greater London Council announces its plans for the Thames Barrier at Woolwich to prevent flooding (the barrier opens in 1981).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/01/20", "description": "Five lifeboatmen are killed when a Fraserburgh, Scotland vessel, ''The Duchess of Kent'', capsizes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/01/20", "description": "Pan American Airways offers the first commercially scheduled 747 service from John F. Kennedy International Airport to London Heathrow Airport.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/01/26", "description": " Mick Jagger is fined \u00a3200 for possession of cannabis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/02/01", "description": " A train collision near Buenos Aires, Argentina kills 236.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/02/10", "description": " An avalanche at Val d'Is\u00e8re, France kills 39 tourists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/02/11", "description": " ''\u014csumi'', Japan's first satellite, is launched on a Lambda-4 rocket.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/02/13", "description": " Black Sabbath's debut album, ''Black Sabbath'' released often regarded as the first true heavy metal album.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/02/14", "description": " The iconic live album ''The Who: Live at Leeds'' is recorded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/02/14", "description": "MacDonald family massacre: Jeffrey R. MacDonald kills his wife and children at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, claiming that drugged-out ampquothippiesampquot did it.thumb|150px| February 11: \u014csumi (satellite) launched", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/02/14", "description": "Author David Irving is ordered to pay \u00a340,000 libel damages to Capt. John Broome over his book ''The Destruction of Convoy PQ17''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/02/18", "description": " A jury finds the Chicago Seven defendants not guilty of conspiring to incite a riot, in charges stemming from the violence at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Five of the defendants are found guilty on the lesser charge of crossing state lines to incite a riot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/02/19", "description": " Poseidon bubble: shares in Australian nickel mining company Poseidon NL, which stood at $0.80 in September 1969, peak at around $280 before the speculative bubble bursts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/02/21", "description": " Construction begins on the Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Bridge crossing the Bosphorus in Istanbul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/02/22", "description": " Guyana becomes a Republic within the Commonwealth of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/02/26", "description": " Chevrolet release the second generation Camaro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/03/01", "description": " Rhodesia severs its last tie with the United Kingdom, declaring itself a  republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/03/05", "description": " The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty goes into effect, after ratification by 56 nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/03/05", "description": "A bomb being constructed by members of the Weathermen and meant to be planted at a military dance in New Jersey, explodes, killing 3 members of the organization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/03/05", "description": "S\u00fcleyman Demirel of AP forms the new  government of Turkey (32nd government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/03/05", "description": "Citro\u00ebn introduces the SM at the Geneva Auto Salon", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/03/05", "description": "A Solar Eclipse passes along the Atlantic coast region. Totality was visible across southern Mexico and across the southeast coast of the United States, Nantucket, and Nova Scotia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/03/12", "description": " Teenagers in the United Kingdom vote for the first time, in a by-election in Bridgwater.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/03/15", "description": " The Expo '70 World's Fair opens in Suita, Osaka, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/03/16", "description": " The complete New English Bible is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/03/17", "description": " My Lai massacre: The United States Army charges 14 officers with suppressing information related to the incident.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/03/17", "description": "General Lon Nol ousts Prince Norodom Sihanouk of Cambodia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/03/17", "description": "United States Postal Service workers in New York City go on strike the strike spreads to the state of California and the cities of Akron, Ohio, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Chicago, Boston, and Denver, Colorado 210,000 out of 750,000 U.S. postal employees walk out. President Nixon assigns military units to New York City post offices. The strike lasts 2 weeks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/03/20", "description": " Agency for Cultural and Technical Co-operation (ACCT) (Agence de Coop\u00e9ration Culturelle et Technique).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/03/20", "description": "The first Earth Day proclamation is issued by San Francisco Mayor Joseph Alioto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/03/20", "description": "ampquotAll Kinds of Everythingampquot, sung by Dana (music and text by Derry Lindsay and Jackie Smith), wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1970 for Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/03/20", "description": "NASA's ''Explorer 1'', the first American satellite and Explorer program spacecraft, reenters Earth's atmosphere after 12 years in orbit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/03/20", "description": "Japan Airlines Flight 351, carrying 131 passengers and 7 crew from Tokyo to Fukuoka, is hijacked by Japanese Red Army members. All passengers are eventually freed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/03/20", "description": "American President Richard Nixon signs the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act into law, banning cigarette television advertisements in the United States with effect from January 1, 1971.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/03/20", "description": "American Motors Corporation introduces the Gremlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/04/06", "description": " BBC Radio 4 broadcasts the first edition of ''PM''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/04/06", "description": "A huge gas explosion at a subway construction site in Osaka, Japan kills 79 and injures over 400.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/04/06", "description": "Israeli Air Force F4 Phantom II fighter bombers kill forty-seven Egyptian school children at an elementary school in what is known as Bahr el-Baqar massacre. The single-floor school was hit by five bombs and two air-to-ground missiles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/04/10", "description": " Paul McCartney announces that the Beatles have disbanded, while at the same press conference, announcing the release of his first solo album. The ''Elton John'' album is released, the second album by Elton John, but the first to chart and the first to be released in America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/04/10", "description": "An avalanche at a tuberculosis sanatorium in the French Alps kills 74, mostly young boys.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/04/10", "description": "Apollo program: ''Apollo 13'' (Jim Lovell, Fred Haise, Jack Swigert) is launched toward the Moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/04/10", "description": "Chelsea and Leeds united draw 2-2 in the 1970 FA cup final it went to at replay at Old Trafford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/04/13", "description": " An oxygen tank in the Apollo 13 spacecraft explodes, forcing the crew to abort the mission and return in 4 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/04/13", "description": "Rev. Ian Paisley wins a by-election to gain a seat in the House of Commons of Northern Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/04/13", "description": "The National Westminster Bank begins trading in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/04/17", "description": " Apollo program: ''Apollo 13'' splashes down safely in the Pacific.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/04/21", "description": " The Hutt River Province Principality secedes from Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/04/22", "description": " The first Earth Day is celebrated in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/04/24", "description": " China's first satellite (''Dong Fang Hong 1'') is launched into orbit using a Long March-1 Rocket (CZ-1).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/04/26", "description": " World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/04/29", "description": " The U.S. invades Cambodia to hunt out the Viet Cong widespread, large antiwar protests occur in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/01", "description": " Demonstrations against the trial of the New Haven Nine, Bobby Seale, and Ericka Huggins draw 12,000.  President Richard Nixon orders U.S. forces to cross into neutral Cambodia, threatening to widen the Vietnam War, sparking nationwide riots and leading to the Kent State Shootings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/04", "description": " Kent State shootings: Four students at Kent State University in Ohio are killed and 9 wounded by Ohio National Guardsmen, at a protest against the incursion into Cambodia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/04", "description": "Arms Crisis in the Republic of Ireland: Charles Haughey and Neil Blaney are dismissed as members of the Irish Government, for accusations of their involvement in a plot to import arms for use by the Provisional IRA in Northern Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/04", "description": "Feyenoord wins the European Cup after a 2\u20131 win over Celtic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/04", "description": "Hard Hat riot: Unionized construction workers attack about 1,000 students and others protesting the Kent State shootings near the intersection of Wall Street and Broad Street and at New York City Hall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/04", "description": "The Beatles release their 12th and final album, ''Let It Be''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/04", "description": "The New York Knicks win their first NBA championship, defeating the Los Angeles Lakers 113-99 in Game 7 of the world championship series at Madison Square Garden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/09", "description": " In Washington, D.C., 100,000 people demonstrate against the Vietnam War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/10", "description": " The Boston Bruins win their first Stanley Cup since 1941 when Bobby Orr scores a goal 40 seconds into overtime for a 4-3 victory which completed a four-game sweep of the St. Louis Blues.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/10", "description": "Henry Marrow is murdered in a violent hate crime in Oxford, North Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/10", "description": "Lubbock Tornado: An ''F5'' tornado hits downtown Lubbock, Texas, the first to hit a downtown district of a major city since Topeka, Kansas in 1966 28 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/10", "description": "Ulrike Meinhof helps Andreas Baader escape.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/10", "description": "In the second day of violent demonstrations at Jackson State University in Jackson, Mississippi, state law enforcement officers fire into the demonstrators, killing 2 and injuring 12.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/17", "description": " Thor Heyerdahl sets sail from Morocco on the papyrus boat ''Ra II'', to sail the Atlantic Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/23", "description": " A fire occurs in the Britannia Bridge over the Menai Strait near Bangor, Caernarfonshire, Wales, contributing to its partial destruction and amounting to approximately \u00a31,000,000 worth of fire damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/24", "description": " The scientific drilling of the Kola Superdeep Borehole begins in the USSR.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/26", "description": " The Soviet Tupolev Tu-144 becomes the first commercial transport to exceed Mach 2.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/27", "description": " A British expedition climbs the south face of Annapurna I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/27", "description": "The 1970 Ancash earthquake causes a landslide that buries the town of Yungay, Peru more than 47,000 people are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/05/27", "description": "The 1970 FIFA World Cup is inaugurated in Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/06/01", "description": " ''Soyuz 9'', a two man spacecraft, is launched in the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/06/02", "description": " Norway announces that it has rich oil deposits off its North Sea coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/06/04", "description": " Tonga gains independence from the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/06/06", "description": " A D-Day celebration is held in Washington, D.C..", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/06/07", "description": " The Who become the first act to perform rock music (their rock opera, Tommy) at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/06/08", "description": " A coup in Argentina brings a new junta of service chiefs on June 18, Roberto M. Levingston becomes President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/06/11", "description": " The United States gets its first female generals: Anna Mae Hays and Elizabeth P. Hoisington.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/06/12", "description": " N.D.F.L.O.A.G. guerrillas attack military garrisons at Izki and Nizwa in Oman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/06/18", "description": " United Kingdom general election, 1970: the Conservative Party wins and Edward Heath becomes Prime Minister, ousting the Labour government of Harold Wilson after nearly six years in power. The election result was something of a surprise, as most of the opinion polls had predicted a third successive Labour win.<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/june\/19\/newsid_3829000\/3829819.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/june\/19\/newsid_3829000\/3829819.stm<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/06/18", "description": "Brazil defeats Italy 4\u20131 to win the 1970 FIFA World Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/06/18", "description": "Penn Central declares Section 77 bankruptcy, largest ever US corporate bankruptcy up to this date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/06/24", "description": " The United States Senate repeals the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/06/28", "description": " U.S. ground troops withdraw from Cambodia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/06/30", "description": " Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/06/30", "description": "Colorado State College changes its name to University of Northern Colorado.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/06/30", "description": "The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is subordinated to Public Health Service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/07/03", "description": " The French Army detonates a 914 kiloton thermonuclear device in the Mururoa Atoll. It is their fourth and largest nuclear test.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/07/03", "description": "A chartered Dan-Air De Havilland Comet crashes into the mountains north of Barcelona at least 112 people are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/07/03", "description": "Bob Hope and other entertainers gather in Washington, D.C. for ''Honor America Day'', a nonpartisan holiday event.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/07/03", "description": "Longtime radio music countdown show American Top 40 debuts on 5 U.S. stations with Casey Kasem as host.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/07/05", "description": " Air Canada Flight 621 crashes at Toronto International Airport, Toronto, Ontario all 109 passengers and crew are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/07/11", "description": " The first tunnel under the Pyrenees links the towns of Aragnouet (France) and Bielsa (Spain).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/07/12", "description": " Thor Heyerdahl's papyrus boat ''Ra II'' arrives in Barbados.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/07/16", "description": " Three Rivers Stadium in Pittsburgh opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/07/21", "description": " The Aswan High Dam in Egypt is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/07/21", "description": "Said bin Taimur, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, is deposed in a palace coup by his son, Qaboos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/07/21", "description": "Two CS gas canisters are thrown into the chamber of the British House of Commons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/07/30", "description": " Damages totalling \u00a3485,528 are awarded to 28 Thalidomide victims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/07/31", "description": " NBC anchor Chet Huntley retires from full-time broadcasting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/08/07", "description": " Harold Haley, Marin County Superior Court Judge, is taken hostage and murdered, in an effort to free George Jackson from police custody.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/08/17", "description": "August 18 ampndash The U.S. sinks 418 containers of nerve gas into the Gulf Stream near the Bahamas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/08/17", "description": " Venera program: ''Venera 7'' is launched. It later becomes the first spacecraft to successfully transmit data from the surface of another planet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/08/26", "description": " The Women's Strike for Equality takes place down Fifth Avenue in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/08/26", "description": "August 30 ampndash The Isle of Wight Festival 1970 takes place on East Afton Farm off the coast of England. Some 600,000 people attend the largest rock festival of all time. Artists include Jimi Hendrix, The Who, The Doors, Chicago, Richie Havens, John Sebastian, Joan Baez, Ten Years After, Emerson, Lake amp Palmer and Jethro Tull.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/08/29", "description": " Rub\u00e9n Salazar is shot and killed during a rally in East Los Angeles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/01", "description": " An assassination attempt against King Hussein of Jordan precipitates the Black September crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/03", "description": " September 6 ampndash Israeli forces fight Palestinian guerillas in southern Lebanon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/05", "description": " Vietnam War ampndash Operation Jefferson Glenn: The United States 101st Airborne Division and the South Vietnamese 1st Infantry Division initiate a new operation in Thua Thien Province (the operation ends in October 1971).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/06", "description": " Dawson's Field hijackings, The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine hijacks 4 passenger aircraft from Pan Am, TWA and Swissair on flights to New York from Brussels, Frankfurt and Z\u00fcrich.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/06", "description": "An anti-war rally is held at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, attended by John Kerry, Jane Fonda and Donald Sutherland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/06", "description": "Fighting breaks out between Arab guerillas and government forces in Amman, Jordan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/08", "description": "September 10 ampndash The Jordanian government and Palestinian guerillas make truces they keep breaking.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/08", "description": "Guinea recognizes East Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/08", "description": "Elvis Presley begins his first concert tour since 1958 in Phoenix, Arizona at the Veterans Memorial Coliseum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/08", "description": "Cambodian government forces break the siege of Kompong Tho after 3 months.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/08", "description": "The Chevrolet Vega is introduced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/11", "description": " The Ford Pinto is introduced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/13", "description": " The first New York City Marathon begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/15", "description": " King Hussein of Jordan forms a military government with Muhammad Daoud as the prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/15", "description": "Jimi Hendrix dies in London of drug related complications.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/15", "description": "Black Sabbath releases its second album, ''Paranoid''", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/15", "description": "Syrian armored forces cross the Jordanian border.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/15", "description": "''Luna 16'' lands on the Moon and lifts off the next day with samples. It lands on Earth September 24.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/15", "description": "Palestinian armored forces reinforce Palestinian guerillas in Irbidi, Jordan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/15", "description": "''Monday Night Football'' debuts on ABC the Cleveland Browns defeat the New York Jets 31-21 in front of more than 85,000 fans at Cleveland Stadium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/15", "description": "The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/15", "description": "Tunku Abdul Rahman resigns as prime minister of Malaysia, and is succeeded by his deputy Tun Abdul Razak.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/23", "description": " The first women's only tennis tournament begins in Houston, known as the Houston Women's Invitation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/26", "description": " The Laguna Fire starts in San Diego County, burning {{convert|175,425|acre|km2}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/27", "description": " Richard Nixon begins a tour of Europe, visiting Italy, Yugoslavia, Spain, the United Kingdom and Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/28", "description": " Gamal Abdal Nasser dies Vice President Anwar Sadat is named temporary president of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/28", "description": "The U.S. Congress gives President Richard Nixon authority to sell arms to Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/09/28", "description": "In Berlin, Baader-Meinhof Gang members rob 3 banks, with loot totaling over DM200,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/02", "description": " The Wichita State University football team's quotGoldquot plane crashes in Colorado, killing most of the players. They were on their way (along with administrators and fans) to a game with Utah State University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/02", "description": "In Lebanon, the government of Prime Minister Rashid Karami resigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/02", "description": "National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/02", "description": "National Weather Service of NOAA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/02", "description": "NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/02", "description": "In Bolivia, Army Commander General Rogelio Miranda and a group of officers rebel and demand the resignation of President Alfredo Ovando Cand\u00eda, who fires him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/02", "description": "National Educational Television ends operations, being succeeded by PBS.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/02", "description": "In Los Angeles, Rock and blues singer Janis Joplin dies in her hotel room, from an overdose of heroin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/02", "description": "U.S. President Richard Nixon's European tour ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/02", "description": "The Front de lib\u00e9ration du Qu\u00e9bec (FLQ) kidnaps James Cross in Montreal and demands release of all its imprisoned members. The next day the Canadian government announces it will not meet the demand, beginning Quebec's October Crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/02", "description": "The Public Broadcasting Service begins broadcasting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/02", "description": "Bolivian President Alfredo Ovando Cand\u00eda resigns General Rogelio Miranda takes over but resigns soon after.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/02", "description": "French President Georges Pompidou visits the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/07", "description": " General Juan Jos\u00e9 Torres becomes the new President of Bolivia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/07", "description": "The U.S. Foreign Office announces that renewal of arms sales to Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/07", "description": "Soviet author Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn is awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/07", "description": "Vietnam War: In Paris, a Communist delegation rejects U.S. President Richard Nixon's October 7 peace proposal as ampquota maneuver to deceive world opinion.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/09", "description": " The Khmer Republic is proclaimed in Cambodia which begins the Civil War with the Khmer Rouge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/09", "description": "Fiji becomes independent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/09", "description": "October Crisis: In Montreal, Quebec, a national crisis hits Canada when Quebec Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte becomes the second statesman kidnapped by members of the FLQ terrorist group.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/11", "description": " Eleven French soldiers are killed in a shootout with rebels in Chad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/12", "description": " Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard Nixon announces that the United States will withdraw 40,000 more troops before Christmas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/12", "description": "Canada and the People's Republic of China establish diplomatic relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/12", "description": "Saeb Salam forms a government in Lebanon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/14", "description": " A Chinese nuclear test is conducted in Lop Nor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/14", "description": "In Egypt, a referendum supports Anwar Sadat 90.04%.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/14", "description": "A section of the new West Gate Bridge in Melbourne collapses into the river below, killing 35 construction workers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/14", "description": "The Baltimore Orioles defeat the Cincinnati Reds in Game 5 of the World Series, 9\u20133, to win the series 4 games to 1 for their 2nd World Championship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/14", "description": "The domestic Soviet Aeroflot Flight 244 is hijacked and diverted to Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/16", "description": " October Crisis: The Canadian government declares a state of emergency and outlaws the Quebec Liberation Front.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/16", "description": "October Crisis: Pierre Laporte is found murdered in south Montreal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/16", "description": "A cholera epidemic breaks out in Istanbul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/16", "description": "Anwar Sadat officially becomes President of Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/16", "description": "The Soviet Union launches the ''Zond 8'' lunar probe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/16", "description": "Egyptian president Anwar Sadat names Mahmoud Fawzi as his prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/21", "description": " A U.S. Air Force plane makes an emergency landing near Leninakan, Soviet Union. The Soviets release the American officers, including 2 generals, November 10.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/22", "description": " Chilean army commander Ren\u00e9 Schneider is shot in Santiago the government declares a state of emergency. Schneider dies October 25.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/24", "description": " Salvador Allende is elected President of Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/25", "description": " The wreck of the Confederate submarine ''Hunley'' is found off Charleston, South Carolina, by pioneer underwater archaeologist, Dr. E. Lee Spence,<a href=\"http:\/\/www.usnews.com\/usnews\/news\/articles\/070624\/2hunley_2.htm\">http:\/\/www.usnews.com\/usnews\/news\/articles\/070624\/2hunley_2.htm<\/a> Cover Story: Time Capsule From The Sea ampndash ''U.S. News amp World Report'', July 2\u20139, 2007 then just 22 years old. ''Hunley'' was the first submarine in history to sink a ship in warfare.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/26", "description": " Garry Trudeau's comic strip ''Doonesbury'' debuts in approximately two dozen newspapers in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/26", "description": "In Jordan, the government of Ahmed Toukan resigns the next prime minister is Wasfi Al-Tal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/26", "description": "A cholera outbreak in eastern Slovakia causes Hungary to close its border with Czechoslovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/26", "description": "Gary Gabelich drives the rocket-powered ''Blue Flame'' to an official world land speed record of 622.287ampampnbspmph (1ampampnbsp001.452ampampnbsp863ampampnbspkm\/h) on the dry lake bed of the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah. The record, the first above 1ampampnbsp000ampampnbspkm\/h, stands for nearly 13 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/10/30", "description": " In Vietnam, the worst monsoon to hit the area in 6 years causes large floods, kills 293, leaves 200,000 homeless and virtually halts the Vietnam War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/01", "description": " Club Cinq-Sept fire in Saint-Laurent-du-Pont, France, kills 146.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/01", "description": "Democrats sweep the U.S. Congressional midterm elections Ronald Reagan is reelected governor of California Jimmy Carter is elected governor of Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/01", "description": "Salvador Allende becomes president of Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/01", "description": "Vietnam War ampampndash Vietnamization: The United States turns control of the air base in the Mekong Delta to South Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/01", "description": "Social workers in Los Angeles, California take custody of Genie, a girl who had been kept in solitary confinement since her birth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/05", "description": " Vietnam War: The United States Military Assistance Command in Vietnam reports the lowest weekly American soldier death toll in 5 years (24 soldiers die that week, which is the fifth consecutive week the death toll is below 50 431 are reported wounded that week, however).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/05", "description": "Egypt, Libya and Sudan announce their intentions to form a federation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/05", "description": "Tom Dempsey, who was born with a deformed right foot and right hand, set a National Football League record by kicking a 63-yard field goal to lift the New Orleans Saints to a 19-17 victory over the Detroit Lions at Tulane Stadium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/05", "description": "The Soviet Union launches ''Luna 17''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/05", "description": "Vietnam War: The Supreme Court of the United States votes 6\u20133 not to hear a case by the state of Massachusetts, about the constitutionality of a state law granting Massachusetts residents the right to refuse military service in an undeclared war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/10", "description": " Vietnam War ampndash Vietnamization: For the first time in 5 years, an entire week ends with no reports of United States combat fatalities in Southeast Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/12", "description": " Soviet author Andrei Amalrik is sentenced to 3 years for 'anti-Soviet' writings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/12", "description": "Hafez al-Assad comes to power in Syria, following a military coup within the Ba'ath party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/12", "description": "1970 Bhola cyclone: A 120-mph (193ampampnbspkm\/h) tropical cyclone hits the densely populated Ganges Delta region of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), killing an estimated 500,000 people (considered the 20th century's worst cyclone disaster).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/12", "description": "Southern Airlines Flight 932 crashes in Wayne County, West Virginia all 75 on board, including 37 players and 5 coaches from the Marshall University football team, are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/12", "description": "The Soviet Union enters the ICAO, making Russian the fourth official language of the organization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/16", "description": " The Lockheed L-1011 Tristar flies for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/16", "description": "Vietnam War: Lieutenant William Calley goes on trial for the My Lai massacre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/16", "description": "Luna program: The Soviet Union lands ''Lunokhod 1'' on Mare Imbrium (Sea of Rains) on the Moon. This is the first roving remote-controlled robot to land on another world, and is released by the orbiting Luna 17 spacecraft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/16", "description": "U.S. President Richard Nixon asks the U.S. Congress for US$155 million in supplemental aid for the Cambodian government (US$85 million is for military assistance to prevent the overthrow of the government of Premier Lon Nol by the Khmer Rouge and North Vietnam).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/16", "description": "The United Nations Security Council demands that no government recognize Rhodesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/19", "description": " European Economic Community prime ministers meet in Munich.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/19", "description": "Syrian Prime Minister Hafez al-Assad forms a new government but retains the post of defense minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/19", "description": "In Ethiopia, the Eritrean Liberation Front kills an Ethiopian general.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/19", "description": "Vietnam War ampampndash Operation Ivory Coast: A joint Air Force and Army team raids the Son Tay prison camp in an attempt to free American POWs thought to be held there (no Americans are killed, but the prisoners have already moved to another camp all U.S. POWs are moved to a handful of central prison complexes as a result of this raid).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/22", "description": " Guinean president Sekou Toure accuses Portugal of an attack when hundreds of mercenaries land near the capital Conakry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/23", "description": "November 24 ampndash The Guinean army repels the landing attempts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/23", "description": " Rodgers and Hammerstein's ''Oklahoma!'' makes its network TV debut, when CBS telecasts the 1955 film version as a 3-hour Thanksgiving special.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/25", "description": "November 29 ampndash A U.N. delegation arrives to investigate the Guinea situation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/25", "description": " In Tokyo, author and Tatenokai militia leader Yukio Mishima and his followers take over the headquarters of the Japan Self-Defense Forces. After Mishima's speech fails to sway public opinion towards his right-wing political beliefs, he commits seppuku.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/25", "description": "East Pakistan leader Sheik Mujibur Rahman accuses the central government of negligence in catastrophe relief.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/25", "description": "Pope Paul VI begins an Asian tour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/27", "description": " Bolivian artist Benjamin Mendoza tries to assassinate Pope Paul VI during his visit in Manila.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/30", "description": " British Caledonian Airways Ltd. (BCal) is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/30", "description": "The Italian House of Representatives accepts the new divorce law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/30", "description": "Ethiopia recognizes the People's Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/30", "description": "The Basque ETA kidnaps West German Eugen Beihl in San Sebasti\u00e1n.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/11/30", "description": "Luis Echeverr\u00eda becomes president of Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/02", "description": " The United States Environmental Protection Agency begins operations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/03", "description": " October Crisis: In Montreal, Quebec, kidnapped British Trade Commissioner James Cross is released by the Front de lib\u00e9ration du Qu\u00e9bec terrorist group after being held hostage for 60 days. Police negotiate his release and in return the Government of Canada grants 5 terrorists from the FLQ's Chenier Cell their request for safe passage to Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/03", "description": " Burgos Trial: In Burgos, Spain, the trial of 16 Basque terrorism suspects begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/03", "description": "The Spanish government declares a 3-month martial law in the Basque county of Guipuzco, over strikes and demonstrations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/03", "description": "The U.N. announces that Portuguese navy and army units were responsible for the attempted invasion of Guinea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/03", "description": "The Asian and Australian tour of Pope Paul VI ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/03", "description": "Fluminense wins the Brazil Football Championship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/03", "description": "Giovanni Enrico Bucher, the Swiss ambassador to Brazil, is kidnapped in Rio de Janeiro kidnappers demand the release of 70 political prisoners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/03", "description": "The U.N. General Assembly supports the isolation of South Africa for its apartheid policies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/03", "description": "During his visit to the Polish capital, German Chancellor Willy Brandt goes down on his knees in front of a monument to the victims of the Warsaw Ghetto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/12", "description": " A landslide in western Colombia leaves 200 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/13", "description": " The government of Poland announces food price increases. Riots and looting lead to a bloody confrontation between the rioters and the government on December 15, and martial law December 17\u201322.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/13", "description": "The USSR's ''Venera 7'' becomes the first spacecraft to land successfully on Venus and transmit data back to Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/13", "description": "The South Korean ferry ''Namyong Ho'' capsizes off Korean Strait 308 people are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/16", "description": " The Ethiopian government declares a state of emergency in the county of Eritrea over the activities of the Eritrean Liberation Front.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/16", "description": "General Secretary of the Polish Communist Party, W\u0142adys\u0142aw Gomu\u0142ka, resigns Edward Gierek replaces him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/16", "description": "An Egyptian delegation leaves for Moscow to ask for economic and military aid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/16", "description": "The Libyan Revolutionary Council declares that it will nationalize all foreign banks in the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/16", "description": "Franz Stangl, the ex-commander of Treblinka, is sentenced to life imprisonment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/16", "description": "The Polish government freezes food prices for 2 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/16", "description": "The Bolivian government releases R\u00e9gis Debray.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/16", "description": "The North Tower of the World Trade Center is topped out at 1,368 feet (417ampampnbspm), making it the tallest building in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/25", "description": " The ETA releases Eugen Beihl.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/27", "description": " India's president declares new elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/27", "description": "Burgos Trial: Three Basques are sentenced to death (3 twice), others sentenced to 12 to 62 years, and one is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/27", "description": "The suspected killers of Pierre Laporte, Jacques and Paul Rose and Francis Sunard, are arrested near Montreal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/29", "description": " U.S. President Richard Nixon signs into law the Occupational Safety and Health Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/29", "description": "In Viscaya, Spain, Basque county, 15,000 go on strike to protest the Burgos trial death sentences.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/29", "description": "Francisco Franco commutes the death sentences of the Burgos Trial defendants to 30 years in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/31", "description": " Paul McCartney sues in Great Britain to dissolve the Beatles' legal partnership.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/31", "description": "The first Regional Technical Colleges open in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/31", "description": "Sada Abe, Japanese former prostitute and later actress, disappears.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/31", "description": "The Sweet Track, the world's oldest engineered roadway, is discovered in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/31", "description": "Alvin Toffler publishes his book ''Future Shock''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1970/12/31", "description": "Sammlung zeitgen\u00f6ssischer Kunst der Bundesrepublik Deutschland", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971", "description": "Ibrox disaster: A stairway crush at the Rangers vs. Celtic football match in Glasgow, Scotland kills 66.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971", "description": "A ban on radio and television cigarette advertisements goes into effect in the United States.ampampampquotCigarette Maker Phillip Morris Agrees to Remove Advertising Signs from Sports Stadiums Where They Were Shown on TVampquot (1995) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.usdoj.gov\/opa\/pr\/Pre_96\/June95\/315.txt.html\">http:\/\/www.usdoj.gov\/opa\/pr\/Pre_96\/June95\/315.txt.html<\/a> DOJ315 United States Department of Justice.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/01/03", "description": " BBC Open University begins in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/01/05", "description": " The 1st ever ODI cricket match is played between Australia amp England at the M.C.G.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/01/08", "description": " Tupamaros kidnap Geoffrey Jackson, British ambassador to Uruguay, in Montevideo, keeping him captive until September.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/01/09", "description": " Uruguayan president Jorge Pacheco Areco demands emergency powers for 90 days due to kidnappings, and receives them the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/01/12", "description": " The landmark television sitcom ''All In The Family'', starring Carroll O'Connor as Archie Bunker, debuts on CBS.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/01/14", "description": " Seventy Brazilian political prisoners are released in Santiago, Chile. Giovanni Enrico Bucher is released January 16.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/01/15", "description": " The Aswan High Dam officially opens in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/01/17", "description": " The Baltimore Colts defeated the Dallas Cowboys, 16-13, in Super Bowl V. The game was plagued by a record combined 11 turnovers, and was not decided until Jim O'Brien kicked a 32-yard field goal with five seconds remaining. Cowboys linebacker Chuck Howley became the first player from a losing team to be named Super Bowl MVP.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/01/18", "description": " Strikes in Poland demand the resignation of Interior Minister Kazimierz Switala. He resigns January 23 and is replaced by Franciszek Szlachcic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/01/19", "description": " Representatives of 23 western oil companies begin negotiations with OPEC in Tehran to stabilize oil prices. February 14 they sign a treaty with 6 Khalij el-Arab countries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/01/24", "description": " The Guinean government sentences to death 92 Guineans who helped Portuguese troops in the failed landing attempts in November 1970 72 are sentenced to hard labor for life 58 of the sentenced are hanged the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/01/24", "description": "In Uganda, Idi Amin deposes Milton Obote in a coup, and becomes president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/01/24", "description": "In Los Angeles, Charles Manson and three female ampquotFamilyampquot members are found guilty of the 1969 Tate-LaBianca murders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/01/24", "description": "Himachal Pradesh becomes the 18th Indian state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/01/24", "description": "''Intelsat IV'' (F2) is launched it enters commercial service over the Atlantic Ocean March 26.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/01/31", "description": " Apollo program: ''Apollo 14'' (carrying astronauts Alan Shepard, Stuart Roosa, and Edgar Mitchell) lifts off on the third successful lunar landing mission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/04", "description": " In Britain, Rolls-Royce goes bankrupt and is  nationalised.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/05", "description": " ''Apollo 14'' lands on the Moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/05", "description": "An earthquake in the city of Tuscania, Italy kills 31.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/05", "description": "Switzerland gives women voting rights in state elections, but not in all canton-specific ones.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/05", "description": "W\u0142adys\u0142aw Gomu\u0142ka is expelled from the Central Council of the Polish Communist Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/08", "description": " A new stock market index called the Nasdaq debuts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/08", "description": "The Sylmar earthquake (6.4 on the Richter Scale) hits the San Fernando Valley area of California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/08", "description": "Satchel Paige becomes the first  Negro League player to become voted into the Baseball Hall of Fame from the Negro League.  Jackie Robinson was inducted July 23, 1962.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/08", "description": "Apollo program: ''Apollo 14'' returns to Earth after the third manned Moon landing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/11", "description": " The US, UK, USSR and others sign the Seabed Treaty, outlawing nuclear weapons on the ocean floor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/11", "description": "February 12 ampndash Palestinian and Jordanian fighters clash in Amman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/13", "description": " Vietnam War: Backed by American air and artillery support, South Vietnamese troops invade Laos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/13", "description": "Decimalisation Day: ampampndash The United Kingdom and Ireland both switch to decimal currency (see also decimalisation).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/13", "description": "Protesting Belgian farmers bring 3 live cows to crash the EEC meeting in Brussels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/16", "description": " In Italy, a local parliament elects the city of Catanzaro as the capital of Calabria residents of Reggio di Calabria riot for 5 days because of the decision.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/16", "description": "Fifty tornadoes rage in Mississippi, killing 74 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/16", "description": "The U.S. Emergency Broadcast System sends an erroneous warning many radio stations just ignore it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/21", "description": " The Convention on Psychotropic Substances is signed at Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/26", "description": " Secretary General U Thant signs the United Nations proclamation of the vernal equinox as Earth Day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/27", "description": " Doctors in the first Dutch abortion clinic (Mildredhuis in Arnhem) start to perform abortus provocatus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/28", "description": " Evel Knievel sets a world record and jumps 19 cars in Ontario, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/28", "description": "A bomb explodes in the men's room at the United States Capitol.  Weather Underground Organization claims responsibility.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/28", "description": "Pakistani President Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan indefinitely postpones the pending National Assembly session, precipitating massive civil disobedience in East Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/02/28", "description": "Canadian John Robarts ends his term of office as the 17th Premier of Ontario.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/03/04", "description": " The southern part of Quebec, and especially Montreal, receive 16\u00bdquot (42ampnbspcm) of snow in what becomes known as the Century's Snowstorm (''la temp\u00eate du si\u00e8cle'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/03/05", "description": " The Pakistani army occupies East Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/03/06", "description": " A fire in a mental hospital at Burgh\u00f6lzli, Switzerland, kills 28 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/03/06", "description": "The British postal workers' strike, led by UPW General Secretary Tom Jackson, ends after 47 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/03/06", "description": "Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, political leader of then East Pakistan (present day - Bangladesh), delivers his famous speech in the Racecourse Field in Dhaka, calling on the masses to be prepared to fight for national independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/03/08", "description": " 'Fight of the Century': Boxer Joe Frazier defeats Muhammad Ali at Madison Square Garden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/03/12", "description": " Hafez al-Assad becomes president of Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/03/12", "description": "March 13 ampndash The Allman Brothers Band plays their legendary concert at the Fillmore East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/03/16", "description": " Trygve Bratteli forms a government in Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/03/18", "description": " A landslide at Chungar, Peru crashes into Lake Yanahuani, killing 200.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/03/23", "description": " General Alejandro Lanusse of Argentina takes power in a military coup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/03/25", "description": " The Pakistani army starts Operation Searchlight in East Pakistan from midnight, after President Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan, a military ruler, voids election results that gave the Awami League an overwhelming majority in the parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/03/25", "description": "East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) independence is declared by local Awami League leader Hannan Sarker on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, from Kalurghat Radio Station in Chittagong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/03/25", "description": "Nihat Erim (a former CHP member) forms the new government of Turkey (33rd government,composed mostly of technocrats)", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/03/27", "description": " East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) independence is repeatedly declared by Army Major (later President of Bangladesh) Ziaur Rahman on behalf of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman from Kalurghat Radio Station, Chittagong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/03/28", "description": " ''The Ed Sullivan Show'' airs its final episode.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/03/28", "description": "U.S. Army Lieutenant William Calley is found guilty of 22 murders in the My Lai massacre and sentenced to life in prison (later pardoned).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/03/28", "description": "A Los Angeles, California jury recommends the death penalty for Charles Manson and 3 female followers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/01", "description": " The United Kingdom lifts all restrictions on gold ownership.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/03", "description": " ''Un banc, un arbre, une rue'' by S\u00e9verine (music by Jean-Pierre Bourtayre, text by Yves Dessca) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1971 for Monaco", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/03", "description": "In Ceylon, a group calling themselves the People\u2019s Liberation Front begins a rebellion against the Bandaranaike government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/03", "description": "Chile and East Germany establish diplomatic relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/03", "description": "Mount Etna erupts in Sicily.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/07", "description": " Greece releases 261 political prisoners, 50 of whom are sent into internal exile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/08", "description": " A right-wing coup attempt is exposed in Laos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/09", "description": " Charles Manson is sentenced to death in 1972, the sentence for all California Death Row inmates is commuted to life imprisonment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/12", "description": " Palestinians retreat from Amman to the north of Jordan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/12", "description": "The People's Republic of Bangladesh forms, under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, at Mujibnagor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/12", "description": "Libya, Syria and Egypt sign an agreement to form a confederation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/12", "description": "The government of Bangladesh flees to India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/12", "description": "Sierra Leone becomes a republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/12", "description": "The Soviet Union launches ''Salyut 1''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/12", "description": "Followers of Charles Manson, the Manson Family, are sentenced to the gas chamber.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/12", "description": "''Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education'': The Supreme Court of the United States rules unanimously that busing of students may be ordered to achieve racial desegregation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/12", "description": "Cambodian Prime Minister Lon Nol resigns, but remains effectively in power until the next elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/12", "description": "Siaka Stevens is elected the first president of Sierra Leone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/12", "description": "Fran\u00e7ois Duvalier, president of Haiti, dies his son Jean-Claude Duvalier follows him as president-for-life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/12", "description": "''Soyuz 10'' docks with ''Salyut 1''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/12", "description": "Five hundred thousand people in Washington, DC and 125,000 in San Francisco march in protest against the Vietnam War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/12", "description": "A tsunami 85 m high rises over the Ryukyu Islands in Japan. It throws a 750-ton block of coral 2.5ampampnbspkm inland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/12", "description": "Todor Zhivkov is re-elected as the leader of the Bulgarian Communist Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/12", "description": "Franz Jonas is re-elected as chancellor of Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/26", "description": " The government of Turkey declares a state of siege in 11 provinces, Ankara included, due to violent demonstrations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/28", "description": " The first number of ''Il Manifesto'' is issued in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/29", "description": " Bolivia nationalizes the American-owned Matilde zinc mine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/30", "description": " The Milwaukee Bucks win the NBA World Championship, sweeping the Baltimore Bullets in four straight games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/30", "description": "Amtrak begins inter-city rail passenger service in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/04/30", "description": "The Ceylonese government promises amnesty for those guerillas who surrender before April 5.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/02", "description": " In Ceylon, left-wing guerillas launch a series of assaults against public buildings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/02", "description": "Arsenal FC wins the English Division 1 football league championship at the home of their bitter rivals, Tottenham Hotspur, with Ray Kennedy scoring the winner. (Arsenal FC would go on to win the league and cup 'double' 6 days later by defeating Liverpool in the FA Cup final).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/02", "description": "The Harris Poll claims that 60% of Americans are against the Vietnam War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/02", "description": "East German leader Walter Ulbricht resigns as Communist Party leader but retains the position of head of state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/02", "description": "Anti-war militants attempt to disrupt government business in Washington, D.C. police and military units arrest as many as 12,000, most of whom are later released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/05", "description": " The US dollar floods the European currency markets and threatens especially the Deutsche Mark the central banks of Austria, Belgium, Netherlands and Switzerland stop the currency trading.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/06", "description": " The Ceylon government begins a major offensive against the People's Liberation Front.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/06", "description": "Arsenal FC beats Liverpool FC 2-1 to win the English FA Cup thus completing the league and cup 'double'.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/06", "description": "Mariner 8 fails to launch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/12", "description": " An earthquake in Turkey destroys most of the city of Burdur.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/15", "description": " Efraim Elrom, Israeli ambassador to Turkey, is kidnapped he is found killed in Istanbul May 25.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/16", "description": " A coup attempt is exposed and foiled in Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/18", "description": " The U.S. Congress formally votes to end funding for the American Supersonic Transport program.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/19", "description": " Mars probe program: ''Mars 2'' is launched by the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/22", "description": " An earthquake lasting 20 seconds destroys most of Bing\u00f6l, Turkey ampndash more than 1,000 are killed, 10,000 made homeless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/23", "description": " An air crash at Rijeka Airport, Yugoslavia kills 78 people, mostly British tourists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/23", "description": "Austria and the People's Republic of China establish diplomatic relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/23", "description": "Qantas agrees to pay $500,000 to bomb hoaxer-extortionist Mr. Brown (Peter Macari), who is later arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/23", "description": "Six armed passengers hijack a Romanian passenger plane and force it to fly to Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/23", "description": "Christie's auctions a diamond known as Deepdene it is later found to be artificially colored.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/28", "description": " Portugal resigns from UNESCO.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/30", "description": " Mariner program: ''Mariner 9'' is launched toward Mars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/31", "description": " The birth of Bangladesh is declared by the government in exile, in territory formerly part of Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/05/31", "description": "June ampampndash Massachusetts passes its Chapter 766 laws enacting Special Education.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/01", "description": " Vietnam War: Vietnam Veterans for a Just Peace, claiming to represent the majority of U.S. veterans who served in Southeast Asia, speak against war protests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/01", "description": "Soyuz program: ''Soyuz 11'' (Vladislav Volkov, Georgi Dobrovolski, Viktor Patsayev) is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/01", "description": "A midair collision between Hughes Airwest Flight 706 Douglas DC-9 jetliner and a U.S. Marine Corps McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom jet fighter near Duarte, California, claims 50 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/01", "description": "The U.S. ends its trade embargo of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/01", "description": "Corpus Thursday: A student rally on the streets of Mexico City is roughly dispersed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/11", "description": " Neville Bonner becomes the first Indigenous Australian to sit in the Australian Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/11", "description": "Vietnam War: The ''New York Times'' begins to publish the Pentagon Papers. <a href=\"http:\/\/usinfo.state.gov\/usa\/infousa\/facts\/democrac\/48.htm.\">http:\/\/usinfo.state.gov\/usa\/infousa\/facts\/democrac\/48.htm.<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/11", "description": "Gijs van Lennep wins the 24 hours of Le Mans together with Helmut Marko.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/14", "description": " Norway begins oil production in the North Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/14", "description": "Representatives of Japan and the United States sign the Okinawa Reversion Agreement, whereby the U.S. will return control of Okinawa.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.niraikanai.wwma.net\/pages\/archive\/rev71.html\">http:\/\/www.niraikanai.wwma.net\/pages\/archive\/rev71.html<\/a> www.niraikanai.wwma.netampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/14", "description": "President Richard Nixon declares the U.S. War on Drugs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/18", "description": " Southwest Airlines, a low cost carrier, begins its first flights between Dallas, Houston, And San Antonio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/20", "description": " Britain announces that Soviet space scientist Anatoli Fedoseyev has been granted asylum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/21", "description": " Britain begins new negotiations for EEC membership in Luxembourg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/25", "description": " Madagascar accuses the U.S. of being connected to the plot to oust the current government the U.S. recalls its ambassador.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/27", "description": " Concert promoter Bill Graham closes the legendary Fillmore East, which first opened on 2nd Avenue (between 5th and 6th Streets) in New York City on March 8, 1968.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/28", "description": " Assassin Jerome A. Johnson shoots Joe Colombo in the head in a middle of an Italian-American rally, putting him in a coma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/28", "description": "After a successful mission aboard ''Salyut 1'', the world's first manned space station, the crew of the ''Soyuz 11'' spacecraft are killed when their air supply leaks out through a faulty valve.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/28", "description": "''New York Times Co. v. United States'': The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Pentagon Papers may be published, rejecting government injunctions as unconstitutional prior restraint.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/06/28", "description": "July ampampndash Nordic Council secretariat inaugurated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/03", "description": " Jim Morrison, lead singer of The Doors is found dead in his bathtub in Paris, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/04", "description": " Michael S. Hart posts the first e-book, a copy of the United States Declaration of Independence, on the University of Illinois at Urbana\u2013Champaign's mainframe computer, the origin of Project Gutenberg.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/wiki\/Gutenberg:The_History_and_Philosophy_of_Project_Gutenberg_by_Michael_Hart|publisher=Project\">http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/wiki\/Gutenberg:The_History_and_Philosophy_of_Project_Gutenberg_by_Michael_Hart|publisher=Project<\/a> Gutenberg|title=The History and Philosophy of Project Gutenberg|first=Michael|last=Hart|month=August|year=1992|accessdate=2011-10-05}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/05", "description": " Right to vote: The 26th Amendment to the United States Constitution, formally certified by President Richard Nixon, lowers the voting age from 21 to 18.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/06", "description": " Hastings Banda is proclaimed President for Life of Malawi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/09", "description": " The United Kingdom increases its troops in Northern Ireland to 11,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/10", "description": "July 11 ampndash Coup attempt in Morocco: 1,400 cadets take over the king's palace for 3 hours and kill 28 people 158 rebels die when the king's troops storm the palace. Ten high-ranking officers are later executed for involvement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/10", "description": " Gloria Steinem holds her Address to the Women of America speech.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/10", "description": "\u00d3lafur J\u00f3hannesson forms a government in Iceland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/10", "description": "Jordanian army troops launch an offensive against Palestinian guerillas in Jordan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/10", "description": "The Yugoslavian government begins allowing foreign companies to take their profits from the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/10", "description": "Paced by a prodigious home run by Reggie Jackson which hits a transformer on the roof of Tiger Stadium, the American League defeats the National League 6-4 in the Major League Baseball All-Star Game in Detroit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/14", "description": " Libya severs its diplomatic ties with Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/16", "description": " Spanish dictator and head of state Francisco Franco makes Prince Juan Carlos his successor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/17", "description": " Italy and Austria sign a treaty that ends the schism about South Tyrol.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/18", "description": " The Trucial States are formed in the Persian Gulf.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/19", "description": " The South Tower of the World Trade Center is topped out at {{convert|1,362|ft|m}}, making it the second tallest building in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/19", "description": "July 23 ampndash Major Hashem al-Atta ousts Jaafar Muhammad al-Nimeiri in a military coup in Sudan.   Fighting continues until on July 22, when pro-Nimeiri troops win. Al-Atta and 3 officers are executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/25", "description": "July 30 ampndash Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli records in Munich two Debussy works for Deutsche Grammophon it's his fifth recording.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/26", "description": " ''Apollo 15'' (carrying astronauts David Scott, Alfred Worden, and James Irwin) is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/28", "description": " Abdel Khaliq Mahjub, Sudanese communist leader, is hanged.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/29", "description": " The United Kingdom opts out of the Space Race, with the cancellation of its Black Arrow launch vehicle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/30", "description": " In Japan, an All Nippon Airways Boeing 727 collides with a Japanese fighter jet 162 people are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/31", "description": " ''Apollo 15'' astronauts David Scott and James Irwin become the first to ride in a lunar rover, a day after landing on the Moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/07/31", "description": "August ampampndash Camden, New Jersey erupts in race riots following the beating death of a Puerto Rican motorist by city police. Looting and arson occurred. This was a turning point in Camden's decline to one of the poorest and highest-crime municipalities in the United States. Camden was, however, the site of a 1949 shooting rampage by Howard Unruh, considered by some to be the first mass murderer in the United States. The riots resulted in the demise of Camden's Sears and AampampP branches. Also in 1971, Philadelphia International Records was established, with Camden native Leon Huff as co-founder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/01", "description": " In New York City, 40,000 attend the Concert for Bangladesh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/02", "description": " JCPenney debuts its trademark Helvetica wordmark which has been used ever since.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/05", "description": " South Pacific Forum (SPF)", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/06", "description": " A lunar eclipse lasting 1 hour, 40 minutes, and 4 seconds is observed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/07", "description": " ''Apollo 15'' returns to Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/07", "description": "India signs a 20-year treaty of friendship and cooperation with the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/07", "description": "Internment in Northern Ireland: British security forces arrest hundreds of nationalists and detain them without trial in Long Kesh prison 20 people die in the riots that follow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/11", "description": " Construction begins on the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/11", "description": "Three thousand people from Belfast and Derry flee to the Republic of Ireland because of the violence.{{Citation needed|date=March 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/11", "description": "Syria severs diplomatic relations with Jordan because of border clashes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/11", "description": "British troops are stationed on the Ireland border to stop arms smuggling.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/11", "description": "Bahrain declares independence as the State of Bahrain (Kingdom of Bahrain as of February 2002).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/11", "description": "The number of British troops in Northern Ireland is raised to 12,500.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/11", "description": "President Richard Nixon announces that the United States will no longer convert dollars to gold at a fixed value, effectively ending the Bretton Woods system. He also imposes a 90-day freeze on wages, prices and rents.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/11", "description": "Vietnam War: Australia and New Zealand decide to withdraw their troops from Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/11", "description": "British troops are engaged in a firefight with the IRA in Derry, Northern Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/19", "description": "August 22 ampndash A right-wing coup ignites a rebellion in Bolivia. Miners and students join troops to support president Juan Jose Torres, but eventually Hugo Banzer takes over.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/19", "description": "International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Intelsat) (effective 12 February 1973).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/19", "description": "The USS Manatee (AO-58) spills {{convert|1,000|USgal|L}} of fuel oil on President Nixon's Western White House beach in San Clemente, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/19", "description": "The first orca to be named, Shamu, dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/19", "description": "A bomb made of two hand grenades by communist rebels explodes in the Liberal Party campaign party in Plaza Miranda in Quiapo, Manila the Philippines, injuring several anti-Marcos political candidates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/19", "description": "Border clashes occur between Tanzania and Uganda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/19", "description": "Bangladesh and eastern Bengal are flooded thousands flee the area.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/26", "description": " A civilian government takes power in Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/30", "description": " The Progressive Conservatives under Peter Lougheed defeat the Social Credit government under Harry E. Strom in a general election, ending 36 years of uninterrupted power for Social Credit in Alberta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/30", "description": "Qatar gains independence from the United Kingdom. Unlike most nearby emirates, Qatar declines to become part of either the United Arab Emirates or Saudi Arabia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/08/30", "description": "Manlio Brosio resigns as NATO Secretary General.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/09/04", "description": " A Boeing 727 (Alaska Airlines Flight 1866) crashes into the side of a mountain near Juneau, Alaska, killing all 111 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/09/08", "description": " In Washington, DC, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts is inaugurated, with the opening feature being the premiere of Leonard Bernstein's ''Mass''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/09/09", "description": " September 13 ampndash Attica Prison riots: ampndash A revolt breaks out at the maximum-security prison in Attica, New York. In the end, state police and the United States National Guard storm the facility 42 are killed, 10 of them hostages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/09/19", "description": " The electric tram system closes in the city of Ballarat, Victoria, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/09/21", "description": " Pakistan declares a state of emergency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/09/24", "description": " Britain expels 90 KGB and GRU officials 15 are not allowed to return.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/09/27", "description": "October 11 ampndash Japanese Emperor Hirohito travels abroad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/09/28", "description": " Cardinal J\u00f3zsef Mindszenty, who has taken refuge in the U.S. Embassy in Budapest since 1956, is allowed to leave Hungary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/09/29", "description": " A cyclone in the Bay of Bengal, in Orissa State in India, kills 10,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/10/01", "description": " Walt Disney World opens in Orlando, Florida", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/10/15", "description": " The 2,500 Year Celebration of Iran begins, celebrating the birth of Persia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/10/17", "description": " The Pittsburgh Pirates win the World Series in 7 games against the Baltimore Orioles.  The Pirates' Roberto Clemente, who turned into a one-man gang in the Series, became the first Latino player to earn World Series MVP honors. Game 4 of the Series was also the first night game ever to be played in the World Series.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/10/18", "description": " In New York City, the Knapp Commission begins public hearings on police corruption.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/10/18", "description": "U.S. President Richard Nixon nominates Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. and William H. Rehnquist to the U.S. Supreme Court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/10/18", "description": "The Clarkston explosion in Scotland kills 22 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/10/25", "description": " The United Nations General Assembly admits the People's Republic of China and expels the Republic of China (or Taiwan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/10/27", "description": " The Democratic Republic of the Congo is renamed Zaire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/10/27", "description": "The British House of Commons votes 356\u2013244 in favour of joining the European Economic Community.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/10/27", "description": "The United Kingdom becomes the 6th nation to launch a satellite into orbit, the Prospero X-3, using a Black Arrow carrier rocket.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/10/27", "description": "The Egyptian Opera House (Khedivial Opera House) burns down in Cairo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/10/29", "description": " Vietnam War ampndash Vietnamization: The total number of American troops still in Vietnam drops to a record low of 196,700 (the lowest since January 1966).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/10/30", "description": " Rev. Ian Paisley's Democratic Unionist Party is founded in Northern Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/10/31", "description": " A bomb explodes at the top of the Post Office Tower in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/11/03", "description": " The ''UNIX Programmer's Manual'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/11/06", "description": " Operation Grommet: The U.S. tests a thermonuclear warhead at Amchitka Island in Alaska, code-named Project Cannikin.   At around 5 megatons, it is the largest ever U.S. underground detonation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/11/08", "description": " Led Zeppelin releases their Fourth Studio album quotLed Zeppelin IVquot which goes on to sell 23,000,000 copies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/11/09", "description": " A British Royal Air Force C-130 crashes into the Ligurian Sea near Leghorn, Italy, killing all 51 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/11/10", "description": " In Cambodia, Khmer Rouge forces attack Phnom Penh and its airport, killing 44, wounding at least 30 and damaging 9 airplanes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/11/12", "description": " Vietnam War ampndash Vietnamization: U.S. President Richard M. Nixon sets February 1, 1972, as the deadline for the removal of another 45,000 American troops from Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/11/13", "description": " Mariner program: ''Mariner 9'' becomes the first spacecraft to enter Mars orbit successfully.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/11/14", "description": " Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria is enthroned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/11/14", "description": "Intel releases the world's first microprocessor, the Intel 4004.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/11/14", "description": "International Organization and System of Space Communications (Intersputnik) (effective 12 July 1972).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/11/20", "description": " A bridge still in construction, called Elevado Engenheiro Freyssinet, falls over the Paulo de Frontin Avenue, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 48 people are killed and several injured. Reconstructed, the bridge is currently a part of the Linha Vermelha elevate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/11/23", "description": " The People's Republic of China takes the Republic of China's seat on the United Nations Security Council (see China and the United Nations).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/11/23", "description": "During a severe thunderstorm over Washington, a man calling himself D. B. Cooper parachutes from the Northwest Orient Airlines plane he hijacked, with US$200,000 in ransom money, and is never seen again (as of March 2008, this case remains the only unsolved skyjacking in history).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/11/23", "description": "A Brussels court sentences pretender Alexis Brimeyer to 18 months in jail for falsely using a noble title Brimeyer has already fled to Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/11/28", "description": " 59th Grey Cup Game sees the Calgary Stampeders beat the Toronto Argonauts 14 to 11.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/01", "description": " Cambodian Civil War: Khmer Rouge rebels intensify assaults on Cambodian government positions, forcing their retreat from Kompong Thmar and nearby Ba Ray, 10 kilometers northeast of Phnom Penh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/02", "description": " Six Persian Gulf sheikdoms found the United Arab Emirates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/03", "description": " The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 begins as Pakistan launches preemptive attacks 9 Indian airbases. The next day India launches a massive invasion of East Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/03", "description": "December 4 ampndash The Pakistani submarine PNS ''Ghazi'' (former USS ''Diablo'') sinks mysteriously near Indian coast while laying mines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/03", "description": "The Montreux Casino burns down during a Frank Zappa concert. The event is memorialized in the Deep Purple song ampquotSmoke on the Water.ampquot The casino is rebuilt in 1975.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/03", "description": "The McGurk's Bar bombing by the UVF in Belfast kills 15.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/08", "description": " U.S. President Richard Nixon orders the 7th Fleet to move towards the Bay of Bengal in the Indian Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/11", "description": " Nihat Erim forms the new government of Turkey (34th government, Nihat Erim had served two times as a prime minister)", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/16", "description": " ''Victory Day of Bangladesh'': The Pakistan Army in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) surrenders to the Indian Armed Forces, ending the Bangladesh Liberation War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/16", "description": "The U.S. dollar is devalued for the second time in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/16", "description": "The world's largest hydroelectric plant in Krasnoyarsk, Soviet Union, begins operations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/16", "description": "The Clube Atletico Mineiro wins the Brazil Football Championship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/16", "description": "Intelsat IV (F3) is launched it enters commercial service over the Atlantic Ocean February 18, 1972.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/16", "description": "Giovanni Leone is elected President of the Italian Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/16", "description": "Juliane Koepcke survives a fall of 10,000 feet following disintegration of LANSA Flight 508.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/16", "description": "In the longest game in NFL history, the Miami Dolphins beat the Kansas City Chiefs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/16", "description": "Fire at a 22-story hotel in Seoul, South Korea kills 158 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/29", "description": " The United Kingdom gives up its military bases in Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/29", "description": "Ray Tomlinson sends the first ARPAnet e-mail between host computers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/29", "description": "The Free State of Christiania is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/29", "description": "Seychelles International Airport in Victoria, Seychelles (Mahe) is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/29", "description": "Crude oil production peaks in the continental United States at approximately {{convert|4.5|Moilbbl\/d|m3\/d}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/29", "description": "The Center for Science in the Public Interest is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1971/12/29", "description": "The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972", "description": "Kurt Waldheim becomes Secretary General of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972", "description": "Pierre Hotel Robbery: Six men rob the safety deposit boxes of The Pierre Hotel in New York City of at least $4 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972", "description": "MGM's 1951 ''Show Boat'' is presented on television by NBC for the first time. This marks the first complete network telecast of any version of ''Show Boat'' (it had already been filmed as a part-talkie in 1929, and as a full-sound musical in 1936).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972", "description": "The first scientific hand-held calculator (HP-35) is introduced (price $395).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972", "description": "Rose Heilbron becomes the first woman judge at the Old Bailey in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/05", "description": "U.S. President Richard Nixon orders the development of a space shuttle program.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/05", "description": "An Iberian Airlines passenger plane crashes into a 250-meter peak on the island of Ibiza 104 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/05", "description": "Howard Hughes speaks by telephone to denounce Clifford Irving's supposed biography of him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/09", "description": "The RMS ''Queen Elizabeth'' is destroyed by fire in Hong Kong harbor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/10", "description": "Sheikh Mujibur Rahman returns Bangladesh from Pakistan", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/13", "description": "Prime Minister of Ghana Kofi Abrefa Busia is overthrown in a military coup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/14", "description": "Queen Margrethe II of Denmark succeeds her father, King Frederick IX, on the throne of Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/19", "description": "The Libertarian enclave Minerva on a platform in the South Pacific, sponsored by the Phoenix Foundation, declares independence. Soon neighboring Tonga annexes the area and dismantles the platform.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/19", "description": "\u2013 President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto announces that Pakistan will immediately begin a nuclear weapons programme.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/19", "description": "\u2013 Fears are growing about the economy of the United Kingdom, where unemployment is now exceeding 1 million for the first time since World War II.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/january\/20\/newsid_2506000\/2506897.stm|title=UK\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/january\/20\/newsid_2506000\/2506897.stm|title=UK<\/a> unemployment tops one million|publisher=BBC|work=On This Day|accessdate=14 January 2012|date=January 20, 1972}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/21", "description": "A New Delhi bootlegger sells wood alcohol to a wedding party 100 die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/24", "description": "Japanese soldier Shoichi Yokoi is discovered in Guam he had spent 28 years in the jungle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/25", "description": "Shirley Chisholm, the first African American Congresswoman, announces her candidacy for President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/25", "description": "Yugoslavian air stewardess Vesna Vulovi\u0107 is the only survivor when her plane crashes in Czechoslovakia.   She survives after falling 10,160 meters (33,330 feet) in the tail section of the aircraft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/25", "description": "The Aboriginal Tent Embassy is set up on the lawn of Parliament House in Canberra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/28", "description": "Richard Chanfray claims he is the Count of St Germain on French television.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/28", "description": "Bloody Sunday: The British Army kills 14 unarmed nationalist civil rights marchers in Derry, Northern Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/28", "description": "Pakistan withdraws from the Commonwealth of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/31", "description": "King Birendra succeeds his father as King of Nepal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/31", "description": "A bomb explodes at the British Yacht Club in West Berlin, killing Irwin Beelitz, a German boat builder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/31", "description": "The German militant group Movement 2 June announces its support of the Provisional Irish Republican Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/01/31", "description": "Anti-British riots take place throughout Ireland. The British Embassy in Dublin is burned to the ground, as are several British-owned businesses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/03", "description": "February 13 \u2013 The 1972 Winter Olympics are held in Sapporo, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/04", "description": "''Mariner 9'' sends pictures as it orbits Mars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/04", "description": "U.S. airlines begin mandatory inspection of passengers and baggage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/04", "description": "Bob Douglas becomes the first African American elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/09", "description": "The British government declares a state of emergency over a miners' strike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/09", "description": "President of Ecuador Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Velasco Ibarra is deposed for the fourth time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/09", "description": "Phonorecords are granted U.S. federal copyright protection for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/17", "description": "Volkswagen Beetle sales exceed those of the Ford Model T when the 15,007,034th Beetle is produced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/18", "description": "The California Supreme Court voids the state's death penalty,  commuting all death sentences to life in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/19", "description": "Asama-Sans\u014d incident: Five United Red Army members break into a lodge below Mount Asama, taking the wife of the lodge keeper hostage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/21", "description": "The Soviet unmanned spaceship ''Luna 20'' lands on the Moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/21", "description": "February 28 \u2013 U.S. President Richard M. Nixon makes an unprecedented 8-day visit to the People's Republic of China and meets with Mao Zedong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/21", "description": "Aldershot bombing: An Official IRA bomb kills 7 in Aldershot, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/21", "description": "A Lufthansa plane is hijacked and taken to Aden. Passengers are released after a ransom of 16 million German marks is agreed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/23", "description": "Angela Davis is released from jail.   A Caruthers, California farmer, Rodger McAfee, helps her make bail.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/24", "description": "North Vietnamese negotiators walk out of the Paris Peace Talks to protest U.S. air raids.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/24", "description": "A coal sludge spill kills 125 people in Buffalo Creek, West Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/24", "description": "''Luna 20'' comes back to Earth with 55ampampnbspgrams (1.94ampampnbspoz) of lunar soil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/28", "description": "The Asama-Sanso incident ends in a standoff between five members of the Japanese United Red Army and the authorities, in which two policemen are killed and 12 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/28", "description": "The Thai province Yasothon is created after being split off from the Ubon Ratchathani Province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/28", "description": "The Club of Rome publishes its report ''Limits to Growth''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/28", "description": "The ''Pioneer 10'' spacecraft is launched from Cape Kennedy, to be the first man-made satellite to leave the solar system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/02/28", "description": "Jean-B\u00e9del Bokassa becomes President of the Central African Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/03/03", "description": "Sculpted figures of Jefferson Davis, Robert E. Lee, and Stonewall Jackson are completed at Stone Mountain in the U.S. state of Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/03/03", "description": "Libya and the Soviet Union sign a cooperation treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/03/03", "description": "The Organisation of the Islamic Conference Charter is signed (effective 28 February 1973).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/03/05", "description": "Greek composer Mikis Theodorakis leaves the Greek Communist Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/03/05", "description": "The United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China elevate diplomatic exchanges to the ambassadorial level after 22 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/03/05", "description": "Clifford Irving admits to a New York court that he had fabricated Howard Hughes' ampquotautobiographyampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/03/16", "description": "The first building of the Pruitt\u2013Igoe housing development is destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/03/19", "description": "India and Bangladesh sign a friendship treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/03/22", "description": "The 92nd U.S. Congress votes to send the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the states for ratification.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/03/22", "description": "''The Godfather'' is released in cinemas in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/03/22", "description": "The British government announces the prorogation of the Parliament of Northern Ireland and the introduction of 'Direct Rule' of Northern Ireland, after the Unionist government refuses to cede security powers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/03/22", "description": "''Apr\u00e8s Toi'' sung by Vicky Leandros (music by Klaus Munro ampamp Mario Panas, lyric by Klaus Munro ampamp Yves Dessca) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1972 for Luxembourg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/03/22", "description": "''Bewitched'' starring Elizabeth Montgomery and Dick Sargent aired its final episode, ampquotThe Truth, Nothing but the Truth, So Help Me Samampquot on ABC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/03/22", "description": "An avalanche on Mount Fuji kills 19 climbers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/03/22", "description": "The last trolleybus system in the United Kingdom closes in Bradford, West Riding of Yorkshire after over 60 years of operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/03/22", "description": "After fourteen years, the last of Leonard Bernstein's ''Young People's Concerts'' is telecast by CBS. This last concert is devoted to Gustav Holst's ''The Planets''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/03/30", "description": "Vietnam War: The Easter Offensive begins after North Vietnamese forces cross into the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) of South Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/04/07", "description": "Vietnam War veteran Richard McCoy, Jr. hijacks a United Airlines jet and extorts $500,000 he is later captured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/04/07", "description": "The U.S. and the Soviet Union join some 70 nations in signing the Biological Weapons Convention, an agreement to ban biological warfare.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/04/07", "description": "A 7.0 Richter scale earthquake kills 5,000 people in the Iranian province of Fars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/04/07", "description": "The 44th Annual Academy Awards are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/04/13", "description": "The Universal Postal Union decides to recognize the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate Chinese representative, effectively expelling the Republic of China administering Taiwan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/04/13", "description": "''Apollo 16'' (John Young, Ken Mattingly, Charlie Duke) is launched.   During the mission, the astronauts achieve a lunar rover speed record of 18ampampnbspkm\/h.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/04/13", "description": "Vietnam War \u2013 Nguyen Hue Offensive: Prompted by the North Vietnamese offensive, the United States resumes bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/04/17", "description": "The first Boston Marathon in which women are officially allowed to compete.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/04/22", "description": "Sylvia Cook and John Fairfax finish rowing across the Pacific.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/04/26", "description": "The Lockheed L-1011 Tristar enters service with Eastern Airlines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/04/27", "description": "A no-confidence vote against German Chancellor Willy Brandt fails under obscure circumstances.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/04/29", "description": "The fourth anniversary of the Broadway musical ''Hair'' is celebrated with a free concert at a Central Park bandshell, followed by dinner at the Four Seasons. There, 13 Black Panther protesters and the show's co-author, Jim Rado, are arrested for disturbing the peace and for using marijuana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/04/29", "description": "May", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/04/29", "description": "The Burundian Genocide against the Hutu begins more than 500,000 Hutus die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/02", "description": "Fire in a silver mine in Idaho kills 91.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/05", "description": "An Alitalia DC-8 crashes west of Palermo, Sicily 115 die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/07", "description": "General elections are held in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/08", "description": "U.S. President Richard Nixon orders the mining of Haiphong Harbor in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/13", "description": "Fire in a nightclub atop the Sennichi department store in Osaka, Japan, kills 115.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/13", "description": "Okinawa is returned to Japan after 27 years of United States Military occupation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/13", "description": "Governor George C. Wallace of Alabama is shot by Arthur Herman Bremer at a Laurel, Maryland political rally.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/16", "description": "The first financial derivatives exchange, the International Monetary Market (IMM), opens on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/18", "description": "Four troopers of both SAS and SBS are parachuted onto the ''RMS Queen Elizabeth 2'', {{convert|1000|mi|km}} off Britain in the Atlantic, after a bomb threat and ransom demand, which turns out to be bogus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/19", "description": "Three out of 6 bombs explode in the Springer Press building in Hamburg, Germany, injuring 17 the Red Army Faction claims responsibility.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/21", "description": "In Rome, Laszlo Toth attacks Michelangelo's quotPiet\u00e0quot statue with a sledgehammer, shouting that he is Jesus Christ.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/21", "description": "Ceylon becomes the republic of Sri Lanka under prime minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike, when its new constitution is ratified.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/21", "description": "Ferit Melen forms the new (interim) government of Turkey (35th government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/23", "description": "The Tamil United Front (now known as Tamil United Liberation Front), a pro-Tamil organization, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/23", "description": "Rangers lift the Cup Winners Cup, defeating Dynamo Moscow in the final at the Nou Camp. Their supporters invade the pitch, with the team banned from defending the trophy the following season.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/23", "description": "A Red Army Faction bomb explodes in the Campbell Barracks of the U.S. Army Supreme European Command in Heidelberg, West Germany 3 U.S. soldiers (Clyde Bonner, Ronald Woodard and Charles Peck) are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/23", "description": "The Magnavox Odyssey video game system is first demoed, marking the dawn of the video game age it goes on sale to the public in August.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/23", "description": "Richard Nixon and Leonid Brezhnev sign the SALT I treaty in Moscow, as well as the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and other agreements.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/23", "description": "The Watergate first break-in, the ampquotAmeritas dinnerampquot, fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/23", "description": "Wernher von Braun retires from NASA, frustrated by the agency's unwillingness to pursue a manned trans-orbital space program.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/23", "description": "Willandra National Park is established in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/27", "description": "A second Watergate break-in attempt fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/27", "description": "The Angry Brigade goes on trial in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/27", "description": "Three Japanese Red Army members kill 24 and injure 100 in Lod Airport, Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/05/27", "description": "June \u2013 Iraq nationalizes the Iraq Petroleum Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/06/02", "description": "Andreas Baader, Jan-Carl Raspe, Holger Meins and some other members of Red Army Faction are arrested in Frankfurt am Main after a shootout.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/06/03", "description": "Sally Priesand becomes the first female U.S. rabbi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/06/04", "description": "Angela Davis is found not guilty of murder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/06/05", "description": "June 16 \u2013 The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment is held in Stockholm, Sweden", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/06/08", "description": "Seven men and 3 women hijack a plane from Czechoslovakia to West Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/06/09", "description": "The Black Hills flood kills 238 in South Dakota.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/06/14", "description": "June 23 \u2013 Hurricane Agnes kills 117 on the U.S. East Coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/06/15", "description": "Ulrike Meinhof and Gerhard M\u00fcller of the Red Army Faction are arrested in a teacher's apartment in Langenhagen, West Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/06/15", "description": "June 18 \u2013 The first U.S. Libertarian Party National Convention is held in Denver, Colorado.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/06/16", "description": "108 die 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"year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/06/16", "description": "West Germany beats the Soviet Union 3\u20130 to win Euro 72.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/06/23", "description": "Watergate Scandal: U.S. President Richard M. 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Senator George McGovern, who backs the immediate and complete withdrawal of U.S. troops from South Vietnam, is nominated for President. 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It becomes public knowledge only in 2010 that that a local Catholic priest was an IRA officer believed to be involved in the bombings but his role was covered up by the authorities.ampamp{{cite news|title=Claudy bomb: conspiracy allowed IRA priest to go free|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-northern-ireland-11061296|publisher=BBC\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-northern-ireland-11061296|publisher=BBC<\/a> News Northern Ireland|date=2010-08-24|accessdate=2010-08-25| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100825014212\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-northern-ireland-11061296|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100825014212\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-northern-ireland-11061296|<\/a> archivedate= 25 August 2010 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/08/01", "description": "U.S. Senator Thomas Eagleton, the Democratic vice-presidential nominee, withdraws from the race after revealing he was once treated for mental illness.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/08/01", "description": "Arthur Bremer is jailed for 63 years for shooting George Wallace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/08/01", "description": "Dictator Idi Amin declares that Uganda will expel 50,000 Asians with British passports to Britain within 3 months.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/08/01", "description": "A huge solar flare (one of the largest ever recorded) knocks out cable lines in U.S. It begins with the appearance of sunspots on August 2 an August 4 flare kicks off high levels of activity until August 10.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/08/10", "description": "A brilliant, daytime meteor skips off the Earth's atmosphere due to an Apollo asteroid streaking over the western US into Canada.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.astrosociety.org\/pubs\/mercury\/9806\/impact.html\">http:\/\/www.astrosociety.org\/pubs\/mercury\/9806\/impact.html<\/a> Observation of Meteoroid Impacts by Space-Based Sensors astrosociety.org, 1998, 'Apollo asteroid about ten meters in diameter'", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/08/12", "description": "The last U.S. ground troops are withdrawn from Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/08/14", "description": "An East German Ilyushin airliner crashes near East Berlin all 156 onboard perish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/08/16", "description": "As part of a coup attempt, members of the Royal Moroccan Air Force fire upon, but fail to bring down, Hassan II of Morocco's plane while he is traveling back to Rabat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/08/21", "description": "The Republican National Convention in Miami Beach, Florida renominates U.S. President Richard Nixon and Vice President Spiro Agnew for a second term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/08/22", "description": "John Wojtowicz, 27, and Sal Naturile, 18, hold several Chase Manhattan Bank employees hostage for 17 hours in Gravesend, Brooklyn, N.Y, an event later dramatized in the film ''Dog Day Afternoon''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/08/26", "description": "September 11 \u2013 The 1972 Summer Olympics are held in Munich, West Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/08/26", "description": "Bobby Fischer defeats Boris Spassky in a chess match in Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland, becoming the first American world chess champion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/08/26", "description": "The Second Cod War begins between the United Kingdom and Iceland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/09/04", "description": "The first episode of ''The Price Is Right'' is hosted on CBS by Bob Barker.  ''Gambit'' and ''The Joker's Wild'' also premiere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/09/05", "description": "September 6 \u2013 Munich Massacre: Eleven Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich are murdered after 8 members of the Arab terrorist group Black September invade the Olympic Village 5 guerillas and 1 policeman are also killed in a failed hostage rescue.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/09/10", "description": "The Brazilian driver Emerson Fittipaldi wins the Italian Grand Prix at Monza and becomes the youngest Formula One World Champion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/09/14", "description": "West Germany and Poland renew diplomatic relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/09/17", "description": "Uganda announces that there are Tanzanian troops in its territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/09/18", "description": "S\u00e3o Paulo Metro is inaugurated in Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/09/19", "description": "A parcel bomb sent to the Israeli Embassy in London kills 1 diplomat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/09/21", "description": "Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos issues Proclamation No. 1081{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.lawphil.net\/executive\/proc\/proc_1081_1972.html\">http:\/\/www.lawphil.net\/executive\/proc\/proc_1081_1972.html<\/a> |title=Full Text \u2013 Proclamation 1081 |publisher=Lawphil.net |date= |accessdate=2012-05-17}} placing the entire country under martial law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/09/24", "description": "An F-86 fighter aircraft leaving an air show at Sacramento Executive Airport fails to become airborne and crashes into a Farrell's Ice Cream Parlor, killing 12 children and 11 adults.ref name=quottitleCrash at Farrellsquot{{cite web |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.check-six.com\/Crash_Sites\/Sabrejet_crash_site.htm\">http:\/\/www.check-six.com\/Crash_Sites\/Sabrejet_crash_site.htm<\/a> |title=Crash at Farrell's |accessdate=2008-03-16 |work=| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080320003854\/http:\/\/www.check-six.com\/Crash_Sites\/Sabrejet_crash_site.htm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080320003854\/http:\/\/www.check-six.com\/Crash_Sites\/Sabrejet_crash_site.htm|<\/a> archivedate= 20 March 2008 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/09/25", "description": "Norwegian EC referendum, 1972: Norway rejects membership in the European Economic Community.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/09/27", "description": "The Joint Communique of the Government of Japan and the Government of the People's Republic of China is signed in Beijing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/09/28", "description": "The Canadian national men's hockey team defeats the Soviet national ice hockey team in Game 8 of the 1972 Summit Series (French: La S\u00e9rie du Si\u00e8cle, Russian: \u0421\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420 \u2014 \u041a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0430), 6\u20135, to win the series 4\u20133\u20131.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/09/29", "description": "Sino-Japanese relations: Japan normalizes diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China after breaking official ties with the Republic of China (Taiwan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/09/29", "description": "October \u2013 The government of former President of Somalia Mohamed Siad Barre formally introduces the Somali alphabet as Somalia's official writing script.ampampEconomist Intelligence Unit (Great Britain), ''Middle East annual review'', (1975), p.229ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/09/29", "description": "The first publication reporting the production of a recombinant DNA molecule marks the birth of modern molecular biology methodology.ampampJackson, David A. Symons, Robert H. and Berg, Paul. (1972). <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/cgi\/content\/abstract\/69\/10\/2904\">http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/cgi\/content\/abstract\/69\/10\/2904<\/a> Biochemical Method for Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of Escherichia coli. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (U.S.)'' '''69'''(10), 2904\u20132909.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/09/29", "description": "Alex Comfort's bestselling manual ''The Joy of Sex'' is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/10/02", "description": "Denmark joins the European Community the Faroe Islands stay out.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/10/05", "description": "The United Reformed Church is founded out of the Congregational and Presbyterian Churches.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/10/06", "description": "A train crash in Saltillo, Mexico kills 208 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/10/08", "description": "R. Sargent Shriver is chosen to replace Thomas Eagleton as the U.S. vice-presidential nominee of the Democratic Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/10/12", "description": "En route to the Gulf of Tonkin, a racial riot involving more than 200 sailors breaks out aboard the United States Navy aircraft carrier USS ''Kitty Hawk'' nearly 50 sailors are injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/10/13", "description": "Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571: A Fairchild FH-227D passenger aircraft transporting a rugby union team crashes at about 14,000' in the Andes mountain range, near the Argentina\/Chile border. Sixteen of the survivors are found alive December 20 but they have had to resort to cannibalism to survive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/10/13", "description": "A plane carrying U.S. Congressman Hale Boggs of Louisiana and 3 other men vanishes in Alaska. The wreckage has never been found, despite a massive search at the time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/10/13", "description": "Rioting Maze Prison inmates cause a fire that destroys most of the camp.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/10/17", "description": "Elizabeth II visits Yugoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/10/17", "description": "The first female FBI agents are hired.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/10/17", "description": "Belgian Eddy Merckx sets a new world hour record in cycling in Mexico City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/10/26", "description": "Following a visit to South Vietnam, U.S. National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger suggests that quotpeace is at hand.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/10/28", "description": "The Airbus A300 flies for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/10/29", "description": "The Black September group hijacks a Lufthansa Boeing 727 over Turkey, demanding the release of 3 comrades still held for the massacre of Israeli athletes at the Olympic Games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/10/29", "description": "U.S. President Richard Nixon approves legislation to increase Social Security spending by US$5.3 billion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/10/29", "description": "A commuter train collision in Chicago kills 45, injures hundreds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/10/29", "description": "November", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/10/29", "description": "At a scientific meeting in Honolulu, Herbert Boyer and Stanley N. Cohen conceive the concept of recombinant DNA. They publish their results in November 1973 in PNAS. Separately in 1972, Paul Berg also recombines DNA in a test tube. Recombinant DNA technology has dramatically changed the field of biological sciences, especially biotechnology, and opened the door to genetically modified organisms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/10/29", "description": "The Nishitetsu Lions baseball club, part of the NPB's Pacific League, is sold to the Fukuoka Baseball Corporation, a subsidiary of Nishi-Nippon Railroad.  The team is renamed the Taiheiyo Club Lions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/11/05", "description": "A group of Amerindians occupies the Bureau of Indian Affairs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/11/07", "description": "U.S. presidential election, 1972: Republican incumbent Richard Nixon defeats Democratic Senator George McGovern in a landslide (the election had the lowest voter turnout since 1948, with only 55 percent of the electorate voting).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/11/11", "description": "Vietnam War \u2013 Vietnamization: The United States Army turns over the massive Long Binh military base to South Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/11/14", "description": "The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 1,000 (1,003.16) for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/11/16", "description": "The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization adopts the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage<a href=\"http:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/pg.cfm?cid=182\">http:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/pg.cfm?cid=182<\/a> {{Dead link|date=July 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/11/19", "description": "Se\u00e1n Mac St\u00edof\u00e1in, a leader of the Provisional Irish Republican Army, is arrested in Dublin after giving an interview to RT\u00c9.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/11/22", "description": "Vietnam War: The United States loses its first B-52 Stratofortress of the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/11/28", "description": "The last executions in Paris, France. Roger Bontems and Claude Buffet \u2013 the Clairvaux Mutineers \u2013 were guillotined at La Sante Prison by chief executioner Andre Obrecht (already suffering from Parkinson's Disease). Bontems had been found innocent of murder by the court, but as Buffet's accomplice was condemned to death anyway. President Georges Pompidou, in private an abolitionist, upheld both death sentences in deference to  French public opinion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/11/28", "description": "Atari kicks off the first generation of video games with the release of their seminal arcade version of ''Pong'', the first game to achieve commercial success.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/11/28", "description": "The ampquottea houseampquot Mellow Yellow opens on the Amstel River in Amsterdam, pioneering the legal sale of cannabis in the Netherlands.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wilsonsalmanac.com\/book\/nov29.html\">http:\/\/www.wilsonsalmanac.com\/book\/nov29.html<\/a> |title=\u00d8 Wilson's Almanac free daily ezine ampamp#124 Book of Days ampamp#124 November 29 ampamp#124 International Day of Solidarity with the Palestinian People Die Gr\u00fcnen Petra Kelly |publisher=Wilsonsalmanac.com |date= |accessdate=2012-05-17}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/11/28", "description": "Vietnam War: White House Press Secretary Ron Ziegler tells the press that there will be no more public announcements concerning United States troop withdrawals from Vietnam due to the fact that troop levels are now down to 27,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/11/28", "description": "Cod War: British Foreign Secretary Sir Alec Douglas-Home says that Royal Navy ships will be stationed to protect British trawlers off Iceland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/02", "description": "Edward Gough Whitlam becomes the first Labor Party Prime Minister of Australia for 23 years. He is sworn in on 5 December and his first action using executive power is to withdraw all Australian personnel from the Vietnam War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/02", "description": "''Apollo 17'' (Gene Cernan, Ronald Evans, Harrison Schmitt), the last manned Moon mission to date, is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/02", "description": "The Provisional Irish Republican Army kidnaps Jean McConville in Belfast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/02", "description": "Imelda Marcos is stabbed and seriously wounded by an assailant her bodyguards shoot him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/02", "description": "United Airlines Boeing 737 from Washington National to Chicago Midway crashes short of the runway, killing 43 of 61 passengers and 2 people on the ground.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/02", "description": "Over $10,000 cash is found in the purse of Watergate conspirator Howard Hunt's wife.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/02", "description": "International Human Rights Day is proclaimed by the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/11", "description": "Apollo 17 lands on the Moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/11", "description": "The film ''Man of La Mancha'', based on the hit musical, begins a roadshow run in New York City. Most critics savage it, partly because the cast is made up of mostly non-singing actors who nevertheless sing in the film. The only actor to have his singing voice dubbed is Peter O'Toole, who stars as Cervantes and Don Quixote. Gino Conforti is the only member of the original cast to repeat his role. The film is a box office flop, but more than twenty years later, its reputation starts to improve when it is released on video and public response is enthusiastic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/14", "description": "Apollo program: Eugene Cernan is the last person to walk on the moon, after he and Harrison Schmitt complete the third and final Extra-vehicular activity (EVA) of Apollo 17. This is the last manned mission to the moon of the 20th Century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/14", "description": "The Commonwealth of Australia ordains equal pay for women.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/14", "description": "The United Nations Environment Programme is established as a specialized agency of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/14", "description": "The Constitution of Bangladesh comes into effect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/14", "description": "The Portuguese army kills 400 Africans in Tete, Mozambique.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/19", "description": "Apollo program: ''Apollo 17'' returns to Earth, concluding the program of lunar exploration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/19", "description": "East Germany and West Germany recognize each other.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/19", "description": "ZANLA troopers attack Altera Farm in north-east Rhodesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/19", "description": "Two small earthquakes are felt at about 9:30 and 10:15 local time in Managua, Nicaragua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/19", "description": "Australia establishes diplomatic relations with China and West Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/19", "description": "A peace delegation that includes singer-activist Joan Baez and human rights attorney Telford Taylor visit Hanoi to deliver Christmas mail to American prisoners of war (they will be caught in the Christmas bombing of North Vietnam).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/19", "description": "A 6.25 Richter scale  earthquake in Nicaragua kills 5,000\u201312,000 people in the capital, Managua President Somoza is later accused of pocketing millions of dollars worth of foreign aid intended for relief.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/19", "description": "The Pittsburgh Steelers win their first ever post-season NFL game, defeating the Oakland Raiders 13\u20137, on a last second play that becomes known as The Immaculate Reception.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/24", "description": "Swedish Prime minister Olof Palme compares the American bombings of North Vietnam to Nazi massacres. The U.S. breaks diplomatic contact with Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/25", "description": "The Christmas bombing of North Vietnam causes widespread criticism of the U.S. and President Richard Nixon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/26", "description": "Former United States President Harry S. Truman dies in Kansas City, Missouri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/28", "description": "The bones of Martin Bormann are identified in Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/29", "description": "Eastern Air Lines Flight 401 crashes into the Everglades in Florida, killing 101 of 176 on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/29", "description": "Roberto Clemente dies in a plane crash off the coast of Puerto Rico while en route to deliver aid to Nicaraguan earthquake victims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/29", "description": "An extra leap second (23:59:60) is added to end the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/29", "description": "The US ban on the pesticide DDT takes effect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/29", "description": "The ''International Year of the Book''  is designated by UNESCO.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/29", "description": "The last major epidemic of smallpox in Europe breaks out in Yugoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/29", "description": "The United Kingdom begin to train Special Air Service for anti-terrorist duties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/29", "description": "The first women are admitted to Dartmouth College.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/29", "description": "Colombian looters find Ciudad Perdida but keep it a secret until the government reveals it in 1975.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/29", "description": "The Yellow River dries up for the first time in known history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/29", "description": "Worship of Norse gods is officially approved in Iceland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/29", "description": "The Climatic Research Unit is founded by climatologist Hubert Lamb at the University of East Anglia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1972/12/29", "description": "The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia bans the cultural organization Matica hrvatska, founded in 1842.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973", "description": "The United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and Denmark enter the ''European Economic Community'', which later becomes the European Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973", "description": "CBS sells the New York Yankees for $10 million to a 12-person syndicate led by George Steinbrenner (3.2 million dollars less than CBS bought the Yankees for).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/01/04", "description": "The pilot episode of the longest-running TV comedy series in the world ''Last of the Summer Wine'' is broadcast in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/01/07", "description": "Mark Essex kills 8 people at the Howard Johnson's hotel in downtown New Orleans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/01/07", "description": "Elvis Presley's concert in Hawaii. The first worldwide telecast by an entertainer watched by more people than watched the Apollo moon landings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/01/07", "description": "Super Bowl VII: The Miami Dolphins defeat the Washington Redskins, 14\u20137, at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, to complete the NFL's first Perfect Season in front of 90,182 fans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/01/15", "description": "Vietnam War: Citing progress in peace negotiations, U.S. President  Richard Nixon announces the suspension of offensive action in North Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/01/17", "description": "Ferdinand Marcos becomes President for Life of the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/01/18", "description": "Eleven Labour Party councillors in Clay Cross, Derbyshire, England, are ordered to pay \u00a36,985 for not enforcing the Housing Finance Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/01/20", "description": "U.S. President Richard Nixon is inaugurated for his second term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/01/21", "description": "The Communist League is founded in Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/01/21", "description": "''Roe v. Wade'': The U.S. Supreme Court overturns state bans on abortion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/01/21", "description": "George Foreman defeats Joe Frazier to win the heavyweight world boxing championship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/01/21", "description": "A Royal Jordanian Boeing 707 flight from Jeddah crashes in Kano, Nigeria 176 people are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/01/21", "description": "Former U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson dies at his Stonewall, Texas ranch, leaving no former U.S. President living until the resignation of Richard M. Nixon in 1974.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/01/21", "description": "Eldfell on the Icelandic island of Heimaey erupts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/01/21", "description": "U.S. President Richard Nixon announces that a peace accord has been reached in Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/01/25", "description": "English actor Derren Nesbitt is convicted of assaulting his wife Anne Aubrey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/01/27", "description": "U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War ends with the signing of the Paris Peace Accords.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/01/31", "description": "Pan American and Trans World Airlines cancelled their options to buy 13 Concorde airliners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/02/06", "description": "Toronto: Construction on the CN Tower begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/02/11", "description": "Vietnam War: The first American prisoners of war are released from Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/02/12", "description": "Ohio becomes the first U.S. state to post distance in metric on signs (see Metric system in the United States).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/02/13", "description": "The United States Dollar is devalued by 10%.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/02/16", "description": "The Court of Appeal of England and Wales rules that the ''Sunday Times'' can publish articles on Thalidomide and Distillers Company, despite ongoing legal actions by parents (the decision is overturned in July by the House of Lords).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/02/21", "description": "Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 (Boeing 727) is shot down by Israeli fighter aircraft over the Sinai Desert, after the passenger plane is suspected of being an enemy military plane. Only 5 (1 crew member and 4 passengers) of 113 survive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/02/22", "description": "Sino-American relations: Following President Richard Nixon's visit to mainland China, the United States and the People's Republic of China agree to establish liaison offices.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/02/26", "description": "Edward Heath's British government publishes a Green Paper on prices and incomes policy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/02/27", "description": "The American Indian Movement occupies Wounded Knee, South Dakota.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/02/27", "description": "The Republic of Ireland general election is held. Liam Cosgrave becomes the new Taoiseach.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/02/27", "description": "The landmark postmodern novel ''Gravity's Rainbow'' by Thomas Pynchon is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/02/27", "description": "Dick Taverne, having resigned from the Parliament of the United Kingdom on leaving the Labour Party, is re-elected as a 'Democratic Labour' candidate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/02/27", "description": "Pink Floyd's ''The Dark Side of the Moon'', one of rock's landmark albums, is released in the US. It is released in the UK on March 24.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/03/03", "description": "Tottenham Hotspur wins the Football League Cup final at Wembley, beating Norwich City 1\u20130.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/03/07", "description": "Comet Kohoutek is discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/03/07", "description": "In the 'Border Poll', voters in Northern Ireland vote to remain part of the United Kingdom. Irish nationalists are encouraged to boycott the referendum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/03/07", "description": "Provisional Irish Republican Army bombs explode in Whitehall and the Old Bailey in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/03/10", "description": "Sir Richard Sharples, Governor of Bermuda, is assassinated in Government House.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/03/12", "description": "March 12  - Last episode of original quotLaugh-Inquot airs on NBC. The show would continue with re-runs until May 14, 1973.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/03/12", "description": "Elizabeth II opens the modern London Bridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/03/12", "description": "Many of the few remaining United States soldiers begin to leave Vietnam. One reunion of a former POW with his family is immortalized in the Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph ''Burst of Joy''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/03/20", "description": "A British government White Paper on Northern Ireland proposes the re-establishment of an Assembly elected by proportional representation, with a possible All-Ireland council.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/03/21", "description": "The Lofthouse Colliery disaster occurs in Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/03/23", "description": "Watergate scandal (United States): In a letter to Judge John Sirica, Watergate burglar James W. McCord Jr. admits that he and other defendants have been pressured to remain silent about the case.  He names former Attorney General John Mitchell as 'overall boss' of the operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/03/29", "description": "The last United States soldier leaves Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/04/02", "description": "The LexisNexis computerized legal research service begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/04/03", "description": "The first handheld cellular phone call is made by Martin Cooper in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/04/04", "description": "The World Trade Center officially opens in New York City with a ribbon cutting ceremony.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/04/04", "description": "Fahri Korut\u00fcrk becomes the sixth president of Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/04/04", "description": "''Pioneer 11'' is launched on a mission to study the solar system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/04/06", "description": "Ron Blomberg of the New York Yankees becomes the first designated hitter in Major League Baseball.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/04/07", "description": "''Tu te reconna\u00eetras'' by Anne-Marie David (music by Claude Morgan, text by Vline Buggy) wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1973 for Luxembourg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/04/10", "description": "Israeli commandos raid Beirut, assassinating 3 leaders of the Palestinian Resistance Movement. The Lebanese army's inaction brings the immediate resignation of Prime Minister Saib Salam, a Sunni Muslim.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/04/11", "description": "The British House of Commons voted against restoring capital punishment by a margin of 142 votes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/04/12", "description": "The Labour Party wins control of the Greater London Council.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/04/15", "description": "Naim Talu, a former civil servant forms the new government of Turkey (36th government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/04/15", "description": "The German counter-terrorist force GSG 9amp!-- confirmed here --amp is officially formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/04/15", "description": "Federal Express officially begins operations, with the launch of 14 small aircraft from Memphis International Airport. On that night, Federal Express delivers 186 packages to 25 U.S. cities from Rochester, New York, to Miami, Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/04/15", "description": "The Morganza Spillway on the Mississippi River is opened for the first time to prevent catastrophic flooding of New Orleans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/04/20", "description": "An Indian Pacific train en route to Perth, derails near Broken Hill, New South Wales, destroying a quarter mile of track.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/04/26", "description": "This first day of trading on the Chicago Board Options Exchange", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/04/28", "description": "Six Irishmen, including Joe Cahill, are arrested by the Irish Naval Service off County Waterford, on board a coaster carrying 5 tons of weapons destined for the Provisional Irish Republican Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/04/30", "description": "Watergate Scandal: President Richard Nixon announces that top White House aides H.R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman, and others have resigned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/01", "description": "An estimated 1,600,000 workers in the United Kingdom stop work in support of a Trade Union Congress quotday of national protest and stoppagequot against the Government's anti-inflation policy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/03", "description": "The Sears Tower in Chicago is finished, becoming the world's tallest building at 1,451 feet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/03", "description": "Shambu Tamang becomes the youngest person to climb to the summit of Mount Everest. amp!--confirmed in Shambu Tamang--amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/03", "description": "Sunderland AFC defeats Leeds United A.F.C. in the FA Cup final.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/03", "description": "Secretariat wins the Kentucky Derby.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/03", "description": "Led Zeppelin plays before 56,800 persons at Tampa Stadium (breaking the attendance record of 55,600 set by The Beatles at Shea Stadium on August 15, 1965) on the band's 1973 North American Tour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/08", "description": "A 71-day standoff between federal authorities and American Indian Movement activists who were occupying the Pine Ridge Reservation at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, ends with the surrender of the militants. !--confirmed in  American Indian Movement--", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/08", "description": "The Polisario Front, a Sahrawi movement dedicated to the independence of Western Sahara, is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/08", "description": "The New York Knicks defeat the Los Angeles Lakers, 102\u201393 in Game 5 of the NBA Finals to win the NBA title.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/08", "description": "Bobby Riggs challenged and defeated Margaret Court, the world's #1 women's player, in a nationally-televised tennis match set in Ramona, CA northeast of San Diego. Riggs won 6-2, 6-1 which led to the huge Battle of the Sexes match against Billie Jean King later in the year on September 20.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/08", "description": "''Skylab'', the United States' first space station, is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/08", "description": "The British House of Commons votes to abolish capital punishment in Northern Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/17", "description": "Watergate scandal: Televised hearings begin in the United States Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/18", "description": "Cod War: Joseph Godber, British Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, announces that Royal Navy frigates will protect British trawlers fishing in the disputed 50-mile limit round Iceland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/19", "description": "Secretariat wins the Preakness Stakes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/22", "description": "Lord Lambton resigns from the British government over a 'call girl' scandal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/24", "description": "Earl Jellicoe, Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords in Britain, resigns over a separate prostitution scandal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/24", "description": "''Skylab 2'' (Pete Conrad, Paul Weitz, Joseph Kerwin) is launched on a mission to repair damage to the recently launched ''Skylab'' space station.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/24", "description": "H\u00e9ctor Jos\u00e9 C\u00e1mpora becomes democratic president of the Argentine Republic ending the 1966 to 1973 Revoluci\u00f3n Argentina military dictatorship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/05/27", "description": "By virtue of the non-retroactivity of Soviet copyright laws, all works published before this date are public domain. This applies worldwide.{{noMention}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/06/01", "description": "The Greek military junta abolishes the monarchy and proclaims a republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/06/03", "description": "A Tupolev Tu-144 crashes at the Paris air show 15 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/06/04", "description": "A patent for the ATM!-- confirmed here-- is granted to Donald Wetzel, Tom Barnes and George Chastain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/06/09", "description": "Secretariat wins the Belmont Stakes, becoming the first Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing winner since 1948.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/06/10", "description": "The grandson of J. Paul Getty is kidnapped in Rome.{{noMention}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/06/16", "description": "U.S. President Richard Nixon begins several talks with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/06/20", "description": "The Ezeiza massacre occurs in Buenos Aires, Argentina.   Snipers shoot on left-wing Peronists, killing at least 13 and injuring more than 300.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/06/22", "description": "W. Mark Felt!-- confirmed here-- (quotDeep Throatquot) retires from the Federal Bureau of Investigation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/06/23", "description": "A house fire in Kingston upon Hull, England, which kills a 6-year-old boy is passed off as an accident it later emerges as the first of 26 fire deaths caused over the next 7 years by arsonist Peter Dinsdale.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/06/24", "description": "Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev addresses the American people on television, the first to do so.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/06/24", "description": "Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE)", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/06/24", "description": "Erskine Hamilton Childers is elected the 4th President of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/06/24", "description": "Watergate scandal: Former White House counsel John Dean begins his testimony before the Senate Watergate Committee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/06/26", "description": "At Plesetsk Cosmodrome,!--confirmed here -- 9 persons are killed in the explosion of a Cosmos 3-M rocket.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/06/28", "description": "Elections are held for the Northern Ireland Assembly, which will lead to power-sharing between unionists and nationalists in Northern Ireland for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/06/30", "description": "A very long total solar eclipse occurs!--confirmed here --. During the entire 2nd millennium, only 7 total solar eclipses exceeded 7 minutes of totality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/01", "description": "The United States Drug Enforcement Administration is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/02", "description": "The United States Congress passes the Education of the Handicapped Act (EHA) mandating Special Education federally.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/04", "description": "MLB: The New York Mets fall 12\u00bd games back in last place of the National League Eastern Division.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/04", "description": "The Isle of Man Post begins to issue its own postage stamps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/04", "description": "The catastrophic BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion) in Kingman, Arizona, following a fire that broke out as propane was being transferred from a railroad car to a storage tank, kills 11 firefighters.  This explosion has become a classic incident, studied in fire department training programs worldwide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/06", "description": "St Andrew's Cathedral, Singapore is gazetted as a national monument.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/10", "description": "The Bahamas gains full independence within the Commonwealth of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/11", "description": "Varig Flight 820 crashes near Orly, France 123 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/12", "description": "1973 National Archives Fire: A major fire destroys the entire 6th floor of the National Personnel Records Center in St. Louis, Missouri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/16", "description": "Watergate Scandal: Former White House aide Alexander Butterfield informs the United States Senate Watergate Committee that President Richard Nixon had secretly recorded potentially incriminating conversations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/17", "description": "King Mohammed Zahir Shah of Afghanistan is deposed by his cousin Mohammed Daoud Khan while in Italy undergoing eye surgery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/17", "description": "France resumes nuclear bomb tests in Mururoa Atoll, over the protests of Australia and New Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/17", "description": "Bruce Lee dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/21", "description": "The Philippines receives its second Miss Universe title, with Margarita Moran as the winner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/23", "description": "The Avianca Building in Bogot\u00e1, Colombia suffers a serious fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/25", "description": "The Soviet ''Mars 5'' space probe is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/25", "description": "The Summer Jam at Watkins Glen, a massive rock festival featuring The Grateful Dead, The Allman Brothers Band and The Band, attracts over 600,000 music fans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/25", "description": "''Skylab 3'' (Owen Garriott, Jack Lousma, Alan Bean) is launched, to conduct various medical and scientific experiments aboard ''Skylab''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/29", "description": "Formula One racing driver Roger Williamson dies in an accident, witnessed live on European television, during the 1973 Dutch Grand Prix.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/30", "description": "An 11-year legal action for the victims of Thalidomide ends.{{noMention}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/30", "description": "Militant protesters led by Ian Paisley disrupt the first sitting of the Northern Ireland Assembly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/07/30", "description": "A Delta Air Lines Flight 173 DC9-31 aircraft lands short of Boston's Logan Airport runway in poor visibility, striking a sea wall about 165 feet (50 m) to the right of the runway centerline and about 3,000 feet (914 m) short.   All 6 crew members and 83 passengers are killed, 1 of the passengers dying several months after the accident.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/08/01", "description": "Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM) inaugurated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/08/02", "description": "A flash fire kills 51 at the Summerland amusement centre at Douglas, Isle of Man.{{noMention}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/08/05", "description": "Black September members open fire at the Athens airport 3 are killed, 55 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/08/05", "description": "South Korean politician Kim Dae-Jung is kidnapped in Tokyo by the KCIA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/08/05", "description": "The death of Dean Corll leads to the discovery of the Houston Mass Murders: 28 boys were killed by 3 men.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/08/15", "description": "The U.S. bombing of Cambodia ends, officially halting 12 years of combat activity in Southeast Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/08/23", "description": "The Norrmalmstorg robbery occurs, famous for the origin of the term Stockholm syndrome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/09/03", "description": "The British Trade Union Congress expels 20 members for registering under the Industrial Relations Act 1971.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/09/11", "description": "Chile's democratically elected government is overthrown in a military coup after serious instability. President Salvador Allende  commits suicide during the coup in the presidential palace, and General Augusto Pinochet heads a U.S.-backed military junta that governs Chile for the next 16 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/09/15", "description": "Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden dies. His grandson, Carl XVI Gustaf, becomes king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/09/18", "description": "The two German Republics, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), are admitted to the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/09/20", "description": "''The Battle of the Sexes'': Billie Jean King defeats Bobby Riggs in a televised tennis match, 6\u20134, 6\u20134, 6\u20133, at the Astrodome in Houston, Texas.  With an attendance of 30,492, this remains the largest live audience ever to see a tennis match in US history.  The global audience that viewed on television in 36 countries was estimated at 90 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/09/22", "description": "Henry Kissinger, United States National Security Advisor, starts his term as United States Secretary of State.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/09/23", "description": "The Oakland Raiders defeat the Miami Dolphins 12-7, ending the Dolphins unbeaten streak at 18. It was the Miami Dolphins' first loss since January 16, 1972 in Super Bowl VI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/09/27", "description": "Soviet space program: Soyuz 12, the first Soviet manned flight since the Soyuz 11 tragedy in 1971, is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/09/28", "description": " The ITT Building in New York City is bombed in protest at ITT's alleged involvement in the September 11, 1973 coup d'\u00e9tat in Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/09/30", "description": "Yankee Stadium, known as quotThe House That Ruth Builtquot, closes for a two year renovation at a cost of $160 million. The New York Yankees play all of their home games at Shea Stadium in 1974 and 1975.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/10/06", "description": "Yom Kippur War: The fourth and largest Arab\u2013Israeli conflict begins, as Egyptian and Syrian forces attack Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights on Yom Kippur.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/10/08", "description": "LBC Radio  begins broadcasting on 97.3 FM in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/10/08", "description": "Spiro T. Agnew resigns as Vice President of the United States and then, in federal court in Baltimore, Maryland, pleads no contest to charges of income tax evasion on $29,500 he received in 1967, while he was governor of Maryland. He is fined $10,000 and put on 3 years' probation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/10/08", "description": "The New York Mets win baseball's National League pennant, defeating the heavily favored Cincinnati Reds 3 games to 2.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/10/14", "description": "Students revolt in Bangkok, Thailand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/10/17", "description": "The Arab Oil Embargo against several countries which support Israel triggers the 1973 energy crisis!--confirmed here--.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/10/17", "description": "The Saturday Night Massacre: U.S. President Richard Nixon orders Attorney General Elliot Richardson to dismiss Watergate Special Prosecutor Archibald Cox.   Richardson refuses and resigns, along with Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus.   Solicitor General Robert Bork, third in line at the Department of Justice, then fires Cox.   The event raises calls for Nixon's impeachment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/10/17", "description": "The Sydney Opera House is opened by Elizabeth II after 14 years of construction work.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/10/21", "description": "The Oakland Athletics win baseball's World Series, defeating the New York Mets 4 games to 3.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/10/21", "description": "The Yom Kippur War ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/10/21", "description": "The United Nations recognizes the independence of Guinea-Bissau.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/10/27", "description": "The Canon City meteorite!--confirmed here--, a 1.4 kilogram chondrite type meteorite, strikes Earth in Fremont County, Colorado.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/10/30", "description": "The Bosporus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey is completed, connecting the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosporus for the first time in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/10/31", "description": "Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape: Three Provisional Irish Republican Army members escape from Mountjoy Prison, Dublin, Republic of Ireland after a hijacked helicopter lands in the exercise yard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/11/01", "description": "Watergate scandal: Acting Attorney General Robert Bork appoints Leon Jaworski as the new Watergate Special Prosecutor.{{noMention}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/11/01", "description": "Pan Am cargo flight 160, a Boeing 707-321C, crashes at Logan International Airport, Boston, killing 3 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/11/01", "description": "Mariner program: NASA launches ''Mariner 10'' toward Mercury (on March 29, 1974 it becomes the first space probe to reach that planet).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/11/07", "description": "The Congress of the United States overrides President Richard M. Nixon's veto of the War Powers Resolution!--confirmed here--, which limits presidential power to wage war without congressional approval.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/11/08", "description": "Millennium '73, a festival hosted by Guru Maharaj Ji at the Astrodome, is called by supporters the quotmost significant event in human historyquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/11/11", "description": "Egypt and Israel sign a United States-sponsored cease-fire accord.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/11/14", "description": "In the United Kingdom, The Princess Anne marries Captain Mark Phillips in Westminster Abbey (they divorce in 1992).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/11/14", "description": "Skylab program: NASA launches ''Skylab 4'' (Gerald Carr, William Pogue, Edward Gibson) from Cape Canaveral, Florida on an 84-day mission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/11/14", "description": "U.S. President Richard Nixon signs the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act into law, authorizing the construction of the Alaska Pipeline.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/11/14", "description": "Watergate scandal: In Orlando, Florida, U.S. President Richard Nixon tells 400 Associated Press managing editors ampquotI am not a crook.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/11/14", "description": "The Athens Polytechnic uprising occurs against the military regime in Athens, Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/11/21", "description": "U.S. President Richard Nixon's attorney, J. Fred Buzhardt, reveals the existence of an 18\u00bd-minute gap in one of the White House tape recordings related to Watergate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/11/25", "description": "Greek dictator George Papadopoulos is ousted in a military coup led by Brigadier General Dimitrios Ioannidis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/11/27", "description": "The United States Senate votes 92\u20133 to confirm Gerald Ford as Vice President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/11/29", "description": "104 people are killed in a Taiyo department store fire in Kumamoto, Ky\u016bsh\u016b, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/11/29", "description": "December \u2013 Chile breaks diplomatic contacts with Sweden.{{noMention}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/12/01", "description": "Papua New Guinea gains self government from Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/12/03", "description": "Pioneer program: ''Pioneer 10'' sends back the first close-up images of Jupiter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/12/06", "description": "The United States House of Representatives votes 387\u201335 to confirm Gerald Ford as Vice President of the United States he is sworn in the same day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/12/15", "description": "Gay rights: The American Psychiatric Association removes homosexuality from its DSM-II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/12/16", "description": "O.J. Simpson of the Buffalo Bills became the first running back to rush for 2,000 yards in a pro football season.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/12/18", "description": "Islamic Development Bank created as a specialized agency of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC) (effective 12 August 1974).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/12/20", "description": "Spanish prime minister Luis Carrero Blanco is assassinated in Madrid by the terrorist organization ETA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/12/23", "description": "OPEC doubles the price of crude oil.{{noMention}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/12/28", "description": "The Endangered Species Act is passed in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/12/30", "description": "Terrorist Carlos fails in his attempt to assassinate British businessman Joseph Sieff.{{noMention}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/12/31", "description": "In the United Kingdom, due to coal shortages caused by industrial action, the Three-Day Week electricity consumption reduction measure comes into force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/12/31", "description": "ODECA functions suspended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/12/31", "description": "Economist E. F. Schumacher publishes his book ''Small is Beautiful''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/12/31", "description": "The National House Building Council is formed in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/12/31", "description": "The COSC The Swiss Official Chronometer testing Institute is founded in Switzerland by 5 Watch Cantons ampamp Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry FH.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/12/31", "description": "The title Queen of Australia is created by the Royal Style and Titles Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/12/31", "description": "Confirming the descriptions of bulkhead hull compartments for Chinese sailing ships in Zhu Yu's ''Pingzhou Table Talks'' of 1119, a large Song Dynasty trade ship of c. 1277 A.D. is dredged up from the waters near the southern coast of China that had 12 bulkhead compartment rooms in its hull.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/12/31", "description": "Sentosa Musical Fountain opens along side the Fountain Gardens in Sentosa, Singapore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1973/12/31", "description": "5 teams tie for rugby championship: wales, England, France, ireland, and Italy", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/01/26", "description": " B\u00fclent Ecevit, of CHP  forms the new government of Turkey (37th government, partner MSP )", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/01/26", "description": "Fire breaks out in the Joelma Building in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil 177 die, 293 are injured, 11 die later of their injuries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/01/26", "description": "Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Malaysia, was declared as a Federal Territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/02/08", "description": " After a record 84 days in orbit, the crew of ''Skylab 4'' returns to Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/02/17", "description": " A soccer stampede occurs in Cairo, killing 49.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/03/03", "description": " Turkish Airlines Flight 981 travelling from Paris to London crashes in a woods near Paris, killing all 346 aboard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/03/03", "description": "''People'' magazine's first issue released. Mia Farrow is on the cover.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/03/03", "description": "Following a hung parliament in the UK general election, Conservative prime minister Edward Heath resigns and is succeeded by Labour's Harold Wilson, who previously led the country from 1964 to 1970.ampamp{{cite news| url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk_politics\/vote_2005\/basics\/4393301.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk_politics\/vote_2005\/basics\/4393301.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title=1974 Feb: Hung parliament looms | date=April 5, 2005}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/03/08", "description": " Charles de Gaulle Airport opens in Paris, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/03/10", "description": " A Japanese World War II soldier, Second Lieutenant Hiroo Onoda, surrenders in the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/03/18", "description": " End of Oil embargo crisis: Most OPEC nations end a 5-month oil embargo against the United States, Europe and Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/03/29", "description": " The Terracotta Army of Qin Shi Huang is discovered at Xi'an, China.<a href=\"http:\/\/history1900s.about.com\/od\/1970s\/qt\/terracottaarmy.htm\">http:\/\/history1900s.about.com\/od\/1970s\/qt\/terracottaarmy.htm<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/03/29", "description": "April 3-4 ampampndash An enormous outbreak of tornadoes strikes the central parts of the United States, killing around 319 people.  Known as the ampquotSuper Outbreakampquot, the event was the largest and deadliest outbreak of tornadoes for almost 40 years until an even larger outbreak surpassed it in 2011.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/04/04", "description": " Hank Aaron ties Babe Ruth for the all-time home run record with his 714th at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/04/06", "description": "April 6", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/04/06", "description": "Swedish pop group ABBA win the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest with ''Waterloo''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/04/06", "description": "California Jam is held at the Ontario Motor Speedway in Ontario, California, attracting 250,000 fans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/04/08", "description": "April 8  ampndash Hank Aaron became the all-time MLB home run leader with his 715th at Atlanta in front of a national television audience.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/04/11", "description": " The Kiryat Shmona massacre took place in Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/04/24", "description": " Stephen King publishes ''Carrie'', his first novel under his own name.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/04/25", "description": " ''Carnation Revolution'': A coup in Portugal restores democracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/04/25", "description": "An all-female Japanese team summits Manaslu in Nepal, becoming the first women to climb an 8,000 metre peak.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/04/25", "description": "The Expo '74 World's Fair opens in Spokane, Washington.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/05/17", "description": " Dublin and Monaghan bombings: The Protestant terrorist group, the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF), explode numerous bombs in Dublin and Monaghan, in the Republic Of Ireland. The attacks kill 33 civilians and wound almost 300, which is the highest number of casualties in any single day during quotThe Troublesquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/05/17", "description": "Nuclear test: Under Project Smiling Buddha, India successfully detonates its first nuclear weapon, becoming the 6th nation to do so.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/05/17", "description": "The Warsaw radio mast is completed, the second tallest structure ever built (it collapses on August 8, 1991).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/05/30", "description": " NASA's ATS-6 satellite is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/06/13", "description": " The 1974 FIFA World Cup begins in West Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/06/26", "description": " The Universal Product Code is scanned for the first time, to sell a package of Wrigley's chewing gum at the Marsh Supermarket in Troy, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/07/07", "description": " West Germany beats the Netherlands 2\u20131 to win the 1974 FIFA World Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/07/20", "description": " Turkish invasion of Cyprus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/08/04", "description": " A bomb explodes in an Italicus Express train between Italy and West Germany, killing 12 and wounding 48. Italian neo-fascist terrorists take responsibility.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/08/08", "description": " Watergate scandal: U.S. President Richard Nixon announces his resignation (effective August 9).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/08/09", "description": " Vice President Gerald Rudolph Ford succeeds Richard Milhous Nixon as the 38th President of the United States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/08/14", "description": " Turkey invades for the second time in Cyprus, occupying 37% of the island's territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/08/30", "description": " An express train bound for Germany from Belgrade derails in Zagreb, Yugoslavia (now Croatia), killing more than 150 passengers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/09/08", "description": " TWA Flight 841 crashes into the Ionian Sea 18 minutes after take off from Athens, after a bomb explodes in the cargo hold, and kills 88 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/09/12", "description": " Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia is deposed by the Derg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/09/13", "description": " Japanese Red Army members seize the French Embassy in The Hague, Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/09/23", "description": " Ceefax (one of the first public service information systems) is started by the BBC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/10/11", "description": " The UK Labour government of Harold Wilson wins the second general election of the year, forming a three-seat majority. Wilson, who has led the party for a total of 11 years, has now won four of the five general elections he has contested.{{cite news| url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk_politics\/vote_2005\/basics\/4393307.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk_politics\/vote_2005\/basics\/4393307.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title=1974 Oct: Wilson makes it four | date=April 5, 2005}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/10/30", "description": " The Rumble in the Jungle takes place in Kinshasa, Zaire, where Muhammad Ali knocks out George Foreman in 8 rounds to regain the Heavyweight title, which had been stripped from him 7 years earlier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/11/01", "description": " World Tourism Organization (WTO or WToO) established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/11/16", "description": " The Arecibo radio telescope sends an interstellar radio message towards the M13 Great Globular Cluster. The message will reach its destination around the year 27,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/11/21", "description": " In Birmingham, England, 2 pubs are bombed, killing 21 people (the Birmingham Six are later sentenced to life in prison for this).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/11/22", "description": " The United Nations General Assembly grants the Palestine Liberation Organization observer status.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/11/24", "description": " A skeleton from the hominid species Australopithecus afarensis is discovered and named Lucy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/12/01", "description": " A Boeing 727 carrying TWA Flight 514 crashes 25 miles (40ampnbspkm) northwest of Dulles International Airport during bad weather, killing all 92 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/12/09", "description": " The Paris summit, reuniting the European communities' heads of state and government, commences.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/12/17", "description": " WIPO becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/12/24", "description": "December 25 ampndash Darwin, Australia is almost completely destroyed by Cyclone Tracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/12/30", "description": " Japanese soldier Teruo Nakamura surrenders on the Indonesian island of Morota, 34 years after beginning service in World War II", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1974/12/30", "description": "Rubik's Cube puzzle invented by Hungarian architecture professor Ern\u0151 Rubik.ampamp{{cite book|first=William|last=Fotheringham|title=Fotheringham's Sporting Pastimes|publisher=Anova Books|year=2007|page=50|isbn=1-86105-953-1}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975", "description": "January", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975", "description": "Altair 8800 is released, sparking the microcomputer revolution.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975", "description": "Volkswagen introduces the Golf, its new front-wheel-drive economy car, in the United States and Canada as the Volkswagen Rabbit.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975", "description": "Watergate scandal: John N. Mitchell, H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman are found guilty of the Watergate cover-up.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975", "description": "Malawi changes its capital city from Zomba to Lilongwe.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975", "description": "The United States Patent and Trademark Office is renamed U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975", "description": "The Federal Rules of Evidence are approved by the United States Congress.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975", "description": "Bangladesh freedom fighter Shiraj Shikder was killed by country's president Sheikh Mujibur Rahman", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/01/05", "description": " The Tasman Bridge in Tasmania, Australia, is struck by the bulk ore carrier ''Lake Illawarra'', killing twelve people.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/01/05", "description": "''Wheel of Fortune'' premieres on NBC.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/01/05", "description": "''AM America'' makes its television debut on ABC.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/01/07", "description": " OPEC agrees to raise crude oil prices by 10%.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/01/07", "description": "Ella Grasso becomes Governor of Connecticut, the first female U.S. governor who did not succeed her husband.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/01/07", "description": "U.S. President Gerald Ford appoints Vice President Nelson Rockefeller to head a special commission looking into alleged domestic abuses by the CIA.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/01/14", "description": " Heiress Lesley Whittle, 17, is kidnapped from her home in Shropshire, England by Donald Neilson.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/01/14", "description": "International Women's Year is launched in Britain by Princess Alexandra and Barbara Castle.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/01/14", "description": "Portugal announces that it will grant independence to Angola on November 11.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/01/14", "description": "Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom) opens at Walt Disney World and to this day remains one of the parks most popular attractions.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/01/18", "description": " Atomic Energy Commission divided between ERDA and Nuclear Regulatory Commission.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/01/18", "description": "Earthquake strikes Himachal Pradesh, India", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/01/18", "description": "The United States Energy Research and Development Administration is founded, in response to the 1973 oil crisis.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/01/18", "description": "In Hanoi, North Vietnam, the Politburo approves the final military offensive against South Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/01/18", "description": "Michael Ovitz founds the Creative Artists Agency.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/01/18", "description": "Work is abandoned on the British end of the Channel Tunnel.", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/01/24", "description": " Jazz pianist Keith Jarrett plays the solo improvisation 'The K\u00f6ln Concert' at the Cologne Opera, which, recorded live, becomes the best-selling piano recording in history.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.allaboutjazz.com\/php\/musician.php?id=7984|title=Keith\">http:\/\/www.allaboutjazz.com\/php\/musician.php?id=7984|title=Keith<\/a> Jarrett - Biography|work=All About Jazz|accessdate=2011-04-09| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110318092416\/http:\/\/www.allaboutjazz.com\/php\/musician.php?id=7984|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110318092416\/http:\/\/www.allaboutjazz.com\/php\/musician.php?id=7984|<\/a> archivedate= 18 March 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/01/26", "description": " Immaculata University defeats the University of Maryland 80-48 in the first nationally televised women's basketball game in the United States.<a href=\"http:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?id=TYZPAAAAIBAJampsjid=iQUEAAAAIBAJamppg=3918,4742960ampdq=immaculataamphl=en\">http:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?id=TYZPAAAAIBAJampsjid=iQUEAAAAIBAJamppg=3918,4742960ampdq=immaculataamphl=en<\/a> quotWomen Cagers Make TV Debutquot, ''Ocala (FL) Star-Bannerquot, January 27, 1975, p2B", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/01/29", "description": " The Weather Underground bombs the U.S. State Department main office in Washington, D.C..", "lang": "en", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/02/01", "description": " The Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation is launched in the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/02/04", "description": " The Haicheng earthquake, the first successfully predicted earthquake, kills 2,041 and injures 27,538 in Haicheng, Liaoning, China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/02/09", "description": " The ''Soyuz 17'' crew (Georgi Grechko, Aleksei Gubarev) returns to Earth after 1 month aboard the ''Salyut 4'' space station.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/02/09", "description": "Margaret Thatcher defeats Edward Heath for the leadership of the opposition UK Conservative Party. Thatcher, 49, is Britain's first female leader of any political party.ampamp{{cite news| url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/february\/11\/newsid_2539000\/2539451.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/february\/11\/newsid_2539000\/2539451.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title=1975: Tories choose first woman leader | date=February 11, 1975}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/02/09", "description": "Colonel Richard Ratsimandrava, President of Madagascar, is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/02/09", "description": "A ampquotTurkish Federated State of North Cyprusampquot is declared as an unsuccessful first step to international recognition of a Turkish Cypriot separatist state in Cyprus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/02/09", "description": "Fire breaks out in the World Trade Center.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/02/21", "description": " Watergate scandal: Former United States Attorney General John N. Mitchell, and former White House aides H. R. Haldeman and John Ehrlichman, are sentenced to between 30 months and 8 years in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/02/23", "description": " In response to the energy crisis, daylight saving time commences nearly 2 months early in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/02/26", "description": " A fleeing Provisional Irish Republican Army member shoots and kills off-duty London police officer Stephen Tibble, 22, as he gives chase.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/02/27", "description": " The Movement 2 June kidnaps West German politician Peter Lorenz. He is released on March 4 after most of the kidnappers' demands are met.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/02/27", "description": "A major tube train crash at Moorgate station, London kills 43 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/02/27", "description": "In Lom\u00e9, Togo, the European Economic Community and 46 African, Caribbean and Pacific countries sign a financial and economic treaty, known as the first Lom\u00e9 Convention.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/03/01", "description": " Aston Villa wins the Football League Cup at Wembley, beating Norwich City 1\u20130 in the final.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/03/01", "description": "Charlie Chaplin is knighted by Elizabeth II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/03/01", "description": "A Canadian parliamentary committee is televised for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/03/01", "description": "Algiers Accord: Iran and Iraq announce a settlement in their border dispute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/03/01", "description": "A bomb explodes in the Paris offices of the Springer Press. The 6 March Group (connected to the Red Army Faction) demands amnesty for the Baader-Meinhof Group.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/03/07", "description": " The body of teenage heiress Lesley Whittle, kidnapped 7 weeks earlier by the quotBlack Pantherquot, is discovered in Staffordshire, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/03/08", "description": " The United Nations proclaims International Women's Day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/03/09", "description": " Construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/03/09", "description": "Vietnam War: North Vietnamese troops attack Ban Me Thuot, South Vietnam, on their way to capturing Saigon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/03/09", "description": "''The Rocky Horror Show'' opens on Broadway in New York City with 4 performances.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/03/09", "description": "Extended portion of ''Sanyo Shinkansen'' between Okayama Station and Hakata Station opens, thus making Shinkansen reaching second island, Kyushu, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/03/11", "description": " The leftist military government in Portugal defeats a rightist coup attempt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/03/13", "description": " Vietnam War: South Vietnam President Nguyen van Thieu orders the Central Highlands evacuated.   This turns into a mass exodus involving troops and civilians (the ''Convoy of Tears'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/03/15", "description": " In Brazil, the Estado da Guanabara (State of Guanabara) merges with the state of Rio de Janeiro, under the name of Rio de Janeiro. The state's capital moves from the city of Niter\u00f3i to the city of Rio de Janeiro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/03/22", "description": " ''Ding-a-dong'' by Teach-In (music by Dick Bakker, text by Will Luikinga and Eddy Ouwens) wins the 20th Eurovision Song Contest 1975 for the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/03/25", "description": " King Faisal of Saudi Arabia is shot and killed by his nephew the killer is beheaded on June 18. (King Khalid succeeds Faisal.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/03/28", "description": " A fire in the maternity wing at Kucic Hospital in Rijeka, former Yugoslavia, kills 25 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/03/28", "description": "S\u00fcleyman Demirel of AP forms the new government of Turkey (39th government, a four-party coalition, so-called First National Front ({{lang-tr|Milliyet\u00e7i cephe}}))", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/03/28", "description": "In his final game on the sideline, John Wooden coaches UCLA to its 10th national championship in 12 seasons when the Bruins defeat Kentucky 92-85 in the title game at San Diego, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/04/03", "description": " Bobby Fischer refuses to play in a chess match against Anatoly Karpov, giving Karpov the title.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/04/03", "description": "Vietnam War: The first military Operation Babylift flight, C5A 80218, crashes 27ampampnbspminutes after takeoff, killing 138 on board 176 survive the crash.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/04/03", "description": "Bill Gates founds Microsoft in Albuquerque, New Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/04/03", "description": "The Soviet manned space mission ''Soyuz 18a'' ends in failure during its ascent into orbit when a critical malfunction occurs in the second and third stages of the booster rocket during staging, resulting with the cosmonauts and their Soyuz spacecraft having to be ripped free from the vehicle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/04/03", "description": "Asia's first professional basketball league, the Philippine Basketball Association, plays its first game at the Araneta Coliseum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/04/03", "description": "Eight people in South Korea, who are involved in People's Revolutionary Party Incident, are hanged.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/04/03", "description": "Bus massacre: The Kataeb militia kills 27 Palestinians during an attack on their bus in Ain El Remmeneh, Lebanon, triggering the Lebanese civil war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/04/03", "description": "A coup d'\u00e9tat in Chad led by the military overthrows and kills President Fran\u00e7ois Tombalbaye.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/04/17", "description": " Following several weeks of successful fighting the Khmer Republic surrenders there fore the Cambodian Civil War ends, in which the Communist party of the Khmer Rouge guerilla forces capture Phnom Penh, prompting a forcible mass evacuation of the city and starting off the infamous genocide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/04/24", "description": " Six Red Army Faction terrorists take over the West German embassy in Stockholm, take 11 hostages and demand the release of the group's jailed members shortly after, they are captured by Swedish police. (See West German embassy siege)", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/04/25", "description": " Vietnam War: As North Vietnamese Army forces close in on the South Vietnamese capital Saigon, the Australian Embassy is closed and evacuated, almost 10 years to the day since the first Australian troop commitment to South Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/04/30", "description": " Vietnam War:  The Fall of Saigon:  The Vietnam War ends as Communist forces from North Vietnam take Saigon, resulting in mass evacuations of Americans and South Vietnamese.  As the capital is taken, South Vietnam surrenders unconditionally.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/05/05", "description": " The Busch Gardens Williamsburg Theme Park opens in Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/05/12", "description": " Mayaguez incident: Khmer Rouge forces in Cambodia seize the United States merchant ship SS ''Mayaguez'' in international waters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/05/15", "description": " Mayaguez incident: The American merchant ship Mayaguez, seized by Cambodian forces, is rescued by the U.S. Navy and Marines 38 Americans are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/05/15", "description": "Sikkim accedes to India after a referendum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/05/15", "description": "Junko Tabei becomes the first woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/05/25", "description": " Indianapolis 500: Bobby Unser wins for a second time in a rain-shorted 174 lap, 435ampnbspmile (696ampnbspkm) race.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/05/27", "description": " The Dibbles Bridge Coach Crash near Grassington, North Yorkshire, England results in 32 deaths (the highest ever toll in a United Kingdom road accident).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/05/28", "description": " Fifteen West African countries sign the Treaty of Lagos, creating the Economic Community of West African States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/05/28", "description": "The Suez Canal opens for the first time since the Six-Day War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/05/28", "description": "The United Kingdom votes yes in a referendum to stay in the European Community.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/06/06", "description": " Georgetown Agreement formally creating the ACP Group signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/06/09", "description": " The Order of Australia is awarded for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/06/10", "description": " In Washington, DC, the Rockefeller Commission issues its report on CIA abuses, recommending a joint congressional oversight committee on intelligence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/06/19", "description": " Richard Bingham, 7th Earl of Lucan is found guilty in absentia of the murder of nanny Sandra Rivett.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/06/19", "description": "Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declares a state of emergency in India, suspending civil liberties and elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/06/19", "description": "Mozambique gains independence from Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/06/26", "description": " Two FBI agents and 1 AIM member die in a shootout, at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/07/01", "description": " The Postmaster-General's Department is disaggregated into the Australian Telecommunications Commission (trading as Telecom Australia) and the Australian Postal Commission (trading as Australia Post).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/07/04", "description": " Sydney newspaper publisher Juanita Nielsen disappears, and is presumed to have been murdered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/07/05", "description": " Cape Verde gains independence after 500 years of Portuguese rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/07/05", "description": "The Comoros declare their independence from France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/07/05", "description": "Ruffian, an American champion thoroughbred racehorse breaks down in a match race against Kentucky Derby winner, Foolish Pleasure. She had to be euthanized the following day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/07/09", "description": " The National Assembly of Senegal passes a law that will pave way for a  multi-party system (albeit highly restricted).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/07/12", "description": " S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe declare independence from Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/07/17", "description": " Apollo-Soyuz Test Project: A manned American Apollo spacecraft and the manned Soviet Soyuz spacecraft for the ''Soyuz 19'' mission, docks in orbit, marking the first such link-up between spacecraft from the 2 nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/07/30", "description": " In Detroit, Michigan, former Teamsters Union president Jimmy Hoffa is reported missing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/08/01", "description": " The Helsinki Accords, which officially recognize Europe's national borders and respect for human rights, are signed in Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/08/03", "description": " The Louisiana Superdome opens in New Orleans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/08/05", "description": " U.S. President Ford posthumously restores the U.S. citizenship of General Robert E. Lee, leader of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/08/05", "description": "The Banqiao Dam, in  China's Henan Province, fails after a freak typhoon over 200,000 people perish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/08/05", "description": "Samuel Bronfman II, son of the president of Seagram's, is kidnapped in Purchase, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/08/05", "description": "British Leyland Motor Corporation comes under British government control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/08/05", "description": "Governor M\u00e1rio Lemos Pires of Portuguese East Timor abandons the capital Dili, following a UDT coup and the outbreak of civil war between UDT and Fretilin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/08/05", "description": "The Birmingham Six are wrongfully sentenced to life imprisonment in Great Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/08/05", "description": "Founder President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman of Bangladesh is killed during a coup led by Major Syed Faruque Rahman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/08/20", "description": " Viking program: NASA launches the ''Viking 1'' planetary probe toward Mars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/08/24", "description": " Officers responsible for the military coup in Greece in 1967 are sentenced to death in Athens. The sentences are later commuted to life imprisonment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/08/24", "description": "SeptemberampampndashOctober ampampndash In New Zealand, M\u0101ori leader Whina Cooper leads a march 5,000 people in support of Maori claims to their land.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/08/24", "description": "In Sacramento, California, Lynette Fromme, a follower of jailed cult leader Charles Manson, attempts to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford, but is thwarted by a Secret Service agent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/08/24", "description": "The London Hilton hotel is bombed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army 2 people are killed and 63 injured.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/september\/5\/newsid_2499000\/2499203.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/september\/5\/newsid_2499000\/2499203.stm<\/a> 1975: London Hilton bombedampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/09/06", "description": " A Richter Scale 6.7 magnitude earthquake kills at least 2,085 in Diyarbakir and Lice, Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/09/09", "description": " Riverfront Coliseum opens in Cincinnati.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/09/09", "description": "Elizabeth Seton is canonized, becoming the first American Roman Catholic saint.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/09/09", "description": "Rembrandt's painting ampquotThe Night Watchampquot is slashed a dozen times at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/09/15", "description": " The French department of Corse, comprising the entire island of Corsica, is divided into two departments: Haute-Corse and Corse-du-Sud.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/09/16", "description": " Papua New Guinea gains its independence from Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/09/18", "description": " Fugitive Patricia Hearst is captured in San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/09/19", "description": " General Vasco Goncalves is ousted as Prime Minister of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/09/20", "description": " The term of Tuanku Al-Mutassimu Billahi Muhibbudin Sultan Abdul Halim Al-Muadzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah, as the 5th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia, ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/09/21", "description": " Sultan Yahya Petra ibni Almarhum Sultan Ibrahim Petra, Sultan of Kelantan, becomes the 6th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/09/22", "description": " U.S. President Gerald Ford survives a second assassination attempt, this time by Sara Jane Moore in San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/09/22", "description": "Francoist Spain executes five ETA and FRAP members, the last executions in Spain to date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/09/22", "description": "The Norwood Football Club beats the Glenelg Football Club in the South Australian National Football League (SANFL) Australian rules football Grand Final.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/09/28", "description": " The Spaghetti House siege takes place in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/09/30", "description": "  The Hughes Helicopters (later McDonnell-Douglas, now Boeing IDS) AH-64 Apache makes its first flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/10/01", "description": " ''Thrilla in Manila'': Muhammad Ali defeats Joe Frazier in a boxing match in Manila, Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/10/02", "description": " A blast at an explosives factory kills 6 in Beloeil, Quebec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/10/09", "description": " A bomb explosion outside the Green Park tube station near Piccadilly in London kills 1 and injures 20.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/10/11", "description": " NBC airs the first episode of ''Saturday Night Live'' (George Carlin is the first host Billy Preston and Janis Ian the first musical guests).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/10/16", "description": " Five Australian-based journalists are killed at Balibo by Indonesian forces, during their incursion into Portuguese Timor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/10/21", "description": " 1975 World Series: The Cincinnati Reds are defeated by the Boston Red Sox in Game Six off Carlton Fisk's 12th-inning home run to cap off what many consider to be the best World Series game ever played.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/10/22", "description": " The Reds defeat the Red Sox four games to three in a broadcast that breaks records for a televised sporting event.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/10/27", "description": " Robert Poulin kills 1 and wounds 5 at St. Pius X High School in Ottawa, Canada before shooting himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/10/27", "description": "Peter Sutcliffe (the ampquotYorkshire Ripperampquot) commits his first murder, that of Wilma McCann.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/10/27", "description": "Juan Carlos I of Spain becomes acting Head of State after dictator Francisco Franco concedes that he is too ill to govern.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/10/27", "description": "An independent audit of Mattel, one of the United States' largest toy manufacturers, reveals that company officials fabricated press releases and financial information to ampquotmaintain the appearance of continued corporate growth.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/10/27", "description": "The first petroleum pipeline opens from Cruden Bay to Grangemouth, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/10/27", "description": "The long-running television game show ''The Price is Right'' expands from 30ampampnbspminutes to its current hour-long format on CBS.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/06", "description": " The Green March begins: 300,000 unarmed Moroccans converge on the southern city of Tarfaya and wait for a signal from King Hassan II of Morocco to cross into Western Sahara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/07", "description": " A vapor cloud explosion at a petroleum cracking facility in Geleen, Netherlands leaves 14 dead and 109 injured, with fires lasting for 5 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/07", "description": "United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379: By a vote of 72\u201335 (with 32 abstentions), the United Nations General Assembly approves a resolution equating Zionism with racism. The resolution provokes an outcry among Jews around the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/07", "description": "The {{convert|729|ft|m|adj=on}}-long freighter ''SS Edmund Fitzgerald'' sinks during a storm {{convert|17|mi|km}} from the entrance to Whitefish Bay on Lake Superior, killing all 29 crew on board (an event immortalized in song by Gordon Lightfoot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/07", "description": "Lev Leshchenko revives ampquotDen Pobedyampquot, one of the most popular World War II songs in the USSR.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/07", "description": "Angola becomes independent from Portugal civil war soon erupts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/07", "description": "Australian constitutional crisis of 1975: Governor-General of Australia Sir John Kerr dismisses the government of Gough Whitlam and commissions Malcolm Fraser as Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/07", "description": "The first annual Vogalonga rowing ampquotraceampquot is held in Venice, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/14", "description": " Spain abandons Western Sahara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/15", "description": " quotGroup of 6quot (G-6) industrailized nations formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/16", "description": " Beginning of the Third Cod War between UK and Iceland, which lasts until June 1976.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/16", "description": "Former California Governor Ronald Reagan enters the race for the Republican presidential nomination, challenging incumbent President Gerald Ford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/16", "description": "Spanish dictator Francisco Franco dies in Madrid, effectively marking the end of the dictatorship established following the Spanish Civil War and the beginning of Spain's transition to democracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/22", "description": " Juan Carlos is declared King of Spain following the death of dictator Francisco Franco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/22", "description": "Suriname gains independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/22", "description": "The Irish Republican Army is outlawed in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/26", "description": " The 1975 cult classic movie The Rocky Horror Picture Show came out in America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/27", "description": " Ross McWhirter, co-founder of the Guinness Book of Records, is shot dead by the Provisional Irish Republican Army for offering reward money to informers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/28", "description": " Portuguese Timor declares its independence from Portugal as East Timor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/28", "description": "The name ampquotMicro-softampquot (for microcomputer software) is used by Bill Gates in a letter to Paul Allen for the first time (Microsoft becomes a registered trademark on November 26, 1976).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/11/28", "description": "While disabled, the submarine tender ''USS Proteus (AS-19)'' discharges radioactive coolant water into Apra Harbor, Guam. A Geiger counter at two of the harbor's public beaches shows 100 millirems\/hour, 50 times the allowable dose.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/12/02", "description": " In Laos, the communist party of the Pathet Lao takes over Vientiane and defeat the Kingdom of Laos which ends the Laotian Civil War but the ongoing Insurgency in Laos begins with the Pathet Lao fighting the Hmongs, Royalist-in-exile and the Right-wings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/12/03", "description": " The wreck of the ''HMHS Britannic'' is found in the Kea Channel by Jacques Cousteau.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/12/07", "description": " Indonesia invades East Timor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/12/08", "description": " New York City is approved for bailout of 2.3 billion each year through to 1978 ampndash 6.9 billion total.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/12/21", "description": " Six people, including Carlos (the Jackal), kidnap delegates of an OPEC conference in Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/12/25", "description": " Iron Maiden is formed by Steve Harris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/12/29", "description": " A bomb explosion at LaGuardia Airport kills 11.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/12/29", "description": "The government of Colombia announces the finding of Ciudad Perdida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/12/29", "description": "The Spanish army quits Spanish (Western) Sahara, the last remnant of Spain's Empire. The Sahrawi Republic (RASD) is created. Morocco invades ex-Spanish Western Sahara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/12/29", "description": "The term fractal is first used.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/12/29", "description": "Lyme disease first recognised at Lyme, Connecticut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/12/29", "description": "Victoria (Australia) abolishes capital punishment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/12/29", "description": "South Australia becomes the first Australian state to decriminalize homosexual acts between consenting adults.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/12/29", "description": "Some members of Jehovah's Witnesses, based on the group's chronology,ampamp''The Watchtower'', 15 August 1968, p.494\u2013501 ''Awake!'', 22 May 1969, p.15 ''The Watchtower'', 15 March 1980, p.17, para.5\u20136ampamp believed that Armageddon would occur in 1975 and a few of them sold their houses and businesses to prepare for the new world paradise which they believed would be created when Jesus establishes God's Kingdom on Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/12/29", "description": "Peter Gabriel departs Genesis, and is replaced on lead vocals by drummer Phil Collins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1975/12/29", "description": "The first Monster Truck Bigfoot was created by Bob Chandler", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976", "description": "January \u2013 The Cray-1, the first commercially developed supercomputer, is released by Seymour Cray's Cray Research.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/01/05", "description": "The Pol Pot regime proclaims a new constitution for Democratic Kampuchea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/01/11", "description": "The 1976 Flyers-Red Army game results in a 4-1 victory for the National Hockey League's Philadelphia Flyers over HC CSKA Moscow of the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/01/15", "description": "Would-be Gerald Ford presidential assassin Sara Jane Moore is sentenced to life in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/01/16", "description": "The trial against jailed members of the Red Army Faction begins in Stuttgart, West Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/01/16", "description": "Full diplomatic relations are established between Bangladesh and Pakistan 5 years after the Bangladesh Liberation War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/01/16", "description": "The Scottish Labour Party is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/01/19", "description": "Jimmy Carter wins the Iowa Democratic Caucus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/01/21", "description": "The first commercial ''Concorde'' flight takes off.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/01/27", "description": "The United States vetoes a United Nations resolution that calls for an independent Palestinian state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/01/29", "description": "Twelve Provisional Irish Republican Army bombs explode in the West End of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/01/30", "description": "''Live from Lincoln Center'' debuts on PBS.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/02/04", "description": "In Guatemala and Honduras an earthquake kills more than 22,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/02/05", "description": "Nearly 2,000 students become involved in a racially charged riot at Escambia High School in Pensacola, Florida 30 students are injured in the 4-hour fray.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/02/11", "description": "Clifford Alexander Jr. is confirmed as the first African-American Secretary of the United States Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/02/13", "description": "General Murtala Mohammed of Nigeria is assassinated in a military coup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/02/15", "description": "The 1976 Constitution of Cuba is adopted by national referendum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/02/24", "description": "Cuba's current constitution is enacted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/02/26", "description": "The Spanish Armed Forces withdraw from Western Sahara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/02/27", "description": "The Polisario Front, Western Sahara's national liberation movement,  declares independence of the territory under the name quotSahrawi Arab Democratic Republicquot (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/02/28", "description": "Madagascar becomes the first country to recognise the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/02/28", "description": "U.K. Home Secretary Merlyn Rees ends Special Category Status for those sentenced for scheduled terrorist crimes relating to the civil violence in Northern Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/02/28", "description": "Burundi recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/02", "description": "Vietnam recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/02", "description": "The Maguire Seven are found guilty of possessing explosives and subsequently jailed for 14 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/02", "description": "The Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention is formally dissolved in Northern Ireland, resulting in direct rule of Northern Ireland from London via the British Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/06", "description": "Algeria recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/09", "description": "A cable-car disaster in Cavalese, Italy leaves 42 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/09", "description": "March 11 \u2013 Two coal mine explosions claim 26 lives at the Blue Diamond Coal Co. Scotia Mine in Letcher County, Kentucky.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/11", "description": "Angola and Benin recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/13", "description": "Mozambique recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/14", "description": "After eight years on NBC, ''The Wizard of Oz'' returns to CBS, where it will remain for the next twenty-two years, setting what was likely then a record for the most telecasts of a Hollywood film on a commercial television network. That record will finally be broken by ''The Ten Commandments'', which began its annual network telecasts on ABC in 1973 and is still (2012) telecast by that network.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/15", "description": "Guinea Bissau recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/15", "description": "Harold Wilson resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/15", "description": "North Korea recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/15", "description": "Rubin ampquotHurricaneampquot Carter is retried in New Jersey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/15", "description": "Togo recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/20", "description": "Patty Hearst is found guilty of armed robbery of a San Francisco bank.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/20", "description": "Argentina military forces depose president Isabel Peron.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/20", "description": "A general strike takes place in the People's Republic of Congo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/26", "description": "The Toronto Blue Jays are created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/27", "description": "The first 4.6 miles of the Washington Metro subway system opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/29", "description": "The military dictatorship of General Jorge Videla comes to power in Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/31", "description": "The New Jersey Supreme Court rules that coma patient Karen Ann Quinlan can be disconnected from her ventilator. She remains comatose and dies in 1985.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/31", "description": "Apple Computer Company is formed by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/31", "description": "Conrail (Consolidated Rails Corporation) is formed by the U.S. government, to take control of 13 major Northeast Class-1 railroads that had filed for bankruptcy protection. Conrail takes control at midnight, as a government-owned and operated railroad until 1986, when it is sold to the public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/31", "description": "The Jovian-Plutonian gravitational effect is first reported by astronomer Patrick Moore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/03/31", "description": "Rwanda recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/04/02", "description": "Norodom Sihanouk is forced to resign as Head of State of Kampuchea by the Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot and is placed under house arrest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/04/03", "description": "The Eurovision Song Contest 1976 is won by Brotherhood of Man, representing the United Kingdom, with their song ''Save Your Kisses for Me''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/04/03", "description": "James Callaghan becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/04/03", "description": "Tiananmen Incident: Large crowds lay wreaths at Beijing's ''Monument of the Martyrs'' to commemorate the death of Premier Zhou Enlai. Poems against the Gang of Four are also displayed, provoking a police crackdown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/04/03", "description": "An explosion in an ammunition factory in Lapua, Finland kills 40.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/04/03", "description": "The United States Treasury Department reintroduces the two-dollar bill as a Federal Reserve Note on Thomas Jefferson's 233rd birthday as part of the United States Bicentennial celebration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/04/16", "description": "As a measure to curb population growth, the minimum age for marriage in India is raised to 21 years for men and 18 years for women.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/04/21", "description": "The Great Bookie Robbery in Melbourne: Bandits steal A$1.4 million in bookmakers' settlements from Queen Street, Melbourne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/04/23", "description": "The punk rock group The Ramones release their first self-titled album.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/04/25", "description": "Portugal's new constitution is enacted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/05/01", "description": "Neville Wran becomes Premier of New South Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/05/01", "description": "The first LAGEOS (Laser Geodynamics Satellite) is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/05/01", "description": "A train crash in Schiedam, the Netherlands, kills 24 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/05/06", "description": "An earthquake hits the Friuli area in Italy, killing more than 900 people and making another 100,000 homeless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/05/09", "description": "Ulrike Meinhof of the Red Army Faction is found hanged in an apparent suicide, in her Stuttgart-Stammheim prison cell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/05/09", "description": "U.S. President Gerald Ford signs the Federal Election Campaign Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/05/09", "description": "An accident involving a tanker truck carrying anhydrous ammonia takes place in Houston, Texas, resulting in the deaths of 7 people.ampamp{{cite web | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/blog.chron.com\/bayoucityhistory\/2011\/05\/35-years-later-houstons-deadly-ammonia-truck-disaster\/\">http:\/\/blog.chron.com\/bayoucityhistory\/2011\/05\/35-years-later-houstons-deadly-ammonia-truck-disaster\/<\/a> | title = 35 years later: Houston\u2019s deadly ammonia truck disaster | accessdate = 2011-05-27 | date = 2011-05-26 | work = Houston Chronicle}}ampampampamp{{cite news | title = 1976 ammonia truck disaster  | date = 2011-05-11 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.chron.com\/news\/photogallery\/Remembering_the_1976_ammonia_truck_disaster.html\">http:\/\/www.chron.com\/news\/photogallery\/Remembering_the_1976_ammonia_truck_disaster.html<\/a> | work = Houston Chronicle | accessdate = 2011-05-26}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/05/24", "description": "Washington, D.C. Concorde service begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/05/25", "description": "U.S. President Gerald Ford defeats challenger Ronald Reagan in 3 Republican presidential primaries: Kentucky, Tennessee and Oregon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/05/30", "description": "Indianapolis 500-Mile Race: Johnny Rutherford wins the (rain-shortened) shortest race in event history to date, at 102 laps or 255 miles (408ampnbspkm).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/05/31", "description": "Syria intervenes in the Lebanese Civil War in opposition to the Palestine Liberation Organization, whom it had previously supported.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/06/01", "description": "The UK and Iceland end the Cod War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/06/02", "description": "A car bomb fatally injures Arizona Republic reporter Don Bolles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/06/04", "description": "The Boston Celtics defeat the Phoenix Suns 128-126 in triple overtime in Game 5 of the NBA Finals at the Boston Garden. In 1997, the game is selected by a panel of experts as the greatest of the NBA's first 50 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/06/05", "description": "The Teton Dam collapses in southeast Idaho in the U.S., killing 11 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/06/06", "description": "The Double Six Tragedy, a plane crash in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia, kills everyone on board, including Sabahan Chief Minister Tun Fuad Stephens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/06/13", "description": "Savage thunderstorms roll through the state of Iowa spawning several tornadoes, including an F-5 tornado that destroys the town of Jordan, Iowa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/06/14", "description": "The trial begins at Oxford Crown Court of Donald Neilson, the killer known as the Black Panther.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/06/16", "description": "The Soweto riots in South Africa begin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/06/17", "description": "The National Basketball Association and the American Basketball Association agree on the ABA-NBA merger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/06/17", "description": "Hundreds of Western tourists are moved from Beirut and taken to safety in Syria by the U.S. military, following the murder of the U.S. ambassador.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/06/17", "description": "General elections are held in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/06/17", "description": "Czechoslovakia beats West Germany 5\u20133 on penalties to win Euro 76, when the game had ended 2\u20132 after extra time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/06/25", "description": "Strikes start in Poland (Ursus, Radom, P\u0142ock) after communists raise food prices they end on June 30.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/06/26", "description": "The CN Tower is built in Toronto the tallest free-standing land structure opens to the public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/06/26", "description": "G-6 renamed \u201cGroup of 7\u201d (G-7).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/06/26", "description": "Palestinian extremists hijack an Air France plane in Greece with 246 passengers and 12 crew. They take it to Entebbe, Uganda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/06/29", "description": "Seychelles gains independence from the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/02", "description": "North Vietnam and South Vietnam unite to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/03", "description": "''Gregg v. Georgia'': The Supreme Court of the United States rules that the death penalty is not inherently cruel or unusual and is a constitutionally acceptable form of punishment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/03", "description": "The great heat wave in the United Kingdom, which is currently suffering from drought conditions, reaches its peak.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/03", "description": "''United States Bicentennial'': From coast to coast, the United States celebrates the 200th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/03", "description": "Entebbe Raid: Israeli airborne commandos free 103 hostages being held by Palestinian hijackers of an Air France plane at Uganda's Entebbe Airport 1 Israeli soldier and several Ugandan soldiers are killed in the raid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/06", "description": "The first class of women is inducted at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, MD.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/06", "description": "German left-wing terrorists Monika Berberich, Gabriella Rollnick, Juliane Plambeck and Inge Viett escape from the Lehrter Stra\u00dfe maximum security prison in West Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/06", "description": "David Steel becomes leader of the UK's Liberal Party in the aftermath of the scandal which forced out Jeremy Thorpe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/06", "description": "Three British and 1 American mercenaries are shot by firing squad in Angola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/06", "description": "An explosion in Seveso, Italy, causes extended pollution to a large area in the neighborhood of Milano, with many evacuations and a large number of people affected by the toxic cloud.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/12", "description": "Barbara Jordan is the first black person to keynote a political convention.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/15", "description": "Jimmy Carter is nominated for U.S. President at the Democratic National Convention in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/16", "description": "July 20 \u2013 Albert Spaggiari and his gang break into the vault of the Societe Generale Bank in Nice, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/16", "description": "The 1976 Summer Olympics begin in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/16", "description": "East Timor is declared the 27th province of Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/18", "description": "Nadia Com\u0103neci earns the first of 7 perfect scores of 10 at the 1976 Summer Olympics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/19", "description": "Sagarmatha National Park in Nepal is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/20", "description": "Viking program: The Viking 1 lander successfully lands on Mars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/21", "description": "A bomb kills Christopher Ewart-Biggs, British ambassador to the Irish Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/26", "description": "In Los Angeles, Ronald Reagan announces his choice of liberal U.S. Senator Richard Schweiker as his vice presidential running mate, in an effort to woo moderate Republican delegates away from President Gerald Ford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/26", "description": "The United Kingdom breaks diplomatic relations with Uganda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/26", "description": "Delegates attending an American Legion convention at The Bellevue Stratford Hotel in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US, begin falling ill with a form of pneumonia: this will eventually be recognised as the first outbreak of Legionnaires' disease and will end in the deaths of 29 attendees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/28", "description": "The Tangshan earthquake flattens Tangshan, China, killing 242,769 people, and injuring 164,851.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/29", "description": "In New York City, the quotSon of Samquot pulls a gun from a paper bag, killing 1 and seriously wounding another, in the first of a series of attacks that terrorize the city for the next year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/30", "description": "In Santiago, Chile, Cruzeiro from Brazil beats River Plate from Argentina and are the Copa Libertadores de Am\u00e9rica champions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/30", "description": "NASA releases the famous Face on Mars photo, taken by Viking 1.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/30", "description": "The Big Thompson River in northern Colorado floods, destroying more than 400 cars and houses and killing 143 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/30", "description": "The Caribbean nation of Trinidad and Tobago becomes a republic, replacing Elizabeth II with a President as its head of state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/30", "description": "The Seattle Seahawks play their first football game.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/07/30", "description": "Racing Champion Niki Lauda suffers serious burns in the German Grand Prix.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/08/02", "description": "A gunman murders Andrea Wilborn and Stan Farr and injures Priscilla Davis and Gus Gavrel, in an incident at Priscilla's mansion in Fort Worth, Texas.  T. Cullen Davis, Priscilla's husband and one of the richest men in Texas, is tried and found innocent for Andrea's murder, involvement in a plot to kill several people (including Priscilla and a judge), and a wrongful death lawsuit. Cullen goes broke afterwards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/08/05", "description": "The Great Clock of Westminster (or Big Ben) suffers internal damage and stops running for over nine months.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/08/06", "description": "Former UK Postmaster General John Stonehouse is sentenced to 7 years' jail for fraud, theft and forgery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/08/07", "description": "Viking program: Viking 2 enters into orbit around Mars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/08/08", "description": "As part of the ABA-NBA merger agreement, a dispersal draft was conducted to assign teams for the players on the two ABA franchises which had folded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/08/08", "description": "Ten thousand Protestant and Catholic women demonstrate for peace in Northern Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/08/08", "description": "The Senegalese political party ''PAI-R\u00e9novation'' is legally recognized, becoming the third legal party in the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/08/16", "description": "The Ramones, made their first quotprofessionalquot performance at CBGB.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/08/18", "description": "At Panmunjom, North Korea, 2 United States soldiers are killed while trying to chop down part of a tree in the Korean Demilitarized Zone which had obscured their view.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/08/19", "description": "U.S. President Gerald Ford edges out challenger Ronald Reagan to win the Republican Party presidential nomination in Kansas City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/08/24", "description": "In Uruguay, the army captures Marcelo Gelman and his pregnant wife. Marcelo is later killed and his wife (and unborn child) disappear.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/08/25", "description": "Jacques Chirac resigns as Prime Minister of France he is succeeded by Raymond Barre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/08/25", "description": "The first known outbreak of Ebola virus occurs in Yambuku, Zaire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/08/25", "description": "Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld, husband of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands, resigns from various posts over a scandal involving alleged corruption, in connection with business dealings with the Lockheed Corporation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/08/30", "description": "James Alexander George Smith quotJagsquot McCartney was sworn in as the first Chief Minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/09/01", "description": "Cigarette and tobacco advertising banned on Australian television and radio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/09/03", "description": "Viking program: The Viking 2 spacecraft lands at Utopia Planitia on Mars, taking the first close-up color photos of the planet's surface.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/09/03", "description": "Cold War: Soviet Air Force pilot Lt. Viktor Belenko lands a MiG-25 jet fighter at Hakodate, on the island of Hokkaid\u014d in Japan, and requests political asylum in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/09/03", "description": "Frank Sinatra brings Jerry Lewis's former partner Dean Martin onstage, unannounced, at the 1976 Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon in Las Vegas, Nevada, reuniting the comedy team for the first (and only) time in over 20 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/09/09", "description": "Chairman Mao Zedong, of the People's Republic of China, dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/09/09", "description": "Zagreb mid-air collision: A British Airways Trident and a Yugoslav DC-9 collide near Zagreb, Yugoslavia (now Croatia), killing all 176 aboard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/09/09", "description": "Osamu Tezuka begins serialising ''MW'', a manga inspired by the 1974 Kakuei Tanaka government scandal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/09/09", "description": "Shavarsh Karapetyan saves 20 people from a trolleybus that had fallen into an Erevan reservoir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/09/09", "description": "Beginning with the Night of the Pencils, a series of kidnappings and forced disappearances followed by torture, rape, and murder of students under the Argentine dictatorship takes place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/09/17", "description": "The space shuttle ''Enterprise'' is rolled out of a Palmdale, California hangar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/09/20", "description": "International Organization of Space Communications (Intersputnik) is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/09/20", "description": "September 21 \u2013 The semi-legendary 100 Club Punk Festival ignites the careers of several influential punk and post-punk bands, arguably sparking the Punk Movement's introduction into mainstream culture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/09/20", "description": "The Seychelles join the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/09/20", "description": "Orlando Letelier is assassinated in Washington, D.C. by agents of Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/09/24", "description": "Patricia Hearst is sentenced to 7 years in prison for her role in a 1974 bank robbery (an executive clemency order from U.S. President Jimmy Carter will set her free after only 22 months).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/09/25", "description": "The Irish rock band U2 is formed after drummer Larry Mullen Jr. posts a note seeking members for a band on the notice board of his Dublin school.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/10/04", "description": "The brand new Intercity 125 High Speed Train is introduced in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/10/04", "description": "Cubana Flight 455 crashes due to a bomb placed by anti-Fidel Castro terrorists, after taking off from Bridgetown, Barbados. All 73 people on board are killed.ampamp{{cite news| url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/4535661.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/4535661.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title=Cuba 'plane bomber' was CIA agent | date=May 11, 2005}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/10/04", "description": "Students gathering at Thammasat University in Bangkok, Thailand are massacred, while protesting the return of ex-dictator Thanom Kittikachorn by a coalition of right-wing paramilitary and government forces, triggering the return of the military to government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/10/04", "description": "In San Francisco, during his second televised debate with Jimmy Carter, U.S. President Gerald Ford stumbles when he declares that ampquotthere is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europeampquot (there is at the time).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/10/04", "description": "The Cultural Revolution in China concludes upon the capture of the Gang of Four.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/10/10", "description": "Taiwan Governor Hsieh Tung-ming is injured by a letter bomb from a pro-independence activist.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/10/12", "description": "The People's Republic of China announces that Hua Guofeng is the successor to Mao Zedong, as Chairman of the Communist Party of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/10/13", "description": "The United States Commission on Civil Rights releases the report, ''Puerto Ricans in the Continental United States: An Uncertain Future,'' that documents that Puerto Ricans in the United States have a poverty rate of 33 percent in 1974 (up from 29 percent in 1970), the highest of all major racial-ethnic groups in the country (not including Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/10/18", "description": "Ford officially launches volume production of Fiesta car at its Valencia plant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/10/18", "description": "The Copyright Act of 1976 extends copyright duration for an additional 20 years in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/10/18", "description": "The Battle of Aishiya is fought in Lebanon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/10/18", "description": "The Chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes'') is placed on the list of endangered species.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/10/20", "description": "The Mississippi River ferry ''MV George Prince'' is struck by a ship while crossing from Destrehan, LA to Luling, LA, killing 78 passengers and crew.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/10/21", "description": "The Cincinnati Reds sweep the New York Yankees in four games to win the 1976 World Series.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/10/22", "description": "Cearbhall \u00d3 D\u00e1laigh, the 5th President of Ireland, resigns after being publicly insulted by the Minister for Defense.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/10/25", "description": "Clarence Norris, the last known survivor of the Scottsboro Boys, is pardoned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/11/02", "description": "U.S. presidential election, 1976: Jimmy Carter defeats incumbent Gerald Ford, becoming the first candidate from the Deep South to win since the Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/11/15", "description": "The first megamouth shark is discovered off Oahu in Hawaii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/11/19", "description": "Jaime Ornelas Camacho takes office as the first President of the Regional Government of Madeira, Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/11/24", "description": "At least 3,840 are killed in a Richter scale magnitude 7.3 earthquake of Van and Muradiye in Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/11/25", "description": "In San Francisco, The Band holds its farewell concert, ''The Last Waltz''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/11/25", "description": "Microsoft is officially registered with the Office of the Secretary of the State of New Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/11/25", "description": "Warsaw Treaty Organization joint secretariat established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/11/25", "description": "Angola joins the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/11/25", "description": "Jos\u00e9 L\u00f3pez Portillo takes office as President of Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/11/25", "description": "The Sex Pistols achieve public notoriety as they unleash several 4-letter words live on Bill Grundy's early evening TV show.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/11/25", "description": "Sir Douglas Nicholls appointed 28th Governor of South Australia, the first Australian Aboriginal appointed to vice-regal office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/11/25", "description": "Bob Marley and his manager Don Taylor are shot in an assassination attempt in Kingston, Jamaica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/11/25", "description": "Patrick Hillery is elected unopposed as the 6th President of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/11/25", "description": "The Viet Cong is disbanded in which its former members become a part of the Vietnam People's Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/11/25", "description": "The Congressional Hispanic Caucus is established by the 5 Latinos in the United States Congress: Herman Badillo of the Bronx, E. de la Garza and Henry B. Gonzalez of Texas, Edward R. Roybal of California, and the nonvoting Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico, Baltasar Corrada del Rio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/11/25", "description": "''Hotel California'' by The Eagles is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/12/10", "description": "The United Nations General Assembly adopted the Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/12/10", "description": "Samoa joins the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/12/10", "description": "Denis Healey announces to the British Parliament that he has successfully negotiated a \u00a32.3bn loan from the International Monetary Fund.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/12/20", "description": "Richard J. Daley, Mayor of Chicago for 21 years, dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/12/23", "description": "A new volcano, Murara, erupts in eastern Zaire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/12/28", "description": "Legendary guitarist Freddie King dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/12/28", "description": "In late March 1976, the first truly complete recording of the opera ''Porgy and Bess'' is released in a 3-LP set, by Decca Records in England and by London Records in the U.S. It stars Willard White and Leona Mitchell. The orchestra is the Cleveland Orchestra conducted by Lorin Maazel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/12/28", "description": "Random Breath Testing introduced in Victoria (Australia)", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/12/28", "description": "The first laser printer is introduced by IBM (the IBM 3800).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/12/28", "description": "California's sodomy law is repealed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/12/28", "description": "The term memetics is first proposed by Richard Dawkins in his book ''The Selfish Gene''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/12/28", "description": "Diffie-Hellman cryptography is proposed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/12/28", "description": "Plans to move the Nigerian capital from Lagos to Abuja are approved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/12/28", "description": "The New Jersey State Legislature passes legislation legalizing casinos in the shore town of Atlantic City commencing in 1978. After signing the bill into law, Governor Brendan Byrne declares ampquotThe mob is not welcome in New Jersey!ampquot referring to the Mafia's influence at casinos in Nevada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1976/12/28", "description": "The Early Academic Outreach Program (EAOP) was established by the University of California (UC) in response to the State Legislature's recommendation to expand post-secondary opportunities to all of California\u2019s students including those who are first-generation, socioeconomically disadvantaged, and English-language learners.ampampUniversity of California EAOP, 2003 in Review. University of California, 2009-10 Budget for Current Operations Budget Detail, as Presented to the Regents for Approval.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977", "description": "January ampampndash The world's first personal all-in-one computer (keyboard\/screen\/tape storage), the Commodore PET, is demonstrated at the Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/01/01", "description": " The Australian state of Queensland abolishes inheritance tax.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/01/03", "description": " Apple Computer Inc. is incorporated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/01/06", "description": " Record company EMI sacks the controversial United Kingdom punk rock group the Sex Pistols.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/theguardian\/2011\/jan\/07\/sex-pistols-emi-end-contract-1977\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/theguardian\/2011\/jan\/07\/sex-pistols-emi-end-contract-1977<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/01/06", "description": "Mount Nyiragongo erupts in eastern Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/01/06", "description": "Ocean Park opens in Hong Kong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/01/15", "description": " K\u00e4lvesta air disaster: A Swedish airliner crashes into a residential area of Stockholm, killing all 22 on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/01/17", "description": " Gary Gilmore is executed by firing squad in Utah (the first execution after the reintroduction of the death penalty in the U.S.).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/01/17", "description": "Scientists identify a previously unknown bacterium as the cause of the mysterious Legionnaires' disease.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/01/17", "description": "Australia's worst railway disaster at Granville, near Sydney, leaves 83 people dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/01/17", "description": "SFR Yugoslavia Prime minister, D\u017eemal Bijedi\u0107, his wife and 6 others are killed in a plane crash in Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/01/17", "description": "U.S. President Gerald Ford pardons Iva Toguri D'Aquino (aka ampquotTokyo Roseampquot).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/01/17", "description": "Snow falls in Miami, Florida (despite its ordinarily tropical climate) for the only time in its history. Snowfall has occurred farther south in the United States only on the high mountains of the state of Hawaii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/01/20", "description": " Jimmy Carter succeeds Gerald Ford as the 39th President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/01/21", "description": " U.S. President Jimmy Carter pardons Vietnam War draft evaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/01/23", "description": " ''Roots'' begins its phenomenally successful run on ABC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/01/24", "description": " The Massacre of Atocha occurs during the Spanish transition to democracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/01/26", "description": " Katimavik is founded as a volunteer service organization for Canadian youths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/01/28", "description": " The Great Lakes Blizzard of 1977 hits Buffalo, New York and the Niagara Region of Southern Ontario.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/01/31", "description": " The Centre Georges Pompidou is officially opened by French President Val\u00e9ry Giscard d'Estaing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/02/04", "description": " Fleetwood Mac's Grammy-winning album ''Rumours'' is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/02/07", "description": " The Soviet Union launches ''Soyuz 24'' (Viktor Gorbatko, Yuri Glazkov) to dock with the ''Salyut 5'' space station.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/02/15", "description": " Space Shuttle program: First test taxi flight of Space Shuttle Enterprise.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/02/18", "description": " Prog 1 of 2000 AD, is launched (issue dated 26 February 1977).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/02/23", "description": " Oscar Romero becomes Archbishop of San Salvador.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/02/28", "description": " Elizabeth II opens the Parliament of New Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/03/04", "description": " The 1977 Bucharest Earthquake kills 1,500.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/03/05", "description": " Formula One driver Tom Pryce dies after colliding with a track marshal at the South African Grand Prix in Kyalami.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/03/08", "description": " The Australian parliament is opened by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/03/09", "description": " Hanafi Siege: Approximately a dozen armed Hanafi Movement members take over 3 buildings in Washington, D.C., killing 1 person and taking more than 130 hostages. The hostage situation ends 2 days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/03/10", "description": " The rings of Uranus are discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/03/12", "description": " The Centenary Test between Australia and England begins at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/03/15", "description": " Tenor Luciano Pavarotti and the PBS opera series ''Live from the Met'' both make their American television debuts. Pavarotti stars in a complete production of Puccini's ''La Boheme''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/03/26", "description": " Focus on the Family is founded by Dr. James Dobson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/03/27", "description": " Tenerife disaster: A collision between KLM and Pan Am Boeing 747s at Tenerife, Canary Islands, kills 583 persons (the deadliest accident in aviation history).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/04/01", "description": " The small market town of Hay-on-Wye declares independence from the UK, as a publicity stunt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/04/02", "description": " Horse Racing ampndash Red Rum wins a record third Grand National at Aintree racecourse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/04/04", "description": " Grundy, Virginia experienced a major flood that made around $15 million in damages to 228 residential and commercial structures. To date the town is still recovering.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/04/04", "description": "German Federal Prosecutor Siegfried Buback and his driver are shot by 2 Red Army Faction members while waiting at a red light near his home in Karlsruhe. The ampquotUlrike Meinhof Commandoampquot later claims responsibility.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/04/04", "description": "The Toronto Blue Jays play their first game of baseball against the Chicago White Sox.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/04/04", "description": "The Seattle Mariners play their first-ever game of baseball against the California Angels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/04/08", "description": " The punk band The Clash's debut album ''The Clash'' is released in the UK on CBS Records.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/04/11", "description": " London Transport's Silver Jubilee buses are launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/04/21", "description": " Residents of Dover, Massachusetts report sightings of an eerie monster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/04/22", "description": " Optical fiber is first used to carry live telephone traffic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/04/27", "description": " The Guatemala City air disaster kills 28 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/04/28", "description": " A federal court in Stuttgart sentences Red Army Faction members Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, and Jan-Carl Raspe to life imprisonment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/04/30", "description": " Led Zeppelin sets a new world record attendance for an indoor attraction at the Pontiac Silverdome when 76,229 persons attend a concert here on the group's 1977 North American Tour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/05/01", "description": " The Taksim Square massacre in Istanbul results in 34 deaths, hundreds of injuries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/05/03", "description": " The light aircraft carrier ''HMS Invincible'' is launched at Barrow-in-Furness by Elizabeth II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/05/03", "description": "The 1977 IAS Cargo Boeing 707 airplane crash in Lusaka, Zambia kills all six on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/05/03", "description": "In Milan, Italy, during a far-left demonstration, a hooded person shoots at the police, killing a policeman, Antonio Custra. The scene was photographed and the pictureampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/img135.imagevenue.com\/img.php?image=32481_2_122_540lo.jpg\">http:\/\/img135.imagevenue.com\/img.php?image=32481_2_122_540lo.jpg<\/a> Im135.imageavenue.comampamp of the hooded man shooting in the middle of the street appears in many magazines around the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/05/03", "description": "The Likud Party, led by Menachem Begin, wins the national elections in Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/05/03", "description": "Elizabeth II commences her 1977 Silver Jubilee tour in Glasgow, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/05/03", "description": "Scientists report using bacteria in a lab to make insulin via gene splicing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/05/03", "description": "Moluccan terrorists take over a school in Bovensmilde, northern Netherlands (105 hostages), and a passenger train on the Bovensmilde-Assen route nearby (90 hostages) at the same time. On June 11, Dutch Royal Marines storm the train, and six terrorists and two hostages are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/05/25", "description": " ''Star Wars'' opens in cinemas and later becomes the historic highest grossing film for that time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/05/26", "description": " George Willig climbs the South Tower of the World Trade Center.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/05/26", "description": "Elizabeth II opens the new Air Terminal Building at the Edinburgh Airport.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/05/26", "description": "The 1977 Aeroflot Ilyushin 62 airplane crash in Cuba kills 69 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/05/28", "description": " The Beverly Hills Supper Club in Southgate, Kentucky, is engulfed in fire, killing 165 inside.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/05/29", "description": " Indianapolis 500: A. J. Foyt becomes the first driver to win the race four times.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/05/29", "description": "A bloodless coup installs France Albert Rene as President of the Seychelles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/05/29", "description": "The first Apple II series computers go on sale.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/05/29", "description": "The Portland Trail Blazers defeat the Philadelphia 76ers 109\u2013107 to win the National Basketball Association finals four games to two. Bill Walton is selected as the MVP of the series.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/06/06", "description": " 9 ampndash Jubilee celebrations are held in the United Kingdom to celebrate 25 years of Elizabeth II's reign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/06/07", "description": " After campaigning by Anita Bryant and her anti-gay quotSave Our Childrenquot crusade, Miami-Dade County, Florida voters overwhelmingly vote to repeal the county's quotgay rightsquot ordinance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/06/10", "description": " James Earl Ray escapes from the Brushy Mountain State Prison in Petros, Tennessee, but he will be recaptured on June 13.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/06/12", "description": "  The Supremes perform its final concert together at Drury Lane in London, England and then disbands permanently.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/06/15", "description": " Spain has its first democratic elections, after 41 years under the Franco regime.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/06/16", "description": " The Oracle Corporation is incorporated in Redwood Shores, California as Software Development Laboratories (SDL) by Larry Ellison, Bob Miner, and Ed Oates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/06/16", "description": "The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the states are not required to spend Medicaid funds on elective abortions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/06/16", "description": "Anglia Television broadcasts the fake documentary ''Alternative 3'', which enters into the conspiracy theory canon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/06/21", "description": " B\u00fclent Ecevit, of CHP forms the new government of Turkey (40th government since the founding of the Turkish republic, but fails to receive the vote of confidence)", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/06/21", "description": "The 1977 Rugby League World Cup culminates in Australia's 13 \u2013 12 victory over Great Britain at the Sydney Cricket Ground before about 24,450 spectators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/06/21", "description": "American Roy Sullivan is struck by lightning for the seventh time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/06/21", "description": "Elvis Presley holds his last concert at Market Square Arena in Indianapolis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/06/21", "description": "Some 200,000 protesters march through the streets of San Francisco, protesting Anita Bryant's antigay remarks and the murder of Robert Hillsborough.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/06/21", "description": "16-year-old shop assistant Jayne Macdonald is murdered by the Yorkshire Ripper in Leeds, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/06/21", "description": "The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization is permanently disbanded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/06/21", "description": "The Women Marines are disbanded, and the women are integrated into regular Marine Corps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/06/21", "description": "CKO (a now-defunct Canadian all news radio network) begins broadcasting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/06/21", "description": "EAC dissolved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/07/05", "description": " General Mohammed Zia ul-Haq overthrows Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, the first elected Prime Minister of Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/07/13", "description": " Somalia declares war on Ethiopia, starting the Ethiopian-Somali War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/07/13", "description": " The New York City blackout of 1977 lasts for 25 hours, resulting in looting and other disorder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/07/15", "description": " Anti-drug campaigner Donald Mackay disappears near Griffith, New South Wales (presumed murdered).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/07/19", "description": "July 20 ampndash Flooding in Johnstown, PA, caused by massive rainfall, kills over 75 people and causes billions in damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/07/21", "description": " S\u00fcleyman Demirel, of AP forms the new government of Turkey (41st government a three party coalition, so called second national front ({{lang-tr|Milliyet\u00e7i cephe}}))", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/07/22", "description": " The purged Chinese Communist leader Deng Xiaoping is restored to power 9 months after the quotGang of Fourquot was expelled from power in a coup d'\u00e9tat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/07/24", "description": " Led Zeppelin presents its last American  concert in Oakland, California, at the Oakland-Alameda County Coliseum. A brawl erupts between Led Zeppelin's crew and the staff of the promoter Bill Graham, resulting in criminal assault charges for several members of the Led Zeppelin group including the drummer John Bonham.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/07/28", "description": " The first oil through the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System reaches Valdez, Alaska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/07/30", "description": " Left-wing German terrorists Susanne Albrecht,<a href=\"http:\/\/www.baader-meinhof.com\/who\/terrorists\/raf\/albrechtsusanne.html\">http:\/\/www.baader-meinhof.com\/who\/terrorists\/raf\/albrechtsusanne.html<\/a> Baader-Meinhof.com Brigitte Mohnhaupt and a third person assassinate J\u00fcrgen Ponto,<a href=\"http:\/\/www.dresdner-bank.com\/content\/03_unternehmen\/05_gesellschaftliches_engagement\/02_ponto_stiftung\/\">http:\/\/www.dresdner-bank.com\/content\/03_unternehmen\/05_gesellschaftliches_engagement\/02_ponto_stiftung\/<\/a> Dresdner-Bank.com chairman of the Dresdner Bank in Oberursel, West Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/07/30", "description": "United States Senate hearings on MKULTRA are held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/07/30", "description": "The Tandy Corporation TRS-80 Model I computer is announced at a press conference.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/08/04", "description": " U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs legislation creating the United States Department of Energy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/08/07", "description": " The Japanese Usu volcano erupts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/08/09", "description": " The military-controlled government of Uruguay announces that it will return the nation to civilian rule through general elections in 1981 for a President and Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/08/10", "description": " David Berkowitz is captured in Yonkers, New York, after over a year of murders in New York City as the Son Of Sam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/08/12", "description": " The NASA Space Shuttle, named ''Enterprise'', makes its first test free-flight from the back of a Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/08/12", "description": "The Big Ear, a radio telescope operated by Ohio State University as part of the SETI project, receives a radio signal from deep space the event is named the ampquotWOW!ampquot signal for a notation made by a volunteer on the project.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/08/12", "description": "Herbert Kappler escapes from the Caelian Hill military hospital in Rome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/08/16", "description": " Elvis Presley, the king of rock and roll dies in his home in Graceland at age 42. 75,000 fans lined the streets of Memphis for this funeral.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/news\/story\/5934884\/elvis_presley_19351977_funeral_in_memphis\">http:\/\/www.rollingstone.com\/news\/story\/5934884\/elvis_presley_19351977_funeral_in_memphis<\/a> Elvis Presley (1935\u20131977): Funeral in Memphis", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/08/17", "description": " The Soviet icebreaker ''Arktika'' became the first surface ship to reach the North Pole.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/08/19", "description": " Groucho Marx, Comedic legend, star of stage and screen dies of pneumonia at  Cedars Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California the age of 86 (1890\u20131977).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/08/20", "description": " Voyager program: The United States launches the Voyager 2 spacecraft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/09/03", "description": " The Commodore PET computer is first sold.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/09/04", "description": " The Golden Dragon Massacre took place in San Francisco, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/09/04", "description": "Voyager program: Voyager 1 is launched after a brief delay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/09/04", "description": "German Autumn: Employers Association President Hanns-Martin Schleyer is kidnapped in Cologne, West Germany. The kidnappers kill 3 escorting police officers and his chauffeur. They demand the release of Red Army Faction (RAF) prisoners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/09/07", "description": " Treaties between Panama and the United States on the status of the Panama Canal are signed. The U.S. agrees to transfer control of the canal to Panama at the end of the 20th century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/09/08", "description": " INTERPOL issues a resolution against the piracy of video tapes and other material, which is still cited in warnings on opening pre-credits of videocassettes and DVDs today.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/09/10", "description": " Hamida Djandoubi's is the last guillotine execution in France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/09/12", "description": " South African activist Steve Biko dies after suffering a massive head injury in police custody in Pretoria, South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/09/16", "description": " Glam rock pioneer Marc Bolan dies in a car crash in Barnes, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/09/18", "description": " ''Courageous (U.S.)'', skippered by Ted Turner, sweeps ''Australia (Australia)'' in the 24th America's Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/09/19", "description": " Under pressure from the Carter Administration, President Anastasio Somoza Debayle lifts the state of siege in Nicaragua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/09/20", "description": " Petrozavodsk phenomenon was observed in the Soviet Union and some northern European countries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/09/21", "description": " A nuclear non-proliferation pact is signed by 15 countries, including the United States and the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/09/28", "description": " The Porsche 928 debuts at the Geneva Auto Convention.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/09/29", "description": " The modern Food Stamp Program begins when the Food Stamp Act of 1977 is enacted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/09/29", "description": "Energy Research and Development Administration part of Department of Energy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/09/29", "description": "Pel\u00e9 plays his final professional football game as a member of the New York Cosmos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/10/13", "description": " German Autumn: Four Palestinians hijack a Lufthansa Airlines flight to Somalia and demand the release of 11 Red Army Faction members (see Lufthansa Flight 181).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/10/13", "description": "The Atari 2600 game system is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/10/13", "description": "Anita Bryant is famously pied by four gay rights activists during a press conference in Des Moines, Iowa. This event resulted in her political fallout from anti-gay activism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/10/17", "description": " 18 ampndash German Autumn: GSG 9 troopers storm a hijacked Lufthansa passenger plane in Mogadishu, Somalia 3 of the 4 hijackers die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/10/17", "description": "German Autumn: Red Army Faction members Andreas Baader, Jan-Carl Raspe and Gudrun Ensslin commit suicide in Stammheim prison Irmgard M\u00f6ller fails (their supporters still claim they were murdered).   They are buried on October 27.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/10/17", "description": "Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, opens the 3rd session of the 30th Canadian Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/10/17", "description": "Reggie Jackson blasts 3 home runs to lead the New York Yankees to a World Series victory over the Los Angeles Dodgers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/10/19", "description": " German Autumn: Kidnapped industrialist Hanns-Martin Schleyer is found murdered in Mulhouse, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/10/20", "description": " Three members of the rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd die in a charter plane crash outside Gillsburg, Mississippi, 3 days after the release of their fifth studio album ''Street Survivors''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/10/21", "description": " The European Patent Institute is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/10/25", "description": " Seychelles recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/10/25", "description": "The last natural smallpox case is discovered in Merca district, Somalia.   The WHO and the CDC consider this date the anniversary of the eradication of smallpox, the most spectacular success of vaccination and, by extension, of modern science.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/10/25", "description": "Space Shuttle program: Last test taxi flight of Space Shuttle Enterprise.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/10/25", "description": "Hong Kong police forces attack the ICAC headquarters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/10/25", "description": "''Never Mind The Bollocks Here's The Sex Pistols'' is released in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/11/01", "description": " 2060 Chiron, first of the outer solar system asteroids known as Centaurs, is discovered by Charlie Kowal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/11/02", "description": " The worst storm in Athens' modern history causes havoc across the Greek capital and kills 38 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/11/06", "description": " The Kelly Barnes Dam, located above Toccoa Falls Bible College near Toccoa, Georgia fails, killing 39.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/11/06", "description": "Greek archaeologist Manolis Andronikos discovers the tomb of Philip II of Macedon at Vergina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/11/06", "description": "San Francisco elects City Supervisor Harvey Milk, the first openly gay elected official of any large city in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/11/09", "description": " Gen. Hugo Banzer, president of the military government of Bolivia, announces that the constitutional democracy will be restored in 1978 instead of 1980 as previously provided.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/11/10", "description": " The Bee Gees release the soundtrack to Saturday Night Fever, which will go on to become the then best selling album of all time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/11/10", "description": "Egyptian President Anwar Sadat becomes the first Arab leader to make an official visit to Israel, when he meets with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, seeking a permanent peace settlement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/11/10", "description": "TAP Portugal Flight 425 crashes at Madeira Airport, Funchal, Portugal, killing 131 and leaving 33 survivors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/11/10", "description": "British Airways inaugurates regular London to New York City supersonic Concorde service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/11/10", "description": "TCP\/IP test succeeds connecting 3 ARPANET nodes (of 111), in what eventually becomes the Internet protocol.ampampampquotTCP\/IPampquot, LivingInternet, 2008, webpage: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.livinginternet.com\/i\/ii_tcpip.htm\">http:\/\/www.livinginternet.com\/i\/ii_tcpip.htm<\/a> LivingI-tcpip.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/11/27", "description": " The Rankin\/Bass made-for-TV animated film ''The Hobbit'' premieres on NBC in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/11/30", "description": " International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) founded as specialized agency of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/11/30", "description": "December ampampndash Colombo Plan for Co-operative Economic and Social Development in Asia and the Pacific (CESDAP)", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/11/30", "description": "The Lockheed's top-secret stealth aircraft project, designated Have Blue, precursor to the U.S. F-117A Nighthawk, makes its first flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/11/30", "description": "The Nickelodeon Television Channel, a children's cartoon channel, launches as The Pinwheel Network.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/11/30", "description": "Jean-B\u00e9del Bokassa, president of the Central African Republic, crowns himself Emperor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/11/30", "description": "Malaysia Airlines Flight 653 is hijacked and crashes in Tanjung Kupang, Johor, Malaysia, killing all 100 passengers and crew on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/12/11", "description": " The Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the NFL win their very first game against the New Orleans Saints. They had lost their first 26 games before the win.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/12/13", "description": " A DC-3 charter plane carrying the University of Evansville basketball team to Nashville, Tenn., crashes in rain and dense fog about 90 seconds after takeoff from Evansville Dress Regional Airport. Twenty-nine people die in the crash, including 14 members of the team and head coach Bob Watson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/12/16", "description": " Mikhail Baryshnikov's 1976 production of Tchaikovsky's beloved ballet ''The Nutcracker'' comes to CBS a year after premiering onstage at the Kennedy Center. This adaptation will become the most popular television production of the work.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/12/18", "description": " Flight SATA 730, an international charter service from Zurich to Funchal Airport (Madeira), touches the sea in a landing attempt. Many of the 36 fatalities got trapped inside the sinking plane. 21 people survived with the help of rescue teams and by swimming to the shore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/12/18", "description": "Portugal's traditional naming conventions change such that children's surnames can come from either the mother or the father, not just from the father.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/12/18", "description": "Chiara Lubich is awarded the Templeton Prize.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/12/18", "description": "The Soviet National Anthem's lyrics are returned after a 24 year period, with Joseph Stalin's name omitted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/12/18", "description": "Mormon sex in chains case with the alleged abduction in England of a young Mormon missionary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1977/12/18", "description": "WAVES disbanded women integrated into regular Navy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978", "description": "The Copyright Act of 1976 takes effect, making sweeping changes to United States copyright law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978", "description": "Air India Flight 855, a Boeing 747 passenger jet, crashes into the ocean near Bombay, killing 213.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/01/04", "description": " A referendum in Chile supports the policies of Augusto Pinochet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/01/05", "description": " B\u00fclent Ecevit, of CHP forms the new government of Turkey (42nd government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/01/06", "description": " The Holy Crown of Hungary (also known as Stephen of Hungary Crown) is returned to Hungary from the United States, where it was held since World War II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/01/10", "description": " Pedro Joaqu\u00edn Chamorro Cardenal, a critic of the Nicaraguan government, is assassinated. Riots erupt against Somoza's government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/01/14", "description": "January 15 ampndash The body of former U.S. Vice President Hubert Humphrey lies in state in the Capitol Rotunda, following his death from cancer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/01/18", "description": " The European Court of Human Rights finds the British government guilty of mistreating prisoners in Northern Ireland, but not guilty of torture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/01/19", "description": " Federal Appeals Court Judge William H. Webster is appointed FBI Director.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/01/22", "description": " Ethiopia declares the ambassador of West Germany Persona non grata.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/01/22", "description": "Soviet satellite Cosmos 954 burns up in Earth's atmosphere, scattering debris over Canada's Northwest Territories.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/01/22", "description": "Rose Dugdale and Eddie Gallagher become the first convicted prisoners to marry in prison in the history of the Republic of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/01/25", "description": "January 27 ampndash The Great Blizzard of 1978 strikes the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes, killing 70.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/01/28", "description": " Richard Chase, the quotVampire of Sacramentoquot, is arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/01/28", "description": "A bomb explodes outside the Hilton Hotel in Sydney, Australia, killing 2 garbagemen, a policeman and injuring several others.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/01/28", "description": "Hollywood film director Roman Polanski skips bail and flees to France, after pleading guilty to charges of engaging in sex with a 13-year-old girl.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/02/05", "description": "February 7 ampndash The Northeastern United States blizzard of 1978 hits the New England region and the New York metropolitan area, killing about 100 and causing over US$520 million in damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/02/06", "description": " King Dragon operation in Arakan: Burmese General Ne Win targets Muslim minorities in the village of Sakkipara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/02/08", "description": " United States Senate proceedings are broadcast on radio for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/02/08", "description": "Pacific Western Airlines Flight 314, a Boeing 737-200, crashes in Cranbrook, British Columbia, killing 44 of the 50 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/02/08", "description": "Sixteen Unification Church couples wed in New York, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/02/08", "description": "Somalia mobilizes its troops, due to an apparent Ethiopian attack.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/02/08", "description": "The People's Republic of China lifts a ban on works by Aristotle, William Shakespeare and Charles Dickens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/02/08", "description": "Rhodesia, one of only two remaining white-ruled African nations, announces that it will accept multiracial democracy within two years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/02/08", "description": "Serial killer Ted Bundy is captured in Pensacola, Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/02/08", "description": "The Hillside Strangler, a serial killer prowling Los Angeles, claims a tenth and final victim.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/02/08", "description": "The first computer bulletin board system (''CBBS'') is created in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/02/19", "description": " Egyptian raid on Larnaca International Airport", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/02/21", "description": " Electrical workers in Mexico City find the remains of the Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan in the middle of the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/01", "description": " Charlie Chaplin's remains are stolen from Cosier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/02", "description": " ''Soyuz 28'' (Aleksei Gubarev, Vladimir Remek) is launched on a rendezvous with ''Salyut 6'', with the first cosmonaut from a third country (besides the  Soviet Union and United States) ampndash Czechoslovak citizen Vladim\u00edr Remek.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/02", "description": "Ethiopia admits that its troops are fighting with the aid of Cuban soldiers against Somalian troops in the Ogaden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/02", "description": "Rhodesia attacks Zambia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/02", "description": "The ''New York Post'' publishes an article about David Rorvik's book ''The Cloning of Man'', about a supposed cloning of a human being.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/06", "description": " American porn publisher Larry Flynt is shot and paralyzed in Lawrenceville, Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/10", "description": " ''Soyuz 28'' lands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/11", "description": " Coastal Road Massacre: Palestinian terrorists kill 34 Israelis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/14", "description": " Operation Litani: Israeli forces invade Lebanon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/15", "description": " Somalia and Ethiopia signed a truce to end the Ethiopian-Somali War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/16", "description": " Former Italian Premier Aldo Moro is kidnapped by the Red Brigades 5 bodyguards are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/17", "description": " The oil tanker ''Amoco Cadiz'' runs aground on the coast of Brittany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/17", "description": "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Prime Minister of Pakistan, is sentenced to death by hanging for ordering the assassination of a political opponent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/17", "description": "California Jam II is held at the Ontario Motor Speedway in Ontario, California, attracting more than 300,000 fans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/22", "description": " Karl Wallenda of the Flying Wallendas dies after falling off a tight-rope between two hotels in San Juan, Puerto Rico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/26", "description": " The control tower and some other facilities of New Tokyo International Airport, which was scheduled to open on March 31, are illegally occupied and damaged by terrorist attack by New Left activists, being forced to reschedule its opening date to May 20.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/28", "description": " ''Stump v. Sparkman'' (435 U.S. 349): The Supreme Court of the United States hands down a 5\u20133 decision in  a controversial case involving involuntary sterilization and  judicial immunity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/28", "description": "New Zealand National Airways Corporation the Domestic airline of New Zealand was merged with New Zealand's international airline, Air New Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/28", "description": "Dick Smith of Dick Smith Foods tows a fake iceberg to Sydney Harbour.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/03/28", "description": "The Philippine College of Commerce, through a presidential decree, is converted to the Polytechnic University of the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/04/03", "description": " The 50th Academy Awards are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California with ''Annie Hall'' winning Best Picture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/04/07", "description": " U.S. President Jimmy Carter decides to postpone production of the neutron bomb ampndash a weapon which kills people with radiation but leaves buildings relatively intact.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/04/08", "description": " Regular radio broadcasts of British Parliament proceedings start.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/04/09", "description": " Somali military officers stage an unsuccessful coup against the government of Siad Barre security forces thwart the attempt within hours, and several conspirators are arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/04/10", "description": " Volkswagen becomes the second (after Rolls-Royce) non-American automobile manufacturer to open a plant in the United States, commencing production of the Rabbit, the North American version of the Volkswagen Golf, at the Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly Plant near New Stanton, Pennsylvania with a unionized (UAW) workforce (the plant closes in 1992.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/04/14", "description": " 1978 Tbilisi Demonstrations: Thousands of Georgians demonstrate against an attempt by Soviet authorities to change the constitutional status of the Georgian language.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/04/18", "description": " The U.S. Senate votes 68\u201332 to turn the Panama Canal over to Panamanian control on December 31, 1999.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/04/18", "description": "Izhar Cohen ampamp the Alphabeta win the Eurovision Song Contest 1978 for Israel with their song ampquotA-Ba-Ni-Biampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/04/18", "description": "The One Love Peace Concert is held at National Heroes Stadium in Kingston, Jamaica.  Bob Marley unites 2 opposing political leaders at this concert, bringing peace to the civil war-ridden streets of the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/04/25", "description": " St. Paul, Minnesota becomes the second U.S. city to repeal its gay rights ordinance after Anita Bryant's successful 1977 anti-gay campaign in Dade County, Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/04/27", "description": " Afghanistan President Daoud Khan is killed during a military coup Nur Mohammed Taraki succeeds him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/04/30", "description": " The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan is proclaimed under pro-communist leader Nur Mohammed Taraki.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/04/30", "description": "Battle of Cassinga occurs in southern Angola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/04/30", "description": "Communist activist Henri Curiel is murdered in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/05/05", "description": " Pete Rose of the Cincinnati Reds gets his 3,000th major league hit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/05/05", "description": "Norway opens a natural gas field in the Polar Sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/05/05", "description": "Reinhold Messner (Italy) and Peter Habeler (Austria) made the first ascent of Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/05/09", "description": " In Rome, the corpse of former Italian prime minister Aldo Moro is found in a red Renault 4.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/05/12", "description": " In Zaire, rebels occupy the city of Kolwezi, the mining centre of the province of Shaba.   The Zairean government asks the U.S., France and Belgium to restore order.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/05/12", "description": "May 13 ampndash A group of mercenaries led by Bob Denard oust Ali Soilih in the Comoros 10 local soldiers are killed.   Denard forms a new government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/05/15", "description": " Students of the University of Tehran riot in Tabriz the army stops the riot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/05/17", "description": " Charles Chaplin's coffin is found some 15ampnbspkm  from the cemetery from which it was stolen, near Lake Geneva.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/05/17", "description": "Soviet dissident Yuri Orlov is sentenced to 7 years hard labor for distributing 'counterrevolutionary material'.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/05/17", "description": "Sarajevo is selected to host the 1984 Winter Olympics and Los Angeles is selected to host the 1984 Summer Olympics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/05/18", "description": "May 19 ampndash Belgian and French paratroopers fly to Zaire to aid the fight against the rebels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/05/19", "description": "May 20 ampndash French Foreign Legion paratroopers land in Kolwezi, Zaire, to rescue Europeans in the middle of a civil war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/05/20", "description": " Mavis Hutchinson, 53, becomes the first woman to run across the U.S. her trek took 69 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/05/22", "description": " Exiled leaders Ahmed Abdallah and Mohammed Ahmed return to the Comoros.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/05/25", "description": " A bomb explodes in the security section of Northwestern University, wounding a security guard (the first Unabomber attack).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/05/26", "description": " In Atlantic City, New Jersey, Resorts International, the first legal casino in the eastern United States, opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/05/28", "description": " Indianapolis 500: Al Unser wins his third race, and the first for car owner Jim Hall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/05/29", "description": " Ali Soilih is found dead in the Comoros, allegedly shot when trying to escape.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/01", "description": " The 1978 FIFA World Cup starts in Argentina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/03", "description": " The Congo Republic recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/06", "description": " California voters approve Proposition 13, which slashes property taxes nearly 60%.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/09", "description": " The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints extends the priesthood and temple blessings to 'all worthy males', ending a general policy of excluding 'Canaanites' from Priesthood ordination and temple ordinances.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/12", "description": " Serial killer David Berkowitz, the quotSon of Sam,quot is sentenced to 365 years in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/15", "description": " King Hussein of Jordan marries 26-year-old Lisa Halaby, who takes the name Queen Noor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/15", "description": "Cricketer Ian Botham becomes the first man in the history of the game to score a century and take 8 wickets in 1 inning of a Test match.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/15", "description": "''Garfield'', which eventually becomes the world's most widely syndicated comic strip, makes its debut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/20", "description": " A magnitude 6.5 earthquake hits Thessaloniki, Greece's second largest city, killing 45 people, injuring hundreds and damaging some of the city's Byzantine landmarks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/20", "description": "A shootout between Provisional IRA members and the British Army leaves 1 civilian and 3 IRA men dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/20", "description": "1978 Iranian Chinook shootdown: Iranian helicopters stray into Soviet airspace and are shot down.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/20", "description": "Charon, a satellite of Pluto, is discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/20", "description": "S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/23", "description": " Panam\u00e1 recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/23", "description": "Yemen Arab Republic President Ahmad al-Ghashmi is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/23", "description": "The Gay ampamp Lesbian Solidarity March is held in Sydney, Australia to mark 10th Anniversary of the Stonewall Riots (which later becomes the annual Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras later incorporating a festival).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/25", "description": " Argentina defeats the Netherlands 3\u20131 after extra time to win the 1978 FIFA World Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/26", "description": " A bombing by Breton nationalists causes destruction in Versailles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/26", "description": "The U.S. scientific satellite Seasat is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/26", "description": "''University of California Regents v. Bakke'': The Supreme Court of the United States bars quota systems in college admissions but affirms the constitutionality of programs which give advantages to minorities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/06/30", "description": " Ethiopia begins a massive offensive in Eritrea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/07/03", "description": " Amazon Cooperation Treaty (ACT) signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/07/07", "description": " The Solomon Islands become independent from the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/07/11", "description": " More than 200 tourists die in an explosion of a tanker-truck at a campsite in Costa Daurada, Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/07/11", "description": "Cerro Maravilla incident: Two Puerto Rican pro-independence activists are killed in a police ambush.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/07/11", "description": "Louise Brown, the world's first test tube baby, is born in Oldham, Greater Manchester, UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/08/06", "description": " Pope Paul VI dies in Castelgandolfo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/08/17", "description": " Double Eagle II becomes the first balloon to successfully cross the Atlantic Ocean, flying from Presque Isle, Maine, to Miserey, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/08/26", "description": " Pope John Paul I succeeds Pope Paul VI as the 263rd Pope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/09/05", "description": " Camp David Accords: Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat begin the peace process at Camp David, Maryland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/09/07", "description": " In London, England, a poison-filled pellet, supposedly injected using an umbrella, poisons Bulgarian defector Georgi Markov, probably on orders of Bulgarian intelligence he dies 4 days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/09/08", "description": " Iranian Army troops open fire on rioters in Teheran, killing 122, wounding 4,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/09/16", "description": " General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq officially assumes the post of President of Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/09/17", "description": " The Camp David Accords are signed between Israel and Egypt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/09/19", "description": " Police in the West Midlands of England launch a massive murder hunt, when 13-year-old newspaper boy Carl Bridgewater is shot dead after disturbing a burglary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/09/20", "description": " General Rahimuddin Khan assumes the post of Martial Law Governor of Balochistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/09/20", "description": "PSA Flight 182, a Boeing 727, collides with a small private airplane and crashes in San Diego, California 144 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/09/20", "description": "Giuseppe Verdi's opera ''Otello'' makes its first appearance on Live from the Met, in a complete production of the opera starring Jon Vickers. This is the first complete television broadcast of the opera in the U.S. since the historic 1948 one.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/09/27", "description": " The last Forest Brother guerilla movement fighter is discovered and killed in Estonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/09/28", "description": " Pope John Paul I dies after only 33 days of papacy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/09/28", "description": "Vietnam attacks Cambodia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/09/28", "description": "Tuvalu becomes independent from the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/09/28", "description": "The New York Yankees defeat the Boston Red Sox 5\u20134 at Fenway Park to clinch the AL East after being 14 games out of first place only two months earlier.  The Yankees would eventually go on to defeat the Kansas City Royals and Los Angeles Dodgers and win the World Series.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/10/07", "description": " ''Wranslide'' in New South Wales: the Wran government is re-elected with an increased majority.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/10/08", "description": " Australia's Ken Warby sets the current world water speed record of 317.6ampnbspmph (511.13ampnbspkm\/h at Blowering Dam, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/10/08", "description": "Daniel arap Moi becomes president of Kenya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/10/08", "description": "A massive short circuit in Seasat's electrical system ends the satellite's scientific mission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/10/08", "description": "United States President Jimmy Carter signs a bill that authorizes the minting of the Susan B. Anthony dollar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/10/08", "description": "U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs a bill into law which allows homebrewing of beer in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/10/16", "description": " Pope John Paul II succeeds Pope John Paul I as the 264th pope. He is the first Polish pope in history, and the first non-Italian in more than 450 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/10/17", "description": " The New York Yankees clinch their 22nd World Series championship, defeating the Dodgers 7\u20132 in Los Angeles and winning the Series 4 games to 2.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/10/20", "description": " The first Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras is held as a protest march and commemoration of the Stonewall Riots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/10/27", "description": " Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin win the Nobel Peace Prize for their progress toward achieving a Middle East accord.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/11/02", "description": "8:00 pm ampndash The Republic of Ireland's second television channel RT\u00c9 2 goes on air (renamed Network 2, 1988 RT\u00c9 Network Two, 1995 N2, 1997 and RT\u00c9 Two in 2004).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/11/02", "description": "Dominica gains its independence from the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/11/02", "description": "Equatorial Guinea recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/11/05", "description": " Rioters sack the British Embassy in Tehran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/11/05", "description": "Indira Gandhi is re-elected to the Indian parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/11/05", "description": "California voters defeat the Briggs Initiative that would have prohibited gay school teachers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/11/09", "description": " Tanzania recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/11/18", "description": " Jonestown incident: In Guyana, Jim Jones leads his Peoples Temple cult in a mass murder-suicide that claims 918 lives in all, 909 of them at Jonestown itself, including over 270 children.  Congressman Leo J. Ryan is assassinated by members of Peoples Temple shortly beforehand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/11/19", "description": " The first U.S. Take Back the Night march occurs in San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/11/27", "description": " In San Francisco, California, Mayor George Moscone and City Supervisor Harvey Milk are assassinated by former Supervisor Dan White.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/11/30", "description": " Publication of ''The Times'' is suspended due to labor problems until November 13, 1979.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/12/04", "description": " Dianne Feinstein succeeds the murdered George Moscone as San Francisco, California's first woman mayor (she serves until January 8, 1988).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/12/06", "description": " The Spanish Constitution officially restores the country's democratic government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/12/06", "description": "Lufthansa heist: Six men rob a Lufthansa cargo facility in New York City's John F. Kennedy International Airport.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/12/06", "description": "Two million demonstrate against the Shah in Iran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/12/13", "description": " The first Susan B. Anthony dollar enters circulation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/12/15", "description": " Cleveland, Ohio becomes the first major American city to go into default since the Great Depression, under Mayor Dennis Kucinich.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/12/16", "description": " Train 87 from Nanjing to Xining collides with train 368 from Xi'an to Xuzhou near Yangzhuang railway station in China, killing 106, injuring 218.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/12/19", "description": " Former Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi is arrested and jailed for a week for breach of privilege and contempt of parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/12/19", "description": "The pivotal Third Plenum of the 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is held in Beijing, with Deng Xiaoping reversing Mao-era policies to pursue a program for Chinese economic reform.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/12/19", "description": "Chicago serial killer John Wayne Gacy, who was subsequently convicted of the murder of 33 young men, is arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/12/19", "description": "Argentina started the Operation Soberan\u00eda against Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/12/25", "description": " Vietnam launches a major offensive against the Khmer Rouge of Cambodia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/12/27", "description": " The Constitution of Spain  is approved in a referendum, officially ending 40 years of military dictatorship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/12/27", "description": "Artificial insulin is invented.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/12/27", "description": "David Rorvik claims he has participated in a creation of a human clone in his book ''In His Image''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/12/27", "description": "Abortion is legalized in Italy for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/12/27", "description": "In Seoul, Korea, construction begins on Seoul Subway Line 2.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1978/12/27", "description": "Ford initiates a recall for the Pinto because of a public outcry resulting from deaths associated with gas tank explosions", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979", "description": "United Nations Secretary General Kurt Waldheim heralds the start of the ''International Year of the Child''. Many musicians donate to the ''Music for UNICEF Concert'' fund including ABBA, who wrote the song ampquotChiquititaampquot to commemorate the event.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979", "description": "The United States and the People's Republic of China establish full diplomatic relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979", "description": "The Canton of Jura comes into existence as the twenty-sixth canton of Switzerland, being formed from the predominantly French-speaking Catholic part of the Canton of Bern.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/01/04", "description": " The State of Ohio agrees to pay $675,000 to families of the dead and injured in the Kent State shootings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/01/07", "description": " Vietnam and Vietnam-backed Cambodian insurgents announce the fall of Phnom Penh, Cambodia, and the collapse of the Pol Pot regime. Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge retreat west to an area along the Thai border.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/01/08", "description": " The French tanker ''Betelgeuse'' explodes at the Gulf Oil terminal at Bantry, Ireland 50 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/01/09", "description": " The ''Music for UNICEF Concert'' is held at the United Nations General Assembly to raise money for UNICEF and promote the Year of the Child. It is broadcast the following day in the United States and around the world. Hosted by The Bee Gees, other performers include Donna Summer, ABBA, Rod Stewart and Earth, Wind amp Fire. A soundtrack album is later released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/01/16", "description": " Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran flees Iran with his family, relocating to Egypt after a year of turmoil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/01/19", "description": " Former U.S. Attorney General John N. Mitchell is released on parole after 19 months at a federal prison in Alabama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/01/29", "description": " Brenda Ann Spencer opens fire at a school in San Diego, California, killing 2 faculty members and wounding 8 students. Her justification for the action, quotI don't like Mondays,quot inspired the Boomtown Rats to make a song of the same name.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/01/29", "description": "Convicted bank robber Patty Hearst is released from prison after her sentence is commuted by U.S. President Jimmy Carter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/01/29", "description": "Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returns to Tehran, Iran after nearly 15 years of exile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/02/03", "description": " Khomeini creates the Council of the Islamic Revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/02/03", "description": "Supporters of Khomeini take over the Iranian law enforcement, courts and government administration the final session of the Iranian National Consultative Assembly is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/02/03", "description": "Pluto moves inside Neptune's orbit for the first time since either was known to science.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/02/10", "description": " February 11 ampndash The Iranian army mutinies and joins the Islamic Revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/02/11", "description": " Khomeini seizes power in Iran, overthrowing Mohammad Rez\u0101 Sh\u0101h Pahlavi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/02/12", "description": " Prime Minister Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9 starts the Battle of N'Djamena in an attempt to overthrow Chad's President F\u00e9lix Malloum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/02/13", "description": " The intense February 13, 1979 Windstorm strikes western Washington and sinks a 1\/2-mile-long section of the Hood Canal Bridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/02/13", "description": "In Kabul, Muslim extremists kidnap the American ambassador to Afghanistan, Adolph Dubs, who is later killed during a gunfight between his kidnappers and police.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/02/13", "description": "Following her 1972 sex reassignment surgery, musician Wendy Carlos legally changes her name from Walter. She later reveals this information in an interview in the May 1979 issue of ''Playboy'' Magazine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/02/15", "description": " A suspected gas explosion in a Warsaw bank kills 49.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/02/17", "description": " The People's Republic of China invades northern Vietnam, launching the Sino-Vietnamese War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/02/18", "description": " The Sahara Desert experiences snow for 30 minutes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/02/22", "description": " Saint Lucia becomes independent of the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/02/24", "description": " Ethiopia recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/02/26", "description": " A total solar eclipse arcs over northern Canada, and a partial solar eclipse is visible over almost all of North America and Central America.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.eclipse.org.uk\/eclipse\/0111979\/\">http:\/\/www.eclipse.org.uk\/eclipse\/0111979\/<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/02/27", "description": " The annual Mardi Gras celebration in New Orleans, Louisiana is canceled due to a strike called by the New Orleans Police Department.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/03/01", "description": " Scotland votes narrowly for home rule, which is not implemented, and Wales votes against it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/03/04", "description": " The U.S. Voyager I spaceprobe photos reveal Jupiter's rings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/03/05", "description": " Voyager I makes its closest approach to Jupiter at 172,000 miles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/03/07", "description": " The largest Magnetar (Soft gamma repeater) event is recorded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/03/08", "description": " Philips demonstrates Compact Disc publicly for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/03/13", "description": " Maurice Bishop leads a successful coup in Grenada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/03/14", "description": " In China, a Hawker Siddeley Trident crashes into a factory near Beijing, killing at least 200.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/03/17", "description": " The Penmanshiel Tunnel in the U.K. collapses, killing 2 workers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/03/18", "description": " Ten miners die in a methane gas explosion at Golborne Colliery near Wigan, Lancashire.<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/march\/18\/newsid_4226000\/4226271.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/march\/18\/newsid_4226000\/4226271.stm<\/a> BBC \u201cOn this Day\u201d", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/03/25", "description": " The first fully functional space shuttle orbiter, ''Columbia'', is delivered to the John F. Kennedy Space Center, to be prepared for its first launch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/03/26", "description": " In a ceremony at the White House, President Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin of Israel sign a peace treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/03/26", "description": "In Britain, Jim Callaghan's minority Labour government loses a motion of confidence by 1 vote, forcing a general election which is to be held on 3 May.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/march\/28\/newsid_2531000\/2531007.stmampamp\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/march\/28\/newsid_2531000\/2531007.stmampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/03/26", "description": "America's most serious nuclear power plant accident, at Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/03/29", "description": " Sultan Yahya Petra of Kelantan, the 6th Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Head of State) of Malaysia, dies in office. He is replaced by Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/03/30", "description": " Airey Neave, World War II veteran and Conservative Northern Ireland spokesman, is killed by an Irish National Liberation Army bomb in the British House of Commons car park.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/03/30", "description": "The last British soldier (belonging to the Royal Navy) leaves the Maltese Islands, after 179 years of presence. Malta declares its Freedom Day (Jum il-Helsien).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/03/30", "description": "Gali Atari and Milk and Honey win the Eurovision Song Contest 1979 for Israel, with the song ''Hallelujah''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/03/30", "description": "Iran's government becomes an Islamic Republic by a 98% vote, overthrowing the Shah officially.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/03/30", "description": "The Pinwheel Network changes its name to Nickelodeon and begins airing on various Warner Cable systems beginning in Buffalo, New York, expanding its audience reach.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/04/01", "description": " April 18 ampndash Police lock Andreas Mihavecz in a holding cell in Bregenz, Austria, and forget about, leaving him there without food or drink.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/04/02", "description": " Sverdlovsk Anthrax leak: A Soviet biowarfare laboratory at Sverdlovsk accidentally releases airborne anthrax spores, killing 66 plus an unknown amount of livestock.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/04/02", "description": "A tornado hits Wichita Falls, Texas, killing 42 people (the most notable of 26 tornadoes that day).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/04/02", "description": "Cambodia recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/04/11", "description": " Tanzanian troops take Kampala, the capital of Uganda Idi Amin flees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/04/13", "description": " The La Soufri\u00e8re volcano erupts in St. Vincent and the Grenadines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/04/15", "description": " 1979 Montenegro Earthquake: A major earthquake (7.0 on the Richter scale) strikes Montenegro (then part of Yugoslavia) and parts of Albania, causing extensive damage to coastal areas and taking 136 lives the old town of Budva is devastated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/04/17", "description": " Schoolchildren in the Central African Empire are arrested (and around 100 killed) for protesting against compulsory school uniforms.   An African judicial commission later determines that Emperor Jean-B\u00e9del Bokassa quotalmost certainlyquot took part in the massacre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/04/20", "description": " President Jimmy Carter is attacked by a swamp rabbit while fishing in his hometown of Plains, Georgia, USA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/04/22", "description": " The Albert Einstein Memorial is unveiled at The National Academy of Sciences in Washington, DC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/04/23", "description": " Fighting in London between the Anti-Nazi League and the Metropolitan Police's Special Patrol Group results in the death of protestor Blair Peach.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/05/01", "description": " Greenland gets home rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/05/04", "description": " Counting in the previous day's British general election shows that the Conservatives have won and Margaret Thatcher becomes the country's first female prime minister, ending the rule of James Callaghan's Labour government.<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk_politics\/vote_2005\/basics\/4393311.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk_politics\/vote_2005\/basics\/4393311.stm<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/05/08", "description": " The Woolworth's store in Manchester city centre in England is seriously damaged by fire 10 shoppers die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/05/08", "description": "A Unabomber bomb injures Northwestern University graduate student John Harris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/05/08", "description": "Laos recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/05/10", "description": " The Federated States of Micronesia becomes self-governing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/05/10", "description": "Dan White receives a light sentence for killing San Francisco Mayor George Moscone and Supervisor Harvey Milk, gay men in the city riot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/05/10", "description": "The Montr\u00e9al Canadiens defeat the New York Rangers 4 games to 1 in the best-of-seven series, winning the Stanley Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/05/23", "description": " Afghanistan recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/05/23", "description": "American Airlines Flight 191: In Chicago, a DC-10 crashes during takeoff at O'Hare International Airport, killing all 271 on board and 2 people on the ground in the deadliest aviation accident in U. S. history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/05/23", "description": "John Spenkelink is executed in Florida, in the first use of the electric chair in America after the reintroduction of death penalty in 1976.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/05/23", "description": "Etan Patz was a 6 year old American child who disappeared from lower Manhattan, New York. His disappearance sparked the missing children's movement. He has never been found but the case was reopened in the year 2010.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/05/27", "description": " Indianapolis 500: Rick Mears wins the race for the first time, and car owner Roger Penske for the second time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/05/27", "description": "The Vizianagaram district is formed in Andhra Pradesh, India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/05/27", "description": "The first black-led government of Rhodesia in 90 years takes power, in succession to Ian Smith and under his power-sharing deal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/05/27", "description": "The Seattle SuperSonics win the NBA Championship against the Washington Bullets.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/06/02", "description": " Pope John Paul II arrives in his native Poland on his first official, nine-day stay, becoming the first Pope to visit a Communist country.  This visit, known as nine days that changed the world, brought about the solidarity of the Polish peoples against communism, ultimately leading to the rise of the Solidarity movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/06/02", "description": "A blowout at the Ixtoc I oil well in the southern Gulf of Mexico causes at least 600,000 tons (176,400,000 gallons) of oil to be spilled into the waters, the worst oil spill to date. Some estimate the spill to be 428 million gallons, making it the largest unintentional oil spill until it was surpassed by the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in 2010.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/06/02", "description": "General elections are held in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/06/02", "description": "Joe Clark becomes Canada's 16th and youngest Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/06/02", "description": "Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings takes power in Ghana after a  military coup in which General Fred Akuffo is overthrown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/06/07", "description": " The first direct elections to the European Parliament begin, allowing citizens from across all then-9 European Community member states to elect 410 MEPs. It is also the first international election in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/06/12", "description": " Bryan Allen flies the man-powered Gossamer Albatross across the English Channel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/06/18", "description": " Jimmy Carter and Leonid Brezhnev sign the SALT II agreement in Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/06/20", "description": " A Nicaraguan National Guard soldier kills ABC TV news correspondent Bill Stewart and his interpreter Juan Espinosa. Other members of the news crew capture the killing on tape.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/06/23", "description": " Sydney: New South Wales Premier Neville Wran officially opens the Eastern Suburbs Railway. It operates as a shuttle between Central amp Bondi Junction until full integration with the Illawarra Line in 1980.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/06/24", "description": " Bologna: founding of the Permanent Peoples' Tribunal, an international opinion tribunal, at the initiative of Senator Lelio Basso.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/06/25", "description": " Belgium: NATO Supreme Allied Commander Alexander Haig escapes an assassination attempt by the Baader-Meinhof terrorist organization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/06/25", "description": "Sweden outlaws corporal punishment in the home.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/06/25", "description": "The Sony Walkman goes on sale for the first time in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/07/03", "description": " U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs the first directive for secret aid to the opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/07/04", "description": " Cape Verde recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/07/08", "description": " Los Angeles passes its gay and lesbian civil rights bill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/07/09", "description": " A car bomb destroys a Renault owned by Nazi hunters Serge and Beate Klarsfeld at their home in France.  A note purportedly from ODESSA claims responsibility.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/07/11", "description": " NASA's first orbiting space station ''Skylab'' begins its return to Earth, after being in orbit for 6 years and 2 months.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/07/11", "description": "Kiribati declares independence from the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/07/11", "description": "A ''Disco Demolition Night'' publicity stunt goes awry at Comiskey Park, forcing the Chicago White Sox to forfeit their game against the Detroit Tigers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/07/11", "description": "Carmine Galante, boss of the Bonanno crime family, is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/07/11", "description": "A fire at a hotel in Saragossa, Spain leaves 72 dead. Worst hotel fire in Europe in decades.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/07/16", "description": " Iraqi President Hasan al-Bakr resigns and Vice President Saddam Hussein replaces him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/07/17", "description": " Nicaraguan dictator General Anastasio Somoza Debayle resigns and flees to Miami, Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/07/17", "description": "Maritza Sayalero of Venezuela wins the Miss Universe Pageant the stage collapses after contestants and news photographers rush to her throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/07/17", "description": "The Sandinista National Liberation Front concludes a successful revolutionary campaign against the U.S. backed Somoza dictatorship and assumes power in Nicaragua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/07/17", "description": "Maria de Lurdes Pintasilgo becomes prime minister of Portugal", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/08/03", "description": " Dictator Francisco Mac\u00edas Nguema of Equatorial Guinea is overthrown in a bloody coup d'\u00e9tat lead by Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/08/04", "description": " Opening game of the ''American Football Bundesliga'' played between Frankfurter L\u00f6wen and D\u00fcsseldorf Panther, first-ever league game of American football in Germany.ref name=quotTurnquot <a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=Q__8CmcZBZMCamppg=PA224amplpg=PA224ampdq=Frankfurter+L%C3%B6wen+American+footballampsource=blampots=7rL1LJ4igsampsig=lIzYV5fdtiVJ2ojH0MboAADDt28amphl=enampei=iZktTZqQPIHEvQOWyemOCQampsa=Xampoi=book_resultampct=resultampresnum=8ampved=0CEUQ6AEwBw#v=onepageampqampf=false\">http:\/\/books.google.com.au\/books?id=Q__8CmcZBZMCamppg=PA224amplpg=PA224ampdq=Frankfurter+L%C3%B6wen+American+footballampsource=blampots=7rL1LJ4igsampsig=lIzYV5fdtiVJ2ojH0MboAADDt28amphl=enampei=iZktTZqQPIHEvQOWyemOCQampsa=Xampoi=book_resultampct=resultampresnum=8ampved=0CEUQ6AEwBw#v=onepageampqampf=false<\/a> Google book review: Turnen and sport: transatlantic transfers author: Annette R. Hofmann, accessed: 12 January 2010", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/08/05", "description": " The Polisario Front signs a peace treaty with Mauritania. Mauritania withdraw from the Western Sahara territory it had occupied, and ceded it to the SADR.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/08/05", "description": "A nudist beach is established in Brighton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/08/05", "description": "Raymond Washington, co-founder of the Crips, today one of the largest, most notorious gangs in the United States, is killed in a drive-by shooting in Los Angeles (his killers have not yet been identified).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/08/10", "description": " Michael Jackson releases his breakthrough album ''Off the Wall''. It sells 7 million copies in the United States alone, making it a 7x platinum album.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/08/11", "description": " The former Mauritanian province of Tiris al-Gharbiyya in Western Sahara is annexed by Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/08/14", "description": " A freak storm during the Fastnet Race results in the death of 15 sailors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/08/20", "description": " Grenada recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/08/24", "description": " Ghana recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/08/27", "description": " Lord Mountbatten of Burma and 3 others are assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army. He was a British admiral, statesman and an uncle of The Duke of Edinburgh. On the same day, the Warrenpoint ambush occurs: Provisional Irish Republican Army members attack a British convoy at Narrow Water, County Down, killing 18 British soldiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/08/28", "description": " The death toll of the previous day's IRA bombing reaches 5 when Doreen Knatchbull, Baroness Brabourne, 83, dies in a hospital as a result of her injuries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/08/29", "description": " A national referendum is held in which Somali voters approve a new liberal constitution, promulgated by President Siad Barre to placate the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/08/29", "description": "The U.S. ''Pioneer 11'' becomes the first spacecraft to visit Saturn, when it passes the planet at a distance of 21,000ampampnbspkm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/08/29", "description": "Dominica, Guyana ampamp St. Lucia recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/09/04", "description": " Jamaica recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/09/06", "description": " Nicaragua and Uganda recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/09/07", "description": " In the USA, the Entertainment Sports Programming Network, known as ESPN, broadcasts for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/09/08", "description": " M\u00e9xico recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/09/09", "description": " The long-running comic strip ''For Better or For Worse'' begins its run.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/09/12", "description": " Hurricane Frederic makes landfall at 10:00 p.m. on Alabama's Gulf Coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/09/16", "description": " Two families flee from East Germany by balloon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/09/20", "description": " French paratroopers help David Dacko to overthrow Bokassa in the Central African Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/09/22", "description": " The South Atlantic Flash is observed near Bouvet Island, thought to be a nuclear weapons test.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/09/30", "description": " The Hong Kong MTR begins service with the opening of its Modified Initial System (aka Kwun Tong Line).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/10/01", "description": " Nigeria terminates military rule, and the Nigerian Second Republic is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/10/01", "description": " October 6 ampndash Pope John Paul II visits the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/10/03", "description": " A EF4 Tornado hits Windsor Locks, CT causing extensive damage to the town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/10/06", "description": " Federal Reserve System changes from an interest rate target policy to a money supply target policy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/10/06", "description": "Peter Brock wins the Bathurst 1000 by a record 6 laps, with a lap record on the last lap.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/10/06", "description": "Lesotho recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/10/06", "description": "Zambia recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/10/06", "description": "Near Guam, Typhoon Tip reaches a record intensity of 870 millibars, the lowest pressure recorded at sea level.  This makes Tip the most powerful tropical cyclone in known world history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/10/14", "description": " A major gay rights march in the United States takes place in Washington, D.C., involving tens of thousands of people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/10/15", "description": " Black Monday events, in which members of a political group sack a newspaper office, unfold in Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/10/16", "description": " A tsunami in Nice, France kills 23 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/10/17", "description": " The Pittsburgh Pirates defeat the Baltimore Orioles in Game 7 of the World Series. Willie Stargell is named the Series MVP.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/10/19", "description": " 13 Marines die in a fire at Camp Fuji, Japan as a result of Typhoon Tip.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fuji.usmc.mil\/about\/fire.html\">http:\/\/www.fuji.usmc.mil\/about\/fire.html<\/a> US Marine Corps", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/10/26", "description": " Park Chung-hee, the President of South Korea, is assassinated by KCIA director Kim Jaegyu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/10/27", "description": " Saint Vincent and the Grenadines gains independence from the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/01", "description": " Iran hostage crisis: Iranian Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini urges his people to demonstrate on November 4 and to expand attacks on United States and Israeli interests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/01", "description": "French police shoot gangster Jacques Mesrine in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/01", "description": "Assata Shakur (n\u00e9e Joanne Chesimard), a former member of Black Panther Party and Black Liberation Army, escapes from a New York prison to Cuba, where she remains under political asylum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/03", "description": " In Greensboro, North Carolina, 5 members of the Communist Workers Party are shot to death and 7 are wounded by a group of Klansmen and neo-Nazis, during a quotDeath to the Klanquot rally.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/04", "description": " Iran hostage crisis begins: 3,000 Iranian radicals, mostly students, invade the U.S. Embassy in Tehran and take 90 hostages (53 of whom are American). They demand that the United States send the former Shah of Iran back  to stand trial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/05", "description": " The radio news program ''Morning Edition'' premieres on National Public Radio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/06", "description": " At Montevideo, Uruguay, the International Olympic Committee adopts a resolution, whereby Taiwan Olympic and sports teams will participate with the name Chinese Taipei in future Olympics Games and international sports tournaments and championships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/07", "description": " U.S. Senator Edward Moore Kennedy announces that he will challenge President Jimmy Carter for the 1980 Democratic presidential nomination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/07", "description": "The Carl Bridgewater murder trial ends with all 4 men found guilty. James Robinson, 45, and 25-year-old Vincent Hickey are sentenced to life imprisonment with a recommended 25-year minimum for murder. 18-year-old Michael Hickey is also found guilty of murder and sentenced to indefinite detention. Patrick Molloy, 53, is found guilty on a lesser charge of manslaughter and sentenced to 12 years in prison.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/november\/9\/newsid_2516000\/2516015.stmampamp\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/november\/9\/newsid_2516000\/2516015.stmampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/07", "description": "Nuclear false alarm: the NORAD computers and the Alternate National Military Command Center in Fort Ritchie, Maryland detected purported massive Soviet nuclear strike. After reviewing the raw data from satellites and checking the early warning radars, the alert was cancelled.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/nova\/missileers\/falsealarms.html\">http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/nova\/missileers\/falsealarms.html<\/a> False Alarms on the Nuclear Frontampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/07", "description": "Iran hostage crisis: In response to the hostage situation in Tehran, U.S. President Jimmy Carter orders a halt to all oil imports into the United States from Iran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/07", "description": "S\u00fcleyman Demirel, of AP forms the new government of Turkey (43rd government, a minority government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/14", "description": " Iran hostage crisis: U.S. President Jimmy Carter issues Executive Order 12170, freezing all Iranian assets in the United States and U.S. banks in response to the hostage crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/16", "description": " Bucharest Metro Line One is opened, in Bucharest, Romania (from Timpuri Noi to Semanatoarea stations, 8.63ampnbspkm).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/17", "description": " Iran hostage crisis: Iranian leader Ruhollah Khomeini orders the release of 13 female and African American hostages being held at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/20", "description": " A group of 200 Juhayman al-Otaibi militants occupy Mecca's Grand Mosque. They are driven out by French commandos (allowed into the city under these special circumstances despite their being non-Muslims) after bloody fighting that leaves 250 people dead and 600 wounded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/21", "description": " After false radio reports from the Ayatollah Khomeini that the Americans had occupied the Grand Mosque in Mecca, the United States Embassy in Islamabad, Pakistan is attacked by a mob and set afire, killing 4 (see Foreign relations of Pakistan).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/23", "description": " In Dublin, Ireland, Provisional Irish Republican Army member Thomas McMahon is sentenced to life in prison for the assassination of Lord Mountbatten of Burma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/28", "description": " Air New Zealand Flight 901: an Air New Zealand DC-10 crashes into Mount Erebus (in Antarctica) on a sightseeing trip, killing all 257 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/28", "description": "Eleven fans are killed during a crowd crush for unreserved seats before The Who concert at the Riverfront Coliseum in Cincinnati, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/11/28", "description": "The United States dollar exchange rate with the Deutsche Mark falls to 1.7079 DM, the all-time low so far this record is not broken until November 5, 1987.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/12/04", "description": " The Hastie fire in Kingston upon Hull, England, leads to the deaths of 3 boys and begins the hunt for Bruce George Peter Lee, the UK's most prolific killer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/12/05", "description": " Jack Lynch resigns as Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland he is succeeded by Charles Haughey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/12/06", "description": " The world premiere for ''Star Trek: The Motion Picture'' is held at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/12/09", "description": " The eradication of the smallpox virus is certified, making smallpox the first and to date only human disease driven to extinction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/12/09", "description": "A major earthquake and tsunami kills 259 people in Colombia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/12/09", "description": "Coup d'\u00e9tat of December Twelfth: South Korean Army Major General Chun Doo-hwan orders the arrest of Army Chief of Staff General Jeong Seung-hwa without authorization from President Choi Kyu-ha, alleging involvement in the assassination of ex-President Park Chung Hee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/12/09", "description": "The unrecognised state of Zimbabwe Rhodesia returns to British control and resumes using the name Southern Rhodesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/12/21", "description": " A ceasefire for Rhodesia is signed at London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/12/23", "description": " The highest aerial tramway in Europe, the Klein Matterhorn, opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/12/23", "description": "The Soviet Union invades Afghanistan, and Babrak Karmal replaces overthrown and executed President Hafizullah Amin which begins the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/12/23", "description": "The first European Ariane rocket is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/12/26", "description": " In Rhodesia, 96 Patriotic Front guerrillas enter the capital Salisbury to monitor a ceasefire that begins December 28.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/12/26", "description": "The One Child Policy is introduced in China - it has since prevented about 400 million births.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/12/26", "description": "VisiCalc becomes the first commercial spreadsheet program.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/12/26", "description": "The first usenet experiments are conducted by Tom Truscott and Jim Ellis of Duke University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/12/26", "description": "Worldwide per capita oil production reaches an historic peak.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/12/26", "description": "McDonald's introduces the Happy Meal in June.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/12/26", "description": "Lego's golden age begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1979/12/26", "description": "Chrysler receives government loan guarantees upon the request of CEO Lee Iacocca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/01/01", "description": " Changes to the Swedish Act of Succession make Princess Victoria of Sweden first in line to the throne (quotheir apparentquot) and therefore Crown Princess, ahead of her younger brother.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/01/04", "description": " U.S. President Jimmy Carter proclaims a grain embargo against the USSR with the support of the European Commission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/01/04", "description": "Global Positioning System time epoch begins at 00:00 UTC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/01/04", "description": "The president of Sicily, Piersanti Mattarella, is killed by the Mafia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/01/07", "description": " U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs legislation approving $1.5 billion in loan guarantees to bail out the Chrysler Corporation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/01/09", "description": " In Saudi Arabia, 63 Muslim fanatics are beheaded for their part in the siege of the Great Mosque in Mecca in November, 1979.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/01/11", "description": " Nigel Short, 14, becomes the youngest chess player to be awarded the degree of International Master.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/01/20", "description": " Cuba recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/01/20", "description": "The London Gold Fixing hits its highest price ever (adjusted for inflation), at US$850 a troy ounce.{{Clarify|date=February 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/01/20", "description": "The MS Athina B is beached at Brighton, becoming a temporary tourist attraction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/01/20", "description": "At least 200 people were killed when the Corralejas Bullring collapsed at Sincelejo, Colombia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/01/22", "description": " Andrei Sakharov, Soviet scientist and human rights activist, is arrested in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/01/24", "description": " The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific railroad is ordered liquidated due to bankruptcy, and debt owed to creditors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/01/26", "description": " Israel and Egypt establish diplomatic relations.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/countries\/egypt?p=3\">http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/countries\/egypt?p=3<\/a> Historyorb.com", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/01/27", "description": " Canadian caper: Six United States diplomats, posing as Canadians, manage to escape from Tehran, Iran as they board a flight to Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/01/31", "description": " The Spanish Embassy in Guatemala is invaded and set on fire, killing 36 people. It is called quotSpain's own Tehranquot, similar to the 1979\u201380 Iran American U.S. Embassy Hostages of Americans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/02/02", "description": " Abscam: FBI personnel target members of the Congress of the United States in a sting operation.{{citation needed|date=June 2008}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/02/02", "description": "February 3 ampndash The New Mexico State Penitentiary Riot takes place 33 inmates are killed and more than 100 inmates injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/02/04", "description": " Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini names Abolhassan Banisadr as president of Iran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/02/13", "description": " The 1980 Winter Olympics open in Lake Placid, New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/02/15", "description": " In Vanuatu, followers of John Frum's cargo cult on the island of Tanna declare secession as the nation of Tafea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/02/16", "description": " A total solar eclipse seen in North Africa and West Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/02/22", "description": " The United States Olympic Hockey Team defeats the Soviet Union in the semifinals of the Winter Olympics, in the ''Miracle on Ice''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/02/23", "description": " Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini states that Iran's parliament will decide the fate of the American embassy hostages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/02/25", "description": " A coup in Suriname ousts the government of Henck Arron leaders Desi Bouterse and Roy Horb replace it with a National Military Council.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/02/25", "description": "M-19 guerrillas begin the Dominican embassy siege in Colombia, holding 60 people hostage, including 14 ambassadors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/02/25", "description": "Iran recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/02/25", "description": "The Commonwealth Trade Union Council is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/02/25", "description": "The ''Voyager 1'' probe confirms the existence of Janus, a moon of Saturn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/03", "description": " Pierre Trudeau returns to office as Prime Minister of Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/04", "description": " Robert Mugabe is elected Prime Minister of Zimbabwe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/08", "description": " The Soviet Union's first rock music festival starts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/14", "description": " In Poland, a plane crashes during an emergency landing near Warsaw, killing a 14-man American boxing team and 73 others.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/18", "description": " Fifty people are killed at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Russia, when a Vostok-2M rocket explodes on its launch pad during a fueling operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/20", "description": " The ''Mi Amigo'', the ship that housed pirate radio station ''Radio Caroline'', sinks (''Radio Caroline'' returns aboard a new ship in 1983).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/20", "description": "U.S. President Jimmy Carter announces that the United States will boycott the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/20", "description": "''Mafioso'' Angelo Bruno is murdered in Philadelphia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/22", "description": " The Georgia Guidestones are erected in Elbert County, Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/22", "description": "The Australia Olympic Committee announces it will send an Olympic delegation to Moscow, despite objections by Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/22", "description": "Archbishop \u00d3scar Romero is killed by gunmen while celebrating Mass in San Salvador. At his funeral 6 days later, 42 people are killed amid gunfire and bombs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/26", "description": " A mine lift cage at the Vaal Reef gold mine in South Africa falls 1.2 miles (1.9 kilometers), killing 23.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/26", "description": "The Norwegian oil platform Alexander L. Kielland collapses in the North Sea, killing 123 of its crew of 212.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/26", "description": "The Silver Thursday market crash occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/26", "description": "Sierra Leone recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/28", "description": " Talpiot Tomb is found in Jerusalem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/31", "description": " Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad operates its final train.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/31", "description": "The Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC) is formed in Lusaka, Zambia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/31", "description": "The Mariel boatlift from Cuba begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/03/31", "description": "New York City's Transport Works Union Local 100 goes on strike, which continues for 11 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/04/02", "description": " The St Pauls riot breaks out in Bristol.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/04/07", "description": " The United States severs diplomatic relations with Iran and imposes economic sanctions, following the taking of American hostages on November 4, 1979.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/04/10", "description": " Spain and the United Kingdom agree to reopen the border between Gibraltar and Spain, closed since 1969.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/04/10", "description": "Samuel Kanyon Doe takes over Liberia in a ''coup d'\u00e9tat'', ending over 130 years of democratic presidential succession in that country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/04/10", "description": "Terry Fox begins his Marathon of Hope from St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/04/14", "description": " Iron Maiden's debut self titled album ''Iron Maiden'' is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/04/15", "description": " Libya and Syria recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/04/18", "description": " Zimbabwe gains independence from the United Kingdom Robert Mugabe becomes Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/04/21", "description": " Rosie Ruiz wins the Boston Marathon, but is later exposed as a fraud and stripped of her award.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/04/24", "description": " Pennsylvania Lottery Scandal: the Pennsylvania Lottery is rigged by 6 men including the host of the live TV drawing, Nick Perry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/04/24", "description": "April 25 ampndash Operation Eagle Claw, a commando mission in Iran to rescue American embassy hostages, is aborted after mechanical problems ground the rescue helicopters. Eight United States troops are killed in a mid-air collision during the failed operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/04/25", "description": " Dan-Air Flight 1008 crashes in Tenerife, killing all 146 occupants and marking the worst air disaster involving a British-registered aircraft in terms of loss of life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/04/26", "description": " Louise and Charmian Faulkner disappear from outside their flat in St Kilda, Victoria, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/04/27", "description": " The Dominican embassy siege ends with all hostages released and the guerrillas flying to Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/04/28", "description": " Swaziland recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/04/28", "description": "Iranian Embassy Siege: Six Iranian-born terrorists take over the Iranian embassy in London, UK. SAS retakes the Embassy on May 5 1 terrorist survives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/04/28", "description": "Queen Juliana of the Netherlands abdicates, and her daughter Beatrix accedes to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/04", "description": " Yugoslav President Josip Broz Tito dies. The funeral ceremony later becomes the world's biggest diplomatic meeting and media event ever, with more than 140 state delegations in Belgrade from all over the world (only the funeral of Pope John Paul II in April 2005 will have more news coverage and a higher number of delegations).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/07", "description": " Paul Geidel, convicted of second-degree murder in 1911, is released from prison in Beacon, New York, after 68 years and 245 days (the longest-ever time served by an inmate).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/07", "description": "In Florida, the Liberian freighter ''Summit Venture'' hits the Sunshine Skyway Bridge over Tampa Bay. A 1,400-foot section of the bridge collapses and 35 people (most in a bus) are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/07", "description": "The Norco shootout takes place in California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/07", "description": "James Alexander George Smith ampquotJagsampquot McCartney the Turks and Caicos Islands\u2019 first Chief Minister, is killed in a plane crash over New Jersey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/11", "description": " Mobster Henry Hill is arrested for drug possession.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/14", "description": " Botswana recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/14", "description": "A Tampa, Florida court acquits 4 white police officers of killing Arthur McDuffie, a black insurance executive, provoking 3 days of race riots in Miami.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/14", "description": "Internal conflict in Peru: On the eve of presidential elections, Maoist guerrilla group Shining Path attacks a polling location in the town of Chuschi, Ayacucho.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/14", "description": "Mount St. Helens erupts in Washington, killing 57 and causing US$3 billion in damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/14", "description": "Ian Curtis, singer\/songwriter of acclaimed post punk band Joy Division, is found hanged.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/18", "description": "May 27 ampndash Gwangju Massacre: Students in Gwangju, South Korea begin demonstrations, calling for democratic reforms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/20", "description": " 1980 Quebec referendum: Voters in Quebec reject by a vote of 60% a proposal to seek independence from Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/21", "description": " ''Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back'' is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/22", "description": " Pac-Man (the best-selling arcade game of all time) is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/22", "description": "The International Court of Justice calls for the release of U.S. Embassy hostages in Tehran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/22", "description": "The New York Islanders win their first Stanley Cup, from a goal by Bobby Nystrom in overtime of game six of the Stanley Cup playoffs's final round.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/25", "description": " Indianapolis 500: Johnny Rutherford wins for a third time in car owner Jim Hall's revolutionary ground effect Chaparral car the victory is Hall's second as an owner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/25", "description": "John Frum supporters in Vanuatu storm government offices on the island of Tanna. Vanuatu government troops land the next day and drive them away.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/25", "description": "In South Korea, military government forces and pro-democracy protesters clash 2,000 protesters die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/05/25", "description": "Vernon Jordan is shot and critically injured in an assassination attempt in Fort Wayne, Indiana by Joseph Paul Franklin (the first major news story for CNN).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/06/01", "description": " The Cable News Network (CNN) is officially launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/06/03", "description": " A series of deadly tornadoes strikes Grand Island, Nebraska, causing over $300m in damage, killing 5 people and injuring over 250.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/06/09", "description": " In Los Angeles, comedian Richard Pryor is badly burned trying to freebase cocaine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/06/09", "description": "Apartheid: The African National Congress in South Africa publishes a statement by their imprisoned leader Nelson Mandela.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.anc.org.za\/ancdocs\/history\/mandela\/64-90\/anvil.html\">http:\/\/www.anc.org.za\/ancdocs\/history\/mandela\/64-90\/anvil.html<\/a> ANC.org.zaampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/06/09", "description": "A Unabomber bomb injures United Airlines president Percy Wood in Lake Forest, Illinois.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/06/20", "description": " Augusta AVA becomes the first federally recognized American Viticultural Area.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/06/23", "description": "September 6 ampndash The 1980 United States heat wave claims 1,700 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/06/25", "description": " A Muslim Brotherhood assassination attempt against Syrian president Hafez al-Assad fails. Assad retaliates by sending the army against them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/06/26", "description": " Aerolinee Itavia Flight 870 crashes into the sea near Palermo after an explosion occurs in the air 81 people die. A bomb or a missile is suspected to be the cause of the accident but no culprits are ever found.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/06/27", "description": " U.S. President Jimmy Carter signs Proclamation 4771, requiring 18- to 25-year-old males to register for a peacetime military draft, in response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/06/29", "description": " Vigdis Finnbogadottir is elected president of Iceland, making her the first woman democratically elected as head of state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/07/04", "description": " Chad and Mali recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/07/08", "description": " A wave of strikes begins in Lublin, Poland", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/07/08", "description": "Pope John Paul II visits Brazil 7 people are crushed to death in a crowd meeting him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/07/08", "description": "Zimbabwe recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/07/15", "description": " A severe and destructive thunderstorm strikes 4 counties in western Wisconsin, including the city of Eau Claire. It causes over $250m in damage, and 1 person is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/07/16", "description": " Former California Governor and actor Ronald Reagan is nominated for U.S. President, at the", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/07/19", "description": " Former Turkish Prime Minister Nihat Erim is killed by 2 gunmen in Istanbul, Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/07/19", "description": "August 3 ampndash The 1980 Summer Olympics are held in Moscow, Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/07/25", "description": " The album ''Back in Black'' is released by the Australian band AC\/DC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/07/27", "description": " Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, deposed Shah of Iran, dies in Cairo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/07/27", "description": "Vanuatu gains independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/07/27", "description": "Israel's Knesset passes the Jerusalem Law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/08/02", "description": " A terrorist bombing at the railway station in Bologna, Italy kills 85 people and wounds more than 200.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/08/07", "description": "August 31 ampndash Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa leads the first of many strikes at the  Gda\u0144sk Shipyard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/08/10", "description": " Hurricane Allen (category 3) pounds southeastern Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/08/14", "description": " U.S. President Jimmy Carter defeats Senator Edward Kennedy to win renomination, at the 1980 Democratic National Convention in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/08/14", "description": " Dorothy Stratten, the 1980 Playboy Playmate of the Year is murdered by estranged husband Paul Leslie Snider, who subsequently commits suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/08/17", "description": " In Australia, baby Azaria Chamberlain disappears from a campsite at Ayers Rock (Uluru), reportedly taken by a dingo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/08/19", "description": " In one of aviation's worst disasters, 301 people are killed when Saudia Flight 163 catches fire in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/08/31", "description": " Victory of the strike in Gda\u0144sk Shipyard, Poland. Gda\u0144sk Agreement is signed, opening a way to start the first in the communist block free organization not controlled by regime quotSolidarno\u015b\u0107quot i.e. Solidarity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/09/01", "description": " Terry Fox is forced to end his Marathon of Hope run outside of Thunder Bay, Ontario, after finding that the cancer has spread to his lungs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/09/02", "description": " Ford Europe launches the Escort MK3, a new front-wheel drive hatchback.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/09/05", "description": " The St. Gotthard Tunnel opens in Switzerland as the world's longest highway tunnel at 10.14 miles (16.32ampnbspkm), stretching from G\u00f6schenen to Airolo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/09/12", "description": " Kenan Evren stages a military coup in Turkey. It stops political gang violence, but begins stronger state violence leading to the execution of many young activists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/09/12", "description": "After weeks of strikes at the Lenin Shipyard in Gda\u0144sk, Poland, the nationwide independent trade union Solidarity is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/09/12", "description": "Former Nicaraguan President Anastasio Somoza Debayle is killed in Asunci\u00f3n, Paraguay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/09/21", "description": " B\u00fclent Ulusu, ex admiral, forms the new government of Turkey (44th government, composed mostly of technocrats)", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/09/21", "description": "The command council of Iraq orders its army to ampquotdeliver its fatal blow on Iranian military targets,ampquot initiating the Iran\u2013Iraq War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/09/21", "description": "Youth riots in the capital of the Soviet Republic of Estonia are quickly forced down.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/09/26", "description": " The Mariel Boatlift officially ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/09/29", "description": " The ''Washington Post'' publishes Janet Cooke's story of Jimmy, an 8-year-old heroin addict (later proven to be fabricated).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/09/30", "description": " Digital Equipment Corporation, Intel and Xerox introduce the DIX standard for Ethernet, which is the first implementation outside of Xerox, and the first to support 10 Mbit\/s speeds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/10/01", "description": " Associated Newspapers announces that ''The Evening News'' will close and merge with the ''Evening Standard''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/10/01", "description": "October 1 ampampndash The main-belt asteroid 2404 Antarctica was discovered by Antonin Mrkos at Klet', South Bohemian Region, Czech Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/10/05", "description": " British Leyland launches its new Metro, a three-door entry-level hatchback which is designed as the eventual replacement for the Mini. It gives BL a long-awaited modern competitor for the likes of the Ford Fiesta and Vauxhall Chevette.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/10/05", "description": "El Asnam, Algeria is destroyed by an earthquake, which claims more than 2,600 lives. After the quake, El Asnam is rebuilt and changes its name to the city of Chlef.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/10/05", "description": "British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher delivers her famous 'The lady's not for turning' speech.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/10/14", "description": " The Staggers Rail Act is enacted, deregulating American railroads.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/10/14", "description": "James Callaghan announces his resignation as Leader of the British Labour Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/10/14", "description": "James Hoskins forces his way into WCPO's television studio in Cincinnati, holding 9 employees hostage for several hours before releasing them and taking his own life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/10/18", "description": " The Fraser Government is re-elected for a third consecutive term in Australia with a reduced majority.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/10/21", "description": " World Series: The Philadelphia Phillies beat the Kansas City Royals 4\u20132 in game 6.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/10/22", "description": " The Thomson Corporation says that The Times and all associated supplements will close in March 1981 if no buyer can be found.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/10/25", "description": " Proceedings on the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction conclude at The Hague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/10/27", "description": " Six Provisional Irish Republican Army prisoners in Maze prison refuse food and demand status as political prisoners the hunger strike lasts until December.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/10/27", "description": "El Salvador and Honduras sign a peace treaty to put the border dispute fought over in 1969's Football War before the International Court of Justice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/10/27", "description": "Costa Rica recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/10/27", "description": "The Polish government recognizes Solidarity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/10/27", "description": "Reza Pahlavi, eldest son of the shah of Iran, proclaims himself the rightful successor to the Peacock Throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/10/27", "description": "November ampampndash Duration of the CESDAP plan extended indefinitely.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/11/04", "description": " United States presidential election, 1980: Republican challenger and former Governor Ronald Reagan of California defeats incumbent Democratic President Jimmy Carter, exactly 1 year after the beginning of the Iran hostage crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/11/10", "description": " November 12 ampndash Voyager program: The NASA space probe ''Voyager I'' makes its closest approach to Saturn, when it flies within 77,000 miles of the planet's cloud-tops and sends the first high resolution images of the world back to scientists on Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/11/10", "description": "The Gang of Four trial begins in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/11/10", "description": "A Texaco oil rig breaks through to a mine under Lake Peigneur.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/11/10", "description": "A fire at the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip kills 85 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/11/10", "description": "A then-record number of viewers (for an entertainment program) tune into the U.S. TV soap opera ''Dallas'' to learn who shot lead character J.R. Ewing. The ampquotWho shot J.R.?ampquot event is an international obsession.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/11/23", "description": " Italy Earthquake of 1980: a magnitude 7 earthquake in southern Italy kills approximately 4,800 people and leaves 300,000 homeless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/11/27", "description": " Vanuatu recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/12/02", "description": " American missionary Jean Donovan and three Roman Catholic nuns are murdered by a military death squad in El Salvador while volunteering to do charity work during the country's civil war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/12/08", "description": " John Lennon, an English musician and peace activist, is murdered  in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/12/11", "description": " CERCLA is enacted by the U.S. Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/12/14", "description": "Four people were murdered at Bob's Big Boy on La Cienega Boulevard in Los Angeles and four others were injured by two armed robbers, in what was one of the city's most brutal crimes ever.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/12/15", "description": " The Academia de la Llingua Asturiana (Academy of the Asturian Language) is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/12/16", "description": " During a summit on the island of Bali, OPEC decides to raise the price of petroleum by 10%.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1980/12/16", "description": "The Right Livelihood Award is founded by Jakob von Uexkull. Hassan Fathy and Plenty International \/ Stephen Gaskin are its first winners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981", "description": "January ampampndash The subterranean Sarawak Chamber is discovered in Borneo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981", "description": "Greece enters the ''European Community'', which later becomes the European Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981", "description": "Palau becomes a self-governing territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981", "description": "resents the ABC 800 computer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/01/06", "description": " The Brazilian double decker boat ''Novo Amapo'' capsizes in the Amazon River, Belem de Cajari, Macapa, Brazil 230 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/01/10", "description": " Salvadoran Civil War: The FMLN launches its first major offensive, gaining control of most of Moraz\u00e1n and Chalatenango departments.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/01/16", "description": " Protestant gunmen shoot and wound Bernadette Devlin McAliskey and her husband.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/01/17", "description": " Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos lifts martial law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/01/19", "description": " United States and Iranian officials sign an agreement to release 52 American hostages after 14 months of captivity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/01/20", "description": " Iran releases the 52 Americans held for 444 days within minutes of Ronald Reagan succeeding Jimmy Carter as the President of the United States, ending the Iran hostage crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/01/21", "description": " The first DeLorean DMC-12 automobile, a stainless steel sports car with gull-wing doors, rolls off the production line in Dunmurry, Northern Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/01/23", "description": " An earthquake of 6.8 magnitude in Sichuan, China kills 150.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/01/25", "description": " Chiang Ching (quotMadame Maoquot) is sentenced to death in the People's Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/01/27", "description": " The Indonesian passenger ship ''Tamponas 2'' catches fire and capsizes in the Java Sea, killing 580.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/02/04", "description": " Gro Harlem Brundtland becomes Prime Minister of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/02/08", "description": " 20 fans of Olympiacos and 1 fan of AEK Athens die, while 54 are injured, after a stampede at the Karaiskakis Stadium in Piraeus, possibly because gate 7 does not open immediately after the end of the game.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/02/09", "description": " Polish Prime Minister J\u00f3zef Pinkowski resigns and is replaced by General Wojciech Jaruzelski.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/02/09", "description": "Stardust fire: A fire at the Stardust nightclub in Artane, Dublin, Ireland in the early hours kills 48 and injures 214.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/02/09", "description": "Australia withdraws recognition of the Pol Pot regime in Cambodia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/02/23", "description": " Antonio Tejero, with members of the Guardia Civil, enters the Spanish Congress of Deputies and stops the session where Leopoldo Calvo Sotelo is about to be named president of the government. The coup d'\u00e9tat fails thanks to King Juan Carlos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/02/24", "description": " A powerful, magnitude 6.7 earthquake hits Athens, killing 16 people, injuring thousands and destroying several buildings, mostly in Corinth and the nearby towns of Loutraki, Kiato and Xylokastro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/03/01", "description": " Bobby Sands, a Provisional Irish Republican Army member, begins a hunger strike for political status in Long Kesh prison (he dies May 5, the first of 10 men).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/03/11", "description": " Chilean military dictator Augusto Pinochet is sworn in as President of Chile for another 8-year term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/03/17", "description": " In Italy the Propaganda Due Masonic Lodge is discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/03/19", "description": " Three workers are killed and 5 injured during a test of the Space Shuttle ''Columbia''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/03/29", "description": " The first London Marathon starts with 7,500 runners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/03/30", "description": " U.S. President Ronald Reagan is shot in the chest outside a Washington, D.C.  hotel by John Hinckley, Jr. Two police officers and Press Secretary James Brady are also wounded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/04/01", "description": " Daylight saving time is introduced in the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/04/04", "description": " The UK pop group Bucks Fizz wins the ''Eurovision Song Contest 1981'' with the song, quotMaking Your Mind Upquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/04/11", "description": " 1981 Brixton riot: Rioters in South London throw petrol bombs, attack police and loot shops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/04/12", "description": " The Space Shuttle program: Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' with NASA astronauts John Young and Robert Crippen launches on the STS-1 mission, returning to Earth on April 14. It is the first time a manned reusable spacecraft has returned from orbit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/04/12", "description": "A Minor League Baseball game between the Rochester Red Wings and the Pawtucket Red Sox at McCoy Stadium in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, becomes the longest professional baseball game in history: 8 hours and 25 minutes\/33 innings (the 33rd inning is not played until June 23).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/04/12", "description": "The rock band ''Yes'' splits up (regrouping in 1983).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/04/26", "description": " French presidential election: A first-round runoff results between Val\u00e9ry Giscard d'Estaing and Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/04/26", "description": " Monarcas Morelia ascended to the Mexican Primera division.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/04/26", "description": "May ampampndash Daniel K. Ludwig abandons the Jari project in the Amazon Basin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/05/01", "description": " The new Chilean pension system, based on private pension funds, begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/05/05", "description": " Bobby Sands, Provisional Irish Republican Army volunteer and elected member of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, dies aged 27 while on hunger strike in HM Prison Maze.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/05/06", "description": " A jury of architects and sculptors unanimously selects Maya Lin's design for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial from 1,421 other entries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/05/13", "description": " Pope John Paul II is shot and nearly killed by Mehmet Ali A\u011fca, a Turkish gunman, as he enters St. Peter's Square in Vatican City to address a general audience.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/05/15", "description": " Donna Payant is murdered by serial killer Lemuel Smith, the first time a female prison officer has been killed on-duty in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/05/21", "description": " In France, Socialist Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand becomes President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/05/22", "description": " Peter Sutcliffe is found guilty of being the Yorkshire Ripper. He is sentenced to life imprisonment on 13 counts of murder and 7 of attempted murder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/05/25", "description": " In Riyadh, the Gulf Cooperation Council is created between Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/05/26", "description": " The Italian government resigns over its links to the fascist Masonic cell Propaganda Due.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/05/30", "description": " Bangladesh President Ziaur Rahman is assassinated in Chittagong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/06/05", "description": " The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that 5 homosexual men in Los Angeles, California have a rare form of pneumonia seen only in patients with weakened immune systems (the first recognized cases of AIDS).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/06/06", "description": " Bihar train disaster: Seven coaches of an overcrowded passenger train fall off the tracks into the River Kosi in Bihar, India about 800 die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/06/07", "description": " The Israeli Air Force destroys Iraq's Osirak nuclear reactor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/06/13", "description": " At the Trooping the Colour ceremony in London, Marcus Sarjeant fires 6 blank shots at Elizabeth II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/06/18", "description": " The Organization of Eastern Caribbean States is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/06/22", "description": " Iranian president Abolhassan Banisadr is deposed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/06/24", "description": " Six young people in Yugoslavia first saw what they believed to be an apparition of The Virgin Mary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/07/02", "description": " The Wonderland Gang is brutally murdered in a massacre involving Eddie Nash.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/07/03", "description": " The Toxteth riots in Liverpool, UK start after a mob saves a youth from being arrested.   Shortly afterward, the Chapeltown riots in Leeds start after increased racial tension.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/07/07", "description": " President Ronald Reagan nominates the first woman, Sandra Day O'Connor, to the Supreme Court of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/07/08", "description": " Irish Republican Joe McDonnell dies at the Long Kesh Internment Camp after a 61-day hunger strike.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/07/10", "description": " Mahathir bin Mohamad becomes the 4th Prime Minister of Malaysia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/07/16", "description": "July 21 ampndash England become the first team this century to win a test match after following on when they beat Australia by 18 runs at Headingley cricket ground, Leeds, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/07/16", "description": "Hyatt Regency walkway collapse: Two skywalks filled with people at the Hyatt Regency Hotel in Kansas City, Missouri collapse into a crowded atrium lobby, killing 114.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/07/16", "description": "Israeli aircraft bomb Beirut, destroying multi-story apartment blocks containing the offices of PLO associated groups, killing approximately 300 civilians and resulting in worldwide condemnation and a U.S. embargo on the export of aircraft to Israel.ampamp{{cite journal|title=The Bombing of Beirut|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=11|issue=1|year=1981|pages=218\u2013225|doi=10.1525\/jps.1981.11.1.00p0366x}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/07/16", "description": "In Bolivia, General Luis Gracia Meza leads a bloody coup d'\u00e9tat against the elected government of Lidia Gayler.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/07/19", "description": " The 1981 Springbok Tour commences in New Zealand, amid controversy over the support of apartheid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/07/21", "description": " Tohui The Panda is born in Chapultepec Zoo in Mexico City, the first panda to ever be born and survive in captivity outside of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/07/29", "description": " A worldwide television audience of over 700 million people watched the Wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer at St Paul's Cathedral in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/08/01", "description": " MTV (Music Television) is launched on cable television in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/08/09", "description": " Major League Baseball resumes from the strike with the All-Star Game in Cleveland's Municipal Stadium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/08/09", "description": "The original Model 5150 IBM PC (with a 4.77ampampnbspMHz Intel 8088 processor) is released in the United States at a base price of $1,565.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/08/09", "description": "Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Nauru, Salomon Islands and Tuvalu recognize the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/08/09", "description": "Gulf of Sidra incident (1981): Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi sends two Sukhoi Su-22 fighter jets to intercept two U.S. fighters over the Gulf of Sidra. The American jets destroy the Libyan fighters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/08/24", "description": " Mark David Chapman is sentenced to 20 years to life in prison, after being convicted of murdering John Lennon in Manhattan 8 months earlier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/08/28", "description": " South African troops invade Angola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/08/31", "description": " A bomb explodes at the U.S. Air Force base in Ramstein, West Germany, injuring 20 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/09/04", "description": " An explosion at a mine in Z\u00e1lu\u017e\u00ed, Czechoslovakia, kills 65 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/09/10", "description": " Picasso's painting quotGuernicaquot is moved from New York to Madrid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/09/15", "description": " The ''John Bull'' becomes the oldest operable steam locomotive in the world, at 150 years old, when it operates under its own power outside Washington, DC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/09/17", "description": " ''Ric Flair'' defeats Dusty Rhodes to win his first World Heavyweight Wrestling Championship in Kansas City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/09/18", "description": " France abolishes capital punishment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/09/19", "description": " Simon amp Garfunkel perform The Concert in Central Park, a free concert in New York in front of approximately half a million people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/09/20", "description": " The Brazilian river boat ''Sobral Santos'' capsizes in the Amazon River, \u00d3bidos, Brazil, killing at least 300.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/09/21", "description": " Belize becomes independent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/09/21", "description": "Sandra Day O'Connor takes her seat as the first female justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/09/21", "description": "The Rolling Stones begin their Tattoo You tour at JFK Stadium in Philadelphia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/09/21", "description": "The Boeing 767 airliner makes its first flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/09/21", "description": "The Sydney Tower opens to the public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/09/27", "description": " TGV high speed rail service between Paris and Lyon, France begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/10/05", "description": " Raoul Wallenberg becomes posthumously honorary citizen of the United States", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/10/06", "description": " Egyptian president Anwar Sadat is assassinated during a parade by army members who belong to the Egyptian Islamic Jihad organization they opposed his negotiations with Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/10/10", "description": " The Ministry for Education of Japan issues the j\u014dy\u014d kanji.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/10/14", "description": " Vice President Hosni Mubarak is elected President of Egypt 1 week after Anwar Sadat's assassination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/10/16", "description": " Gas explosions at a coal mine at Hokutan, Y\u016bbari, Hokkaid\u014d,  Japan kill 93.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/10/21", "description": " Andreas Papandreou becomes Prime Minister of Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/10/22", "description": " The founding congress of the Nepal Workers and Peasants Organization faction led by Hareram Sharma and D. P. Singh begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/10/27", "description": " Soviet submarine S-363 runs aground outside the Karlskrona, Sweden military base.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/11/01", "description": " Antigua and Barbuda gain independence from the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/11/09", "description": " Edict No. 81-234 abolishes slavery in Mauritania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/11/12", "description": " The Church of England General Synod votes to admit women to holy orders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/11/16", "description": " Luke and Laura marry on the U.S. soap opera ''General Hospital'' it is the highest-rated hour in daytime television history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/11/18", "description": " COMDEX Fall, IBM introduces the IBM PC.  Scientific Solutions announces the first PC add-in cards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/11/23", "description": " Iran-Contra scandal: U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the top secret National Security Decision Directive 17 (NSDD-17), authorizing the Central Intelligence Agency to recruit and support Contra rebels in Nicaragua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/11/25", "description": "November 26 ampndash A group of mercenaries led by Mike Hoare take over Mahe airport in the Seychelles in a coup attempt. Most of the mercenaries escape by a commandeered Air India passenger jet 6 are later arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/11/30", "description": " Cold War: In Geneva, representatives from the United States and the Soviet Union begin negotiating intermediate-range nuclear weapon reductions in Europe (the meetings end inconclusively on Thursday, December 17).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/01", "description": " A Yugoslavian McDonnell Douglas DC-9 crashes into a mountain while approaching Ajaccio Airport in Corsica, killing 178.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/04", "description": " South Africa grants quothomelandquot Ciskei independence (not recognized outside South Africa).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/04", "description": "The No. 21 Mine explosion in Whitwell, Tennessee kills 13.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/04", "description": "Arthur Scargill becomes President-elect of the National Union of Mineworkers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/10", "description": " During the Ministerial Session of the North Atlantic Council in Brussels, Spain signs the Protocol of Accession to NATO.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/10", "description": "Boxing: Muhammad Ali loses to Trevor Berbick this proved to be Ali's last-ever fight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/10", "description": "El Mozote massacre: In El Salvador, army units kill 900 civilians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/13", "description": " Wojciech Jaruzelski declares martial law in Poland, to prevent the dismantling of the communist system by Solidarity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/15", "description": " A car bomb destroys the Iraqi Embassy in Beirut, Lebanon, killing 61 people Syrian intelligence is blamed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/17", "description": " American Brigadier General James L. Dozier is kidnapped in Verona by the Italian Red Brigades.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/20", "description": " The Penlee lifeboat disaster occurs off the coast of South-West Cornwall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/21", "description": " Preferential Trade Area for Eastern and Southern Africa (PTA).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/28", "description": " The first American test-tube baby, Elizabeth Jordan Carr, is born in Norfolk, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/31", "description": " A coup d'\u00e9tat in Ghana removes President Hilla Limann's PNP government and replaces it with the PNDC led by Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/31", "description": "Heavy snow causes many houses and buildings to collapse in northwestern Japan 152 are killed (from January to March).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/31", "description": "The Millennium translation of Saint Edward the Martyr's relics from Wareham to Shaftesbury is observed in a reenactment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/31", "description": "The State Council of the People's Republic of China lists the 4 cities (Beijing, Hangzhou, Suzhou and Guilin) as those where the protection of historical and cultural heritage, as well as natural scenery, should be treated as a priority project.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/31", "description": "Cuba suffers a major outbreak of Dengue fever, with 344,203 cases.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/w3.whosea.org\/en\/Section10\/Section332\/Section521_2454.htmampamp\">http:\/\/w3.whosea.org\/en\/Section10\/Section332\/Section521_2454.htmampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/31", "description": "Donkey Kong becomes the first ever Super Mario game.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1981/12/31", "description": "Polybius, an urban legend game, is said to have been released in 1981.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/01/06", "description": " William Bonin is convicted of being the Freeway Killer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/01/08", "description": " ATampT agrees to divest itself into 22 subdivisions.{{citation needed|date=April 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/01/10", "description": " The lowest ever United Kingdom temperature of {{Convert|-27.2|\u00b0C|\u00b0F|abbr=on}} is recorded at Braemar, in Aberdeenshire. This equals the record set in the same place in 1895 (the record is equalled again at Altnaharra in 1995).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/01/11", "description": " Mark Thatcher, son of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, disappears in the Sahara during the Paris-Dakar Rally. He is rescued January 14.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/01/11", "description": "January 17 ampndash A brutal cold snap sends temperatures to all-time record lows in dozens of cities throughout the Midwestern United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/01/13", "description": " Shortly after takeoff, Air Florida Flight 90 crashes into Washington, D.C.'s 14th Street Bridge and falls into the Potomac River, killing 78.  On the same day, a Washington Metro train derails to the north, killing 3 (the system's first fatal accident).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/01/17", "description": " Cold Sunday sweeps over the northern United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/01/17", "description": "Mauno Koivisto is elected President of Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/01/17", "description": "Unemployment in the United Kingdom increases by 129,918 to 3,070,621, a post-war record.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/01/27", "description": " The Garret FitzGerald government of the Republic of Ireland is defeated 82\u201381 on its budget Fitzgerald announces his resignation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/01/28", "description": " United States Army Brigadier General James L. Dozier is rescued by the Italian anti-terrorism Nucleo Operativo Centrale di Sicurezza (NOCS) force after being held captive for 42 days by the Red Brigades.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/02/01", "description": " Senegal and Gambia form a loose Senegambia Confederation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/02/02", "description": " The Hama massacre begins in Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/02/03", "description": " Syrian president Hafez al-Assad orders the army to purge the city of Harran of the Muslim Brotherhood.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/02/05", "description": " London-based Laker Airways collapses, leaving 6,000 stranded passengers and debts of $270 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/02/09", "description": " Japan Airlines Flight 350 crashes in Tokyo Bay due to thrust reversal on approach to Tokyo International Airport, killing 24 among the 174 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/02/15", "description": " The oil platform ''Ocean Ranger'' sinks during a storm off the coast of Newfoundland, killing all 84 rig workers aboard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/02/18", "description": " The Republic of Ireland general election gives a boost to Fianna F\u00e1il.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/02/19", "description": " The DeLorean Motor Company Car Factory in Belfast is put into receivership.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/02/24", "description": " In South Africa, 22 National Party MPs led by Andries Treurnicht vote for no confidence in P. W. Botha.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/02/25", "description": " The European Court of Human Rights rules that teachers who cane, belt or tase children against the wishes of their parents are in breach of the Human Rights Convention.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/02/27", "description": " Atlanta murders of 1979-1981: Wayne Williams is convicted of murdering two adult men and is sentenced to two consecutive life terms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/03/03", "description": " Elizabeth II opens the Barbican Centre in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/03/09", "description": " Charles Haughey becomes Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/03/09", "description": "The United States places an embargo on Libyan oil imports, alleging Libyan support for terrorist groups.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/03/09", "description": "Syzygy: All eight planets align on the same side of the Sun (see also Jupiter effect).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/03/16", "description": " In Newport, Rhode Island, Claus von B\u00fclow is found guilty of the attempted murder of his wife.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/03/16", "description": "An Argentine scrap metal dealer raises the Argentine flag in South Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/03/16", "description": "Mary Whitehouse's private prosecution of ''The Romans in Britain'' collapses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/03/26", "description": " A ground-breaking ceremony for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial is held in Washington, DC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/03/26", "description": "Royal Assent given to the Canada Act 1982, setting the stage for the repatriation of the Canadian Constitution on April 17.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/03/26", "description": "The 54th Academy Awards, hosted by Johnny Carson, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California. ''Chariots of Fire'' wins Best Picture and three other Academy Awards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/04/02", "description": " The Falklands War begins: Argentina invades and occupies the Falkland Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/04/03", "description": " Argentina's Invasion of South Georgia", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/04/06", "description": " A blizzard unprecedented in size for April dumps 1\u20132 feet of snow on the northeastern United States, closing schools and businesses, snarling traffic, and canceling several major league baseball games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/04/17", "description": " By Proclamation of the Queen of Canada on Parliament Hill, Canada patriates its constitution, gaining full political independence from the United Kingdom included is the country's first entrenched bill of rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/04/23", "description": " Dennis Wardlow, mayor of Key West, Florida, declares the independent quotConch Republicquot for a day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/04/24", "description": " German singer Nicole wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1982 for Germany, with the song ''Ein Bisschen Frieden''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/04/25", "description": " Israel completes its withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula in accordance with the Egyptian\u2013Israeli Peace Treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/04/26", "description": " British retake South Georgia during Operation Paraquet", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/04/30", "description": " Bijon Setu massacre", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/01", "description": " A crowd of over 100,000 attends the first day of the 1982 World's Fair in Knoxville, Tennessee.  The fair is kicked off with an address by President Ronald Reagan.  Over 11 million people attend the fair during its 6-month run.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/01", "description": "Falklands War: The nuclear submarine HMS ''Conqueror'' sinks the Argentine cruiser ''General Belgrano'', killing 323 sailors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/01", "description": "The Weather Channel airs on cable television for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/04", "description": " Falklands War: HMS ''Sheffield'' is hit by an Exocet missile, and burns out of control 20 sailors are killed. The ship sinks on May 10.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/05", "description": " A Unabomber bomb explodes in the computer science department at Vanderbilt University secretary Janet Smith is injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/08", "description": " French-Canadian racing driver Gilles Villeneuve is killed during qualifying for the Belgian Grand Prix.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/08", "description": "Spanish priest Juan Mar\u00eda Fern\u00e1ndez y Krohn tries to stab Pope John Paul II with a bayonet during the latter's pilgrimage to the shrine at Fatima.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/08", "description": "Braniff International Airways is declared bankrupt and ceases all flights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/21", "description": " Falklands War: British landings sparked the Battle of San Carlos", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/21", "description": "Falklands War: HMS ''Ardent'' is sunk by Argentine aircraft, killing 22 sailors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/21", "description": "International Maritime Organization (IMO).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/23", "description": " Falklands War: HMS ''Antelope'' is lost", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/23", "description": "Iranian troops retake Khorramshahr.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/23", "description": "KGB head Yuri Andropov is appointed to the Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/25", "description": " British ships HMS ''Coventry'' and Atlantic Conveyor are sunk during the Falklands War", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/25", "description": "Aston Villa wins the European Cup, beating Bayern Munich 1\u20130 after a 69-minute goal by Peter Withe in Rotterdam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/25", "description": "Kielder Water, an artificial lake in Northumberland, is opened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/25", "description": "Tottenham Hotspur F.C. wins the FA Cup, beating QPR 1\u20130 in a replay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/25", "description": "Conservative candidate Tim Smith holds the seat of Beaconsfield in a by-election. The Labour Party candidate is future Prime Minister Tony Blair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/25", "description": "Spain becomes the 16th member of NATO and the 1st nation to enter the alliance since West Germany's admission in 1955.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/25", "description": "Indianapolis 500: In what Indianapolis Motor Speedway historian Donald Davidson and Speedway public address announcer Tom Carnegie later call the greatest moment in the track's history, 1973 winner Gordon Johncock wins his second race over 1979 winner Rick Mears by 0.16 seconds, the closest finish to that date, after Mears draws alongside Johncock with a lap remaining, after erasing a seemingly insurmountable advantage of more than 11 seconds in the final 10 laps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/25", "description": "Hussain Muhammad Ershad seizes power in Bangladesh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/25", "description": "Cal Ripken, Jr. plays the first of what eventually becomes his record-breaking streak of  2,632 consecutive Major League Baseball games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/25", "description": "The 1982 Lebanon War begins: Forces under Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon invade southern Lebanon in their ampquotOperation Peace for the Galilee,ampquot eventually reaching as far north as the capital Beirut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/25", "description": "The United Nations Security Council votes to demand that Israel withdraw its troops from Lebanon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/25", "description": "President Ronald Reagan becomes the first American chief executive to address a joint session of the British Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/25", "description": "Falklands War: British RFA ''Sir Galahad'' is destroyed during the Bluff Cove Air Attacks", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/05/25", "description": "VASP Flight 168, a Boeing 727 passenger jet, crashes into forest Fortaleza, killing 137.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/06/12", "description": " A rally against nuclear weapons draws 750,000 to New York City's Central Park.   Jackson Browne, James Taylor, Bruce Springsteen, and Linda Ronstadt attend. An international convocation at The Cathedral of St. John the Divine features prominent peace activists from around the world and afterward participants march on Fifth Avenue to Central Park for the rally.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/06/12", "description": "The 1982 FIFA World Cup begins in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/06/12", "description": "Fahd becomes King of Saudi Arabia upon the death of his brother, Khalid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/06/14", "description": " The Falklands War ends: Formal surrender of Argentine forces, and liberation of the Falkland Islanders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/06/18", "description": " Argentine military dictator Leopoldo Galtieri resigns, in the wake of his country's defeat in the Falklands War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/06/19", "description": " The body of quotGod's Bankerquot, Roberto Calvi, chairman of Banco Ambrosiano, is found hanging beneath Blackfriars Bridge in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/06/21", "description": " Prince William is born at St Mary's Hospital in Paddington, West London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/06/24", "description": " British Airways Flight 9 suffers a temporary 4-engine flameout and damage to the exterior of the plane, after flying through the otherwise undetected ash plume from Indonesia's Mount Galunggung.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/06/25", "description": " The Institute for Puerto Rican Policy is founded in New York City to research and advocate for Puerto Rican and Latino community issues. In 2006, it changes it name to the National Institute for Latino Policy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/06/30", "description": " The Equal Rights Amendment falls short of the 38 states needed to pass Phyllis Schlafly and other leaders of the Christian right take credit for its defeat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/06/30", "description": "Larry Walters, a.k.a. Lawn Chair Larry, flies {{convert|16000|ft|m}} above Long Beach, California in a lawn chair with weather balloons attached.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/06/30", "description": "Roy Jenkins is elected Leader of the Social Democratic Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/07/03", "description": " ASLEF train drivers in the United Kingdom go on strike over hours of work they return to work on July 18.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/07/04", "description": " Four Iranian diplomats are kidnapped upon Israel's invasion of Lebanon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/07/06", "description": " A lunar eclipse (umbral duration 236 min and total duration 106 min, the longest of the 20th century) occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/07/06", "description": "Pan Am Flight 759 (Boeing 727) crashes in Kenner, Louisiana, killing all 146 on board and 8 on the ground.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/07/06", "description": "Intruder Michael Fagan visits Elizabeth II in her bedroom for a chat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/07/11", "description": " Italy beats West Germany 3\u20131 to win the 1982 FIFA World Cup in Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/07/12", "description": " Checker Motors Corporation ceases production of automobiles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/07/15", "description": " Geoffrey Prime, a GCHQ civil servant, is remanded in custody on charges under the Official Secrets Act 1911.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/07/16", "description": " In New York City, The Reverend Sun Myung Moon is sentenced to 18 months in prison and fined $25,000 for tax fraud and conspiracy to obstruct justice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/07/19", "description": " William Whitelaw, Home Secretary, announces that Michael Trestrail (the Queen's bodyguard) has resigned from the Metropolitan Police Service over a relationship with a male prostitute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/07/20", "description": " The Provisional IRA detonates 2 bombs in central London, killing 8 soldiers, wounding 47 people, and leading to the deaths of 7 horses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/07/21", "description": " HMS ''Hermes'', the Royal Navy flagship during the Falklands War, returns home to Portsmouth to a hero's welcome.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/07/21", "description": "The International Whaling Commission decides to end commercial whaling by 1985\u20131986.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/07/21", "description": "A coroner's jury returns a verdict of suicide on Roberto Calvi, who was found hanging under Blackfriars Bridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/07/21", "description": "Torrential rain and mudslides in Nagasaki, Japan destroy bridges and kill 299.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/07/21", "description": "On a movie set, the ''Twilight Zone'' actor Vic Morrow and 2 child actors die in a helicopter stunt accident.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/07/31", "description": " In Beaune, France, 53 persons, 46 of them children, die in a highway accident (France's worst).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/08/01", "description": " Attempted coup against government of Daniel Arap Moi in Kenya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/08/03", "description": " Venezuela recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/08/04", "description": " The United Nations Security Council votes to censure Israel because its troops are still in Lebanon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/08/07", "description": " Italian Prime Minister Giovanni Spadolini resigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/08/11", "description": " Surinam recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/08/12", "description": " Mexico announces it is unable to pay its large foreign debt, triggering a debt crisis that quickly spread throughout Latin America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/08/13", "description": " In Hong Kong, health warnings on cigarette packets are made statutory.Clarence Tsui, ''South China Morning Post'', 12\/12\/99, webpage: <a href=\"http:\/\/lists.essential.org\/intl-tobacco\/msg00330.html\">http:\/\/lists.essential.org\/intl-tobacco\/msg00330.html<\/a> ITobacco330.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/08/17", "description": " The first compact discs (CDs) are released to the public in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/08/20", "description": " Lebanese Civil War: A multinational force lands in Beirut to oversee the PLO withdrawal from Lebanon. French troops arrive August 21, U.S. Marines August 25.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/09/03", "description": " Italian general Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa is killed in a Mafia ambush.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/09/05", "description": " Iowa paperboy Johnny Gosch is kidnapped.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/09/14", "description": " Lebanese President-elect Bachir Gemayel is assassinated in Beirut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/09/18", "description": " The Lebanese Christian Militia (the Phalange) kill thousands of Palestinians in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps with the overlooking of Israeli troops in West Beirut. The massacre is in retaliation for the assassination of pro-Israel president-elect, Bachir Gemayel, as well as several Palestinian massacres against Lebanese Christians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/09/19", "description": " The first emoticons are posted by Scott Fahlman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/09/21", "description": " The first International Day of Peace (United Nations)", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/09/23", "description": " Amin Gemayel, brother of Bachir, is elected president of Lebanon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/09/25", "description": " In Israel, 400,000 marchers demand the resignation of Prime Minister Menachem Begin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/09/26", "description": " Thermals take Australian parachutist Rich Collins up to {{convert|2800|m|ft}} during a jump he almost blacks out due to lack of oxygen.   He releases his main parachute to fall to lower altitude and lands by his reserve parachute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/09/29", "description": "October 1 ampndash The 1982 Chicago Tylenol murders occur when 7 people in the Chicago area die after ingesting capsules laced with potassium cyanide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/09/29", "description": "Helmut Kohl replaces Helmut Schmidt as Chancellor of Germany through a Constructive Vote of No Confidence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/09/29", "description": "In Orlando, Florida, Walt Disney World opens the second largest theme park, EPCOT Center, to the public for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/09/29", "description": "Sony launches the first consumer compact disc (CD) player (model CDP-101).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/10/08", "description": " Poland bans Solidarity after having suspended it on 13 December 1981.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/10/11", "description": " The ''Mary Rose'', flagship of Henry VIII of England that sank in 1545, is raised.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/10/13", "description": " The Ford Sierra is launched in Europe, replacing the Ford Cortina", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/10/19", "description": " John De Lorean is arrested for selling cocaine to undercover FBI agents (he is later found not guilty due to entrapment).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/10/19", "description": "Luzhniki disaster: During the UEFA Cup match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem, 66 people are crushed to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/10/19", "description": "World Series: The St. Louis Cardinals defeat the Milwaukee Brewers 6\u20133 in game 7.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/10/27", "description": " In Canada, Dominion Day is officially renamed Canada Day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/10/28", "description": " The Socialist Party wins the election in Spain Felipe Gonz\u00e1lez is elected Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/11/02", "description": " Channel 4 was launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/11/02", "description": "A gasoline or petrol tanker explodes in the Salang Tunnel in Afghanistan, killing at least 176 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/11/02", "description": "The Dow Jones Industrial Average surges 43.41 points, or 4.25%, to close at 1,065.49, its first all-time high in more than 9 years. It last hit a record on January 11, 1973 when the average closed at 1,051.70. The points gain is the biggest ever up to this point.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/11/06", "description": " Camerun president Ahmadou Ahidjo resigns, replaced by Paul Biya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/11/07", "description": " The Thames Barrier is first publicly demonstrated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/11/08", "description": " Kenan Evren becomes the seventh president of Turkey as a result of constitution referandum. His former title was '''head of state'''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/11/12", "description": " In the Soviet Union, former KGB head Yuri Andropov is selected to become the general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party's Central Committee, succeeding the late Leonid I. Brezhnev.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/11/13", "description": " The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D.C., after a march to its site by thousands of Vietnam War veterans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/11/14", "description": " The leader of Poland's outlawed Solidarity movement, Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa, is released from 11 months of internment near the Soviet border.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/11/20", "description": " University of California, Berkeley executes quotThe Playquot in a college football game against Stanford.  Completing a wacky 57-yard kickoff return that includes 5 laterals, Kevin Moen runs through Stanford band members who had prematurely come onto the field. His touchdown stands and California wins 25\u201320.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/11/25", "description": " Minneapolis Thanksgiving Day fire destroys an entire city block of downtown Minneapolis, including the headquarters of Northwestern National Bank.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/11/27", "description": " Yasuhiro Nakasone becomes Prime minister of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/11/28", "description": " Representatives from 88 countries gather in Geneva to discuss world trade and ways to work toward aspects of free trade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/11/30", "description": " Michael Jackson releases ''Thriller'', the biggest selling album of all time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/01", "description": " Miguel de la Madrid takes office as President of Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/02", "description": " At the University of Utah, 61-year-old retired dentist Barney Clark becomes the first person to receive a permanent artificial heart (he lives for 112 days with the device).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/03", "description": " A final soil sample is taken from the site of Times Beach, Missouri.   It is found to contain 300 times the safe level of dioxin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/04", "description": " The People's Republic of China adopts its current constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/07", "description": " The first U.S. execution by lethal injection is carried out in Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/08", "description": " The December murders occur in Suriname.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/12", "description": " Women's peace protest at Greenham Common: 30,000 women hold hands and form a human chain around the 14.5ampnbspkm (9ampnbspmi) perimeter fence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/13", "description": " An earthquake (Richter Scale 6.0 magnitude) in Dhamar, northern Yemen, kills at least 1,507.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/14", "description": " Bolivia recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/22", "description": " Indian Ocean Commission (Commission de l'Oc\u00e9an Indien) (COI) created by Port Louis Agreement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/23", "description": " The United States Environmental Protection Agency recommends the evacuation of Times Beach, Missouri due to dangerous levels of dioxin contamination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/24", "description": " The quotChristmas Eve Blizzard of '82quot hits Denver.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/26", "description": " ''Time Magazine's'' Man of the Year is given for the first time to a non-human, the computer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/26", "description": "A brief but severe recession begins in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/26", "description": "Seattle is officially dubbed the ''Emerald City'' after a contest is held to choose a new city slogan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/26", "description": "George Stigler is awarded The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/26", "description": "The car brand Toyota Camry is introduced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/26", "description": "Dorling Kindersley, formerly a book packager, begins publishing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/26", "description": "The Commodore 64 PC is released (over 20 million will be sold by 1994).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/26", "description": "A global surplus of crude oil causes gasoline prices to collapse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/26", "description": "In a Gallup Poll, 51% of Americans do not accept homosexuality as normal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1982/12/26", "description": "The first China Central Television New Year's Gala program starts. This program is watched by 1.1 billion Chinese every year.{{Citation needed|date=September 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/01/01", "description": " The migration of the ARPANET to TCP\/IP is officially completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/01/03", "description": " K\u012blauea begins slowly erupting on the Big Island of Hawaii and is still flowing {{as of|lc=y|2012}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/01/19", "description": " High-ranking Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie is arrested in Bolivia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/01/22", "description": " Bj\u00f6rn Borg retires from tennis after winning 5 consecutive Wimbledon championships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/01/24", "description": " Twenty-five members of the Red Brigades are sentenced to life imprisonment for the murder of Aldo Moro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/01/24", "description": "Lotus 1-2-3 is released for IBM-PC compatible computers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/01/24", "description": "Red rain falls in the UK, caused by sand from the Sahara Desert in the droplets.{{Clarify|date=February 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/01/31", "description": " Seatbelt use for drivers and front seat passengers becomes mandatory in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/02/02", "description": " Giovanni Vigliotto goes on trial for multiple counts of bigamy involving 105 women.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/02/03", "description": " Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser is granted a double dissolution of both houses of parliament for elections on March 5. Bob Hawke replaces Bill Hayden as leader of the Australian Labor Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/02/06", "description": " Klaus Barbie is officially charged with war crimes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/02/13", "description": " A cinema fire in Turin, Italy kills 64.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/02/16", "description": " The Ash Wednesday fires in Victoria and South Australia claim the lives of 76 people, in one of Australia's worst bushfires ever.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/02/16", "description": "Nellie massacre: over 2,000 people, mostly Bangladeshi Muslims, are massacred in Assam, India, during the Assam agitation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/02/16", "description": "Wah Mee massacre: 13 people are killed in an attempted robbery in Seattle, Washington.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/02/16", "description": "The United States Environmental Protection Agency announces its intention to buy out and evacuate the dioxin-contaminated community of Times Beach, Missouri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/02/16", "description": "Failure of automatic shut-down at Salem Nuclear Power Plant, New Jersey, USA", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/02/16", "description": "A special commission of the Congress of the United States releases a report critical of the practice of Japanese internment during World War II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/02/16", "description": "Bermondsey by-election, 1983 (U.K.): Simon Hughes's defeat of Peter Tatchell is criticised for alleged homophobia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/02/28", "description": " The final episode of MASH is aired and the record of most watched episode is broken.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/03/01", "description": " The Balearic Islands and Madrid become Autonomous communities of Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/03/05", "description": " Bob Hawke is elected Prime Minister of Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/03/08", "description": " IBM releases the IBM PC XT.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/03/09", "description": " Anne Burford resigns as head of the United States Environmental Protection Agency amid scandal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/03/11", "description": " Australia's First Hawke Ministry is sworn in Andrew Peacock becomes Federal Opposition leader.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/03/16", "description": " The Transmitter Ismaning (last wooden radio tower in Germany) is demolished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/03/23", "description": " Strategic Defense Initiative: U.S. President Ronald Reagan makes his initial proposal to develop technology to intercept enemy missiles. The media dub this plan quotStar Warsquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/03/25", "description": " Motown celebrates its 25th anniversary and has the television special ''Motown 25'' during which Michael Jackson performed quotBillie Jeanquot and introduces to the world the moonwalk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/04/04", "description": "April 4  ampndash First flight of the Space Shuttle Challenger", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/04/15", "description": " Tokyo Disneyland opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/04/18", "description": " The April 1983 U.S. Embassy bombing in Beirut kills 63 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/04/22", "description": " Reactor shut-down due to failure of fuel rods at Kursk Nuclear Power Plant, Russia", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/04/25", "description": " Manchester, Maine, schoolgirl Samantha Smith is invited to visit the Soviet Union by its leader Yuri Andropov, after he read her letter in which she expressed fears about nuclear war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/05/06", "description": " ''Stern'' magazine publishes the quotHitler Diariesquot (which are later found to be forgeries).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/05/11", "description": " Aberdeen FC beat Real Madrid 2\u20131 (after extra time) to win the European Cup Winners' Cup in 1983 and become only the third Scottish side to win a European trophy", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/05/16", "description": " NSW Premier Neville Wran steps down, in response to allegations raised by the ABC program ''Four Corners'', that he attempted to influence the NSW Magistracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/05/17", "description": " Lebanon, Israel, and the United States sign an agreement on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/05/26", "description": " A powerful earthquake and tsunami in northern Honsh\u016b, Japan kills 104 and injures 163.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/05/28", "description": " The 9th G7 summit begins at Williamsburg, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/06/09", "description": " Britain's Conservative government, led by Margaret Thatcher, is re-elected by a landslide majority.<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/june\/9\/newsid_2500000\/2500847.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/june\/9\/newsid_2500000\/2500847.stm<\/a> BBC ON THIS DAY | 9 | 1983: Thatcher wins landslide victory!-- Bot generated title --", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/06/13", "description": " ''Pioneer 10'' becomes the first man-made object to leave the solar system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/06/16", "description": " Cork Graham caught off the Vietnamese island of Ph\u00fa Qu\u1ed1c looking for treasure buried by Captain Kidd. Convicted and imprisoned for illegal entry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/06/18", "description": " Sally Ride becomes the first American woman in space aboard Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' on the STS-7 mission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/06/25", "description": " India wins Cricket World Cup by defeating West Indies by 43 runs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/06/30", "description": " Total loss of coolant at Embalse nuclear power plant, Argentina. It was classified as an Accident With Local Consequences ampndash level 4 at the International Nuclear Event Scale", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/06/30", "description": "A North Korean Ilyushin Il-62M jet, en route to Conakry Airport in Guinea, crashes into the Fouta Djall Mountains in Guinea-Bissau, killing all 23 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/06/30", "description": "The High Court of Australia blocks construction of the Franklin Dam in Tasmania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/06/30", "description": "Technical failure causes release of Iodine-131 from Philippsburg Nuclear Power Plant, Germany", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/06/30", "description": "Nintendo's Family Computer, also known as the Famicom, goes on sale in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/06/30", "description": "The Orly airport attack in Paris leaves 8 dead and 55 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/07/16", "description": " Sikorsky S-61 disaster: a helicopter crashes off the Isles of Scilly, causing 20 fatalities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/07/20", "description": " The government of Poland announces the end of martial law and amnesty for political prisoners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/07/21", "description": " The lowest temperature on earth is recorded in Vostok Station, Antarctica with \u221289.2 \u00b0C (\u2212128.6 \u00b0F).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/07/22", "description": " Australian Dick Smith completes his solo circumnavigation in a helicopter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/07/22", "description": "Gimli Glider: Out of fuel, Air Canada Flight 143 glides in to land in Gimli, Manitoba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/07/22", "description": "The Black July communal riot occurs in Sri Lanka. These anti-Sri Lankan Tamil riots leave between 400 and 3,000 Tamils dead and millions of dollars worth of their property destroyed. This pogrom is the beginning of a deadly Sri Lankan civil war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/07/22", "description": "Heavy massive rain and mudslides at western Shimane prefecture, Japan, kill 117.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/07/28", "description": " New South Wales premier Neville Wran is exonerated by the Street Royal Commission, over claims raised by the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) programme ''Four Corners'', that he attempted to influence the NSW magistracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/08/01", "description": " America West Airlines begins operations out of Phoenix, Arizona and Las Vegas, Nevada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/08/04", "description": " Thomas Sankara becomes President of Upper Volta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/08/16", "description": " ''The Bill'' first airs as ''Woodentop''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/08/16", "description": "Hurricane Alicia hits the Texas coast, killing 22 and causing over US$3.8 billion (2005 dollars) in damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/08/16", "description": "Five people are killed and 18 others injured when a road train is deliberately driven into a motel at Ayers Rock, NT (the driver, Douglas Edward Crabbe, is convicted in March 1984).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/08/21", "description": " Benigno Aquino, Jr., Philippines opposition leader, is assassinated in Manila just as he returns from exile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/08/24", "description": " The Old Philadelphia Arena is destroyed by arson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/08/26", "description": " Heavy rain triggers flooding at Bilbao (Spain) and surrounding areas, killing 45 people and causing millions in damages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/08/30", "description": " Guion Bluford becomes the first African-American in space aboard Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' on the STS-8 mission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/09/01", "description": " Cold War: Korean Air Lines Flight 007 is shot down by a Soviet Union jet fighter near Moneron Island when the commercial aircraft enters Soviet airspace. All 269 on board are killed including U.S. Congressman Larry McDonald.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/09/04", "description": " Six men walk underwater across the Sydney Harbor ampndash 82.9ampnbspkm in 48 hours.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/09/06", "description": " The Soviet Union admits to shooting down Korean Air Flight 007, stating that the pilots did not know it was a civilian aircraft when it violated Soviet airspace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/09/16", "description": " Ronald Reagan announces that the Global Positioning System (GPS) would be made available for civilian use.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/09/17", "description": " Vanessa Lynn Williams becomes the first African-American to be crowned Miss America, in Atlantic City, New Jersey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/09/18", "description": " The rock group Kiss officially appear in public without makeup for the first time on MTV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/09/19", "description": " Saint Kitts and Nevis becomes an independent state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/09/19", "description": "Gulf Air Flight 771 crashes in the United Arab Emirates after a bomb exploded in the baggage compartment, killing 117.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/09/19", "description": "Violence erupts in New Caledonia between native Kanaks and French expatriates. The French government withdraws the promise of independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/09/24", "description": " The Red Hot Chili Peppers launch their first, self-titled, album.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/09/25", "description": " Maze Prison escape: 38 Irish republican prisoners, armed with six handguns, hijack a prison meals lorry and smash their way out of HMP Maze, in the largest prison escape since World War II and in British history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/09/25", "description": "September 26 ampndash Soviet military officer Stanislav Petrov averts a worldwide nuclear war by correctly identifying a missile attack warning as a false alarm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/09/26", "description": " The ''Soyuz T-10a'' mission ends in a successful pad abort at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, when a pad fire occurs at the base of the Soyuz U rocket during the launch countdown. the escape tower system, attached to the top of the capsule containing the crew and Soyuz spacecraft fired immediately pulling the crew safe from the vehicle, a few seconds before the rocket explodes, destroying the launch complex.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/09/26", "description": "The Australian yacht ''Australia II'' wins the America's Cup, the first successful challenge to the New York Yacht Club's 132-year defence of the sailing trophy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/09/27", "description": " The GNU Project is announced publicly on the net.unix-wizards and net.usoft newsgroups.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/10/02", "description": " Neil Kinnock is elected leader of the British Labour Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/10/04", "description": " Richard Noble sets a new land speed record of 633.468ampnbspmph (1,019.468ampnbspkm\/h), driving Thrust 2 at the Black Rock Desert, Nevada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/10/07", "description": " A plan to abolish the Greater London Council is announced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/10/09", "description": " The Rangoon bombing kills South Korea's Foreign Minister, Lee Bum Suk, and 21 others.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/10/12", "description": " Japan's former Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka is found guilty of taking a $2 million bribe from Lockheed, and sentenced to 4 years in jail.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/10/19", "description": " Maurice Bishop, Prime Minister of Grenada, and 40 others are assassinated in a military coup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/10/21", "description": " At the 17th General Conference on Weights and Measures, the metre is defined in terms of the speed of light as the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1\/299,792,458 of a second.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/10/22", "description": " In Bonn, West Germany, people demonstrate for nuclear disarmament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/10/23", "description": " Simultaneous suicide truck-bombings destroy both the French and the United States Marine Corps barracks in Beirut, killing 241 U.S. servicemen, 58 French paratroopers and 6 Lebanese civilians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/10/25", "description": " United States troops invade Grenada at the behest of Eugenia Charles of Dominica, a member of the Organization of American States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/10/30", "description": " The first democratic elections in Argentina after 7 years of military rule are held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/10/30", "description": "Martin Luther King, Jr. Day: At the White House Rose Garden, U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs a bill creating a federal holiday on the third Monday of every January to honor American civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/10/30", "description": "Able Archer 83: Many Soviet officials misinterpret this NATO exercise as a nuclear first strike, causing the last nuclear scare of the Cold War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/10/30", "description": "South Africa approves a new constitution granting limited political rights to Coloureds and Asians as part of a series of reforms to apartheid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/11/03", "description": " The Reverend Jesse Jackson announces his candidacy for the 1984 Democratic Party presidential nomination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/11/05", "description": " Byford Dolphin rig diving bell accident: Off the coast of Norway, 5 divers are killed and one severely wounded in an explosive decompression accident.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/11/10", "description": " The anticancer drug etoposide is approved by the FDA, leading to a curative treatment regime in the field of combination chemotherapy of testicular carcinoma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/11/11", "description": " Ronald Reagan becomes the first U.S. President to address the Diet, Japan's national legislature.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/11/13", "description": " The first United States cruise missiles arrive at Greenham Common Airbase in England amid protests from peace campaigners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/11/13", "description": "The immunosuppressant cyclosporine is approved by the FDA, leading to a revolution in the field of transplantation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/11/13", "description": "Ecuador recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/11/15", "description": " The Turkish part of Cyprus declares independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/11/16", "description": " A jury in Gretna, Louisiana acquits Ginny Foat of the murder of Argentine businessman Moses Chaiyo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/11/17", "description": " The Zapatista Army of National Liberation is founded in Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/11/19", "description": " An attempted hijacking of Aeroflot Flight 6833 in Soviet Georgia results in several dead and wounded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/11/24", "description": " Lynda Mann, 15, is found raped and strangled in the village of Narborough, England (Colin Pitchfork is sentenced to life imprisonment in 1988).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/11/26", "description": " Brink's-MAT robbery: In London, 6,800 gold bars worth nearly UK\u00a326 million are taken from the Brink's-MAT vault at Heathrow Airport. Only a fraction of the gold is ever recovered, and only 2 men are convicted of the crime.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/11/27", "description": " Colombian Avianca Flight 11 crashes near Barajas Airport in Madrid, Spain, killing 181 of the 192 on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/04", "description": " Lt's. Mark Lange and Bobby Goodman of the United States Navy are shot down over Lebanon and captured by the Syrians. Lt Lange died of his injuries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/05", "description": " ICIMOD is established and inaugurated with its headquarters in Kathmandu, Nepal, and legitimised through an Act of Parliament in Nepal this same year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/07", "description": " Two Spanish passenger planes collide on the foggy runway at a Madrid airport, killing 90.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/09", "description": " The Australian Dollar is floated, by Federal treasurer Paul Keating. Under the old flexible peg system, the Reserve Bank bought and sold all Australian dollars and cleared the market at the end of the day. This initiative is taken by the government of Bob Hawke.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/10", "description": " Military rule ends and democracy is restored in Argentina, with the beginning of Ra\u00fal Alfons\u00edn's first term as President of Argentina", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/13", "description": " Turgut \u00d6zal, of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (45th government) beginning of a new civilian regime", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/13", "description": "A discotheque fire in Madrid, Spain, kills 83 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/13", "description": "A Provisional IRA car bomb kills 6 Christmas shoppers and injures 90 outside Harrods in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/13", "description": "A propane explosion in Buffalo, New York kills 5 firefighters and 2 civilians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/13", "description": "Pope John Paul II visits his would-be assassin Mehmet Ali A\u011fca in prison to forgive him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/29", "description": " The Reverend Jesse Jackson travels to Syria to secure the release of U.S. Navy Lieutenant Robert Goodman, who has been in Syrian captivity since being shot down over Lebanon during a bombing mission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/29", "description": "Brunei gains independence from the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/29", "description": "Two bombs explode in France one on the Paris train kills 3 and injures 19. The other at Marseille station kills 2 and injures 34.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/29", "description": "I. M. Pei wins the Pritzker Architecture Prize.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/29", "description": "Zlatko Ugljen receives the Aga Khan Award for Architecture for \u0160erefudin's White Mosque, built in Visoko.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/29", "description": "The Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) program is launched in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/29", "description": "''Flashdance'' and ''Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi'' are box-office hits.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/29", "description": "G\u00e9rard Debreu wins the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/29", "description": "Kellogg's introduces ''Crispix'' cereal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/29", "description": "Leopold Kohr, the people of Belau, Amory and Hunter Lovins \/ Rocky Mountain Institute and Manfred Max-Neef \/ CEPAUR win the Right Livelihood Award.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/29", "description": "McDonald's introduces the ''McNugget''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/29", "description": "Kary Mullis discovers polymerase chain reaction while working for Cetus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/29", "description": "The De Lorean Motor Company ceases production.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/29", "description": "The meteorological El Nino phenomenon brought severe weather worldwide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1983/12/29", "description": "Chrysler starts production on the first minivans: the Dodge Caravan and Plymouth Voyager.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984", "description": "US Bell System is broken up.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984", "description": "Brunei becomes a fully independent state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/01/03", "description": "U.S. President Ronald Reagan meets with Navy Lieutenant Robert Goodman and the Reverend Jesse Jackson at the White House, following Lieutenant Goodman's release from Syrian captivity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/01/07", "description": "Brunei becomes the 6th member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/01/07", "description": "The United States and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations.ampamp{{cite web |url= <a href=\"http:\/\/www.americanambassadors.org\/index.cfm?fuseaction=Publications.articleampamparticleid=44\">http:\/\/www.americanambassadors.org\/index.cfm?fuseaction=Publications.articleampamparticleid=44<\/a> |title=United States-Vatican Diplomatic Relations: The Past and The Future |work=The Ambassadors REVIEW |publisher=Council of American Ambassadors |date=Spring 2001 |quote=On January 10, 1984, when President Reagan announced the establishment of formal diplomatic relations with the Holy See, he appointed William A. Wilson, who had been serving as his personal representative to the Pope, as the first US Ambassador... |accessdate=November 17, 2011}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/01/07", "description": "Victoria Agreement signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/01/18", "description": "The Mitsui Miike coal mine explosion at \u014cmuta, Fukuoka, Japan kills 83.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/01/24", "description": "The Apple Macintosh is introduced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/01/27", "description": "Michael Jackson is accidentally severely burned at the filming of a Pepsi commercial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/02/01", "description": "Medicare comes into effect in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/02/01", "description": "Dr. John Buster and the research team at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center announce history's first embryo transfer, from one woman to another resulting in a live birth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/02/01", "description": "STS-41-B: Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' is launched on the 10th space shuttle mission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/02/07", "description": "Astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart make the first untethered space walk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/02/08", "description": "The 1984 Winter Olympics open in Sarajevo, SFRY.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/02/13", "description": "Konstantin Chernenko succeeds the late Yuri Andropov as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/02/19", "description": "The 1984 Winter Olympics close in Sarajevo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/02/26", "description": "United States Marines pull out of Beirut, Lebanon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/02/29", "description": "Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau announces his retirement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/03/05", "description": "Iran accuses Iraq of using chemical weapons the United Nations condemns their use on March 30.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/03/06", "description": "A year-long strike action begins in the British coal industry (see UK Miners' Strike (1984-1985)).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/03/14", "description": "Sinn F\u00e9in's Gerry Adams and 3 others are seriously injured in a gun attack by the UVF.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/03/16", "description": "The CIA station chief in Beirut, William Francis Buckley, is kidnapped by Islamic Jihad and later dies in captivity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/03/22", "description": "Teachers at the McMartin Preschool in Manhattan Beach, California are charged with Satanic ritual abuse of the schoolchildren (the charges are later dropped as completely unfounded).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/03/23", "description": "General Rahimuddin Khan becomes the first man in Pakistan's history to rule over 2 of its provinces, after becoming interim Governor of Sindh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/04/02", "description": "Indian Squadron Leader Rakesh Sharma is launched into space, aboard the ''Soyuz T-11''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/04/04", "description": "U.S. President Ronald Reagan calls for an international ban on chemical weapons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/04/09", "description": "The 56th Academy Awards, hosted by Johnny Carson, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/04/12", "description": "Palestinian gunmen take Israeli Bus Number 300 hostage.   Israeli special forces storm the bus, freeing the hostages (1 hostage, 2 hijackers killed).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/04/13", "description": "India launches Operation Meghdoot, as most of the Siachen Glacier in Kashmir comes under Indian control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/04/15", "description": "British comedian Tommy Cooper suffers a massive heart attack and dies while live on TV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/04/17", "description": "WPC Yvonne Fletcher is shot and killed by a secluded gunman leading to a police siege of the Libyan Embassy in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/04/19", "description": "''Advance Australia Fair'' is proclaimed as Australia's national anthem, and green and gold as the national colours.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/04/25", "description": "The term of Sultan Ahmad Shah as the 7th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/04/26", "description": "Sultan Iskandar, Sultan of Johor, becomes the 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/05/02", "description": "The Liverpool International Garden Festival opens in Liverpool.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/05/05", "description": "The Herreys win the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 for Sweden, with the song ''Diggi-Loo, Diggi-Ley''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/05/05", "description": "The Soviet Union announces that it will boycott the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/05/05", "description": "Denis Lortie kills 3 government employees in the National Assembly of Quebec building.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/05/11", "description": "A transit of Earth from Mars takes place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/05/12", "description": "The Louisiana World's Fair opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/05/14", "description": "The one dollar coin is introduced in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/05/23", "description": "Methane gas explosion at Abbeystead water treatment works in Lancashire, England kills 16 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/05/27", "description": "An overnight flash flood rages through neighborhoods in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Nearly 15ampnbspinches of rain falls in some areas over a four-hour period. 14 people are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/05/31", "description": "Mecklenburg Correctional Center - 6 inmates - including James and Linwood Briley escape from a death row facility, the first and only occasion this has ever happened in the US.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/06/01", "description": "William M. Gibbons is released as receiver and trustee of the Chicago, Rock Island amp Pacific railroad, after all of its debts and creditors are paid off by order of a federal bankruptcy court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/06/05", "description": "The Indian government begins Operation Blue Star, the planned attack on the Golden Temple in Amritsar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/06/06", "description": "Indian troops storm the Golden Temple at Amritsar, the Sikhs' holiest shrine, killing an estimated 2,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/06/08", "description": "A deadly F5 tornado nearly destroys the town of Barneveld, Wisconsin, killing 9 people, injuring nearly 200, and causing over $25,000,000 in damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/06/20", "description": "The biggest exam shake-up in the British education system in over 10 years is announced, with O-level and CSE exams to be replaced by a new exam, the GCSE.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/06/20", "description": "The official name of the Turkish city Urfa is changed into \u015eanl\u0131urfa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/06/20", "description": "Virgin Atlantic Airways makes its inaugural flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/06/27", "description": "France beats Spain 2\u20130 to win the Euro 84.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/06/28", "description": "Richard Ram\u00edrez, aka the quotNight Stalker,quot murders his first confirmed victim.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/06/30", "description": "John Napier Turner becomes Canada's 17th Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/07/13", "description": "Terry Wallis, a nineteen-year old living in the Ozark Mountains of Arkansas falls into a deep coma after a severe automobile accident. He would eventually awaken nineteen years later on June 13, 2003.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/07/14", "description": "New Zealand Prime Minister Robert Muldoon calls a snap election and is heavily defeated by opposition Labour leader David Lange.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/07/14", "description": "Beverly Lynn Burns becomes the first woman Boeing 747 captain in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/07/14", "description": "In San Ysidro, California, 41-year-old James Oliver Huberty sprays a McDonald's restaurant with gunfire, killing 21 people before being shot and killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/07/23", "description": "Vanessa Lynn Williams becomes the first Miss America to resign when she surrenders her crown, after nude photos of her appear in ''Penthouse'' magazine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/07/25", "description": "''Salyut 7'': Cosmonaut Svetlana Savitskaya becomes the first woman to perform a space walk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/07/28", "description": "August 12 \u2013 The 1984 Summer Olympics are held in Los Angeles, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/08/01", "description": "Australian banks are deregulated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/08/04", "description": "The African republic Upper Volta changes its name to Burkina Faso.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/08/11", "description": "United States President Ronald Reagan, during a voice check for a radio broadcast remarks, quotMy fellow Americans, I'm pleased to tell you today that I've signed legislation that will outlaw Russia forever.  We begin bombing in five minutesquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/08/16", "description": "John De Lorean is acquitted of all 8 charges of possessing and distributing cocaine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/08/17", "description": "Peru recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/08/21", "description": "Half a million people in Manila demonstrate against the regime of Ferdinand Marcos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/08/28", "description": "Josef Fritzl drugs and incarcerates his daughter Elisabeth in a secret cellar, in Amstetten, Austria she was released only after 24 years of sexual abuse and mental ordeal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/08/30", "description": "''STS-41-D'': The Space Shuttle ''Discovery'' takes off on its maiden voyage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/09/02", "description": "Seven people are shot and killed and 12 wounded in the Milperra massacre, a shootout between the rival motorcycle gangs Bandidos and Comancheros in Sydney.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/09/02", "description": "The Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, led by Brian Mulroney, wins 211 seats in the House of Commons, forming the largest majority government in Canadian history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/09/02", "description": "The Sandinista Front wins the Nicaraguan general elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/09/02", "description": "''STS-41-D'': The Space Shuttle ''Discovery'' lands after its maiden voyage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/09/02", "description": "Western Australia becomes the last Australian state to abolish capital punishment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/09/14", "description": "P. W. Botha is inaugurated as the first executive State President of South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/09/17", "description": "Brian Mulroney is sworn in as Prime Minister of Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/09/18", "description": "Joe Kittinger becomes the first person to cross the Atlantic, solo, in a hot air balloon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/09/20", "description": "Hezbollah car-bombs the U.S. Embassy annex in Beirut, killing 22 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/09/26", "description": "The United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China sign the initial agreement to return Hong Kong to China in 1997.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/10/04", "description": "Tim Macartney-Snape and Greg Mortimer become the first Australians to summit Mount Everest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/10/05", "description": "''STS-41-G'': Marc Garneau becomes the first Canadian in space, aboard the Space Shuttle ''Challenger''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/10/11", "description": "Aboard the Space Shuttle ''Challenger'', astronaut Kathryn D. Sullivan becomes the first American woman to perform a space walk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/10/12", "description": "The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) attempts to assassinate Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the British Cabinet in the Brighton hotel bombing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/10/19", "description": "Polish secret police kidnap Jerzy Popie\u0142uszko, a Catholic priest who supports the Solidarity movement. His dead body is found in a reservoir 11 days later on October 30.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/10/23", "description": "The world learns from moving BBC News TV reports that a famine is plaguing Ethiopia, where thousands of people have already died of starvation due to a famine and as many as 10,000,000 more lives are at risk. <a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/october\/25\/newsid_2478000\/2478431.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/october\/25\/newsid_2478000\/2478431.stm<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/10/25", "description": "The European Economic Community makes \u00a31.8 million available to help combat the Ethiopian famine. <a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/october\/25\/newsid_2478000\/2478431.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/october\/25\/newsid_2478000\/2478431.stm<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/10/31", "description": "Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi is assassinated by her 2 Sikh security guards. Anti-Sikh riots break out, leaving 10,000 to 20,000 sikhs dead in New Delhi and surrounding areas with majority populations of Hindus. Rajiv Gandhi becomes prime minister of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/11/06", "description": "United States presidential election, 1984: Ronald Reagan defeats Walter F. Mondale with 59% of the popular vote, the highest since Richard Nixon's 61% victory in 1972.  Reagan carries 49 states in the electoral college Mondale wins only his home state of Minnesota by a mere 3,761 vote margin and the District of Columbia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/11/09", "description": "Cesar Chavez delivers his speech, quotWhat The Future Holds For Farm Workers And Hispanicsquot, at the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/11/14", "description": "Zamboanga City mayor Cesar Climaco, a prominent critic of the government of Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos, is assassinated in his home city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/11/19", "description": "A series of explosions at the PEMEX Petroleum Storage Facility at San Juan Ixhuatepec, in Mexico City, ignites a major fire and kills about 500 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/11/19", "description": "An East Rail train derails between Sheung Shui and Fanling stations, Hong Kong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/11/19", "description": "Band Aid records the charity single ampquotDo They Know It's Christmas?ampquot to raise money to combat the famine in Ethiopia. It is released December 3, 1984.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/liveaid.free.fr\/pages\/bandaid.html#uk\">http:\/\/liveaid.free.fr\/pages\/bandaid.html#uk<\/a> Band Aid \u2013 Do They Know It's Christmas? Retrieved November 17, 2011.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/11/28", "description": "Over 250 years after their deaths, William Penn and his wife Hannah Callowhill Penn are made Honorary Citizens of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/11/30", "description": "The Tamil Tigers begin the purge of the Sinhalese from North and East Sri Lanka 127 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/11/30", "description": "December \u2013 A peace agreement between Kenya and Somalia is signed in the Egyptian capital Cairo. With this agreement, in which Somalia officially renounces its historical territorial claims, relations between the two countries began to improve.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/12/01", "description": "Controlled Impact Demonstration: NASA crashes a remote controlled Boeing 720.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/12/02", "description": "Bob Hawke's government is re-elected in Australia with a reduced majority.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/12/02", "description": "Bhopal Disaster: A methyl isocyanate leak from a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, kills more than 8,000 people outright and injures over half a million (with more later dying from their injuries the death toll is now 23,000+) in the worst industrial disaster in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/12/02", "description": "British Telecom is privatised.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/12/04", "description": "Hezbollah militants hijack a Kuwait Airlines plane and kill 4 passengers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/12/14", "description": "Nigeria recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/12/19", "description": "The People's Republic of China and United Kingdom sign the Sino-British Joint Declaration on the future of Hong Kong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/12/19", "description": "Four African-American youths (Barry Allen, Troy Canty, James Ramseur, and Darrell Cabey) board an express train in The Bronx borough of New York City. They attempt to rob Bernhard Goetz, who shoots them. The event starts a national debate about urban crime in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/12/19", "description": "In Malta, Prime Minister Dom Mintoff resigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/12/28", "description": "A Soviet cruise missile plunges into Inarinj\u00e4rvi lake in Finnish Lapland. Finnish authorities announce the fact in public on January 3, 1985.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/12/28", "description": "Famine in Ethiopia begins and kills a million people by the end of 1984. (1984 Famine in Ethiopia).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1984/12/28", "description": "Crack, a smokeable form of cocaine, is first introduced into the Los Angeles area and soon spreads across the United States in what becomes known as the Crack Epidemic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/01/10", "description": " Kenya recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/01/15", "description": "  Tancredo Neves is elected president of Brazil by the Congress, ending the 21-year military rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/01/17", "description": " British Telecom announces it is going to phase out its famous red telephone boxes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/01/20", "description": " U.S. President Ronald Reagan is privately sworn in for a second term in office (publicly sworn in, January 21).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/01/27", "description": " Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/01/28", "description": " In Hollywood, California, the charity single quotWe Are the Worldquot is recorded by USA for Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/02/05", "description": " Australia cancels its involvement in U.S.-led MX missile tests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/02/09", "description": " U.S. drug agent Enrique Camarena is kidnapped and murdered in Mexico (his body is discovered March 5).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/02/10", "description": " Nelson Mandela rejects an offer of freedom from the South African government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/02/14", "description": " CNN reporter Jeremy Levin is freed from captivity in Lebanon.{{cite news|title=U.S. TV Reporter Free In Lebanon|work=The New York Times|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1985\/02\/15\/world\/us-tv-reporter-free-in-lebanon.html?scp=16ampsq=%22Jeremy%20Levin%20%22ampst=cse|date=1985-02-15|accessdate=2009-10-15|first=John|last=Kifner}}\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1985\/02\/15\/world\/us-tv-reporter-free-in-lebanon.html?scp=16ampsq=%22Jeremy%20Levin%20%22ampst=cse|date=1985-02-15|accessdate=2009-10-15|first=John|last=Kifner}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/02/16", "description": " Israel begins withdrawing troops from Lebanon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/02/16", "description": "William J. Schroeder becomes the first artificial heart patient to leave the hospital.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/02/16", "description": "China Airlines Flight 006 is involved in a mid-air incident while there are twenty two minor injuries and two serious injuries, no one is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/02/20", "description": " Minolta releases the Maxxum 7000, world's first autofocus single-lens reflex camera.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/02/28", "description": " The Provisional Irish Republican Army carries out a mortar attack on the Royal Ulster Constabulary police station at Newry, killing 9 officers in the highest loss of life for the RUC on a single day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/03/03", "description": " An 8.0 on the Richter magnitude scale earthquake hits Santiago and Valpara\u00edso in Chile leaving 177 dead, 2,575 hurt, 142,489 destroyed houses and about a million people homeless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/03/04", "description": " The Food and Drug Administration approves a blood test for AIDS, used since then to screen all blood donations in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/03/08", "description": " A Beirut car bomb, planted in an attempt to assassinate Islamic cleric Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah, kills more than eighty people, injuring two hundred.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/03/08", "description": "Mikhail Gorbachev becomes General Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party and ''de facto'' leader of the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/03/08", "description": "Mohammed Al Fayed buys the London-based department store company Harrods.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/03/14", "description": " Five lionesses at the Singapore Zoo are put on birth control after the lion population increases from two to sixteen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/03/15", "description": " Vice-President Jose Sarney, upon becoming vice president, assumes the duties of president of Brazil, as the new president Tancredo Neves had become severely ill, the day before. Sarney would be become Brazils first civilian president in 21 years, upon Neves' death 21 April.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/03/16", "description": " Associated Press reporter Terry Anderson is taken hostage in Beirut (he is released on December 4, 1991).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/03/17", "description": " Expo '85, a World's Fair, is held in Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, until September 16.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/03/21", "description": " Canadian paraplegic athlete and activist Rick Hansen sets out on his 40,000ampnbspkm, 26 month Man in Motion tour which raises $26M for spinal cord research and quality of life initiatives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/03/23", "description": " OCAM dissolved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/03/25", "description": " The 57th Academy Awards are held at in Los Angeles, California with ''Amadeus'' winning Best Picture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/03/31", "description": " WrestleMania debuts at Madison Square Garden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/03/31", "description": "Two Japanese government-owned corporations, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation, and Japan Tobacco and Salt Public Corporation, are privatized and change their names to Nippon Telegraph and Telephone, and Japan Tobacco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/03/31", "description": "Eighth seeded Villanova defeats national powerhouse Georgetown 66\u201364 to win the first 64 team field NCAA Tournament in Lexington, Kentucky.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/04/11", "description": " The ''USS Coral Sea'' collides with the Ecuadorian tanker ship ''Napo'' off the coast of Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/04/12", "description": " El Descanso bombing: A terrorist bombing attributed to the Islamic Jihad Organization in the ''El Descanso'' restaurant near Madrid, Spain, mostly attended by U.S. personnel of the Torrejon Air Force Base, causes 18 dead (all Spaniards) and 82 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/04/15", "description": " South Africa ends its ban on interracial marriages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/04/18", "description": " The United Kingdom has its first ever national Glow-worm day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/04/19", "description": " The Soviet Union performs a nuclear test at Eastern Kazakhstan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/04/21", "description": " Brazilian President Tancredo Neves dies, he is succeeded by Vice President Jose Sarney.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/04/23", "description": " Coca-Cola changes its formula and releases New Coke. (The response is overwhelmingly negative, and the original formula is back on the market in less than 3 months.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/04/28", "description": " The Australian Nuclear Disarmament Party (NDP) splits.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/05/04", "description": " The 30th Eurovision Song Contest takes place in Gothenburg, Sweden. The winning song is ''La det swinge'' sung by Bobbysocks! (Norway).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/05/05", "description": " U.S. President Ronald Reagan joins German Chancellor Helmut Kohl for a controversial funeral service at a cemetery in Bitburg, Germany, which includes the graves of 59 elite S.S. troops from World War II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/05/05", "description": "The FBI brings charges against the suspected heads of the five Mafia families in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/05/05", "description": "Fire engulfs a wooden stand at the Valley Parade stadium in Bradford, England, during a football match, killing 56.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/05/13", "description": " Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Mayor Wilson Goode orders police to storm the radical group MOVE's headquarters to end a stand-off. The police drop an explosive device into the headquarters, killing eleven MOVE members and destroying the homes of 61 city residents in the resulting fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/05/15", "description": " An explosive device sent by the Unabomber injures John Hauser at University of California, Berkeley.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/05/16", "description": " Scientists of the British Antarctic Survey announce discovery of the ozone hole.{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}{{cite journal|title=Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal ClOsubx\/sub\/NOsubx\/sub interaction|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v315\/n6016\/pdf\/315207a0.pdf|pages=207\u201310|authors=pages=207\u201310|authors=Joe<\/a> Farman|Farman, J. C. Gardiner, B. G. Shanklin, J. D.|journal=Nature|year=1985|doi=10.1038\/315207a0|volume=315|issue=6016|bibcode=1985Natur.315..207F}}{{cite journal|doi=10.1111\/j.1533-8525.1994.tb00419.x|first=Stephen C.|last=Zehr|title=Accounting for the Ozone Hole: Scientific Representations of an Anomaly and Prior Incorrect Claims in Public Settings|journal=The Sociological Quarterly|volume=35|pages=603\u201319|year=1994|jstor=4121521}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/05/19", "description": " John Anthony Walker Jr., is arrested by the FBI for passing classified Naval communications to the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/05/23", "description": " Thomas Patrick Cavanaugh is sentenced to life in prison for attempting to sell stealth bomber secrets to the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/05/25", "description": " Bangladesh is hit by a tropical cyclone and storm surge, which kills approximately 10,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/05/29", "description": " Heysel Disaster: 38 spectators are killed in rioting on the terraces during the European Cup final between Liverpool F.C. and Juventus at Heysel Stadium in Brussels, Belgium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/05/31", "description": " Forty-one tornadoes hit in Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York and Ontario, killing 76.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/06/13", "description": " In Auburn, Washington, police defuse a Unabomber bomb sent to Boeing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/06/13", "description": "TWA Flight 847, carrying 153 passengers from Athens to Rome, is hijacked by a Hezbollah fringe group. One passenger, U.S. Navy Petty Officer Robert Stethem, is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/06/13", "description": "Schengen Agreement signed between certain member states of the European Economic Community, creating the Schengen Area, a bloc of (at this time) five states with no internal border controls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/06/17", "description": " John Hendricks launches the Discovery Channel in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/06/23", "description": " Air India Flight 182, a Boeing 747, blows up 31,000 feet (9,500 m) above the Atlantic Ocean, south of Ireland, killing all 329 aboard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/06/24", "description": " STS-51-G: Space Shuttle Discovery completes its mission, best remembered for having Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, the first Arab and first Muslim in space, as a Payload Specialist.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/06/25", "description": " Irish police foil a Provisional Irish Republican Army-sponsored 'mainland bombing campaign' which targeted luxury vacationing resorts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/06/27", "description": " U.S. Route 66 is officially decommissioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/07/01", "description": " The Convention on the Transfer of Sentenced Persons enters into force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/07/03", "description": " ''Back to the Future'' opens in American theatres and ends up being the highest grossing film of 1985 in the United States and the first film in the successful franchise.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/07/04", "description": " Ruth Lawrence, 13, achieves a first in mathematics at Oxford University, becoming the youngest British person ever to earn a first-class degree and the youngest known graduate of Oxford University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/07/10", "description": " The Greenpeace vessel ''Rainbow Warrior'' is bombed and sunk in Auckland harbour by French DGSE agents.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/07/10", "description": "''Live Aid'' pop concerts in London and Philadelphia raise over \u00a350 million for famine relief in Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/07/10", "description": "U.S. Vice President George H.W. Bush serves as Acting President for 8 hours, while President Ronald W. Reagan undergoes colon cancer surgery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/07/10", "description": "U.S. Vice President George H.W. Bush announces that New Hampshire teacher Christa McAuliffe will become the first schoolteacher to ride aboard the Space Shuttle ''Challenger''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/07/10", "description": "The Val di Stava Dam in Italy collapses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/07/20", "description": " State President of South Africa, P. W. Botha, declares a state of emergency in 36 magisterial districts of South Africa amid growing civil unrest in black townships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/07/23", "description": " Commodore launches the Amiga personal computer at the Lincoln Center in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/07/31", "description": " Liberia recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/08/02", "description": " Delta Air Lines Flight 191 crashes near Dallas, Texas, killing 137 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/08/06", "description": " In Hiroshima, tens of thousands mark the 40th anniversary of the atomic bombing of the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/08/07", "description": " Takao Doi, Mamoru Mohri and Chiaki Mukai are chosen to be Japan's first astronauts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/08/12", "description": " Japan Airlines Flight 123 crashes in Japan,  killing 520 people (the worst single-aircraft disaster in history).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/08/22", "description": " British Airtours Flight 28M The 737's left engine caught fire while on its take off roll, 55 people are killed while trying to evacuate the aircraft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/08/25", "description": " Samantha Smith, quotGoodwill Ambassadorquot between the Soviet Union and the United States for writing a letter to Yuri Andropov about nuclear war, and eventually visiting the Soviet Union at Andropov's request, dies in the Bar Harbor Airlines Flight 1808 plane crash. She was 13.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/08/31", "description": " Richard Ramirez, the serial killer known as the Night Stalker, is captured in Los Angeles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/08/31", "description": "The wreck of the RMS ''Titanic'' (1912) in the North Atlantic is located by a joint American-French expedition led by Dr. Robert Ballard (WHOI) and Jean-Louis Michel (Ifremer) using side-scan sonar from RV ''Knorr''.ampamp{{cite web|title=Sept. 2, 1985: Hey, Everyone, We Found the ''Titanic''|first=Randy|last=Alfred|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wired.com\/science\/discoveries\/news\/2008\/09\/dayintech_0902|date=2008-02-09|accessdate=2011-11-03|work=Wired}}ampampampamp{{cite\">http:\/\/www.wired.com\/science\/discoveries\/news\/2008\/09\/dayintech_0902|date=2008-02-09|accessdate=2011-11-03|work=Wired}}ampampampamp{{cite<\/a> journal|title=How We Found the ''Titanic''|first=Robert D.|last=Ballard|journal=National Geographic|month=December|year=1985|volume=168|issue=6|pages=696\u2013718}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/09/06", "description": " Midwest Express Airlines Flight 105, a Douglas DC-9, crashes just after takeoff from Milwaukee, Wisconsin, killing 31.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/09/11", "description": " Pete Rose becomes the all-time hit leader in Major League Baseball with his 4,192nd hit at Riverfront Stadium in Cincinnati.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/09/19", "description": " An 8.1 Richter scale earthquake strikes Mexico City. Around 10,000 people are killed, 30,000 injured, and 95,000 left homeless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/09/20", "description": " The capital gains tax is introduced to Australia.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ato.gov.au\/content\/00208572.htmhttp:\/\/www.ato.gov.au\/businesses\/content.aspx?doc=\/content\/64155.htm\">http:\/\/www.ato.gov.au\/content\/00208572.htmhttp:\/\/www.ato.gov.au\/businesses\/content.aspx?doc=\/content\/64155.htm<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/09/22", "description": " The Plaza Accord is signed by five nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/09/23", "description": " Italian crime reporter Giancarlo Siani is killed by Camorra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/09/28", "description": " Brixton race riots are sparked with the shooting of Dorothy 'Cherry' Groce by the Metropolitan Police in Brixton, an area of South London, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/10/01", "description": " The Israeli air force bombs PLO Headquarters near Tunis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/10/03", "description": " The first flight of Space Shuttle Atlantis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/10/04", "description": " The Free Software Foundation is founded in Massachusetts, USA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/10/07", "description": " The cruise ship ''Achille Lauro'' is hijacked in the Mediterranean Sea by 4 heavily armed Palestinian terrorists. One passenger, American Leon Klinghoffer, is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/10/18", "description": " The Nintendo Entertainment System, including the Super Mario Bros. pack-in game is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/11/05", "description": " Mark Kaylor defeats Errol Christie to become the middleweight boxing champion, after the two brawl in front of the cameras at the weigh-in.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/11/12", "description": " A total solar eclipse occurs over Antarctica at 14:11:22 UTC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/11/13", "description": " Nevado del Ruiz volcano erupts, killing an estimated 23,000 people, including 21,000 killed by lahars in the town of Armero, Colombia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/11/18", "description": " The comic strip Calvin and Hobbes debuts in 35 newspapers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/11/19", "description": " Cold War: In Geneva, U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/11/20", "description": " Microsoft Corporation releases the first version of Windows, Windows 1.0.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/11/23", "description": " EgyptAir Flight 648 is hijacked by the Abu Nidal group and flown to Malta, where Egyptian commandos storm the plane 60 are killed by gunfire and explosions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/11/25", "description": " quotAeroflotquot Antonov AN-12 cargo airplane in route from Cuito Cuanavale to Luanda was shot down by South African Special Forces and crashed approximately 43ampnbspkm of Menongue, the provincial center of the Cuando Cubango province, Angola, killing 8 crew members and 13 passengers on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/11/26", "description": " U.S. President Ronald Reagan sells the rights to his autobiography to Random House for a record US$3 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/11/29", "description": " Gerard Hoarau, exiled political leader from the Seychelles, is assassinated in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/11/29", "description": "Ibero-American States Organization for Education, Science and Culture (Organizaci\u00f3n de Estados  Iberoamericanos para la Educaci\u00f3n la Ciencia y la Cultura) (OEI) created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/11/29", "description": "The Ford Taurus and Mercury Sable are released for sale to the public.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/08", "description": " South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/12", "description": " Arrow Air Flight 1285, a Douglas DC-8, crashes after takeoff in Gander, Newfoundland, killing 256, 248 of whom were U.S. servicemen returning to Fort Campbell, Kentucky from overseeing a peacekeeping force in Sinai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/16", "description": " In New York City, Mafia bosses Paul Castellano and Thomas Bilotti are shot dead in front of Spark's Steak House, making hit organizer John Gotti the leader of the powerful Gambino organized crime family.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": " Right wing extremist David Lewis Rice murders civil rights attorney Charles Goldmark as well as Goldmark's wife and 2 children in Seattle. Rice suspected the family of being Jewish and Communist and claimed his dedication to the Christian Identity movement drove him to the crime.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "Rome and Vienna airport attacks: Abu Nidal terrorists open fire in the airports of Rome and Vienna, leaving 18 dead and 120 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "American naturalist Dian Fossey is found murdered in Rwanda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "The Australian state of Victoria celebrates its 150th anniversary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "Harold Kroto, Robert Curl and Richard Smalley discover Campsubamp60amp\/subamp, soon followed by their discovery of fullerenes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "The GNU Manifesto is first written by Richard Stallman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "Western Sahara is admitted to the Organization of African Unity Morocco, which claims Western Sahara, leaves in protest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "Solarquest, the space age real estate game, is first published by Golden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "Norma Phillips Thornworth is elected president of Mothers Against Drunk Driving.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "ATI Technologies is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "NeXT is founded by Steve Jobs after he resigns from Apple Computer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "The Tommy Hilfiger brand is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "The computer game Tetris is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "DNA is first used in a criminal case.ampamp{{cite book |last=Gaines |first=Larry |authorlink= |coauthors=Miller, LeRoy |title=Criminal Justice In Action: The Core |year=2006 |publisher=Thomson\/Wadsworth |location= |isbn=0-495-00305-0 }}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "Greenland leaves the European Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "Multiple cases of espionage in the United States prompt the media to label this ampquotThe Year of the Spyampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "Africa has a population growth of 3.2 percent per year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "The Asian tiger mosquito, an invasive species, is first found in Houston, Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "The Famine in Ethiopia continues USA for Africa (ampquotWe Are the Worldampquot) and Live Aid raise funds for famine relief.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "The Fall of Communism begins with resistance gaining victory in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1985/12/24", "description": "The Solntsevskaya Bratva is formed in communist Ukraine in response to the uprising in Afghanistan presumably predicting the fall of the Soviet Union which would become the largest faction of the Russian Mafia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986", "description": "Spain and Portugal enter the ''European Community'', which later becomes the European Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986", "description": "Aruba gains increased autonomy from the Netherlands and is separated from the Netherlands Antilles.{{Clarify|date=February 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986", "description": "The Province of Flevoland is established in the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986", "description": "UNIDO becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/01/09", "description": " After losing a patent battle with Polaroid, Kodak leaves the instant camera business.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/01/12", "description": " ''STS-61-C'': Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' is launched with the first Hispanic-American astronaut, Dr. Franklin Chang-Diaz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/01/19", "description": " The first PC virus, Brain, starts to spread.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/01/20", "description": " The United Kingdom and France announce plans to construct the Channel Tunnel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/01/24", "description": " The Voyager 2 space probe makes its first encounter with Uranus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/01/25", "description": " Yoweri Museveni's National Resistance Army Rebel group takes over Uganda after leading a successful 5-year guerrilla war in which up to half a million people are believed to have been killed. They will later use January 26 as the official date to avoid a coincidence of dates with Dictator Idi Amin's 1971 coup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/01/28", "description": " ''STS-51-L'': Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disintegrates 73 seconds after launch, killing the crew of 7 astronauts, including schoolteacher Christa McAuliffe (see Space Shuttle Challenger disaster).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/01/29", "description": " Yoweri Museveni is sworn in as President of Uganda after leading a successful 5-year guerrilla war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/02/02", "description": " One of Australia's worst crimes, the Anita Cobby murder, occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/02/03", "description": " Pixar Animation Studios is opened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/02/07", "description": " President Jean-Claude Duvalier (quotBaby Docquot) flees Haiti, ending 28 years of family rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/02/09", "description": " Halley's Comet reaches its perihelion, the closest point to the Sun, during its second visit to the solar system in the 20th Century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/02/11", "description": " Human rights activist Anatoly Shcharansky is released by the Soviet Union and leaves the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/02/15", "description": " The Beechcraft Starship makes its maiden flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/02/15", "description": "The Soviet liner ''Mikhail Lermontov'' sinks in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/02/15", "description": "The French Air Force raids the Libyan Ouadi Doum airbase in northern Chad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/02/17", "description": " The Single European Act is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/02/17", "description": "The Soviet Union launches the Mir space station.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/02/17", "description": "After waiting 37 years, the United States Senate approves a treaty outlawing genocide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/02/17", "description": "People Power Revolution: President Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines goes into exile in Hawaii after 20 years of rule Corazon Aquino becomes the first Filipino woman president, first as an interim president. Salvador Laurel becomes her Vice President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/02/17", "description": "Egyptian military police, protesting against bad salaries, enter 4 luxury hotels near the pyramids, set fire to them and loot them.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/02/26", "description": " People Power Revolution in the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/02/27", "description": " The United States Senate allows its debates to be televised on a trial basis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/02/28", "description": " Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme is assassinated on his way home from the cinema.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/03/03", "description": " The first paper is published describing the Atomic force microscope, invented the previous year by Gerd Binnig, Calvin Quate and Christopher Berger.<a href=\"http:\/\/prola.aps.org\/abstract\/PRL\/v56\/i9\/p930_1\">http:\/\/prola.aps.org\/abstract\/PRL\/v56\/i9\/p930_1<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/03/04", "description": " The ''Today'' national tabloid newspaper is launched in the United Kingdom, pioneering the use of computer photosetting and full-colour offset printing, at a time when British national newspapers still use Linotype machines and letterpress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/03/08", "description": " The Japanese Suisei probe flies by Halley's Comet, studying its UV hydrogen corona and solar wind.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/03/09", "description": " United States Navy divers find the largely intact but heavily damaged crew compartment of the Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' the bodies of all seven astronauts are still inside.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/03/15", "description": "Hotel New World disaster: a six-story building collapses, trapping 50 people beneath the rubble 33 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/03/25", "description": " The 58th Academy Awards are held in Los Angeles, California, with ''Out of Africa'' winning Best Picture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/03/26", "description": " An article in the ''New York Times'' charges that Kurt Waldheim, former United Nations Secretary General and candidate for president of Austria, may have been involved in Nazi war crimes during World War II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/03/27", "description": " A car bomb explodes at Russell Street Police HQ in Melbourne, killing a police officer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/03/27", "description": "A fire devastates Hampton Court Palace in Surrey, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/03/27", "description": "A Mexicana Boeing 727 jetliner crashes at Maravatio, Mexico, killing 173.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.planecrashinfo.com\/Airline\/AL%20M.htmampamp\">http:\/\/www.planecrashinfo.com\/Airline\/AL%20M.htmampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/04/02", "description": " A bomb explodes on a Trans World Airlines flight from Rome to Athens, killing 4 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/04/05", "description": " 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing: The West Berlin discoth\u00e8que, a known hangout for United States soldiers, is bombed, killing 3 and injuring 230 Libya is held responsible.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/04/13", "description": " Pope John Paul II officially visits the Synagogue of Rome, the first time a modern Pope has visited a synagogue.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/04/14", "description": " Hailstones weighing 1ampnbspkg (2.2ampnbsplb) fall on the Gopalganj district of Bangladesh, killing 92.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/04/15", "description": " Operation El Dorado Canyon: At least 15 people die after United States planes bomb targets in the Libyan capital, Tripoli, and the Benghazi region", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/04/15", "description": "John McCarthy is kidnapped in Beirut (released in August 1991) ampampndash 3 others are found dead Revolutionary Cells (RZ) claims responsibility in retaliation for the U.S. bombing of Libya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/04/15", "description": "A treaty ends the Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years' War between the Netherlands and the Isles of Scilly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/04/15", "description": "The Hindawi Affair begins when an Irishwoman is found unknowingly carrying explosives onto an El Al flight from London to Tel Aviv.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/04/21", "description": " Geraldo Rivera opens Al Capone's secret vault on ''The Mystery of Al Capone's Vault'', discovering only a bottle of moonshine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/04/26", "description": "  The Chernobyl disaster: A mishandled safety test at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Pripyat, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union quotkilled at least 4056 people and damaged almost $7 billion of propertyquot.ref name=bks\/ Radioactive fallout from the accident concentrated near Belarus, Ukraine and Russia and at least 350,000 people were forcibly resettled away from these areas. After the accident, quottraces of radioactive deposits unique to Chernobyl were found in nearly every country in the northern hemispherequot.ref name=bksBenjamin K. Sovacool. The costs of failure: A preliminary assessment of major energy accidents, 1907\u20132007, ''Energy Policy'' 36 (2008), p. 1806.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/04/27", "description": " quotCaptain Midnightquot interrupts the HBO satellite feed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/04/29", "description": " Diamond Jubilee of Hirohito is held at the Kokugikan in Tokyo", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/05/02", "description": " The 1986 World Exposition opens in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/05/02", "description": "Takeshi's Castle first aired on TBS.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/05/08", "description": " \u00d3scar Arias is inaugurated into his first term as President of Costa Rica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/05/16", "description": " The Seville Statement on Violence is adopted by an international meeting of scientists, convened by the Spanish National Commission for UNESCO, in Seville, Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/05/16", "description": "''Hands Across America'': At least 5,000,000 people form a human chain from New York City to Long Beach, California, to raise money to fight hunger and homelessness.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/05/16", "description": "The Bangladeshi double decked ferry ''Shamia'' capsizes in the Meghna River, southern Barisal, Bangladesh, killing at least 600.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/05/27", "description": "May 27  ampndash the game credited as setting the template for role-playing video games, ''Dragon Quest'' is released in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/05/31", "description": " The 1986 FIFA World Cup begins in Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/06/04", "description": " Jonathan Pollard pleads guilty to espionage for selling top secret United States military intelligence to Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/06/08", "description": " Former United Nations Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim is elected president of Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/06/09", "description": " The Rogers Commission releases its report on the Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/06/12", "description": " South Africa declares a nationwide state of emergency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/06/19", "description": " American college basketball player Len Bias suffers a fatal cardiac arrhythmia from a cocaine overdose less than 48 hours after being selected 2nd overall by the Boston Celtics in the 1986 NBA Draft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/06/23", "description": " Eric Thomas develops LISTSERV, the first email list management software.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nic.funet.fi\/index\/FUNET\/history\/internet\/en\/1986.html\">http:\/\/www.nic.funet.fi\/index\/FUNET\/history\/internet\/en\/1986.html<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/06/24", "description": " The Dominican Republic recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/06/29", "description": " Argentina defeats West Germany 3\u20132 to win the 1986 FIFA World Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/07/01", "description": " CSX Transportation is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/07/05", "description": " The Statue of Liberty is reopened to the public after an extensive refurbishment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/07/05", "description": "July 20 ampndash The Goodwill Games are held in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/07/07", "description": " Australian drug smugglers Kevin Barlow and Brian Chambers are executed in Malaysia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/07/22", "description": " In Philippines, ABS-CBN Radio launches DZMM was started broadcast at 630ampnbspkHz on AM Band.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/07/23", "description": " In London, Prince Andrew, Duke of York marries Sarah Ferguson at Westminster Abbey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/07/27", "description": " Greg LeMond wins the Tour de France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/07/28", "description": " Estate agent Suzy Lamplugh vanishes after a meeting in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/07/28", "description": "A low-pressure system moving from South Australia and redeveloping off the New South Wales coast dumps a record {{convert|328|mm|in|1}} of rain in a day on Sydney.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/07/28", "description": "In Louisville, Kentucky, William J. Schroeder, the second artificial heart recipient, dies after 620 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/07/28", "description": "Australian Democrats leader Don Chipp retires from federal parliament and is succeeded by Janine Haines, the first woman to lead a political party in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/08/19", "description": " Two weeks after it was stolen, the Picasso painting ''Weeping Woman'' is found in a locker at the Spencer Street Station in Melbourne, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/08/20", "description": " In Edmond, Oklahoma, United States Postal Service employee Patrick Sherrill guns down 14 of his co-workers before committing suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/08/21", "description": " The Lake Nyos disaster occurs in Cameroon, killing nearly 2,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/08/21", "description": "The Soviet passenger liner ''Admiral Nakhimov'' collides with the bulk carrier ''Pyotr Vasev'' in the Black Sea and sinks almost immediately, killing 398.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/08/21", "description": "Aerom\u00e9xico Flight 498, a Douglas DC-9, collides with a Piper PA-28 over Cerritos, California, killing 67 on both aircraft and 15 on the ground.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/08/21", "description": "The cargo ship ''Khian Sea'' departs from the docks of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, carrying 14,000 tons of toxic waste. It wanders the seas for the next 16 months trying to find a place to dump its cargo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/09/01", "description": " Establishment of  Jordan University of Science and Technology in Jordan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/09/04", "description": " Eusko Alkartasuna, the Basque Social Democratic Party, is created in Vitoria-Gasteiz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/09/05", "description": " Pan Am Flight 73, with 358 people on board, is hijacked at Karachi International Airport by four Abu Nidal terrorists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/09/06", "description": " In Istanbul, two Abu Nidal terrorists kill 22 and wound 6 inside the Neve Shalom synagogue during Shabbat services.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/09/06", "description": "Desmond Tutu becomes the first black Anglican Church bishop in South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/09/06", "description": "Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet survives an assassination attempt by the FPMR five of his bodyguards are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/09/08", "description": " The worldwide premiere of ''The Oprah Winfrey Show''", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/09/13", "description": " A magnitude 6.0 earthquake rocks the city of Kalamata in southern Greece, killing 20 people, injuring 80 and completely destroying one-fifth of the city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/09/13", "description": "The Big Mac Index is introduced in ''The Economist'' newspaper as a semi-humorous international measure of purchasing power parity.ampamp{{cite news|title=Big MacCurrencies|newspaper=The Economist|date=1998-04-09|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.economist.com\/finance\/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TVJRVJ|accessdate=2007-07-24}}ampampampamp{{cite\">http:\/\/www.economist.com\/finance\/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TVJRVJ|accessdate=2007-07-24}}ampampampamp{{cite<\/a> news|last1=Daley|first1=James|title=Burgernomics: Why the price of a Big Mac may hold the key to better investment returns|newspaper=The Independent|date=2008-09-06|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/money\/invest-save\/burgernomics-why-the-price-of-a-big-mac-may-hold-the-key-to-better-investment-returns-920726.html|accessdate=2011-07-29}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/money\/invest-save\/burgernomics-why-the-price-of-a-big-mac-may-hold-the-key-to-better-investment-returns-920726.html|accessdate=2011-07-29}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/01", "description": " U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs the GoldwaterampndashNichols Act into law, making official the largest reorganization of the United States Department of Defense since the Air Force was made a separate branch of service in 1947.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/03", "description": " TASCC, a superconducting cyclotron, officially opens at Chalk River Laboratories.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/03", "description": "United States District Court Judge Harry E. Claiborne becomes the fifth federal official to be removed from office through impeachment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/03", "description": "News Corporation completes its acquisition of the Metromedia group of companies, thereby launching the Fox Broadcasting Company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/03", "description": "''The Phantom of the Opera'', the longest running Broadway show in history, opens at Her Majesty's Theatre in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/10", "description": " An earthquake measuring 7.5 on the Richter Scale strikes San Salvador, El Salvador, killing an estimated 1,500 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/11", "description": " Cold War: Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev meet in Reykjav\u00edk, Iceland, to continue discussions about scaling back their intermediate missile arsenals in Europe (the talks break down in failure).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/12", "description": " Elizabeth II and The Duke of Edinburgh visit the People's Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/16", "description": " The International Olympic Committee chooses Albertville, France to be the host city of the 1992 Winter Olympics and Barcelona, Spain to be the host city of the 1992 Summer Olympics. The IOC also announces that the summer and winter games will separate with the winter games on every even, common year starting from 1992.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/19", "description": " Mozambican president Samora Machel's plane crashes in South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/21", "description": " The Marshall Islands become an associated state under the Compact of Free Association.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/22", "description": " In New York City, WNBC Radio's traffic helicopter crashes into the Hudson River, killing traffic reporter Jane Dornacker. The last words heard on-the-air were Dornacker's screams of terror, quotHit the water! Hit the water! Hit the water!quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/24", "description": " Lambda Sigma Gamma Sorority Inc. was founded at Sacramento State by Linda V. Fuentes and 26 Founding Mothers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/26", "description": " Bus deregulation goes into effect in the United Kingdom, except Greater London and Northern Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/26", "description": "The International World Day of Prayer is held in Assisi, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/26", "description": "World Series: The New York Mets defeat the Boston Red Sox in 7 games. This is the second world series title in the Mets franchise. It is also remembered for Game 6, when Bill Buckner lets a routine ground ball hit by Mookie Wilson roll through his legs, letting the Mets win and pull even with the Red Sox in the series.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/26", "description": "The Big Bang in the London Stock Exchange abolishes fixed commission charges, paving the way for electronic trading.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/26", "description": "The centennial of the Statue of Liberty's dedication is celebrated in New York Harbor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/26", "description": "In London, Jeremy Bamber is found guilty of the murder of his adoptive ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bailii.org\/ew\/cases\/EWCA\/Crim\/2002\/2912.htm\">http:\/\/www.bailii.org\/ew\/cases\/EWCA\/Crim\/2002\/2912.htm<\/a>  bailii.org retrieved 13:58 28.10.2011 see also :Jeremy Bamber : ''introductary statement''ampamp parents, sister and twin nephews, and sentenced to life imprisonment, with a recommendation by the trial judge that he should serve at least 25 years before being considered for parole.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/26", "description": "Queensland, Australia: Joh Bjelke-Petersen wins his final election as Premier of Queensland with 38.6% of the vote. He resigns on December 1, 1987 following revelations of his involvement with corruption released in the Fitzgerald Inquiry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/10/26", "description": "Sandoz chemical spill: a major environmental disaster near Basel, Switzerland, pollutes the Rhine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/11/03", "description": " Iran\u2013Contra affair: The Lebanese magazine ''Ash-Shiraa'' reports that the United States has been selling weapons to Iran in secret, in order to secure the release of 7 American hostages held by pro-Iranian groups in Lebanon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/11/03", "description": " Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) in Political Union with the United States. The CNMI Government adopted its own constitution in 1977, and the constitutional government took office in January 1978. The Covenant was fully implemented November 3, 1986, pursuant to Presidential Proclamation no. 5564, which conferred United States citizenship on legally qualified CNMI residents.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/11/04", "description": " Democrats regain control of the United States Senate for the first time in 6 years.  In California, Chief Justice Rose Bird and two colleagues are removed by voters from the Supreme Court of California for opposing capital punishment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/11/06", "description": " Sumburgh disaster: A British International Helicopters Boeing 234LR Chinook crashes 2.5 miles east of Sumburgh Airport, killing 45 people (the deadliest civilian helicopter crash on record).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/11/11", "description": " Sperry Rand and Burroughs merge to form Unisys, becoming the second largest computer company.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/11/12", "description": " Australian singer John Farnham releases the album ''Whispering Jack'', which becomes the highest selling album in Australia's history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/11/12", "description": "Greater Manchester Police announce that they are to search for the bodies of 2 missing children (who both vanished more than 20 years ago) after the Moors Murderers Ian Brady and Myra Hindley confess to 2 more murders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/11/21", "description": " Iran-Contra Affair: National Security Council member Oliver North and his secretary, Fawn Hall, start shredding documents implicating them in selling weapons to Iran and channeling the proceeds to help fund the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/11/22", "description": " Mike Tyson wins his first world boxing title by defeating Trevor Berbick in Las Vegas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/11/25", "description": " Iran-Contra Affair: U.S. Attorney General Edwin Meese announces that profits from covert weapons sales to Iran were illegally diverted to the anti-communist Contra rebels in Nicaragua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/11/26", "description": " Iran-Contra Affair: U.S. President Ronald Reagan announces that on December 1 former Senator John Tower, former Secretary of State Edmund Muskie, and former National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft will serve as members of the Special Review Board looking into the scandal (they became known as the Tower Commission). Reagan denies involvement in the scandal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/12/07", "description": " A 5.7 Richter scale earthquake destroys most of the Bulgarian town of Strajica, killing 2 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/12/14", "description": " Rutan Voyager, an experimental aircraft designed by Burt Rutan and piloted by Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager, begins its flight around the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/12/19", "description": " Soviet dissident Andrei Sakharov is permitted to return to Moscow after years of internal exile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/12/20", "description": " Three African Americans are assaulted by a group of white teens in the Howard Beach neighborhood of Queens, New York. One of the victims, Michael Griffith, is run over and killed by a motorist while attempting to flee the attackers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/12/23", "description": " Voyager completes the first nonstop circumnavigation of the earth by air without refueling in 9 days, 3 minutes and 44 seconds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/12/26", "description": " After 35 years on the airwaves and holding the title of longest-running non-news program on network television, NBC airs the final episode of daytime drama ''Search for Tomorrow''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/12/31", "description": " A fire at the Dupont Plaza Hotel in San Juan, Puerto Rico, kills 97 and injures 140.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/12/31", "description": "The National park passport stamps program begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/12/31", "description": "The Council on Competitiveness was founded", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1986/12/31", "description": "Average per capita income in Japan exceeds that in the USA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/01/01", "description": " Frobisher Bay, Northwest Territories, changes its name to Iqaluit. In 1999, it becomes the capital of Nunavut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/01/02", "description": " Chadian\u2013Libyan conflict ampndash Battle of Fada: The Chadian army destroys a Libyan armoured brigade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/01/03", "description": " Aretha Franklin becomes the first woman inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/01/04", "description": " 1987 Maryland train collision: An Amtrak train en route from  Washington, D.C. to Boston, Massachusetts collides with Conrail engines at Chase, Maryland, killing 16.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/01/05", "description": " U.S. President Ronald Reagan undergoes prostate surgery, causing speculation about his physical fitness to continue in office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/01/08", "description": " The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes for the first time above 2,000, gaining 8.30 to close at 2,002.25.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/01/13", "description": " New York mafiosi Anthony quotFat Tonyquot Salerno and Carmine Peruccia are sentenced to 100 years in prison for racketeering.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/01/16", "description": " Le\u00f3n Febres Cordero, president of Ecuador, is kidnapped by followers of imprisoned general Frank Vargas, who successfully demand the latter's release.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/01/20", "description": " Terry Waite, the special envoy of the Archbishop of Canterbury in Lebanon, is kidnapped in Beirut (released November 1991).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/01/22", "description": " Pennsylvania Treasurer Budd Dwyer shoots and kills himself with a revolver during a televised press conference after being found guilty on charges of bribery, fraud, conspiracy, and racketeering.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/01/29", "description": " William J. Casey ends his term as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/01/31", "description": " The last Ohrbach's department store closes in New York City after 64 years of operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/01/31", "description": "British Airways is privatised and listed on the London Stock Exchange.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/01/31", "description": "The new Constitution of the Philippines goes into effect.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/02/20", "description": " A second Unabomber bomb explodes at a Salt Lake City computer store, injuring the owner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/02/23", "description": " Supernova 1987A, the first quotnaked-eyequot supernova since 1604, is observed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/02/25", "description": " St. Kitts and Nevis recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/02/26", "description": " Iran-Contra affair: The Tower Commission rebukes U.S. President Ronald Reagan for not controlling his National Security Council staff.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/02/27", "description": " Antigua and Barbuda recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/03/02", "description": " American Motors Corporation is acquired by the Chrysler Corporation", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/03/04", "description": " U.S. President Ronald Reagan addresses the American people on the Iran-Contra Affair, acknowledging that his overtures to Iran had 'deteriorated' into an arms-for-hostages deal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/03/06", "description": " Zeebrugge Disaster: A cross-channel ferry capsizes outside the harbor off Zeebrugge, Belgium 180 drown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/03/09", "description": " The Irish rock band U2 releases their studio album ''The Joshua Tree''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/03/18", "description": " Woodstock of physics: The marathon session of the American Physical Society\u2019s meeting features 51 presentations concerning the science of high-temperature superconductors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/03/20", "description": " AZT: Zidovudine (or, more commonly, Azidothymidine) is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for use in the treatment of HIV\/AIDS.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/03/24", "description": " Michael Eisner, CEO of The Walt Disney Company, and French Prime Minister and future President of France, Jacques Chirac, sign the agreement to construct the {{convert|4,800|acre|km2}} Euro Disney Resort (now called Disneyland Paris) and to develop the Val d'Europe area of the new town Marne-la-Vall\u00e9e in Paris, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/03/29", "description": " The World Wrestling Federation (then WWF, now WWE) produced Wrestlemania III from the Pontiac Silverdome in Pontiac, Michigan. The event is particularly notable for the record attendance of 93,173, the largest recorded attendance for a live indoor sporting event in North America.  The record itself stood until February 14, 2010 when the 2010 NBA All-Star Game broke the indoor sporting event record with an attendance of 108,713 at Cowboys Stadium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/04/13", "description": " Portugal and the People's Republic of China sign an agreement in which Macau will be returned to China in 1999.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/04/19", "description": " ''The Simpsons'' cartoon first appears as a series of shorts on ''The Tracey Ullman Show''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/04/27", "description": " The United States Department of Justice declares incumbent Austrian president Kurt Waldheim an quotundesirable alienquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/04/30", "description": " Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and the Provincial Premiers agree on principle to the Meech Lake Accord which would bring Quebec into the constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/05/09", "description": " A Soviet-made Il-62 airliner, operated by LOT Polish Airlines, crashes near the Kabacki forest in Poland, killing all 183 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/05/11", "description": " Klaus Barbie goes on trial in Lyon for war crimes committed during World War II", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/05/14", "description": " Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka executes a bloodless coup in Fiji.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/05/17", "description": " U.S.S. Stark is hit by two Iraqi-owned Exocet AM39 air-to-surface missiles killing 47 sailors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/05/17", "description": "Hashimpura massacre in Meerut city of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/05/17", "description": "First ever Rugby World Cup kicks off with New Zealand playing Italy at Eden Park, Auckland", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/05/28", "description": " Nineteen year-old West German pilot Mathias Rust evades Soviet air defenses and lands a private plane on Red Square in Moscow. He is immediately detained (released on August 3, 1988).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/06/03", "description": " Trade unionists in Vanuatu found the Vanuatu Labour Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/06/08", "description": " The New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act is passed, the first of its kind in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/06/11", "description": " The Conservative Party of the United Kingdom, led by Margaret Thatcher, is re-elected for a third term at the 1987 general election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/06/12", "description": " During a visit to Berlin, Germany, U.S. President Ronald Reagan challenges Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/06/17", "description": " With the death of the last individual, the Dusky Seaside Sparrow becomes extinct.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/06/17", "description": "Teddy Seymour is officially designated the first black man to sail around the world, when he completes his solo sailing circumnavigation in Frederiksted, St. Croix, of the United States Virgin Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/06/17", "description": "Edwards v. Aguillard: The Supreme Court of the United States rules that a Louisiana law requiring that creation science be taught in public schools whenever evolution is taught is unconstitutional.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/06/27", "description": " A commercial HS 748 (Philippine Airlines Flight 206) crashes near Baguio City, Philippines, killing 50.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/06/27", "description": "Iraqi warplanes dropped mustard gas bombs on the Iranian town of Sardasht in two separate bombing rounds, on four residential areas. This was the first time a civilian town was targeted by chemical weapons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/06/27", "description": "An accidental explosion at Hohenfels Training Area in West Germany kills 3 U.S. troopers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/06/29", "description": " South Korean president Roh Tae-Woo makes a speech promising a wide program of nationwide reforms, the result of June Democracy Movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/06/30", "description": " Canada introduces a one dollar coin, nicknamed the quotLooniequot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/06/30", "description": "The Single European Act is passed by the European Community.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/06/30", "description": "U.S. President Ronald Reagan nominates former Solicitor General Robert Bork to the Supreme Court. The nomination is later rejected by the Senate, the first and only nominee rejection to date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/06/30", "description": "In the Soviet Union, Vladimir Nikolayev is sentenced to death for cannibalism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/06/30", "description": "Greater Manchester Police recover the body of 16-year-old Pauline Reade from Saddleworth Moor, after her killers Ian Brady and Myra Hindley helped them in their search, almost exactly 24 years since Pauline was last seen alive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/07/04", "description": " A court in Lyon sentences former Gestapo boss Klaus Barbie to life imprisonment for crimes against humanity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/07/04", "description": "Australian Prime Minister Robert Hawke's government is re-elected for a third term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/07/04", "description": "World population is estimated to have reached five billion people, according to the United Nations.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7DB123EF931A25754C0A961948260\">http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7DB123EF931A25754C0A961948260<\/a> And Baby Makes Five Billion: U.N. Hails a Yugoslav Infant ampampndash New York Timesampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/07/17", "description": " The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above the 2,500 mark for the first time, at 2,510.04.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/07/22", "description": " Palestinian cartoonist Naji Salim al-Ali is shot in London he dies August 28.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/07/25", "description": " The East Lancashire Railway, a heritage railway in the North West of England, is opened between Bury and Ramsbottom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/07/25", "description": "Four hundred Iranian pilgrims are killed in clashes with Saudi Arabian security forces in Mecca.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/07/25", "description": "Docklands Light Railway in London, the first driverless railway in Great Britain, is formally opened by Elizabeth II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/07/25", "description": "An F4-rated tornado devastates eastern Edmonton, Alberta. Hardest hit are an industrial park and a trailer park. 27 people are killed and hundreds injured, with hundreds more left homeless and jobless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/07/25", "description": "The World Commission on Environment and Development, also known as the Brundtland Commission, publishes its report, ''Our Common Future.''", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/07/25", "description": "The Federal Communications Commission rescinds the Fairness Doctrine, which had required radio and television stations to ampquotfairlyampquot present controversial issues.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/08/07", "description": " The Colombian frigate ''Caldas'' enters Venezuelan waters near the Los Monjes Archipelago, sparking the Caldas frigate crisis between both nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/08/09", "description": " Hoddle Street Massacre: Julian Knight, 19, goes on a shooting rampage in Melbourne, killing seven people and injuring 19 before surrendering to police.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/08/09", "description": "All the children held at Kia Lama, a rural property on Lake Eildon, Australia, run by the Santiniketan Park Association, are released after a police raid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/08/09", "description": "A\u00e9ropostale ampampndash The first Aeropostale clothing store opens in New York City, New York. It is a mall-based, specialty retailer of casual apparel and accessories.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/08/09", "description": "Northwest Airlines Flight 255 (a McDonnell Douglas MD-82) crashes on takeoff from Detroit Metropolitan Airport in Romulus, Michigan just west of Detroit killing all but one (4-year old Cecelia Cichan) of the 156 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/08/09", "description": "The followers of the Harmonic Convergence claim it was observed around the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/08/17", "description": " Rudolf Hess is found dead in his cell in Spandau Prison. Hess, 93, is believed to have committed suicide by hanging himself with an electrical flex. He was the last remaining prisoner at the complex, which is soon demolished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/08/17", "description": "ABC News' chief Middle East correspondent Charles Glass escapes his Hezbollah kidnappers in Beirut, Lebanon, after 62 days in captivity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/08/17", "description": "Order of the Garter is opened to women.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/08/31", "description": " Michael Jackson releases his hit album ''Bad''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/09/02", "description": " In Moscow, the trial begins for 19-year-old pilot Mathias Rust, who flew his Cessna airplane into Red Square in May.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/09/03", "description": " In a coup d'\u00e9tat in Burundi, President Jean-Baptiste Bagaza is deposed by Major Pierre Buyoya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/09/07", "description": "September 21 ampndash The world's first conference on artificial life is held at Los Alamos National Laboratory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/09/13", "description": " Scavengers open an old radiation source abandoned in a hospital in Goi\u00e2nia, causing the worst radiation accident ever in an urban area.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/09/17", "description": " At a small rally in Harlem, televangelist Pat Robertson announces his candidacy for the 1988 Republican presidential nomination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/09/28", "description": " ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'' premieres in syndication.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/10/03", "description": " The Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement is reached but still requires ratification.  This agreement would be a precursor to NAFTA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/10/11", "description": " The first National Coming Out Day is held in celebration of the second National March on Washington for Lesbian and Gay Rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/10/14", "description": "October 16 ampndash The United States is caught up in a drama that unfolds on television as a young child, Jessica McClure, falls down a well in Midland, Texas, and is later rescued.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/10/15", "description": "October 16 ampndash Great Storm of 1987: Hurricane-force winds hit much of South England, killing 23 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/10/15", "description": "Black Monday: Stock market levels fall sharply on Wall Street and around the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/10/15", "description": "U.S. warships destroy 2 Iranian oil platforms in the Persian Gulf", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/10/15", "description": "Two commuter trains collide head-on on the outskirts of Jakarta, Indonesia 102 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/10/22", "description": " The pilot of a British Aerospace BAE Harrier GR5 registered ZD325 accidentally ejects his aircraft. The jet continues to fly until it runs out of fuel and crashes into the Irish Sea.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pprune.org\/archive\/index.php\/t-182748.html\">http:\/\/www.pprune.org\/archive\/index.php\/t-182748.html<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/10/22", "description": "Champion English jockey Lester Piggott is jailed for three years after being convicted of tax evasion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/10/22", "description": "On a vote of 58\u201342, the United States Senate rejects President Ronald Reagan's nomination of Robert Bork to the Supreme Court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/10/26", "description": " The Dow Jones Industrial Average goes down 156.83 points.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/11/01", "description": " InterCity 125 breaks world diesel powered train speed record reaching 238ampnbspkm\/h (147.88ampnbspmph).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/11/07", "description": " Zine El Abidine Ben Ali assumes the Presidency of Tunisia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/11/08", "description": " Enniskillen bombing: Eleven people are killed by a Provisional Irish Republican Army bomb at a Remembrance Day service at Enniskillen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/11/15", "description": " In Bra\u015fov, Romania, workers rebel against the communist regime led by Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/11/16", "description": " Parlatino Treaty of Institutionalization signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/11/17", "description": " A tsunami hits the Gulf of Alaska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/11/17", "description": "The King's Cross fire on the London Underground kills 31.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/11/17", "description": "Iran-Contra affair: U.S. Senate and House panels release reports charging President Ronald Reagan with 'ultimate responsibility' for the affair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/11/22", "description": " Max Headroom broadcast signal intrusion incident ampndash unknown perpetrators hijack the signal of WGN-TV for about 20ampnbspseconds, and WTTW for about 90ampnbspseconds, and displays a strange video of a man in a Max Headroom mask.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/11/25", "description": " Category 5 Typhoon Nina smashes the Philippines with {{convert|165|mph|km\/h}} winds and a devastating storm surge, causing destruction and 1,036 deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/11/28", "description": " South African Airways Flight 295 crashes into the Indian ocean off Mauritius due to a fire in the cargo hold the 159 passengers and crew perish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/11/29", "description": " Korean Air Flight 858 is blown up over the Andaman Sea, killing 115 crew and passengers. North Korean agents are responsible for the bombing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/11/29", "description": "NASA announces the names of 4 companies awarded contracts to help build Space Station Freedom: Boeing Aerospace, General Electric's Astro-Space Division, McDonnell Douglas, and the Rocketdyne Division of Rockwell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/11/29", "description": "Queensland: Following a week of turmoil from his National Party of Australia colleagues, Joh Bjelke-Petersen resigns as Premier of Queensland. He is replaced by Mike Ahern, the only premier never to contest an election as premier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/02", "description": " ''Hustler Magazine v. Falwell'' is argued before the U.S. Supreme Court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/07", "description": " Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771 crashes near Paso Robles, California, killing all 43 on board, after a disgruntled passenger shoots his ex-supervisor on the flight, then shoots both pilots and himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/07", "description": "Israeli-Palestinian conflict: First Intifada begins in the Gaza Strip and West Bank.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/07", "description": "Queen Street massacre: In Melbourne, Australia, 22-year-old Frank Vitkovic kills 8 and injures another 5 in a Post Office building before committing suicide by jumping from the eleventh floor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/07", "description": "The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty is signed in Washington, D.C. by U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/07", "description": "Alianza Lima air disaster: A Peruvian Navy Fokker F27 crashes near Ventanilla, Peru, killing 43.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/07", "description": "General Rahimuddin Khan retires from the Pakistan Army, along with the cabinet of the country's military dictatorship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/07", "description": "Microsoft releases Windows 2.0.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/17", "description": " Gust\u00e1v Hus\u00e1k resigns as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/17", "description": "Square Co., Ltd. releases ''Final Fantasy'' in Japan for the Famicom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/17", "description": "The Perl programming language is created by Larry Wall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/20", "description": " In history's worst peacetime sea disaster, the passenger ferry MV ''Do\u00f1a Paz'' sinks after colliding with the oil tanker ''Vector 1'' in the Tablas Strait in the Philippines, killing an estimated 4,000 people (1,749 official).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/21", "description": " Turgut \u00d6zal, of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (46th government).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": " Pope John Paul II issues the encyclical ''Sollicitudo Rei Socialis'' (''On Social Concern'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "The Pendolino train makes its debut in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "Tinker Hatfield designed the Nike Air Max.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "Shoko Asahara founds the Aum Shinrikyo cult.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "Thomas Knoll and John Knoll develop the first version of Photoshop.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "Maglite introduces the 2AAA Mini Maglite battery, targeted for medical and industrial applications.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "Barry Minkow's ''ZZZZ Best'' fraud unravels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "Varroa destructor, an invasive parasite, is found in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "Music:", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "1987 (What the Fuck Is Going On?), debut album by The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu, later known as The KLF.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "Film:", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "''13 Going on 30'' (2004): The scenes where Jenna is thirteen take place on May 26, 1987.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "''American Psycho'' (2000): According to director Mary Harron on the DVD commentary, the film is set around the end of 1987. Patrick Bateman is seen reading Zagat's Survey of this year as well.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "''Fargo'' (1996): The film takes place in Minnesota, 1987", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "''Adventureland'' (2009): The film takes place in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, summer 1987", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "''Precious: Based on the Novel 'Push' by Sapphire'' (2009): The film takes place in Harlem, New York in 1987.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "''Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story'' (2004): There is a picture of a fat White Goodman with the caption ampquotWhite Goodman ampampndash 1987ampquot on it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "''Rock of Ages'' (2012): The year in which this film takes place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "Television:", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "''Buck Rogers in the 25th Century'' (1979): NASA launches the last of America's deep-space probes, the Space Shuttle ''Ranger 3'', which is piloted by Captain William ampquotBuckampquot Rogers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "Set in 1987: the ''Doctor Who'' episode ampquotFather's Dayampquot, 2005 takes place on November 7.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "''Space: 1999'' episode ampquotThe Rules of Lutonampquot we learn that a world war, likely World War III, began sometime in 1987.  It was described as 'The war to end all wars'.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "Computer\/video games:", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "''Resident Evil'': Michael Warren is elected mayor of Raccoon City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "''Shenmue'' (1999) ampampndash Story continues into 1987.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "''Shenmue II'' (2001): The game is set in 1987", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "''Sly Cooper and the Thievius Raccoonus'' is set in this year (as claimed by the newspaper, after beating a boss).", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1987/12/30", "description": "''Syphon Filter 3'': Three levels take place in and around Kabul, Afghanistan during this year amidst the Soviet occupation, with Gabe Logan and Lian Xing pitted against Afghan rebels and Soviet troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988", "description": "The Soviet Union begins its program of economic restructuring (perestroika) with legislation initiated by Premier Mikhail Gorbachev (though Gorbachev had begun minor restructuring in 1985).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988", "description": "The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America is established, creating the largest Lutheran denomination in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/01/13", "description": "Taiwan President Chiang Ching-kuo dies in Taipei Vice-President Lee Teng-hui becomes president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/01/15", "description": "In Jerusalem, Israeli police and Palestinian protestors clash at the Dome of the Rock several police and at least 70 Palestinians are injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/01/25", "description": "U.S. Vice President George H.W. Bush and CBS News anchor Dan Rather clash over Bush's role in the Iran-Contra scandal, during a contentious television interview.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/01/29", "description": "The Midwest Classic Conference, a U.S. college athletic conference, is formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/02/03", "description": "The Democratic-controlled United States House of Representatives rejects President Ronald Reagan's request for $36.25 million to support the Nicaraguan Contras.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/02/12", "description": "Anthony M. Kennedy is appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/02/13", "description": "February 28 \u2013 The 1988 Winter Olympics are held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/02/13", "description": "A bomb explodes outside of the First National Bank in Oshakati, Namibia, killing 27 and injuring 70 others.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/02/13", "description": "U.S. Lieutenant Colonel William R. Higgins, serving with a United Nations group monitoring a truce in southern Lebanon, is kidnapped (he is later killed by his captors).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/02/24", "description": "''Hustler Magazine v. Falwell'': The Supreme Court of the United States sides with ''Hustler'' magazine by overturning a lower court decision to award Jerry Falwell $200,000 for defamation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/02/27", "description": "February 29 \u2013 Pogrom of Armenians in Sumgait.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/02/29", "description": "A Nazi document implicates Kurt Waldheim in World War II deportations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/03/07", "description": "Operation Flavius: The Special Air Service fatally shoots 3 unarmed Provisional Irish Republican Army members in Gibraltar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/03/07", "description": "Two U.S. Army helicopters collide in Fort Campbell, Kentucky, killing 17 servicemen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/03/07", "description": "U.S. presidential candidate George Herbert Walker Bush defeats Robert Dole in numerous Republican primaries and caucuses on ampquotSuper Tuesdayampquot. The bipartisan primary\/caucus calendar, designed by Democrats to help solidify their own nominee early, backfires when none of the 6 competing candidates are able to break out of the pack in the day's Democratic contests. Jesse Jackson, however, wins several Southern state primaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/03/13", "description": "Gallaudet University, a Deaf university in Washington D.C. elects Dr. I King Jordan as the first deaf president in its history. This event is a turning point in the deaf civil rights movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/03/13", "description": "The Halabja poison gas attack is carried out by Iraqi government forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/03/13", "description": "First RepublicBank of Texas fails and enters FDIC receivership, the largest FDIC assisted bank failure in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/03/13", "description": "Iran-Contra Affair: Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North and Vice Admiral John Poindexter are indicted on charges of conspiracy to defraud the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/03/13", "description": "Milltown Cemetery Attack: During the funeral of three Provisional IRA members in Milltown Cemetery in Belfast, Northern Ireland, Ulster Defence Association (UDA) member Michael Stone attacked the crowd with grenades and pistols, killing three and wounding over sixty. They were murdered because they were likely to be Catholics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/03/13", "description": "A Colombian Boeing 727 jetliner, Avianca Flight 410, crashes into the side of the mountains near the Venezuelan border, killing 143.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/03/13", "description": "Eritrean War of Independence \u2013 Battle of Afabet: The Nadew Command, an Ethiopian army corps in Eritrea, is attacked on 3 sides by military units of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/03/19", "description": "Corporals killings: In Belfast, Northern Ireland, British Army Corporals Woods and Howes were murdered after driving straight into a funeral for the victims of the Milltown Cemetery Attack just three days earlier, after they were mistakenly thought to be carrying out a similar attack to the one by Ulster Defence Association (UDA) member Michael Stone, in which he killed three Catholics attending the funeral.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/03/20", "description": "Eritrean War of Independence: Having defeated the Nadew Command, the EPLF enters the town of Afabet, victoriously concluding the Battle of Afabet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/03/24", "description": "An Israeli court sentences Mordechai Vanunu to 18 years in prison for disclosing Israel's nuclear program to ''The Sunday Times''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/03/25", "description": "The Candle Demonstration in Bratislava, Slovakia is the first mass demonstration of the 1980s against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/03/26", "description": "U.S. presidential candidate Jesse Jackson defeats Michael Dukakis in the Michigan Democratic caucuses, becoming the temporary front-runner for the party's nomination. Richard Gephardt withdraws his candidacy after his campaign speeches against imported automobiles fail to earn him much support in Detroit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/03/29", "description": "African National Congress representative Dulcie September is assassinated in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/04/04", "description": "Governor Evan Mecham of Arizona is convicted in his impeachment trial and removed from office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/04/05", "description": "Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis wins the Wisconsin Democratic presidential primary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/04/05", "description": "The comic strip ''FoxTrot'' makes its first appearance in US newspapers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/04/05", "description": "The Ojhri Camp Disaster occurs in Islamabad and Rawalpindi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/04/05", "description": "The Great Seto Bridge opens to traffic in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/04/11", "description": "''The Last Emperor'' (directed by Bernardo Bertolucci) wins nine Oscars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/04/12", "description": "Former pop singer Sonny Bono is elected mayor of Palm Springs, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/04/12", "description": "In the Geneva Accords, the Soviet Union commits itself to withdrawal of its forces from Afghanistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/04/12", "description": "The USS ''Samuel B. Roberts'' (FFG-58) strikes a naval mine in the Persian Gulf, while deployed on Operation Earnest Will, during the Tanker War phase of the Iran\u2013Iraq War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/04/12", "description": "Israeli commandos kill the PLO's Abu Jihad in Tunisia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/04/12", "description": "In Forl\u00ec, Italy, the brigate rosse kill Senator Roberto Ruffilli, an advisor of Prime Minister Ciriaco de Mita.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/04/18", "description": "The United States Navy retaliates for the USS ''Samuel B. Roberts'' (FFG-58) mining with Operation Praying Mantis, in a day of strikes against Iranian oil platforms and naval vessels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/04/25", "description": "In Israel, Ivan Demjanjuk is sentenced to death for war crimes committed in World War II. He was accused by survivors of being the notorious guard at the Treblinka extermination camp known as quotIvan the Terriblequot. The conviction is later overturned by the Israeli Supreme Court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/04/28", "description": "Aloha Flight 243 loses several yards of its upper fuselage while in flight, killing 1 person.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/04/28", "description": "World Expo '88 opens in Brisbane Queensland, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/04/28", "description": "Celine Dion wins the Eurovision Song Contest for Switzerland with the song ampquotNe partez pas sans moiampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/05/04", "description": "PEPCON disaster in Henderson, Nevada: A major explosion at an industrial solid-fuel rocket plant causes damage extending up to {{convert|10|mi|km}} away, including Las Vegas' McCarran International Airport.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/05/14", "description": "Bus collision near Carrollton, Kentucky: A drunk driver going the wrong way on Interstate 71, hits a converted school bus carrying a church youth group from Radcliff, Kentucky. The resulting fire kills 27, making it tied for 1st in the U.S. for most fatalities involving 2 vehicles to the present day. Coincidentally, the other 2-vehicle accident involving a bus that also killed 27 occurred in Prestonburg, Kentucky on February 28, 1958.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/05/15", "description": "Soviet war in Afghanistan: After more than 8 years of fighting, the Soviet Army begins withdrawing from Afghanistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/05/15", "description": "A report by U.S. Surgeon General C. Everett Koop states that the addictive properties of nicotine are similar to those of heroin and cocaine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/05/15", "description": "''California v. Greenwood'': The U.S. Supreme Court rules that police officers do not need a search warrant to search through discarded garbage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/05/24", "description": "Section 28 (outlawing promotion of homosexuality in schools) is passed as law by Parliament in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/05/27", "description": "Microsoft releases Windows 2.1", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/05/31", "description": "U.S. President Ronald Reagan addresses 600 Moscow State University students, during his visit to the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/06/05", "description": "The first National Cancer Survivors Day is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/06/06", "description": "Elizabeth II strips jockey Lester Piggott of his OBE, following his jailing for tax irregularities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/06/10", "description": "Spontaneous 100,000 strong mass night-singing demonstrations in Estonia, that eventually give name to the Singing Revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/06/10", "description": "The name of the General Public License (GPL) is mentioned for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/06/10", "description": "Wembley Stadium hosts a concert featuring stars from the fields of music, comedy and film, in celebration of the 70th birthday of imprisoned ANC leader Nelson Mandela.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/06/14", "description": "A small wildfire starts in Montana just north of the boundary for Yellowstone National Park. The Storm Creek fire expands into the park, then merges with dozens of other drought-inspired fires. Eventually, over {{convert|750000|acre|km2}} of Yellowstone \u2013 36% of the park's area \u2013 burns before firefighters gain control in late September.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/06/23", "description": "NASA scientist James Hansen testifies to the Senate that man-made global warming had begun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/06/25", "description": "The Netherlands defeats the Soviet Union 2\u20130 to win Euro 88.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/06/26", "description": "Air France Flight 296 crashes into the tops of trees beyond the runway on a demonstration flight at Habsheim, France three passengers are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/06/28", "description": "Four workers are asphyxiated at a metal-plating plant in Auburn, Indiana, in the worst confined-space industrial accident in U.S. history. (A fifth victim dies two days later).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/06/29", "description": "''Morrison v. Olson'': The United States Supreme Court upholds the law allowing special prosecutors to investigate suspected crimes by executive branch officials.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/06/30", "description": "Roman Catholic Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre consecrates four bishops at \u00c9c\u00f4ne, Switzerland for his apostolate, along with Bishop Antonio de Castro Mayer, without a papal mandate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/06/30", "description": "The Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey is completed, providing the second connection between the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosporus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/06/30", "description": "Iran Air Flight 655 is shot down by a missile launched from the USS ''Vincennes''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/06/30", "description": "The Piper Alpha production platform in the North Sea is destroyed by explosions and fires, killing 165 oil workers and 2 rescue mariners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/06/30", "description": "The first reported medical waste on beaches in the Greater New York area (including hypodermic needles and syringes possibly infected with the AIDS virus) washes ashore on Long Island. Subsequent medical waste discoveries on beaches in Coney Island and in Monmouth County, New Jersey force the closure of numerous New York\u2013area beaches in the middle of one of the hottest summers on record in the American Northeast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/07/14", "description": "Volkswagen closes its Westmoreland Assembly Plant after 10 years of operation (the first factory built by a non-American automaker in the U.S.).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/07/20", "description": "The Democratic National Convention in Atlanta, Georgia nominates Michael Dukakis for U.S. President and Lloyd Bentsen for Vice President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/07/31", "description": "Thirty-two people are killed and 1,674 injured when a bridge at the Sultan Abdul Halim Ferry terminal collapses in Butterworth, Malaysia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/07/31", "description": "Shooting of Allama Arif Hussain Hussaini, leader of Pakistani Shia Muslims, in Peshawar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/07/31", "description": "The 1988 Malaysian constitutional crisis culminates in the ouster of the Lord President of Malaysia, Salleh Abas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/08/06", "description": "August 7 \u2013 Tompkins Square Park Police Riot in New York City: A riot erupts in Tompkins Square Park when police attempt to enforce a newly passed curfew for the park. Bystanders, artists, residents, homeless people and political activists are caught up in the police action that takes place during the night of August 6 and into the early morning of August 7.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/08/08", "description": "8888 Uprising: Thousands of protesters in Burma, now known as ''Myanmar'', are killed during anti-government demonstrations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/08/14", "description": "Enzo Ferrari, founder of the Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari, dies at the age of 90, after a long illness.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/08/17", "description": "Pakistani President Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq and the U.S. ambassador to Pakistan, Arnold Raphel, are killed in a plane crash near Bhawalpur.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/08/18", "description": "The Republican National Convention in New Orleans, Louisiana nominates George H.W. Bush for President and Dan Quayle for Vice President of the United States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/08/19", "description": "A truce begins in the Iran\u2013Iraq War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/08/20", "description": "The Iran\u2013Iraq War ends, with an estimated one million lives lost.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/08/21", "description": "Major earthquake of magnitude 6.6 hits the Nepal-India Border. Estimated 1,004 people killed and more than 16,000 injured", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/08/25", "description": "A fire destroys part of Chiado quarter, in Lisbon's historical center.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/08/26", "description": "Mehran Karimi Nasseri, quotThe terminal manquot, is stuck in the De Gaulle Airport in Paris, where he will continue to reside until August 1, 2006.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/08/28", "description": "Seventy-five people are killed and 346 injured in one of the worst airshow disasters in history at Germany's Ramstein Air Base, when three jets from the Italian air demonstration team, ''Frecce Tricolori'', collide, sending one of the aircraft crashing into the crowd of spectators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/09/05", "description": "With US$2 billion in federal aid, the Robert M. Bass Group agrees to buy the United States' largest thrift, American Savings and Loan Association.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/09/11", "description": "In Estonia, 300,000 demonstrate for independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/09/12", "description": "Hurricane Gilbert devastates Jamaica it turns towards Mexico's Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula 2 days later, causing an estimated $5 billion in damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/09/16", "description": "Tom Browning of the Cincinnati Reds pitches the 12th perfect game in baseball history against the Los Angeles Dodgers at Riverfront Stadium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/09/17", "description": "October 2 \u2013 The 1988 Summer Olympics are held in Seoul, South Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/09/22", "description": "The Ocean Odyssey drilling rig suffers a blowout and fire in the North Sea (see also July 6).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/09/24", "description": "September 26 \u2013 Large, militant protests against the 1988 World Bank and IMF meetings take place in West Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/09/29", "description": "''STS-26'': NASA resumes space shuttle flights, grounded after the ''Challenger'' disaster, with Space Shuttle ''Discovery''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/09/29", "description": "Thousands riot in Algiers, Algeria against the National Liberation Front government by October 10 the army has killed and tortured about 500 people in crushing the riots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/09/29", "description": "Chilean president Augusto Pinochet is defeated in a national plebiscite that sought to renew his mandate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/09/29", "description": "In Omaha, Nebraska, in the only vice presidential debate of the 1988 U.S. presidential election, the Republican vice presidential nominee, Senator Dan Quayle of Indiana, insists he has as much experience in government as John F. Kennedy did when he sought the presidency in 1960. His Democratic opponent, Senator Lloyd Bentsen of Texas, replies, ampquotSenator, I served with Jack Kennedy. I knew Jack Kennedy. Jack Kennedy was a friend of mine. Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/10/09", "description": "The 1985-88 Rugby League World Cup culminates in Australia's 25\u201312 victory over New Zealand at Auckland's Eden Park before 47,363 spectators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/10/12", "description": "Walsh Street police shootings: Two Victoria Police officers are gunned down, execution style, in Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/10/13", "description": "In the second U.S. presidential debate, held by U.C.L.A., the Democratic party nominee, Michael Dukakis, is asked by journalist Bernard Shaw of CNN if he would support the death penalty if his wife, Kitty, were to be raped and murdered. Gov. Dukakis' reply, voicing his opposition to capital punishment in any and all circumstances, is later said to have been a major reason for the eventual failure of his campaign for the White House.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/10/19", "description": "The United Kingdom bans broadcast interviews with IRA members. The BBC gets around this stricture through the use of professional actors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/10/27", "description": "Ronald Reagan decides to tear down the new U.S. Embassy in Moscow because of Soviet listening devices in the building structure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/10/28", "description": "Abortion: 48 hours after announcing it was abandoning RU-486, French manufacturer Roussel Uclaf states that it will resume distribution of the drug.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/10/29", "description": "Pakistan's General Rahimuddin Khan resigns from his post as the governor of Sindh, following attempts by the President of Pakistan, Ghulam Ishaq Khan, to limit the vast powers Gen. Rahimuddin had accumulated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/10/29", "description": "Philip Morris buys Kraft Foods for US$13.1 billion.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/search.boston.com\/local\/Search.do?s.sm.query=KRAFT+ACCEPTS+%2413B+BUYOUT+BY+PHILIP+MORRIS+ampamps.tab=Kraft\">http:\/\/search.boston.com\/local\/Search.do?s.sm.query=KRAFT+ACCEPTS+%2413B+BUYOUT+BY+PHILIP+MORRIS+ampamps.tab=Kraft<\/a> Accepts $13B Buyout by Philip Morris The Boston Globe. Accessed 2009-03-17. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5gcv3WVnC\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5gcv3WVnC<\/a> Archived 2009-05-08.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/10/29", "description": "Expo '88 in Brisbane, Australia draws to a close. amp!-- after a six month spectacular. ???--amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/11/01", "description": "In the Israeli election, Likud wins 47 seats, Labour wins 49, but Likud Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir remains in office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/11/02", "description": "The Morris worm, the first computer worm distributed via the Internet, written by Robert Tappan Morris, is launched from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/11/03", "description": "November 5 \u2013 Thousands of South Korean students demonstrate against former president Chun Doo Hwan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/11/03", "description": "Sri Lankan Tamil mercenaries try to overthrow the Maldivian government. At President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom's request, the Indian military suppresses the coup attempt within 24 hours.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/11/08", "description": "United States presidential election, 1988: George H. W. Bush is elected over Michael Dukakis becoming the first sitting Vice President of the United States in 200 years to be elected as President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/11/11", "description": "In Sacramento, California, police find a body buried in the lawn of 60-year-old boardinghouse landlady Dorothea Puente (7 bodies are eventually found and Puente is convicted of 3 murders and sentenced to life in prison).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/11/13", "description": "Mulugeta Seraw, an Ethiopian law student in Portland, Oregon is beaten to death by members of the Neo-Nazi group East Side White Pride.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/11/13", "description": "In the Soviet Union, the unmanned Shuttle ''Buran'' is launched by an Energia rocket on its maiden orbital spaceflight (the first and last space flight for the shuttle).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/11/13", "description": "Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: An independent State of Palestine is proclaimed at the Palestinian National Council meeting in Algiers, by a vote of 253\u201346.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/11/13", "description": "The very first Fairtrade label, Max Havelaar, is launched by Nico Roozen, Frans van der Hoff and ecumenical development agency Solidaridad in the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/11/13", "description": "The Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR adopts the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration in which the laws of the Estonian SSR are declared supreme over those of the USSR.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/11/13", "description": "In the first open election in more than a decade, voters in Pakistan choose populist candidate Benazir Bhutto to be Prime Minister. Elections are held as planned despite head of state Zia-ul-Haq's death earlier in August.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/11/18", "description": "War on Drugs: U.S. President Ronald Reagan signs a bill providing the death penalty for murderous drug traffickers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/11/18", "description": "Canadian federal election, 1988: Brian Mulroney and the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada win a second majority government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/11/18", "description": "Ted Turner officially buys Jim Crockett Promotions, known as NWA Crockett, and turns it into World Championship Wrestling (WCW).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/11/22", "description": "In Palmdale, California, the first prototype B-2 Spirit stealth bomber is revealed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/11/23", "description": "Former Korean president Chun Doo Hwan publicly apologizes for corruption during his presidency, announcing he will go into exile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/11/24", "description": "The popular American cult television comedy Mystery Science Theater 3000 makes its debut on KTMA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/11/30", "description": "Kohlberg Kravis Roberts amp Co. buys RJR Nabisco for US$25.07 billion in the biggest leveraged buyout deal of all time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/12/01", "description": "Carlos Salinas de Gortari takes office as President of Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/12/01", "description": "Benazir Bhutto is sworn in as Prime Minister of Pakistan, becoming the first woman to head the government of an Islam-dominated state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/12/01", "description": "A cyclone in Bangladesh leaves 5 million homeless and thousands dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/12/01", "description": "In Armenia, an earthquake (6.9 on the Richter scale) kills nearly 25,000, injures 15,000 and leaves 400,000 homeless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/12/01", "description": "Estonian becomes the official language of Estonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/12/08", "description": "Famous vocalist Roy Orbison dies of a heart attack", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/12/09", "description": "The last Dodge Aries and Plymouth Reliant roll off the assembly line in a Chrysler factory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/12/12", "description": "The Clapham Junction rail crash kills 35 and injures 132.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/12/16", "description": "Perennial U.S. presidential candidate Lyndon LaRouche is convicted of mail fraud.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/12/20", "description": "The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is signed at Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/12/21", "description": "Pan Am Flight 103 is blown up over Lockerbie, Scotland, killing a total of 270 people. Those responsible are believed to be Libyans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/12/22", "description": "Brazilian union and environmental activist Chico Mendes is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/12/22", "description": "TAT-8, the first transatlantic telephone cable to use optical fibers, is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/12/22", "description": "Zebra mussels are found in the Great lakes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/12/22", "description": "The U.S. Drought of 1988 causes big crop damage in many states, impacts many portions of the United States and causes around $60 billion in damage. Multiple regions suffer in the conditions. Heat waves cause 4,800 to 17,000 excess deaths while scorching many areas of the United States during 1988.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1988/12/22", "description": "The Russian Mafia begins to expand with the decay of the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/01/02", "description": " Prime Minister Ranasinghe Premadasa takes office as the third President of Sri Lanka", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/01/04", "description": " Gulf of Sidra incident (1989): Two Libyan MiG-23 quotFloggersquot are engaged and shot down by 2 US Navy F-14 Tomcats.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/01/07", "description": " Hirohito (posthumous name: Emperor Sh\u014dwa) died and Akihito became Emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/01/08", "description": " Kegworth Air Disaster: A British Midland Boeing 737 crashes on approach to East Midlands Airport, leaving 47 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/01/10", "description": " In accordance with United Nations Security Council Resolution 626 and the New York Accords, Cuban troops begin withdrawing from Angola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/01/11", "description": " President of the United States Ronald Reagan delivers his farewell address to the nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/01/15", "description": " Thirty-five European nations, meeting in Vienna, agree to strengthen human rights and strengthen East-West trade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/01/17", "description": " Stockton massacre: Patrick Edward Purdy kills 5 children, wounds 30 and then shoots himself in Stockton, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/01/17", "description": "The Polish United Workers' Party votes to legalize Solidarity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/01/17", "description": "Ante Markovi\u0107 succeeds Branko Mikuli\u0107 as Prime Minister of Yugoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/01/20", "description": " George H. W. Bush succeeds Ronald Reagan as the 41st President of the United States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/01/23", "description": " A powerful earthquake in the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic kills around 275 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/01/23", "description": "January 23\u201324 ampampndash Armed civilian leftist briefly attack and occupy an Argentine army base near Buenos Aries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/01/24", "description": " Serial killer Ted Bundy is executed in Florida's electric chair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/01/29", "description": " Thomas and Friends television show begins in U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/01/30", "description": " Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney shuffles his cabinet, appointing 6 new ministers and re-assigning the responsibilities of 19 others.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/01", "description": " Joan Kirner becomes Victoria's first female Deputy Premier, after the resignation of Robert Fordham over the VEDC (Victorian Economic Development Co-operation) Crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/01", "description": "Soviet war in Afghanistan: The last Soviet Union armored column leaves Kabul, ending 9 years of military occupation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/01", "description": "Carlos Andr\u00e9s P\u00e9rez takes office as President of Venezuela.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/01", "description": "Satellite television service Sky Television plc is launched in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/01", "description": "A military coup overthrows Alfredo Stroessner, dictator of Paraguay since 1954.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/01", "description": "After a stroke, Pieter Willem Botha resigns his party's leadership and the presidency of South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/06", "description": " The government of the People's Republic of Poland holds formal talks with representatives of Solidarity movement for the first time since 1981.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/06", "description": "The People's National Party, led by Michael Manley, wins the Jamaican general election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/06", "description": "The Los Angeles, California City Council bans the sale or possession of semiautomatic firearms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/06", "description": "Ron Brown is elected chairman of the Democratic National Committee, becoming the first African American to lead a major United States political party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/06", "description": "U.S. President Bush meets Canadian prime minister Mulroney in Ottawa, laying the groundwork for the Acid Rain Treaty of 1991.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/11", "description": " Barbara Clementine Harris is consecrated as the first female bishop of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America (and also the first female bishop in the worldwide Anglican Communion).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/11", "description": "Union Carbide agrees to pay USD $470 million to the Indian government for damages it caused in the 1984 Bhopal Disaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/11", "description": "Iranian leader Ruhollah Khomeini encourages Muslims to kill ''The Satanic Verses'' author Salman Rushdie.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/11", "description": "The first of 24 Global Positioning System satellites is placed into orbit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/11", "description": "Soviet war in Afghanistan: The Soviet Union announces that all of its troops have left Afghanistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/11", "description": "Following a campaign that saw over 1000 people killed in massive campaign-related violence, the United National Party wins the Sri Lankan parliamentary election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/16", "description": " Pan Am flight 103: Investigators announce that the cause of the crash was a bomb hidden inside a radio-cassette player.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/16", "description": "Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) formed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/16", "description": "South African police raid the home of Winnie Mandela and arrest four of her bodyguards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/20", "description": " In Canada's Yukon Territory, the ruling New Democrats narrowly maintain control of the Yukon Legislative Assembly, winning 9 seats vs. the Progressive Conservative Party's 7.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/23", "description": " After protracted testimony, the U.S. Senate Armed Services Committee rejects, 11\u20139, President Bush's nomination of John Tower for Secretary of Defense.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/23", "description": "February 23\u201327 ampampndash U.S. President Bush visits Japan, China, and South Korea, attending the funeral of Hirohito and then meeting with China's Deng Xiaoping and South Korea's Roh Tae-woo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/23", "description": "The funeral of Hirohito is attended by representatives of 160 nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/23", "description": "Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini places a US $3-million bounty on the head of ''The Satanic Verses'' author Salman Rushdie.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/23", "description": "After 44 years, Estonian flag is raised to the Pikk Hermann Castle tower.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/27", "description": " Venezuela is rocked by the Caracazo, a wave of protests and looting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/27", "description": "The Berne Convention, an international treaty on copyrights, is ratified by the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/27", "description": "A curfew is imposed in Kosovo, where protests continue over the alleged intimidation of the Serb minority.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/27", "description": "Louis Wade Sullivan and James D. Watkins start terms of office as U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services and U.S. Secretary of Energy respectively.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/02/27", "description": "The Politieke Partij Radicalen, Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij, Communistische Partij Nederland and the Evangelical People's Party amalgamate to form Netherlands political party GroenLinks (GL, GreenLeft).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/02", "description": " Twelve European Community nations agree to ban the production of all chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by the end of the century.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/02", "description": "Jammu Siltavuori abducts and murders two 8-year-old girls in the Myllypuro suburb of Helsinki, Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/02", "description": "Portugal wins the FIFA U-20 World Cup, defeating Nigeria on the final by 2\u20130 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/02", "description": "Time, Inc. and Warner Communications announce plans for a merger, forming Time Warner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/02", "description": "The Purley Station rail crash in London leaves 5 dead and 94 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/02", "description": "The first ACT (Australian Capital Territory) elections are held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/07", "description": " Iran breaks off diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom over Salman Rushdie's ''The Satanic Verses''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/09", "description": " A strike forces financially troubled Eastern Air Lines into bankruptcy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/13", "description": " A geomagnetic storm causes the collapse of the Hydro-Qu\u00e9bec power grid. Six million people are left without power for 9 hours. Some areas in the northeastern U.S. and in Sweden also lose power, and aurorae are seen as far as Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/13", "description": "Gun control: U.S. President George H. W. Bush bans the importation of certain guns deemed assault weapons into the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/13", "description": "Christian General Michel Aoun declares a 'War of Liberation' to rid Lebanon of Syrian forces and their allies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/15", "description": " Israel hands over Taba to Egypt, ending a seven-year territorial dispute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/16", "description": " The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union approves agricultural reforms allowing farmers the right to lease state-owned farms for life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/17", "description": " The Civic Tower of Pavia, built in the 14th century, crumbles down.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/17", "description": " Alfredo Cristiani is elected President of El Salvador.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/20", "description": " Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke weeps on national television as he admits marital infidelity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/20", "description": "Clint Malarchuk of the NHL Buffalo Sabres suffers an almost fatal injury when another player accidentally slits his throat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/20", "description": "Asteroid 4581 Asclepius approaches the Earth at a distance of 700,000 kilometers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/23", "description": " Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann announce that they have achieved cold fusion at the University of Utah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/23", "description": "March 23\u201328 ampampndash The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia passes constitutional changes revoking the autonomy of the Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo, triggering six days of rioting by the Albanian minority, during which at least 29 people were killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/24", "description": " Exxon Valdez oil spill: In Alaska's Prince William Sound the ''Exxon Valdez'' spills {{convert|240000|oilbbl|m3}} of oil after running aground.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/27", "description": " The first contested elections for the Soviet parliament result in losses for the Communist Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/29", "description": " The 61st Academy Awards are held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California, with ''Rain Man'' winning Best Picture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/29", "description": "Margaret Thatcher's new local government tax, the Poll tax, is introduced in Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/29", "description": "In Namibia, fighting erupts between SWAPO guerillas and the South West African Police, on the day that a cease-fire was supposed to end the South African Border War according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 435.  By April 6, nearly 300 people had been killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/29", "description": "A failed coup attempt against President of Haiti Prosper Avril leads to a standoff between mutinous troops and the government which ended on April 10 with the government regaining control of the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/03/29", "description": "In Brussels, Belgium, NATO celebrates its 40th anniversary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/05", "description": " The Polish Government and the Solidarity labor union sign an agreement restoring Solidarity to legal status, and agreeing to hold democratic elections on June 1.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/06", "description": " National Safety Council of Australia chief executive John Friedrich is arrested after defrauding investors to the tune of $235 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/07", "description": " The Soviet submarine K-278 Komsomolets sinks in the Barents Sea, killing 41.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/07", "description": "Georgian demonstrators are massacred by Red Army soldiers in Tbilisi's central square during a peaceful rally 20 citizens are killed, many injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/07", "description": "A dispute over grazing rights leads to the beginning of the Mauritania\u2013Senegal Border War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/14", "description": " The U.S. government seizes the Irvine, CA Lincoln Savings and Loan Association Charles Keating (for whom the Keating Five were named \u2013 John McCain among them) eventually goes to jail, as part of the massive 1980s Savings and Loan Crisis which costs U.S. taxpayers nearly $200 billion in bailouts, and many people their life savings.<a href=\"http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0DF153BF937A1575BC0A966958260\">http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE0DF153BF937A1575BC0A966958260<\/a> NY Times May 3, 1990", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/14", "description": "The death of Hu Yaobang, which sparks the beginning of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/14", "description": "The Hillsborough disaster, one of the biggest tragedies in European football, claims the life of 96 Liverpool supporters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/17", "description": " Poland, Solidarity was again legalized and allowed to participate in semi-free elections on June 4.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/17", "description": "Trisha Meili is attacked while jogging in New York City's Central Park as her identity remains secret for years, she becomes known as the ampquotCentral Park Jogger.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/17", "description": "A gun turret explodes on the U.S. battleship ''Iowa'', killing 47 crew members.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/20", "description": " NATO debates modernising short range missiles although the U.S. and U.K. are in favour, West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl obtains a concession deferring a decision.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/20", "description": "Students from Beijing, Shanghai, Xian, and Nanjing begin protesting in Tiananmen Square.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/20", "description": "Zaid al-Rifai resigns as Prime Minister of Jordan  in the wake of riots over government imposed price hikes that began on April 18.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/20", "description": "Noboru Takeshita resigns as Prime Minister of Japan in the wake of a stock-trading scandal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/20", "description": "The term of Baginda Almutawakkil Alallah Sultan Iskandar Al-Haj ibni Almarhum Sultan Ismail as the 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/20", "description": "Motorola introduces the Motorola MicroTAC Personal Cellular Telephone, then the world's smallest mobile phone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/20", "description": "Sultan Azlan Muhibbudin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Yusuff Izzudin Shah Ghafarullahu-lahu, Sultan of Perak, becomes the 9th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/20", "description": "Zaid ibn Shaker succeeds Zaid al-Rifai as Prime Minister of Jordan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/28", "description": " Pope John Paul II begins a nine-day trip to Madagascar, Zambia, Malawi, and R\u00e9union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/28", "description": "Andr\u00e9s Rodr\u00edguez, who had seized power and declared himself President of Paraguay during a military coup in February, wins a landslide election in a general election marked by charges of fraud.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/28", "description": "Disney-MGM Studios at Walt Disney World opens to the public for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/28", "description": "The first crack in the Iron Curtain: Hungary dismantles {{convert|150|mi|km}} of barbed wire fencing along the border with Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/28", "description": "The coalition government of Prime Minister of the Netherlands Ruud Lubbers collapses in a dispute about a pollution cleanup plan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/28", "description": "Yugoslavia wins the Eurovision Song Contest in Lausanne with the song ''Rock me'' performed by Riva.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/04/28", "description": "Magnum XL-200 opens at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio as the world's tallest and fastest roller coaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/09", "description": " Andrew Peacock deposes John Howard as Federal Opposition Leader of Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/10", "description": " The government of President of Panama Manuel Noriega declares void the result of the May 7 presidential election, which Noriega had lost to Guillermo Endara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/10", "description": "President Bush orders 1,900 U.S. troops to Panama to protect Americans there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/10", "description": "The ACT (Australian Capital Territory) Legislative Assembly meets for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/10", "description": "Mikhail Gorbachev visits China, the first Soviet leader to do so since the 1960s.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/10", "description": "Carlos Menem wins the Argentine presidential election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/15", "description": " Australia's first private tertiary institution, Bond University, opens on the Gold Coast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/16", "description": " Ethiopia Coup Attempt: Senior military officers staged a coup attempt in Ethiopia hours after President Mengistu Haile Mariam left on a visit to East Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/17", "description": " More than 1 million Chinese protestors march through Beijing demanding greater democracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/17", "description": "1989 \u00dcr\u00fcmqi unrest: Uyghur and Hui Muslim protesters rioted in front of the government building in \u00dcr\u00fcmqi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/17", "description": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: Zhao Ziyang meets the demonstrators in Tiananmen Square.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/17", "description": "Ciriaco de Mita resigns as Prime Minister of Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/20", "description": " Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: The Chinese government declares martial law in Beijing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/22", "description": " The Nordland Days in Leningrad region (Leningrad oblast) open.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/22", "description": "Amid food riots and looting set off by inflation, Argentina declares a nationwide state of siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/22", "description": "Boris Yeltsin gains a seat on the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/22", "description": "Tiananmen Square protests of 1989: The 10ampampnbspm (33ampampnbspft) high ''Goddess of Democracy'' statue is unveiled in Tiananmen Square by student demonstrators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/22", "description": "NATO agrees to talks with the Soviet Union on reducing the number of short-range nuclear weapons in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/22", "description": "An attempted assassination of Miguel Maza Marquez, director of the Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS) in Bogot\u00e1, Colombia is committed by members of the Medell\u00edn Cartel, who kill 4 and injure 37.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/05/22", "description": "June 1\u201310 ampampndash Pope John Paul II visits Norway, Iceland, Finland, Denmark, and Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/06/02", "description": " S\u014dsuke Uno succeeds Noboru Takeshita as Prime Minister of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/06/02", "description": "The Ayatollah Khomeini dies in Iran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/06/02", "description": "Fighting breaks out in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic between ethnic Uzbeks and the Turkish minority more than 100 people are dead by June 15.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/06/02", "description": "The SkyDome (now known as Rogers Centre) is opened in Toronto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/06/02", "description": "The Tiananmen Square massacre takes place in Beijing on the army's approach to the square, and the final stand-off in the square is covered live on television.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/06/02", "description": "Solidarity's victory in Polish elections is the first of many anti-communist revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/06/02", "description": "Ufa train disaster: A natural gas explosion near Ufa, Russia kills 645 as 2 trains passing each other throw sparks near a leaky pipeline.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/06/07", "description": " Surinam Airways Flight PY764 crashes, killing 176.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/06/12", "description": " The Corcoran Gallery of Art removes Robert Mapplethorpe's gay photography exhibition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/06/13", "description": " The wreck of the German battleship ''Bismarck'', which was sunk in 1941, is located {{convert|600|mi|km}} west of Brest, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/06/15", "description": " In the Irish general election, the Fianna F\u00e1il party, led by Taoiseach Charles Haughey, fails to win a majority.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/06/16", "description": " A crowd of 250,000 gathers at Heroes Square in Budapest for the historic reburial of Imre Nagy, the former Hungarian prime minister who had been executed in 1958.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/06/18", "description": " In the first Greek legislative election of the year, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement, led by Prime Minister of Greece Andreas Papandreou, loses control of the Hellenic Parliament, leading to Papandreou's resignation the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/06/21", "description": " British police arrest 250 people for celebrating the summer solstice at Stonehenge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/06/22", "description": " Ireland's first universities established since independence in 1922, Dublin City University and the University of Limerick, open.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/06/24", "description": " Jiang Zemin becomes General Secretary of the Communist Party of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/06/30", "description": " A military coup led by Omar al-Bashir ousts the civilian government of Prime Minister of Sudan Sadiq al-Mahdi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/02", "description": " Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece resigns a new government is formed under Tzannis Tzannetakis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/02", "description": "President of South Africa P. W. Botha meets the imprisoned Nelson Mandela face to face for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/02", "description": "The television show ''Seinfeld'' premieres.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/06", "description": " The Tel Aviv Jerusalem bus 405 suicide attack, the first Palestinian suicide attack on Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/09", "description": " Steffi Graf and Boris Becker of West Germany win singles titles at the 1989 Wimbledon Championships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/09", "description": "July 12 ampndash U.S. President George H. W. Bush travels to Poland and Hungary, pushing for U.S. economic aid and investment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/10", "description": " Approximately 300,000 Siberian coal miners go on strike, demanding better living conditions and less bureaucracy it was the largest Soviet labor strike since the 1920s.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/12", "description": " In the Republic of Ireland, the Taoiseach Charles Haughey returns to power after Fianna F\u00e1il forms a coalition with the Progressive Democrats.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/14", "description": " France celebrates the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/14", "description": "July 16 ampndash At the 15th G7 summit, leaders call for restrictions on gas emissions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/18", "description": " Actress Rebecca Schaeffer is murdered by an obsessed fan, leading to stricter stalking laws in California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/18", "description": "The National Assembly of the Republic of Poland elects Wojciech Jaruzelski to the new and powerful post of President of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/18", "description": "United Airlines Flight 232 (Douglas DC-10) crashes in Sioux City, Iowa, killing 112 184 on board survive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/20", "description": " Burmese opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi is placed under house arrest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/21", "description": " The beginning of a total blockade of Armenia and NKAO by Azerbaijan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/21", "description": "Japan's ruling Liberal Democratic Party loses control of the House of Councillors, the LDP's worst electoral showing in 34 years, leading to Prime Minister Uno announcing he will resign to take responsibility for the result.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/21", "description": "Giulio Andreotti takes office as Prime Minister of Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/26", "description": " A federal grand jury indicts Cornell University student Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. for releasing a computer virus, making him the first person to be prosecuted under the 1986 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/28", "description": " In the Iranian presidential election, electors overwhelming elect Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani as President of Iran and endorse changes to the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran increasing the powers of the president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/28", "description": "In Lebanon, Hezbollah announces that it has hanged United States Marines U.S. Marine Lt. Col. William R. Higgins in retaliation for Israel's July 28 kidnapping of Hezbollah leader Abdel Karim Obeid.  The same day, the United Nations Security Council passed United Nations Security Council Resolution 638 condemning the taking of hostages by both sides in the conflict.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/07/28", "description": "Nintendo releases the Game Boy portable video game system in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/05", "description": " Jaime Paz Zamora is elected President of Bolivia, taking office the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/05", "description": "U.S. Congressman Mickey Leland (D-TX) and 15 others die in a plane crash in Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/05", "description": "The presidents of five Central American countries agree that the U.S.-backed ''contras'' fighting the government of Nicaragua should be disbanded and evicted from their bases in Honduras by December 5.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/05", "description": "Federal Express purchases Flying Tiger Line for approximately 800 million U.S. dollars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/05", "description": "Prime Minister of New Zealand David Lange resigns for health reasons and is replaced by Geoffrey Palmer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/05", "description": "''STS-28'': Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' takes off on a secret 5-day military mission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/05", "description": "Toshiki Kaifu becomes Prime Minister of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/05", "description": "The asteroid 4769 Castalia is the first asteroid directly imaged by radar from Arecibo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/13", "description": " A hot air balloon accident near Alice Springs, Australia kills 13.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/13", "description": "P. W. Botha resigns as President of South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/13", "description": "The Sega Genesis is released in North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/15", "description": " F. W. de Klerk becomes the seventh and last State President of apartheid South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/16", "description": "August 17 ampndash Woodstock '89 festival.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/18", "description": " Leading presidential hopeful Luis Carlos Gal\u00e1n is assassinated near Bogot\u00e1 in Colombia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/18", "description": "Polish president Wojciech Jaruzelski nominates Solidarity activist Tadeusz Mazowiecki to be Prime Minister, the first non-communist in power in 42 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/18", "description": "The Pan-European Picnic, a peace demonstration held on the Austrian-Hungarian border.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/18", "description": "August 19\u201321 ampampndash In response to the murder of a judge, a provincial police chief, and presidential candidate Gal\u00e1n, the authorities of Colombia arrest 11,000 suspected Colombian drug traffickers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/18", "description": "In Beverly Hills, California, Lyle and Erik Menendez shoot their wealthy parents to death in the family's den.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/18", "description": "Fifty-one people die when the Marchioness pleasure boat collides with a barge on the River Thames adjacent to Southwark Bridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/18", "description": "Two million indigenous people of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, then still occupied by the Soviet Union, join hands to demand freedom and independence, forming an uninterrupted 600ampampnbspkm human chain called the Baltic Way.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/18", "description": "Hungary removes border restrictions with Austria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/18", "description": "All of Australia's 1,645 domestic airline pilots resign over an airline's move to sack and sue them over a dispute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/23", "description": " Yusef Hawkins is shot in the Bensonhurst section of Brooklyn, New York, sparking racial tensions between African Americans and Italian Americans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/23", "description": "Colombia's cocaine traffickers declare ampquottotal and absolute warampquot against the government and begin a series of bombings and arson attacks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/23", "description": "''Voyager 2'' makes its closest approach to Neptune.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/23", "description": "Record-setting baseball player Pete Rose agrees to a lifetime ban from the sport following allegations of illegal gambling, thereby preventing his induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/23", "description": "Indonesia's first privately owned television station, Rajawali Citra Televisi Indonesia, (RCTI) begins broadcasting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/25", "description": " Voyager 2 passes the planet Neptune and its moon Triton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/08/31", "description": " In the aftermath of the Chadian\u2013Libyan conflict of 1978-87, representatives of Libya and Chad agreed to let the International Court of Justice determine ownership of the Aouzou Strip, which had been occupied by Libya since 1973.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/09/05", "description": " U.S. President George H. W. Bush holds up a bag of cocaine purchased across the street at Lafayette Park, in his first televised speech to the nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/09/05", "description": "South African general election, 1989: the last held under apartheid returns the National Party to power with a much-reduced majority.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/09/05", "description": "In the Dutch general election, the Christian Democratic Appeal, led by Ruud Lubbers wins 54 seats, and is ultimately able to form a government on November 7 after entering into coalition with the Labour Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/09/05", "description": "England holds Sweden to a 0\u20130 draw in Sweden, qualifying for the 1990 FIFA World Cup. The game becomes famous after Terry Butcher sustains a deep cut to his forehead early in the game. He receives stitches but plays on the entire game. By the end of the game, the front of Butcher's white shirt and shorts are almost entirely covered in blood.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/09/07", "description": " Representatives of the government of Ethiopia and Eritrean separatists meet in Atlanta with former U.S. President Jimmy Carter attempting to broker a peace settlement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/09/10", "description": " The Hungarian government opens the country's western borders to refugees from the German Democratic Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/09/10", "description": "September 10\u201311 ampampndash Norway's ruling Labour Party loses eight seats in the parliamentary elections, its worst showing since 1945.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/09/14", "description": " An agreement of cooperation between Leningrad oblast (Russia) and Nordland County (Norway) is signed in Leningrad, by chairmen Lev Kojkolainen and Sigbj\u00f8rn Eriksen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/09/14", "description": "September 17\u201322 ampampndash Hurricane Hugo devastates the Caribbean and the southeastern United States, causing at least 71 deaths and $8 billion in damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/09/14", "description": "The Catholic Church calls for removal of the Carmelite convent located near the former Auschwitz concentration camp, whose presence had offended some Jewish leaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/09/14", "description": "Explosion of UTA Flight 772 over Niger, killing all 171 people on board.  The Islamic Jihad Organization claims responsibility.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/09/20", "description": " F. W. de Klerk is sworn in as the seventh and last State President of apartheid South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/09/22", "description": " 1989 Deal barracks bombing: An IRA bomb explodes at the Royal Marine School of Music in Deal, Kent, United Kingdom, leaving 11 dead and 22 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/09/23", "description": " A cease-fire in the Lebanese Civil War stops the violence that had killed 900 people since March.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/09/26", "description": " Vietnam announces that it has withdrawn the last of its troops from the State of Cambodia, ending an 11-year occupation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/09/30", "description": " Nearly 7,000 East Germans who had come to Prague on special refugee trains are allowed to leave for the West.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/10/03", "description": " President of Panama Manuel Noriega foils a plot by junior officers to overthrow him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/10/05", "description": " The Dalai Lama wins the Nobel Peace Prize.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/10/07", "description": " The communist Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party votes to reorganize itself as a socialist party, to be named the Hungarian Socialist Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/10/07", "description": "An official news agency in the Soviet Union reports the landing of a UFO in Voronezh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/10/07", "description": "In Leipzig, East Germany, protesters demand the legalization of opposition groups and democratic reforms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/10/07", "description": "Friday the 13th mini-crash: The Dow Jones Industrial Average plunges 190.58 points, or 6.91 percent, to close at 2,569.26, most likely after the junk bond market collapses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/10/07", "description": "Gro Harlem Brundtland, leader of the Labour Party, resigns as Prime Minister of Norway.  She is succeeded by Jan P. Syse, leader of the Conservative Party on October 16.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/10/17", "description": " The Loma Prieta earthquake, measuring 7.1 on the Richter scale, strikes the San Francisco\u2013Oakland region of Northern California, killing 67 people and delaying the 1989 World Series for ten days", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/10/17", "description": "The Communist leader of East Germany, Erich Honecker, is forced to step down as leader of the country after a series of health problems, and is succeeded by Egon Krenz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/10/17", "description": "The National Assembly of Hungary votes to restore multiparty democracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/10/17", "description": "The Guildford Four are freed after 14 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/10/17", "description": "The Wonders of Life pavilion opens at Epcot in Walt Disney World, Florida.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/10/21", "description": " The Heads of Government of the Commonwealth of Nations issue the Langkawi Declaration on the Environment, making environmental sustainability one of the Commonwealth's main priorities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/10/21", "description": "The Hungarian Republic is officially declared by president M\u00e1ty\u00e1s Sz\u0171r\u00f6s (replacing the Hungarian People's Republic).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/10/21", "description": "The Phillips Disaster in Pasadena, Texas kills 23 and injures 314 others.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/10/31", "description": " The Grand National Assembly of Turkey elects Prime Minister Turgut \u00d6zal as the eighth President of Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/01", "description": " President of Nicaragua ends a cease-fire with U.S.-backed ''contras'' that had been in effect since April 1988.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/02", "description": " North Dakota and South Dakota celebrate their 100th Birthdays.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/04", "description": " Typhoon Gay devastates Thailand's Chumphon Province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/06", "description": " Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/06", "description": "Douglas Wilder wins the Virginia governor's race, becoming the first elected African American governor in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/06", "description": "David Dinkins becomes the first African American mayor of New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/06", "description": "Cold War: The Communist government of East Germany resigns, although SED leader Egon Krenz remains head of state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/06", "description": "Cold War: G\u00fcnter Schabowski accidentally states in live broadcast press conference that new rules for traveling from East Germany to West Germany will be put in effect ampquotimmediatelyampquot. East Germany opens checkpoints in the Berlin Wall, allowing its citizens to travel freely to West Germany for the first time in decades (November 17 celebrates Germans began tearing the wall down).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/06", "description": "Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Akbulut, of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (47th government).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/06", "description": "After 45 years of Communist rule in Bulgaria, Bulgarian Communist Party leader Todor Zhivkov is replaced by Foreign Minister Petar Mladenov, who changes the party's name to the Bulgarian Socialist Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/06", "description": "Gaby Kennard becomes the first Australian woman to fly non-stop around the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/06", "description": "CKO (a Canadian national all-news radio network) suddenly terminates all broadcasting during the newscast at noon (Eastern time), due to financial losses (the station began broadcasting on July 1, 1977).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/11", "description": " Louie Espinoza inaugurated as WBO World Featherweight Champion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/12", "description": " Brazil holds its first free presidential election since 1960. This marks the first time that all Ibero-American nations, excepting Cuba, have elected constitutional governments simultaneously.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/15", "description": " Lech Walesa, leader of Poland's Solidarity movement, addresses a Joint session of the United States Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/15", "description": "Six Jesuit priests\u2014among them Ignacio Ellacur\u00eda, Segundo Montes, and Ignacio Mart\u00edn-Bar\u00f3\u2014their housekeeper, and her teenage daughter, are murdered by U.S. trained Salvadoran soldiers. For more information see Murdered scholars of UCA", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/15", "description": "South African President F.W. de Klerk announces the scrapping of the Separate Amenities Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/15", "description": "UNESCO adopts the Seville Statement on Violence at the 25th session of its General Conference.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/17", "description": " Cold War ampndash Velvet Revolution: A peaceful student demonstration in Prague, Czechoslovakia is severely beaten back by riot police. This sparks a revolution aimed at overthrowing the Communist government (it succeeds on December 29).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/20", "description": " Cold War ampndash Velvet Revolution: The number of peaceful protesters assembled in Prague, Czechoslovakia swells from 200,000 the day before to an estimated half-million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/21", "description": " The Members of the Constituent Assembly of Namibia begin to draft the Constitution of Namibia, which will be the constitution of the newly independent Namibia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/22", "description": " In West Beirut, a bomb explodes near the motorcade of Lebanese President Rene Moawad and kills him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/24", "description": " Following a week of demonstrations demanding free elections and other reforms, General Secretary Milo\u0161 Jake\u0161 and other leaders of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia resign.  Jake\u0161 is replaced by Karel Urb\u00e1nek.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/28", "description": " Cold War ampndash Velvet Revolution: The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announces they will give up their monopoly on political power (elections held in December bring the first non-communist government to Czechoslovakia in more than 40 years).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/30", "description": " Deutsche Bank board member Alfred Herrhausen is killed by a bomb (the Red Army Faction claims responsibility for the murder).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/30", "description": "In a meeting with Pope John Paul II, President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev pledges greater religious freedom for citizens of the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/30", "description": "Cold War: East Germany's parliament abolishes the constitutional provision granting the Communist-dominated SED its monopoly on power. Egon Krenz, the Politburo and the Central Committee resign 2 days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/30", "description": "A military coup attempt begins in the Philippines against the government of   Philippine President Corazon C. Aquino, ending by December 9.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/30", "description": "The ''Solar Maximum Mission'' research satellite, launched in 1980, crashes back to earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/30", "description": "V. P. Singh takes office as Prime Minister of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/30", "description": "In the Republic of China legislative election, the Kuomintang suffers its worst election setback in 40 years in power, winning only 53% of the popular vote.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/30", "description": "The entire leadership of the East German Communist Party, including its General Secretary, Egon Krenz resigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/11/30", "description": "Cold War: In a meeting off the coast of Malta, U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev release statements indicating that the Cold War between their nations may be coming to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/04", "description": " Prime Minister of Jordan Zaid ibn Shaker resigns and is replaced by Mudar Badran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/04", "description": "Egon Krenz resigns as Chairman of the State Council of the German Democratic Republic, and is replaced by Manfred Gerlach, the first non-Communist to hold that post.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/04", "description": "\u00c9cole Polytechnique Massacre (or Montreal Massacre): Marc L\u00e9pine, an anti-feminist gunman, murders 14 young women at the \u00c9cole Polytechnique in Montreal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/04", "description": "Ladislav Adamec resigns as Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia.  He is succeeded by Mari\u00e1n \u010calfa on December 10.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/04", "description": "The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic becomes the first of the republics of the Soviet Union to abolish the Communist Party's monopoly on power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/09", "description": " The East German Communist Party elects the reformist Gregor Gysi as party leader.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/09", "description": "President of Czechoslovakia Gust\u00e1v Hus\u00e1k swears in a new cabinet with a non-Communist and then immediately resigns as president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/09", "description": "Tsakhiagiyn Elbegdorj announces the establishment of Mongolia's democratic movement, that peacefully changes the second oldest communist country into a democratic society.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/11", "description": " The International Trans-Antarctica Expedition, a group of six explorers from six nations, reaches the South Pole.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/14", "description": " Chile holds its first free election in 16 years, electing Patricio Aylwin as president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/15", "description": " Drug baron Jos\u00e9 Gonzalo Rodr\u00edguez Gacha is killed by Colombian police.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/15", "description": "The Romanian Revolution begins in Timi\u015foara when rioters break into the Committee Building and cause extensive vandalism. Their attempts to set the buildings on fire are foiled by military units.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/15", "description": "Brazil holds the second round of its first free election in 29 years Fernando Collor de Mello wins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/15", "description": "The first full-length episode of ''The Simpsons'', ampquotSimpsons Roasting on an Open Fireampquot, is shown on Fox.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/19", "description": " Workers in Romanian cities go on strike in protest against the communist regime.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/20", "description": " ''Operation Just Cause'' is launched in an attempt to overthrow Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega.thumb|200px|the Barrio El Chorrillo in fire, the morning of the United States invasion of Panama|USA invasion to Panama", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/21", "description": " Nicolae Ceausescu addresses an assembly of some 110,000 people outside the Romanian Communist Party HQ in Bucharest. The crowd begin to protest against Ceausescu and he orders in the army to attack the protesters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/21", "description": "After a week of bloody demonstrations, Ion Iliescu takes over as president of Romania, ending the communist dictatorship of Nicolae Ceau\u015fescu, who flees his palace in a helicopter to escape inevitable execution after the palace was invaded by rioters. The Romanian troops, who the day before had followed Ceausescu's orders to attack the demonstrators, change sides and join the uprising.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/21", "description": "Two tourist coaches collide on the Pacific highway north of Kempsey, Australia, killing 35.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/23", "description": " Nicolae and Elena Ceau\u015fescu are captured in T\u00e2rgovi\u0219te.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/23", "description": "Romanian leader Nicolae Ceau\u015fescu and his wife Elena are executed by military troops after being found guilty of crimes against humanity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/23", "description": "Bank of Japan governors announce a major interest rate hike, eventually leading to the peak and fall of the ''bubble economy''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/28", "description": " A magnitude 5.6 earthquake hits Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, killing 13 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/28", "description": "V\u00e1clav Havel is elected president of Czechoslovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/28", "description": "Riots break out after Hong Kong decides to forcibly repatriate Vietnamese refugees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/28", "description": "Nikkei 225 for Tokyo Stock Exchange hits its all-time intra-day high of 38,957.44 and closing high at 38,915.87.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/28", "description": "Alan Bond's Bond Corporation goes into receivership with the largest debt in Australian history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/28", "description": "Homosexual acts between consenting adults are decriminalized in Western Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/28", "description": "Kamchatka opens to Russian civilian visitors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/28", "description": "The Alize propeller-driven anti-submarine planes are retired from active carrier service in the French Navy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/28", "description": "The first national park in the Netherlands is established in Schiermonnikoog.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/28", "description": "Ebenezer Floppen Slopper's Wonderful Water slides in Oakbrook Terrace, Illinois closes down after an incident on one of the slides.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/28", "description": "Soviet submarine K-173 (''Chelyabinsk'') is commissioned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/28", "description": "The wreck of the ''Lady Elgin'' is discovered off Highland Park, Illinois by Harry Zych.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/28", "description": "Richard C. Duncan introduces the Olduvai theory, about the collapse of the Industrial Civilization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/28", "description": "The NIOS board is established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development of the Government of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/28", "description": "The Museum of Jurassic Technology is founded in Culver City, California by David and Diana Wilson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/28", "description": "The last Golden Toad is seen, the species is now classified extinct.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/28", "description": "The Japan Fantasy Novel Award is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1989/12/28", "description": "The global concentration of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere reaches 350 ppm (parts per million) by volume.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/01", "description": "Glasgow begins its year as European City of Culture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/03", "description": "United States invasion of Panama: General Manuel Noriega, the deposed quotstrongman of Panamaquot, surrenders to American forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/04", "description": "Two trains collide in Sangi, Pakistan, killing between 200 and 300 people and injuring an estimated 700 others.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/07", "description": "The Leaning Tower of Pisa is closed to the public because of safety concerns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/09", "description": "Ugandan Lt. Gen. Bazilio Olara-Okello, who led a coup against Dr. Apolo Milton Obote's government, dies in Ormduruman Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/10", "description": "Time Warner is formed from the merger of Time Inc. and Warner Communications Inc.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/11", "description": "Cold War: In Lithuania, 300,000 demonstrate for independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/11", "description": "The National Assembly of Bulgaria votes to end one party rule by the Bulgarian Communist Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/11", "description": "Thousands storm the Stasi headquarters in East Berlin in an attempt to view their government records.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/11", "description": "Martin Luther King Day Crash - Telephone service in Atlanta, St. Louis, and Detroit, including 9-1-1 service, goes down for nine hours, due to an ATampampT software bug.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/11", "description": "Cold War: Soviet troops occupy Baku, Azerbaijan, under the state of emergency decree issued by Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev and kill over 130 and wound over 700 protesters for national independence.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.eurasianet.org\/departments\/rights\/articles\/pp021603.shtml\">http:\/\/www.eurasianet.org\/departments\/rights\/articles\/pp021603.shtml<\/a> EurasiaNet Human Rights \u2013 Notes from Baku: Black Januaryampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/11", "description": "Clashes break out between Indian troops and Muslim separatists in Kashmir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/11", "description": "The government of Haiti declares a state of siege, under which it suspends civil liberties, imposes censorship, and arrests political opponents.  The state of siege is lifted on January 29.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/11", "description": "The League of Communists of Yugoslavia votes to give up its monopoly on power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/11", "description": "Robert Tappan Morris, Jr. is convicted of releasing the Morris worm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/11", "description": "Avianca Flight 52 crashes into Cove Neck, Long Island, after a miscommunication between the flight crew and JFK Airport officials, killing 73 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/11", "description": "Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto gives birth to a girl, becoming the first modern head of government to bear a child while in office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/11", "description": "Pope John Paul II begins an eight-day tour of Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Chad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/25", "description": "26 \u2013 The Burns' Day storm kills 97 in northwestern Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/27", "description": "The city of Tiraspol in the Moldavian SSR briefly declares independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/28", "description": " The Polish United Workers' Party votes to dissolve itself and reorganize itself as the Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/28", "description": "The trial of Joseph Hazelwood, former skipper of the Exxon ''Valdez'', begins in Anchorage, Alaska. He is accused of negligence that resulted in America's second worst oil spill to date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/28", "description": "In Holmdel, New Jersey, scientists at Bell Labs announce they have created a digital optical processor  that could lead to the development of superfast computers that use pulses of light rather than electric currents to make calculations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/28", "description": "The first McDonald's in Moscow, Russia opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/01/28", "description": "President of the United States George H. W. Bush gives his first State of the Union address and proposes that the U.S. and the Soviet Union make deep cuts to their military forces in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/02", "description": "Apartheid: In South Africa, President F.W. de Klerk allows the African National Congress to legally function again and promises to free Nelson Mandela.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/05", "description": "Manuel Fraga becomes the president of Galicia, Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/05", "description": "The Communist Party of the Soviet Union votes to end its monopoly of power, clearing the way for multiparty elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/05", "description": "In the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic, rioting breaks out against the settlement of Armenian refugees there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/10", "description": "President of South Africa F.W. de Klerk announces that Nelson Mandela will be released the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/11", "description": "Nelson Mandela is released from Victor Verster Prison, near Cape Town, South Africa, after 27 years behind bars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/12", "description": "Represenatatives of NATO and the Warsaw Pact meet in Ottawa for an quotOpen Skiesquot conference.  The conference results in agreements about superpower troop levels in Europe and on German reunification.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/12", "description": "German reunification: An agreement is reached for a two-stage plan to reunite Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/12", "description": "Drexel Burnham Lambert files for bankruptcy protection, Chapter 11.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/14", "description": "The Pale Blue Dot picture was sent back from the Voyager 1 probe after completing its primary mission. It was around 3.5 billion miles away from earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/14", "description": "The United Kingdom and Argentina restore diplomatic relations after 8 years. The UK had severed ties in response to Argentina's invasion of the Falkland Islands, a British Dependent Territory, in 1982.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/14", "description": "In Cartagena, Colombia, a summit is held between President of the United States George H. W. Bush, President of Bolivia Jaime Paz Zamora, President of Colombia Virgilio Barco Vargas, and President of Peru Alan Garc\u00eda.  The leaders pledge additional cooperation in fighting international drug trafficking.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/18", "description": "In the Japanese general election, the Liberal Democratic Party wins a large majority in the House of Representatives of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/24", "description": " The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic holds the first democratic election in the history of the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/24", "description": "The Sandinistas are defeated in the Nicaraguan elections, with Violeta Chamorro elected as the new president of Nicaragua, replacing Daniel Ortega.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/24", "description": "The USSR agrees to withdraw all 73,500 troops from Czechoslovakia by July, 1991.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/27", "description": "Exxon ''Valdez'' oil spill: Exxon and its shipping company are indicted on 5 criminal counts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/28", "description": "President of Nicaragua Daniel Ortega announces a cease-fire with the U.S.-backed ''contras''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/28", "description": "A fire at the Sheraton Hotel in Cairo, Egypt, kills 16 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/28", "description": "Steve Jackson Games is raided by the U.S. Secret Service, prompting the later formation of the Electronic Frontier Foundation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/02/28", "description": "The Royal New Zealand Navy discontinues its daily rum ration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/03", "description": " The International Trans-Antarctica Expedition, a group of six explorer for six nations, completes the first dog sled crossing of Antarctica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/06", "description": "An SR-71 sets a U.S. transcontinental speed record of 1 hour 8ampnbspminutes 17ampnbspseconds, on what is publicized as its last official flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/06", "description": "Police seal off Brixton in South London after another night of protests against the poll tax.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/06", "description": "Newfoundland Premier Clyde Wells confirms he will rescind Newfoundland's approval of the Meech Lake Accord.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/10", "description": "Eighteen months after seizing power in a coup, Prosper Avril is ousted in Haiti.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/10", "description": "Cold War: Lithuania declares independence from the Soviet Union with the Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/12", "description": " Cold War: Soviet soldiers begin leaving Hungary under terms of an agreement to withdraw all Soviet troops by June 1.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/12", "description": "Patricio Aylwin is sworn in as the first democratically elected Chilean president since 1970.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/13", "description": " The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union approves changes to the Constitution of the Soviet Union to create a strong U.S.-style presidency.  Mikhail Gorbachev is elected to a five-year term as the first-ever President of the Soviet Union on March 15.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/13", "description": "Iraq hangs British journalist Farzad Bazoft for spying. Daphne Parish, a British nurse, is sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment as an accomplice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/13", "description": "Mikhail Gorbachev is elected as the first executive president of the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/13", "description": "Cold War: The Soviet Union announces that Lithuania's declaration of independence is invalid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/13", "description": "Fernando Collor de Mello takes office as President of Brazil, Brazil's first democratically elected president since 1961.  The next day he announces a currency freeze and freezes large bank accounts for 18 months.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/13", "description": "Twelve paintings, collectively worth $100 to $300 million, are stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, Massachusetts by 2 thieves posing as police officers. This is the largest art theft in US history, and the paintings ({{As of|2011|lc=on}}) have not been recovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/13", "description": "Cold War: East Germany holds its first free elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/20", "description": "Ferdinand Marcos's widow, Imelda Marcos, goes on trial for bribery, embezzlement,  and racketeering.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/21", "description": "After 75 years of South African rule, Namibia becomes independent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/24", "description": " In the Australian federal election, the Australian Labor Party, led by Prime Minister of Australia Bob Hawke, clings to power with a reduced majority.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/24", "description": "In New York City, a fire due to arson at an illegal social club called ampquotHappy Landampquot kills 87.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/24", "description": "Archbishop of Canterbury Robert Runcie announces his intention to retire at the end of the year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/24", "description": "In the Hungarian parliamentary election, Hungary's first multiparty election since 1948, the Hungarian Democratic Forum wins the most seats.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/26", "description": "The 62nd Academy Awards, hosted by Billy Crystal, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California, with ''Driving Miss Daisy'' winning Best Picture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/27", "description": "The United States begins broadcasting TV Mart\u00ed to Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/28", "description": "U.S. President George H. W. Bush posthumously awards Jesse Owens the Congressional Gold Medal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/30", "description": "Cold War: After its first free elections during the Soviet era on March 18, Estonia declares Soviet rule to have been illegal since 1940.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/31", "description": "quotThe Second Battle of Trafalgarquot: A massive anti-poll tax demonstration in Trafalgar Square, London, turns into a riot 471 people are injured, and 341 arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/31", "description": "The Community Charge (poll tax) takes effect in England and Wales amid widespread protests", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/31", "description": "Strangeways Prison riot: The longest prison riot in Britain's history begins at Strangeways Prison in Manchester, and continues for 3 weeks and 3 days, until April 25.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/03/31", "description": "The Ultimate Warrior defeats Hulk Hogan to win the WWF Championship in a Title for Title, winner takes all match at WrestleMania VI in front of nearly 68,000 at the SkyDome in Toronto, Ontario", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/04/06", "description": "Robert Mapplethorpe's quotThe Perfect Momentquot show of nude and homoerotic photographs opens at the Cincinnati Contemporary Arts Center, in spite of accusations of indecency by Citizens for Community Values.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/04/06", "description": "Iran Contra Affair: John Poindexter is found guilty of 5 charges for his part in the scandal the convictions are later reversed on appeal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/04/06", "description": "''Scandinavian Star'', a Bahamas-registered ferry, catches fire en route from Norway to Denmark, leaving 158 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/04/06", "description": "In Nepal, Gyanendra of Nepal lifts a ban on political parties following violent protests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/04/06", "description": "In the Greek legislative election, the conservative New Democracy wins the most seats in the Hellenic Parliament its leader, Konstantinos Mitsotakis, becomes Prime Minister of Greece on April 11.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/04/06", "description": "In the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Socialist Republic of Slovenia holds Yugoslavia's first multiparty election since 1938.  After the election, a center-right coalition led by Lojze Peterle forms Yugoslavia's first non-Communist government since 1945.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/04/09", "description": " Comet Austin, the brightest comet visible from Earth since 1975, makes its closest approach to the sun.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/04/12", "description": " Lothar de Maizi\u00e8re becomes prime minister of East Germany, heading a conservative coalition that favors German reunification.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/04/13", "description": "Cold War: The Soviet Union apologizes for the Katyn Massacre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/04/15", "description": "Food poisoning kills 450 guests at an engagement party in Uttar Pradesh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/04/15", "description": "Lebanon hostage crisis: Lebanese kidnappers release American educator Robert Polhill, who had been held hostage since January 1987.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/04/15", "description": "Earth Day 20 is celebrated by millions worldwide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/04/15", "description": "Cold War: West Germany and East Germany agree to merge currency and economies on July 1.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/04/15", "description": "''STS-31'': The Hubble Space Telescope is launched aboard Space Shuttle ''Discovery''.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/shuttle\/shuttlemissions\/archives\/sts-31.htmlampamp\">http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/shuttle\/shuttlemissions\/archives\/sts-31.htmlampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/04/15", "description": "President of Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko lifts a 20-year ban on opposition parties.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/04/25", "description": "Violeta Chamorro is elected President of Nicaragua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/04/30", "description": " Lebanon hostage crisis: Lebanese kidnappers release American educator Frank H. Reed, who had been held hostage since September 1986.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/01", "description": "The former Episcopal Church in the Philippines (supervised by the Episcopal Church of the United States of America) is granted full autonomy and raised to the states of an Autocephalous Anglican Province and renamed the Episcopal Church of the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/02", "description": "In London, a man brandishing a knife robs a courier of bearer bonds worth \u00a3292 million (the largest mugging to date).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/02", "description": "May 2\u20134 \u2013 First talks between the government of South Africa and the African National Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/04", "description": "Cold War: Latvia declares independence from the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/04", "description": "May 6\u201313 \u2013 Pope John Paul II visits Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/04", "description": "Cold War: Estonia restores the formal name of the country, the Republic of Estonia, as well as the state emblems (the coat of arms, the flag and the anthem).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/04", "description": "Rafael \u00c1ngel Calder\u00f3n Fournier assumes office as President of Costa Rica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/09", "description": " In South Korea, police battle antigovernment protestors in Seoul and two other cities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/13", "description": "In the Philippines, gunmen kill two United States Air Force airmen near Clark Air Base on the eve of talks between the Philippines and the United States over the future of American military bases in the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/15", "description": "''Portrait of Doctor Gachet'' by Vincent van Gogh is sold for a record $82.5 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/17", "description": "The World Health Organization removes homosexuality from its list of diseases.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/18", "description": " German reunification: East Germany and West Germany sign a treaty to emerge their economic and social systems, effective July 1.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/19", "description": " The US and the USSR agree to end production of chemical weapons and to destroy most of their stockpiles of chemical weapons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/19", "description": "Cold War: The first post-Communist presidential and parliamentary elections are held in Romania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/19", "description": "An Israeli gunman kills 7 Palestinians, leading to bloody riots in the Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip and West Bank.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/21", "description": "In Kashmir, a Kashmiri Islamic leader is assassinated and Indian security forces open fire on mourners carrying his body, killing at least 47 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/21", "description": "Cold War: The leaders of the Yemen Arab Republic and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen announce the unification of their countries as the Republic of Yemen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/21", "description": "Microsoft releases Windows 3.0.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/21", "description": "In the Burmese general election, Burma's first multiparty election in 30 years, the National League for Democracy led by Aung San Suu Kyi wins in a landslide, but the State Law and Order Restoration Council nullifies the election results.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/21", "description": "In the Colombian presidential election, C\u00e9sar Gaviria is elected President of Colombia he takes office on August 7.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/21", "description": "Mikhail Gorbachev arrives in Ottawa for a 29-hour visit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/21", "description": "Boris Yeltsin is elected as the first ever elected president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/21", "description": "European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/30", "description": "George H. W. Bush and Mikhail Gorbachev begin a four-day summit meeting in Washington, D.C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/30", "description": "Cold War: U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev sign a treaty to end chemical weapon production and begin destroying their respective stocks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/30", "description": "Members of the Provisional Irish Republican Army shoot and kill Major Michael Dillon-Lee and Private William Robert Davies of the British Army. Dillon-Lee is killed outside his home in Dortmund, Germany and Davies is killed at a railway station in Lichfield, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/30", "description": "The Lower Ohio Valley tornado outbreak spawns 88 confirmed tornadoes in Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio, killing 12 37 tornadoes occur in Indiana, eclipsing the previous record of 21 during the Super Outbreak of April 1974.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/05/30", "description": "Namibia recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/06/04", "description": " Violence breaks out in the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic between the majority Kyrgyz people and minority Uzbeks over the distribution of homestead land.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/06/07", "description": "Metropolitan Alexy of Leningrad is elected Russian Orthodox Patriarch of Moscow and all the Rus'.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/06/07", "description": "The 1990 FIFA World Cup begins in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/06/07", "description": "Prime Minister of Israel Yitzhak Shamir ends 88 days with only an acting government by formining a coalition of right-wing and religious parties led by Shamir's Likud party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/06/07", "description": "June 8\u20139 ampampndash In the Czechoslovakian parliamentary election, Czechoslovakia's first free election since 1946, the Civic Forum wins the most seats but fails to secure a majority.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/06/09", "description": " ''Mega Borg'' oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico near Galveston, Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/06/09", "description": "Alberto Fujimori is elected President of Peru he takes office on July 28.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/06/09", "description": "First round of the Bulgarian Constitutional Assembly election sees the Bulgarian Socialist Party win a majority.  The second round of voting is held June 17.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/06/09", "description": "Cold War: The parliament of the Russian Federation formally declares its sovereignty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/06/09", "description": "In the Algerian local election, Algeria's first multiparty election since 1962, the Islamic Salvation Front wins control of more than half of municipalities and 32 of Algeria's 48 provinces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/06/13", "description": "June 1990 Mineriad: Fighting breaks out in Romania in the aftermath of the Romanian Revolution of 1989, between the supporters of Nicolae Ceau\u015fescu and the Communist regime, and those of the new regime.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/06/13", "description": "June 17\u201330 ampampndash Nelson Mandela tours North America, visiting 3 Canadian and 8 U.S. cities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/06/21", "description": "An earthquake measuring 7.3 on the Richter Scale kills thousands in the Iranian city of Manjil.{{Cite news | title = Iranian Town, Once a Jewel, Lies Entombed | newspaper = The New York Times | pages = A6 | year = 1990 | date = June 25 | postscript = }}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/06/22", "description": "Underwater volcano Mount Didicas erupts in the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/06/24", "description": "Kathleen Young and Irene Templeton are ordained as priests in St Anne's Cathedral, Belfast, becoming the first female Anglican priests in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/01", "description": " German reunification: East Germany and West Germany merge their economies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/01", "description": "A stampede in a pedestrian tunnel leading to Mecca kills 1,426.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/01", "description": "A U.S. District Court acquits Imelda Marcos on racketeering and fraud charges.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/05", "description": " In Kenya, riots erupt against the Kenya African National Union's monopoly on power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/05", "description": "President of Bulgaria Petar Mladenov resigns over charges he order tanks to disperse antigovernment protests in December 1989.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/05", "description": "Somali president Siad Barre's bodyguards massacre antigovernment demonstrators during a soccer match 65 people are killed, more than 300 seriously injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/05", "description": "July 7\u20138 ampampndash Martina Navratilova of the United States wins the 1990 Wimbledon Championships \u2013 Women's Singles and Stefan Edberg of Sweden wins the 1990 Wimbledon Championships \u2013 Men's Singles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/08", "description": "West Germany defeats Argentina 1\u20130 to win the 1990 FIFA World Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/08", "description": "July 9\u201311 ampampndash The 16th G7 summit is held in Houston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/11", "description": "Terrorist act in Azerbaijan. Armenian terrorists blow up passenger bus moving from Kelbecer to Tartar. 14 people are killed, 35 were wounded.ref name=quotsupremecourt.gov.azquot<a href=\"http:\/\/www.supremecourt.gov.az\/?mod=2ampcat=305ampc=1ampid=142amplang=enampt=g\">http:\/\/www.supremecourt.gov.az\/?mod=2ampcat=305ampc=1ampid=142amplang=enampt=g<\/a> Terrorist and Sabotage Acts Committed in the Territory of Azerbaijan", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/11", "description": "President of Nicaragua Violeta Chamorro agrees to wage hikes and other concessions to end a pro-Sandanista strike begun on July 2.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/15", "description": "Tamil Tigers kill 168 Muslims in Colombo, Sri Lanka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/16", "description": "An earthquake measuring 7.7 on the Richter Scale kills more than 1,600 in the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/22", "description": " First round of the Mongolian legislative election, the first multiparty ever held in Mongolia the Mongolian People's Party wins by a wide margin after the second round of voting on July 29.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/22", "description": "George Carey, Bishop of Bath and Wells, is named as the new Archbishop of Canterbury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/22", "description": "The Serbian Democratic Party declares the sovereignty of the Serbs in Croatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/26", "description": "U.S. President George H. W. Bush signs the Americans with Disabilities Act, designed to protect disabled Americans from discrimination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/26", "description": "The parliament building and a government television house in Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago are stormed by the Jamaat al Muslimeen in a coup d'\u00e9tat attempt which lasts 5 days. Approximately 26 to 30 people are killed and several wounded (including then Prime Minister, A. N. R. Robinson, who is shot in the leg).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/26", "description": "Cold War: Belarus declares its sovereignty, a key step toward independence from the USSR.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/28", "description": "Albert Fujimori becomes president of Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/07/30", "description": "A Provisional Irish Republican Army car bomb kills former British politician and former Member of Parliament Ian Gow outside his home in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/01", "description": " The National Assembly of Bulgaria elects Zhelyu Zhelev as the first non-Communist President of Bulgaria in 40 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/02", "description": "Gulf War: Iraq invades Kuwait, eventually leading to the Gulf War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/02", "description": "Gulf War: The United Nations Security Council orders a global trade embargo against Iraq in response to its invasion of Kuwait.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/02", "description": "President of Pakistan Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismisses Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto, accusing her of corruption and abuse of power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/02", "description": "The South African government and ANC begin talks on ending Apartheid in South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/02", "description": "U.S. President Bush orders U.S. combat planes and troops to Saudi Arabia to protect a possible attack by Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/02", "description": "Prime Minister of India V. P. Singh announces plan to reserve 49% of civil service jobs for lower-caste Hindus.  The plan triggers riots, leaving at least 70 dead by September.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/02", "description": "Iraq announces that it has formally annexed Kuwait.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/02", "description": "The government of Peru announces an austerity plan that results in huge increases in the price of food and gasoline.  the plan sets off days of rioting and a national stricke on August 21.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/02", "description": "Egypt, Syria, and 10 other Arab nations vote to send military forces to Saudi Arabia to discourage an invasion from Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/02", "description": "A passenger bus, moving by the route ampquotTbilisi-Agdamampquot is blown up, 20 people died and 30 were injured. Organizers of the crime, Armenians A. Avanesian and M. Tatevosian, were brought to criminal trial.ampref name=ampquotsupremecourt.gov.azampquot\/amp", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/02", "description": "In South Africa, fighting breaks out between the Xhosa people and the Zulu people more than 500 people are killed by the end of August.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/02", "description": "ampquotSueampquot, the best preserved ''Tyrannosaurus rex'' specimen ever found, is discovered near Faith, South Dakota.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/19", "description": "Leonard Bernstein conducts his final concert, ending with Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 7 performed by the Boston Symphony Orchestra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/21", "description": " Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone send peacekeepers to intervene in the First Liberian Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/22", "description": " U.S. President Bush calls up U.S. military reservists for service in the Persian Gulf Crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/23", "description": "East Germany and West Germany announce they will unite on October 3.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/date\/1990\/august\/23\">http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/date\/1990\/august\/23<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/23", "description": "Armenia declares its independence from the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/23", "description": "Northern Ireland writer Brian Keenan is released from Lebanon after being held hostage for nearly 5 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/26", "description": " In Sofia, protestors set fire to the headquarters of the governing Bulgarian Socialist Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/28", "description": "The Plainfield Tornado (F5 on the Fujita scale) strikes the towns of Plainfield, Crest Hill, and Joliet, Illinois, killing 29 people (the strongest tornado to date to strike the Chicago Metropolitan Area).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/30", "description": "Collapse of the Soviet Union: Azerbaijan declares independence from Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/08/30", "description": "September 1\u201310 ampampndash Pope John Paul II visits Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda, and C\u00f4te d'Ivoire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/09/02", "description": "Cold War: Transnistria declares its independence from the Moldavian SSR however, the declaration is not recognized by any government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/09/04", "description": " Geoffrey Palmer resigns as Prime Minister of New Zealand and is replaced by Mike Moore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/09/04", "description": "September 4\u20136 ampampndash Premier of North Korea Yon Hyong-muk meets with President of South Korea Roh Tae-woo, the highest level contact between leaders of the two Koreas since 1945.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/09/06", "description": " In Burma, the State Law and Order Restoration Council orders the arrest of Aung San Suu Kyi and five other political dissidents.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/09/06", "description": "U.S. President Bush and Soviet President Gorbachev meet in Helsinki to discuss the Persian Gulf crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/09/06", "description": "First Liberian Civil War: Liberian president Samuel Doe is captured by rebel leader Prince Johnson and killed in a filmed execution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/09/11", "description": "Gulf War: President George H. W. Bush delivers a nationally televised speech in which he threatens the use of force to remove Iraqi soldiers from Kuwait.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/09/11", "description": "Cold War: The two German states and the Four Powers sign the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany in Moscow, paving the way for German reunification.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/09/11", "description": "A judge in Australia orders the arrest of media tycoon Christopher Skase, former owner of the Seven Network, after he fails to give evidence in a liquidator's examination of failed shipbuilding company Lloyds Ships Holdings, an associate of Skase's Qintex Australia Ltd.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/articles.latimes.com\/keyword\/christopher-skase\">http:\/\/articles.latimes.com\/keyword\/christopher-skase<\/a> Articles from ''L.A.Times''ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/09/18", "description": "The International Olympic Committee awards the 1996 Summer Olympics to Atlanta, Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/09/19", "description": "The Provisional Irish Republican Army tries to assassinate Air Chief Marshal Sir Peter Terry at his home near Stafford, England.   Hit by at least 9 bullets, the former Governor of Gibraltar survives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/09/24", "description": " The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union grants Gorbachev special powers for 18 months to secure the Soviet Union's transition to a market economy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/09/29", "description": "Washington, D.C.'s National Cathedral is finished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/09/29", "description": "September 29\u201330 ampampndash The United Nations World Summit for Children draws more than 70 world leaders to United Nations Headquarters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/10/01", "description": " The rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front invades Rwanda from Uganda, marking the start of the Rwandan Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/10/03", "description": "Cold War: East Germany and West Germany reunify into a single Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/10/04", "description": " In the Philippines, rebel forces seize two military posts on the island of Mindanao, before surrendering on October 6.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/10/08", "description": "Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: In Jerusalem, Israeli police kill 17 Palestinians and wound over 100 near the Dome of the Rock mosque on the Temple Mount.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/10/13", "description": "Lebanese Civil War: Syrian military forces invade and occupy Mount Lebanon, ousting General Michel Aoun's government.  This effectively consolidates Syria's 14 year occupation of Lebanese soil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/10/14", "description": "Leonard Bernstein dies of a heart attack at his home in New York City at 72.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/10/14", "description": "Cold War: Soviet Union leader Mikhail Gorbachev is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to lessen Cold War tensions and reform his nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/10/14", "description": "South Africa ends segregation of libraries, trains, buses, toilets, swimming pools, and other public facilities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/10/20", "description": "Olga Nikolic was born.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/10/24", "description": " In the Pakistani general election, Prime Minister Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party loses power to a center-right coalition government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/10/24", "description": "Cold War: The Supreme Soviet of Kyrgyzstan chooses Askar Akayev as the republic's first president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/10/24", "description": "The New Zealand general election is won by the New Zealand National Party, and its leader, Jim Bolger, becomes prime minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/10/29", "description": " In Norway, the government headed by Prime Minister of Norway Jan P. Syse collapses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/01", "description": "Mary Robinson defeats odds-on favourite Brian Lenihan to become the first female President of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/03", "description": " Gro Harlem Brundtland assumes office as Prime Minister of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/05", "description": "Rabbi Meir Kahane, founder of the far-right Kach movement, is shot dead after a speech at a New York City hotel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/06", "description": " Nawaz Sharif is sworn in as Prime Minister of Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/07", "description": " Indian Prime Minister Singh resigns over losing a confidence vote in the Parliament of India, having lost the support of Hindus who want a Muslim mosque in Ayodhya torn down to build a Hindu temple.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/09", "description": " A new constitution comes into effect in the Kingdom of Nepal, establishing multiparty democracy and constitutional monarchy this is the culmination of the 1990 People's Movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/09", "description": "The Parliament of Singapore enacts the Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/10", "description": " Chandra Shekhar becomes Prime Minister of India as head of a minority government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/10", "description": "Akihito is enthroned as the 125th emperor of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/10", "description": "Tim Berners-Lee publishes a more formal proposal for the World Wide Web.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/Proposal\">http:\/\/www.w3.org\/Proposal<\/a> {{WebCite|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5J6iMja8s|date\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5J6iMja8s|date<\/a> =2006-09-23}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/13", "description": "In New Zealand, David Gray kills 13 people in what would become known as the Aramoana Massacre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/14", "description": "Germany and Poland sign a treaty confirming the border at the Oder-Neisse line.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/15", "description": "''STS-38'': Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'' is launched on a classified military mission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/17", "description": " Soviet Presiden Gorbachev proposes a radical restructuring of the Soviet government, including the creation of a Federal Council to be made up of the heads of the 15 Soviet republics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/17", "description": "November 19\u201321 ampampndash Leaders of Canada, the United States, and 32 European nations meet in Paris to formally mark the end of the Cold War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/17", "description": "Charter of Paris for a New Europe signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/17", "description": "Super Famicom released in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/22", "description": "Margaret Thatcher announces she will not contest the second ballot of the leadership election for the Conservative Party (UK).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/25", "description": "Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa and Stanis\u0142aw Tymi\u0144ski win the first round of the first presidential elections in Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/27", "description": "Women's suffrage was introduced in the last Swiss half canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/28", "description": " Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Kuan Yew resigns and is replaced by Goh Chok Tong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/28", "description": "Gulf War: The United Nations Security Council passes UN Security Council Resolution 678, authorizing military intervention in Iraq if that nation does not withdraw its forces from Kuwait and free all foreign hostages by Tuesday, January 15, 1991.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/28", "description": "Prime Minister of Bulgaria Andrey Lukanov and his government of former Communists resign under pressure from strikes and street protests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/28", "description": "Establishing the first land connection between the United Kingdom and the mainland of Europe, Channel Tunnel workers from the United Kingdom and France meet 40ampampnbspmetres beneath the English Channel seabed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/11/28", "description": "President of Chad Hiss\u00e8ne Habr\u00e9 is deposed by the Patriotic Salvation Movement and replaced as president by its leader Idriss D\u00e9by.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/12/02", "description": " The German federal election, the first election held since German reunification is won by Helmut Kohl, who becomes Chancellor of Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/12/02", "description": "At Detroit Metropolitan Airport, Northwest Airlines Flight 1482 (a McDonnell Douglas DC-9) collides with Northwest Airlines Flight 299 (a Boeing 727) on the runway, killing 8 passengers and 4 crewmembers on Flight 1482.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/12/02", "description": "Mary Robinson begins her term as President of Ireland, becoming the first female to hold this office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/12/04", "description": " President of Bangladesh Hussain Muhammad Ershad resigns he is replaced by Shahabuddin Ahmed, who becomes interim president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/12/04", "description": "Saddam Hussein releases the Western hostages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/12/04", "description": "President Hossain Mohammad Ershad of Bangladesh is forced to resign following massive protests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/12/04", "description": "In Brussels, trade talks break fail because of a dispute between the U.S. and the European Union over farm export subsidies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/12/04", "description": "The National Assembly of Bulgaria elects Dimitar Iliev Popov as Prime Minister of Bulgaria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/12/04", "description": "Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107 becomes President of Serbia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/12/04", "description": "Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa wins the 2nd round of Poland's first presidential election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/12/16", "description": "Jean-Bertrand Aristide is elected president of Haiti, ending 3 decades of military rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/12/20", "description": " Eduard Shevardnadze announces his resignation as Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/12/20", "description": "The first constitution of the Republic of Croatia is adopted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/12/20", "description": "The Marshall Islands and Federated States of Micronesia become independent, after the termination of their trusteeship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/12/23", "description": "In the Slovenian independence referendum, 88.5% of the overall electorate (94.8% of votes), with the turnout of 93.3%, supported independence of the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/12/24", "description": " Ramsewak Shankar is ousted as President of Suriname by a military coup .", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/12/25", "description": "Tim Berners-Lee creates the first webpage on the first web server.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/12/31", "description": "Russian Garry Kasparov holds his title by winning the World Chess Championship match against his countryman Anatoly Karpov.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1990/12/31", "description": "Homosexual acts between consenting adults are decriminalized in Queensland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/02", "description": " In eastern El Salvador, Salvadoran rebels shot down a United States Army helicopter and executed the two surviving members of its three-man crew.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/04", "description": " The United Nations Security Council votes unanimously to condemn Israel's treatment of the Palestinians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/05", "description": " Georgian troops attack Tskhinvali, the capital of South Ossetia, opening the 1991\u20131992 South Ossetia War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/06", "description": " The runoff for the Guatemalan presidential election is won by Jorge Serrano El\u00edas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/07", "description": " In Haiti, an attempted coup by an associate of former dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier is thwarted by Loyalist troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/07", "description": "United States Secretary of State James Baker meets with the Foreign Minister of Iraq Tariq Aziz, but fails to produce a plan for Iraq to withdraw its troops from Kuwait.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/07", "description": "In Sebokeng, South Africa, gunmen fire on mourners attending the funeral of a leader of the African National Congress, killing 13 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/12", "description": " Gulf War: The Congress of the United States passes a resolution authorizing the use of military force to liberate Kuwait.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/12", "description": "Soviet forces storm Vilnius to stop Lithuanian independence. January Events (Lithuania).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/12", "description": "A fight and stampede at a pre-season exhibition match between South African football teams Kaizer Chiefs and Orlando Pirates in the town of Orkney near Johannesburg, South Africa leaves 42 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/12", "description": "The United Nations deadline for the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from occupied Kuwait expires, preparing the way for the start of Operation Desert Storm.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/12", "description": "Prime Minister of Cape Verde Pedro Pires resigns following his party's loss in the January 13 Cape Verdean parliamentary election, the first ever multiparty election in an African nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/12", "description": "U.S. serial killer Aileen Wuornos confesses to the murders of six men.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/12", "description": "Gulf War: Operation Desert Storm begins with air strikes against Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/12", "description": "Gulf War: Iraq fires eight Scud missiles into Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/12", "description": "Harald V of Norway becomes king on the death of his father, Olav V.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/12", "description": "The volcano Hekla erupts on Iceland", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/18", "description": " Eastern Air Lines shuts down after 62 years, citing financial problems.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/18", "description": "A SCUD attack on Tel Aviv injures 15 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/18", "description": "The Party of the Alliance of Youth, Workers and Farmers of Angola is founded in Luanda, Angola.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/21", "description": " Harald V formally takes the throne as King of Norway, succeeding his father, Olav V of Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/21", "description": "Three SCUDs and one Patriot missile hit Ramat Gan in Israel, injuring 96 people 3 elderly people die of heart attacks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/21", "description": "British Army SAS patrol, Bravo Two Zero is deployed in Iraq during the Gulf War. All but one of eight members are killed or captured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/24", "description": " The government of Papua New Guinea signs a peace agreement with separatist leaders from Bougainville Island, ending fighting that had gone on since 1988.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/26", "description": " Siad Barre is overthrown. Somalia enters civil war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/26", "description": "Siad Barre is succeeded by Ali Mahdi Muhammad in Somalia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/26", "description": "In South Africa, Nelson Mandela of the African National Congress and Mangosuthu Buthelezi of the Inkatha Freedom Party agree to end the violence that had plagued relations between the two organizations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/26", "description": "A USAir Boeing 737-300, Flight 1493 collides with a SkyWest Airlines Fairchild Metroliner, Flight 5569 at Los Angeles International Airport, killing 34.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/01/26", "description": "A deadly earthquake kills at least 1,200 people in Pakistan and Afghanistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/05", "description": " A Michigan court bars Dr. Jack Kevorkian from assisting in suicides.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/05", "description": "Haiti's first democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn in.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/05", "description": "The Provisional Irish Republican Army launches a mortar attack on 10 Downing Street during a cabinet meeting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/05", "description": "Gulf War: Ground troops cross the Saudi Arabian border and enter Kuwait, thus starting the ground phase of the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/09", "description": " Voters in Lithuania support independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/11", "description": " UNPO, the Unrepresented Nations amp Peoples Organization, forms in The Hague, Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/13", "description": " Gulf War: Two laser-guided quotsmart bombsquot destroy an underground bunker in Baghdad, killing hundreds of Iraqis. United States military intelligence claims it was a military facility but Iraqi officials identify it as a bomb shelter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/15", "description": " The Visegrad Agreement, establishing cooperation to move toward free-market systems, is signed by the leaders of Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/17", "description": " The Cape Verdean presidential election, Cape Verde's first multiparty presidential election since 1975, is won by Ant\u00f3nio Mascarenhas Monteiro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/18", "description": " The Provisional Irish Republican Army explodes bombs in the early morning, at both Paddington station and Victoria station in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/20", "description": " President of Albania Ramiz Alia dismisses the government headed by Prime Minister of Albania Adil \u00c7ar\u00e7ani in an effort to stem prodemocracy protests.  Fatos Nano is sworn in as Prime Minister on February 22.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/22", "description": " Gulf War: Iraq accepts a Russian-proposed cease fire agreement. The U.S. rejects the agreement, but says that retreating Iraqi forces will not be attacked if they leave Kuwait within 24 hours.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/22", "description": "The One Meridian Plaza fire in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania kills 3 firefighters and destroys 8 floors of the building.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/22", "description": "In Thailand, General Sunthorn Kongsompong deposes Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan in a bloodless coup d'\u00e9tat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/25", "description": " Gulf War: Part of an Iraqi Scud missile hits an American military barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, killing 29 and injuring 99 U.S. soldiers. It is the single-most devastating attack on U.S. forces during that war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/26", "description": " Gulf War: On Baghdad radio, Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein announces the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. Iraqi soldiers set fire to Kuwaiti oil fields as they retreat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/26", "description": "President Bush declares victory over Iraq and orders a cease-fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/26", "description": "In the Bangladeshi general election, the Bangladesh Nationalist Party wins 139 of 300 seats in the Jatiyo Sangshad.  BNP leader Khaleda Zia becomes President of Bangladesh on March 19.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/28", "description": " In the Estonian independence referendum and the Latvian independence and democracy poll, voters vote more than 3 to 1 in favor of independence from the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/28", "description": "MarchampampndashApril ampampndash Iraqi forces suppress rebellions in the southern and northern parts of the country, creating a humanitarian disaster on the borders of Turkey and Iran.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/28", "description": "The ballistic missile submarine ''USS-ex-Sam Houston SSBN-609'' is deactivated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/28", "description": "Clayton Keith Yeutter ends his term as United States Secretary of Agriculture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/28", "description": "An amateur video captures the beating of motorist Rodney King by Los Angeles, California police officers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/28", "description": "Estonia and Latvia vote for independence from the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/28", "description": "United Airlines Flight 585 crashes in Colorado Springs, Colorado, killing all 25 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/02/28", "description": "The S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe presidential election, the first contested presidential election in the history of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe, is won by Miguel Trovoada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/06", "description": " Prime Minister of India Chandra Shekhar resigns because of a dispute with former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, whose support had kept him in power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/09", "description": " Massive demonstrations are held against Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107 in Belgrade 2 people are killed and tanks are in the streets.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/09", "description": "Gulf War ampampndash Operation Phase Echo: 540,000 American troops begin to leave the Persian Gulf.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/09", "description": "In the Salvadoran legislative election, the Nationalist Republican Alliance wins 39 of 48 seats in the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/11", "description": " A curfew is imposed on black townships in South Africa, after fighting between rival political gangs kills 49.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/13", "description": " The United States Department of Justice announces that Exxon has agreed to pay $1 billion for the clean-up of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/13", "description": "The Emir of Kuwait, Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, returns to Kuwait after seven months of exile while his country was occupied by Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/13", "description": "After 16 years in prison for allegedly bombing a public house in a Provisional Irish Republican Army attack, the ampquotBirmingham Sixampquot are freed when a court determines that the police fabricated evidence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/13", "description": "Duke defeats Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball by the score of 72 - 65 to claim the NCAA Division I Basketball Championship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/13", "description": "Four Los Angeles, California police officers are indicted for the videotaped March 3 beating of Rodney King during an arrest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/13", "description": "Germany formally regains complete independence after the four post-World War II occupying powers (France, the United Kingdom, the United States and the Soviet Union) relinquish all remaining rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/13", "description": "The United States and Albania resume diplomatic relations for the first time since 1939.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/13", "description": "In a national referendum, the people of the Soviet Union vote in favor of keeping the 15 Soviet republics together, with the pro-unity position gaining 77% of the vote.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/13", "description": "In the Finnish parliamentary election, the Centre Party wins 55 of 200 seats in the Parliament of Finland, ending 25 years of dominance by the Social Democratic Party of Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/13", "description": "March 19\u201326 ampampndash President of Poland Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa becomes the first Polish president to ever visit the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/24", "description": " The Beninese presidential election, Benin's first presidential election since 1970, is won by Nic\u00e9phore Soglo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/24", "description": "In Mali, military officers led by Amadou Toumani Tour\u00e9 arrest President Moussa Traor\u00e9 and suspend the constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/24", "description": "Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay sign the Treaty of Asunci\u00f3n, establishing South Common Market (Mercosur its acronym in Spanish)", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/24", "description": "Albania holds its first multi-party elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/03/24", "description": "Georgian independence referendum, 1991: Georgia votes for independence from the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/01", "description": " Comedy Central is launched in its current format.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/02", "description": " Government-imposed price increases double or triple the prices of consumer goods in the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/03", "description": " Iraq disarmament crisis: The U.N. Security Council passes the Cease Fire Agreement, Resolution 687. The Resolution calls for the destruction or removal of all of Iraq's chemical and biological weapons, all stocks of agents and components, and all research, development, support and manufacturing facilities for ballistic missiles with a range greater than 150ampnbspkm and production facilities and for an end to its support for international terrorism. Iraq accepts the terms of the resolution on April 6.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/03", "description": "Senator John Heinz of Pennsylvania and six other people are killed when a helicopter collides with their plane over Merion, Pennsylvania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/03", "description": "William Kennedy Smith, a nephew of U.S. Senator Edward Kennedy, is identified as a suspect in an alleged Palm Beach, Florida sexual assault.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/03", "description": "Former Senator John Tower and 22 others are killed in an airplane crash in Brunswick, Georgia, United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/03", "description": "STS-37: Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'' is launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida.  The shuttle launched an observatory to study gamma rays before returning to Earth on April 11.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/09", "description": " The Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia declares independence from the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/09", "description": "A South Atlantic tropical cyclone develops in the Southern Hemisphere off the coast of Angola (the first of its kind to be documented by weather satellites).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/09", "description": "The Italian ferry ''Moby Prince'' collides with an oil tanker in dense fog off Livorno, Italy killing 140.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/14", "description": " In the Netherlands, thieves steal 20 paintings worth $500 million from the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. Less than an hour later they are found in an abandoned car near the museum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/14", "description": "Inauguration of the EBRD.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/14", "description": "The European Economic Community lifts economic sanctions on South Africa in response to moves to end the apartheid system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/14", "description": "April 16\u201318 ampampndash Soviet President Gorbachev begins the first ever visit of a Soviet leader to Japan, but fails to resolve the two countries' dispute over ownership of the Kuril Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/17", "description": " The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 3,000 for the first time ever, at 3,004.46.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/18", "description": " Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq declares some of its chemical weapons and materials to the UN, as required by Resolution 687, and claims that it does not have a biological weapons program.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/19", "description": " George Carey is enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury, the spiritual leader of the worldwide Anglican Communion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/19", "description": "The Social Democratic Party of Albania is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/19", "description": "A 7.6 earthquake kills 82 in Costa Rica and Panama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/23", "description": " Prime Minister of Iceland Steingr\u00edmur Hermannsson resigns following an inconclusive parliamentary election on April 20.  On April 30, he is succeeded as prime minister by Dav\u00ed\u00f0 Oddsson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/23", "description": "70 tornadoes break out in the central United States, killing 17. The most notable tornado of the day strikes Andover, Kansas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/23", "description": "Esko Aho, age 36, becomes the youngest-ever Prime Minister of Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/23", "description": "A tropical cyclone hits Bangladesh, killing an estimated 138,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/23", "description": "STS-39: Space Shuttle ''Discovery'' lifts off from Cape Canaveral to study instruments related to the Strategic Defense Initiative.  The mission ends on May 6.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/23", "description": "A powerful earthquake kills at least 360 people in Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/04/29", "description": "30 ampndash In Lesotho, a bloodless coup ousts military ruler Justin Lekhanya.  On May 2, he is replaced as Chairman of the Military Council by Elias Phisoana Ramaema.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/05/01", "description": " Angolan Civil War: The MPLA and UNITA agree to the Bicesse Accords, which are formally signed on May 31 in Lisbon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/05/01", "description": "Sweden wins the 36th Eurovision Song Contest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/05/01", "description": "U.S. President Bush is hospitalized after experiencing irregular heartbeat.  He is released from hospital the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/05/12", "description": " Nepal holds its first multiparty legislative election since 1959.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/05/13", "description": " Winnie Mandela is convicted of kidnapping.  On May 14, she is sentenced to six years in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/05/14", "description": " Elizabeth II arrives in Washington, D.C. for a 13-day royal visit to the U.S.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/05/15", "description": " \u00c9dith Cresson becomes France's first female premier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/05/18", "description": " Somaliland withdraws from Somalia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/05/19", "description": " In the Croatian independence referendum, voters in the Socialist Republic of Croatia vote to secede from Yugoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/05/19", "description": "In Sriperumbudur, India, former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi is assassinated at a public meeting in Sriperumbudur, by suicide bomber Thenmozhi Rajaratnam many others are killed in the explosion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/05/19", "description": "Mengistu Haile Mariam, president of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, flees Ethiopia, effectively bringing the Ethiopian Civil War to an end.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/05/22", "description": " Acting Prime Minister of South Korea Ro Jai-bong resigns in the wake of rioting following a beating death of a student by police on April 26.  On May 24, he is succeeded by Chung Won-shik.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/05/24", "description": " Authorised by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, Operation Solomon commences.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/05/25", "description": " The Surinamese general election is won by the military-backed New Front for Democracy and Development.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/05/26", "description": " In Thailand, a Lauda Air Boeing 767 crashes near Bangkok, killing all 223 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/05/28", "description": " In the Ethiopian Civil War, the forces of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front seize Addis Ababa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/03", "description": " Mount Unzen erupts, killing 43 people as a result of pyroclastic flow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/04", "description": " Fatos Nano resigns as Prime Minister of Albania following a nationwide strike.  President of Albania Ramiz Alia appoints Ylli Bufi as his successor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/04", "description": "President of Algeria Chadli Bendjedid dismisses Prime Minister of Algeria Mouloud Hamrouche following 11 days of antigovernment demonstrations, replacing him with Sid Ahmed Ghozali.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/04", "description": "South Africa repeals the last legal foundations of apartheid, thhe laws that segregated places of residence and employment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/04", "description": "''STS 40'': Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' carries the Spacelab into orbit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/07", "description": " About 200,000 people attend a parade of 8,800 returning Persian Gulf War troops in Washington, D.C.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/07", "description": "A major collapse of ground at the Emaswati Colliery in Swaziland traps 26 miners 65 m below the surface. The men have access to a safe refuge chamber and are all rescued by a drill hole 30 hours after the rescue unit is first alerted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/12", "description": " Boris Yeltsin is elected President of Russia, the largest and most populous of the 15 Soviet republics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/13", "description": " A spectator is killed by lightning at the U.S. Open.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/13", "description": "In the Philippines, Mount Pinatubo erupts in the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century the final death toll tops 800.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/13", "description": "End of voting in the Indian general election.  The Indian National Congress wins the most seats but fails to secure a majority.  On June 21, Congress leader P. V. Narasimha Rao becomes Prime Minister of India", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/13", "description": "Apartheid: The South African Parliament repeals the Population Registration Act, which had required racial classification of all South Africans at birth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/13", "description": "U.S. President Zachary Taylor is exhumed to discover whether or not his death was caused by arsenic poisoning, instead of acute gastrointestinal illness no trace of arsenic is found.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/13", "description": "In Northern Ireland, the four main political parties begins talks on restoring self-government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/13", "description": "President of Turkey Turgut \u00d6zal appoints Mesut Y\u0131lmaz as Prime Minister of Turkey, replacing Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Akbulut, who had resigned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/20", "description": " In Germany, the Bundestag votes to move the capital from Bonn to Berlin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/20", "description": "Mesut Y\u0131lmaz, of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (48th government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/20", "description": "The first Sonic the Hedgehog game is published by Sega. First of the Sonic the Hedgehog series.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/23", "description": "June 28 ampndash Iraq disarmament crisis: U.N. inspection teams attempt to intercept Iraqi vehicles carrying nuclear related equipment. Iraqi soldiers fire warning shots in the air to prevent inspectors from approaching the vehicles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/25", "description": " Collapse of Yugoslavia: Croatia and Slovenia declare their independence from Yugoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/06/28", "description": " COMECON is dissolved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/01", "description": " The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved at a meeting in Prague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/01", "description": "Telephone service goes down in the cities of Washington DC, Pittsburgh, Los Angeles and San Francisco due to a software bug. About twelve million customers are affected.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/02", "description": " Ten-Day War: Fighting breaks out when the Yugoslav People's Army attacks secessionists in Slovenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/04", "description": " President of Colombia C\u00e9sar Gaviria lifts a seven-year-long state of siege.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/06", "description": "7: Steffi Graf and Michael Stich win the 1991 Wimbledon Championships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/07", "description": " The Brioni Agreement ends the Ten-Day War in Slovenia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/07", "description": "In response to the end of apartheid, the International Olympic Committee readmits South Africa to the Olympics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/07", "description": "Iran\u2013Contra affair: Alan Fiers agrees to plead guilty to two charges of having lied to the U.S. Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/07", "description": "Boris Yeltsin begins his 5-year term as the first elected president of Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/07", "description": "President Bush announces the U.S. is ending its sanctions on South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/07", "description": "A solar Eclipse of record totality occurs, seen first in Hawaii then enters Mexico with the path directly crosses Cabo San Lucas and Mexico City seen by 20 million inhabitants, and finally ends in Colombia in South America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/07", "description": "Nigeria Airways Flight 2120, a Douglas DC-8 operated by Canadian airline Nolisair, catches fire and crashes in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, killing all 261 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/15", "description": " Chemical Bank and Manufacturers Hanover Corporation announce that they are merging, the largest bank merger in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/16", "description": " President Gorbachev arrives in London to ask for western aid from the leaders of the G7.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/17", "description": " President Bush and President Gorbachev reach an agreement on START II, which is formally signed on July 31.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/18", "description": " In Israel, a judge investigating a 1990 incident outside a mosque in Jerusalem in which at least 17 Palestinians were killed rules that Israeli police provoked the incident.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/21", "description": " Ian Baker-Finch wins the 1991 Open Championship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/21", "description": "Boxer Mike Tyson is arrested and charged with the rape of Miss Black America contestant Desiree Washington 3 days earlier, in Indianapolis, Indiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/21", "description": "Serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer is arrested after the remains of 11 men and boys are found in his Milwaukee, Wisconsin, apartment. Police soon find out that he is involved in 6 more murders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/24", "description": " The government of India announces its New Industrial Policy, marking the start of India's economic reforms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/25", "description": " British astronomers announce they have found what appears to be an extrasolar planet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/27", "description": " An oil spin begins fouling beaches in Olympic National Park.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/29", "description": " In New York, a grand jury indicts Bank of Credit and Commerce International of the largest bank fraud in history, accusing the bank of defrauding depositors of $5 billion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/30", "description": " In Haiti, a jury convicts Tonton Macoute of attempting to overthrow Haiti's first democratically-elected government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/30", "description": "Warsaw Treaty Organization officially dissolved in accordance with a protocol calling for a \u201ctransition to all-European structures.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/07/30", "description": "The United States and the Soviet Union sign the START I treaty limiting strategic nuclear weapons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/08/01", "description": " Israel agrees to participate in the Madrid Conference of 1991, which is held in October.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/08/04", "description": " The Cruise Liner MTS Oceanos sinks off the coast of South Africa and all 571 passengers on board are safely evacuated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/08/06", "description": " Tim Berners-Lee announces the World Wide Web project and software on the alt.hypertext newsgroup. The first website, quotinfo.cern.chquot is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/08/07", "description": " Shapour Bakhtiar, former prime minister of Iran, is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/08/08", "description": " The Warsaw radio mast, the tallest construction ever built at the time, collapses.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/08/17", "description": " Strathfield Massacre: In Sydney, Australia, taxi driver Wade Frankum shoots 7 people and injures 6 others before turning the gun on himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/08/19", "description": " Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is put under house arrest while vacationing in the Crimea during a coup. The attempted coup, led by Vice President Gennady Yanayev and 7 hard-liners, collapses in less than 72 hours. This is the most popular date to be said when the Soviet Empire fell.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/08/20", "description": " Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Estonia declares its independence from the Soviet Union, and more than 100,000 people rally outside the Soviet Union's parliament building protesting the coup that deposed President Mikhail Gorbachev.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/08/21", "description": " Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Latvia declares its independence from the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/08/23", "description": " The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (or quotSuper Nintendoquot) is released in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/08/24", "description": " Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukraine declares independence from Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/08/24", "description": "Student Linus Torvalds posts messages to Usenet newsgroup comp.os.minix about the new operating system kernel he has been developing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/08/24", "description": "Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Belarus declares independence from Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/08/27", "description": " Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Moldova declares independence from the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/08/29", "description": " Maronite general Michel Aoun leaves Lebanon via a French ship into exile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/08/30", "description": " Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Azerbaijan declares independence from Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/08/31", "description": " Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan declare independence from the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/02", "description": " The United States recognizes the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/03", "description": " In Hamlet, North Carolina, a grease fire breaks out at the Imperial Foods chicken processing plant, killing 25 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/05", "description": "September 7 ampndash At the 35th Annual Tailhook Symposium in Las Vegas, 83 women and seven men are assaulted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/05", "description": " The Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union self-dissolves, replaced by Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and State Council of the Soviet Union", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/05", "description": "The Soviet Union recognizes the independence of the Baltic states.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/05", "description": "The name Saint Petersburg is restored to Russia's second-largest city, which had been renamed Leningrad in 1924.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/08", "description": " The Republic of Macedonia becomes independent.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/09", "description": " Tajikistan declares its independence from the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/09", "description": "Israel releases 51 Arab prisoners and the bodies of 9 guerillas, raising hopes that the last Western hostages in Lebanon will soon be released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/09", "description": "The Soviet Union announces plans to withdraw Soviet military and economic aid to Cuba.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/15", "description": " In the Swedish general election, the Social Democrats suffer their worst election results in 60 years, leading to the resignation of Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/16", "description": " Judge Gerhard Gesell of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia issues a ruling clearing Col. Oliver North of all charges brought against him in the Iran\u2013Contra affair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/17", "description": " North Korea, South Korea, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Marshall Islands and Micronesia join the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/17", "description": "September 17 NYC Crash - Telephone and data service to Kennedy, La Guardia, and Newark airports goes down. A loss of battery power in several of ATampampT's switching stations is at fault.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/19", "description": " \u00d6tzi the Iceman is found in the Alps.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/20", "description": "September 21 ampndash In Sandy, Utah, several patients are held hostage and a nurse is killed in the Alta View Hospital hostage incident.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/20", "description": "Armenia declares independence from the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/20", "description": "The Order of the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence of German tongue (Orden der Schwestern der Perpetuellen Indulgenz deutscher Zunge, ampquotO.S.P.I.ampquot) is founded in Heidelberg by Erzmutter (Archmother) Johanna Indulgentia Tara Maria Benedicta O.S.P.I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/20", "description": "AFL Grand Final: Hawthorn Hawks defeat West Coast Eagles by 53 points at Waverley Park, the final score 20.19.139 \u2013 13.8.86.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/21", "description": "September 30 ampndash Iraq disarmament crisis: IAEA inspectors discover files on Iraq's hidden nuclear weapons program. Iraqi officials confiscate documents from UN weapons inspectors, refusing to allow them to leave the site without turning over other documents. A 4-day standoff ensues. Iraq permits the team to leave with the documents after the UN Security Council threatens enforcement actions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/22", "description": " The Huntington Library makes the Dead Sea Scrolls available to the public for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/23", "description": " United Nations Special Commission inspectors discover secret Iraqi documents in Baghdad detailing plans to make nuclear weapons, but the Iraqi Army forcibly remove the documents from the inspectors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/24", "description": " Lebanese kidnappers release Jack Mann, 77, after more than two years of captivity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/25", "description": " In the Salvadoran Civil War, representatives of the Farabundo Mart\u00ed National Liberation Front reach an agreement with President of El Salvador Alfredo Cristiani setting the stage for ending over 11 years of civil war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/27", "description": " President Bush announces unilateral reductions in short-range nuclear weapons and calls off 24-hour alerts for long-range bombers.  The Soviet Union responds with similar unilateral reductions on October 5.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/29", "description": " In El Salvador, an army colonel of the Atlacatl Battalion is found guilty of the 1989 murder of six Jesuit priests and their housekeepers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/29", "description": "Haitian President Jean-Bertrand Aristide is removed from power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/29", "description": "A tornado destroys parts of Itu, a city in southeastern Brazil, killing 16 and leaving 176 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/29", "description": "Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton announces he will seek the 1992 Democratic nomination for President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/09/29", "description": "Nadine Gordimer, whose work was once suppressed because of its scatching criticism of Apartheid in South Africa, is awarded the 1991 Nobel Prize in Literature.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/06", "description": " President Gorbachev condemns Antisemitism in the Soviet Union in a statement read on the 50th anniversary of the Babi Yar massacres, which saw the death of 35,000 Jews in the Ukraine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/07", "description": " The Yugoslav Air Force bombs the office of President of Croatia Franjo Tu\u0111man, who narrowly escapes with his life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/08", "description": " The Parliament of Croatia cuts all remaining ties with Yugoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/08", "description": "In Russia, the KGB is replaced by the SVR.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/08", "description": "Iraq disarmament crisis: The U.N. Security Council passes Resolution 715, which demands that Iraq ampquotaccept unconditionally the inspectors and all other personnel designated by the Special Commissionampquot. Iraq rejects the resolution, calling it ampquotunlawful.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/11", "description": "October 13 ampndash The U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee interviews both Supreme Court candidate Clarence Thomas and former aide Anita Hill, who alleges that Thomas sexually harassed her while she worked for him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/12", "description": " Askar Akayev, previously chosen President of Kyrgyzstan by its Supreme Soviet, is confirmed president in an uncontested poll.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/13", "description": " In the Bulgarian parliamentary election, the Union of Democratic Forces defeats the Bulgarian Socialist Party, leaving no remaining Communist governments in Eastern Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/14", "description": " Aung San Suu Kyi, a Burmese opposition politician, won the Nobel Peace prize.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/15", "description": " United States Senate votes 52\u201348 to confirm Judge Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/16", "description": " George Hennard guns down 24 people in Killeen, Texas before killing himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/18", "description": "October 18 ndash The Soviet Union restores diplomatic relations with Israel, which had been suspended since the 1967 Six-Day War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/18", "description": "The Oakland Hills firestorm kills 25 and destroys 3,469 homes and apartments.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/18", "description": "The Harare Declaration lays down the membership criteria for the Commonwealth of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/18", "description": "Former Ku Klux Klan Grand Wizard David Duke wins a spot in the runoff election for governor of Louisiana, ultimately losing to Edwin Edwards.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/21", "description": " Lebanese kidnappers release Jesse Turner, a mathematics professor who had been held hostage for more than 4 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/23", "description": " In Paris, the Vietnam-backed government of the state of Cambodia signs an agreement with the Khmer Rouge to end the civil war and bring the Khmer Rouge into government in spite of its role in the Cambodian genocide.  The deal results in the creation of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/23", "description": "The first free parliamentary elections are held in Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/23", "description": "Turkmenistan declares its independence from the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/23", "description": "The Minnesota Twins win the World Series against the Atlanta Braves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/28", "description": "November 4 ampndash The 1991 Perfect Storm strikes the northeastern United States and Atlantic Canada, causing over $200 million of damage and resulting in 12 direct fatalities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/28", "description": "The American Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/28", "description": "The U.S. expands trade sanctions on Haiti to include all goods except food and medicine, in an effort to encourage the leaders of the 1991 Haitian coup d'\u00e9tat to restore democracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/30", "description": " In Madrid, the Middle East Peace Conference opens, the first direct negotiations between Israel and nearly all its Arab adversaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/10/31", "description": "November 3 ampndash The Halloween Blizzard hits the Upper Midwest of the United States, causing around $100 million of damage and killing 22.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/04", "description": "November 5 ampndash In South Africa, the African National Congress leads a general strike, demanding a role in governing and an end to a value added tax.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/04", "description": "The body of publishing tycoon Robert Maxwell is found floating in the Atlantic Ocean near the Canary Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/04", "description": "In a special election for the U.S. Senate, Harris Wofford scores an electoral upset against Dick Thornburgh, who had led him by 44 points in an August opinion poll.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/04", "description": "The United States Senate confirms Robert Gates as Director of Central Intelligence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/04", "description": "China\u2013Vietnam relations: China and Vietnam restore diplomatic relations after a 13-year rift which followed 1979's Sino-Vietnamese War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/04", "description": "The KGB officially stops operations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/04", "description": "CPSU, and its republic-level division, Communist Party of the Russian SFSR, banned in the Russian SFSR by Presidential decree N 169.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/04", "description": "Los Angeles Lakers point guard Magic Johnson announces he has HIV, effectively ending his NBA career.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/04", "description": "The last oil well fire in Kuwait is extinguished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/04", "description": "The first report on carbon nanotubes is published by Sumio Iijima in the journal ''Nature''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/08", "description": " Hong Kong begins the forcible repatriation of Vietnamese boat people, starting with a group of 59 who were flown to Hanoi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/08", "description": "The British JET fusion reactor generates 1.5 MW output power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/08", "description": "On the anniversary of Kristallnacht, tens of thousands of protestors demonstrate against attacks on immigrant workers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/12", "description": " June Rowlands is elected the first female Mayor of Toronto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/12", "description": "American and British authorities announce indictments against two Libyan intelligence officials, in connection with the downing of the Pan Am Flight 103.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/12", "description": "Cambodian Prince Norodom Sihanouk returns to Phnom Penh after 13 years of exile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/12", "description": "Kidnappers in Lebanon set Anglican Church envoys Terry Waite and Thomas Sutherland free.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/12", "description": "Serb troops take Vukovar after an 87-day siege, and commit the worst massacre in Croatian history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/12", "description": "An Azerbaijani MI-8 helicopter carrying 19 peacekeeping mission team with officials and journalists from Russia, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan is shot down by Armenian military forces in Khojavend district of Azerbaijan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/12", "description": "S\u00fcleyman Demirel of DYP forms the new government of Turkey (49th government, coalition partner CHP).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/21", "description": " The United Nations Security Council recommends Egypt's deputy prime minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali to be the next Secretary-General of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/21", "description": "Queen lead singer Freddie Mercury dies from pneumonia induced by AIDS.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/21", "description": "KISS drummer Eric Carr dies from complications of heart cancer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/26", "description": " National Assembly of Azerbaijan abolishes the autonomous status of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of Azerbaijan and renames several cities according to their Azeri names.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/11/27", "description": " The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopts a resolution opening the way to the establishment of peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/01", "description": " Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukrainians vote overwhelmingly for independence from the Soviet Union in a referendum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/01", "description": "Journalist Terry A. Anderson is released after 7 years' captivity as a hostage in Beirut (the last and longest-held American hostage in Lebanon).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/01", "description": "Pan American World Airways ends operations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/01", "description": "John Leonard Orr, one of the most prolific serial arsonists of the 20th century, is arrested in California. In the ensuing years, Orr is convicted in both Federal and state court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/01", "description": "Leaders of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine meet and sign an agreement ending the Soviet Union and establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), in the Bia\u0142owie\u017ca Forest Nature Reserve in Belarus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/01", "description": "A referendum on the constitution of Romania is accepted as valid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/12", "description": " Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR denounced Union Treaty of 1922 and ratified Belavezha Accords instead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/15", "description": " The Egyptian ferry ''Salem Express'' sinks in the Red Sea, killing more than 450.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/16", "description": " Kazakhstan declares its independence from the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/19", "description": " Paul Keating replaces Bob Hawke as the new prime minister of Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/20", "description": " A Missouri court passes the death sentence on Palestinian militant Zein Isa and his wife Maria, for the honor killing of their daughter Palestina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/20", "description": "The North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NAC-C) meets for the first time, the day on which the Soviet Union ceases to exist.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nato.int\/docu\/update\/1991\/summarye.htm\">http:\/\/www.nato.int\/docu\/update\/1991\/summarye.htm<\/a> source", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/20", "description": "Charilaos Florakis is elected honorary president of the Communist Party of Greece. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.datesinhistory.com\/dec21.php\">http:\/\/www.datesinhistory.com\/dec21.php<\/a> source", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/22", "description": " Armed opposition groups launch a military coup against President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/24", "description": " Russian SFSR President Boris Yeltsin sends a letter to UN Secretary-General Javier P\u00e9rez de Cu\u00e9llar, stating that Russia should be a successor to collapsing Soviet Union within the United Nations Organization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/24", "description": "Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the Soviet Union, from which most republics have already seceded, anticipating the dissolution of the 74-year-old state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/24", "description": "Russian SFSR officially changes its name to the ''Russian Federation'' which ends the Russian Colonialism after 709 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/26", "description": " The Cold War ends after 44 years when the Supreme Soviet meets and formally dissolves the Soviet Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/26", "description": "The University of South Australia is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/26", "description": "Impostor James Hogue is exposed at Princeton University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1991/12/26", "description": "Sea Defences at Mappleton were built in order to protect the village from intense sea erosion that had threatened it.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992", "description": "Boutros Boutros-Ghali of Egypt replaces Javier P\u00e9rez de Cu\u00e9llar of Peru as United Nations Secretary-General.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992", "description": "George H. W. Bush becomes the first U.S. President to address the Australian Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/02", "description": " President of Russia Boris Yeltsin ends price controls, resulting in prices of some goods and services becoming 3 to 5 times more expensive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/06", "description": "The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic is proclaimed by the Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/07", "description": " The Yugoslav Air Force downs a helicopter, killing five military observers from the European Community.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/08", "description": "George H. W. Bush is televised falling violently ill at a state dinner in Japan, vomiting into the lap of Prime Minister Kiichi Miyazawa and fainting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/09", "description": "Bosnian Serbs declare their own republic within Bosnia and Herzegovina, in protest of the decision by Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats to seek EC recognition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/09", "description": "Singer Paul Simon is the first major artist to tour South Africa after the end of the cultural boycott.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/09", "description": "Shanda Sharer is tortured and burned to death in Madison, Indiana by four teenage girls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/12", "description": "The second round of Algeria's general elections is cancelled when the first round is favorable to the Islamic Salvation Front. HAL 9000 born.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/13", "description": "Japan apologizes for forcing Korean women into sexual slavery during World War II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/15", "description": "The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia begins to break up. Slovenia and Croatia gain independence and international recognition in some Western countries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/16", "description": "El Salvador officials and rebel leaders sign a pact in Mexico City  ending a 12-year civil war that claimed at least 75,000 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/18", "description": " In Nairobi, Kenya, more than 100,000 attend protests demanding an end to one-party rule by the Kenya African National Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/19", "description": " The Bulgarian presidential election is won by Zhelyu Zhelev, leader of the Union of Democratic Forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/20", "description": " Cuba executes Eduardo Diaz Betancourt, who was found guilty of sabotage and terrorism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/21", "description": " Faced with decreased military spending, United Technologies Corporation announces it will eliminate 13,900 jobs by 1993.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/21", "description": "Rebel forces occupy Zaire's national radio station in Kinshasa and broadcast a demand for the government's resignation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/21", "description": "''STS-42'': Dr. Roberta Bondar becomes the first Canadian woman in space, aboard Space Shuttle ''Discovery''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/21", "description": "In El Salvador, an army colonel and a lieutenant of the Atlacatl Battalion are each sentenced to 30 years in prison for the 1989 murder of six Jesuit priests and their housekeepers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/21", "description": "China and Israel establish diplomatic relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/21", "description": "Boris Yeltsin announces that Russia will stop targeting cities of the United States and her allies with Nuclear Weapons. In return George H. W. Bush announces that the United States and her allies will stop targeting Russia and the remaining communist states with Nuclear Weapons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/21", "description": "In Mauritania, security forces open fire on opponents of President of Mauritania Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, killing at least five people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/21", "description": "Macy's files for bankruptcy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/21", "description": "Nagorno-Karabakh War: in the disputed territory of Nagorno-Karabakh, fighting between Armenians and Azeris leaves at least 60 people dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/30", "description": " North Korea signs an accord with the International Atomic Energy Agency allowing for international inspections of North Korea's nuclear power plants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/31", "description": " The heads of state of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and of most of the temporary members, meet in New York City to discuss the new world order in the post-Cold War world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/31", "description": "President of the United States George H. W. Bush meets with President of Russia Boris Yeltsin at Camp David, where they formally declare that the Cold War is over.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/01/31", "description": "The United States Coast Guard begins deporting the first of some 14,000 refugees from Haiti.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/02/04", "description": " In Venezuela, Hugo Ch\u00e1vez leads an unsuccessful coup attempt against President of Venezuela Carlos Andr\u00e9s P\u00e9rez.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/02/06", "description": " The United States Senate approves a measure calling for the faster phase-out of chlorofluorocarbons under the revised Montreal Protocol the phase-out is scheduled to be completed by 2000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/02/07", "description": "The Maastricht Treaty is signed, founding the European Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/02/08", "description": "The opening ceremony for the 1992 Winter Olympics is held in Albertville, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/02/09", "description": " Algerian Civil War: The government of Algeria declares a state of emergency and begins a crackdown on the Islamic Salvation Front.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/02/10", "description": " Boxer Mike Tyson, the former undisputed heavyweight champion of the world, is found guilty of raping 18-year-old Desiree Washington, Miss Black Rhode Island, by a jury in Indianapolis.  On March 26, he was sentenced to six years in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/02/11", "description": "An F-16 jet crashes into a residential district of Hengelo, the Netherlands no casualties are reported.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/02/14", "description": " Ukraine and four other nations in the Commonwealth of Independent States reject Russia's proposal to maintain unified armed forces.  Ukraine, Moldova, and Azerbaijan announce they will go ahead with plans to created their own armed forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/02/16", "description": " In Lebanon, Israeli helicopter gun ships assassinate Abbas al-Musawi, the leader of Hezbollah, and his son, in retaliation for a February 14 raid that killed three Israeli soldiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/02/17", "description": "A court in Milwaukee, Wisconsin sentences serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer to life in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/02/17", "description": "Iraq disarmament crisis: The Executive Chairman of UNSCOM details Iraq's refusal to abide by UN Security Council disarmament resolutions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/02/17", "description": "The New Hampshire primary is won by Paul Tsongas on the Democratic side for the Republicans, Pat Buchanan has a surprisingly strong showing (37%) against incumbent president George H. W. Bush.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/02/21", "description": "The United Nations Security Council approves Resolution 743 to send a UNPROFOR peacekeeping force to Yugoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/02/23", "description": "The closing ceremony of the 1992 Winter Olympics is held in Albertville.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/02/25", "description": "February 26 \u2013 613 Azerbaijani civilians are massacred in Khojaly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/02/26", "description": "The Supreme Court of Ireland rules that a 14-year-old rape victim may travel to England to have an abortion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/01", "description": "The first victims of the Bosnian War are a Serb groom's father and an Orthodox Priest in a Sarajevo shooting.{{cite web|title=Timeline of the War in Bosnia |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/cranepsych.com\/Travel\/Bosnia\/War_Timeline.html|work=|archiveurl=http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5iRr2zXcv|archivedate=2009-07-21|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-06-23}}\">http:\/\/cranepsych.com\/Travel\/Bosnia\/War_Timeline.html|work=|archiveurl=http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5iRr2zXcv|archivedate=2009-07-21|deadurl=no|accessdate=2009-06-23}}<\/a> A majority of the Bosniak and Bosnian Croat communities vote for Bosnian independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/03", "description": "Turkey's worst coal mine disaster leaves 263 dead near Zonguldak.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/04", "description": " the Supreme Court of Algeria bans the Islamic Salvation Front, which was poised to win control of the Parliament of Algeria in runoff elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/09", "description": "The People's Republic of China ratifies the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/10", "description": " Following Super Tuesday voting, Bill Clinton is declared the likely winner of the Democratic Party presidential primaries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/11", "description": " Manuel de Dios Unanue, former editor of ''El Diario La Prensa'', is slain in a restaurant in Queens after having received death threats from the Colombian drug cartels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/12", "description": "Mauritius becomes a republic while remaining a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/13", "description": "In eastern Turkey, an earthquake registering a surface wave magnitude of 6.8, kills over 500.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/16", "description": " President Russia announces the creation of a separate Russian army, leading to questions about the viability of the Commonwealth of Independent States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/18", "description": "White South Africans vote in favour of political reforms which will end the apartheid regime and create a power-sharing multi-racial government.{{cite news| url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/march\/18\/newsid_2524000\/2524695.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/onthisday\/hi\/dates\/stories\/march\/18\/newsid_2524000\/2524695.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title=1992: South Africa votes for change | date=March 18, 1992}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/18", "description": "Paul Tsongas withdraws from the Democratic Party presidential primaries, virtually assuring a victory for Bill Clinton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/18", "description": "Dow Corning announces that it will stop manufacturing silicone breast implants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/18", "description": "In French regional elections, the conservative Rally for the Republic and the centre-right Union for French Democracy win in a landslide, capturing 20 of 22 metropolitan regional presidencies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/18", "description": "STS-45: Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'' takes off from Cape Canaveral carrying instruments designed to study global warming.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/18", "description": "The International Atomic Energy Agency orders Iraq to destroy an industrial complex at Al Atheer that was being used to manufacture nuclear weapons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/18", "description": "Pakistan won Cricket World Cup for very first time beating England and became Cricket Champion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/29", "description": " In France, police arrest three men believed to be planning a Basque separatist terrotist attack at the 1992 Summer Olympics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/31", "description": "The Maintenance of Religious Harmony Act of Singapore comes into force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/31", "description": "The Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina (without the presence of Serb political delegates) proclaims independence from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/31", "description": "Bosnian War: Serb troops, following a mass rebellion of Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina against the Bosnian declaration of independence from Yugoslavia, besiege the city of Sarajevo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/31", "description": "Approximately 500,000 people march on Washington, D. C. in support of abortion rights in advance of oral arguments in the case of ''Planned Parenthood v. Casey''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/03/31", "description": "President of Peru Alberto Fujimori issues Decree Law 25418, dissolving the Congress of the Republic of Peru, imposing censorship and having opposition politicians arrested, setting off the 1992 Peruvian constitutional crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/04/07", "description": " The United States recognizes the independence of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Slovenia.  The European Community also recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/04/07", "description": "A Miami, Florida jury convicts former Panamanian ruler Manuel Noriega of assisting Colombia's cocaine cartel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/04/07", "description": "The United Kingdom general election is narrowly won by the Conservative Party led by Prime Minister of the United Kingdom John Major.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/04/10", "description": "A Provisional Irish Republican Army bomb explodes in the Baltic Exchange in the City of London 3 are killed, 91 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/04/12", "description": "The ''Euro Disney Resort'' officially opens with its theme park ''Euro Disneyland''. The resort and  its park's name were subsequently changed to Disneyland Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/04/13", "description": "Roermond, the Netherlands, is rocked by an earthquake along the Peel Fault.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/04/15", "description": "The National Assembly of Vietnam adopts the 1992 Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/04/16", "description": " President of Afghanistan Mohammad Najibullah is ousted and detained by Muslim rebels moving towards Kabul, setting the stage for the civil war in Afghanistan (1992\u20131996).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/04/16", "description": "Seville, Spain's 6-month Universal Exhibition, called Seville Expo '92, opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/04/16", "description": "The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, held at Wembley Stadium, is televised live to over 1 billion people and raises millions of dollars for AIDS research.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/04/21", "description": "The death of Grand Duke Vladimir Cyrillovich of Russia results in a succession dispute between Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia and Vladimir's daughter Maria for the leadership of the Imperial Family of Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/04/22", "description": "Fuel that leaked into a sewer explodes in Guadalajara, Mexico 215 are killed, 1,500 injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/04/27", "description": "Betty Boothroyd becomes the first woman elected Speaker of the British House of Commons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/04/28", "description": "The two remaining constituent republics of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia \u2013 Serbia and Montenegro \u2013 form a new state, named the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (after 2003, Serbia and Montenegro), bringing to an end the official union of Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Montenegrins, Bosnian Muslims and Macedonians that existed from 1918 (with the exception of the period during World War II).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/04/29", "description": "Los Angeles riots: Acquittal of four police officers in the Rodney King beating criminal trial triggers massive rioting in Los Angeles. The riots will last for six days resulting in 53 deaths and over a $1 billion in damages before order is restored.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/05/05", "description": "Russian leaders in Crimea declare their separation from Ukraine as a new republic.   They withdraw the secession on May 10.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/05/05", "description": "Space Shuttle Endeavor makes its maiden flight, as a replacement for a lost Space Shuttle.(STS-49)", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/05/05", "description": "Michigan Legislature approves the Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution.  With that approval, the amendment had been adopted by 38 states and was thereby approved.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/05/09", "description": "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is adopted in New York", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/05/10", "description": "Sweden wins the Ice Hockey World Championships in Prague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/05/12", "description": " The United States recalls United States Ambassador to Yugoslavia Warren Zimmermann to protest military aggression against Bosnia and Hercegovina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/05/13", "description": "Falun Gong is introduced by Li Hongzhi in China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/05/13", "description": "Commonwealth of Independent States Collective Security Treaty (CST) signed (effective 20 April 1994).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/05/13", "description": "The Genoa Expo '92 World's Fair opens in Genoa, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/05/16", "description": "''STS-49'': Space Shuttle ''Endeavour'' lands safely after a successful maiden voyage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/05/16", "description": "May 17 ampndash Bosnian War: U.N. peacekeepers withdraw from Sarajevo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/05/17", "description": "Protests begin in Bangkok, Thailand, against the government of General Suchinda Kraprayoon, sparking a bloody crackdown.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/05/21", "description": " China detonates the largest nuclear bomb it has ever tested, sparking a protest from U.S. President Bush.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/05/23", "description": "A Mafia bomb kills Italian anti-Mafia judge Giovanni Falcone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/05/23", "description": "In Thailand, Suchinda Kraprayoon agrees to resign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/05/23", "description": "Serbian irregulars kill at least 16 people on a bread line in Sarajevo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/05/25", "description": "In Australia, Lindy Chamberlain receives compensation for wrongful conviction on murder charges.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/05/26", "description": "Charles Geschke, President of Adobe Systems, is kidnapped from his company parking lot. The kidnappers demand $650,000 ransom they are later apprehended.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/05/30", "description": " United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 imposes economic sanctions on Yugoslavia in an effort to end its attacks on Bosnia and Hercegovina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/06/02", "description": "In a national referendum Denmark rejects the Maastricht Treaty by a thin margin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/06/08", "description": "The first World Ocean Day is celebrated, coinciding with the Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/06/08", "description": "A 'Joint Understanding' agreement on arms reduction is signed by U.S. President George H. W. Bush and Russian President Boris Yeltsin (this is later codified in START II).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/06/08", "description": "A federal grand jury indicts Caspar Weinberger for his role in covering up the Iran\u2013Contra affair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/06/17", "description": " Two German relief workers held since 1989, Thomas Kemptner and Heinrich Struebig, are released. They were the last Western hostages in Lebanon", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/06/20", "description": "In Estonia, the kroon replaces the Soviet ruble.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/06/21", "description": " Nelson Mandela announces that the African National Congress will halt negotiations with the government of South Africa following the Boipatong massacre of June 17.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/06/22", "description": "Two skeletons excavated in Yekaterinburg are identified as Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Tsarina Alexandra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/06/23", "description": " The Israeli legislative election is won by the Israeli Labor Party under the leadership of Yitzhak Rabin, ousting a Likud government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/06/25", "description": "Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/06/25", "description": "Denmark beats Germany 2\u20130 to win the 1992 UEFA European Football Championship at Ullevi Stadium in Gothenburg, Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/06/25", "description": "United States Secretary of the Navy Henry L. Garrett III resigns in the wake of the Tailhook scandal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/06/25", "description": "Estonia holds a referendum on its constitution, that will come into effect on July 3.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/06/25", "description": "Junko Tabei scales Puncak Jaya to become the first woman to complete the Seven Summits.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/06/25", "description": "A bodyguard assassinates President Mohamed Boudiaf of Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/06/25", "description": "The Supreme Court of the United States upholds the 1973 decision of ''Roe v. Wade'' in ''Planned Parenthood v. Casey'', a 5-4 decision.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/04", "description": " Steffi Graf wins the 1992 Wimbledon Championships \u2013 Women's Singles.  On August 5, Andre Agassi wins the 1992 Wimbledon Championships \u2013 Men's Singles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/06", "description": "July 8 ampndash The 18th G7 summit is held in Munich.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/06", "description": "July 29 \u2013 Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq refuses a U.N. inspection team access to the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture.   UNSCOM claims that it has reliable information that the site contains archives related to illegal weapons activities. U.N. Inspectors stage a 17-day quotsit-inquot outside of the building, but leave when their safety is threatened by Iraqi soldiers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/08", "description": " Amoco and Unocal Corporation announce restructuring plans that will eliminate 10,000 jobs in 1992 and 1993.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/09", "description": " Bill Clinton announces his selection of Al Gore as his running mate in the 1992 U.S. presidential election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/09", "description": "In Miami, Florida, former Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega is sentenced to 40 years in prison for drug and racketeering violations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/09", "description": "The Giotto spacecraft flies past Comet 26P\/Grigg-Skjellerup, gathering measurements about the comet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/13", "description": "Yitzhak Rabin becomes prime minister of Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/13", "description": "Ross Perot announces he is ending his presidential campaign.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/13", "description": "At the 1992 Democratic National Convention, Bill Clinton accepts his party's presidential nomination on behalf of the ampquotforgotten middle classampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/17", "description": " The Slovak National Council declares Slovakia an independent country, signaling the breakup of Czechoslovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/17", "description": "A car bomb placed by mafia with collaboration of Italian intelligence kills judge Paolo Borsellino and five members of his escort.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/17", "description": "The Cabinet of Israel approves a freeze on new settlements in the occupied territories, a move expected to reinvigorate the Middle East Peace Process.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/17", "description": "V\u00e1clav Havel resigns as president of Czechoslovakia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/17", "description": "An airlift of food and medicine to Sarajevo is halted after 23 days due to renewed fighting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/17", "description": "A Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey crashes in the Potomac River as it approached Marine Corps Base Quantico, killing all seven people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/22", "description": "Near Medell\u00edn, Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar escapes from his luxury prison, fearing extradition to the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/23", "description": "Abkhazia declares independence from Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/25", "description": "August 9 \u2013 The 1992 Summer Olympics are held in Barcelona, Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/26", "description": " Iraq agrees to allow U.N. weapons inspectors to search the Iraqi Agricultural Ministry building in Baghdad.  When inspectors arrive on July 28 and 29, they found nothing and voice suspicions that Iraqi records had been removed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/26", "description": "The ex-Soviet Republic of Georgia becomes the 179th member of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/26", "description": "Thai Airways Flight 311 operated by Airbus A310-300 crashes into a mountain north of Kathmandu, Nepal killing all 113 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/07/26", "description": "China General Aviation Flight 7552 bound for Xiamen crashes soon after taking off from Nanjing Dajiaochang Airport, killing 108 of the 116 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/08/03", "description": "August 4 ampndash Millions of black South Africans participate in a general strike called by the African National Congress to protest the lack of progress in negotiations with the government of President of South Africa F. W. de Klerk.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/08/06", "description": " President Bush urges the United Nations to approve a military intervention in Bosnia and Hercegovina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/08/10", "description": "The UK government bans the Ulster Defence Association, a loyalist paramilitary organisation that had been legal for 20 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/08/12", "description": " Canada, Mexico, and the United States announce that a deal has been reached on the North American Free Trade Agreement the deal will be formally signed on December 17, 1992.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/08/17", "description": " The 1992 Republican National Convention convenes in Houston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/08/18", "description": " Prime Minister of the United Kingdom John Major announces the creation of the Iraqi no-fly zones.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/08/20", "description": "Kristiansund's connection to the mainland of Norway, Krifast, opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/08/21", "description": "August 22 \u2013 Events at Ruby Ridge, Idaho, are sparked by a Federal Marshal surveillance team, resulting in the death of a Marshal, Sam Weaver and his dog and the next day the wounding of Randy Weaver, the death of his wife Vicki and the wounding of Kevin Harris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/08/23", "description": "Hurricane Andrew attains Category 5 status on the Saffir\u2013Simpson Hurricane Scale, and at 2100 UTC hits Eleuthera and the Bahama Banks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/08/24", "description": " A special commission in Brazil concludes that there is sufficient evidence to begin impeachment proceedings against President of Brazil Fernando Collor de Mello, finding he had accepted millions of dollars worth of illegal payments from business interests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/08/24", "description": "August 28 \u2013 Hurricane Andrew hits south Florida and dissipates over the Tennessee valley when it merges with a storm system 23 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/08/29", "description": " In Rostock, Germany, tens of thousands rally to protest neo-Nazi attacks on refugees and immigrants begun on August 22.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/08/30", "description": " The 11-day Ruby Ridge standoff ends with Randy Weaver surrendering to federal authorities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/09/01", "description": " In Beijing, police arrest Shen Tong for his role in organizing the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/09/02", "description": "An earthquake in Nicaragua kills at least 116 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/09/02", "description": "In Ciskei, members of the Ciskei Defence Force loyal to dictator Oupa Gqozo open into a crowd of anti-Gqozo protestors organized by the African National Congress, killing at least 28 people and wounding nearly 200.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/09/02", "description": "President of Tajikistan Rahmon Nabiyev is forced to resign following weeks of clan and religious warfare that left nearly 2,000 people dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/09/11", "description": "Hurricane Iniki hits the Hawaiian Islands, Kauai and Oahu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/09/11", "description": "''STS-47'': Dr. Mae Jemison becomes the first African American woman to travel into space, aboard the Space Shuttle ''Endeavour''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/09/11", "description": "In Peru, police arrest Abimael Guzm\u00e1n, the leader of the Shining Path guerilla movement, who had evaded capture for 12 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/09/16", "description": "Black Wednesday: The pound sterling and the Italian lira are forced out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/09/17", "description": "Two Kurdish opposition leaders are assassinated by the Iranian Kazem Darabi and the Lebanese Abbas Rhayel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/09/20", "description": " French voters narrowly approve the Maastricht Treaty in the French Maastricht Treaty referendum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/09/21", "description": " Mexico establishes diplomatic relations with Vatican City, ending a break that lasted over 130 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/09/21", "description": "A large Provisional Irish Republican Army bomb destroys the forensic laboratories in Belfast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/09/21", "description": "Operation Julin is the last nuclear test conducted by the United States at the Nevada Test Site.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/09/28", "description": " Law enforcement officials in the United States, Colombia, and Italy announce that they have arrested more than 165 people on money laundering charges related to cocaine trafficking.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/09/29", "description": " The Chamber of Deputies of Brazil votes to impeach President of Brazil Fernando Collor de Mello, the country's first democratically elected leader in 29 years.  Vice President Itamar Franco becomes acting president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/01", "description": " Ross Perot reenters the U.S. presidential election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/02", "description": "A riot breaks out in the Carandiru Penitentiary in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, resulting in the Carandiru Massacre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/03", "description": "After performing a song protesting alleged child abuse by the Catholic Church, Sin\u00e9ad O'Connor rips up a photo of Pope John Paul II on ''Saturday Night Live'', causing huge controversy, leading the switchboards at NBC to ring off the hook.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/03", "description": "The Bijlmerramp disaster: An Israeli plane crashes in Amsterdam, the Netherlands 43 are killed, many more injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/03", "description": "The government of Mozambique signs a truce with leaders of RENAMO, ending the 16-year-old Mozambican Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/06", "description": "Lennart Meri becomes the first president of newly independent Estonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/07", "description": " In Peru, Shining Path leader Abimael Guzm\u00e1n is convicted of treason and sentenced to life in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/09", "description": "The Chief of Naval Operations adopts the US Navy's core values: Honor, Courage and Commitment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/10", "description": " Tens of thousands rally in Washington, D. C., calling on the government to dedicate more funding to combating HIV\/AIDS and unveiling the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/10", "description": "''Catechism of the Catholic Church'' promulgated by Pope John Paul II with his apostolic constitution, ''Fidei depositum''.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vatican.va\/holy_father\/john_paul_ii\/apost_constitutions\/documents\/hf_jp-ii_apc_19921011_fidei-depositum_en.html|title=Fidei\">http:\/\/www.vatican.va\/holy_father\/john_paul_ii\/apost_constitutions\/documents\/hf_jp-ii_apc_19921011_fidei-depositum_en.html|title=Fidei<\/a> depositum|accessdate=2012-06-14|date=1992-10-11|publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/10", "description": "George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Ross Perot participate in the first of three televised debates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/10", "description": "In the Dominican Republic, Pope John Paul II celebrates the 500th anniversary of the meeting of 2 cultures.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/10", "description": "The 1992 Cairo earthquake kills 543 people and injures more than 6,500.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/14", "description": " In Japan, Shin Kanemaru of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party resigns over receiving illegal payments from Sagawa Express.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/17", "description": "Yoshihiro Hattori, a 16-year-old Japanese exchange student, mistakes the address of a party and is shot dead after knocking on the wrong door in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The shooter, Rodney Peairs, is later acquitted, sparking outrage in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/19", "description": " The Communist Party of China promotes several market-oriented reformers to the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China, signaling a defeat for hard-line ideologues.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/21", "description": " Tens of thousands of coal miners march in London to protest government plans to close coal mines and reduce the number of coal miners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/23", "description": " Emperor of Japan Akihito begins the first imperial visit of China, telling a Beijing audience he felt deep sorrow for the suffering of the Chinese people during World War II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/24", "description": " The Toronto Blue Jays become the first non-American team to win the World Series.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/25", "description": "Lithuania holds a referendum on its first constitution after declaring independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/26", "description": " In a national referendum, voters in Canada reject the Charlottetown Accord.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/10/31", "description": "Pope John Paul II issues an apology, and lifts the edict of the Inquisition against Galileo Galilei.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/11/03", "description": "United States presidential election, 1992: Bill Clinton is elected the 42nd President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/11/03", "description": "November ampampndash More than 350,000 people rally in Berlin to protest right-wing violence against immigrants, but the event is marred by radical leftists thowing stones and eggs at President of Germany Richard von Weizs\u00e4cker and Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/11/11", "description": "The Church of England votes to allow women to become priests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/11/11", "description": "The government of Peru announces it has arrested a small group of army officers who were plotting the assassination of President Alberto Fujimori.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/11/11", "description": "A report by the World Meteorological Organization reports an unprecedented level of ozone depletion in both the Arctic and Antarctic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/11/11", "description": "Boxer Riddick Bowe defeats Evander Holyfield to become undisputed heavyweight champion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/11/15", "description": " The Lithuanian parliamentary election sees the Communists of the Democratic Labour Party of Lithuania, led by Algirdas Brazauskas, return to power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/11/18", "description": "Russian President Boris Yeltsin releases the flight data recorder (FDR) and cockpit voice recorder (CVR) of KAL 007, shot down by the Soviets in 1983.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/11/20", "description": "In England, a fire breaks out in Windsor Castle, causing over \u00a350 million worth of damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/11/20", "description": "In the People's Republic of China, a China Southern Airlines domestic flight crashes, killing all 141 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/11/20", "description": "Elizabeth II describes this year as an ''annus horribilis'' (horrible year), due to various scandals damaging the image of the Royal Family, as well as the Windsor Castle fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/11/20", "description": "The Czechoslovakia Federal Assembly votes to split the country into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, starting on January 1, 1993.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/11/20", "description": "In a national referendum related to abortion, voters in Ireland reject the proposed Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution Bill, 1992 (Ireland) but approve the Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland and the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/11/27", "description": " The government of Venezuela announces that it has put down a coup attempt by a group of army officers who bombed the presidential palace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/11/27", "description": "The trial of 14 South Vietnamese accused of murdering 24 North Vietnamese begins in Hong Kong (ends November 29, 1994).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/11/27", "description": "Secretary-General of the United Nations Boutros Boutros-Ghali encourages the United Nations Security Council to pass United Nations Security Council Resolution 794, authorizing military intervention in the Somali Civil War to allow emergency food supplies to reach the people of Somalia.  The Council passes the resolution on December 3, and United Staets Marines begin arriving in Somalia on December 9.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/11/27", "description": "UN Security Council Resolution 794 is unanimously passed, approving a coalition of United Nations peacekeepers led by the United States to form UNITAF, tasked with ensuring humanitarian aid gets distributed and establishing peace in Somalia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/11/27", "description": "The Greek oil tanker ''Aegean Sea'', carrying 80,000 tonnes of crude oil, runs aground in a storm while on approach to La Coru\u00f1a, Spain, and spills much of its cargo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/04", "description": "U.S. military forces land in Somalia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/06", "description": "Extremist Hindu activists demolish Babri Masjid \u2013 a 16th century mosque in Ayodhya, India, which had been used as a temple since 1949, leading to widespread communal violence, including the Mumbai Riots, in all killing over 1500 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/07", "description": " The United States wins the 1992 Davis Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/08", "description": "The last blast is fired at the Falu Copper Mine in Falun, Sweden, after a millennium of continuous operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/09", "description": "The Prince and Princess of Wales publicly announce their separation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/12", "description": "An earthquake hits Flores, Indonesia, leaving 2,500 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/18", "description": " The South Korean presidential election is won by Kim Young-sam, the first non-military candidate elected since 1961.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/19", "description": " State President of South Africa F. W. de Klerk dismisses or suspends 23 military officers, including six generals, sho were suspected of unauthorized activities designed to disrupt negotiations with the African National Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/20", "description": "The Folies Berg\u00e8re music hall in Paris, France, closes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/20", "description": "A Dutch DC-10, flight Martinair MP 495, crashes at Faro Airport, killing 56 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/20", "description": "President of Serbia Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107 defeats Milan Pani\u0107 in the Serbian presidential election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/22", "description": "Archives of Terror discovered by Dr. Mart\u00edn Almada detailing the fates of thousands of Latin Americans who had been secretly kidnapped, tortured, and killed by the security services of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay. This was known as Operation Condor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/22", "description": "President-elect Bill Clinton names the final members of his cabinet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/22", "description": "President George H. W. Bush pardons six national security officials implicated in the Iran\u2013Contra affair, including Caspar Weinberger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/27", "description": " A U.S. F-16 Fighting Falcon shoots down an Iraqi MiG-25 Foxbat that violated the Iraqi no-fly zones.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/29", "description": "Brazil's president Fernando Collor de Mello is found guilty on charges that he stole more than $32 million from the government, preventing him from holding any elected office for 8 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/31", "description": " President Bush arrives in Somalia to spend New Year's Day with U.S. troops who were part of the Unified Task Force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/31", "description": "First confirmed detection of extrasolar planets with the discovery of several terrestrial-mass planets orbiting the pulsar PSR B1257+12 by Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/31", "description": "Deng Xiaoping accelerates market reforms to establish a socialist market economy in the People's Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/31", "description": "Queensland introduces Freedom Of Information Laws.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/31", "description": "The Council for National Academic Awards, UK is wound up.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1992/12/31", "description": "The Hospital Chaplains' Fellowship joins with the National Association of Whole Time Hospital Chaplains to form the College of Health Care Chaplains in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993", "description": "Dissolution of Czechoslovakia:Czech Republic and the Slovakia separate in the so-called Velvet Divorce.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993", "description": "The European Economic Community eliminates trade barriers and creates a European single market.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993", "description": "Euronews is launched in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993", "description": "ITV companies GMTV, Carlton Television, Meridian Broadcasting and Westcountry Television start broadcasting, replacing TV-am, Thames Television, TVS and TSW respectively.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/01/03", "description": " In Moscow, George Bush and Boris Yeltsin sign the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/01/03", "description": "The state of Washington executes Westley Allan Dodd by hanging (the first legal hanging in America since 1965).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/01/03", "description": "US$7.4 million is stolen from Brink's Armored Car Depot in Rochester, New York in the 5th largest robbery in U.S. history. Four men, Samuel Millar, Father Patrick Moloney, former Rochester Police officer Thomas O'Connor, and Charles McCormick, all of whom have ties to the Provisional Irish Republican Army, are accused.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/01/03", "description": "M\/V ''Braer'', a Liberian oil tanker, runs aground off the Scottish island of Mainland, causing a massive oil spill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/01/06", "description": " Douglas Hurd is the first high-ranking British official to visit Argentina since the Falklands War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/01/06", "description": "January 20 ampndash The Bombay Riots take place in the city now known as Mumbai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/01/07", "description": " The Fourth Republic of Ghana is inaugurated, with Jerry Rawlings as president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/01/11", "description": " WWF Monday Night Raw premieres on the USA Network and continues to this day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/01/14", "description": " The Polish ferry M\/S ''Jan Heweliusz'' sinks off the coast of R\u00fcgen in the Baltic Sea, killing 54 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/01/15", "description": " Salvatore Riina, the Mafia boss known as 'The Beast', is arrested in Palermo, Sicily, after 23 years as a fugitive.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/01/15", "description": "Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/01/15", "description": "IBM announces a $4.97 billion loss for 1992, the largest single-year corporate loss in United States history to date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/01/15", "description": "Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq refuses to allow UNSCOM inspectors to use its own aircraft to fly into Iraq, and begins military operations in the demilitarized zone between Iraq and Kuwait, and the northern Iraqi no-fly zones. U.S. forces fire approximately 40 Tomahawk cruise missiles at Baghdad factories linked to Iraq's illegal nuclear weapons program. Iraq then informs UNSCOM that it will be able to resume its flights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/01/20", "description": " Bill Clinton succeeds George Bush as the 42nd President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/01/24", "description": " In Turkey, thousands protest the murder of journalist U\u011fur Mumcu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/01/24", "description": "Mir Aimal Kasi fires a rifle and kills 2 employees outside CIA headquarters in Langley, Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/01/24", "description": "Social democrat Poul Nyrup Rasmussen succeeds conservative Poul Schl\u00fcter as Prime Minister of Denmark.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/01/26", "description": " V\u00e1clav Havel is elected President of the Czech Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/01/31", "description": " Super Bowl XXVII: The Buffalo Bills become the first team to lose 3 consecutive Super Bowls as they are defeated by the Dallas Cowboys, 52\u201317.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/02/04", "description": " Members of the right-wing Austrian FP\u00d6 split to form the Liberal Forum in protest against the increasing nationalistic bent of the party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/02/05", "description": " Belgium becomes a federal monarchy rather than a unitary kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/02/08", "description": " General Motors sues NBC, after ''Dateline NBC'' allegedly rigged 2 crashes showing that some GM pickups can easily catch fire if hit in certain places. NBC settles the lawsuit the following day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/02/08", "description": "Lien Chan is named by Lee Teng-Hui to succeed Hau Pei-tsun as Premier of the Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/02/08", "description": "Mani Pulite scandal: Italian legislator Claudio Martelli resigns, followed by various politicians over the next 2 weeks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/02/11", "description": " Janet Reno is selected by President Clinton as Attorney General of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/02/12", "description": " Two-year-old James Bulger is abducted, tortured and murdered by two 10-year-old boys, Jon Venables and Robert Thompson. Both are later charged. See Murder of James Bulger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/02/12", "description": "Glafcos Clerides defeats incumbent George Vasiliou in the Cypriot presidential election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/02/12", "description": "Albert Zafy defeats Didier Ratsiraka in the Madagascar presidential election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/02/17", "description": " A ferry sinks in Haiti, killing approximately 1,215 out of 1,500 passengers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/02/22", "description": " UN Security Council Resolution 808 is voted on, deciding that quotan international tribunal shall be establishedquot to prosecute violations of international law in Yugoslavia. The tribunal will is established on May 25 by Resolution 827.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/02/24", "description": " Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney resigns amidst political and economic turmoil. Kim Campbell, his successor, becomes Canada's first female Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/02/26", "description": " World Trade Center bombing: In New York, New York, a van bomb parked below the North Tower of the World Trade Center explodes, killing 6 and injuring over 1,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/02/28", "description": " Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives agents raid the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, Texas, with a warrant to arrest leader David Koresh on federal firearms violations. Four agents and 5 Davidians die in the raid and a 51-day standoff begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/03/04", "description": " Authorities announce the capture of suspected World Trade Center bombing conspirator Mohammad Salameh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/03/05", "description": " Macedonian Palair Flight 305, a F-100 on a flight to Zurich, crashes shortly after take-off from Skopje killing 83 of the 97 on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/03/09", "description": " Rodney King testifies at the federal trial of 4 Los Angeles, California, police officers accused of violating his civil rights when they beat him during an arrest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/03/11", "description": " Janet Reno is confirmed by the United States Senate and sworn in the next day, becoming the first female Attorney General of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/03/11", "description": "1993 Bombay bombings: Several bombs explode in Bombay, India, killing 257 and injuring hundreds more.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/03/11", "description": "North Korea nuclear weapons program: North Korea announces that it plans to withdraw from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and refuses to allow inspectors access to nuclear sites.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/03/13", "description": "March 15 ampndash The Great Blizzard of 1993 strikes the eastern U.S., bringing record snowfall and other severe weather all the way from Cuba to Quebec it reportedly kills 184.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/03/13", "description": " Australian federal election, 1993: The Australian Labor Party stays in power despite poor economic results.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/03/17", "description": " The PKK announces a unilateral ceasefire in Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/03/20", "description": " Warrington bomb attacks: An IRA bomb explodes in Warrington Town Centre and kills 2 children, Jonathan Ball and Tim Parry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/03/22", "description": " The Intel Corporation ships the first P5 Pentium chips.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/03/22", "description": "The Israeli Knesset elects Ezer Weizman as President of Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/03/22", "description": "South Africa officially abandons its nuclear weapons programme. President de Klerk announces that the country's 6 warheads had already been dismantled in 1990.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/03/22", "description": "Jiang Zemin becomes President of the People's Republic of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/03/22", "description": "Following a rash of integrist murders, Algeria breaks diplomatic relations with Iran, accusing the country of interfering in its interior affairs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/03/22", "description": "Mahamane Ousmane is elected president of Niger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/03/28", "description": " French legislative election, 1993: Gaullists win a majority and \u00c9douard Balladur becomes Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/03/29", "description": " The 65th Academy Awards, hosted by Billy Crystal, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California, with ''Unforgiven'' winning Best Picture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/03/29", "description": "April ampampndash The Kuwaiti government claims to uncover an Iraqi assassination plot against former U.S. President George Bush shortly after his visit to Kuwait. Two Iraqi nationals confess to driving a car-bomb into Kuwait on behalf of the Iraqi Intelligence Service.ampamp{{waybackdate|site=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/archive\/content\/?020930fr_archive02|date=20021014165340}}ampamp\">http:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/archive\/content\/?020930fr_archive02|date=20021014165340}}ampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/01", "description": " The Vatican orders the moving of the Carmelite convent at Auschwitz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/06", "description": " A nuclear accident occurs at Tomsk 7 in Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/08", "description": " The Republic of Macedonia is admitted to the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/10", "description": " African National Congress activist Chris Hani is assassinated in South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/16", "description": " Bosnian War: the enclave of Srebrenica is declared a UN-protected quotsafe areaquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/17", "description": " Laurence Powell and Stacey Koon are found guilty in the second Rodney King trial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/17", "description": "A 51-day stand-off at the Branch Davidian compound near Waco, Texas, ends with a fire that kills 76 people, including David Koresh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/17", "description": "South Dakota governor George Mickelson and seven others are killed when a state-owned aircraft crashes near Dubuque, Iowa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/17", "description": "In Washington, DC, the Holocaust Memorial Museum is dedicated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/17", "description": "18-year-old student Stephen Lawrence is stabbed to death in London, England the attack is believed to have been racially motivated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/17", "description": "The World Health Organization declares tuberculosis a Global Emergency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/17", "description": "Eritreans vote overwhelmingly for independence from Ethiopia in a United Nations-monitored referendum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/26", "description": " Oscar Luigi Scalfaro appoints Carlo Azeglio Ciampi Prime Minister of Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/26", "description": "Eritrea: Eritrean independence was declared as a result of a referendum held with UN verification.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/26", "description": "Yemeni parliamentary election, 1993: The General People's Congress wins a plurality of 121 seats.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/26", "description": "All members of the Zambia national football team die in a plane crash off Libreville, Gabon in route to Dakar, Senegal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/28", "description": " An executive order requires the United States Air Force to allow women to fly war planes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/30", "description": " Tennis star Monica Seles is stabbed in the back by an obsessed fan of rival Steffi Graf at a tournament in Hamburg, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/30", "description": "Pierre B\u00e9r\u00e9govoy, former prime minister of France, commits suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/04/30", "description": "A Tamil Tigers suicide bomber assassinates President Ranasinghe Premadasa of Sri Lanka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/05/04", "description": " UNOSOM II assumes the Somalian duties of the dissolved UNITAF.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/05/09", "description": " Juan Carlos Wasmosy becomes the first democratically elected President of Paraguay in nearly 40 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/05/15", "description": " Niamh Kavanagh wins the Eurovision Song Contest for Ireland with quotIn Your Eyesquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/05/15", "description": "The Grand National Assembly of Turkey elects Prime Minister S\u00fcleyman Demirel as President of Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/05/15", "description": "After Demirel becomes the president the acting prime minister of Turkey is Erdal \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc of SHP for 40 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/05/24", "description": " Eritrea gains independence from Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/05/27", "description": " A mafia car bomb in via dei Georgofili, near Uffizi Gallery in Florence kills five people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/05/28", "description": " Eritrea and Monaco gain entry to the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/05/29", "description": " The first Life Ball takes place in Vienna, Austria. In 2011, the event is named the largest public-charity on HIV and AIDS in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/05/29", "description": "Large protests erupt against Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107's regime in Belgrade opposition leader Vuk Dra\u0161kovi\u0107 and his wife Danica are arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/05/29", "description": "President of Guatemala Jorge Serrano El\u00edas is forced to flee the country after an attempted self-coup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/05/29", "description": "Burundian presidential election, 1993: The first multiparty elections in Burundi since the country's independence lead to the election of Melchior Ndadaye, leader of the Front for Democracy in Burundi. The next day's legislative election sees his party win with an overwhelming majority.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/05/29", "description": "The National Assembly of Venezuela designates Ram\u00f3n Jos\u00e9 Vel\u00e1squez as successor of suspended President Carlos Andr\u00e9s P\u00e9rez.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/05/29", "description": "24 Pakistani troops in the UN forces are killed in Mogadishu, Somalia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/05/29", "description": "Following the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement's victory, Gonzalo S\u00e1nchez de Lozada becomes president of Bolivia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/05/29", "description": "Mongolia holds its first direct presidential elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/06/08", "description": " The PKK-declared ceasefire ends in Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/06/14", "description": " Multipartyists win a referendum on the future of the one-party system in Malawi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/06/18", "description": " Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq refuses to allow UNSCOM weapons inspectors to install remote-controlled monitoring cameras at 2 missile engine test stands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/06/18", "description": "A 7.5 earthquake hits Japan, killing 385 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/06/18", "description": "John Paxson's 3-point shot in Game 6 of the NBA Finals helps the Chicago Bulls secure a 99\u201398 win over the Phoenix Suns, and their third consecutive championship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/06/22", "description": " Japan's New Party Sakigake breaks away from the Liberal Democratic Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/06/23", "description": " In Manassas, Virginia, Lorena Bobbitt cuts off the penis of her husband John Wayne Bobbitt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/06/23", "description": "A Unabomber bomb injures computer scientist David Gelernter at Yale University.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/06/23", "description": "Andrew Wiles wins worldwide fame after presenting his proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, a problem that had been unsolved for more than 3 centuries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/06/23", "description": "Kim Campbell becomes the 19th, and first female, Prime Minister of Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/06/23", "description": "Tansu \u00c7iller of DYP forms the new government of Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/06/23", "description": "Zoran Lili\u0107 succeeds Dobrica \u0106osi\u0107 as President of Yugoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/06/23", "description": "The litas is introduced in Lithuania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/06/23", "description": "Jacques Attali resigns as President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/06/26", "description": "June 28 ampndash Typhoon Koryn causes massive damage to the Philippines, China and Macau.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/06/26", "description": "U.S. President Bill Clinton orders a cruise missile attack on Iraqi intelligence headquarters in the Al-Mansur District of Baghdad, in response to an Iraqi plot to assassinate former U.S. President George Bush during his visit to Kuwait in mid-April.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/06/26", "description": "In Bad Kleinen, Germany, GSG 9 troopers arrest Birgit Hogefeld and kill Wolfgang Grams two Red Army Faction terrorists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/07/02", "description": " An integrist mob sets fire to the hotel where ''The Satanic Verses'' translator Aziz Nesin resides in Sivas, Turkey, killing 37.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/07/05", "description": " Iraq disarmament crisis: UN inspection teams leave Iraq. Iraq then agrees to UNSCOM demands and the inspection teams return.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/07/07", "description": "July 9 ampndash The 19th G7 summit is held in Tokyo, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/07/07", "description": " Hurricane Calvin lands in Mexico. It is the second Pacific hurricane on record to land in Mexico in July, and kills 34.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/07/12", "description": " A magnitude 7.8 earthquake off Hokkaid\u014d, Japan launches a devastating tsunami that kills 202 on the small island of Okushiri, Hokkaido.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/07/16", "description": "July 17 ampndash In Estonia, the majority Russian cities of Narva and Sillam\u00e4e organize illegal referendums on quotterritorial autonomyquot to protest new citizenship laws.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/07/16", "description": "Japanese general election, 1993: The loss of majority of the Liberal Democratic Party results in a coalition taking power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/07/16", "description": "U.S. President Bill Clinton announces his 'Don't ask, don't tell' policy regarding gays in the American military.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/07/20", "description": " White House deputy counsel Vince Foster commits suicide in Virginia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/07/23", "description": " Candel\u00e1ria massacre: Brazilian police officers kill 8 street kids in Rio de Janeiro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/07/23", "description": "Miguel Indurain wins the 1993 Tour de France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/07/23", "description": "Asiana Airlines Flight 733 crashes into Mt. Ungeo in Haenam, South Korea 68 die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/07/27", "description": " Windows NT 3.1, the first version of Microsoft's line of Windows NT operating systems, is released to manufacturing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/07/29", "description": " The Israeli Supreme Court acquits accused Nazi death camp guard John Demjanjuk of all charges and he is set free.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/07/31", "description": " King Baudouin I of Belgium dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/07/31", "description": "A federal judge sentences Los Angeles Police Department officers Stacey Koon and Laurence Powell to 30 months in prison for violating motorist Rodney King's civil rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/07/31", "description": "The Japanese government issues the Kono Statement, acknowledging the comfort women's (sex slaves) deportation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/07/31", "description": "The discovery of the Tel Dan Stele, the first archaeological confirmation of the existence of the Davidic line, is announced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/07/31", "description": "Magic: the Gathering undergoes its first general release.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/08/06", "description": " According to Japanese government and TBS networks reports, torrential rain and mudslides kill 72 in Kagoshima, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/08/09", "description": " King Albert II of Belgium is sworn into office 9 days after the death of his brother, King Baudouin I.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/08/13", "description": " Over 130 die in the collapse of Royal Plaza Hotel at Nakhon Ratchasima in Thailand's worst hotel disaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/08/17", "description": " For the first time, the public is allowed inside Buckingham Palace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/08/19", "description": " In Norway, Varg Vikernes is arrested and charged with the murder of Euronymous, of Mayhem he receives a 21-year sentence for this and other crimes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/08/21", "description": " NASA loses radio contact with the Mars Observer orbiter 3 days before the spacecraft is scheduled to enter orbit around Mars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/08/28", "description": " Ong Teng Cheong becomes the first President of Singapore elected by the population.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/08/30", "description": " Russia completes removing its troops from Lithuania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/08/30", "description": "Norwegian parliamentary election, 1993: The Labour Party wins a plurality of the seats, and Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland retains office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/08/30", "description": "PLO leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin shake hands in Washington D.C., after signing a peace accord.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/09/15", "description": " Giuseppe 'Pino' Puglisi, an Italian priest in the Palermo neighborhood of Brancaccio, was assassinated in front of his church on his 56th birthday in retaliation for his anti-Mafia activism.  One of the hitmen later confessed that Fr. Puglisi's last words as his killers approached were: quotI've been expecting you.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/09/15", "description": "September 21 ampndash Hurricane Gert (1993) crosses from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean through Central America and Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/09/17", "description": " Russian troops withdraw from Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/09/19", "description": " Polish parliamentary election, 1993: A coalition of the Democratic Left Alliance and the Polish People's Party led by Waldemar Pawlak comes into power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/09/22", "description": " Big Bayou Canot train disaster: A bridge collapses as the ''Sunset Limited'' crosses it, killing 47.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/09/23", "description": " The International Olympic Committee selects Sydney, Australia to host the 2000 Summer Olympics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/09/24", "description": " The Cambodian monarchy is restored, with Norodom Sihanouk as king.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/09/24", "description": "The first mission in Biosphere 2 ends after 2 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/09/24", "description": "PoSAT-1 (the first Portuguese satellite) is launched on board French rocket Ariane 4.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/09/27", "description": " War in Abkhazia ampndash Fall of Sukhumi: Eduard Shevardnadze accuses Russia of passive complicity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/09/30", "description": " An earthquake centered in Killari, Maharashtra, India kills over 10,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/10/03", "description": " U.S. Army conducts Operation Gothic Serpent in the city of Mogadishu, Somalia, using Task Force Ranger.  Two UH-60 Blackhawks are shot down and the operation leaves over 1000 Somalians dead and over 73 Americans WIA, 19 KIA, and 1 captured.   Also known as the Battle of Mogadishu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/10/04", "description": " The Russian constitutional crisis culminates with Russian military and security forces clearing the White House of Russia Parliament building by force, quashing a mass uprising against President Boris Yeltsin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/10/04", "description": "China performs a nuclear test, ending a worldwide ''de facto'' moratorium.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/10/04", "description": "The papal encyclical ''Veritatis Splendor'' is promulgated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/10/10", "description": " 292 are killed when the South Korean ferry ''Seohae'' capsizes off Pusan, South Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/10/11", "description": "October 28 ampndash The UNMIH is prevented from entering Haiti. On October 18, economic sanctions (abolished in August) are reinstated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/10/11", "description": "Greek legislative election, 1993: Andreas Papandreou begins his second term as Prime Minister of Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/10/11", "description": "The fifth summit of the Francophonie opens in Mauritius.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/10/19", "description": " Benazir Bhutto becomes the first elected woman to lead a post-colonial Muslim state, in Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/10/21", "description": " A coup in Burundi results in the death of president Melchior Ndadaye and sparks the Burundi Civil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/10/25", "description": " Canadian federal election, 1993: Jean Chr\u00e9tien and his Liberal Party defeat the governing Progressive Conservative Party, which falls to an historic low of 2 seats.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/10/30", "description": " Greysteel massacre: Three members of the UDA, a loyalist paramilitary group, attacked a crowded bar in Greysteel, Northern Ireland, with firearms, killing eight civilians and wounding thirteen. The bar was targeted because it was in an Irish nationalist and Catholic area.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/11/01", "description": " The Maastricht Treaty takes effect, formally establishing the European Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/11/05", "description": " The  Parliament of the United Kingdom passes the Railways Act, setting out the procedures for privatisation of British Rail.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/11/09", "description": " Bosnian Croat forces destroy the ''Stari most'', or Old Bridge of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, by tank fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/11/09", "description": "Microsoft releases Windows 3.11 for Workgroups to manufacturing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/11/09", "description": "Sri Lankan civil war ampampndash Battle of Pooneryn: Over 400 Sri Lankan military are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/11/12", "description": " London Convention: Marine dumping of radioactive waste is outlawed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/11/17", "description": "November 22 ampndash The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) passes the legislative houses in the United States, Canada and Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/11/17", "description": "In a status referendum, Puerto Rico residents vote with a slim margin to maintain Commonwealth status.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/11/17", "description": "In South Africa, 21 political parties approve a new constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/11/17", "description": "The first meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation opens in Seattle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/11/17", "description": "Savings and loan crisis: The United States Senate Ethics Committee issues a stern censure of California senator Alan Cranston for his dealings with savings-and-loan executive Charles Keating.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/11/17", "description": "An Avioimpex Yakovlev Yak-42D crashes into Mount Trojani near Ohrid, Macedonia. The aircraft was on a flight from Geneva, Switzerland to Skopje, but had been diverted to Ohrid due to poor weather conditions at the Skopje airport. All 8 crew members and 115 of the 116 passengers are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/11/28", "description": " ''The Observer'' reveals that a channel of communications has existed between the IRA and the British government, despite the government's persistent denials.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/11/30", "description": " Agreement establishing the Permanent Commission for East African Co-operation signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/01", "description": " A train crash at Tattenham Corner railway station lead to the introduction of the current drugs and alcohol policy for railways in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/01", "description": "''STS-61'': NASA launches the Space Shuttle ''Endeavour'' on a mission to repair an optical flaw in the Hubble Space Telescope.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/01", "description": "The September 6 merger between Renault and Volvo fails Volvo CEO Pehr G. Gyllenhammar resigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/05", "description": " Rafael Caldera Rodr\u00edguez is elected President of Venezuela for the second time, succeeding interim president Ram\u00f3n Jos\u00e9 Vel\u00e1squez.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/05", "description": "Colin Ferguson opens fire with his Ruger 9ampampnbspmm pistol on a Long Island Rail Road train, killing 6 and injuring 19.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/05", "description": "The 32-member Transitional Executive Committee holds its first meeting in Cape Town, marking the first meeting of an official government body in South Africa with Black members.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/05", "description": "President of C\u00f4te d'Ivoire F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny dies at 83, the oldest African head of state. He is succeeded 3 days later by Henri Konan B\u00e9di\u00e9.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/08", "description": " U.S. President Bill Clinton signs into law the North American Free Trade Agreement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/10", "description": " id Software releases ''Doom'', a seminal first-person shooter that uses advanced 3D graphics for computer games.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/10", "description": "Chilean presidential election, 1993: Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle is elected with 58% of the vote.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/10", "description": "A variety of Soviet space program paraphernalia are put to auction in Sotheby's New York, and sell for a total of US$6.8M. One of the items is Lunokhod 1 and its spacecraft Luna 17 they sell for $68,500.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/12", "description": " P\u00e9ter Boross becomes Prime Minister of Hungary following the death of J\u00f3zsef Antall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/12", "description": "Canadian Prime Minister Kim Campbell resigns as head of the Conservative Party, to be succeeded by Jean Charest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/12", "description": "The Majilis of Kazakhstan approves the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, and agrees to dismantle the more than 100 missiles left on its territory by the fall of the USSR.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/12", "description": "Downing Street Declaration: The United Kingdom commits itself to the search for an answer to the problems of Northern Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/12", "description": "The Uruguay Round of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) talks reach a successful conclusion after 7 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/16", "description": " Brazil's Supreme Court rules that former President Fernando Collor de Mello may not hold elected office again until 2000 due to political corruption.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/18", "description": " Omar Bongo is re-elected as President of Gabon in the country's first multiparty elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/18", "description": "The United Nations General Assembly votes unanimously to appoint a UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/18", "description": "The first corrected images from the Hubble Telescope are taken.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/22", "description": " The interim South African constitution is approved by Parliament 237\u201345.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/29", "description": " Argentina passes a measure allowing President Carlos Menem and all future presidents to run for a second term.  It also shortens presidential terms to 4 years and removes the requirement for the president to be Roman Catholic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/29", "description": "Israel and the Vatican establish diplomatic relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/29", "description": "The Congress Party gains a parliamentary majority in India after the defection of 10 Janata Dal party lawmakers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/29", "description": "The second World Parliament of Religions is held in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/29", "description": "U.S. President Bill Clinton sends 6 American warships to Haiti, to enforce United Nations trade sanctions against the military-led regime in that country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/29", "description": "The Mississippi and Missouri Rivers flood large portions of the American Midwest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/29", "description": "Severe floods hit South Asia, killing over 4,000 people in Bangladesh, India and Nepal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/29", "description": "The European Exchange Rate Mechanism is put in crisis, mainly from speculation against the French franc.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/29", "description": "Over a dozen people are killed by the new Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, mainly in the Southwestern United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/29", "description": "Wildfires in California destroy over {{convert|16000|acre|km2}} and 700 homes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/29", "description": "Stephen Hawking's ''A Brief History of Time'' becomes the longest running book on the bestseller list of ''The Sunday Times'' ever.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/29", "description": "The Oslo Accords negotiations begin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/29", "description": "Many foreigners are murdered by rebel groups in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1993/12/29", "description": "The Campaign for Homosexual Law Reform succeeds in having the Irish sodomy law reformed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994", "description": "The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994", "description": "The Zapatista Army of National Liberation begins their war in Chiapas, Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/01/06", "description": " In Detroit, Michigan, Nancy Kerrigan is clubbed on the right leg by an assailant, under orders from figure skating rival Tonya Harding's ex-husband.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/01/08", "description": " ''Soyuz TM-18'': Valeri Polyakov begins his 437.7 day orbit, eventually setting the world record for days spent in orbit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/01/08", "description": "The Irish government announces the end of a 15-year broadcasting ban on the Provisional Irish Republican Army and its political arm Sinn F\u00e9in.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/01/08", "description": "''The Superhighway Summit'' is held at UCLA's Royce Hall. It is the first conference to discuss the growing information superhighway and is presided over by U.S. Vice President Al Gore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/01/14", "description": " U.S. President Bill Clinton and Russian President Boris Yeltsin sign the Kremlin accords, which stop the preprogrammed aiming of nuclear missiles toward each country's targets, and also provide for the dismantling of the nuclear arsenal in Ukraine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/01/15", "description": " The ''SS American Star'' breaks tow in the Atlantic Ocean and is beached at Fuerteventura in the Canary Islands a few days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/01/17", "description": " The 1994 Northridge earthquake, magnitude 6.7, hits the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles at 4:31 a.m., killing 72 and leaving 26,029 homeless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/01/19", "description": " Record cold temperatures hit the eastern United States.  The coldest temperature ever measured in Indiana state history, \u221236\u00b0F (\u221238\u00b0C), is recorded in New Whiteland, Indiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/01/20", "description": " In South Carolina, Shannon Faulkner becomes the first female cadet to attend The Citadel, but soon drops out.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/01/21", "description": " Lorena Bobbitt is found not guilty by reason of insanity on charges of mutilating her husband John.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/01/25", "description": " U.S. President Bill Clinton delivers his first State of the Union address, calling for health care reform, a ban on assault weapons, and welfare reform.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/01/26", "description": " A man fires 2 blank shots at Charles, Prince of Wales in Sydney, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/02/01", "description": " In Portland, Oregon, Tonya Harding's ex-husband Jeff Gillooly pleads guilty for his role in attacking figure skater Nancy Kerrigan. He accepts a plea bargain, admitting to racketeering charges in exchange for testimony against Harding.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/02/03", "description": " William J. Perry is sworn in as the United States Secretary of Defense.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/02/04", "description": " The Federal Open Market Committee raises the Fed Funds target rate for the first time since May 1989. The rate is raised by 25 basis points to 3\u00bc percent <a href=\"http:\/\/www.federalreserve.gov\/fomc\/19940204default.htm.\">http:\/\/www.federalreserve.gov\/fomc\/19940204default.htm.<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/02/05", "description": " Byron De La Beckwith is convicted of the 1963 murder of civil rights leader Medgar Evers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/02/06", "description": " Markale massacres: A Bosnian Serb Army mortar shell kills 68 civilians and wounds about 200 in a Sarajevo marketplace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/02/09", "description": " The Vance-Owen Peace plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina is announced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/02/09", "description": "Edvard Munch's painting ampquotThe Screamampquot is stolen in Oslo (and is recovered on May 7).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/02/09", "description": "The 1994 Winter Olympics begin in Lillehammer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/02/22", "description": " Aldrich Ames and his wife are charged with spying for the Soviet Union by the United States Department of Justice. Ames is later convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment his wife receives 5 years in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/02/24", "description": " In Gloucester, local police begin excavations at 25 Cromwell Street, the home of Fred West, a suspect in multiple murders. On February 28, he and his wife are arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/02/25", "description": " Israeli Kahanist Baruch Goldstein opens fire inside the Cave of the Patriarchs in the West Bank he kills 29 Muslims before worshippers beat him to death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/02/27", "description": " Australian Federal Sports amp Environment Minister Ros Kelly resigns over quotThe Sports Rorts Affairquot, where it was alleged that she apportioned money for community sporting projects in a pork barreling fashion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/02/28", "description": " 4 United States F-16s shoot down 4 Serbian J-21s over Bosnia and Herzegovina for violation of the Operation Deny Flight and its no-fly zone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/02/28", "description": "A lone terrorist kills Ari Halberstam during an attack on 14 Jewish students on the Brooklyn Bridge in New York City. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arihalberstam.com\">http:\/\/www.arihalberstam.com<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/02/28", "description": "South Africa cedes Walvis Bay to Namibia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/02/28", "description": "Mary Ellen Withrow begins her term of office as Treasurer of the United States, serving under President Bill Clinton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/03/06", "description": " A referendum in Moldova results in the electorate voting against possible reunification with Romania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/03/07", "description": " ''Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.'': The Supreme Court of the United States rules that parodies of an original work are generally covered by the doctrine of fair use.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/03/07", "description": "A photo by Marmaduke Wetherell, previously touted as 'proof' of the Loch Ness monster, is confirmed to be a hoax.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/03/07", "description": "The Church of England ordains its first female priests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/03/14", "description": " Apple Computer, Inc. releases the first Macintosh computers to use the new PowerPC Microprocessors. This is considered to be a major leap in personal computer, as well as Macintosh history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/03/15", "description": " U.S. troops are withdrawn from Somalia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/03/16", "description": " In Portland, Oregon, Tonya Harding pleads guilty to conspiracy to hinder prosecution for trying to cover-up an attack on figure skating rival Nancy Kerrigan. She is fined $100,000 and banned from the sport.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/03/20", "description": " Italian journalist Ilaria Alpi and TV cameraman Miran Hrovatin are assassinated in Somalia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/03/21", "description": " The 66th Academy Awards, hosted by Whoopi Goldberg, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California. Steven Spielberg's Holocaust drama, ''Schindler's List'', wins 7 Oscars including Best Picture and Best Director (Spielberg).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/03/23", "description": " Green Ramp disaster: Two military aircraft collide over Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina causing 24 fatalities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/03/23", "description": "TV tycoon Silvio Berlusconi's right-wing coalition wins the Italian general election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/03/23", "description": "The biggest tornado outbreak in 1994 occurs in the southeastern United States 1 tornado hits a Goshen United Methodist Church in Piedmont, Alabama, killing 22 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/03/23", "description": "The Eurofighter takes its first flight in Manching, Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/03/28", "description": " Shell House Massacre: Inkatha Freedom Party and ANC supporters battle in central Johannesburg South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/03/31", "description": " The journal ''Nature'' reports the finding in Ethiopia of the first complete ''Australopithecus afarensis'' skull (see Human evolution).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/04/06", "description": " Rwandan President Juv\u00e9nal Habyarimana and Burundi President Cyprien Ntaryamira die when a missile shoots down their jet near Kigali, Rwanda. This is taken as a pretext to begin the Rwandan Genocide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/04/06", "description": "The Rwandan Genocide begins in Kigali, Rwanda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/04/06", "description": "FedEx Flight 705 experiences an attempted suicidal hiajcking. The crew manages to subdue the attacker and land at the airport.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/04/06", "description": "Michelangelo's ''Universal Judgement'' is reopened to the public after 10 years of restorations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/04/06", "description": "Kurt Cobain, songwriter and frontman for the band Nirvana, is found dead at his Lake Washington home, apparently of a single self-inflicted gunshot wound.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/04/16", "description": " Voters in Finland decide to join the European Union in a referendum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/04/19", "description": " A Los Angeles jury awards $3.8 million to Rodney King for violation of his civil rights.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/04/20", "description": " Paul Touvier is found guilty of ordering the execution of 7 Jews when he  served in the Vichy France Milice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/04/21", "description": " The Red Cross estimates that hundreds of thousands of Tutsi have been killed in Rwanda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/04/21", "description": "Sultan Azlan Muhibbudin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Yusuff Izzudin Shah Ghafarullahu-lahu ends his term as the 9th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/04/21", "description": "The largest high school arson ever in the United States is started at Burnsville High School, in Burnsville, Minnesota, resulting in over 15 million dollars in damages.  The same arsonist also goes on to set arsons at Edina High School and Minnetonka High School. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.olafire.com\/AFSAContest.asp\">http:\/\/www.olafire.com\/AFSAContest.asp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/04/21", "description": "Tuanku Jaafar ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman, Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan, becomes the 10th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/04/21", "description": "China Airlines Flight 140, an Airbus A300, crashes while landing at Nagoya, Japan, killing 264 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/04/27", "description": " South Africa holds its first fully multiracial elections, marking the final end of apartheid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/04/29", "description": " Commodore International declares bankruptcy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/04/30", "description": " Formula One driver Roland Ratzenberger is killed while qualifying for the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/05/01", "description": " Three-time Formula One world champion Ayrton Senna is killed in an accident during the San Marino Grand Prix in Imola, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/05/05", "description": " The Bishkek Protocol between Armenia and Azerbaijan was signed, effectively freezing the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/05/06", "description": " The Channel Tunnel, which took 15,000 workers over 7 years to complete, opens between England and France, enabling passengers to travel between the 2 countries in 35 minutes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/05/06", "description": "Nelson Mandela is inaugurated as South Africa's first black president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/05/06", "description": "Illinois executes serial killer John Wayne Gacy by lethal injection for the murder of 33 young men and boys.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/05/06", "description": "An annular eclipse of the sun is visible across much of North America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/05/12", "description": " Ice hockey becomes Canada's official winter sport.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/05/17", "description": " Malawi holds its first multiparty elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/05/20", "description": " After a funeral in Cluny Parish Church, Edinburgh attended by 900 people and after which 3,000 people lined the streets, John Smith is buried in a private family funeral on the island of Iona, at the sacred burial ground of Reilig Odhr\u00e1in, which contains the graves of several Scottish kings as well as monarchs of Ireland, Norway and France.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.scotland.org.uk\/guide\/Isle_of_Iona\">http:\/\/www.scotland.org.uk\/guide\/Isle_of_Iona<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/05/21", "description": " Italian former minister and Christian Democrat leader Giulio Andreotti is accused of Mafia allegiance by the court of Palermo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/05/22", "description": " Pope John Paul II issues the Apostolic Letter ''Ordinatio Sacerdotalis'' from the Vatican, expounding the Catholic Church's position requiring quotthe reservation of priestly ordination to men alone.quot", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/06/01", "description": " Republic of South Africa rejoins the British Commonwealth after the first democratic election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/06/06", "description": "June 8 ampndash Ceasefire negotiations for the Yugoslav War begin in Geneva they agree to a 1-month cessation of hostilities (which does not last more than a few days).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/06/12", "description": " Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman are murdered outside the Simpson home in Los Angeles, California. O.J. Simpson is later acquitted of the killings, but is held liable in a civil suit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/06/14", "description": " Hacker Kevin Poulsen pleads guilty to 7 counts of mail fraud, wire and computer fraud, money laundering, and obstruction of justice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/06/14", "description": " The New York Rangers win the Stanley Cup, in '''7''' Games over the Vancouver Canucks. It was New York's first Stanley Cup since 1940.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/06/15", "description": " Israel and the Vatican establish full diplomatic relations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/06/17", "description": " NFL star O.J. Simpson and his friend Al Cowlings flee from police in his white Ford Bronco. The low-speed chase ends at Simpson's Brentwood, Los Angeles, California mansion, where he surrenders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/06/20", "description": " Dean Mellberg, an ex-U.S. Air Force member, entered the hospital at Fairchild Air Force Base, Washington, shot and killed five people, and wounded nineteen.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1994\/06\/21\/us\/gunman-kills-2-and-hurts-19-on-air-force-base.html\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1994\/06\/21\/us\/gunman-kills-2-and-hurts-19-on-air-force-base.html<\/a> Note: headline not updated to four killed--see body of article.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/06/23", "description": " The International Olympic Committee celebrates their first centennial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/06/24", "description": " U.S. Air Force pilot Bud Holland crashes a B-52 at Fairchild Air Force Base, as a result of pilot error. It's unclear if the event of four days previous (above) was a contributing factor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/06/26", "description": " Microsoft announces it will no longer sell or support the MS-DOS operating system, which had been its mainstay since 1980.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/06/28", "description": " Members of the Aum Shinrikyo cult execute the first sarin gas attack at Matsumoto, Japan, killing 7 and injuring 660.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/06/30", "description": " An Airbus A330 crashes during a test flight near Toulouse, France, where Airbus is based, killing the seven-person crew. The test was meant to simulate an engine failure at low speed with maximum angle of climb.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/07/02", "description": " Colombian footballer Andr\u00e9s Escobar, 27, is shot dead in Medell\u00edn. His murder is commonly attributed as retaliation for the own goal Escobar scored in the 1994 FIFA World Cup against the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/07/06", "description": " Fourteen firefighters die in the South Canyon wildfire on Storm King Mountain in Colorado. The event inspires the 1999 book ''Fire on the Mountain''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/07/07", "description": " 1994 civil war in Yemen: Aden is occupied by troops from North Yemen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/07/15", "description": "July 21 ampndash The planet Jupiter is hit by 21 large fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 over the course of 6 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/07/17", "description": " Brazil wins the 1994 FIFA World Cup, defeating Italy by 3\u20132 in penalties (full time 0\u20130).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/07/18", "description": " In Buenos Aires, a terrorist attack destroys a building housing several Jewish organizations, killing 85 and injuring many more (see AMIA Bombing).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/07/19", "description": " Four 26-pound ceiling tiles fall from the roof of the Kingdome in Seattle, Washington, just hours before a scheduled Seattle Mariners game.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/07/20", "description": " Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9's Fragment Q1 hits Jupiter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/07/25", "description": " Israel and Jordan sign the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace, which formally ends the state of war that has existed between the nations since 1948.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/07/25", "description": "Fire destroys the Norwich Central Library in the United Kingdom, including most of its historical records.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/07/25", "description": "The University of London founds the School of Advanced Study, a group of postgraduate research institutes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/08/05", "description": " Groups of protesters spread from Havana, Cuba's Castillo de la Punta (quotPoint Castlequot), creating the first protests against Fidel Castro's government since 1959.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/08/05", "description": "The 1994\u201395 Major League Baseball strike is called, ending the 1994 MLB Season", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/08/05", "description": "Woodstock '94 begins in Saugerties, New York. It is the 25-year anniversary of Woodstock in 1969.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/08/18", "description": " Irish mobster Martin Cahill is assassinated in Dublin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/08/20", "description": " In Honolulu, Hawaii, during a circus international performance, an elephant named Tyke crushes her trainer Allen Campbell to death before hundreds of horrified spectators, at the Neal Blaisdell Arena.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/08/23", "description": " Eugene Bullard is posthumously commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the United States Air Force, 33 years after his death, and 77 years to the day after his rejection for U.S. military service in 1917.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/08/23", "description": "The Provisional Irish Republican Army announces a ampquotcomplete cessation of military operations.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/08/23", "description": "The Russian army leaves Estonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/09/03", "description": " Cold War: Russia and the People's Republic of China agree to de-target their nuclear weapons against each other.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/09/04", "description": " Kansai International Airport in Osaka, Japan opens. All international services are transferred from Itami to Kansai.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/09/05", "description": " New South Wales State MP for Cabramatta John Newman is shot outside his home, in Australia's first political assassination since 1977.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/09/08", "description": " USAir Flight 427, a Boeing 737 with 132 people on board, crashes on approach to Pittsburgh International Airport there are no survivors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/09/10", "description": " ''Wollemia nobilis'' (the 'Wollemi Pine'), previously known only from fossils, is discovered living in remote rainforest gorges in the Wollemi National Park of New South Wales by canyoner David Noble, 150ampnbspkm from Australia's largest city.{{cite book|first=James|last=Woodford|title=The Wollemi Pine: the incredible discovery of a living fossil from the age of the dinosaurs|edition=rev.|publisher=Text Publishing Co|year=2002|isbn=1-876485-74-4}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/09/13", "description": " President Bill Clinton signs the Assault Weapons Ban, which bans the manufacture of new weapons with certain features for a period of 10 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/09/16", "description": " Danish tour guide Louise Jensen is abducted, raped and murdered by three British soldiers in Cyprus.{{cite news|title=Soldier free after Cyprus killing|date=14 August 2006|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/england\/4792915.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2008-02-04}}\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/england\/4792915.stm|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2008-02-04}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/09/17", "description": " Heather Whitestone becomes the first hearing impaired contestant to win the Miss America entitlement. Whitestone becomes Miss America 1995.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/09/19", "description": " American troops stage a bloodless invasion of Haiti in order to restore the legitimate elected leader, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, to power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/09/28", "description": " The car ferry ''MS Estonia'' sinks in the Baltic Sea, killing 852 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/09/28", "description": " Jose Francisco Ruiz Massieu, Mexican politician, is assassinated on orders of Raul Salinas de Gortari.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/09/28", "description": "SeptemberampampndashOctober ampampndash Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq threatens to stop cooperating with UNSCOM inspectors and begins to once again deploy troops near its border with Kuwait. In response, the U.S. begins to deploy troops to Kuwait.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/09/28", "description": "In Slovakia, populist leader Vladimir Meciar wins the general election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/09/28", "description": "Palau gains independence from the United Nations Trusteeship Council", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/10/04", "description": " In Switzerland, 23 members of the Order of the Solar Temple cult are found dead, a day after 25 of their fellow cultists are similarly discovered in Morin Heights, Quebec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/10/05", "description": " UNESCO inaugurates World Teachers' Day to celebrate and commemorate the signing of the Recommendation Concerning the Status of Teachers on October 5, 1966.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/10/08", "description": " Iraq disarmament crisis: The President of the United Nations Security Council says that Iraq must withdraw its troops from the Kuwait border, and immediately cooperate with weapons inspectors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/10/12", "description": " NASA loses radio contact with the Magellan spacecraft as the probe descends into the thick atmosphere of Venus (the spacecraft presumably burned up in the atmosphere either October 13 or October 14).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/10/12", "description": "After 3 years of U.S. exile, Haiti's president Aristide returns to his country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/10/12", "description": "Iraq disarmament crisis: Following threats by the U.N. Security Council and the U.S., Iraq withdraws troops from its border with Kuwait.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/10/29", "description": " Francisco Martin Duran fires over 2 dozen shots at the White House he is later convicted of trying to kill President Bill Clinton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/10/29", "description": "American Eagle Flight 4184 ATR 72 crashes in Roselawn, Indiana, after circling in icy weather, killing 64 passengers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/10/29", "description": "The Duke of Edinburgh attends a ceremony in Israel, where his late mother, Princess Alice of Battenberg (Princess Andrew of Greece), is honoured as ampquotRighteous among the Nationsampquot for sheltering Jewish families from the Nazis in Athens, during World War II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/10/29", "description": "A French magazine publishes photo of President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand's secret daughter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/10/29", "description": "The Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 is enacted in the UK. The whole of Part V, which covers collective trespass and nuisance on land, includes sections against raves, including the ampquotsuccession of repetitive beatsampquot definition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/10/29", "description": "San Francisco: The first conference devoted entirely to the subject of the commercial potential of the World Wide Web opens. Featured speakers include Marc Andreessen of Netscape, Mark Graham of Pandora Systems, and Ken McCarthy of E-Media.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/10/29", "description": "Sydney's third runway opens, ensuring protests about noise levels.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/10/29", "description": "A letter by former U.S. President Ronald Reagan, announcing that he has Alzheimer's disease, is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/10/29", "description": "George Foreman wins the WBA and IBF World Heavyweight Championships by KO'ing Michael Moorer becoming the oldest heavyweight champion in history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/10/29", "description": "Johan Heyns, an influential Afrikaner theologian and critic of apartheid, is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/11/06", "description": " A flood in Piedmont, Italy, kills dozens of people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/11/07", "description": " WXYC, the student radio station of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, provides the world's first internet radio broadcast.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/11/08", "description": " Georgia Representative Newt Gingrich leads the United States Republican Party in taking control of both the House of Representatives and the Senate in midterm congressional elections, the first time in 40 years the Republicans secure control of both houses of Congress.  George W. Bush is elected Governor of Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/11/08", "description": "Voters in Sweden decide to join the European Union in a referendum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/11/08", "description": "The first passengers travel through the Channel Tunnel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/11/08", "description": "Michael Schumacher wins his first Formula One World Championship in controversial circumstances at the Australian Grand Prix.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/11/16", "description": " A Federal judge issues a temporary restraining order, prohibiting the State of California from implementing Proposition 187, that would have denied most public services to illegal aliens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/11/19", "description": " Malawi recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/11/20", "description": " The Angolan government and UNITA rebels sign the Lusaka Protocol.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/11/28", "description": " Voters in Norway decide not to join the European Union in a referendum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/11/30", "description": " The National Football League announces that the Jacksonville Jaguars will become the league's 30th franchise.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/12/01", "description": " Ernesto Zedillo takes office as President of Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/12/02", "description": " The Australian government agrees to pay reparations to indigenous Australians who were displaced during the nuclear tests at Maralinga in the 1950s and 1960s.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/12/02", "description": "Russian president Boris Yeltsin orders troops into Chechnya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/12/02", "description": "A small bomb explodes on Philippine Airlines Flight 434, killing a Japanese businessman. The bombing was a field test done by Ramzi Yousef to test explosives that would have been used in Project Bojinka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/12/02", "description": "The trial of former President Mengistu begins in Ethiopia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/12/02", "description": "Fred West, 53, a builder living in Gloucester, is remanded in custody, charged with murdering 12 people (including two of his own daughters) whose bodies are mostly found buried at his house in Cromwell Street. His wife Rose West, 41, is charged with 10 murders. Police believe that the murders took place between 1967 and 1987, and suspect that they may have killed up to 30 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/12/02", "description": "A Learjet piloted by Richard Anderson and Brad Sexton misses an elementary school and crashes into an apartment complex in Fresno, California, killing both pilots and injuring several apartment residents.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/12/02", "description": "A runaway Santa Fe freight train rear ends a Union Pacific train at the bottom of Cajon Pass, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/12/02", "description": "British Home Secretary Michael Howard announces that Myra Hindley will serve a whole life tariff for the Moors Murders of the 1960s.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/12/15", "description": " The first version of web browser Netscape Navigator is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/12/15", "description": "A planned exchange rate correction of the Mexican Peso to the US Dollar, becomes a massive financial meltdown in Mexico, unleashing the 'Tequila' effect on global financial markets. This prompts a US$ 50 billion 'bailout' by the Clinton Administration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/12/15", "description": "The Whitewater scandal investigation begins in Washington, DC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/12/15", "description": "Civil unions between homosexuals are legalized in Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/12/26", "description": " French anti-terrorist police storm a hijacked jet at Marseille and kill 4 Islamist terrorists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/12/31", "description": "s skipped by the Phoenix Islands to switch from the UTC\u221211 time zone to UTC+13, and by the Line Islands to switch from UTC\u221210 to UTC+14. The latter becomes the earliest time zone in the world, one full day ahead of Hawaii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/12/31", "description": "Tropical Storm Alberto and Hurricane Gordon cause very damaging floods, intense winds and extensive problems directly over the Southeastern United States and the Caribbean Islands. The death tolls are unusually severe and damages are extreme in both tropical storms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1994/12/31", "description": "Pyroclastic flows \u2013 clouds of scalding gas, pumice, and ash \u2013 rapidly descend an erupting Mount Merapi volcano in central Java, causing sixty deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995", "description": "The World Trade Organization (WTO) is established to replace the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995", "description": "Austria, Finland ampamp Sweden act to join the European Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995", "description": "The Draupner wave in the North Sea in Norway is detected, confirming the existence of rogue waves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/01/06", "description": "January 7 ampndash A chemical fire occurs in an apartment complex in Manila, Philippines. Policemen led by watch commander Aida Fariscal and investigators find a bomb factory and a laptop computer and disks that contain plans for Project Bojinka, a mass-terrorist attack. The mastermind, Ramzi Yousef, is arrested 1 month later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/01/09", "description": " Valeri Polyakov completes 366 days in space while aboard the Mir space station, breaking a duration record.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/01/16", "description": " An avalanche hits the village S\u00fa\u00f0av\u00edk in Iceland, killing 14 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/01/17", "description": " A magnitude 6.8 earthquake called the quotGreat Hanshin earthquakequot occurs near Kobe, Japan, causing great property damage and killing 6,434 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/01/25", "description": " Norwegian rocket incident: A rocket launched from the space exploration centre at And\u00f8ya, Norway is briefly interpreted by the Russians as an incoming attack.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/01/30", "description": " John Howard becomes leader of the Liberal Party of Australia to challenge Paul Keating for the 1996 Federal Election and the position of Prime Minister of Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/01/31", "description": " U.S. President  Bill Clinton invokes emergency powers, to extend a $20 billion loan to help Mexico avert financial collapse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/02/01", "description": " Lyricist\/guitarist Richey Edwards of the Welsh alternative rock band Manic Street Preachers goes missing from a hotel in Bayswater, London on the eve of a planned tour of the United States. His car is found 2 weeks later at Severn View services in Aust.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/02/09", "description": " ''STS-63'': Dr. Bernard A. Harris, Jr. and Michael Foale became the first African American and Briton, respectively, to walk in space.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/02/13", "description": " A United Nations tribunal on human rights violations in the Balkans charges 21 Bosnian Serb commanders with genocide and crimes against humanity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/02/13", "description": "Hacker Kevin Mitnick is arrested by the FBI and charged with penetrating some of the United States' most ampquotsecureampquot computer systems.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/02/13", "description": "Taiwan's deadliest fire, at a karaoke restaurant in Taichung, kills 64.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/02/13", "description": "Colin Ferguson is convicted of 6 counts of murder for the December 1993 Long Island Rail Road shootings and later receives a 25-year sentence for each of the 6 murders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/02/13", "description": "The creative program for children's poetry, ampquot''LITER''~Artampquot originated in the Valley of the Poets, North Andover, MA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/02/13", "description": "Serkadji prison mutiny in Algeria: Four guards and 96 prisoners are killed in a day and a half.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/02/13", "description": "Ibrahim Ali, a 17-year-old Comorian living in France, is murdered by 3 far-right National Front activists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/02/13", "description": "Steve Fossett lands in Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada, becoming the first person to make a solo flight across the Pacific Ocean in a balloon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/02/23", "description": " The Dow Jones Industrial Average gains 30.28 to close at 4,003.33 \u2013 the Dow's first ever close above 4,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/02/25", "description": " Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) (Organizaci\u00f3n del Tratado de Cooperaci\u00f3n Amaz\u00f3nica OTCA).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/02/26", "description": " The United Kingdom's oldest investment banking firm, Barings Bank, collapses after securities broker Nick Leeson loses $1.4 billion by speculating on the Tokyo Stock Exchange", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/02/27", "description": " In Denver, Colorado, Stapleton Airport closes and is replaced by the new Denver International Airport, the largest in the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/02/28", "description": " Members of the group Patriot's Council are convicted in Minnesota of manufacturing ricin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/02/28", "description": "Polish Prime Minister Waldemar Pawlak resigns from Parliament and is replaced by ex-communist Jozef Oleksy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/02/28", "description": "In Moscow, Russian anti-corruption journalist Vladislav Listyev is killed by a gunman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/03/02", "description": " Nick Leeson is arrested for his role in the collapse of Barings Bank.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/03/03", "description": " In Somalia, the United Nations peacekeeping mission ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/03/06", "description": " On an episode of ''The Jenny Jones Show'' (quotSame-Sex Crushesquot), Scott Amedure reveals a crush on his heterosexual friend Jonathan Schmitz. Schmitz kills Amedure several days after the show.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/03/13", "description": " David Daliberti and William Barloon, two Americans working for a military contractor in Kuwait, are arrested after straying into Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/03/14", "description": " Astronaut Norman Thagard becomes the first American to ride into space aboard a Russian launch vehicle (the ''Soyuz TM-21''), lifting off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/03/16", "description": " Mississippi ratifies the Thirteenth Amendment, becoming the last state to approve the abolition of slavery. The amendment was nationally ratified in 1865.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/03/20", "description": " Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway. Members of the Aum Shinrikyo religious cult release sarin gas on 5 subway trains in Tokyo, killing 13 and injuring 5,510.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/03/22", "description": " Cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov returns after setting a record for 438 days in outer space.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/03/24", "description": " For the first time in 26 years, no British soldiers patrol the streets of Belfast, Northern Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/03/26", "description": " The Schengen Agreement, easing cross-border travel, goes into effect in several European countries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/03/30", "description": " A police officer tries to assassinate Takaji Kunimatsu, chief of the National Police Agency of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/03/31", "description": " American Tejano pop singer Selena is murdered at a motel in Corpus Christi, Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/04/01", "description": " Dialog Telekom launches Sri Lanka's first GSM mobile phone network.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/04/02", "description": " An explosion in Gaza kills 8, including a Hamas leader.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/04/05", "description": " The U.S. House of Representatives votes 246\u2013188 to cut taxes for individuals and corporations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/04/07", "description": " House Republicans celebrate passage of most of the Contract with America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/04/19", "description": " Oklahoma City bombing: 168 people, including 8 Federal Marshals and 19 children, are killed at the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building. Timothy McVeigh and one of his accomplices, Terry Nichols, set off the bomb.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/04/24", "description": " A Unabomber bomb kills lobbyist Gilbert Murray in Sacramento, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/04/28", "description": " In Daegu, South Korea, a gas explosion at a subway construction site kills 101 people, mostly teenage schoolboys.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/04/28", "description": "Jacques Chirac is elected president of France", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/04/28", "description": "Croatian forces launch Operation Flash against rebel Serb forces in western Slavonia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/05/07", "description": " Finland wins the ice hockey world championship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/05/11", "description": " More than 170 countries agree to extend the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty indefinitely and without conditions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/05/13", "description": " An earthquake hits the regions of Kozani and Grevena in Greece, with an intensity of 6.6 on the Richter scale.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/05/13", "description": "The Dalai Lama proclaims 6-year-old Gedhun Choekyi Nyima as the 11th reincarnation of the Panchen Lama.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/05/13", "description": "Team New Zealand wins the America's Cup in San Diego, beating Stars and Stripes 5\u20130.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/05/16", "description": " Japanese police besiege the headquarters of Aum Shinrikyo near Mount Fuji and arrest cult leader Shoko Asahara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/05/18", "description": " Shawn Nelson, 35, goes on a tank rampage in San Diego.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/05/20", "description": " U.S. President Bill Clinton indefinitely closes part of the street in front of the White House, Pennsylvania Avenue, to vehicular traffic in response to the Oklahoma City bombing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/05/21", "description": " Pope John Paul II canonizes John Sarkander during his visit to Olomouc, the Czech Republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/05/23", "description": " Oklahoma City bombing: In Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, the remains of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building are imploded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/05/24", "description": " AFC Ajax wins the UEFA Champions League in  the Ernst Happel Stadium in Vienna by defeating AC Milan 0\u20131 by a goal of Patrick Kluivert. This was the third consecutive win of AFC Ajax over AC Milan that season, ranking AFC Ajax on the 4th place on the list of European Cup and UEFA Champions League winners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/05/25", "description": " Egan v. Canada: The Supreme Court of Canada rules that discrimination based on sexual orientation is prohibited under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/05/27", "description": " In Culpeper, Virginia, actor Christopher Reeve is paralyzed from the neck down after falling from his horse in a riding competition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/05/28", "description": " A 7.6 magnitude earthquake in Neftegorsk, Russia kills at least 2,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/06/01", "description": " The busiest hurricane season in 62 years begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/06/01", "description": "Mrkonji\u0107 Grad incident: A United States Air Force F-16 piloted by Captain Scott O'Grady is shot down over Bosnia and Herzegovina while patrolling the NATO no-fly zone. O'Grady is rescued by U.S. Marines six days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/06/01", "description": "Waffen-SS Hauptsturmf\u00fchrer Erich Priebke is extradited from Argentina to Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/06/01", "description": "U.S. astronaut Norman Thagard breaks NASA's space endurance record of 14 days, 1 hour and 16 minutes, aboard the Russian space station Mir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/06/01", "description": "The Constitutional Court of South Africa abolishes capital punishment in South Africa in the case of ''S v Makwanyane and Another''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/06/13", "description": " French President Jacques Chirac announces the resumption of nuclear tests in French Polynesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/06/15", "description": " A powerful earthquake, registering a moment magnitude of 6.2, hits the city of Aigio, Greece, resulting in several deaths and significant damage to many buildings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/06/16", "description": " The IOC selects Salt Lake City to host the 2002 Winter Olympics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/06/20", "description": " Oil multinational Royal Dutch Shell caves in to international pressure and abandons plans to dump the Brent Spar oil rig at sea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/06/22", "description": " Japanese police rescue 365 hostages from a hijacked All Nippon Airways  Flight 857 (Boeing 747-200) at Hakodate airport. The hijacker was armed with a knife and demanded the release of Shoko Asahara.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/06/22", "description": "The New Jersey Devils sweep the heavily favored Detroit Red Wings to win their first Stanley Cup in the lock-out shortened season.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/06/22", "description": "South Africa wins the Rugby World Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/06/22", "description": "Lisa Clayton completes her 10-month solo circumnavigation from the Northern Hemisphere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/06/22", "description": "STS-71: Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'' docks with the Russian Mir space station for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/06/22", "description": "The Sampoong Department Store collapses in the Seocho-gu district of Seoul, South Korea, killing 501 and injuring 937.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/06/22", "description": "Iraq disarmament crisis: According to UNSCOM, the unity of the UN Security Council begins to fray, as a few countries, particularly France and Russia, become more interested in making financial deals with Iraq than in disarming the country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/06/22", "description": "July ampampndash Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq threatens to end all cooperation with UNSCOM and IAEA, if sanctions against the country are not lifted by August 31. Following the defection of his son-in-law, Hussein Kamel al-Majid, Saddam Hussein makes new revelations about the full extent of Iraq's biological and nuclear weapons programs. Iraq also withdraws its last UN declaration of prohibited biological weapons and turns over a large amount of new documents on its WMD programs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/07/01", "description": " Iraq disarmament crisis: In response to UNSCOM's evidence, Iraq admits for first time the existence of an offensive biological weapons program, but denies weaponization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/07/04", "description": " UK Prime Minister John Major wins his battle to remain leader of the Conservative Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/07/05", "description": " The U.S. Congress passes the Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act, requiring that producers of pornography keep records of all models who are filmed or photographed, and that all models be at least 18 years of age.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/07/10", "description": " Burmese dissident Aung San Suu Kyi is freed from house arrest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/07/11", "description": " Bosnian Serbs march into Srebrenica while UN Dutch peacekeepers leave. Large numbers of Bosniak men and boys are killed in the Srebrenica massacre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/07/17", "description": " The Nasdaq Composite index closes above the 1,000 mark for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/07/18", "description": " A series of huge eruptions by the Soufri\u00e8re Hills volcano sends lava flows and ash falls across a wide area of southern Montserrat.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/07/21", "description": "July 26 ampndash Third Taiwan Strait Crisis: The People's Liberation Army fires missiles into the waters north of Taiwan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/07/23", "description": " David Daliberti and William Barloon, 2 Americans held as spies by Iraq, are released by Saddam Hussein after negotiations with U.S. Congressman Bill Richardson.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/08/02", "description": " The first cold front of the White Earthquake strikes Chile, during the rest of August several communities becomes isolated due to heavy snowfall and livestock is decimated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/08/03", "description": " An Il-76TD piloted by a Russian crew was forced down by Taliban fighter plane.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/08/04", "description": " Croatian forces launch Operation Storm against Serbian forces in Krajina, with the cooperation of the ARBiH, and force them to withdraw to central Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/08/05", "description": " Croatian forces take Knin and continue to advance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/08/06", "description": " Hundreds in Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Washington, D.C., and Tokyo mark the 50th anniversary of the dropping of the atomic bomb.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/08/07", "description": " Operation Storm ends with a UN-brokered ceasefire remaining Serbian forces start surrendering.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/08/11", "description": " The Russell Hill subway accident results in 3 deaths and 30 injuries in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/08/14", "description": " An avalanche buries Alison Hargreaves, the first woman to climb Mt. Everest without oxygen she is reported dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/08/16", "description": " Bermudans reject independence in a referendum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/08/24", "description": " Microsoft releases Windows 95", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/08/28", "description": " A Serbian mortar bomb near a Sarajevo market square kills 38 civilians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/08/29", "description": " Eduard Shevardnadze, the Georgian head of state, survives an assassination attempt in Tbilisi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/08/30", "description": " The NATO bombing campaign against Serb artillery positions begins in Bosnia and Herzegovina, continuing into October. At the same time, ARBiH forces begin an offensive against the Bosnian Serb Army around Sarajevo, central Bosnia, and Bosnian Krajina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/08/30", "description": "September", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/08/30", "description": "The DVD, an optical disc computer storage media format, is announced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/08/30", "description": "The European Parliament elects the first European Ombudsman, Jacob S\u00f6derman, who takes up office in September 1995.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/08/30", "description": "eBay is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/08/30", "description": "The Fourth World Conference on Women opens in Beijing with over 4,750 delegates from 181 countries in attendance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/09/06", "description": " NATO air strikes continue, after repeated attempts at a solution with the Serbs fail.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/09/19", "description": " The ''Washington Post'' and ''The New York Times'' publish the Unabomber's manifesto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/09/22", "description": " American millionaire Steve Forbes announces his candidacy for the 1996 Republican presidential nomination.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/09/23", "description": " Argentine national Guillermo quotBillquot Gaede is arrested in Phoenix, Arizona on charges of industrial espionage. His sales to Cuba, China, North Korea and Iran are believed to have involved Intel and AMD trade secrets worth US$10\u201320 million.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/09/26", "description": " The trial against former Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti, who is accused of Mafia connections, begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/09/27", "description": "September 28 ampndash Bob Denard's mercenaries capture President Said Mohammed Djohor of the Comoros the local army does not resist.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/10/03", "description": " O. J. Simpson is found not guilty of double murder for the deaths of former wife Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/10/03", "description": "France launches a counter-coup in the Comoros with 600 soldiers. They arrest Bob Denard and his mercenaries and take Denard to France Caabi el-Yachroutu becomes the interim president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/10/03", "description": "Hurricane Opal makes landfall at Pensacola Beach, Florida as a Category 3 hurricane with {{convert|115|mi\/h|km\/h|abbr=on}} winds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/10/05", "description": " Tansu \u00c7iller of DYP forms the new government of Turkey (51st government, a minority government which failed to receive the vote of confidence)", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/10/06", "description": " Michael Mayor and Didier Queloz announce the discovery of 51 Pegasi b, the first confirmed extrasolar planet orbiting an ordinary main-sequence star.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/10/09", "description": " 1995 Palo Verde derailment: An Amtrak Sunset Limited train is derailed by saboteurs near Palo Verde, Arizona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/10/15", "description": " The Carolina Panthers win their first-ever regular season game by defeating the New York Jets at Clemson Memorial Stadium in South Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/10/16", "description": " The Million Man March is held in Washington, D.C. The event was conceived by Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/10/17", "description": " French woman Jeanne Calment reaches the confirmed age of 120 years and 238 days, making her the oldest person ever recorded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/10/23", "description": " In Houston, Texas, Yolanda Saldivar is convicted of first degree murder in the shooting death of Selena Quintanilla Perez and three days later is sentenced to life in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/10/24", "description": " A total solar eclipse is visible from Iran, India, Thailand, and Southeast Asia.<a href=\"http:\/\/sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov\/eclipse\/SEcat\/SEdecade1991.html\">http:\/\/sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov\/eclipse\/SEcat\/SEdecade1991.html<\/a> NASA ampndash Solar Eclipses: 1991 ampndash 2000!-- Bot generated title --", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/10/25", "description": " A Metra commuter train slams into a school bus in Fox River Grove, Illinois, killing seven students.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/10/26", "description": " An avalanche hits the village Flateyri in Iceland, killing 20 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/10/28", "description": " A fire in Baku Metro, Azerbaijan, kills 289 passengers (the world's worst subway disaster).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/10/28", "description": "Quebec independentists narrowly lose a referendum for a mandate to negotiate independence from Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/10/28", "description": "Tansu \u00c7iller of DYP forms the new government of Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/10/28", "description": "NASA loses contact with the Pioneer 11 probe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/10/28", "description": "Participants in the Yugoslav War begin negotiations at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/10/28", "description": "The U.S. House of Representatives votes to ban partial birth abortions by a vote of 288\u2013139.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/11/02", "description": " The Supreme Court of Argentina orders the extradition of Erich Priebke, ex-S.S. captain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/11/03", "description": " At Arlington National Cemetery, U.S. President Bill Clinton dedicates a memorial to the victims of the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/11/04", "description": " Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin is assassinated at a peace rally in Tel Aviv.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/11/07", "description": " Typhoon Angela leaves the Philippines and Vietnam devastated, with 882 deaths and damage of P 10,829,000,000. The typhoon was the strongest ever to strike the Philippines in 25 years, with wind speeds of {{convert|130|mi\/h|km\/h|abbr=on}} and gusts of {{convert|180|mi\/h|km\/h|abbr=on}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/11/07", "description": "Iraq disarmament crisis: With help from Israel and Jordan, UNSCOM inspector Scott Ritter intercepts 240 Russian gyroscopes and accelerometers on their way to Iraq from Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/11/07", "description": "In Nigeria, playwright and environmental activist Ken Saro-Wiwa, along with 8 others from the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People, are hanged by government forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/11/12", "description": " The Millbrook Commonwealth Action Programme, a programme to implement the Harare Declaration, is announced by the Commonwealth Heads of Government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/11/14", "description": " A budget standoff between Democrats and Republicans in the Congress of the United States, forces the federal government to temporarily close national parks and museums, and run most government offices with skeleton staff.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/11/16", "description": " A United Nations tribunal charges Radovan Karad\u017ei\u0107 and Ratko Mladic with genocide during the Bosnian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/11/16", "description": "The Dow Jones Industrial Average gains 40.46 to close at 5,023.55, its first close above 5,000. This makes 1995 the first year where the Dow surpasses 2 millennium marks in a single year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/11/16", "description": "The Dayton Agreement to end the Bosnian War is reached at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio (signed December 14).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/11/16", "description": "Rosemary West is sentenced to life for killing 10 women and girls, including her daughter and stepdaughter, after the jury returns a guilty verdict at Winchester Crown Court. The trial judge recommends that she should never be released from prison, making her only the second woman in British legal history to be subjected to a whole life tariff (the other is Myra Hindley).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/11/16", "description": "Six-year-old Elisa Izquierdo's child abuse-related death at the hands of her mother makes headlines, and instigates major reform in New York City's child welfare system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/11/16", "description": "Egypt, Eilat, Israel, and much of the North African Mediterranean is struck by the strongest earthquake (7.2 ampmathampM_\\mathrm{w}amp\/mathamp) along the Dead Sea Transform in a century 8 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/11/16", "description": "The first ever full length computer animated feature film ampquotToy Storyampquot was released by Pixar Animation Studios and Walt Disney Pictures.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/11/16", "description": "The Barcelona Treaty is signed by 27 attending nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/11/16", "description": "U.S. President Bill Clinton signs the National Highway Designation Act, which ends the federal {{convert|55|mi\/h|km\/h|abbr=on}} speed limit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/11/30", "description": " Javier Solana becomes the new NATO General Secretary Operation Desert Storm officially ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/12/03", "description": " Strikes paralyze France's public sector.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/12/07", "description": " NASA's ''Galileo'' probe enters Jupiter's atmosphere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/12/07", "description": "Jean-Dominique Bauby, editor-in-chief of ''Elle'' magazine, suffers a massive stroke and lapses into a coma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/12/07", "description": "6-year-old Gyaincain Norbu is enthroned as the 11th reincarnation of the Panchen Lama at Tashilhunpo Monastery.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/12/14", "description": " The Dayton Agreement is signed in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/12/14", "description": "The European Court of Justice rules that all EU football players have the right to a free transfer among member states at the end of their contracts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/12/14", "description": "Because of the ampquotquadruple-witchingampquot option expiration, volume on the New York Stock Exchange hits 638 million shares, the highest single-day volume since October 20, 1987, when the Dow staged a stunning recovery a day after Black Monday.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/12/16", "description": " Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraqi scuba divers, under the direction of the United Nations Special Commission, dredge the Tigris near Baghdad. The divers find over 200 prohibited Russian-made missile instruments and components.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/12/16", "description": "American Airlines Flight 965 (Boeing 757) crashes into a mountain near Buga, Valle del Cauca, Colombia after veering off its course en route to Cali, Colombia. Of the 164 people on board, four passengers and a dog are the only survivors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/12/16", "description": "HM The Queen advises ampquotan early divorceampquot to Lady Diana Spencer and Charles, Prince of Wales. The divorce was finalized on 28 August 1996.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/12/16", "description": "The lowest ever United Kingdom temperature of {{Convert|-27.2|\u00b0C|\u00b0F|abbr=on}} is recorded at Altnaharra in the Scottish Highlands. This equals the record set at Braemar, Aberdeenshire in 1895 and 1982.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/12/16", "description": "The Republic of Texas group claims to have formed a provisional government in Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/12/31", "description": " The final original ''Calvin and Hobbes'' comic strip is published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1995/12/31", "description": "Sudden oak death, the tree disease caused by the plant pathogen ''Phytophthora ramorum'', is first observed, in California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/01", "description": " King Fahd of Saudi Arabia temporarily gives power to Crown Prince Abdullah, his legal successor, due to illness.{{Clarify|date=January 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/03", "description": " Motorola introduces the Motorola StarTAC Wearable Cellular Telephone, the world's smallest and lightest mobile phone at that time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/04", "description": " Hosni Mubarak, the president of Egypt, appoints a new government in response to accusations of corruption in the parliamentary elections in late 1995.{{Clarify|date=January 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/05", "description": " Hamas operative Yahya Ayyash is assassinated by an Israeli Shabak-planted, bomb-laden cell phone.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/07", "description": " One of the worst blizzards in American history hits the eastern states, killing more than 150 people. Philadelphia, PA receives a record {{convert|30.7|in|cm}} of snowfall, New York City's public schools close for the first time in 18 years and the federal government in Washington, D.C. is closed for days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/08", "description": " A Zairean cargo plane crashes into a crowded market in the center of the capital Kinshasa, killing 300.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/09", "description": " Art forger Eric Hebborn is assassinated in Rome, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/09", "description": "January 20 ampndash Serious fighting breaks out between Russian soldiers and rebel fighters in Chechnya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/11", "description": " Ryutaro Hashimoto, leader of the Liberal Democratic Party, becomes Prime Minister of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/13", "description": " Italy's prime minister, Lamberto Dini, resigns after the failure of all-party talks to confirm him. New talks are initiated by president Oscar Luigi Scalfaro to form a new government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/14", "description": " Jorge Sampaio is elected president of Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/16", "description": " President of Sierra Leone Valentine Strasser is deposed by the chief of defence, Julius Maada Bio. Bio promises to restore power following elections scheduled for February.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/16", "description": "The ''North Cape'' Oil Spill occurs as an engine fire forces the tugboat ''Scandia'' ashore on Moonstone Beach in South Kingstown, Rhode Island. The ''North Cape'' Barge is pulled along with it and leaks 820,000 gallons of home heating oil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/16", "description": "An Indonesian ferry sinks off the northern tip of Sumatra, drowning more than 100 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/20", "description": " Yasser Arafat is re-elected president of the Palestinian Authority.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/22", "description": " Andreas Papandreou, Prime Minister of Greece, resigns due to health problems a new government forms under Costas Simitis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/24", "description": " Polish Premier J\u00f3zef Oleksy resigns amid charges that he spied for Moscow. He is replaced by W\u0142odzimierz Cimoszewicz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/26", "description": " Whitewater scandal: U.S. First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton testifies before a grand jury.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/27", "description": " Colonel Ibrahim Bar\u00e9 Ma\u00efnassara deposes the first democratically elected president of Niger, Mahamane Ousmane, in a military coup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/27", "description": "President Jacques Chirac announces a ampquotdefinitive endampquot to French nuclear testing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/27", "description": "Fire destroys La Fenice, Venice's opera house.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/27", "description": "Imia-Kardak crisis: A Greek flag is hoisted on a small rocky island named Imia (Greek) \/ Kardak (Turkish).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/30", "description": " Irish National Liberation Army leader Gino Gallagher is killed in an internal feud.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/30", "description": "February 5 ampndash Sarah Balabagan is caned in the United Arab Emirates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/30", "description": "Central Bank bombing: an explosives-filled truck rams into the gates of the Central Bank in Colombo, Sri Lanka, killing at least 86 and injuring 1,400.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/01/30", "description": "An explosion in Shaoyang, China kills 122 and injures over 400 when 10 tons of dynamite in an illegal explosives warehouse underneath an apartment building detonate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/04", "description": " An earthquake near Lijiang in southwest China, measuring up to 7 on the Richter scale, kills at least 240 people, injures more than 14,000 and makes hundreds of thousands homeless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/06", "description": " Birgenair Flight 301, on an unauthorised charter flight from the Caribbean to Germany, crashes into the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of the Dominican Republic, killing all 189 passengers and crew.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/07", "description": " Ren\u00e9 Pr\u00e9val succeeds Jean-Bertrand Aristide as president of Haiti, in the first peaceful handover of power since the nation achieved independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/08", "description": " An IRA ceasefire ends with a half-tonne bomb in London's Canary Wharf District, killing 2 and causing over \u00a385 million worth of damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/09", "description": " The element Copernicium is discovered.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/09", "description": "Chess computer ampquotDeep Blueampquot defeats world chess champion Garry Kasparov for the first time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/09", "description": "Bosnian Serbs break off contact with the Bosnian government and with representatives of Ifor, the NATO localised force, in reaction to the arrest of several Bosnian Serb war criminals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/14", "description": " Violent clashes erupt between Filipino soldiers and Vietnamese boat people, as the Philippines government attempts to forcibly repatriate hundreds of Vietnamese asylum seekers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/14", "description": "In south-west Wales, the oil tanker ''Sea Empress'' runs aground, spilling 73,000 tonnes of crude oil, killing many birds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/14", "description": "The U.S. Embassy in Athens, Greece comes under mortar fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/14", "description": "A Long March 3 rocket at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center in China crashes into a rural village after liftoff, killing as many as 50.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/14", "description": "Begum Khaleda Zia is reelected as prime minister of Bangladesh. The country's second democratic election is marred by low voter turnout, due to several  boycotts and pre-election violence, which result in at least 13 deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/14", "description": "The UK government publishes the Scott Report.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/14", "description": "In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Garry Kasparov beats ampquotDeep Blueampquot in a second chess match.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/14", "description": "In Irian Jaya, an earthquake of magnitude 7.5 and associated tidal waves kills 102 people and causes widespread devastation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/18", "description": " An IRA briefcase bomb in a bus kills the bomber and injures 9 in the West End of London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/19", "description": " A wooden ferry capsizes as it enters the port of C\u00e1diz in the Philippines, killing 54 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/21", "description": " King Fahd of Saudi Arabia announces his medical recovery in the national press and assumes power again from his brother, Crown Prince Abdullah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/24", "description": " Cuban fighter jets shoot down 2 American aircraft belonging to the Cuban exile group, Brothers to the Rescue. Cuban officials assert that they invaded Cuban airspace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/25", "description": " Two suicide bombs in Israel kill 25 and injure 80 Hamas claims responsibility.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/27", "description": " Pokemon Green was released in Japan as the first game in the world famous Pokemon series.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/28", "description": " Canadian singer Alanis Morissette wins the top honor, Album of the Year award, at the 38th Annual Grammy Awards. She is the youngest person to ever win this award, a record she held until 2010.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/28", "description": "In Lumberton, North Carolina, Daniel Green is convicted of the murder of James Jordan, the father of basketball star Michael Jordan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/28", "description": "Faucett Flight 251 in route from Lima to Rodriguez Ballon airport crashes into a mountain near Arequipa all 123 people on board are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/28", "description": "At least 81 people drown when a boat capsizes 120 kilometres east of Kampala, Uganda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/02/28", "description": "The Bosnian government declares the end of the Siege of Sarajevo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/01", "description": " Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraqi forces refuse UNSCOM inspection teams access to 5 sites designated for inspection.   The teams enter the sites only after delays of up to 17 hours.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/01", "description": "Ranabima Royal College is established in Sri Lanka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/01", "description": "Australian federal election, 1996 is held. Labor's Paul Keating loses to Liberal leader John Howard", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/03", "description": " Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Aznar, leader of the Popular Party, is elected prime minister of Spain, replacing Felipe Gonz\u00e1lez.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/03", "description": "March 4 ampndash Two more suicide bombs explode in Israel, killing 32. The Yahya Ayyash Units admit responsibility, and Palestinian president Yasser Arafat condemns the killings in a televised address. Israel warns of retaliation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/03", "description": "Mesut Y\u0131lmaz, of ANAP forms the new government of Turkey (53rd government)", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/03", "description": "A boat carrying market traders capsizes outside Freetown harbour, in Sierra Leone, killing at least 86.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/03", "description": "Chechen rebels attack the Russian government headquarters in Grozny 70 Russian soldiers and policemen and 130 Chechen fighters are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/08", "description": " The People's Republic of China begins surface-to-surface missile testing and military exercises off Taiwanese coastal areas. The United States government condemns the act as provocation, and the Taiwanese government warns of retaliation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/09", "description": " Jorge Sampaio is the new Portuguese president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/11", "description": " John Howard is sworn in as the new Prime Minister of Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/13", "description": " Dunblane massacre: Unemployed former shopkeeper Thomas Hamilton walks into the Dunblane Primary School in Scotland and opens fire, killing 16 infant school pupils and one teacher before fatally shooting himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/14", "description": " An international peace summit is held in Egypt, in response to escalating terrorist attacks in the Middle East.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/16", "description": " Robert Mugabe is reelected president of Zimbabwe, although only 32 percent of the electorate actually voted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/17", "description": " Sri Lanka wins the Cricket World Cup by storming to a famous victory against the tournament favourite Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/18", "description": " The Ozone Disco Club fire in Quezon City, Philippines kills 163.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/20", "description": " The British Government announces that Bovine spongiform encephalopathy has been likely transmitted to people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/23", "description": " The Republic of China or Taiwan holds its first direct elections for president Lee Teng-hui is re-elected.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/23", "description": "Islamists clash with security forces in Kashmir, killing 11.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/23", "description": "The devastating Marcopper mining disaster on the island of Marinduque, Philippines takes place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/23", "description": "An 81-day long standoff begins between antigovernment Freemen and federal officers in Jordan, Montana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/23", "description": "The 68th Academy Awards, hosted by Whoopi Goldberg, are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California with ''Braveheart'' winning Best Picture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/26", "description": " The International Monetary Fund approves a $10.2 billion loan to Russia for economic reform.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/26", "description": "Fire breaks out at the Pasar Anyar shopping centre in Bogor, West Java.   The first death toll estimate is 78 until rescuers notice that 68 of them are mannequins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/26", "description": "Three British soldiers are found guilty of the manslaughter of Danish tour guide Louise Jensen in Cyprus. Allan Ford, Justin Fowler and Geoffrey Pernell receive life sentences for the September, 1994 rape\/murder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/26", "description": "The Halifax Regional Municipality in Nova Scotia is created.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/26", "description": "An overcrowded ferry sinks off the coast of Irois, Haiti, killing more than 200 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/26", "description": "A Boeing 737 military jet crashes into a mountain north of Dubrovnik, Croatia. All 35 people on board die, including United States Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown (see 1996 Croatia USAF CT-43 crash).", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/26", "description": "Suspected ampquotUnabomberampquot Theodore Kaczynski is arrested at his Montana cabin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/26", "description": "Massacres of Hutus by Tutsis in Burundi take place, with more than 450 killed in a few days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/26", "description": "Fighting breaks out in Monrovia, Liberia, between various rebel factions struggling for power in the country's interrupted civil war. Several foreign nationals leave the nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/26", "description": "Major League Soccer kicks off in front of an overflow crowd of 31,683 packed in Spartan Stadium, to witness the historic first game. San Jose Clash forward Eric Wynalda scores the league's first goal in a 1\u20130 victory over D.C. United.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/26", "description": "Turkish authorities begin Operation Hawk, an army offensive against rebels from the Kurdish Worker's Party in southeastern Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/03/26", "description": "In a common statement, the European Union officially recognized the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/04/11", "description": " The Israeli government launches Operation Grapes of Wrath, consisting of massive attacks on Lebanon, in retaliation for prior terrorist attacks, and sparking off a violent series of retaliations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/04/11", "description": "Qana Massacre: Over 100 Lebanese civilians are killed after Israel shells the UN compound in Qana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/04/11", "description": "In reaction to the Qana Massacre, an Islamist group in Egypt open fire on a hotel, killing 18 Greek tourists and injuring 17 others.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/04/21", "description": " A general election in Italy proclaims a new government headed by Romano Prodi and his Olive Tree coalition, replacing Silvio Berlusconi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/04/24", "description": " At the urging of Yasser Arafat, the Palestine Liberation Organization drops its clause calling for the removal of Israel. The Israeli government responds by dropping a similar clause concerning the existence of Palestine.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/04/26", "description": " Regional security treaty signed by the \u201cShanghai Five\u201d.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/04/26", "description": "Port Arthur massacre: Martin Bryant kills 35 people at the Port Arthur, Tasmania tourist site, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/04/26", "description": "A bomb explodes in Bhaiperu, Pakistan, killing more than 60 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/04/26", "description": "May ampampndash Iraq disarmament crisis: UNSCOM supervises the destruction of Al-Hakam, Iraq's main production facility of biological warfare agents.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/04", "description": " A Sudanese Federal Airlines jet crashes on a domestic flight in a severe dust storm, while making an emergency landing 325 kilometres northeast of Khartoum, killing all 53 passengers and crew.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/08", "description": " The Keck II telescope is dedicated in Hawaii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/08", "description": "South Africa's National Party pulls out of the 2-year-old coalition government, and the African National Congress assumes full political control.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/08", "description": "Ugandan president Yoweri Museveni wins a landslide victory in the country's first direct presidential elections, securing 75% of the vote.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/08", "description": "1996 Everest disaster: A sudden storm engulfs Mount Everest with several climbing teams high on the mountain, leaving 8 dead. By the end of the month, at least 4 other climbers die in the worst season of fatalities on the mountain to date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/08", "description": "The Australian government introduces a nationwide ban on the private possession of both automatic and semi-automatic rifles, in response to the Port Arthur massacre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/08", "description": "Vietnamese boat people in Hong Kong, facing forced repatriation due to their classification as economic migrants rather than refugees, stage a protest at the Whitehead Detention Centre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/11", "description": " After takeoff from Miami, Florida, a fire started by improperly handled oxygen canisters in the cargo hold of Atlanta-bound ValuJet Flight 592, causes the Douglas DC-9 to crash in the Florida Everglades, killing all 110 on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/13", "description": " Severe thunderstorms and a tornado in Bangladesh kill 600.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/15", "description": " Nine hostages held by the Free Papua Organization in Irian Jaya are rescued after an operation by the Indonesian military 2 other hostages are later found dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/17", "description": "28 ampndash Atal Bihari Vajpayee, leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party, is elected the new prime minister of India, replacing P. V. Narasimha Rao of the Indian National Congress. However, the party does not receive an overall majority and Vajpayee resigns 13 days later rather than face a no confidence vote, and is replaced by the United Front, led Deve Gowda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/18", "description": " The X Prize Foundation launches the $10 million Ansari X Prize, which is won in 2004, by Burt Rutan's SpaceShipOne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/20", "description": " Gay rights ampndash ''Romer v. Evans'': The Supreme Court of the United States rules against a law that prevents any city, town or county in the state of Colorado from taking any legislative, executive, or judicial action to protect the rights of homosexuals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/20", "description": "The ''MV Bukoba'' sinks in Tanzanian waters in Lake Victoria, killing nearly 1,000 in one of Africa's worst maritime disasters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/20", "description": "The Trappist Martyrs of Atlas are executed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/20", "description": "Swede G\u00f6ran Kropp reaches the Mount Everest summit alone without oxygen, after having bicycled there from Sweden.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/20", "description": "Members of the Armed Islamic Group in Algeria kill 7 French Trappist monks, after talks with French government concerning the imprisonment of several GIA sympathisers break down.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/27", "description": " First Chechnya War: Russian President Boris Yeltsin meets with Chechnyan rebels for the first time and negotiates a cease-fire in the war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/28", "description": " Albania's general election of May 26 is declared unfair by international monitors, and the ruling Democratic Party under President Sali Berisha is charged by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe with rigging the elections. Several hundred protestors gather in Tirana to demonstrate against the election result.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/28", "description": "The Likud Party, led by Benjamin Netanyahu, wins a narrow victory in the Israeli general election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/28", "description": "The Hoover Institution releases an optimistic report that global warming will probably reduce mortality in the United States and provide Americans with valuable benefits.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.stanford.edu\/~moore\/health.html\">http:\/\/www.stanford.edu\/~moore\/health.html<\/a> Health and Amenity Effects of Global Warmingampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/31", "description": " FIFA decides to give the FIFA World Cup 2002, the first World Cup in Asia, to Japan and South Korea, becoming the first World Cup with co-host countries in the history of the event.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/05/31", "description": "June ampampndash Iraq disarmament crisis: As Iraq continues to refuse inspectors access to a number of sites, the U.S. fails in its attempt to build support for military action against Iraq in the UN Security Council.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/01", "description": "June 3 ampndash The Czech Republic's first general election ends inconclusively. Prime Minister V\u00e1clav Klaus and his incumbent Civic Democratic Party emerge as the winners, but are unable to form a majority government. President V\u00e1clav Havel refuses to invite Klaus to form a coalition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/04", "description": " The space rocket Ariane 5 explodes 40 seconds after takeoff in French Guiana. The project costs European governments 7.5 billion US dollars over 11 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/06", "description": " Leighton W. Smith, Jr. resigns as NATO commander in the face of increasing criticism.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/07", "description": " An IRA gang kills Detective Garda Jerry McCabe during a botched armed robbery in Adare, County Limerick.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/07", "description": "The 10th European Football Championship (UEFA Euro 96) begins in England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/07", "description": "Steffi Graf defeats Arantxa S\u00e1nchez Vicario in the longest ever women's final at the French Open, to win her 19th Grand Slam title.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/10", "description": " Peace talks begin in Northern Ireland without Sinn F\u00e9in.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/10", "description": "An explosion in a S\u00e3o Paulo suburban shopping centre kills 44 and injures more than 100.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/10", "description": "A peace convoy carrying Chechen separatist leaders and international diplomats is targeted by a series of remotely controlled land mines 8 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/12", "description": " In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a panel of federal judges blocks a law against indecency on the internet.   The panel says that the 1996 Communications Decency Act would infringe upon the free speech rights of adults.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/13", "description": " An 81-day standoff between the Montana Freemen and FBI agents ends with their surrender in Montana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/15", "description": " In Manchester, UK, a massive IRA bomb injures over 200 people and devastates a large part of the city centre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/19", "description": " Boris Yeltsin emerges as the winner in Russia's first round of presidential elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/20", "description": " Thousands of Megawati Sukarnoputri supporters clash with police in Jakarta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/20", "description": "The Nintendo 64 video game system is released in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/20", "description": "Archbishop Desmond Tutu is given an official farewell at his retirement service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/25", "description": " The Khobar Towers bombing in Saudi Arabia kills 19 U.S. servicemen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/26", "description": " Journalist Veronica Guerin is shot and killed in her car just outside Dublin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/28", "description": " A new government is formed in Turkey, with Necmettin Erbakan of Refah Partisi becoming prime minister of the coalition government, and deputy and foreign minister Tansu \u00c7iller of the True Path Party succeeding him after two years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/28", "description": "The Prince's Trust concert is held in Hyde Park, London, and is attended by 150,000 people. The Who headlines the event in their first performance since 1989.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/28", "description": "An explosion in a firecrackers factory in Sichuan Province, China kills at least 36 people and injures another 52.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/28", "description": "Costas Simitis is elected President of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement of Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/28", "description": "Bosnian Serb leader Radovan Karad\u017ei\u0107 reliquishes power to his deputy, Biljana Plav\u0161i\u0107.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/28", "description": "Germany defeats the Czech Republic 2-1 after extra time in the final of the European Championships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/28", "description": "July", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/28", "description": "Iraq disarmament crisis: U.N. Inspector Scott Ritter attempts to conduct surprise inspections on the Republican Guard facility at the airport, but is blocked by Iraqi officials.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/28", "description": "The Prague Manifesto declares the principles of the Esperanto movement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/06/28", "description": "Confrontations occur in Northern Ireland between police and Orange Order protestors at Drumcree Church (see Drumcree conflict).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/01", "description": " The Northern Territory in Australia legalises voluntary euthanasia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/02", "description": " Lyle and Erik Menendez are sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/03", "description": " Boris Yeltsin is reelected as President of Russia after the second round of elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/05", "description": " Dolly the sheep, the first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult cell, is born at the Roslin Institute in Midlothian, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/08", "description": " Martina Hingis becomes the youngest person in history (age 15 years and 282 days) to win at Wimbledon in the Ladies' Doubles event.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/11", "description": " Arrest warrants are issued for Bosnian Serb war criminals Radovan Karad\u017ei\u0107 and Ratko Mladi\u0107 by the Russell Tribunal in The Hague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/12", "description": " Hurricane Bertha: made landfall in North Carolina as a Categoryampnbsp2 storm, causing $270ampnbspmillion in damage to the United States and its possessions and many indirect deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/13", "description": " A Republican Sinn F\u00e9in bomb explodes outside of a hotel in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland, disrupting a wedding reception and injuring 17 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/16", "description": " An outbreak of E. coli food poisoning in Japan reaches 6,000 fatalities, after a group of school children who have eaten contaminated lunches die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/16", "description": "Community of Portuguese Language Countries (Comunidade dos Pa\u00edses de L\u00edngua Portuguesa) constituted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/16", "description": "Paris and Rome-bound TWA Flight 800 (Boeing 747) explodes off the coast of Long Island, New York, killing all 230 on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/16", "description": "Joe Klein admits that he is ampquotAnonymousampquot, the author of Primary Colors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/18", "description": " Howard Hughes is sentenced to life imprisonment at Chester Crown Court for the rape and murder of 7-year-old Sophie Hook at Llandudno 12 months previously. The trial judge recommends that Hughes, 31, should never be released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/18", "description": "An F3 tornado {{convert|5.5|mi|km}} away from the Westminster, Maryland city center injures 3 people and causes $5 million in damages.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.city-data.com\/city\/Westminster-Maryland.html\">http:\/\/www.city-data.com\/city\/Westminster-Maryland.html<\/a> Westminster, Maryland (MD) Detailed Profile ampampndash relocation, real estate, travel, jobs, hospitals, schools, crime, news, sex offendersampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/18", "description": "The 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, begin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/18", "description": "Bosnian Serb President Radovan Karad\u017ei\u0107 resigns from public office in Republika Srpska after being indicted for war crimes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/21", "description": "  The Saguenay Flood, one of Canada's most costly natural disasters, is caused by flooding on the Saguenay River in Quebec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/24", "description": " The Dehiwala train bombing kills 56 commuters outside Colombo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/25", "description": " The Tutsi-led Burundian army performs a coup and reinstalls previous president Pierre Buyoya, ousting current president Sylvestre Ntibantunganya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/27", "description": " The Centennial Olympic Park bombing at the 1996 Summer Olympics kills 1 and injures 111.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/29", "description": " The child protection portion of the Communications Decency Act (1996) is struck down as too broad by a U.S. federal court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/29", "description": "Sarah Balabagan returns to the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/07/29", "description": "A pro-democracy demonstration supporting Megawati Sukarnoputri in Indonesia is broken up by riot police.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/04", "description": " The 1996 Summer Olympics conclude.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/04", "description": "NASA announces that the Allan Hills 84001 meteorite, thought to originate from Mars, may contain evidence of primitive life-forms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/04", "description": "The Australian census is conducted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/04", "description": "The American punk rock band The Ramones play their last show.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/07", "description": " Heavy rains kill more than 80 campers near Huesca, Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/09", "description": " Boris Yeltsin is sworn in at the Kremlin for a second term as President of Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/11", "description": " The British rock band Oasis plays the biggest free-standing concert in UK history at Knebworth, Hertfordshire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/13", "description": " Data sent back by the Galileo space probe indicates there may be water on one of Jupiter's moons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/14", "description": " A rocket ignited during a fireworks display in Arequipa, Peru knocks down a high-tension power cable into a dense crowd, electrocuting 35 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/15", "description": " Bob Dole is nominated for President of the United States, and Jack Kemp for Vice President, at the Republican National Convention in San Diego, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/16", "description": "  Brookfield Zoo, Chicago, Illinois. After a three year old boy falls into the {{convert|20|ft|m|adj=on}} deep gorilla enclosure, Binti Jua, a female silverback gorilla sits with the injured boy until his rescue. Video of the ape's actions make her world famous.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/16", "description": " After having spent 378 days in Taliban prison, the crew of Russian Il-76TD managed to overpower their guards, board their aircraft and fly to freedom (see: 1995 Airstan incident).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/20", "description": " A thousands-large protest in Seoul, calling for reunification with North Korea, is broken up by riot police.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/21", "description": " Former president of South Africa, F. W. de Klerk, makes an official policy for crimes committed under Apartheid to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in Cape Town.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/23", "description": " Osama bin Laden writes quotThe Declaration of Jihad on the Americans Occupying the Country of the Two Sacred Places,quot a call for the removal of American military forces from Saudi Arabia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/23", "description": "Chun Doo-hwan is sentenced to death, after being found guilty of mutiny and treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/23", "description": "Bill Clinton signs welfare reform into law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/23", "description": "Iraqi expatriates seeking refuge hijack a Sudanese airliner en route from Khartoum to Amman.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/28", "description": " Their Royal Highnesses, the Prince and Princess of Wales, are formally divorced at the High Court of Justice in London. Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales is restyled Diana, Princess of Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/28", "description": "U.S. President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore are renominated at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/28", "description": "A Russian Tupolev 154 jetliner crashes into a mountain as it approaches the airport at Spitsbergen, Norway, killing all 141 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/30", "description": " Attempted raising of a 15-tonne section of the RMS Titanic failed as 1,700 spectators, including survivors of the wreck watched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/30", "description": "Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraqi forces launch an offensive into the northern No-Fly Zone and capture Arbil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/08/30", "description": "The Big 12 Conference is inaugurated with a football game between Kansas State University and Texas Tech University in Manhattan, Kansas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/09/02", "description": " A permanent peace agreement is signed at the Malaca\u00f1an Palace between the Government of the Philippines and the Moro National Liberation Front.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/09/03", "description": " The U.S. launches Operation Desert Strike against Iraq in reaction to the attack on Arbil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/09/04", "description": " The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia attack a military base in Guaviare, Colombia, starting 3 weeks of guerrilla warfare that will claim the lives of at least 130 Colombians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/09/10", "description": " Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) signed (it will be ratified 180 days after ratification by 44 Annex 2 countries).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/09/13", "description": " Alija Izetbegovi\u0107 is elected president of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the country's first election since the Bosnian War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/09/16", "description": " Beast Wars first airs and becomes a milestone in the Transformers franchise through the use of CGI.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/09/18", "description": " A North Korean Sang-O class submarine runs aground in South Korea. The crew are described as spies by the South Korean government and killed by the South Korean military.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/09/19", "description": " The scoreboard at Buffalo's $127.5 million dollar HSBC Arena falls to the ice just hours before a National Hockey League game no one is injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/09/20", "description": " Leader of Pakistani opposition party Pakistan Peoples Party Murtaza Bhutto is killed during a gun battle with police.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/09/22", "description": " The Panhellenic Socialist Movement under the leadership of Costas Simitis succeeds in the 1996 Greek legislative election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/09/24", "description": " U.S. President Bill Clinton signs the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty at the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/09/25", "description": " The last of the Magdalene Asylums is closed in Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/09/27", "description": " In Afghanistan, the Taliban capture the capital city of Kabul, after driving out President Burhanuddin Rabbani and executing former leader Mohammad Najibullah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/09/27", "description": "The Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments are signed by U.S. President Bill Clinton.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/09/27", "description": "The former prime minister of Bulgaria, Andrei Lukanov, is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/09/27", "description": "An Aeroper\u00fa Boeing 757 crashes into the Pacific Ocean when the instruments fail just after takeoff from Lima Airport, killing all 70 on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/10/06", "description": " The government of New Zealand agrees to pay $130 million dollars worth of compensation for the loss of land suffered by the M\u0101ori population between the years of 1844 and 1864.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/10/15", "description": " Several large strikes begin in various industries across Belgium in protest to the dismissal of the magistrate Jean-Marc Connerotte by the Supreme Court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/10/22", "description": " A fire at La Planta prison in southwest Caracas, Venezuela, kills 30 prisoners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/10/23", "description": " The O. J. Simpson civil trial begins in Santa Monica, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/10/24", "description": " The Marcopper Mine Disaster occurs dumping toxic copper tailings into the Boac River.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/10/30", "description": " Fighting erupts when Banyamulenga Tutsis of Laurent Kabila in Zaire seize Uvira and proceed to kill Hutu refugees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/10/31", "description": " A Brazilian TAM Fokker airliner crashes into a densely populated area of S\u00e3o Paulo, killing 103.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/10/31", "description": "November ampampndash Iraq disarmament crisis: UNSCOM inspectors uncover buried prohibited missile parts. Iraq refuses to allow UNSCOM teams to remove remnants of missile engines for analysis outside of the country", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/10/31", "description": "U.S. presidential election, 1996: Democratic incumbent Bill Clinton defeats Republican challenger Bob Dole to win his second term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/10/31", "description": "Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto's government is dismissed by President Farooq Leghari after widespread allegations of corruption.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/10/31", "description": "A devastating category 4 Cyclone strikes Andhra Pradesh, India. The storm surge sweeps fishing villages out to sea, over 2,000 people die. 95 percent of the crops are completely destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/10/31", "description": "NASA launches the Mars Global Surveyor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/08", "description": " All 141 people on board a Nigerian-owned Boeing 727 die when the aircraft crashes into the Atlantic Ocean  while approaching Lagos airport.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/12", "description": " Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747 collides in mid-air with Kazakhstan Airlines Il-76 in New Delhi, India, resulting in the loss of 349 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/15", "description": " State Street in Chicago is re-opened to pedestrian traffic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/16", "description": " Mother Teresa receives honorary U.S. citizenship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/16", "description": "A bomb explosion in Kaspiysk, Russia, kills 32 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/16", "description": "Emil Constantinescu is elected president of Romania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/16", "description": "World-renowned bird expert Tony Silva is sentenced to 7 years in prison without parole, for leading an illegal parrot smuggling ring.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/16", "description": "Frederick Chiluba is reelected president of Zambia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/16", "description": "Martin Bryant is sentenced to 35 consecutive sentences of life imprisonment plus 1035 years without parole for murdering 35 people in a shooting spree in Tasmania earlier this year.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/16", "description": "Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Organization (CTBTO) established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/16", "description": "''STS-80'': Space Shuttle Columbia conducts the longest mission of the Space Shuttle program.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/16", "description": "A propane explosion at the Humberto Vidal shoe store and office building in San Juan, Puerto Rico kills 33.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/16", "description": "Demonstrators in Zagreb demand the survival of Radio 101.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/16", "description": "The Republic of Angola officially joins the World Trade Organization, as ''Angola''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/16", "description": "Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 is hijacked, then crashes into the Indian Ocean off the coast of Comoros after running out of fuel, killing 125.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/16", "description": "An ice storm strikes the U.S., killing 26 directly, hundreds more from accidents.   A powerful windstorm blasts Florida winds gust to 90ampampnbspmph.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/16", "description": "The U.S. stock market, especially the Dow Jones Industrial Average, gains at an incredibly fast pace following the 1996 Presidential election. It gains 10 days in a row during the month.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/16", "description": "The APEC Summit opens in the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/26", "description": " The Sands Hotel in Las Vegas is imploded to make way for the Venetian Hotel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/26", "description": "U.S. President Bill Clinton signs the Electronic Freedom of Information Act Amendments.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/11/26", "description": "Widespread student pro-democracy protests are broken up in Burma.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/12/05", "description": " Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan gives a speech in which he suggests that quotirrational exuberancequot may have quotunduly escalated asset valuesquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/12/09", "description": " Jerry Rawlings is reelected president of Ghana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/12/11", "description": " Tung Chee Hwa is appointed to become the new leader of Hong Kong after it reverts to Chinese rule in 1997.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/12/12", "description": " Uday Hussein is seriously injured in an assassination attempt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/12/13", "description": " Kofi Annan is elected by the United Nations Security Council the next Secretary-General of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/12/17", "description": " The T\u00fapac Amaru Revolutionary Movement takes 72 hostages in the Japanese Embassy in Lima, Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/12/18", "description": " The ''loi Carrez'', or Carrez law governing property transactions was enacted in France<a href=\"http:\/\/www.lexinter.net\/lois\/loi_du_18_decembre_1996_(loi_carrez).htm\">http:\/\/www.lexinter.net\/lois\/loi_du_18_decembre_1996_(loi_carrez).htm<\/a> Loi n\u00b096-1107 du 18 d\u00e9cembre 1996 {{fr icon}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/12/20", "description": " Steve Jobs' company NeXT is bought by Apple Computer, the company co-founded by Jobs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/12/25", "description": " JonBen\u00e9t Ramsey, 6, is murdered in the basement of her parents' home in Boulder, Colorado.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/12/26", "description": " The largest strike in South Korean history begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/12/27", "description": " Taliban forces retake the strategic Bagram Air Base, which solidifies their buffer zone around Kabul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/12/29", "description": " Guatemala and the leaders of the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union sign a peace accord that ends a 36-year civil war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/12/29", "description": "In the Indian state of Assam, a passenger train is bombed by Bodo separatists, killing 26.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/12/29", "description": "Proposed budget cuts by Benjamin Netanyahu spark protests from 250,000 workers, who shut down services across Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/12/29", "description": "The Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway is merged with the Burlington Northern Railroad to form the BNSF Railway, making it one of the largest railroad mergers in U.S. history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/12/29", "description": "The Hacienda in Las Vegas is imploded to make way for the Mandalay Bay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/12/29", "description": "The General Motors EV1, the first production electric car of the modern era is launched and becomes available for lease.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1996/12/29", "description": "The invasive species Asian long-horned beetle is found in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/01/09", "description": " Yachtsman Tony Bullimore is found alive, 5 days after his boat capsized in the Southern Ocean.thumb|Bill Clinton, the President of the United States, began his second term on January 20", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/01/17", "description": " A Delta II rocket carrying a military GPS payload explodes, shortly after liftoff from Cape Canaveral.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/01/18", "description": " In northwest Rwanda, Hutu militia members kill 6 Spanish aid workers, 3 soldiers, and seriously wound another.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/01/19", "description": " Yasser Arafat returns to Hebron after more than 30 years, and joins celebrations over the handover of the last Israeli-controlled West Bank city.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/01/20", "description": " U.S. President Bill Clinton is inaugurated for his second term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/01/22", "description": " Madeleine Albright becomes the first female Secretary of State, after confirmation by the United States Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/01/23", "description": " Mir Aimal Kasi is sentenced to death for a 1993 assault rifle attack outside CIA headquarters that killed 2 and wounded 3.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/01/27", "description": " It is revealed that French museums had nearly 2,000 pieces of art that had been stolen by Nazis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/01/27", "description": "On their way to Lebanon, 2 Israeli troop-transport helicopters collide, killing 73.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/01/27", "description": "After at first contesting the results, Serbian President Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107 recognizes opposition victories in the November 1996 elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/01/27", "description": "British Home Secretary Michael Howard informs Moors Murderer Myra Hindley that she will never be released from prison. Mr. Howard has made the decision in agreement with a recommendation made by his predecessor David Waddington in 1990.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/01/27", "description": "The so-called ampquotBig Threeampquot banks in Switzerland announced the creation of a $71 million fund to aid Holocaust survivors and their families.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/01/27", "description": "Morgan Stanley and Dean Witter Reynolds investment banks announced a $10 billion merger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/01/27", "description": "The United States Army suspends Gene C. McKinney, Sergeant Major of the Army, its top-ranking enlisted soldier, after hearing allegations of sexual misconduct.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/01/27", "description": "Sandline affair: Australian newspapers publish stories that the government of Papua New Guinea has brought mercenaries onto Bougainville Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/01/27", "description": "''STS-82'': Tune-up and repair work on the Hubble Space Telescope is started by astronauts from ''Space Shuttle Discovery''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/01/27", "description": "The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 7,000 for the first time, gaining 60.81 to 7,022.44.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/02/22", "description": " In Roslin, Scotland, scientists announce that an adult sheep named Dolly had been successfully cloned, and was born in July 1996.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/02/23", "description": " A small fire occurs on the Russian space station Mir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/02/27", "description": " Divorce becomes legal in the Republic of Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/02/28", "description": " North Hollywood shootout: Two robbers wearing kevlar body armor armed with AK-47s containing armor-piercing bullets injure 17 police officers and civilians in a gun battle. The incident sparked debate on the appropriate firepower for United States patrol officers to have available in similar situations in the future.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/03/04", "description": " U.S. President Bill Clinton bars federal funding for any research on human cloning.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/03/04", "description": "The President of Guyana, Cheddi Jagan, dies in office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/03/04", "description": "Pablo Picasso's ''T\u00eate de Femme'' is stolen from a London gallery (recovered a week later).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/03/04", "description": "In Sri Lanka, Tamil Tigers overrun a military base and kill more than 200.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/03/04", "description": "India's Missionaries of Charity chooses Sister Nirmala to succeed Mother Teresa as its leader.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/03/04", "description": "The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China creates a new Chongqing Municipality, out of part of Sichuan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/03/04", "description": "The Phoenix Lights are seen over Phoenix, AZ.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/03/16", "description": " Sandline affair: On Bougainville Island, soldiers of commander Jerry Singirok arrest Tim Spicer and his mercenaries of the Sandline International.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/03/18", "description": " The tail of a Russian An-24 charter plane breaks off while en-route to Turkey, causing the plane to crash, killing all 50 on board, and resulting in the grounding of all An-24s.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/03/18", "description": "In Zaire, Etienne Tshiksekedi is appointed prime minister he ejects supporters of Mobutu Sese Seko from his cabinet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/03/18", "description": "Mercenaries of Sandline International withdraw from Papua New Guinea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/03/18", "description": "Tara Lipinski, 14, becomes the youngest women's world figure skating champion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/03/18", "description": "The Comet Hale-Bopp makes its closest approach to Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/03/24", "description": " The 69th Academy Awards, hosted by Billy Crystal, are held at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles, California, with ''The English Patient'' winning Best Picture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/03/24", "description": "In San Diego, California, 39 Heaven's Gate cultists commit mass suicide at their compound.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/03/24", "description": "Julius Chan resigns as prime minister of Papua New Guinea, ending the Sandline affair.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/04/03", "description": " The Thalit massacre in Algeria: All but one of the 53 inhabitants of Thalit are killed by guerrillas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/04/11", "description": " Fire damages the Turin Cathedral in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/04/11", "description": "Fire breaks out in a pilgrim camp on the Plain of Mena, {{convert|7|mi|km}} from Mecca 343 die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/04/11", "description": "Former SS Captain Erich Priebke is retried on July 22 he is sentenced to 5 years in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/04/16", "description": " Houston, Texas, socialite Doris Angleton is murdered in her River Oaks home. Roger Angleton later admits to the crime in his suicide note. Despite being found innocent of the crime by a Texas jury, he is later arrested by the United States Department of Justice on similar charges.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/04/18", "description": " The Red River of the North breaks through dikes and floods Grand Forks, North Dakota, and East Grand Forks, Minnesota, causing US$ 2 billion in damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/04/21", "description": " A Pegasus rocket carries the remains of 24 people into earth orbit, in the first space burial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/04/21", "description": "Haouch Khemisti massacre: 93 villagers  are killed in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/04/21", "description": "A 126-day hostage crisis at the residence of the Japanese ambassador in Lima, Peru, ends after government commandos storm and capture the building, rescuing 71 hostages. One hostage dies of a heart attack, 2 soldiers are killed by rebel fire, and all 14 Tupac Amaru rebels are slain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/04/21", "description": "France supports the new transitional government in Zaire, withdrawing its support of Mobutu Sese Seko.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/04/23", "description": " 42 villagers are killed in the Omaria massacre in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/04/27", "description": " Andrew Cunanan murders Jeffrey Trail, beginning a murder spree that lasts until July and ends with the murder of fashion designer Gianni Versace.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/04/27", "description": "Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), CWC treaty enters into force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/04/27", "description": "Two trains crash at Hunan, China 126 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/05/02", "description": " The Labour Party of the United Kingdom return to power for the first time in 18 years, with Tony Blair becoming Prime Minister, in a landslide majority in the 1997 general election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/05/03", "description": " Katrina and the Waves win the Eurovision Song Contest 1997 for the UK with quotLove Shine a Lightquot, the most successful Eurovision entry ever.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/05/10", "description": " An earthquake near Ardekul, in northeastern Iran, kills at least 2,400.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/05/11", "description": " IBM's Deep Blue defeats Garry Kasparov in the last game of the rematch, the first time a computer beats a chess World champion in a match.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/05/12", "description": " The Russian-Chechen Peace Treaty is signed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/05/14", "description": " The Star Alliance is formed between Air Canada, Lufthansa, Scandinavian Airlines System, Thai Airways International and United Airlines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/05/15", "description": " The United States government acknowledges existence of the quotSecret Warquot in Laos, and dedicates the Laos Memorial in honor of Hmong and other quotSecret Warquot veterans.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/05/15", "description": "Mobutu Sese Seko leaves Kinshasa, eventually settling in Morocco.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/05/15", "description": "U.S. President Bill Clinton issues a formal apology to the surviving victims of the Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male and their families.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/05/17", "description": " Troops of Laurent Kabila march into Kinshasa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/05/22", "description": " Kelly Flinn, the U.S. Air Force's first female bomber pilot certified for combat, accepts a general discharge in order to avoid a court martial.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/05/23", "description": " Mohammad Khatami won at 1997 Iranian presidential election and became first Iranian Reformist President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/05/23", "description": "Strom Thurmond becomes the longest-serving member in the history of the United States Senate (41 years and 10 months).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/05/23", "description": "A military coup in Sierra Leone replaces President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah with Major Johnny Paul Koromah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/05/27", "description": " The second-deadliest tornado of the 1990s hits in Jarrell, Texas, killing 27 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/05/31", "description": " The 13-kilometer Confederation Bridge, the world's longest bridge spanning ice covered waters, opens between Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/05/31", "description": "Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraqi military escorts on board an UNSCOM helicopter try to physically prevent the UNSCOM pilot from flying the helicopter in the direction of its planned destination, threatening the safety of the aircraft and their crews.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/05/31", "description": "Hugo Banzer wins the Presidential elections in Bolivia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/06/02", "description": " In Denver, Colorado, Timothy McVeigh is convicted on 15 counts of murder and conspiracy for his role in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/06/06", "description": " In Lacey Township, New Jersey, high school senior Melissa Drexler kills her newborn baby in a toilet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/06/07", "description": " A computer user known as quot_eciquot publishes his Microsoft C source code on a Windows 95 and Windows NT exploit, which later becomes WinNuke. The source code gets wide distribution across the internet, and Microsoft is forced to release a security patch.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/06/08", "description": " A United States Coast Guard helicopter crashes near Humboldt Bay, California all 4 crewmembers perish.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/06/10", "description": " Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot orders the killing of his defense chief, Son Sen, and 11 of Sen's family members, before Pol Pot flees his northern stronghold (the news does not reach outside Cambodia for 3 days).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/06/11", "description": " In the United Kingdom, the House of Commons votes for a total ban on handguns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/06/12", "description": " The United States Department of the Treasury unveils a new $50 bill, meant to be more difficult to counterfeit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/06/13", "description": " A jury sentences Timothy McVeigh to death for his part in the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/06/16", "description": " About 50 are killed in the Dairat Labguer massacre in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/06/19", "description": " The fast food chain McDonald's wins a partial victory in its libel trial, known as the McLibel case, against two environmental campaigners.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/06/22", "description": " Swedish musician Ted G\u00e4rdestad commits suicide by jumping in front of a train. He is found dead later that morning.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/06/22", "description": "A massive eruption of the Soufri\u00e8re Hills volcano on the island of Montserrat leads to evacuation and eventual abandonment of the capital, Plymouth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/06/22", "description": "An unmanned Progress spacecraft collides with the Russian space station Mir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/06/26", "description": " Bertie Ahern is appointed as the 10th Taoiseach of the Republic of Ireland and Mary Harney is appointed as the 16th, and first female, T\u00e1naiste, after their parties, Fianna F\u00e1il and the Progressive Democrats respectively, win the 1997 General Election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/06/30", "description": " Bloomsbury Publishing publish J. K. Rowling's ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'' in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/01", "description": " The United Kingdom hands sovereignty of Hong Kong to the People's Republic of China.  This event and its ramifications are often referred to as '1997'.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/04", "description": " NASA's Pathfinder space probe lands on the surface of Mars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/05", "description": " In Cambodia, Hun Sen of the Cambodian People's Party overthrows Norodom Ranariddh in a coup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/07", "description": " The Great Flood begins in southern Poland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/07", "description": "Mayo Clinic researchers warn that the dieting drug ampquotfen-phenampquot can cause severe heart and lung damage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/07", "description": "NATO invites the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland to join the alliance in 1999.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/07", "description": "In London, scientists report their DNA analysis findings from a Neanderthal skeleton, which support the out of Africa theory of human evolution, placing an ampquotAfrican Eveampquot at 100,000 to 200,000 years ago.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/07", "description": "Miguel \u00c1ngel Blanco is kidnapped in Ermua, Spain and murdered by the ETA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/11", "description": " Thailand's worst hotel fire at Pattaya kills 90.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/13", "description": " The remains of Che Guevara are returned to Cuba for burial, alongside some of his comrades.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/15", "description": " Spree killer Andrew Cunanan shoots fashion designer Gianni Versace to death outside Versace's Miami, Florida residence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/16", "description": " The Dow Jones Industrial Average gains 63.17 to close at 8,038.88. It is the Dow's first close above 8,000. The Dow has doubled its value in 30 months.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/17", "description": " The F.W. Woolworth Company closes after 117 years in business.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/21", "description": " On her 200th birthday, the fully restored USS Constitution (aka quotOld Ironsidesquot) sets sail for the first time in 116 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/23", "description": " Digital Equipment Corporation files antitrust charges against chipmaker Intel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/25", "description": " K.R. Narayanan is sworn in as India's 10th president and the first member of the Dalit caste to hold this office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/27", "description": " About 50 are killed in the Si Zerrouk massacre in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/30", "description": " 18 people are killed in the Thredbo landslide in the Snowy Mountains resort in Australia. Stuart Diver is the only survivor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/30", "description": "Boeing and McDonnell Douglas complete a merger.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/07/30", "description": "Steve Jobs returns to Apple Computer, Inc at Macworld in Boston.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/08/02", "description": " Australian ski instructor Stuart Diver is rescued as the sole survivor from the Thredbo landslide in New South Wales, in which 18 die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/08/03", "description": " Between 40\u201376 villagers are killed in the Oued El-Had and Mezouara massacre in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/08/03", "description": "185,000 Teamsters Union United Parcel Service drivers walk off the job.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/08/03", "description": "Jeanne Calment, the oldest person ever, dies at age 122 years 164 days in Arles, France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/08/03", "description": "Microsoft buys a $150 million share of financially troubled Apple Computer", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/08/03", "description": "Korean Air Flight 801 crash lands west of Guam International Airport, resulting in the deaths of 228 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/08/13", "description": " In Belo Horizonte, Brazil, Cruzeiro defeat Sporting Cristal of Peru 1\u20130, becoming the Copa Libertadores de Am\u00e9rica champions for the second time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/08/20", "description": " Over 60 are killed, 15 kidnapped in the Souhane massacre in Algeria .", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/08/21", "description": " ''Be Here Now'', the third album from English rock band Oasis, becomes the fastest selling album in UK history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/08/21", "description": "60\u2013100 are killed in the Beni-Ali massacre in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/08/21", "description": "The Independent International Commission on Decommissioning is set up in Northern Ireland, as part of a peace process.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/08/29", "description": " Over 98 (and possibly up to 400)  are killed in the Rais massacre in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/08/31", "description": " Death of Diana, Princess of Wales: Diana, Princess of Wales is taken to hospital after a car accident shortly after midnight, in the Pont de l'Alma road tunnel in Paris. She is pronounced dead at 3:00ampnbspam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/09/04", "description": " In Lorain, Ohio, the last Ford Thunderbird for 3 years rolls off the assembly line.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/09/04", "description": "Over 87 are killed in the Beni-Messous massacre in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/09/04", "description": "The International Olympic Committee picks Athens, Greece to be the host city for the 2004 Summer Olympics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/09/04", "description": "Mother Teresa, Albanian missionary and humanitarian, dies (b. 1910)", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/09/04", "description": "The funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales, takes place at Westminster Abbey, watched by over 2 billion people worldwide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/09/04", "description": "A Jean Michel Jarre Oxygene in Moscow concert, celebrating the city's 850th anniversary, draws 3.5 million people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/09/07", "description": " The F-22 Raptor makes its first test flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/09/11", "description": " Scotland votes to create its own Parliament after 290 years of union with England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/09/13", "description": " Iraq disarmament crisis: An Iraqi military officer attacks an UNSCOM weapons inspector on board an UNSCOM helicopter, while the inspector attempts to take photographs of unauthorized movement of Iraqi vehicles inside a site designated for inspection.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/09/15", "description": " Norwegian parliamentary election, 1997", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/09/17", "description": " Iraq disarmament crisis: While waiting for access to a site, UNSCOM inspectors witness and videotape Iraqi guards moving files, burning documents, and dumping waste cans into a nearby river.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/09/18", "description": " Wales votes in favour of devolution and the formation of a National Assembly for Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/09/19", "description": " 53 are killed in the Guelb El-Kebir massacre in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/09/21", "description": " The Islamic Salvation Army, the Islamic Salvation Fronts' armed wing, declares a unilateral ceasefire in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/09/25", "description": " Iraq disarmament crisis: UNSCOM inspector Dr. Diane Seaman catches several Iraqi men sneaking out the back door of an inspection site, with log books for the creation of prohibited bacteria and chemicals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/09/25", "description": "An air crash in Indonesia (likely caused by smoke rising from numerous forest fires in the area) kills 235 people (see Garuda Indonesia Flight 152).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/09/25", "description": "An earthquake strikes the Italian regions of Umbria and Marche, causing part of the Basilica of St. Francis at Assisi to collapse.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/09/27", "description": " The Roman Catholic Diocese of Po\u017eega in Croatia is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/10/01", "description": " Luke Woodham walks into Pearl High School in Pearl, Mississippi, and opens fire, killing 2 girls, after killing his mother earlier that morning.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/10/02", "description": " British scientists Moira Bruce and John Collinge, with their colleagues, independently show that the new variant form of the Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is the same disease as Bovine spongiform encephalopathy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/10/02", "description": "One million men gather for Promise Keepers' ampquotStand in the Gapampquot event in Washington, DC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/10/02", "description": "Loomis Fargo Bank Robbery: The second largest cash robbery in U.S. history ($17.3 million, mostly in small bills) occurs at the Charlotte, North Carolina office of Wells Fargo. An FBI investigation eventually results in 24 convictions and the recovery of approximately 95% of the stolen cash.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/10/11", "description": " The mixed martial arts organization PRIDE Fighting Championships holds its inaugural event at the Tokyo Dome in Tokyo, Japan. In the main event Rickson Gracie defeats Nobuhiko Takada by armbar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/10/12", "description": " 43 are killed at a false roadblock, in the Sidi Daoud massacre in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/10/12", "description": "Andy Green sets the first supersonic land speed record for the ThrustSSC team, led by Richard Noble of the UK. ThrustSSC goes through the flying mile course at Black Rock Desert, Nevada at an average speed of 1,227.985ampampnbspkm\/h (763.035ampampnbspmph).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/10/12", "description": "NASA launches the Cassini\u2013Huygens probe to Saturn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/10/16", "description": " The first color photograph appears on the front page of the New York Times.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/10/17", "description": " The remains of Che Guevara are laid to rest with full military honours in a specially built mausoleum in the city of Santa Clara, Cuba, where he had won the decisive battle of the Cuban Revolution 39 years before.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/10/28", "description": " In the U.S., the Dow Jones Industrial Average gains a record 337.17 points, closing at 7,498.32. One billion shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange for the first time ever.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/10/29", "description": " Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq says it will begin shooting down Lockheed U-2 surveillance planes being used by UNSCOM inspectors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/10/30", "description": " In Newton, Massachusetts, British au pair Louise Woodward is found guilty of the baby-shaking death of 8-month-old Matthew Eappen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/11/03", "description": " In France, striking truck drivers blockade ports during a pay dispute.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/11/03", "description": "Telecom companies WorldCom and MCI Communications announce a US$37 billion merger to form MCI WorldCom (the largest merger in U.S. history).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/11/03", "description": "A Fairfax, Virginia jury finds Mir Aimal Kasi guilty of murdering 2 CIA employees in 1993.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/11/11", "description": " Mary McAleese is elected the 8th President of Ireland in succession to Mary Robinson, the first time in the world that one woman has succeeded another as elected head of state.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/11/12", "description": " Ramzi Yousef is found guilty of masterminding the World Trade Center 1993 bombings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/11/17", "description": " In Luxor, Egypt, 62 people are killed by 6 Islamic militants outside the Temple of Hatshepsut.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/11/19", "description": " In Des Moines, Iowa, Bobbi McCaughey gives birth to septuplets in the second known case where all 7 babies are born alive, and the first in which all survive infancy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/11/27", "description": " NASA's Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission is launched, the start of the satellite component of the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/12/03", "description": " In Ottawa, Canada, representatives from 121 countries sign a treaty prohibiting the manufacture and deployment of anti-personnel land mines. However, the United States, the People's Republic of China, and Russia do not sign the treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/12/08", "description": " Myra Hindley, one of the Moors murderers, arrives at the High Court of Justice, to contest a recent Home Secretary's decision that she should remain in prison until she dies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/12/09", "description": " The Pok\u00e9mon Trading Card Game is blessed by the Vatican for its love-thy-neighbor notion of quotintense friendship,quot for being quotfull of inventive imagination,quot and its lack of quotharmful moral side effects.quot{{fact|date=July 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/12/10", "description": " The capital of Kazakhstan is moved from Almaty to Astana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/12/11", "description": " The Kyoto Protocol is adopted by a United Nations committee.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/12/12", "description": " Demonstrations occur in the state capitals of Australia against the WTO and IMF.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/12/16", "description": " quotDenn\u014d Senshi Porygonquot, an episode of the Pok\u00e9mon TV series, is aired in Japan, inducing seizures in hundreds of Japanese children.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/12/18", "description": " Myra Hindley loses her High Court appeal against the government's decision to keep her behind bars for the rest of her life.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/12/18", "description": "Janet Jagan the former wife of Cheddi Jagan took office in Guyana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/12/18", "description": "James Cameron's ''Titanic'', the highest-grossing film of all time until his other film ''Avatar'', premieres in the US.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/12/24", "description": " 50\u2013100 villagers are killed in the Sid El-Antri massacre in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/12/27", "description": " Ulster loyalist paramilitary leader Billy Wright is assassinated in Northern Ireland, inside Long Kesh prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/12/29", "description": " Hong Kong begins to kill all the chickens within its territory (1.25 million) to stop the spread of a potentially deadly influenza strain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/12/30", "description": " Wilaya of Relizane massacres of December 30, 1997: In the worst incident in Algeria's insurgency, 400 are killed from four villages in the ''wilaya'' of Relizane.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1997/12/30", "description": "The Toyota Prius, the first hybrid vehicle to go into full production, is unveiled in Japan on October 24, and goes on sale in Japan on December 9. It comes to U.S. showrooms on July 11, 2000.ampamp{{cite web|author=Alex Taylor III |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/magazines\/fortune\/fortune_archive\/2006\/03\/06\/8370702\/index.htm\">http:\/\/money.cnn.com\/magazines\/fortune\/fortune_archive\/2006\/03\/06\/8370702\/index.htm<\/a> |title=The Birth of the Prius - March 6, 2006 |publisher=Money.cnn.com |date=2006-02-24 |accessdate=2011-11-08}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/01/02", "description": " Russia begins to circulate new rubles to stem inflation and promote confidence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/01/04", "description": " Wilaya of Relizane massacres of 4 January 1998 in Algeria: Over 170 are killed in 3 remote villages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/01/06", "description": " The Lunar Prospector spacecraft is launched into orbit around the Moon, and later finds evidence for frozen water, in soil in permanently shadowed craters near the Moon's poles.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/01/08", "description": " Ramzi Yousef is sentenced to life in prison for planning the first World Trade Center bombing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/01/11", "description": " Over 100 people are killed in the Sidi-Hamed massacre in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/01/12", "description": " Nineteen European nations agree to forbid human cloning.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/01/20", "description": " Nepalese police intercept a shipment of 272 human skulls in Kathmandu{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/01/22", "description": " Suspected quotUnabomberquot Theodore Kaczynski pleads guilty, and accepts a sentence of life without the possibility of parole.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/01/28", "description": " Gunmen hold at least 400 children and teachers hostage for several hours, at an elementary school in Manila, Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/01/28", "description": "The United States Senate passes Resolution 71, urging U.S. President Bill Clinton to ampquottake all necessary and appropriate actions to respond to the threat posed by Iraq's refusal to end its weapons of mass destruction programs.ampquot", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/02/03", "description": " Cavalese cable car disaster: a United States Military pilot causes the deaths of 20 people near Trento, Italy, when his low-flying plane severs the cable of a cable-car.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/02/04", "description": " An earthquake measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale in northeast Afghanistan kills more than 5,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/02/07", "description": "22 ampndash The 1998 Winter Olympics are held in Nagano, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/02/16", "description": " China Airlines Flight 676 crashes into a residential area near Chiang Kai-shek International Airport, killing 202 people (all 196 on board and 6 on the ground).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/02/20", "description": " Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraqi President Saddam Hussein negotiates a deal with U.N. Secretary General Kofi Annan, allowing weapons inspectors to return to Baghdad, preventing military action by the United States and Britain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/02/20", "description": "Data sent from the Galileo probe indicates that Jupiter's moon Europa has a liquid ocean under a thick crust of ice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/02/20", "description": "Natascha Kampusch is abducted by Wolfgang Priklopil (she will remain in his captivity until August 2006).", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/03/05", "description": " NASA announces that the Clementine probe orbiting the Moon has found enough water in polar craters to support a human colony and rocket fueling station.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/03/11", "description": " Danish parliamentary election, 1998: Prime Minister Poul Nyrup Rasmussen is re-elected.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/03/23", "description": " 70th Academy Awards ceremony held in Shrine Auditorium Los Angeles, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/03/26", "description": " Oued Bouaicha massacre in Algeria: 52 people are killed with axes and knives, 32 of them babies under the age of 2.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/04/05", "description": " In Japan, the Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge linking Shikoku with Honsh\u016b and costing about US$3.8 billion, opens to traffic, becoming the largest suspension bridge in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/04/06", "description": " Pakistan tests medium-range missiles capable of hitting India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/04/10", "description": " Good Friday: 1 hour after the end of the talks deadline, the Belfast Agreement is signed between the Irish and British governments and most Northern Ireland political parties, with the notable exception of the Democratic Unionist Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/05/08", "description": " CBS telecasts ''The Wizard of Oz'' for the last time. Beginning in 1999, ''The Wizard of Oz'' will be shown on cable, and in 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005 it will be telecast by the WB Television Network in addition to its cable showings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/05/08", "description": "India conducts 3 underground nuclear tests in Pokhran, including 1 thermonuclear device.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/05/08", "description": "The first euro coins are minted in Pessac, France. Because the final specifications for the coins were not finished in 1998, they will have to be melted and minted again in 1999.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/05/13", "description": "14 ampndash Riots directed against Chinese Indonesians break out in Indonesia. Indonesian natives destroy and burn Chinese Indonesian-owned properties and kill and rape more than 1,000 Chinese Indonesians.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/05/19", "description": " The Galaxy IV communications satellite fails, leaving 80\u201390% of the world's pagers without service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/05/21", "description": " Suharto resigns, after 32 years as President of Indonesia and his 7th consecutive re-election by the Indonesian Parliament (MPR). Suharto's hand-picked Vice President, B. J. Habibie, becomes Indonesia's third president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/05/26", "description": " Bear Grylls, 23, becomes the youngest British climber to scale Mount Everest.<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk\/6666889.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk\/6666889.stm<\/a> BBC NEWS | UK | Flying over the top of the world", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/05/28", "description": " Nuclear testing: In response to a series of Indian nuclear tests, Pakistan explodes 5 nuclear devices of its own in the Chaghai hills of Baluchistan, codenamed ''Chagai-I'', prompting the United States, Japan and other nations to impose economic sanctions. Pakistan celebrates Youm-e-Takbir annually.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/05/28", "description": "A 6.6 magnitude earthquake hits northern Afghanistan, killing up to 5,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/05/28", "description": "A second nuclear test, codenamed ''Chagai-II'', is conducted and supervised by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/06/02", "description": " The CIH virus is discovered in Taiwan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/06/03", "description": " Eschede train disaster: An InterCityExpress high speed train derails between Hannover and Hamburg, Germany, causing 101 deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/06/07", "description": " Former Brigadier-General Ansumane Man\u00e9 seizes control over military barracks in Bissau, marking the beginning of the Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998\u201399).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/06/12", "description": " Centennial Celebration of Independence of the Philippines from Spain", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/06/30", "description": " Philippine Vice President Joseph Estrada was sworn in as the 13th President of the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/07/05", "description": " Japan launches a probe to Mars, joining the United States and Russia as an outer space-exploring nation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/07/06", "description": " The new Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok opens, while the historic Hong Kong Kai Tak Airport closes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/07/12", "description": " France beats Brazil 3\u20130 in the football World Cup final.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/07/12", "description": "At a conference in Rome, 120 countries vote to create a permanent International Criminal Court to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/07/12", "description": "In Saint Petersburg, Nicholas II of Russia and his family are buried in St. Catherine Chapel, 80 years after he and his family were killed by Bolsheviks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/07/12", "description": "A tsunami triggered by an undersea earthquake destroys 10 villages in Papua New Guinea, killing an estimated 1,500, leaving 2,000 more unaccounted for and thousands more homeless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/07/12", "description": "Biologists report in the journal ''Science'' how they sequenced the genome of the bacterium that causes syphilis, ''Treponema pallidum''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/08/02", "description": " Second Congo War begins. 3,900,000 people are killed before it ends in 2003, making it the bloodiest war, to date, since World War II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/08/02", "description": "Yangtze River Floods: In China the Yangtze River breaks through the main bank before this, from August 1\u20135, peripheral levees collapsed consecutively in Jiayu County Baizhou Bay. The death toll exceeds 12,000, with many thousands more injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/08/07", "description": " 1998 U.S. embassy bombings: The bombings of the United States embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi, Kenya, kill 224 people and injure over 4,500 they are linked to terrorist Osama Bin Laden, an exile of Saudi Arabia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/08/15", "description": " Omagh bombing, A terrorist bombing carried out in Northern Ireland by the Real IRA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/08/24", "description": " The first RFID human implantation is tested in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/08/24", "description": "A McDonnell Douglas MD-11 airliner (Swissair Flight 111) crashes near Peggys Cove, Nova Scotia, after taking off from New York City en-route to Geneva all 229 people on board are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/08/24", "description": "A United Nations court finds Jean-Paul Akayesu, the former mayor of a small town in Rwanda, guilty of nine counts of genocide, marking the first time that the 1948 law banning genocide is enforced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/09/04", "description": " Google, Inc. is founded in Menlo Park, California, by Stanford University PhD candidates Larry Page and Sergey Brin.quotThe History Of Google \u2013 Searching The Worldquot (notes), Matt Jacks, 10 January 2005, webpage: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.work-at-home-net-guides.com\/articles\/history-of-google.html\">http:\/\/www.work-at-home-net-guides.com\/articles\/history-of-google.html<\/a> WAH-HGoogle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/10/14", "description": " Eric Robert Rudolph is charged with four bombings (including the 1996 Olympic bombing) in Atlanta, Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/10/16", "description": " British police place General Augusto Pinochet under house arrest during his medical treatment in the UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/10/17", "description": " A pipeline explosion in Jesse, Nigeria results in 1,082 deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/10/29", "description": " Hurricane Mitch makes landfall in Central America, killing an estimated 18,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/11/20", "description": " A Russian Proton rocket is launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, carrying the first segment of the International Space Station, the 21 ton Zarya Module.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/12/06", "description": " Hugo Ch\u00e1vez, politician and former member of the Venezuelan military, is elected President of Venezuela.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/12/16", "description": "19 ampndash Iraq disarmament crisis: U.S. President Bill Clinton orders airstrikes on Iraq. UNSCOM withdraws all weapons inspectors from Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/12/29", "description": " Khmer Rouge leaders apologize for the genocide in Cambodia that claimed over 1 million in the 1970s.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/12/31", "description": " The first leap second since June 30, 1997, occurs. In the eurozone, the currency rates of this day are fixed permanently.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1998/12/31", "description": "Ibrahim Hanna, the last native speaker of Mlahs\u00f4, dies in Qamishli, Syria, making the language effectively extinct. Also, the last native speaker of related Bijil Neo-Aramaic dies in Jerusalem.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/01/01", "description": " The euro is established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/01/04", "description": " Gunmen open fire on Shia Muslims worshiping in a mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing 16 and injuring 25.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/01/04", "description": "Sanjeev Nanda kills three policemen in New Delhi with his car, an act for which he was later acquitted, resulting in a sharp drop in public confidence in the Indian legal system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/01/20", "description": " The China News Service announces new government restrictions on Internet use aimed especially at Internet cafes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/01/21", "description": " In one of the largest drug busts in American history, the United States Coast Guard intercepts a ship with over 9,500ampnbsppounds (4.75 tons) of cocaine aboard headed for Houston, Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/01/25", "description": " A 6.1 Richter scale earthquake hits western Colombia, killing at least 1,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/02/02", "description": " Hugo Ch\u00e1vez becomes President of Venezuela.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/02/04", "description": " Unarmed Guinean immigrant Amadou Diallo is shot dead by New York City police officers on an unrelated stake-out, inflaming race relations in the city.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2000\/02\/26\/nyregion\/diallo-verdict-overview-4-officers-diallo-shooting-are-acquitted-all-charges.html\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2000\/02\/26\/nyregion\/diallo-verdict-overview-4-officers-diallo-shooting-are-acquitted-all-charges.html<\/a> The Diallo Verdict: The Overview 4 Officers in Diallo Shooting Are Acquitted of All Charges The New York Times", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/02/07", "description": " King Hussein of Jordan dies from cancer, and his son Abdullah II inherits the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/02/10", "description": " Avalanches in the French Alps near Geneva kill at least 10.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/02/11", "description": " Pluto moves along its eccentric orbit further from the Sun than Neptune. It had been nearer than Neptune since 1979, and will become again in 2231.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/02/12", "description": " U.S. President Bill Clinton is acquitted in impeachment proceedings in the United States Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/02/12", "description": "In Uzbekistan, an apparent assassination attempt against President Islam Karimov takes place at government headquarters.ampamp{{cite book|last=Cummings|first=Sally N.|year=2002|title=Power and change in Central Asia|page=130}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/02/12", "description": "Across Europe, Kurdish rebels take over embassies and hold hostages after Turkey arrests one of their rebel leaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/02/21", "description": " The Albertinkatu shootings in Helsinki, Finland: Three men are killed and 1 wounded at a shooting range.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/02/22", "description": " Moderate Iraqi Shiite cleric Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/02/22", "description": "Kurdish rebel leader Abdullah \u00d6calan is charged with treason in Ankara, Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/02/22", "description": "White supremacist John William King is found guilty of kidnapping and killing African American James Byrd Jr. by dragging him behind a truck for 2ampampnbspmiles (3ampampnbspkm).", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/02/23", "description": " An avalanche destroys the village of Galt\u00fcr, Austria, killing 31.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/02/24", "description": " LaGrand Case: The State of Arizona executes Karl LaGrand, a German national involved in an armed robbery that led to a death. Karl's brother Walter is executed a week later, in spite of Germany's legal action in the International Court of Justice to attempt to save him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/02/27", "description": " While trying to circumnavigate the world in a hot air balloon, Colin Prescot and Andy Elson set a new endurance record after being aloft for 233 hours and 55ampnbspminutes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/02/27", "description": "One of 4 bombs detonated in Lusaka, Zambia, destroys the Angolan Embassy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/02/27", "description": "Rwandan Hutu rebels kill and dismember 8 foreign tourists at the Buhoma homestead, Uganda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/02/27", "description": "The Convention on the Prohibition of Anti-Personnel Mines comes into force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/03/02", "description": " The brand new Mandalay Bay hotel and casino opens in Las Vegas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/03/03", "description": " Walter LaGrand is executed in the gas chamber in Arizona.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/03/04", "description": " In a military court, United States Marine Corps Captain Richard J. Ashby is acquitted of the charge of reckless flying which resulted in the deaths of 20 skiers in the Italian Alps, when his low-flying jet hit a gondola cable.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/03/12", "description": " Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic join NATO.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/03/15", "description": " In Brussels, Belgium, the Santer Commission resigns over allegations of corruption.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/03/15", "description": "Bertrand Piccard and Brian Jones become the first to circumnavigate the Earth in a hot air balloon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/03/15", "description": "The 71st Academy Awards are held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, California with ''Shakespeare in Love'' winning Best Picture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/03/23", "description": " Gunmen assassinate Paraguay's Vice President Luis Mar\u00eda Arga\u00f1a.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/03/23", "description": "NATO launches air strikes against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. This marks the first time NATO has attacked a sovereign country.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/03/23", "description": "Fire in the Mont Blanc Tunnel kills 39 people, closing the tunnel for nearly 3 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/03/25", "description": " Enron energy traders allegedly route 2,900 megawatts of electricity destined for California to the town of Silver Peak, Nevada, population 200.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/03/25", "description": "The Melissa worm attacks the Internet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/03/25", "description": "A Michigan jury finds Dr. Jack Kevorkian guilty of second-degree murder for administering a lethal injection to a terminally ill man.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/03/27", "description": " Kosovo War: A U.S. F-117 Nighthawk is shot down by Serbian forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/03/29", "description": " For the first time, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above the 10,000 mark, at 10,006.78.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/04/01", "description": " Nunavut, an Inuit homeland, is created from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories to become Canada's third territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/04/01", "description": "Two Libyans suspected of bringing down Pan Am flight 103 in 1988 are handed over to Scottish authorities for eventual trial in the Netherlands. The United Nations suspends sanctions against Libya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/04/01", "description": "In Laramie, Wyoming, Russell Henderson pleads guilty to kidnapping and felony murder, in order to avoid a possible death penalty conviction for the apparent hate crime killing of Matthew Shepard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/04/01", "description": "Kosovo War: Kosovo's main border crossings are closed by Serbian forces to prevent ethnic Albanians from leaving.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/04/01", "description": "A bomb explodes at the Valley of the Fallen Church in Spain GRAPO claims responsibility.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/04/08", "description": " Bill Gates personal fortune exceeds 100 Billion U.S. dollars, due to the increased value of Microsoft stock.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/04/09", "description": " Ibrahim Bar\u00e9 Ma\u00eenassara, president of Niger, is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/04/13", "description": " Tercentenary celebrations of the creation of the Sikh Khalsa are held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/04/13", "description": "Kosovo War: NATO warplanes repeatedly bombed ethic Albanian refugee convoys for two hours over twelve-mile stretch of road after mistaking it for Serbian military trucks between \u0110akovica and De\u010dani in western Kosovo, killing at least 73 refugees.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/04/17", "description": " A nail bomb, planted by David Copeland, explodes in the middle of a busy market in Brixton, South London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/04/20", "description": " Columbine High School massacre: Two Littleton, Colorado teenagers, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, open fire on their teachers and classmates, killing 12 students and 1 teacher, and then themselves.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/04/25", "description": " The term of Tuanku Jaafar ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman as the 10th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/04/25", "description": "Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah Al-Haj, Sultan of Selangor, becomes the 11th Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/04/25", "description": "British T.V presenter Jill Dando, 37, is shot dead on the doorstep of her home in Fulham, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/04/25", "description": "Cambodia joins the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), bringing the total members to 10.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/04/25", "description": "A third nail bomb (see April 17) explodes in the Admiral Duncan pub in Old Compton Street, Soho, London, killing a pregnant woman and two friends and injuring 70 others, including her husband. This is part of a hate campaign against ethnic minorities and gay people by David Copeland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/02", "description": " Norman J. Sirnic and Karen Sirnic are murdered by serial killer \u00c1ngel Maturino Res\u00e9ndiz in Weimar, Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/02", "description": "1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak: A devastating tornado, rated F5 on the Fujita scale, slams into Moore, Oklahoma, killing 38 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/02", "description": "The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 11,000 for the first time, at 11,014.70.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/05", "description": " Microsoft releases Windows 98 (Second Edition), from 1998.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/06", "description": " Elections are held in Scotland and Wales for the new Scottish Parliament and National Assembly for Wales.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/06", "description": "A jury finds ''The Jenny Jones Show'' and Warner Bros. liable in the shooting death of Scott Amedure, after the show deceived Jonathan Schmitz into appearing on a secret same-sex crush episode.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/06", "description": "Kosovo War: In the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, three Chinese embassy workers were killed and 20 others wounded when a NATO B-2 aircraft mistakenly bombed a Chinese Embassy in Belgrade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/06", "description": "In Guinea-Bissau, President Jo\u00e3o Bernardo Vieira is ousted in a military coup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/08", "description": " Nancy Mace becomes the first female cadet to graduate from The Military College of South Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/12", "description": " David Steel becomes the first Presiding Officer (Speaker) of the modern Scottish Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/13", "description": " Carlo Azeglio Ciampi is elected President of Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/17", "description": " Ehud Barak is elected prime minister of Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/19", "description": " ''Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace'' is released in theaters. It becomes the highest grossing ''Star Wars'' film.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/19", "description": "The Indian Air Force launches an attack on intruding Pakistan Army troops and mujahideen militants in Kashmir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/19", "description": "The first Welsh Assembly in over 600 years opens in Cardiff.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/19", "description": "The 1999 UEFA Champions League Final takes place at the Camp Nou Stadium, Barcelona in which the English side Manchester United defeat German side Bayern Munich 2-1.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/27", "description": " The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands indicts Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107 and four others for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Kosovo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/27", "description": "Swedish police officers Robert Karlstr\u00f6m (30) and Olov Bor\u00e9n (42) are wounded by three bank robbers armed with automatic weapons, and later executed with their own service pistols in Malexander, see Malexander murders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/27", "description": "After 22 years of restoration work, Leonardo da Vinci's ''The Last Supper'' is placed back on display in Milan, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/27", "description": "Cathy O'Dowd, a South African mountaineer, becomes the first woman to summit Mount Everest from both the north and south sides.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/27", "description": "Nigeria terminates military rule, and the Fourth Nigerian Republic is established with Olusegun Obasanjo as president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/30", "description": " Travel Midland Metro enters public service.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/30", "description": "Napster, a revolutionary music downloading service, debuts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/05/30", "description": "American Airlines Flight 1420 overruns the runway in Little Rock, Arkansas killing 11 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/06/02", "description": " After decades of fighting off outside technological influences like television, the King of Bhutan allows television transmissions to commence in the Kingdom for the first time, coinciding with the King's Silver Jubilee (see Bhutan Broadcasting Service).", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/06/05", "description": " The Islamic Salvation Army, the armed wing of the Islamic Salvation Front, agrees in principle to disband in Algeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/06/06", "description": " In Brazil, 345 prisoners escape from Putim prison through the front gate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/06/08", "description": " The government of Colombia announces it will include the estimated value of the country's illegal drug crops, exceeding half a billion US dollars, in its gross national product.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/06/09", "description": " Kosovo War: The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and NATO sign a peace treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/06/09", "description": "Kosovo War: NATO suspends its air strikes after Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107 agrees to withdraw Serbian forces from Kosovo", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/06/09", "description": "An underground pipeline leaks 237,000 gallons (897,000 liters) of gasoline before exploding at Whatcom Falls Park in Bellingham, Washington, killing one adult and two children. ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.historylink.org\/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfmampampfile_id=5468ampampampamphttp:\/\/www.bellinghamherald.com\/2009\/06\/07\/938966\/timeline-of-bellingham-pipeline.htmlampamp\">http:\/\/www.historylink.org\/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfmampampfile_id=5468ampampampamphttp:\/\/www.bellinghamherald.com\/2009\/06\/07\/938966\/timeline-of-bellingham-pipeline.htmlampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/06/09", "description": "Kosovo War: Operation Joint Guardian\/''Operation Agricola'' begins: NATO-led United Nations peacekeeping forces KFOR enter the province of Kosovo in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/06/09", "description": "Texas Governor George W. Bush announces he will seek the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/06/14", "description": " Thabo Mbeki is elected President of South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/06/18", "description": " The J18 international anti-globalization protests are organized in dozens of cities around the world, some of which lead to riots.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/06/19", "description": " Turin, Italy, is awarded the 2006 Winter Olympics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/06/30", "description": " Twenty-three people die when fire consumes the Sealand Youth Training Center in South Korea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/06/30", "description": "The Scottish Parliament is officially opened by Elizabeth II on the day that legislative powers are officially transferred from the old Scottish Office in London to the new devolved Scottish Executive in Edinburgh.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/06/30", "description": "Europol (short for European Police Office) the European Union's criminal intelligence agency became fully operational.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/07/02", "description": " Benjamin Nathaniel Smith begins a 3-day killing spree targeting racial and ethnic minorities in Illinois and Indiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/07/05", "description": " U.S. Army Pfc. Barry Winchell is bludgeoned in his sleep at Fort Campbell, Kentucky by fellow soldiers he dies the next day from his injuries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/07/07", "description": " In Rome, Hicham El Guerrouj runs the fastest mile ever recorded, at 3:43.13.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/07/08", "description": " A major flash flood in Las Vegas swamps hundreds of cars, smashes mobile homes and kills 2 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/07/10", "description": " American soccer player Brandi Chastain scores the game winning penalty kick against China in the FIFA Women's World Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/07/11", "description": " India recaptures Kargil, forcing the Pakistan Army to retreat. India announces victory, ending the 2-month conflict.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/07/16", "description": " Off the coast of Martha's Vineyard, a plane piloted by John F. Kennedy Jr. crashes, killing him and his wife Carolyn Bessette Kennedy and her sister Lauren Bessette.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/07/16", "description": "Mercury program: Liberty Bell 7 is raised from the Atlantic Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/07/16", "description": "Falun Gong is banned in the People's Republic of China under Jiang Zemin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/07/22", "description": " The first version of MSN Messenger is released by Microsoft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/07/22", "description": "ANA Flight 61 is hijacked in Tokyo.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/07/22", "description": "Mohammed VI of Morocco becomes king upon the death of his father Hassan II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/07/23", "description": "July 25 ampndash The Woodstock 99 festival is held in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/07/25", "description": " Lance Armstrong wins his first Tour de France.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/07/26", "description": " The last Checker taxi cab is retired in New York City and auctioned off for approximately $135,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/07/27", "description": " Twenty-one people die in a canyoning disaster near Interlaken, Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/07/31", "description": " NASA intentionally crashes the Lunar Prospector spacecraft into the Moon, thus ending its mission to detect frozen water on the lunar surface.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/08/07", "description": " Hundreds of Chechen guerrillas invade the Russian republic of Dagestan, triggering a short war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/08/08", "description": " The first Callatis Festival, the largest music amp culture festival in Romania, is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/08/09", "description": " Russian President Boris Yeltsin fires his Prime Minister, Sergei Stepashin, and for the fourth time fires his entire cabinet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/08/09", "description": "Buford O. Furrow, Jr. wounds 5 and kills 1 during the August 1999 Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/08/09", "description": "The Atlantique Incident occurs as an intruding Pakistan Navy plane is shot down in India. The incident sparks tensions between the 2 nations, coming just a month after the end of the Kargil War.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/08/09", "description": "A total solar eclipse is seen in Europe and Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/08/09", "description": "Salt Lake City tornado: A very rare F2 tornado strikes Salt Lake City, killing 1.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/08/17", "description": " 1999 \u0130zmit earthquake: A 7.6-magnitude earthquake strikes \u0130zmit and levels much of northwestern Turkey, killing more than 17,000 and injuring 44,000. This is the first of a long series of unrelated but frequent earthquakes throughout the world during the years 1999 and 2000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/08/19", "description": " In Belgrade, tens of thousands of Serbians rally to demand the resignation of Yugoslav President Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/08/19", "description": "Mandarin Airlines Flight 642 crashes in Hong Kong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/08/19", "description": "GPS Week Numbers Reset to 0", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/08/30", "description": " East Timor voted for independence from Indonesia in a referendum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/08/31", "description": " Apple Computer releases the Power Macintosh G4.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/08/31", "description": "A magnitude 5.9 earthquake hits Athens, killing 143 and injuring more than 2,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/08/31", "description": "Viacom and CBS merge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/09/08", "description": " The first of a series of Russian apartment bombings occurs. Subsequent bombings occur on September 13 and 16, while a bombing on September 22 fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/09/09", "description": " Sega Dreamcast was released in North America as well as Sonic Adventure.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/09/12", "description": " Under international pressure to allow an international peacekeeping force, Indonesian president BJ Habibie announced on 12 September that he would do so.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/09/14", "description": " Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga join the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/09/21", "description": " The 921 earthquake, also known as the Jiji earthquake,(magnitude 7.6 on the Richter scale) kills about 2,400 people in Taiwan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/09/21", "description": "October ampampndash NASA loses one of its probes, the Mars Climate Orbiter.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/10/01", "description": " Pudong International Airport opens in Shanghai, China, taking over all international flights to Hongqiao.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/10/05", "description": " Thirty-one people die in the Ladbroke Grove rail crash, west of London, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/10/10", "description": " Elections are held in Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/10/10", "description": "Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif attempts to dismiss Army Chief General Pervez Musharraf and install ISI director Ziauddin Butt in his place. Senior Army generals refuse to accept the dismissal. Musharraf, who is out of the country, attempts to return in a commercial airliner. Sharif orders the Karachi airport to not allow the plane to land. The generals lead a coup d'\u00e9tat, ousting Sharif's administration and taking over the airport. The plane lands with only a few minutes of fuel to spare, and Musharraf takes control of the government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/10/10", "description": "Date selected by the UN as when the world population reaches 6 billion people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/10/13", "description": " The United States Senate rejects ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/10/15", "description": " A National Geographic Society press conference reveals the fossil of ''Archaeoraptor'' (which is later found to be a forgery).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/10/27", "description": " Gunmen open fire in the Armenian Parliament, killing Prime Minister Vazgen Sargsyan, Parliament Chairman Karen Demirchyan, and 6 other members.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/10/27", "description": "EgyptAir Flight 990, travelling from New York City to Cairo, crashes off the coast of Nantucket, Massachusetts, killing all 217 on board. When the pilot leaves the cockpit, the co-pilot causes the Boeing 767 to enter a steep dive, resulting in impact with the Atlantic Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/10/27", "description": "Roman Catholic Church and Lutheran Church leaders sign the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, ending a centuries-old doctrinal dispute over the nature of faith and salvation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/11/06", "description": " Australians defeat a referendum proposing the replacement of The Queen and The Governor General with a President to make Australia a republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/11/09", "description": " TAESA Flight 725, covering the route Tijuana\u2013Guadalajara\u2013Uruapan\u2013Mexico City, crashes a few minutes after takeoff from Uruapan International Airport, killing 18 people on board. This event causes the bankruptcy of the Mexican airline a few months later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/11/12", "description": " A 7.2-magnitude earthquake strikes Duzce and northwestern Turkey, killing 845 and injuring 4,948.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/11/18", "description": " The Aggie Bonfire collapses in College Station, TX, killing 12.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/11/19", "description": " Dr. Jerome Teelucksingh of Trinidad and Tobago proposes that the UN create an International Men's Day, which is now commemorated every year on this same date.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/11/20", "description": " The People's Republic of China launches the first Shenzhou spacecraft.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/11/21", "description": " The film ''The Wizard of Oz'' begins its run on cable TV, which continues to this day. On cable it is telecast several times a year, like most other films, rather than being shown only once annually.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/11/26", "description": " An earthquake and tsunami strike Vanuatu.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/11/27", "description": " The left-wing Labour Party takes control of the New Zealand government, with leader Helen Clark becoming the second female Prime Minister in New Zealand's history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/11/27", "description": "The ExxonMobil merger is completed, forming the largest corporation in the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/11/27", "description": "WTO Protests ampampndash Protesters blocked delegates' entrance to WTO meetings in Seattle, Washington, USA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/11/27", "description": "After rowing for 81 days and 2,962 nautical miles (5486ampampnbspkm), Tori Murden becomes the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by rowboat alone, when she reaches Guadeloupe from the Canary Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/11/27", "description": "NASA loses radio contact with the Mars Polar Lander, moments before the spacecraft enters the Martian atmosphere.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/12/18", "description": " NASA launches into orbit the Terra platform, carrying 5 Earth Observation instruments, including ASTER, CERES, MISR, MODIS and MOPITT.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/12/20", "description": " The sovereignty of Macau is transferred from the Portuguese Republic to the People's Republic of China after 422 years of Portuguese rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/12/22", "description": " Korean Air Cargo Flight 8509, a Boeing 747-200F crashes shortly after take-off from London Stansted Airport due to pilot error. All 4 crew members were killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/12/26", "description": " Storm Lothar killed 137 people as it crossed France, southern Germany, and Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/12/27", "description": " Storm Martin caused damage throughout France, Spain, Switzerland and Italy, including an emergency due to flooding at the Blayais Nuclear Power Plant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/12/27", "description": "The U.S. turns over complete administration of the Panama Canal to the Panamanian Government, as stipulated in the Torrijos-Carter Treaty of 1977.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/12/27", "description": "Boris Yeltsin resigns as President of Russia, leaving Prime Minister Vladimir Putin as the acting President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "1999/12/27", "description": "In Cambodia the Khmer Rouge is officially dissolved some time in December.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Dates Unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/01/01", "description": " New Zealand broadcasting on Chatham Island is watched worldwide to start millennium celebrations and the Year 2000 problem begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/01/03", "description": "January 10 ampndash Israel and Syria hold inconclusive peace talks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/01/05", "description": "January 8 ampndash The 2000 al-Qaeda Summit of several high-level al-Qaeda members (including 2 9\/11 American Airlines hijackers) is held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/01/06", "description": " The last natural Pyrenean Ibex is found dead, apparently killed by a falling tree.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/01/10", "description": " America Online announces an agreement to purchase Time Warner for $162 billion (the largest-ever corporate merger).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/01/10", "description": "The armed wing of the Islamic Salvation Front concludes its negotiations with the government for an amnesty and disbands in Algeria (see Algerian Civil War#GIA destroyed, GSPC discontinues)", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/01/10", "description": "The trawler ''Solway Harvester'' sinks off the Isle of Man.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/scotland\/603558.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/scotland\/603558.stm<\/a> BBC News | SCOTLAND | Solway Harvester: A tale of tragedy. Retrieved 19 November 2007.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/01/10", "description": "A United Nations tribunal sentences 5 Bosnian Croats to up to 25 years in prison for the 1993 killing of over 100 Bosnian Muslims in a Bosnian village.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2000\/WORLD\/europe\/03\/03\/war.crimes.bosnia.02\">http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2000\/WORLD\/europe\/03\/03\/war.crimes.bosnia.02<\/a> CNN.com ampampndash World ampampndash War crimes tribunal hands Croat general lengthy sentence ampampndash March 3, 2000. Retrieved 19 November 2007.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/01/10", "description": "The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes at 11,722.98 (at the peak of the Dot-com bubble).", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/01/18", "description": " The Tagish Lake meteorite impacts the Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/01/24", "description": " God's Army, a Karen militia group led by twins Johnny and Luther Htoo, takes 700 hostages at a Thai hospital near the Burmese border.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/01/30", "description": " Kenya Airways Flight 431 crashes off the coast of C\u00f4te d'Ivoire into the Atlantic Ocean, killing 169.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/01/30", "description": "Alaska Airlines Flight 261 crashes off the California coast into the Pacific Ocean, killing 88.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/01/30", "description": "Dr. Harold Shipman is found guilty of murdering 15 patients between 1995 and 1998 at Hyde, Greater Manchester, and sentenced to life imprisonment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/02/04", "description": " German extortionist Klaus-Peter Sabotta is jailed for life for attempted murder and extortion, in connection with the sabotage of German railway lines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/02/06", "description": " Tarja Halonen is elected the first female president of Finland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/02/07", "description": " Stipe Mesic is elected president of Croatia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/02/08", "description": " Bob Collins' plane collides with that of a student pilot over Zion, Illinois.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/02/09", "description": " Torrential rains in Africa lead to the worst flooding in Mozambique in 50 years, which lasts until March and kills 800 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/02/13", "description": " The final original ''Peanuts'' comic strip is published, following the death of its creator, Charles M. Schulz.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/02/21", "description": " UNESCO holds the inaugural celebration of International Mother Language Day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/03/01", "description": " The Constitution of Finland rewritten.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/03/04", "description": " The PlayStation 2 is released in Japan, and in North America. Several months later it becomes the best-selling game console of all time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/03/08", "description": " Tokyo train disaster: A sideswipe collision of 2 Tokyo Metro trains kills 5 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/03/10", "description": " The NASDAQ Composite Index reaches an all-time high of 5,048.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.finfacts.com\/irelandbusinessnews\/publish\/article_1000766.shtml\">http:\/\/www.finfacts.com\/irelandbusinessnews\/publish\/article_1000766.shtml<\/a> Fifth Anniversary: Nasdaq's record all-time closing high 5,048.62. Retrieved 19 November 2007.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/03/12", "description": " Pope John Paul II apologizes for the wrongdoings by members of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the ages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/03/12", "description": "Pope John Paul II begins the first official visit by a Roman Catholic pontiff to Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/03/12", "description": "The U.S. Supreme Court rules the FDA lacks authority to regulate tobacco as an addictive drug, throwing out the Clinton Administration's main anti-smoking initiative", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/03/26", "description": " Vladimir Putin is elected President of Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/03/26", "description": " The Seattle Kingdome is demolished by implosion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/03/27", "description": " The Phillips explosion of 2000 kills 1 and injures 71 in Pasadena, Texas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/04/03", "description": " ''United States v. Microsoft'': Microsoft is ruled to have violated United States antitrust laws by keeping quotan oppressive thumbquot on its competitors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/04/17", "description": " Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin becomes Raja of Perlis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/04/22", "description": " In a predawn raid, federal agents seize 6-year old Eli\u00e1n Gonz\u00e1lez from his relatives' home in Miami, Florida and fly him to his Cuban father in Washington, DC, ending one of the most publicized custody battles in U.S. history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/05/01", "description": " A new class of composite material is fabricated, which  has a  combination of physical properties never before seen in a natural or man-made material.ref name=comp{{cite journal|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/people.ee.duke.edu\/~drsmith\/pubs_smith_group\/Smith_PRL_84_4184_(2000).pdf|doi=10.1103\/PhysRevLett.84.4184|pmid=10990641|title=Composite\">http:\/\/people.ee.duke.edu\/~drsmith\/pubs_smith_group\/Smith_PRL_84_4184_(2000).pdf|doi=10.1103\/PhysRevLett.84.4184|pmid=10990641|title=Composite<\/a> Medium with Simultaneously Negative Permeability and Permittivity|first5=S|last5=Schultz|first4=SC|last4=Nemat-Nasser|first3=DC|last3=Vier|first2=WJ|year=2000|last2=Padilla|last1=Smith|first1=D. R.|journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=84|issue=18|pages=4184\u20137|bibcode=2000PhRvL..84.4184S}}ref name=UCSD-press-release{{cite web|author=McDonald, Kim|title= UCSD Physicists Develop a New Class of Composite Material with 'Reverse' Physical Properties Never Before Seen", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/05/01", "description": "In San Antonio, Texas, computer pioneer Datapoint files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/05/01", "description": "After originating in the Philippines, the ILOVEYOU computer virus spreads quickly throughout the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/05/01", "description": "An earthquake hits Banggai, Indonesia, leaving 54 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/05/01", "description": "A rare conjunction of 7 celestial bodies (Sun, Moon, planets MercuryampampndashSaturn) occurs during the New Moon.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/planetary\/alignment.htmlampamp\">http:\/\/nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov\/planetary\/alignment.htmlampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/05/01", "description": "The billionth living person in India is born.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?id=uOsSAAAAIBAJampampsjid=Xv0DAAAAIBAJampamppg=5551,31832ampampdq=india+1+billion+population\">http:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?id=uOsSAAAAIBAJampampsjid=Xv0DAAAAIBAJampamppg=5551,31832ampampdq=india+1+billion+population<\/a> India:1 billion population marks milestoneampampampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?id=4bILAAAAIBAJampampsjid=nlUDAAAAIBAJampamppg=6004,4288407ampampdq=india+1+billion+population\">http:\/\/news.google.com\/newspapers?id=4bILAAAAIBAJampampsjid=nlUDAAAAIBAJampamppg=6004,4288407ampampdq=india+1+billion+population<\/a> Baby girl gives India 1 billionampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/05/01", "description": "Effective date of Canada's first modern-day treaty \u2013 The Nisga'a Final Agreement", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/05/12", "description": " The Tate Modern Gallery opens in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/05/12", "description": "A fireworks factory disaster in Enschede, the Netherlands, kills 23.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/05/12", "description": "Millennium Force opens at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio as the world's tallest and fastest roller coaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/05/16", "description": " The Grand National Assembly of Turkey elects Ahmet Necdet Sezer  as the tenth President of Turkey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/05/17", "description": " A bomb in Glorietta Mall in Makati City, Philippines injures 13.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/05/20", "description": " Taiwanese (ROC) president Chen Shui-bian makes the Four Noes and One Without pledge to Taiwan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/05/25", "description": " Israel withdraws IDF forces from southern Lebanon after 22 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/06/04", "description": " An earthquake hits Bengkulu, Indonesia, leaving 94 dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/06/05", "description": " ''405 The Movie'', the first short film widely distributed on the Internet, is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/06/13", "description": " South Korean President Kim Dae Jung visits North Korea to participate in the first North-South presidential summit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/06/17", "description": " A centennial earthquake (6.5 on Richter scale) hits Iceland on its national day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/06/21", "description": " Section 28, a law preventing the promotion of homosexuality, is repealed by the Scottish Parliament.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/06/26", "description": " A preliminary draft of genomes, as part of the Human Genome Project, is finished.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/06/28", "description": " Elian Gonzalez returns to Cuba with his father, Juan Miguel Gonzalez, ending a protracted custody battle.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/06/30", "description": " At the Roskilde Festival near Copenhagen, Denmark, 9 die and 26 are injured on a set while the rock group Pearl Jam performs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/06/30", "description": "France defeats Italy 2-1 after extra time in the final of the European Championships, becoming the first team to consecutively win the World Cup and European Championships.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/06/30", "description": "Vicente Fox is elected President of Mexico, as candidate of the rightist PAN (National Action Party), ending 71 years of PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) rule.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/06/30", "description": "In southern Nigeria, a leaking petroleum pipeline explodes, killing about 250 villagers who were scavenging gasoline.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/06/30", "description": "Bashar al-Assad is confirmed as Syria's leader in a national referendum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/07/13", "description": "July 25 ampndash Israel's prime minister Ehud Barak and PLO head Yasser Arafat meet at Camp David, but fail to reach an agreement.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/07/14", "description": " A powerful solar flare, later named the Bastille Day event, causes a geomagnetic storm on Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/07/18", "description": " Alex Salmond resigns as the leader of the Scottish National Party.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/07/21", "description": "July 23 ampndash G-8 Nations hold their 26th Annual Summit issues include AIDS, the 'digital divide', and halving world poverty by 2015.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/07/22", "description": " ''News of the World'' urges its readers to sign a petition for Sarah's Law, new legislation in response to the murder of Sarah Payne, which would give parents the right to know whether a convicted paedophile was living in their area.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/07/25", "description": " Air France Flight 4590, a Concorde aircraft, crashes into a hotel in Gonesse just after takeoff from Paris, killing all 109 aboard and 4 in the hotel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/07/30", "description": "Venezuela's president Hugo Ch\u00e1vez is reelected with 59% of the vote.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/07/31", "description": "August 3 ampndash The Republican National Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania nominates George W. Bush for U.S. President and Dick Cheney for Vice President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/08/03", "description": " Rioting erupts on the Paulsgrove estate in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, after more than 100 people besiege the home of a block of flats allegedly housing a convicted paedophile. This is the latest vigilante violence against suspected sex offenders since the beginning of the quotnaming and shamingquot anti-paedophile campaign by the tabloid newspaper ''News of the World''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/08/08", "description": " The Confederate submarine ''H.L. Hunley'' is raised to the surface after 136 years on the ocean floor.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/08/12", "description": " The Russian submarine ''Kursk'' sinks in the Barents Sea, resulting in the deaths of all 118 men on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/08/14", "description": " Tsar Nicholas II and his family are canonized by the synod of the Russian Orthodox Church.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/08/14", "description": " Dora the Explorer, one of Nickelodeon's hottest shows, debuts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/08/14", "description": "August 17 ampndash The Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles nominates U.S. Vice President Al Gore for President and Senator Joe Lieberman for Vice President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/08/23", "description": " John Anthony Kaiser a Roman Catholic priest was murdered in Morendat, Kenya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/08/27", "description": " The Ostankino Tower fire in Moscow kills 3.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/09/05", "description": " Tuvalu joins the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/09/06", "description": " The last wholly Swedish-owned arms manufacturer, Bofors, is sold to American arms manufacturer United Defense.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/09/06", "description": "September 8 ampndash World leaders attend the Millennium Summit at UN Headquarters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/09/07", "description": "September 14 ampndash The UK fuel protests take place, with refineries blockaded, and supply to the country's network of petrol stations halted.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/09/07", "description": "Albania officially joins the World Trade Organization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/09/07", "description": "United Nations Millennium Declaration is made in New York", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/09/15", "description": "October 1 ampndash The 2000 Summer Olympics are held in Sydney, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/09/15", "description": "Ukrainian journalist Georgiy Gongadze is last seen alive this day is taken as the commemoration date of his death.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/09/15", "description": "Peru's president Alberto Fujimori calls for new elections in which he will not run.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/09/15", "description": "The Greek ferry ''Express Samina'' sinks off the coast of the island of Paros 80 out of a total of over 500 passengers perish in one of Greece's worst sea disasters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/09/15", "description": "Anti-globalization protests in Prague (some 15,000 protesters) turn violent during the IMF and World Bank summits.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/09/28", "description": " Israeli opposition leader Ariel Sharon visits the Temple Mount, protected by a several-hundred-strong Israeli police force. Palestinian riots erupt, leading to a full-fledged armed uprising (called the Al-Aqsa Intifada by sympathizers and the Oslo War by opponents).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/09/29", "description": " The Long Kesh prison in Northern Ireland is closed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/10/01", "description": " The 2000 Summer Olympics close in Sydney, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/10/05", "description": " President Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107 leaves office after widespread demonstrations throughout Serbia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/10/06", "description": " The last Mini is produced in Longbridge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/10/11", "description": " {{convert|250|e6USgal|m3}} of coal sludge spill in Martin County, Kentucky  (considered a greater environmental disaster than the Exxon Valdez oil spill).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/10/12", "description": " In Aden, Yemen, USS ''Cole'' is badly damaged by two Al-Qaeda suicide bombers, who place a small boat laden with explosives alongside the United States Navy destroyer, killing 17 crew members and wounding at least 39.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/10/21", "description": " Fifteen Arab leaders convene in Cairo, Egypt, for their first summit in 4 years the Libyan delegation walks out, angry over signs the summit will stop short of calling for breaking ties with Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/10/22", "description": " The ''Mainichi Shinbun'' newspaper exposes Japanese archeologist Shinichi Fujimura as a fraud Japanese archaeologists had based their treatises on his findings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/10/23", "description": " Madeleine Albright holds talks with North Korean dictator Kim Jong Il.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/10/26", "description": " Pakistani authorities announce that their police have found an apparently ancient mummy of a Persian princess in the province of Balochistan. Iran, Pakistan and the Taliban all claim the mummy until Pakistan announces it is a modern-day fake on April 17, 2001.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/10/27", "description": " Pacific Islands Forum (PIF).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/10/30", "description": " This is the final date during which there is no human presence in space on October 31, Soyuz TM-31 launches, carrying the first resident crew to the International Space Station. The ISS has been continuously crewed since.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/10/31", "description": " Singapore Airlines Flight 006 collides with construction equipment in the Chiang Kai Shek International Airport, resulting in 83 deaths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/10/31", "description": "November ampampndash Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq rejects new U.N. Security Council weapons inspections proposals.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/11/02", "description": " The first resident crew enters the International Space Station.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/11/03", "description": " Widespread flooding occurs throughout England and Wales after days of heavy rain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/11/03", "description": "In London, a criminal gang raids the Millennium Dome to steal the Millennium Star diamond, but police surveillance catches them in the act.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/11/03", "description": "Hillary Rodham Clinton is elected to the United States Senate, becoming the first First Lady of the United States to win public office.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/11/11", "description": " Kaprun disaster, Austria: A funicular fire in an Alpine tunnel kills 155 skiers and snowboarders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/11/15", "description": " A new Indian state called Jharkhand is formed, carving out the South Chhota Nagpur area from Bihar in India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/11/16", "description": " Bill Clinton becomes the first sitting U.S. President to visit Vietnam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/11/16", "description": "A catastrophic landslide in Log pod Mangartom, Slovenia, kills 7, and causes millions of SIT of damage. It is one of the worst catastrophes in Slovenia in the past 100 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/11/16", "description": "Alberto Fujimori is removed from office as president of Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/11/27", "description": " Jean Chr\u00e9tien is re-elected as Prime Minister of Canada, as the Liberal Party of Canada increases its majority in the House of Commons of Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/11/28", "description": " Ukrainian politician Oleksander Moroz touches off the Cassette Scandal by publicly accusing President Leonid Kuchma of involvement in the murder of journalist Georgiy Gongadze.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/12/01", "description": " Vicente Fox takes office as President of Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/12/13", "description": " ''Bush v. Gore'': The U.S. Supreme Court stops the Florida presidential recount, effectively giving the state, and the Presidency, to George W. Bush.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/12/13", "description": "Disney's Paradise Pier Hotel opens at the Disneyland Resort.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/12/13", "description": "The third and final reactor at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant is shut down and the station is shut down completely.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/12/24", "description": " Christmas Eve 2000 Indonesia bombings: 18 people are killed in multiple Islamist bomb attacks on churches across Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/12/25", "description": " A shopping center fire at Luoyang, Henan, China, kills 309.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/12/30", "description": " Rizal Day bombings: A series of bombs explode in various places in Metro Manila, Philippines, within a span of a few hours, killing 22 and injuring about 100.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2000/12/31", "description": " The Millennium Dome closes its doors one year to the day of its opening.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/01/01", "description": "A black monolith\u2014dubbed the Seattle Monolith\u2014measuring approximately {{convert|9|ft|m}} tall appears in Seattle, Washington's Magnuson Park, placed by an anonymous artist in reference to the movie ''2001: A Space Odyssey''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/01/02", "description": "Disney's Grand Californian Hotel amp Spa opens at the Disneyland Resort.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/01/04", "description": "Jagex Games Studios launches RuneScape", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/01/08", "description": "Noah, a gaur, is born, the first animal of an endangered species to be cloned.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/01/11", "description": "The U.S. Federal Trade Commission approves the merger of America Online and Time Warner to form AOL Time Warner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/01/12", "description": "Downtown Disney opens to the public as part of the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/01/13", "description": "A 7.6 magnitude earthquake hits all of El Salvador, killing at least 800 people and leaving thousands homeless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/01/15", "description": "Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, launches on the Internet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/01/17", "description": "Impeachment proceedings against Philippine President Joseph Estrada, accused of playing Jueteng, end preeminently and trigger the second EDSA People Power Revolution or People Power II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/01/20", "description": " George W. Bush succeeds Bill Clinton as the 43rd President of the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/01/23", "description": "January 25 \u2013 United Nations war crimes prosecutor Del Ponte demands that Serbia hand over Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107.{{noMention}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/01/23", "description": "The Tiananmen Square self-immolation incident occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/01/25", "description": "A 50-year-old Douglas DC-3 crashes near Ciudad Bolivar, Venezuela, killing 24.<a href=\"http:\/\/aviation-safety.net\/database\/record.php?id=20010125-0\">http:\/\/aviation-safety.net\/database\/record.php?id=20010125-0<\/a> ASN Aircraft accident Douglas C-47A-65-DL (DC-3C) YV-224C Ciudad Bol\u00edvar", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/01/26", "description": "An earthquake hits Gujarat!--confirmed here--, India, killing more than 12,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/02/06", "description": "Likud Party leader Ariel Sharon wins election as Prime Minister of Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/02/08", "description": "Disney California Adventure Park opens to the public as part of the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/02/09", "description": "The submarine USS ''Greeneville'' accidentally strikes and sinks the Japanese fishing vessel ''Ehime-Maru'' near Hawaii.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/02/12", "description": "The NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft touches down in the quotsaddlequot region of 433 Eros, becoming the first spacecraft to land on an asteroid.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/02/13", "description": "A 6.6 magnitude earthquake hits El Salvador, killing at least 400.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/02/16", "description": "Iraq disarmament crisis: British and U.S. forces carry out bombing raids, attempting to disable Iraq's air defense network.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/02/18", "description": "FBI agent Robert Hanssen is arrested and charged with spying for Russia for 15 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/02/18", "description": "Seven-time NASCAR Winston Cup champion Dale Earnhardt dies as a consequence of an accident in the last turn of the 2001 Daytona 500.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/02/20", "description": "The 2001 UK foot and mouth crisis begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/03/02", "description": "The Taliban begins destruction of the Bamiyan Buddhas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/03/23", "description": "The deorbit of Russian space station Mir was carried out near Nadi, Fiji, with Mir falling into the Pacific Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/03/23", "description": "Hainan Island incident: A Chinese fighter jet bumps into a U.S. EP-3E surveillance aircraft, which is forced to make an emergency landing in Hainan, China. The U.S. crew is detained for 10 days and the F-8 Chinese pilot, Wang Wei, goes missing and is presumed dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/03/23", "description": "Former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia President Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107 surrenders to police special forces, to be tried on charges of war crimes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/03/23", "description": "In the Netherlands, the Act on the Opening up of Marriage goes into effect. The Act allows same-sex couples to marry legally for the first time in the world since the reign of Nero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/04/26", "description": "Junichiro Koizumi becomes Prime Minister of Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/04/28", "description": "''Soyuz TM-32'' lifts off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, carrying the first space tourist, American Dennis Tito", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/05/06", "description": "Space tourist Dennis Tito returns to Earth aboard ''Soyuz TM-31''. (''Soyuz TM-32'' is left docked at the International Space Station as a new lifeboat.)", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/05/07", "description": "In Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, an attempt is made to reconstruct the Ferhadija mosque. However, the ceremony results in mass riots by Serb nationalists, who beat and stone 300 elderly Bosnian Muslims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/05/13", "description": "Silvio Berlusconi and the Italian House of the Liberties coalition win the general elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/05/15", "description": "The female American rock band The Go-Go's release their first album in 17 years since the album ''Talk Show'' (1984).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/05/22", "description": "A large trans-Neptunian object (28978 Ixion) is found during the Deep Ecliptic Survey.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/05/22", "description": "May 23 \u2013 The Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Terraces officially open on Mount Carmel in Haifa, Israel (site of the Shrine of the B\u00e1b and the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed World Centre).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/05/22", "description": "Sherpa Temba Tsheri, 16, becomes the youngest person to summit Mount Everest.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/05/22", "description": "The Versailles wedding hall disaster kills 23 in Jerusalem, Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/05/22", "description": "Jim Jeffords, the United States Senator for Vermont, leaves the Republican Party and becomes an Independent. He joins the Democratic caucus, giving them a 51-49 majority for the remainder of 107th United States Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/05/22", "description": "Crown Prince Dipendra of Nepal kills his father, the king, his mother and other members of the royal family with an assault rifle and then shoots himself in the Nepalese royal massacre. Dipendra dies June 4, as King of Nepal. His uncle Gyanendra accedes to the throne.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/05/22", "description": "A Hamas suicide bomber kills 21, mostly teenagers, in the Dolphinarium disco in Tel Aviv, Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/06/05", "description": "June 9 \u2013 Tropical Storm Allison produces 36ampnbspinches (900ampnbspmm) of rain in Houston, Texas, killing 22, damaging the Texas Medical Center, and causing more than 5 billion American dollars of damage overall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/06/11", "description": "In Terre Haute, Indiana, Timothy McVeigh is executed for the Oklahoma City bombing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/06/19", "description": "A missile hits a soccer field in northern Iraq (Tel Afr County), killing 23 and wounding 11. According to U.S. officials, it was an Iraqi missile that malfunctioned.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2001\/06\/21\/world\/23-iraqis-reported-killed.html?scp=8ampsq=Iraqampst=nyt\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2001\/06\/21\/world\/23-iraqis-reported-killed.html?scp=8ampsq=Iraqampst=nyt<\/a> NYtimes.com", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/06/20", "description": "Pervez Musharraf becomes President of Pakistan after the resignation of Muhammad Rafiq Tarar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/06/21", "description": "The world's longest train is set up by BHP Iron Ore and is recorded going between Newman and Port Hedland in Western Australia (a distance of 275ampnbspkm, or 170ampnbspmiles) and the train consists of 682 loaded iron ore wagons and 8 GE AC6000CW locomotives, giving a gross weight of almost 100,000 tonnes and moves 82,262 tonnes of ore the train is {{convert|7.353|km|mi|abbr=on}} long.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/06/23", "description": "An earthquake (7.9 on the Richter scale) hits the south of Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/07/02", "description": "The world's first self-contained artificial heart is implanted in Robert Tools.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/07/03", "description": "A Vladivostokavia Tupolev Tu-154 jetliner crashes on approach to landing at Irkutsk, Russia, killing 145.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/07/13", "description": "Beijing wins the bid to host the 2008 Summer Olympics.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/07/13", "description": "The People's Republic of China and the Russian Federation sign the Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and Friendly Cooperation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/07/13", "description": "The FBI arrests Dmitry Sklyarov at a convention in Las Vegas, Nevada, for violating a provision of the DMCA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/07/17", "description": "The Altamira caves's replica (created by Manuel Franquelo and Sven Nebel) is inaugurated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/07/18", "description": "In Baltimore, Maryland, a 60-car train derailment occurs in a tunnel, sparking a fire that lasts days and virtually shuts down downtown Baltimore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/07/19", "description": "UK politician and novelist Jeffrey Archer is sentenced to 4 years in prison for perjury and perverting the course of justice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/07/20", "description": "July 22 \u2013 The 27th G8 summit takes place in Genoa, Italy. Massive demonstrations are held against the meeting by anti-globalisation groups. One demonstrator, Carlo Giuliani, is shot dead by a carabiniere.  Several others are badly injured during a police attack on a school used by the protesters as their headquarters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/07/24", "description": "Tamil Tigers attack Bandaranaika International Airport in Sri Lanka, causing an estimated $500 million of damages.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/07/28", "description": "Alejandro Toledo is sworn in as the new president of Peru, 8 months after a vote of no-confidence in former President Alberto Fujimori.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/07/28", "description": "U.S. President George W. Bush announces his limited support for federal funding of research on embryonic stem cells.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/07/28", "description": "In the Comoros, the ampquotMilitary Committeeampquot of Major Mohamad Bacar seizes power in the island of Anjouan, which had declared independence. They plan to rejoin the Comoros.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/07/28", "description": "Sbarro Restaurant in Jerusalem is attacked by a Palestinian Terrorist, killing 15 civilians and wounding 130", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/08/31", "description": "September 1 - The 2001 Vancouver TV realignment occurs in British Columbia, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/08/31", "description": "September 08 - World Conference against Racism 2001", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/09/03", "description": "the United States, Canada and Israel withdraw from the UN Conference on Racism because they feel that the issue of Zionism is overemphasized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/09/04", "description": "Tokyo DisneySea opens to the public as part of the Tokyo Disney Resort in Urayasu, Chiba, Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/09/05", "description": "Peru's attorney general files homicide charges against ex-President Alberto Fujimori.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/09/06", "description": "''United States v. Microsoft'': The United States Justice Department announces that it no longer seeks to break up software maker Microsoft, and will instead seek a lesser antitrust penalty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/09/09", "description": "A suicide bomber kills Ahmed Shah Massoud, military commander of the Afghan Northern Alliance.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/09/10", "description": "Norwegian parliamentary election, 2001: Kjell Magne Bondevik returns to power as head of a conservative coalition.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/09/11", "description": "Nearly 3,000 are killed in the September 11 attacks at the World Trade Center in New York City the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia and in rural Shanksville, Pennsylvania after American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175 crash into the World Trade Center's Twin Towers, American Airlines Flight 77 crashes into the Pentagon, and United Airlines Flight 93 crashes into grassland in Shanksville.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/09/12", "description": "Israel sends tanks into Jericho, West Bank, starting a new military operation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/09/18", "description": "The 2001 anthrax attacks commence as letters containing anthrax spores are mailed from Princeton, New Jersey to ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, the ''New York Post'', and the ''National Enquirer''. 22 in total are exposed 5 of them die.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/09/21", "description": "In Toulouse, France, the AZote Fertilisant chemical factory explodes, killing 29 and seriously wounding over 2,500.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/10/04", "description": "Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 crashes over the Black Sea en route from Tel Aviv, Israel, to Novosibirsk, Russia 78 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/10/07", "description": "War in Afghanistan (2001\u2013present): The United States invades Afghanistan, with participation from other nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/10/08", "description": "Flight SK686 of SAS collides first with a private plane and then a building in Milano Airport 100 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/10/15", "description": "NASA's Galileo spacecraft passes within {{convert|112|mi|km}} of Jupiter's moon Io.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/10/19", "description": "''SIEV-X'' sinks en route to Christmas Island.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/10/23", "description": "The ''iPod'' was first introduced by ''Apple''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/10/25", "description": "Microsoft Windows XP is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/10/26", "description": "U.S. President George W. Bush signs the USA PATRIOT Act into law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/10/26", "description": "November \u2013 The Doha Declaration relaxes the grip of international intellectual property law.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/11/02", "description": "The Glocal Forum, leading international organization in the field of city-to-city cooperation, is established by Ambassador Uri Savir.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/11/02", "description": "Hurricane Michelle hits Cuba, destroying crops and thousands of homes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/11/02", "description": "The Police Service of Northern Ireland is established, replacing the controversial Royal Ulster Constabulary.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/11/02", "description": "The People's Republic of China is admitted to the World Trade Organization after 15 years of negotiations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/11/02", "description": "Heavy rains and mudslides in Algeria kill more than 900.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/11/02", "description": "Australian Prime Minister John Howard is elected to a third term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/11/12", "description": "In New York City, American Airlines Flight 587, headed to the Dominican Republic, crashes in Queens minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport, killing all 260 on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/11/12", "description": "Doha Round: The World Trade Organization ends a 4-day ministerial conference in Doha, Qatar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/11/12", "description": "Symbionese Liberation Army member Kathleen Soliah (Sara Jane Olsen) withdraws her previous guilty plea.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/11/12", "description": "In the first such act since World War II, U.S. President George W. Bush signs an executive order allowing military tribunals against any foreigners suspected of having connections to terrorist acts or planned acts against the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/11/29", "description": "George Harrison, former lead guitarist of The Beatles, dies of lung cancer at the age of 58.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/12/02", "description": "Enron files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection five days after Dynegy cancels a US$8.4 billion buyout bid (to that point, the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/12/03", "description": "Officials announce that one of the Taliban prisoners captured after the prison uprising at Mazari Sharif, Afghanistan is John Walker Lindh, an American citizen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/12/03", "description": "The United States government indicts Zacarias Moussaoui for involvement in the September 11, 2001 attacks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/12/03", "description": "Law enforcement raid members of DrinkOrDie in Operation Buccaneer.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/12/03", "description": "The Parliament of India is attacked 12 are killed. This brings India and Pakistan to the brink of war.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/12/03", "description": "U.S. President George W. Bush announces the United States' withdrawal from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/12/03", "description": "Hamid Karzai is sworn in as head of the interim government in Afghanistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/12/03", "description": "A Paris\u2013Miami, Florida flight is diverted to Boston, Massachusetts after passenger Richard Reid attempts to set his shoe, filled with explosives, on fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/12/03", "description": "The People's Republic of China is granted permanent normal trade status with the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2001/12/03", "description": "Typhoon Vamei forms within 1.5 degrees of the equator. No other tropical cyclone in recorded history has come as close to the equator.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002", "description": "The Open Skies mutual surveillance treaty, initially signed in 1992, officially enters into force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002", "description": "Euro notes and coins are introduced in France, Spain, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Greece, Finland, Luxembourg, Belgium, Austria, Ireland and the Netherlands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/01/08", "description": " The No Child Left Behind Act is signed into law by U.S. President George W. Bush.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/01/09", "description": " The United States Department of Justice announces it will pursue a criminal investigation of Enron.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/01/10", "description": " Enrique Bola\u00f1os begins his 5-year term as President of the Republic of Nicaragua.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/01/14", "description": " The asylum case of Adelaide Abankwah is heard in New York.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/01/16", "description": " The UN Security Council unanimously establishes an arms embargo and freezes the assets of Osama bin Laden, Al-Qaeda, and the Taliban.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/01/17", "description": " The eruption of Mount Nyiragongo in the Democratic Republic of the Congo displaces an estimated 400,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/01/23", "description": " ''Wall Street Journal'' reporter Daniel Pearl is kidnapped in Pakistan, accused of being a CIA agent by his captors.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/01/27", "description": " Several explosions at a military dump in Lagos, Nigeria kill more than 1,000.{{noMention}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/01/31", "description": " A large section of the Antarctic Larsen Ice Shelf begins disintegrating, consuming about {{convert|3,250|km|mi|abbr=on}} over 35 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/01", "description": " Kidnapped ''Wall Street Journal'' reporter Daniel Pearl is murdered in Karachi, Pakistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/03", "description": " Costa Rica holds presidential and congressional elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/06", "description": " Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II upon 50th Anniversary of King George VI's death in 1952", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/08", "description": "February 24 ampndash The 2002 Winter Olympics are held in Salt Lake City, Utah.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/09", "description": "Elizabeth II's sister Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon dies in her sleep aged 71 after suffering a major stroke.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/09", "description": "The trial of Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107, the former President of Yugoslavia, begins at the United Nations war crimes tribunal in The Hague.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/09", "description": "The U.S. Secretary of Energy makes the decision that Yucca Mountain is suitable to be the United States' nuclear repository.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/13", "description": " Elizabeth II gives former New York City mayor Rudolph Giuliani an honorary knighthood.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/14", "description": "risoner Shaker Aamer moved to Guantanamo Bay detention camp. Aamer has been held since without charge and despite being cleared for release in 2007 and 2009.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/15", "description": "The funeral of Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon takes place on the 50th anniversary of her father's funeral.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/19", "description": " NASA's Mars Odyssey space probe begins to map the surface of Mars using its thermal emission imaging system.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/20", "description": " In Reqa Al-Gharbiya, Egypt, a fire on a train injures over 65 and kills at least 370.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/20", "description": "Robert William Pickton the most prolific serial killer in Canadian history is arrested and charged with the first two (of twenty-seven) counts of first-degree murder.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/20", "description": "Angolan political and rebel leader Jonas Savimbi is killed in a military ambush.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/20", "description": "A Spanish-facilitated ceasefire begins in Sri Lanka.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/23", "description": " FARC kidnaps \u00cdngrid Betancourt in Colombia while she campaigns for the presidency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/27", "description": " A series of riots leaves hundreds dead, after 59 Hindu pilgrims die aboard a train burned by a Muslim  in Godhra, India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/27", "description": "The ex-currencies of all euro-using nations cease to be legal tender in the European Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/27", "description": "Gujarat communal riots begin, wherein 97 people are burnt alive or killed in the Naroda Patiya massacre, and 69 in Gulbarg Society massacre in Ahmedabad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/27", "description": "U.S. invasion of Afghanistan: In eastern Afghanistan, Operation Anaconda begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/27", "description": "Continuing violence in Ahmedabad, India kills 28 police shoot and kill 5 rioters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/27", "description": "The Envisat environmental satellite successfully reaches an orbit 800ampampnbspkm above the Earth using an Ariane 5 on its 11th launch, carrying the heaviest payload to date at 8,500ampampnbspkg.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/02/27", "description": "''STS-109'': Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' flies the Hubble Space Telescope service mission, penultimate flight before its ill-fated ''STS-107'' mission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/03/03", "description": " S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe hold legislative elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/03/04", "description": " Ansett Australia, one of the oldest airlines in the world and the second largest in Australia, ceases operation after collapsing financially. This event also marks the largest job loss in Australian history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/03/06", "description": " France agrees to return the remains of Saartjie Baartman to South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/03/12", "description": " In Houston, Texas, Andrea Yates is found guilty of drowning her 5 children on June 20, 2001. She is later sentenced to life in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/03/12", "description": "125 vehicles are involved in a massive pile up on Interstate 75 in Ringgold, Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/03/12", "description": "Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Parliament established.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/03/12", "description": "Portugal holds parliamentary elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/03/12", "description": "In Islamabad, Pakistan, the International Protestant Church attack occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/03/19", "description": " US war in Afghanistan: Operation Anaconda ends (started on March 1) after killing 500 Taliban and al Qaeda fighters, with 11 allied troop fatalities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/03/21", "description": " In Pakistan, Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh and 3 others are charged with the kidnapping and killing of ''Wall Street Journal'' reporter Daniel Pearl.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/03/24", "description": " The  74th Academy Awards, hosted by Whoopi Goldberg, are held at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, California with the film ''A Beautiful Mind'' winning Best Picture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/03/27", "description": " A Palestinian suicide bomber kills 30 Israeli civilians and injures 140 others at the Park Hotel in Netanya, triggering Operation Defensive Shield, a large-scale counter-terrorist Israeli military incursion into the West Bank, two days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/04/02", "description": " Israeli forces besiege the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, when militants take shelter there.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/04/09", "description": " The funeral of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother takes place in Westminster Abbey, London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/04/11", "description": " April 14 ampndash A military coup d'\u00e9tat against the leftist Venezuelan President Hugo Ch\u00e1vez fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/04/15", "description": " An Air China Boeing 767-200 crashes into a hillside during heavy rain and fog near Busan, South Korea, killing 128.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/04/17", "description": " Four Canadian infantrymen are killed in Afghanistan by friendly fire from 2 US F-16s.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/04/18", "description": " The discovery of a new insect order, Mantophasmatodea, is announced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/04/21", "description": " French presidential election, 2002: The first round results in a runoff between Jacques Chirac and the leader of the main French far-right party, Jean-Marie Le Pen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/04/22", "description": " At a special session of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, Director-General Jose Bustani is fired.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/04/25", "description": " ''Soyuz TM-34'': South African Mark Shuttleworth blasts off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome he had paid \u00a315 million for the trip.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/04/27", "description": " The Laughlin, Nevada River Run Riot kills 3.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/05/05", "description": " In the second round of the French presidential election Jacques Chirac is reelected.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/05/06", "description": " In the Netherlands, politician Pim Fortuyn is assassinated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/05/08", "description": "Feyenoord Rotterdam wins the UEFA Final Cup with 3-2 from Borussia Dortmund.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/05/09", "description": "A 38-day stand-off in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem ends, when the Palestinians inside agree to have 13 suspected militants among them deported to several different countries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/05/09", "description": "In Kaspiysk, Russia, a remote-control bomb explodes during a holiday parade, killing 43 and injuring at least 130.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/05/10", "description": " FBI agent Robert Hanssen is sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for selling American secrets to Moscow for $1.4 million in cash and diamonds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/05/10", "description": "Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter arrives in Cuba for a 5-day visit with Fidel Castro, becoming the first U.S. President, in or out of office, to visit the island since Castro's 1959 revolution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/05/10", "description": "The Russian Shuttle ''Buran'' is destroyed in the Buran hangar collapse, killing 8 workers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/05/17", "description": "In Ireland, The Fianna F\u00e1il-Progressive Democrats coalition is re-elected. It is the first government to be re-elected since 1969.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/05/20", "description": " East Timor regains its independence.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/05/21", "description": " The US State Department releases a report naming 7 state sponsors of terrorism: Iran, Iraq, Cuba, Libya, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/05/22", "description": " 16th Street Baptist Church bombing: A jury in Birmingham, Alabama, convicts former Ku Klux Klan member Bobby Frank Cherry of the 1963 murders of 4 girls.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/05/22", "description": "Estonia hosts the first Eurovision Song Contest in a former Soviet republic.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/05/22", "description": "China Airlines Flight 611 disintegrates near the Penghu Islands at Taiwan Strait, killing all 225 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/05/22", "description": "The Mars Odyssey finds signs of large water ice deposits on the planet Mars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/05/22", "description": "A barge collides with the Interstate 40 bridge across the Arkansas River in eastern Oklahoma, killing 14.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/05/31", "description": " June 30 ampndash the 2002 FIFA World Cup is held in South Korea and Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/06/03", "description": " The quotParty in the Palacequot takes place at Buckingham Palace, London, for Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee celebrations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/06/04", "description": " The planetoid Quaoar is discovered orbiting the Sun in the Kuiper belt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/06/05", "description": " Fourteen-year-old Elizabeth Smart is kidnapped from her bedroom at knifepoint.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/06/06", "description": " Eastern Mediterranean Event: An object with an estimated diameter of 10 meters collides with Earth, over the Mediterranean Sea, and detonates in mid-air.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/06/08", "description": " Serena Williams defeats her sister Venus Williams in straight sets to win the 2002 French Open.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/06/08", "description": "An annular solar eclipse occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/06/08", "description": "The first direct electronic communication experiment between the nervous systems of 2 humans, is carried out by Kevin Warwick in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/06/11", "description": " Antonio Meucci is recognized as the first inventor of the telephone by the United States Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/06/14", "description": " In Karachi, Pakistan, a car bomb in front of the U.S. Consulate kills 12 Pakistanis and injures 50.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/06/15", "description": " Near Earth Asteroid 2002 MN misses the planet by {{convert|75,000|mi|km}}, about 1\/3 the distance to the moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/06/24", "description": " The Igandu train disaster in Dodoma Region, Tanzania, kills 281 people in the worst rail accident in African history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/06/30", "description": " Brazil wins its fifth FIFA World Cup, defeating Germany in the final.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/06/30", "description": "The International Criminal Court is established to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and the crime of aggression. Crimes committed on or after this date may be prosecuted by the court.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/06/30", "description": "A Russian passenger jet and a cargo plane collide over the town of \u00dcberlingen, Germany 72 are killed (see Bashkirian Airlines Flight 2937).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/07/09", "description": " The Organization of African Unity is disbanded and replaced by the African Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/07/09", "description": "At a Sotheby's auction, Peter Paul Rubens' painting ampquotThe Massacre of the Innocentsampquot (first version) is sold for \u00a349.5million (US$76.2 million) to Kenneth Thomson, 2nd Baron Thomson of Fleet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/07/09", "description": "A helicopter crash in Cyprus kills the head of the Cyprus National Guard, Lt. General Evangelos Florakis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/07/14", "description": " During Bastille Day celebrations, Jacques Chirac escapes an assassination attempt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/07/15", "description": " In Washington, D.C., quotAmerican Talibanquot John Walker Lindh pleads guilty to aiding the enemy and possession of explosives during the commission of a felony Lindh agrees to serve 10 years in prison for each charge.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/07/19", "description": " Hail kills 25 and injures hundreds in the Chinese province of Henan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/07/21", "description": " Telecommunications giant WorldCom files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection (the largest such filing in United States history).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/07/21", "description": "A Sukhoi Su-27 fighter crashes at an air show in Ukraine, killing 77 and injuring more than 100, making it the worst air show disaster in history (see Sknyliv airshow disaster).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/07/21", "description": "Helen Clark, leader of the New Zealand Labour Party, is re-elected in a landslide victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/07/21", "description": "August ampampndash The 2002 European floods ravage Central Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/07/21", "description": "August 14  ampampndash DPC Enterprises Chlorine Release, Festus, Missouri (USA) ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.csb.gov\/assets\/document\/DPC_Digest.pdf\">http:\/\/www.csb.gov\/assets\/document\/DPC_Digest.pdf<\/a> CBSampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/09/02", "description": " The United Nations World Summit on Sustainable Development, successor of the Conference on the Human Environment, World Commission on Environment and Development, and the Conference on Environment and Development, opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/09/05", "description": " A car bomb kills at least 30 people in Afghanistan, and an apparent assassination attempt on Afghan President Hamid Karzai fails the same day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/09/09", "description": " Judit Polg\u00e1r beats Garry Kasparov at a game of speed chess.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/09/10", "description": " Switzerland joins the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/09/11", "description": " The World Summit on Sustainable Development comes to a close.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/09/15", "description": " The Swedish parliamentary election, 2002 leaves Prime Minister G\u00f6ran Persson and the Social Democrats in power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/09/19", "description": " Civil war starts in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/09/20", "description": " The Kolka-Karmadon rock ice slide occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/09/22", "description": " The German federal election leaves Chancellor Gerhard Schr\u00f6der, his Social Democrats and the Greens in power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/09/25", "description": " The Vitim event, a possible bolide impact, occurs in Siberia, Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/09/26", "description": " The Senegalese passenger ferry ''Joola'' capsizes in a storm off the coast of Gambia 1,863 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/09/26", "description": "The Congress of the United States passes a joint resolution, which authorizes the President to use the United States Armed Forces as he deems necessary and appropriate, against Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/09/26", "description": "The Beltway sniper attacks begin with 5 shootings in Montgomery County, Maryland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/10/07", "description": " The discovery of Quaoar is announced.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/10/09", "description": " The Dot-com bubble bear market reaches bottom, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average slips below 7,200.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/10/11", "description": " Myyrmanni bombing: A lone bomber explodes a home-made bomb in the Myyrmanni shopping mall north of Helsinki, Finland the casualties include himself.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/10/12", "description": " Terrorists detonate bombs in 2 nightclubs in Kuta, Bali, killing 202 and injuring over 300.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/10/16", "description": " Iraq War Resolution is authorized by a majority of the U.S. Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/10/21", "description": " 9 of 13 DNS root servers are disabled in a DDoS attack.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/10/22", "description": " 25 ampndash Chechen rebels take control of the theatre ''Nord-Ost'' in Moscow and hold the audience hostage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/10/24", "description": " The Beltway snipers, John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo, are arrested.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/10/25", "description": " U.S. Senator Paul Wellstone, his family, and his staff are killed in a plane accident at Eveleth, Minnesota.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/10/27", "description": " Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva is elected President of Brazil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/11/05", "description": " The U.S. Republican Party maintains control of the House of Representatives and gains control of the United States Senate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/11/06", "description": " The U.S. Federal Reserve System drops its primary discount rate by 50 basis points to 0.75%, putting the real interest rate solidly below the inflation rate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/11/07", "description": " Iran bans the advertising of United States products.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/11/08", "description": " Iraq disarmament crisis: The United Nations Security Council unanimously approves UN Security Council Resolution 1441, forcing Saddam Hussein to disarm or face quotserious consequencesquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/11/08", "description": "Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq agrees to the terms of UN Security Council Resolution 1441.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/11/08", "description": "The oil tanker ''Prestige'' sinks off the Galician coast, causing a huge oil spill.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/11/14", "description": " Argentina defaults on a US $805 million World Bank loan payment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/11/15", "description": " Hu Jintao becomes General Secretary of the Communist Party of China.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/11/16", "description": " A Campaign against Climate Change march takes place in London from Lincoln's Inn Fields, past Esso offices to the United States Embassy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/11/18", "description": " Iraq disarmament crisis: United Nations weapons inspectors led by Hans Blix arrive in Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/11/21", "description": " At the NATO Summit in Prague, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia are invited to join the organization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/11/22", "description": " In Nigeria, more than 100 are killed at an attack aimed at the Miss World contestants.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/11/25", "description": " U.S. President George W. Bush signs the Homeland Security Act into law, establishing the Department of Homeland Security, in the largest U.S. government reorganization since the creation of the Department of Defense in 1947.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/11/26", "description": " Legislation by the European Court of Human Rights and Law Lords, ruling in favour of convicted murderer Anthony Anderson, ends the right of the Home Secretary to set minimum terms for convicted murderers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/12/07", "description": " As required by the recently passed U.N. resolution, Iraq files a 12,000 page weapons declaration with the U.N. Security Council.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/12/09", "description": " United Airlines, the second largest airline in the world, files for bankruptcy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/12/10", "description": " The High Court of Australia hands down its judgement in the Internet defamation dispute in the case of Gutnick v Dow Jones.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/12/12", "description": " Hans Enoksen is elected Prime Minister of Greenland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/12/27", "description": " A suicide truck-bomb attack destroys the headquarters of Chechnya's Moscow-backed government, killing 72.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/12/29", "description": " The Communist New People's Army blows up a bust of Ferdinand Marcos in Benguet, Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/12/30", "description": " An eruption on the volcanic island Stromboli off the coast of Sicily causes a flank failure and tsunami. The island is later evacuated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2002/12/30", "description": "Population Division of the United Nations calculate that 40 million people around the world are infected with HIV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/01/01", "description": " Pascal Couchepin becomes President of the Confederation in Switzerland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/01/05", "description": " Police arrest seven suspects in connection with Wood Green ricin plot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/01/08", "description": " US Airways Express Flight 5481 crashes at Charlotte\/Douglas International Airport in Charlotte, North Carolina, killing all 21 people aboard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/01/16", "description": " ''STS-107'': Space Shuttle Columbia is launched on  its last flight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/01/18", "description": " The Canberra Bushfires in Canberra, Australia, kill 4 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/01/23", "description": " The last signal is received from NASA's Pioneer 10 spacecraft, some 7.5 billion miles from Earth.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/01/25", "description": " An international group of volunteers leaves London for Baghdad to act as voluntary human shields, hoping to avert a U.S. invasion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/01/29", "description": " 2003 Phnom Penh riots: In Phnom Penh, Cambodia, the Thai embassy is burned and commercial properties of Thai businesses are vandalized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/01/29", "description": "At the conclusion of the ''STS-107'' mission, the Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' disintegrates during reentry over Texas, killing all 7 astronauts on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/01/29", "description": "In Northern Ireland, Protestant Ulster Defence Association Belfast leader John Gregg is killed by a loyalist faction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/01/29", "description": "Morgan Spurlock begins his 30-day McDonald's diet.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/02/05", "description": " Iraq disarmament crisis: U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell addresses the UN Security Council on Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/02/05", "description": "The Cricket World Cup begins in South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/02/05", "description": "BBC Choice closes for the final time at 12:30 a.m., being replaced with BBC Three at 7 p.m.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/02/05", "description": "War in Darfur begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/02/15", "description": " Global protests against Iraq war: More than 10 million people protest in over 600 cities worldwide, the largest to take place before a war occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/02/18", "description": " An arsonist destroys a train in Daegu, South Korea, killing more than 190.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/02/20", "description": " The Station nightclub fire in West Warwick, Rhode Island, claims the lives of 100 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/02/26", "description": " An American businessman is admitted to the Vietnam France Hospital in Hanoi, Vietnam, with the first identified case of SARS. WHO doctor Carlo Urbani reports the unusual, highly contagious disease to WHO. Both the businessman and doctor later die of the disease.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/02/27", "description": " Former Bosnian Serb leader Biljana Plav\u0161i\u0107 is sentenced by the U.N. tribunal in The Hague, Netherlands, to 11 years in prison.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/02/27", "description": "Serbian Prime Minister Zoran \u00d0indic was assassinated in Belgrade.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/02/27", "description": "The WHO issues a global alert on SARS.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/03/13", "description": " Human evolution: The journal ''Nature'' reports that 350,000-year-old upright-walking human footprints had been found in Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/03/15", "description": " Hu Jintao becomes President of the People's Republic of China, replacing Jiang Zemin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/03/18", "description": "FBI agents raid the corporate headquarters of HealthSouth Corporation in Birmingham, Alabama, on suspicion of massive corporate fraud led by the company's top executives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/03/19", "description": " Iraq War begins with the invasion of Iraq by the U.S. and allied forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/03/23", "description": " The 2003 Cricket World Cup ends as Australia beat India by 125 runs in Johannesburg, South Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/03/23", "description": "A passenger bus hits a remote-controlled land mine in the Chechen capital, killing at least 8.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/03/23", "description": "U.S. forces seize control of Saddam International Airport, changing the airport's name to Baghdad International Airport.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/04/09", "description": " U.S. forces seize control of Baghdad, ending the regime of Saddam Hussein.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/04/14", "description": " The Human Genome Project is completed, with 99% of the human genome sequenced to 99.99% accuracy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/04/17", "description": " The Stevens Report concludes that members of the Royal Ulster Constabulary and British Army cooperated with the Ulster Defence Association in the killings of Catholics in Northern Ireland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/04/29", "description": " The United States announces the withdrawal of troops stationed in Saudi Arabia, and the redeployment of some at the Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/01", "description": " U. S. president George W. Bush lands on the aircraft carrier USS ''Abraham Lincoln'', where he gives a speech announcing the end of major combat in the 2003 Invasion of Iraq.   A banner behind him declares quotMission Accomplishedquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/02", "description": " The Monkeyman superhero hoax begins in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, UK.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/03", "description": " The Old Man of the Mountain, a rock formation in New Hampshire, crumbles after heavy rain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/04", "description": "May 10 ampndash A major severe weather outbreak spawns more tornadoes than any week in U.S. history 393 tornadoes are reported in 19 states.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/04", "description": " Top Thrill Dragster opens at Cedar Point amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio, as the world's tallest and fastest roller coaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/11", "description": " Benvenuto Cellini's ''Saliera'' is stolen from the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/11", "description": "A suicide truck-bomb attack kills at least 60 at a government compound in northern Chechnya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/11", "description": "In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 26 people are killed in the Riyadh Compound Bombings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/14", "description": " A female suicide bomber blows up explosives strapped to her waist in a crowd of thousands of Muslim pilgrims, killing at least 18 people in Chechnya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/15", "description": " The date predicted by Pana-Wave Laboratory, a Japanese cult, on which a close encounter with an unknown planet would result in the extinction of most of humankind.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/16", "description": " In Casablanca, Morocco, 33 civilians are killed and more than 100 injured in the Casablanca terrorist attacks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/17", "description": " Arsenal beat Southampton 1\u20130 to win the FA Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/17", "description": "Pen Hadow becomes the first person to walk alone, without any outside help, from Canada to the North Pole.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/17", "description": "The Indonesian military begins an operation in Aceh province.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/17", "description": "F.C. Porto defeat Celtic 3\u20132 (AET) in the UEFA Cup Final in Seville, Spain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/17", "description": "An earthquake in the Boumerd\u00e8s region of northern Algeria kills 2,200.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/22", "description": " The Sheffield Winter Gardens are officially opened by Elizabeth II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/23", "description": " Dewey, the first deer cloned by scientists at Texas AampM University, is born.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/24", "description": " Sertab Erener wins the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 for Turkey with the song ''Every Way That I Can'', in Riga, Latvia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/25", "description": " After docking in Miami at 05:00, the ''SS Norway'' (old ''SS France'') is severely damaged by a boiler explosion at 06:30, that kills 7, and injures 17 crew members. A few weeks later it is announced by NCL that she will never sail again as a commercial ocean liner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/26", "description": " A draft of the proposed European Constitution is unveiled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/28", "description": " Prometea, the first horse cloned by Italian scientists, is born.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/28", "description": " AC Milan defeats fellow Italian rival Juventus 3\u20132 on penalties after a scoreless tie to win the UEFA Champions League, their sixth European title.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/31", "description": " Eric Rudolph, suspected in the Centennial Olympic Park bombing in 1996, is captured in Murphy, North Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/31", "description": "The 29th G8 summit opens in \u00c9vian-les-Bains, France, to tight security and tens of thousands of protesters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/05/31", "description": "The People's Republic of China begins filling the lake behind the massive Three Gorges Dam, raising the water level near the dam over 100 metres.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/06/04", "description": " Martha Stewart and her broker are indicted for using privileged investment information and then obstructing a federal investigation.  Stewart also resigns as chairperson and chief executive officer of ''Martha Stewart Living''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/06/05", "description": " A female suicide bomber detonates a bomb near a bus carrying soldiers and civilians to a military airfield in Mozdok, a major staging point for Russian troops in Chechnya, killing at least 16.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/06/22", "description": " The largest hailstone ever recorded falls in Aurora, Nebraska.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/06/23", "description": " ''Grutter v. Bollinger'': The Supreme Court of the United States upholds affirmative action in university admissions.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/06/26", "description": " ''Lawrence v. Texas'': The U.S. Supreme Court declares sodomy laws  unconstitutional.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/06/29", "description": " A balcony collapse in Chicago kills 13.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/06/30", "description": " In Irvine, California, Joseph Hunter Parker kills 2 Albertsons employees with a sword, before being shot to death by the police.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/07/01", "description": " 500,000 Hong Kong people march to protest Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23, which controversially redefines treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/07/02", "description": " At the International Olympic Committee session in Prague, Vancouver, British Columbia is declared the host city for the XXI Olympic Winter Games in 2010.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/07/02", "description": "SARS is declared to be contained by WHO.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/07/02", "description": "A double suicide bombing at a Moscow rock concert kills the attackers and 15 other people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/07/06", "description": " The 70-meter Eupatoria Planetary Radar sends a METI message Cosmic Call 2 to 5 stars: Hip 4872, HD 245409, 55 Cancri, HD 10307 and 47 Ursae Majoris, that will arrive at these stars in 2036, 2040, 2044, 2044 and 2049 respectively.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/07/06", "description": "Corsica voters reject a referendum for increased autonomy from France by a very narrow margin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/07/06", "description": "Canon Jeffrey John, the first would-be gay bishop in the Church of England, withdraws his acceptance of the post of Bishop of Reading after discussions with church leaders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/07/08", "description": " Sudan Airways Flight 39, with 117 people on board, crashes in Sudan the only survivor is a 2-year-old child.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/07/10", "description": " A Russian security agent dies in Moscow, while trying to defuse a bomb a woman had tried to carry into a cafe on central Moscow's main street.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/07/14", "description": " CIA leak scandal: ''Washington Post'' columnist Robert Novak publishes the name of Valerie Plame, blowing her cover as a CIA operative.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/07/14", "description": "The Convention on the Future of Europe finishes its work and proposes the first European Constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/07/14", "description": "The body of David Kelly, a scientist at the Ministry of Defence, is found a few miles from his home, leading to the Hutton inquiry.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/07/21", "description": " Eleven support towers on Kinzua Bridge collapse after being hit by an F-1 tornado.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/07/22", "description": " Uday and Qusay Hussein, sons of Saddam Hussein, are killed by the U.S. military in Iraq, after being tipped off by an informant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/07/23", "description": " Operation Warrior Sweep is the first major military deployment of the Afghan National Army.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/07/24", "description": " The Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands, Operation Helpem Fren, led by Australia, begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/07/26", "description": " The electorate of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma approves a new constitution redesignating the tribe quotCherokee Nationquot without quotof Oklahomaquot and specifically disenfranchising the Cherokee Freedmen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/07/30", "description": " The last Volkswagen Type 1 rolls off its production line in Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/08/01", "description": " A suicide bomber rams a truck filled with explosives into a military hospital near Chechnya, killing 50 people, including Russian troops wounded in Chechnya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/08/02", "description": " The United Nations authorizes an international peacekeeping force for Liberia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/08/10", "description": " The highest temperature ever recorded in the UK: 38.5 \u00b0C (101.3 \u00b0F) at Brogdale near Faversham in Kent.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.metoffice.com\/climate\/uk\/2003\/\">http:\/\/www.metoffice.com\/climate\/uk\/2003\/<\/a> Met Office: 2003 Monthly weather summary!-- Bot generated title --", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/08/10", "description": "NATO takes over command of the peacekeeping force in Afghanistan, marking its first major operation outside Europe in its 54-year-history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/08/10", "description": "Jemaah Islamiah leader Riduan Isamuddin, is arrested in Bangkok, Thailand.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/08/10", "description": "A heat wave in Paris causes temperatures up to 44 \u00b0C (112 \u00b0F).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/08/10", "description": "A widespread power outage affects the northeastern United States and South-Central Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/08/10", "description": "A 6.4 Richter scale earthquake occurs near the Greek Ionian island of Lefkada 24 are injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/08/15", "description": " Oil price increases since 2003: Global oil production begins a 4-year plateau (and subsequent decline) in the face of rising demand, causing new price increases.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/08/16", "description": " The 2003 Okanagan Mountain Park Fire spreads quickly on the outskirts of Kelowna, British Columbia, threatening to engulf the largest town in British Columbia's interior.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/08/22", "description": " A rocket explosion kills 21 at the Brazilian rocket complex in Alc\u00e2ntara, Brazil, due to the premature ignition of a solid rocket booster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/08/22", "description": "Two bomb blasts in Mumbai, India, kill 52.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/08/22", "description": "The Spitzer Space Telescope was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida, during Delta II.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/08/27", "description": " Perihelic opposition: Mars makes its closest approach to Earth in over 50,000 years.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/08/27", "description": "Bank robber Brian Douglas Wells is killed when a time bomb around his neck explodes, allegedly in an act of betrayal by his co-conspirators.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/08/27", "description": "An electricity blackout cuts off power to around 500,000 people living in southeast England and brings 60% of London's underground rail network to a halt.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/09/03", "description": " The Hubble Space Telescope starts Hubble Ultra Deep Field.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/09/04", "description": " Europe's busiest shopping centre, the Bullring in Birmingham, is officially opened by Sir Albert Bore.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/09/04", "description": "Swedish foreign minister Anna Lindh is stabbed in a Stockholm department store and dies the next day.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/09/04", "description": "Estonia approves joining the European Union in a referendum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/09/04", "description": "Hurricane Isabel reaches peak winds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/09/14", "description": " Sweden rejects adopting the euro in a referendum.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/09/15", "description": " The ELN kidnaps 8 foreign tourists in the Ciudad Perdida in Colombia they demand a human rights investigation and release the last hostages 3 months later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/09/16", "description": " Two suicide bombers drive an explosive-filled truck into a government security services building near Chechnya, killing 3 and injuring 25.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/09/18", "description": " Hurricane Isabel makes landfall as a Category 2 Hurricane on North Carolina's Outer Banks. It directly kills 16 people in the Mid-Atlantic area.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/09/27", "description": " Smart 1, a European Space Agency satellite, is launched from French Guiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/09/28", "description": " A power failure affects all of Italy except Sardinia, cutting service to more than 56 million people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/09/29", "description": " Hurricane Juan lands at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, as a category 2 storm, killing 2 directly and 5 indirectly.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/10/05", "description": " Israeli warplanes strike inside Syrian territory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/10/07", "description": " 2003 California recall: Voters recall Governor Gray Davis from office and elect actor Arnold Schwarzenegger to succeed him.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/10/10", "description": " Facing an investigation surrounding allegations of illegal drug use, American right-wing radio host Rush Limbaugh publicly admits that he is addicted to prescription pain killers, and will seek treatment.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/10/12", "description": " Michael Schumacher wins the 2003 FIA Formula One World Championship in Suzuka, Japan, beating Kimi R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nen to the title.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/10/12", "description": "China launches Shenzhou 5, their first manned space mission.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/10/12", "description": "The 2003 Staten Island Ferry crash kills 11 after one of its ferries slams into a pier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/10/17", "description": " Bolivian President Gonzalo S\u00e1nchez de Lozada is ousted from office, ending the bolivian gas conflict, and flees to the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/10/24", "description": " The Concorde makes its last commercial flight, bringing the era of airliner supersonic travel to a close, at least for the time being.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/10/24", "description": "The Cedar Fire begins in San Diego County, burning {{convert|280,000|acre|km2}}, 2,232 homes and killing 14.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/10/24", "description": "The Florida Marlins defeat the New York Yankees to win their second World Series title.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/10/31", "description": " Mahathir Mohamad resigns as Prime Minister of Malaysia after 22 years in power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/11/05", "description": " Gary Ridgway, the quotGreen River Killerquot, confesses to murdering 48 women.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/11/09", "description": " A lunar eclipse is seen in the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Central Asia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/11/12", "description": " Occupation of Iraq: In Nasiriya, Iraq, at least 23 people, among them the first Italian casualties of the 2003 Iraq war, are killed in a suicide bomb attack on an Italian police base.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/11/15", "description": " Two car bombs explode simultaneously in Istanbul, Turkey, targeting 2 synagogues, killing at least 25 people and wounding more than 300 Al-Qaida claims responsibility.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/11/15", "description": "U.S. President George W. Bush makes a state visit to London in the midst of massive protests.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/11/15", "description": "The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health, rules anti-same-sex marriage laws unconstitutional in Massachusetts.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/11/19", "description": " At the end of a long public inquiry, Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, John Prescott, gives planning approval to London Bridge Tower, set to become the tallest building in Europe.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/11/20", "description": " Several bombs explode in Istanbul, Turkey, destroying the Turkish head office of HSBC and the British consulate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/11/22", "description": " 2003 Rugby World Cup: England defeat Australia 20\u201317 after extra time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/11/22", "description": "The Georgian Rose Revolution ends in overwhelming victory president Eduard Shevardnadze resigns following weeks of mass protests over fraudulent elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/11/22", "description": "A total solar eclipse is seen over Antarctica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/11/24", "description": " The High Court in Glasgow imposes a minimum sentence of 27 years for Al Ali Mohmed Al Megrahi, the Libyan convicted of bombing Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/11/24", "description": "The use of hand-held cell phones while driving is made illegal in the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/11/24", "description": "Boeing chairman and CEO Phil Condit resigns unexpectedly. He is replaced by Lewis Platt as non-executive chairman and Harry Stonecipher as president and CEO.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/11/24", "description": "A suicide bombing on a commuter train in southern Russia kills 44 people. President Vladimir Putin condemns the attack as a bid to destabilize the country 2 days before parliamentary elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/11/24", "description": "The eighteenth Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting opens in Abuja, Nigeria.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/11/24", "description": "Parliamentary elections are held in Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/11/24", "description": "Australian schoolboy Daniel Morcombe disappears from a bus stop on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia. It is one of the country's highest profile mysteries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/08", "description": " The Aso Rock Declaration is issued at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting, outlining the Commonwealth's priority objectives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/09", "description": " A female suicide bomber detonates outside Moscow's National Hotel, across from the Kremlin and Red Square, killing 5 bystanders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/09", "description": "Paul Martin becomes the 21st Prime Minister of Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/09", "description": "Olympic Airlines, Greece's new flag carrier, is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/13", "description": " Saddam Hussein, former President of Iraq, is captured in Tikrit by the U.S. 4th Infantry Division.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/16", "description": " The United Kingdom announces plans to build a new runway at Stansted Airport in Essex and a short-haul runway at Heathrow Airport, sparking anger from environmental groups.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/18", "description": " The Soham Murder Trial ends at the Old Bailey in London, with Ian Huntley found guilty of two counts of murder. His girlfriend Maxine Carr is found guilty of perverting the course of justice.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/20", "description": " Libya admits to building a nuclear bomb.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/20", "description": "An earthquake in California kills 2.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/20", "description": "Parmalat is first accused of falsifying accounts to the tune of USD $5 billion, later admitted by founder Calisto Tanzi observers call it ampquotEurope's Enronampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/20", "description": "A PetroChina Chuandongbei natural gas field explosion in Guoqiao, Kai County, Chongqing, China, kills 234.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/20", "description": "WTO becomes a specialized agency of the United Nations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/20", "description": "A BSE (mad cow disease) outbreak in Washington State is announced. Several countries including Brazil, Australia and Taiwan ban the import of beef from the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/20", "description": "At the request of the U.S. Embassy in Paris, the French Government orders Air France to cancel several flights between France and the U.S. in response to terrorist concerns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/20", "description": "The Spanish police thwart an attempt by ETA to detonate 50ampampnbspkg of explosives at 3:55 p.m. on Christmas Eve inside Madrid's busy Chamart\u00edn Station.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/20", "description": "Beagle 2 is scheduled to land on Mars, but nothing is heard from the lander.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/20", "description": "President Pervez Musharraf of Pakistan escapes the second assassination attempt in 2 weeks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/20", "description": "The final episode of Britain's biggest entertainment show, ''Only Fools and Horses'', is aired.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/26", "description": " A massive earthquake devastates southeastern Iran over 40,000 people are reported killed in the city of Bam.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/26", "description": "David Bieber is arrested on suspicion of the Boxing Day police shootings in Leeds.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/26", "description": "British Airways Flight 223, a Boeing 747-400 flying from London Heathrow to Washington Dulles, is escorted into Dulles Airport by F-16 fighter jets after intelligence reports of terrorists trying to board the jet and use it in a terrorist attack.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2003/12/26", "description": "Parts of the UK are left without power on New Year's Eve due to wintry weather including blizzards and thunderstorms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/01/01", "description": " Pervez Musharraf wins a vote of confidence from an electoral college consisting of Parliament and the provincial assemblies, confirming him as President of Pakistan and de facto dictator until 2007.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/01/03", "description": " Flash Airlines Flight 604 crashes into the Red Sea off the coast of Egypt, killing all 148 aboard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/01/03", "description": "Mikhail Saakashvili wins the presidential elections in Georgia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/01/03", "description": "NASA's MER-A (''Spirit'') lands on Mars at 04:35 UTC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/01/08", "description": " Elizabeth II christens the ''RMS Queen Mary 2'' cruise liner, the largest passenger ship afloat. The ship sets sail on her maiden voyage four days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/01/13", "description": " Serial killer Harold Shipman is found hanged in his cell at Wakefield Prison, four years after being convicted of murdering 15 patients in Cheshire, England.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/01/24", "description": " NASA's MER-B (''Opportunity'') lands on Mars at 05:05 UTC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/01/26", "description": " A whale explodes in Tainan City, Taiwan, while being transported through the town to a university for a necropsy.<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20050909142010\/http:\/\/www.etaiwannews.com\/Taiwan\/2004\/01\/27\/1075168255.htm\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20050909142010\/http:\/\/www.etaiwannews.com\/Taiwan\/2004\/01\/27\/1075168255.htm<\/a> Taiwan News Online \/Sperm whale explodes in Tainan City", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/01/28", "description": " The findings of the Hutton Inquiry are published in London. The British Government is found not to have falsified information in the quotsexed up dossier.quot The report criticizes the BBC's role in the death of David Kelly, a weapons expert on Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/01", "description": " A hajj stampede in Mina, Saudi Arabia, kills 251 pilgrims.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/02", "description": " An 11-story apartment building collapses in Konya, Turkey, killing more than 90 residents.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/02", "description": "The CIA admits that there was no imminent threat from weapons of mass destruction before the 2003 invasion of Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/02", "description": "J\u00f3annes Eidesgaard becomes prime minister of the Faroe Islands.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/06", "description": " A suicide bomber kills 41 people on a metro car in Moscow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/07", "description": " Several leaders of Abnaa el-Balad are arrested in Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/07", "description": "At least 50 people are killed in a car bomb attack on a police recruitment centre south of Baghdad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/07", "description": "The French National Assembly votes to pass a law banning religious items and clothing from schools.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/12", "description": " San Francisco, California, begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples in an act of civil disobedience.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/12", "description": "Athens gets hit by a major blizzard which blankets the entire city for days, causing widespread havoc.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/12", "description": "Scientists in South Korea announce the cloning of 30 human embryos.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/12", "description": "Riots break out between New South Wales Police and Aboriginal residents of Redfern, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/12", "description": "The roof of the Transvaal water park in Moscow collapses, killing 25 and injuring more than 100.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/17", "description": "February 20 ampndash A nor'easter blizzard devastates Atlantic Canada, dumping more than 37.4 in. (95ampnbspcm.) on some areas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/18", "description": " A train carrying a convoy of petrol, fertiliser, and sulphur derails and explodes in Iran, killing 320 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/20", "description": " Conservatives win a majority in the Iranian parliament election.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/24", "description": " A 6.5 Richter scale earthquake in Northern Morocco hits in the Rif mountains near the city of Al Hoceima, killing 400. Ait Kamara is destroyed 517 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/24", "description": "The United States lifts a 23-year travel ban against Libya.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/24", "description": "Macedonian President Boris Trajkovski is killed in a plane crash near Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/27", "description": " 2004 SuperFerry 14 bombing: The Abu Sayyaf guerrilla group is blamed for the deadliest terrorist attack at sea in world history, which kills 116 in the Philippines.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/28", "description": " Over 1 million Taiwanese participating in the 228 Hand-in-Hand Rally form a {{convert|500|km|mi|adj=on}} long human chain to commemorate the 228 Incident in 1947.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/02/29", "description": " 2004 Haiti rebellion: Jean-Bertrand Aristide resigns as president of Haiti. The chief justice of the Haitian Supreme Court, Boniface Alexandre, is sworn in as interim president.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/02", "description": " NASA announces that the Mars rover MER-B (Opportunity) has confirmed that its landing area was once drenched in water.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/10", "description": " Five British men are released from detention at Camp Delta, Guantanamo Bay. After they land at RAF Brize Norton, 4 of them are immediately arrested for questioning.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/11", "description": " Terrorists execute simultaneous attacks, with bombs in 4 rush-hour trains in Madrid, killing 191 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/12", "description": " Following the terrorist attacks in Madrid the previous day, millions of protesters against terrorism take to the streets of Spanish cities.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/12", "description": "Two suicide bombers kill 11 Israeli civilians in Ashdod, Israel.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/12", "description": "Spanish legislative election, 2004: The incumbent government led by Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Aznar is defeated by the Socialist Jos\u00e9 Luis Rodr\u00edguez Zapatero.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/12", "description": "Russian presidential election, 2004: Vladimir Putin easily wins a second term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/15", "description": " The new Spanish Government announces that it will withdraw Spain's 1,300 troops in Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/16", "description": "Fifteen-year-old Scottish boy Kriss Donald abducted, tortured and murdered by Pakistani gang in racially motivated attack in Glasgow.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/17", "description": " A pogrom-like organized violence breaks out over 2 days in Kosovo 19 people are killed, 8000 Serbian homes burned, schools and businesses vandalized, and over 300 Orthodox monasteries and churches burned and destroyed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/19", "description": " The United Nations launches a political corruption investigation due to the scandal over its Iraqi Oil for Food program.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/20", "description": " President Chen Shui-bian wins the Taiwanese presidential election by 0.2% of the vote. The day before, he and Vice President Annette Lu were shot. Lien Chan refuses to concede and demands a recount. A controversial peace referendum opposed by the People's Republic of China is invalidated.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/21", "description": " Salvadoran presidential election, 2004: Antonio Saca is elected President of El Salvador.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/22", "description": " Palestinians protest in the streets after an Israeli helicopter gunship fires a missile at the entourage of Sheikh Ahmed Yassin in Gaza City, killing him and 7 others.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/25", "description": "  British prime minister Tony Blair visits Libyan leader Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi, in return for the dismantling of Libya's weapons of mass destruction programme in December 2003 (the first time a major western leader had visited the nation in several decades). !-- Please correct details if known --", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/25", "description": "In France, the government of prime minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin suffers a stunning and unprecedented defeat in regional elections.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/25", "description": "The first ever reported South Atlantic hurricane makes landfall in South Brazil in the state of Santa Catarina ampampndash the hurricane is dubbed Hurricane Catarina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/25", "description": "The Republic of Ireland bans smoking in all enclosed work places, including restaurants, pubs and bars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/25", "description": "The largest expansion of NATO to date takes place, allowing Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia into the organization.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/03/31", "description": " Four American private military contractors working for Blackwater USA are killed, and their bodies mutilated, after being ambushed in Fallujah, Iraq.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/04/05", "description": " Elizabeth II begins a state visit to France to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Entente Cordiale.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/04/08", "description": " Darfur conflict: The Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement is signed by the Sudanese government and 2 rebel groups.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/04/17", "description": " Israeli helicopters fire missiles at a convoy of vehicles in the Gaza Strip, killing the Gaza leader of Hamas, Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/04/20", "description": " In Iraq, 12 mortars are fired on Abu Ghraib Prison by insurgents 22 detainees are killed and 92 wounded. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/world\/iraq\/2004-04-20-iraq_x.htm\">http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/world\/iraq\/2004-04-20-iraq_x.htm<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/04/21", "description": " Mordechai Vanunu, who revealed an Israeli nuclear weapons program in the 1980s, is released from prison in Israel after serving 18 years for treason.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/04/21", "description": "Ryongchon disaster: Two trains carrying explosives and fuel collide in Ryongchon, North Korea, killing 161 people, injuring 1,300 and destroying thousands of homes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/04/21", "description": "The last coal mine in France closes, ending nearly 300 years of coal mining.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/04/24", "description": " Referendums on the Annan Plan for Cyprus, which proposes to re-unite the island, take place in both the Greek-controlled and the Turkish-controlled parts. Although the Turkish Cypriots vote in favour, the Greek Cypriots reject the proposal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/04/28", "description": " Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse in Iraq is revealed on the television show ''60 Minutes II''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/04/29", "description": " The last Oldsmobile in the GM marque's 107-year history rolls off of the assembly line.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/01", "description": " The largest expansion to date of the European Union takes place, extending the Union by 10 member-states: Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Malta and Cyprus.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/04", "description": " the Toronto Maple Leafs played their last NHL playoff game.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/06", "description": " The series finale of Friends airs on NBC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/08", "description": " Would-be quotSaudi Princessquot quotAntoinette Millardquot surfaces in New York City, claiming that muggers had stolen jewels worth of $262,000 from her (she later proves to be an impostor).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/09", "description": " Chechen president Akhmad Kadyrov is killed by a landmine placed under a VIP stage during a World War II memorial parade in Grozny.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/10", "description": " Philippine general election, 2004: Incumbent president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo is elected for a 6-year term.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/12", "description": " An American civilian contractor in Iraq, Nick Berg, is shown being decapitated by a group allegedly linked to al-Qaida on a web-distributed video.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/14", "description": " Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark, marries Australian Mary Donaldson in Copenhagen.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/15", "description": " South Africa is awarded the 2010 FIFA World Cup.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/16", "description": " A coup d'\u00e9tat in Chad against President Idriss D\u00e9by fails.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/16", "description": "Ezzedine Salim, holder of the rotating leadership of the Iraq Interim Governing Council, is killed in a bomb blast in Baghdad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/16", "description": "Massachusetts legalizes same-sex marriage, in compliance with a ruling from the state's Supreme Judicial Court (''Goodridge v. Department of Public Health'').", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/19", "description": " Jeremy Sivits pleads guilty in a court-martial in connection with alleged abuse of Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/22", "description": " Dr. Manmohan Singh assumes office as the 17th and first Sikh Prime Minister of the Republic Of India.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/22", "description": "A section of the ceiling in Terminal 2E at Paris's Charles de Gaulle International Airport collapses, claiming at least 6 lives.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/22", "description": "Japanese prime minister Junichiro Koizumi visits North Korea, to secure the release of the families of the 9 abducted Japanese citizens returned earlier.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/24", "description": " North Korea bans mobile phones (see Communications in North Korea).", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/24", "description": "Terry Nichols is convicted by an Oklahoma state court on murder charges stemming from the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/24", "description": "F.C. Porto wins the European Champion Clubs Cup, defeating A.S. Monaco 3\u20130.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/29", "description": " The National World War II Memorial is dedicated in Washington, DC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/30", "description": " Thousands of people in Hong Kong take to the streets to commemorate the 15th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/30", "description": "Sasebo slashing: Satomi Mitarai, a 12-year-old Japanese schoolgirl attending Okubo Elementary School in Sasebo, Japan, is murdered. Her killer is an 11-year-old classmate identified by Japanese authorities as ampquotGirl Aampquot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/30", "description": "Salvadoran presidential election, 2004: Antonio Saca is inaugurated as the President of El Salvador", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/30", "description": "All outgoing flights from the UK are temporarily grounded following an air traffic control computer failure. <a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk\/3772077.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk\/3772077.stm<\/a> BBC NEWS", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/05/30", "description": "Central Intelligence Agency director George Tenet tenders his resignation, citing ampquotpersonal reasonsampquot. John E. McLaughlin, CIA Deputy Director, becomes the acting Director until a permanent Director is chosen and confirmed by Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/06/04", "description": " Marvin Heemeyer destroys many local buildings with a home-made tank in Granby, Colorado.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/06/04", "description": "The first transit of Venus since 1882 occurs the next one will occur in 2012.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/06/04", "description": "The 30th G8 summit takes place over the next 2 days on Sea Island, in Georgia, USA.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/06/04", "description": "The pickled heart of Louis XVII of France is buried in the royal crypt at Saint-Denis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/06/11", "description": " Terry Nichols is spared the death penalty by an Oklahoma state court on murder charges stemming from the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. The decision comes on the third anniversary of the execution of his co-defendant, Timothy McVeigh, in Terre Haute, Indiana.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/06/12", "description": " A 1.3ampnbspkg chondrite type meteorite strikes a house in Ellerslie, New Zealand, causing serious damage but no injuries.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/06/16", "description": " The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (or quot9\/11 Commissionquot) issues an initial report of its findings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/06/21", "description": " In Mojave, California, SpaceShipOne becomes the first privately funded spaceplane to achieve spaceflight.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/06/28", "description": "29 ampndash The 2004 Istanbul Summit is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/06/28", "description": "Union Pacific and Burlington Northern Santa Fe trains collide in a rural area outside of San Antonio, Texas 40 cars are derailed, including one chlorine car. Three people die, another 50 people are hospitalized because of exposure to the gas.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/06/28", "description": "The U.S.-led coalition occupying Iraq transfers sovereignty to an Iraqi Interim Government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/06/28", "description": "Canadian federal election, 2004: The Liberal Party, led by Paul Martin, is reduced to a minority government, after holding a majority since November 1993.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/06/30", "description": " Preliminary hearings begin in Iraq in the trial of former president Saddam Hussein, for war crimes and crimes against humanity.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/06/30", "description": "The Cassini\u2013Huygens spacecraft arrives at Saturn.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/06/30", "description": "The Vatican gains full membership rights in the United Nations except voting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/07/03", "description": " At just 17 years and 75 days of age, Maria Sharapova becomes the second youngest tennis player to win Wimbledon, defeating Serena Williams in the final.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/07/04", "description": " Groundbreaking for the Freedom Tower begins at Ground Zero in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/07/04", "description": " Greece wins UEFA Euro 2004 at Est\u00e1dio da Luz in Portugal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/07/22", "description": " The Old Bridge of Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina is reconstructed and reopened after being destroyed by Bosnian Croat forces on November 9, 1993.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/07/22", "description": "Over 100,000 opponents of Israel's unilateral disengagement plan of 2004 participate in a human chain from Gush Katif, to the Western Wall, Jerusalem (90 kilometers).", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/07/22", "description": "Lance Armstrong of Austin, Texas wins an unprecedented 6th consecutive Tour de France cycling title.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/07/22", "description": "A supermarket fire in Asunci\u00f3n, Paraguay, kills about 400 and leaves over 100 missing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/07/22", "description": "A bomb attack occurs in front of Prague's Casino Royal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/02", "description": " Monday demonstrations against social cutbacks began in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/02", "description": "The Statue of Liberty reopens after security improvements.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/02", "description": "NASA's MESSENGER is launched (it was captured into Mercury's orbit on March 18, 2011).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/06", "description": " A United Nations report blaming the government of Sudan for crimes against humanity in Darfur is released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/09", "description": " At the Mihama Nuclear Power Plant, a pipe leaking hot water and steam kills 5 and injures 6 others, in the 2nd worst nuclear disaster in Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/09", "description": "Singapore's prime minister Goh Chok Tong hands over his position to Lee Hsien Loong.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/09", "description": "New Jersey Governor James McGreevey announces that he is ampquota gay Americanampquot and will resign effective November 15, 2004.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/13", "description": "August 29 ampndash The 2004 Summer Olympics are held in Athens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/13", "description": " Hurricane Charley kills 27 people in Florida, after killing 4 in Cuba and 1 in Jamaica. Charley makes landfall near Cayo Costa, Florida, as a Category 4 hurricane. Charley is the most intense hurricane to strike the United States since Hurricane Andrew in 1992.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/16", "description": " Severe flooding occurs in the village of Boscastle in Cornwall.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/18", "description": " In Dublin, Ireland, the Dublin Port Tunnel excavation works are completed and the final tunnel boring machine breakthrough ceremony takes place.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/20", "description": " Elbegdorj Tsakhia, the peaceful democratic revolutionary leader of Mongolia, becomes Prime Minister of Mongolia for the second time.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/21", "description": " A series of blasts rocks an opposition party rally in Dhaka, Bangladesh, killing at least 13 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/22", "description": " Armed robbers steal Edvard Munch's ''The Scream'', ''Madonna'', and other paintings from the Munch Museum in Oslo, Norway.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/24", "description": " Two airliners in Russia, carrying a total of 89 passengers, crash within minutes of each other after flying out of Domodedovo International Airport, leaving no survivors. Authorities suspect suicide attacks by rebels from Chechnya to be the cause of the crashes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/29", "description": " Around 200,000 protesters demonstrate in New York City against U.S. President George W. Bush and his government, ahead of the 2004 Republican National Convention.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/30", "description": "September 2 ampndash U.S. President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney are renominated at the Republican National Convention in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/30", "description": "Two suicide attacks on buses in Beer Sheva, Israel, kill at least 16 people and injure at least 60. Hamas claims responsibility for the attacks.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/30", "description": "A woman commits a suicide attack near a subway station in northern Moscow, Russia, killing at least 10 people and injuring at least 50. Authorities hold Chechen rebels responsible.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/08/30", "description": "September ampampndash The Great Laxey Mine Railway of the Isle of Man is re-opened.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/01", "description": " Chechen terrorists take between 1,000 and 1,500 people hostage, mostly children, in a school in the Beslan school hostage crisis. The hostage-takers demand the release of Chechen rebels imprisoned in neighbouring Ingushetia and the independence of Chechnya from Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/01", "description": "The United Nations Security Council adopts Resolution 1559, calling for the removal of all foreign troops from Lebanon. This measure is largely aimed at Syrian troops.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/01", "description": "Hurricane Ivan forms.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/01", "description": "Russian forces end the siege at a school in Beslan, Northern Ossetia. At least 335 people (among which are 32 of the approximately 40 hostage-takers) are killed and at least 700 people injured.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/01", "description": "Hurricane Frances makes landfall in Florida. After killing 2 people in the Bahamas, Hurricane Frances kills 10 people in Florida, 2 in Georgia, USA and 1 in South Carolina.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/07", "description": " Hurricane Ivan passes directly over Grenada, killing 37 people. It passes over other Caribbean islands over the next 2 days, killing 5 people in Venezuela, 4 in the Dominican Republic, 1 in Tobago and 20 in Jamaica.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/08", "description": " In the quotRathergatequot affair, the first Internet posts appear, pointing out that documents claimed by CBS News to be typewritten memos from the early 1970s appear instead to have been produced using modern word processing systems.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/08", "description": "A bomb blast outside the Australian embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia, kills 11 and injures up to 100 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/08", "description": "Typhoon Songda hits western Japan, killing 45 and injuring another 1,352.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/13", "description": " The U.S. Assault Weapons Ban expires.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/13", "description": "Dav\u00ed\u00f0 Oddsson, Prime Minister of Iceland, steps down after serving as prime minister since April 30, 1991. Oddson trades posts with his foreign minister Halld\u00f3r \u00c1sgr\u00edmsson, who then becomes Prime Minister.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/13", "description": "Security at the Palace of Westminster is compromised, when the House of Commons is stormed by a small group of protestors during a debate about fox hunting.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/13", "description": "ampquotGirl Aampquot, who committed the Sasebo slashing, is sentenced to be institutionalized.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/16", "description": " Hurricane Ivan strikes Gulf Shores, Alabama, as a Category 3 storm, killing 25 in Alabama and Florida, becoming the 3rd costliest hurricane in American history (currently the 4th following the destruction of 2005's Hurricane Katrina).", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/16", "description": "Hurricane Jeanne causes mudslides in Haiti, killing 3006.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/16", "description": "The 2004 Summer Paralympics commences in Athens, Greece.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/16", "description": "Mexico and Japan finish 2-year-long negotiations and sign a Free Trade Agreement in Mexico City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/21", "description": " Construction of the Burj Khalifa begins.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/22", "description": " The TV series ''Lost'' airs its pilot.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/22", "description": "Mount St. Helens becomes active again.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/22", "description": "Tropical Storm Ivan, having come around and reformed in the Gulf of Mexico, makes its final landfall near Cameron, Louisiana, to little effect. In total, the storm kills 92 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/24", "description": " Major League Baseball announces that the Montreal Expos will move to Washington D.C. in 2005.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/25", "description": " Hurricane Jeanne makes landfall near Port Saint Lucie, Florida, near the location Hurricane Frances hit 2 weeks earlier. Jeanne kills over 3,030, mostly in Haiti.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/09/29", "description": " In Mojave, California, the first Ansari X-Prize flight takes place of SpaceShipOne, which is competing with a number of spacecraft (including Canada's Da Vinci Project, claimed to be its closest rival) and goes on to win the prize on October 4.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/04", "description": " Two car bombs kill at least 16 people and injure dozens more in Baghdad.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/04", "description": "A fire breaks out on the Canadian submarine ''HMCS ''Chicoutimi'''', leaving it stranded without power in the North Atlantic ocean, off the north coast of Ireland 1 crewmember is killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/04", "description": "West Sulawesi officially becomes a province in Indonesia after the expansion of South Sulawesi.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/08", "description": " Suicide bombers detonate 2 bombs at the Red Sea resort of Taba, Egypt, killing 34 people, mainly Israeli tourists and Egyptian workers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/09", "description": " Direct elections for president are held for the first time in Afghanistan. Interim president Hamid Karzai is eventually declared the winner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/10", "description": " Abdullahi Yusuf is chosen as the new transitional president of Somalia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/14", "description": " Prince Norodom Sihamoni is chosen as the new king of Cambodia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/14", "description": "The New York Yankees defeat the Boston Red Sox 19\u20138 in Game 3 of Major League Baseball's American League Championship Series. The game, which pushes the Yankees to a 3 games to 0 series lead, sets a record for longest 9 inning baseball game.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/14", "description": "Arsenal lose for the first time in 49 league games, a national record, going down 2\u20130 to Manchester United at Old Trafford.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/17", "description": " A referendum in Belarus approves the lifting of constitutional term limits for the presidency.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/17", "description": "General Khin Nyunt is replaced by Lieutenant-General Soe Win as Prime Minister of Myanmar.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/17", "description": "A team of explorers reaches the bottom of the world's deepest cave, located in Krubera. The depth reached is 2,080 meters (6,824 feet), setting a world record ( <a href=\"http:\/\/www7.nationalgeographic.com\/ngm\/0505\/feature4\/multimedia.html\">http:\/\/www7.nationalgeographic.com\/ngm\/0505\/feature4\/multimedia.html<\/a> National Geographic).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/17", "description": "The Ubuntu operating system is first released.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/17", "description": "Corporate Airlines Flight 5966 crashes in Missouri, killing 13 people and injuring 2.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/17", "description": "Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono becomes the first directly elected President of Indonesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/17", "description": "The Ministry of Defence approves the deployment of the Black Watch regiment of the British Army to Baghdad, Iraq, after a request for assistance by the U.S. government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/17", "description": "Typhoon Tokage kill 98, injured 552 in western Japan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/23", "description": " A Magnitude 6.7 earthquake and aftershocks of similar scale occur in the Tokamachi area. A huge landslide occurs on the outskirts of Nagaoka. According to Japanese officials, 68 people are killed, 4,085 are injured, and 103,000 are rendered homeless.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/23", "description": "Brazil successfully launches its first rocket into space.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/23", "description": "Michael Schumacher wins his 7th Formula One World Drivers Championship (5th consecutive), making him the most successful driver in the history of Formula One.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/25", "description": " Martin Luther King, Jr. and Coretta Scott King receive the Congressional Gold Medal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/26", "description": " The Cassini probe passes within 1,200ampnbspkm of Titan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/26", "description": "The Boston Red Sox win the World Series for the first time since 1918.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/26", "description": "Details of the discovery of a new, recent species of fossil hominid, ''Homo floresiensis'', from the island of Flores, Indonesia, are published.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/29", "description": " European heads of state sign in Rome the Treaty and Final Act, establishing the first European Constitution.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/30", "description": " A 163-metre-high radio mast in Peterborough, UK collapses at a fire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/31", "description": " Leftist candidate Tabar\u00e9 V\u00e1zquez is elected President of Uruguay.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/31", "description": "Eleven American states ban gay marriage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/31", "description": "Dutch film maker Theo van Gogh is assassinated in Amsterdam, Netherlands by Mohammed Bouyeri.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/31", "description": "Incumbent President George W. Bush is reelected as President of the United States of America.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/31", "description": "The Ufton Nervet rail crash in Berkshire, England kills 7 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/10/31", "description": "In C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, National Army bombings kill 9 people, including French UN soldiers. French UN forces retaliate by destroying the National Army's air force.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/11/07", "description": " U.S. forces launch a major assault on the Iraqi town of Fallujah, in an effort to rid the area of insurgents before the Iraqi elections in January.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/11/08", "description": " The Irish High Court rules that Katherine Zappone and Ann Louise Gilligan can sue the Revenue Commissioner to have their Vancouver, British Columbia Same-sex marriage recognized for tax purposes.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/11/13", "description": " After six days of intense battles, the Iraqi town of Fallujah is fully occupied by U.S. forces.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/11/14", "description": " United States Secretary of State Colin Powell submits his resignation. He is replaced by Condoleezza Rice after her confirmation by the United States Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/11/14", "description": "The European Space Agency probe Smart 1 passes from Earth orbit into the orbit of the Moon.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/11/14", "description": "A train crash near Bundaberg, Queensland, Australia, injures 150 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/11/14", "description": "The People's Republic of China agrees to invest $20 billion dollars in Argentina, a deal signed days before the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum to be held in Santiago, Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/11/14", "description": "NASA's hypersonic ''Scramjet'' breaks a record by reaching a velocity of about 7,000ampampnbspmph in an unmanned experimental flight. It obtains a speed of Mach 9.6, almost 10 times the speed of sound.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/11/17", "description": "November 21 ampndash The APEC Summit is held in Santiago, Chile.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/11/19", "description": " The NBA's Indiana Pacers and Detroit Pistons engage in a brawl that involves fans and players. The incident gets (then) Pacer Ron Artest suspended for the remainder of the season.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/11/21", "description": " Ukrainian presidential election, 2004: Viktor Yanukovych is declared the winner in the final round. International election observers express severe criticism, and large crowds gather in a protest rally in Kiev 12 days later, the Supreme Court annuls the result, and a new poll is scheduled.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/11/25", "description": " The Indian political party Congress Jananayaka Peravai merges into the Indian National Congress.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/11/26", "description": " A group of Iraqi political leaders, primarily from Sunni and Kurdish parties, advocate a 6-month delay in popular elections scheduled for January 2005.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/11/26", "description": "A coal mine explosion in China kills over 150.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/11/26", "description": "Ricardo Lagos, President of Chile, promises economic compensation to 28,000 torture victims of Augusto Pinochet's military dictatorship.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/11/26", "description": "A male Po'o-uli dies of avian malaria at the Maui Bird Conservation Center in Olinda before it can breed, making the species in all probability extinct.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/03", "description": " The Colombian government extradites Gilberto Rodr\u00edguez Orejuela, one of the most powerful drug dealers in the world, arrested in 1995 and 2003, to the United States.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/06", "description": " Terrorists attack the U.S. Consulate in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, killing several people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/08", "description": " The biggest Chinese PC producer Lenovo announces its plan to purchase IBM's global PC business, making it the third largest world PC maker after Dell and Hewlett-Packard.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/10", "description": " New Zealand bans smoking in all public places, including bars.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/11", "description": " Tests show that Ukrainian opposition presidential candidate Viktor Yushchenko was poisoned with a large dose of dioxin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/13", "description": " Software giants Oracle Corporation and PeopleSoft agree to merge in a $10.3 billion deal, creating the second largest maker of business applications software.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/14", "description": " The world's tallest bridge, the Millau bridge over the River Tarn in the Massif Central mountains, France, is opened by President Jacques Chirac.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/15", "description": " Albanian terrorists take a bus and its passengers hostage in Athens, Greece and demand 1 million euros in ransom money.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/15", "description": "The House of Lords rules that the British Government breaches human rights legislation, by detaining without trial foreign nationals suspected of being terrorists.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/15", "description": "IT security company Symantec Corp signs a definitive agreement to merge with Veritas Software Corp, valued at $13.5 billion, in an all-stock transaction.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/15", "description": "The South Korean high-speed rail system, Korea Train Express, opens between Seoul and Busan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/21", "description": " Iraqi insurgents attack a U.S. military base in the city of Mosul, killing 22 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/22", "description": " Armed robbers in Northern Ireland steal over \u00a322 million from the headquarters of the Northern Bank. Unionist politicians and the Police Service of Northern Ireland blame the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and stall the peace process.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/22", "description": "One of the worst natural disasters in recorded history hits Southeast Asia, when the strongest earthquake in 40 years hits the entire Indian Ocean region. The massive 9.3 magnitude earthquake, epicentered just off the west coast of the Indonesian island of Sumatra, generates enormous tsunami waves that crash into the coastal areas of a number of nations including Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Malaysia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and Indonesia. The official death toll in the affected countries stands at 186,983 while more than 40,000 people are still missing.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/22", "description": "The re-run of the second round of the Ukrainian presidential election takes place. Opposition candidate Viktor Yushchenko is declared the winner.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/27", "description": " Astrophysicists from the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics in Garching near Munich measure the strongest burst from a magnetar. At 21:30:26 UT the earth is hit by a huge wave front of gamma and X-rays. It is the strongest flux of high-energetic gamma radiation measured so far.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/28", "description": " The Ukrainian transport minister, Heorhiy Kirpa, is found shot dead, in a suspected suicide.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/30", "description": " A fire in a Buenos Aires night club (Rep\u00fablica Cromagnon) kills 194 people during a rock concert.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/30", "description": "Taipei 101, at the time tallest skyscraper in the world, standing at a height of 1,670 feet (509 metres ), officially opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/30", "description": "Sim\u00f3n Trinidad, high-profile FARC leader, is extradited to the United States, following the second extradition of a high drug dealer in a month and in 2004.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2004/12/30", "description": "Ukrainian Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych resigns.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/01/04", "description": " Gunmen assassinate the Governor of Baghdad, Ali Al-Haidri.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2005-01\/05\/content_2416292.htm|title=Zarqawi\">http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2005-01\/05\/content_2416292.htm|title=Zarqawi<\/a>'s group claims responsibility for killing Baghdadgovernor|publisher=Xinhua News Agency|date=2005-01-05|accessdate=2009-10-14}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/01/05", "description": " Eris, the largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System, is identified by a team led by Michael E. Brown using images originally taken on {{Nowrap|October 21}}, 2003, at the Palomar Observatory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/01/05", "description": "The same storm which pounded the U.S. earlier in the month hits England, Scandinavia and the Baltic States, leaving 13 dead with widespread flooding and power cuts.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2005\/WEATHER\/01\/09\/europe.storm\/|title=13\">http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2005\/WEATHER\/01\/09\/europe.storm\/|title=13<\/a> killed as storm lashes Europe|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2009-10-14|date=2005-01-09|accessdate=2010-04-03}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/01/05", "description": "Mahmoud Abbas is elected to succeed Yasser Arafat as Palestinian Authority President.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/01/12", "description": " Deep Impact is launched from Cape Canaveral by a Delta 2 rocket.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/sci\/tech\/4162869.stm|title=Comet\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/sci\/tech\/4162869.stm|title=Comet<\/a> probe Deep Impact launches|publisher=BBC|date=2005-01-12|accessdate=2009-10-14}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/01/14", "description": " The Huygens probe lands on Titan, the largest moon of Saturn.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.space.com\/missionlaunches\/huygens_descent_comm_050114.html|title=Touchdown\">http:\/\/www.space.com\/missionlaunches\/huygens_descent_comm_050114.html|title=Touchdown<\/a> on Titan: Huygens Probe Hits its Mark|publisher=Space.com|accessdate=2009-10-14|date=2005-01-14|coauthors=Tariq Malik and Peter de Selding| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091010053614\/http:\/\/www.space.com\/missionlaunches\/huygens_descent_comm_050114.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091010053614\/http:\/\/www.space.com\/missionlaunches\/huygens_descent_comm_050114.html|<\/a> archivedate= 10 October 2009 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/01/20", "description": " George W. Bush is inaugurated in Washington, D.C. for his second term as the 43rd President of the United States.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/americas\/4187023.stm|title=No\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/americas\/4187023.stm|title=No<\/a> expense spared at inauguration|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2009-10-14|date=2005-01-20|first=Kevin|last=Anderson}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/01/25", "description": " A stampede at the Mandher Devi temple in Mandhradevi during a religious pilgrimage in India kills at least 250.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/south_asia\/4204877.stm|title=Scores\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/south_asia\/4204877.stm|title=Scores<\/a> killed in Indian stampede|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2009-10-25|date=2005-01-25}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/01/30", "description": " The first free Parliamentary elections in Iraq since 1958 take place.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/seattletimes.nwsource.com\/html\/nationworld\/2002166581_arab01.html|title=Election\">http:\/\/seattletimes.nwsource.com\/html\/nationworld\/2002166581_arab01.html|title=Election<\/a> may have a ripple effect|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=2009-10-14|date=2005-02-01|first=Sam F.|last=Ghattas | work=The Seattle Times}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/02/09", "description": " An ETA car bomb injures at least 40 people at a conference centre in Madrid.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2005\/WORLD\/europe\/02\/09\/spain.blast\/|title=Madrid\">http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2005\/WORLD\/europe\/02\/09\/spain.blast\/|title=Madrid<\/a> car bomb: 43 injured|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2009-10-14|date=2005-02-09|accessdate=2010-04-03}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/02/09", "description": "North Korea announces that it possesses nuclear weapons as a protection against the hostility it feels from the United States.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/articles\/A12836-2005Feb10.html|title=N.\">http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/articles\/A12836-2005Feb10.html|title=N.<\/a> Korea Declares Itself a Nuclear Power|publisher=The Washington Post|first=Anthony|last=Faiola|accessdate=2009-10-14|date=2005-02-10}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/02/09", "description": "Saudi Arabia holds its first ever municipal elections, in which only male citizens are allowed to vote.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2005\/US\/02\/10\/saudi.elections\/index.html|title=Saudi\">http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2005\/US\/02\/10\/saudi.elections\/index.html|title=Saudi<\/a> Arabia holds municipal elections|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2009-10-14|date=2005-02-11|accessdate=2010-04-03}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/02/09", "description": "Former Prime Minister of Lebanon Rafik Hariri is killed in Beirut after an assassination attempt by suicide bombing it also kills at least 16 other people and injures 120 others.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/news\/world\/us_and_americas\/article514925.ece|title=Outraged\">http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/news\/world\/us_and_americas\/article514925.ece|title=Outraged<\/a> Bush turns up heat on Damascus after bomb|publisher=The Times|accessdate=2009-10-14|date=2005-02-16|first=Roland|last=Watson | location=London}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/02/09", "description": "YouTube, the most popular video sharing website, is founded.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/02/09", "description": "59 people are killed and 200 injured after a fire breaks out in a mosque in Tehran, Iran.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/fullpage.html?res=9A01E6DF123AF936A25751C0A9639C8B63|title=Fire\">http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/fullpage.html?res=9A01E6DF123AF936A25751C0A9639C8B63|title=Fire<\/a> Kills 59 and Injures 200 In Crowded Mosque in Tehran|publisher=New York Times|first=Nazila|last=Fathi|date=2005-02-15|accessdate=2009-10-14}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/02/16", "description": " The Kyoto Protocol goes into effect, without the support of the United States and Australia.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/story\/2005\/02\/16\/kyoto050216.html|title=Kyoto\">http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/story\/2005\/02\/16\/kyoto050216.html|title=Kyoto<\/a> Protocol comes into effect|publisher=CBC|accessdate=2009-10-15|date=2005-02-16}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/02/19", "description": " Suicide bombers kill more than 30 people in Iraq as Shia Muslims mark Ashura, their holiest day.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/middle_east\/4279139.stm|title=Violence\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/middle_east\/4279139.stm|title=Violence<\/a> mars Iraq Shia festival|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2009-10-15|date=2006-02-19}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/02/22", "description": " More than 500 people are killed and over 1,000 injured, after entire villages are flattened in an earthquake (6.4 on the Richter scale) in the Zarand region of Kerman province in southern Iran.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/middle_east\/4288043.stm|title=Eyewitness:\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/middle_east\/4288043.stm|title=Eyewitness:<\/a> Iran earthquake|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2009-10-15|date=2005-02-23}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/02/26", "description": " Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak asks Parliament to amend the constitution to allow multi-candidate presidential elections before September 2005.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/seattletimes.nwsource.com\/html\/nationworld\/2002192140_egypt28.html|title=Mubarak\">http:\/\/seattletimes.nwsource.com\/html\/nationworld\/2002192140_egypt28.html|title=Mubarak<\/a> reform plan just a start, critics say|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=2009-10-15|date=2005-02-28|author=Nadia Abou El-Magd | work=The Seattle Times}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/02/26", "description": "The freighter ''M\/V Karen Danielsen'' crashes into the Great Belt Bridge of Denmark. All traffic across the bridge is closed, effectively separating Denmark in two.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.news24.com\/Content\/World\/News\/1073\/7a2503fc273c4e43baf802d755d6c2ea\/07-03-2005-08-12\/Rammed_ship_Skipper_was_drunk|title=Rammed\">http:\/\/www.news24.com\/Content\/World\/News\/1073\/7a2503fc273c4e43baf802d755d6c2ea\/07-03-2005-08-12\/Rammed_ship_Skipper_was_drunk|title=Rammed<\/a> ship: Skipper was drunk|publisher=News24|date=2005-03-07|accessdate=2009-10-16}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/02/26", "description": "Millionaire Steve Fossett breaks a world record by completing the fastest non-stop, non-refueled, solo flight around the world in the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/am\/content\/2005\/s1315740.htm|title=Steve\">http:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/am\/content\/2005\/s1315740.htm|title=Steve<\/a> Fossett sets solo aviation record|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=2009-10-16|date=2005-03-04|first=Tony|last=Eastley}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/02/26", "description": "Four Royal Canadian Mounted Police officers are gunned down in Mayerthorpe, Alberta, Canada. It is deadliest day in Canadian law enforcement in over 120 years.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,149397,00.html|title=Four\">http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,149397,00.html|title=Four<\/a> Mounties Killed in Canadian Pot Raid|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=2009-10-16|date=2005-03-04 | work=Fox News}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/03/04", "description": " The car of released Italian hostage Giuliana Sgrena is fired on by U.S. soldiers in Iraq, causing the death of 1 passenger and injuring 2 more.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctv.ca\/servlet\/ArticleNews\/story\/CTVNews\/1110028220472_50\/?hub=CTVNewsAt11|title=Wounded\">http:\/\/www.ctv.ca\/servlet\/ArticleNews\/story\/CTVNews\/1110028220472_50\/?hub=CTVNewsAt11|title=Wounded<\/a> Italian journalist Sgrena returns home|publisher=CTV News|accessdate=2009-10-17|date=2005-03-05}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/03/08", "description": " The Pakistan Army opens fire on insurgents in Baluchistan, in the first armed uprising since General Rahimuddin Khan's stabilization of the province in 1978.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/03/08", "description": "The People's Republic of China ratifies an anti-secession law, aimed at preventing Taiwan from declaring independence.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chinadaily.com.cn\/english\/doc\/2005-03\/16\/content_425628.htm|title=\">http:\/\/www.chinadaily.com.cn\/english\/doc\/2005-03\/16\/content_425628.htm|title=<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/03/08", "description": "800,000 people gather for an opposition rally in Beirut, a month after the death of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri. It is the largest rally in Lebanon's history.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/news\/World\/Beirut-street-rally-draws-800000\/2005\/03\/15\/1110649166042.html|title=Beirut\">http:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/news\/World\/Beirut-street-rally-draws-800000\/2005\/03\/15\/1110649166042.html|title=Beirut<\/a> street rally draws 800,000|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|accessdate=2009-10-21|date=2005-03-15}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/03/19", "description": " A time bomb explodes in a Muslim shrine in Quetta, southwestern Pakistan, killing at least 29 people and wounding 40.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,150950,00.html|title=Pakistan\">http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,150950,00.html|title=Pakistan<\/a> Shrine Blast Kills 30|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=2009-10-21|date=2005-03-20 | work=Fox News}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/03/23", "description": " An explosion takes place at one of BP's largest oil refineries in Texas City, killing 15 and injuring more than 170.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/03/24", "description": " The Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan reaches its climax with the overthrow of president Askar Akayev.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cidob.org\/es\/documentacion\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/asia\/kirguizistan\/askar_akayev|title=Askar\">http:\/\/www.cidob.org\/es\/documentacion\/biografias_lideres_politicos\/asia\/kirguizistan\/askar_akayev|title=Askar<\/a> Ak\u00e1yev|publisher=CIDOB Foundation|accessdate=2009-10-21|language=Catalan|date=2008-09-18|author=Roberto Ortiz de Z\u00e1rate}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/03/26", "description": " The Taiwanese government calls on 1 million Taiwanese to demonstrate in Taipei, in opposition to the Anti-Secession Law of the People's Republic of China. Between 200,000 and 300,000 attend the walk.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/03\/26\/international\/asia\/26cnd-taiwan.html?_r=1|title=Hundreds\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/03\/26\/international\/asia\/26cnd-taiwan.html?_r=1|title=Hundreds<\/a> of Thousands Stage Mass Rally in Taiwan|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=2009-10-21|date=2005-03-26|first=Keith|last=Bradsher}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/04/02", "description": " Pope John Paul II dies over 4 million people travel to the Vatican to mourn him.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/TRANSCRIPTS\/0504\/08\/lt.03.html|title=Pope\">http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/TRANSCRIPTS\/0504\/08\/lt.03.html|title=Pope<\/a> John Paul II Laid to Rest Today Amidst Huge Crowds|publisher=CNN International|accessdate=October 23, 2009|date=April 8, 2005|accessdate=2010-04-03}}{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/comment\/article377153.ece?token=nullampoffset=0|title=What\">http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/comment\/article377153.ece?token=nullampoffset=0|title=What<\/a> is Pope John Paul II's legacy?|publisher=The Times|accessdate=October 23, 20093|date=April 8, 2005 | location=London|first1=Sam|last1=Coates|first2=Anushka|last2=Asthana}}{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/programmes\/breakfast\/4420145.stm|title=The\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/programmes\/breakfast\/4420145.stm|title=The<\/a> funeral of Pope John Paul II|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=October 23, 2009|date=April 8, 2005}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/04/06", "description": " The first 13th root calculation of a 200-digit number is computed by Frenchman Alexis Lemaire.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/news\/world\/article378484.ece?|title=What\">http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/news\/world\/article378484.ece?|title=What<\/a> is the 13th root of . . .|publisher=The Times|accessdate=October 23, 2009|date=April 8, 2005|first=Charles|last=Bremner | location=London}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/04/08", "description": " A referendum is held in Cura\u00e7ao on independence vs. integration with the Netherlands.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nrc.nl\/dossiers\/nederlandse_antillen\/interne_politiek\/article1862214.ece\/Bevolking_Curaccedil_ao_wil_een_status_aparte|title=Bevolking\">http:\/\/www.nrc.nl\/dossiers\/nederlandse_antillen\/interne_politiek\/article1862214.ece\/Bevolking_Curaccedil_ao_wil_een_status_aparte|title=Bevolking<\/a> Cura\u00e7ao wil een 'status aparte'|publisher=NRC Handelsblad|first=Miriam|last=Sluis|date=April 9, 2005|accessdate=October 27, 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/04/08", "description": "Tens of thousands of demonstrators, many of them supporters of Shia cleric Moqtada Sadr, march through Baghdad denouncing the U.S. occupation of Iraq, 2 years after the fall of Saddam Hussein, and rally in the square where his statue was toppled in 2003.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/04\/10\/international\/middleeast\/10iraq.html?_r=1|title=Demonstrators\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/04\/10\/international\/middleeast\/10iraq.html?_r=1|title=Demonstrators<\/a> in Iraq Demand That U.S. Leave|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=October 27, 2009|date=April 10, 2005|first=Dexter|last=Filkins}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/04/08", "description": "Wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales and Camilla Parker Bowles The Prince of Wales marries Camilla Parker Bowles in a civil ceremony at Windsor's Guildhall. Camilla acquires her title ''The Duchess of Cornwall''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/04/17", "description": " Twelve holidaymakers are killed in southern Switzerland when a bus carrying 27 people plunges {{convert|656|ft|m}} into a ravine.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2005\/apr\/18\/2|title=12\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2005\/apr\/18\/2|title=12<\/a> killed as Swiss bus plunges into ravine|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=October 27, 2009|date=April 18, 2005 | location=London | work=The Guardian}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/04/18", "description": " Five people die in ethnic clashes in Iran's south-west Khuzestan province.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/middle_east\/4461893.stm|title=Five\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/middle_east\/4461893.stm|title=Five<\/a> die in Iran ethnic clashes|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=October 27, 2009|date=April 19, 2005}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/04/19", "description": " Pope Benedict XVI succeeds Pope John Paul II, becoming the 265th pope.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/comment\/columnists\/guest_contributors\/article383225.ece?print=yesamprandnum=1151003209000|title=Pope\">http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/comment\/columnists\/guest_contributors\/article383225.ece?print=yesamprandnum=1151003209000|title=Pope<\/a> Benedict XVI may be more controversial than his predecessor but he can still be a great leader|publisher=The Times Online|accessdate=October 27, 2009|date=April 20, 2005|first=Daniel|last=Johnson | location=London}}{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/04\/19\/opinion\/19iht-web.0419popeed.html|title=Pope\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/04\/19\/opinion\/19iht-web.0419popeed.html|title=Pope<\/a> Benedict XVI|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=October 27, 2009|date=April 19, 2005}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/04/20", "description": " An earthquake (5.8 on the Richter scale) hits Fukuoka and Kasuga, Fukuoka, Prefecture, Japan, injuring 56.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.accessmylibrary.com\/article-1G1-131768388\/56-hurt-big-earthquake.html|title=56\">http:\/\/www.accessmylibrary.com\/article-1G1-131768388\/56-hurt-big-earthquake.html|title=56<\/a> hurt as big earthquake hits Japan.|publisher=Yomiuri Shimbun|accessdate=October 27, 2009|date=April 20, 2005|accessdate=2010-04-03}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/04/25", "description": " Amagasaki rail crash: A passenger train derails in Amagasaki Hy\u014dgo Prefecture, Japan, killing 104 people and injuring at least another 450.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/4492267.stm|title=Japan\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/4492267.stm|title=Japan<\/a> train crash toll tops 100|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=October 27, 2009|date=April 28, 2005}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/04/26", "description": " Facing international pressure, Syria withdraws the last of its 14,000 troop military garrison in Lebanon, ending its 29-year military domination of that country.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/middle_east\/4482883.stm|title=Syria\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/middle_east\/4482883.stm|title=Syria<\/a> withdrawal: Lebanese speak|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=October 27, 2009|date=April 27, 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/04/27", "description": " The Superjumbo jet aircraft Airbus A380 makes its first flight from Toulouse.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,154745,00.html|title=Airbus\">http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,154745,00.html|title=Airbus<\/a> A380 Completes First Flight|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=October 27, 2009|date=April 27, 2005 | work=Fox News}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/05/03", "description": " At least 32 people are killed and 9 others injured when 3 two-story buildings in the eastern Pakistani city of Lahore collapse after gas cylinders stored in one of them explode.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/world\/2005-05-03-pakistan-building_x.htm?csp=34|agency=Associated\">http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/world\/2005-05-03-pakistan-building_x.htm?csp=34|agency=Associated<\/a> Press|accessdate=October 28, 2009|title=Explosion, building collapse kills at least 25 in Pakistan|date=May 3, 2005 | work=USA Today}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/05/04", "description": " In one of the largest insurgent attacks in Iraq, at least 60 people are killed and dozens wounded in a suicide bombing at a Kurdish police recruitment center in Irbil, northern Iraq.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/fullpage.html?res=9901E1DA1730F936A35756C0A9639C8B63|title=The\">http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/fullpage.html?res=9901E1DA1730F936A35756C0A9639C8B63|title=The<\/a> Struggle For Iraq: The Insurgency 60 Kurds Killed by Suicide Bomb in Northern Iraq|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=November 10, 2009|date=May 5, 2005|coauthor=Warzer Jaff and Richard A. Oppel, Jr.}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/05/05", "description": " Labour government of Tony Blair in the United Kingdom wins a third successive general election.{{cite news| url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk_politics\/vote_2005\/6994476.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk_politics\/vote_2005\/6994476.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title=2005: Historic third term for Labour | date=September 20, 2007}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/05/13", "description": " Uzbek troops kill up to 700 during protests in eastern Uzbekistan over the trials of 23 accused Islamic extremists. President Islam Karimov defends the act.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/world\/2005-05-17-uzbekistan_x.htm|title=Toll\">http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/world\/2005-05-17-uzbekistan_x.htm|title=Toll<\/a> from Uzbekistan violence disputed|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=October 28, 2009|date=May 17, 2005 | work=USA Today}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/05/15", "description": " A passenger ferry capsizes and sinks in strong winds in the Bura Gauranga River in Bangladesh, leaving 200 people missing.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/05\/19\/world\/asia\/19iht-web.0519bangl.html|title=Search\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/05\/19\/world\/asia\/19iht-web.0519bangl.html|title=Search<\/a> for 200 missing after ferry capsizes in Bangladesh|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=October 28, 2009|date=May 19, 2005}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/05/16", "description": " George Galloway appears before a United States Senate committee, to answer allegations of making money from the Iraqi Oil-for-Food Programme.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,156854,00.html|title=George\">http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,156854,00.html|title=George<\/a> Galloway Got Away Scot-Free|publisher=Fox News|accessdate=October 28, 2009|date=May 17, 2005|first=John|last=Gibson}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/05/17", "description": " Kuwaiti women are granted the right to vote.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/05\/17\/world\/africa\/17iht-kuwait.html|title=Surprise\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2005\/05\/17\/world\/africa\/17iht-kuwait.html|title=Surprise<\/a> measure gives Kuwaiti women the vote|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=October 28, 2009|date=May 18, 2005|first=Hassan M.|last=Fattah}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/05/21", "description": " Kingda Ka opens at Six Flags Great Adventure amusement park in Jackson, New Jersey as the world's tallest and (at the time) fastest roller coaster.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/06/21", "description": " A Volna booster rocket carrying the first light sail spacecraft (a joint Russian-United States project) fails 83 seconds after its launch, destroying the spacecraft.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,160301,00.html|title=Solar\">http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,160301,00.html|title=Solar<\/a> Sail Spacecraft Launch Fails|agency=Associated Press|date=June 22, 2005|accessdate=November 1, 2009 | work=Fox News}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/06/21", "description": "Elizabeth II conducts the International Fleet Review of 167 international warships in the Solent, as part of the Trafalgar 200 celebrations.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.edp24.co.uk\/content\/edp24\/news\/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnlineampampcategory=NewsampamptBrand=edponlineampamptCategory=newsampampitemid=NOED27%20Jun%202005%2017:22:47:223|title=Norfolk\">http:\/\/www.edp24.co.uk\/content\/edp24\/news\/story.aspx?brand=EDPOnlineampampcategory=NewsampamptBrand=edponlineampamptCategory=newsampampitemid=NOED27%20Jun%202005%2017:22:47:223|title=Norfolk<\/a> hero Nelson honoured|publisher=Eastern Daily Press|accessdate=November 1, 2009|date=June 28, 2005}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/06/21", "description": "Three U.S. Navy SEALs, 16 American Special Operations Forces soldiers, and an unknown number of Taliban insurgents are killed during Operation Red Wings, a failed counter-insurgent mission in Kunar province, Afghanistan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/07/02", "description": " Live 8, a set of 10 simultaneous concerts, takes place throughout the world, raising interest in the Make Poverty History campaign.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2005\/SHOWBIZ\/Music\/07\/02\/live8.main\/|title=Millions\">http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2005\/SHOWBIZ\/Music\/07\/02\/live8.main\/|title=Millions<\/a> gather for Live 8|publisher=CNN|accessdate=November 2, 2009|date=July 3, 2005|accessdate=2010-04-03}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/07/02", "description": "NASA's ampquotCopper bulletampquot from the Deep Impact spacecraft hits Comet Tempel 1, creating a crater for scientific studies.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/news\/world\/us_and_americas\/article540267.ece|title=Nasa\">http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/news\/world\/us_and_americas\/article540267.ece|title=Nasa<\/a> probe hits comet|publisher=The Times|accessdate=November 8, 2009|date=July 4, 2005|first=Tim|last=Reid | location=London}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/07/02", "description": "Violent anti-G8 demonstrations occur in Gleneagles, Scotland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/07/02", "description": "The Italy-USA Foundation is established in Rome, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/07/02", "description": "The European Parliament rejects the Directive on the patentability of computer-implemented inventions in its second reading in the codecision procedure.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/low\/technology\/4655955.stm|title=Software\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/low\/technology\/4655955.stm|title=Software<\/a> patent bill thrown out|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=November 8, 2009|date=July 6, 2005}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/07/02", "description": "The International Olympic Committee awards the 2012 Summer Olympics to London.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,161657,00.html|title=London\">http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,161657,00.html|title=London<\/a> Wins Vote for 2012 Olympics|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=November 8, 2009|date=July 6, 2005 | work=Fox News}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/07/07", "description": " Four terror attacks (3 on the London Underground and 1 on a bus) rock the transport network in London, killing 52 (not including the 4 bombers) and injuring over 700.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk\/4667381.stm|title=London\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk\/4667381.stm|title=London<\/a> bombings: Police updates|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=November 8, 2009|date=July 9, 2005}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/07/12", "description": " Terrorists kill 5 people and wound 90 in a crowded mall in Netanya, Israel. Islamic Jihad claims responsibility for attack.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/middle_east\/4686739.stm|title=Israel\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/middle_east\/4686739.stm|title=Israel<\/a> raids target Hamas members|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=November 9, 2009|date=July 15, 2005}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/07/23", "description": " A series of blasts hits a resort town in Egypt.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2005-07\/23\/content_3256722.htm|title=Death\">http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2005-07\/23\/content_3256722.htm|title=Death<\/a> toll from Egypt blasts rises to 59 - TV|publisher=Xinhua News Agency|accessdate=November 9, 2009|date=July 23, 2005}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/07/26", "description": " Mumbai, India receives 99.5 cm of rain (39.17ampnbspinches) within 24 hours, bringing the city to a halt for over 2 days.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/07/28", "description": " The Provisional IRA issues a statement formally ordering an end to the armed campaign it has pursued since 1969, and ordering all its units to dump their arms.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2005\/07\/28\/AR2005072800427.html|title=IRA\">http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2005\/07\/28\/AR2005072800427.html|title=IRA<\/a> Says It Will Abandon Violence|publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=November 9, 2009|date=July 29, 2005|first=Glenn|last=Frankel}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/08/01", "description": "King Fahd of Saudi Arabia died at the hospital because of pneumonia and a high fever.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/08/02", "description": "  Air France Flight 358 overran Runway 24L at Toronto Pearson International Airport.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/08/06", "description": " Tuninter flight 1153 ditched due to engine failure. 16 die", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/08/13", "description": " The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/08/14", "description": " Helios Airways Flight 522 crashes near the town of Grammatiko in Greece, killing 121 people. Observations from fighter jet aircraft indicate a decompression problem.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/08/16", "description": " West Caribbean Airways Flight 708 crashes into a mountain in Venezuela, killing 152 passengers.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/08/18", "description": " Peace Mission 2005, the first joint China\u2013Russia military exercise, begins its 8-day training on the Shandong peninsula.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/08/22", "description": " A {{convert|4.1|kg}} meteorite crashes into the Dotito area of Zambezi Escarpment in Zimbabwe, leaving a {{convert|150|mm|sp=us}} crater.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/08/23", "description": " Israel's unilateral disengagement from 25 Jewish settlements in the Gaza Strip and West Bank ends.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/08/29", "description": " Hurricane Katrina makes land fall along the U.S. Gulf Coast causing severe damage. At least 1,836 die in the aftermath.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/08/31", "description": " A crowd crush on the Al-Aaimmah bridge in Baghdad kills several hundred civilians (see Baghdad bridge stampede).", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/09/02", "description": " Protesters and Israeli forces clash in Bil'in.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/09/11", "description": " Japan general election, 2005: Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi and the Liberal Democratic Party are returned to power.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/09/12", "description": " Hong Kong Disneyland Resort in Penny's Bay, Lantau Island, Hong Kong opens.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/09/14", "description": "September 16 ampndash The largest UN World Summit in history is held in New York City.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/09/18", "description": " Afghan parliamentary election: Former Northern Alliance warlords and their followers claim victory.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/09/19", "description": " North Korea agrees to stop building nuclear weapons in exchange for aid and cooperation.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/09/23", "description": " Convicted bank thief and Boricua Popular Army leader, Filiberto Ojeda R\u00edos, is killed in his home in Hormigueros, Puerto Rico, when members of the FBI attempt to serve an arrest warrant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/09/26", "description": " U.S. Army Reservist Lynndie England is convicted by a military jury on 6 of 7 counts, in connection with the Abu Ghraib prisoner abuse scandal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/09/30", "description": " Controversial drawings of Muhammad are printed in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/09/30", "description": "The 2005 Bali bombings kill 26 people and injure more than 100.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/09/30", "description": "The world's largest bank, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, is formed by the merger of 2 Japanese banking conglomerates.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/09/30", "description": "An Australian photojournalist in Afghanistan, Stephen Dupont, films U.S. soldiers burning 2 dead Taliban militias' bodies.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/10/08", "description": " The 2005 Kashmir earthquake kills about 80,000 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/10/12", "description": " The second manned Chinese spacecraft, ''Shenzhou 6'', is launched, carrying Fei Junlong and Nie Haisheng for 5 days in orbit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/10/12", "description": "The referendum on the new proposed Iraqi constitution is held.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/10/12", "description": "The Qinghai-Tibet Railway is completed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/10/19", "description": " The Trials of Saddam Hussein begin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/10/21", "description": " The 200th Anniversary of the Battle of Trafalgar is observed, with celebrations held around the United Kingdom.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/10/29", "description": " At least 61 people are killed and many others wounded in 3 powerful blasts in the Indian capital, Delhi (see 29 October 2005 Delhi bombings).", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/11/02", "description": " The Spanish Congress of Deputies approves the admission to formality of the new Catalan Statute of Autonomy with the support of all the groups except the People's Party (PP), which the same day files an objection of unconstitutionality.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/11/04", "description": " The U.S. and Uruguay governments sign a Bilateral Investment Treaty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/11/09", "description": " At least 50 people are killed and more than 120 injured in a series of coordinated suicide bombings in Amman, Jordan (See 2005 Amman bombings).", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/11/13", "description": " Andrew Stimpson, a 25-year-old British man, is reported as the first person proven to have been 'cured' of HIV.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/11/25", "description": " The 20th Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting opens in Valletta, Malta.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/11/28", "description": " December 9 ampndash The United Nations Climate Change Conference is held in Montreal, Quebec.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/11/30", "description": " Surgeons in France carry out the first human face transplant.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/12/06", "description": " An Iranian C-130 Hercules airplane crashes into a ten-story building in a civilian area of Tehran, the capital of Iran, killing all 94 people aboard and 34 residents of the building (128 total).", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/12/07", "description": " The European Union TLD ''.eu'' is launched, and replaces ''.eu.int''. Initially this will be only for business purposes. From 7 April 2006 onwards, EU citizens can also register .eu domains.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/12/11", "description": " The 2005 Cronulla riots occur in Sydney, Australia, involving up to 5,000 youths.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/12/12", "description": " Scientists announce that they have created mice with small amounts of human brain cells in an effort to make realistic models of neurological disorders.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/12/14", "description": " Shakidor Dam fails in Pakistan due to heavy rain.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/12/16", "description": " The 43rd Mersenne prime is found.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/12/20", "description": " Aleksand\u00ebr Moisiu University was founded in Durr\u00ebs, Albania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/12/23", "description": " Chad declares a state of war with Sudan, following a December 18 attack on Adre, which left about 100 people dead.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2005/12/31", "description": " Another second is added, 23:59:60, called a leap second, to end the year 2005. The last time this occurred was on June 30, 1998.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/01/01", "description": "Russia cuts natural gas to Ukraine over a price dispute.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/opinion\/commentators\/mary-dejevsky\/mary-dejevsky-russia-has-good-reason-for-what-it-is-doing-why-do-we-have-to-keep-demonising-it-521462.html|title=Mary\">http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/opinion\/commentators\/mary-dejevsky\/mary-dejevsky-russia-has-good-reason-for-what-it-is-doing-why-do-we-have-to-keep-demonising-it-521462.html|title=Mary<\/a> Dejevsky: Russia has good reason for what it is doing. Why do we have to keep demonizing it?|first=Mary|last=Dejevsky|date=2009-01-03|accessdate=2009-07-05|publisher=The Independent | location=London}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/01/04", "description": "Ariel Sharon, Prime Minister of Israel, suffers a severe stroke and cerebral hemorrhage.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/01/05", "description": "A hotel in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, collapses, killing 76 pilgrims visiting to perform Hajj.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/middle_east\/4586678.stm|title=Mecca\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/middle_east\/4586678.stm|title=Mecca<\/a> disaster toll rises to 76|date=2006-02-06|accessdate=2009-07-05|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/01/12", "description": "A stampede during the stoning of the devil ritual on the last day at the Hajj in Mina, Saudi Arabia, kills 362 pilgrims.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/middle-east\/hundreds-killed-as-haj-pilgrims-rush-to-stone-the-devil-522749.html|title=Hundreds\">http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/middle-east\/hundreds-killed-as-haj-pilgrims-rush-to-stone-the-devil-522749.html|title=Hundreds<\/a> killed as Haj pilgrims rush to stone the devil|date=2006-01-13|accessdate=2009-07-06|publisher=The Independent|first=Justin|last=Huggler | location=London}}{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/background\/islam\/hajj.html|title=What\">http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/background\/islam\/hajj.html|title=What<\/a> is the Islamic hajj?|date=2006-01-12|publisher=CBC News|accessdate=2009-07-06|quote=It's the same place where 362 people died in a stampede on Jan. 12, 2006}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/01/15", "description": "NASA's Stardust mission successfully ends, the first to return dust from a comet.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,181763,00.html|title=Stardust\">http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,181763,00.html|title=Stardust<\/a> Container in Almost Perfect Condition|date=2006-01-17|accessdate=2009-07-06|agency=Associated Press|work=Fox News}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/01/16", "description": "Ellen Johnson Sirleaf assumes office as President of Liberia, the first female elected head of state in Africa.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/01/25", "description": "Pope Benedict XVI issues his first encycylical, ''Deus Caritas Est''.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.catholicnewsagency.com\/new.php?n=5828|title=Pope\">http:\/\/www.catholicnewsagency.com\/new.php?n=5828|title=Pope<\/a> Benedict XVI's first Encyclycal quotDeus Caritas Est\u00a8 published today|publisher=Catholic News Agency|date=2006-01-25|accessdate=2009-07-06}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/01/27", "description": "Celebrations are held in Salzburg and around the world, for the 250th anniversary of the birth of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/pqasb.pqarchiver.com\/latimes\/access\/977382021.html?dids=977382021:977382021ampFMT=ABS|title=QUICK\">http:\/\/pqasb.pqarchiver.com\/latimes\/access\/977382021.html?dids=977382021:977382021ampFMT=ABS|title=QUICK<\/a> TAKES Salzburg fetes Mozart's 250th|date=2006-01-28|accessdate=2009-07-06|publisher=Los Angeles Times}} {{dead link|date=July 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/02/03", "description": "An Egyptian passenger ferry carrying more than 1,400 people, sinks in the Red Sea off the Saudi coast.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,183906,00.html|title=Relatives\">http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,183906,00.html|title=Relatives<\/a> Trash Company Offices After Red Sea Disaster|agency=Associated Press|date=2006-02-06|accessdate=2009-07-05|work=Fox News}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/02/04", "description": "The Wowowee stampede at the PhilSports Arena in Pasig City, Philippines, kills 74 people and leaves 600 injured.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.highbeam.com\/doc\/1P1-121315555.html|title=The\">http:\/\/www.highbeam.com\/doc\/1P1-121315555.html|title=The<\/a> Aftermath GMA blames 'Wowowee' organizers for stampede|publisher=Filipino Reporter|date=2006-02-23|accessdate=2009-07-05}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/02/10", "description": "February 26 \u2013 The 2006 Winter Olympics are held in Turin, Italy.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/02/17", "description": "A massive mudslide occurs in Southern Leyte, Philippines the official death toll is set at 1,126.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ifrc.org\/cgi\/pdf_appeals.pl?06\/MDRPH00107.pdf|title=Philippine\">http:\/\/www.ifrc.org\/cgi\/pdf_appeals.pl?06\/MDRPH00107.pdf|title=Philippine<\/a> Landslide and Flood Operations Update #7|publisher=Red Cross|date=2007-08-31|accessdate=2009-07-06|format=PDF|archiveurl = <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090715191010\/http:\/\/www.ifrc.org\/cgi\/pdf_appeals.pl?06\/MDRPH00107.pdf\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090715191010\/http:\/\/www.ifrc.org\/cgi\/pdf_appeals.pl?06\/MDRPH00107.pdf<\/a> |archivedate = July 15, 2009|deadurl=yes}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/02/19", "description": "Pasta de Conchos mine disaster: Sixty-five miners die after becoming trapped underground, following an explosion in Nueva Rosita, Mexico.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/articles.latimes.com\/2006\/feb\/20\/world\/fg-mexmine20|title=Gas\">http:\/\/articles.latimes.com\/2006\/feb\/20\/world\/fg-mexmine20|title=Gas<\/a> Blast Traps 65 Mexican Miners|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=2006-02-20|accessdate=2009-07-06|first=Sam|last=Enriquez}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/03/04", "description": "The final contact attempt with Pioneer 10 receives no response.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.planetary.org\/blog\/article\/00000477\/|title=The\">http:\/\/www.planetary.org\/blog\/article\/00000477\/|title=The<\/a> final attempt to contact Pioneer 10|date=2006-03-06|accessdate=2009-07-06|publisher=The Planetary Society}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/03/09", "description": "NASA's Cassini-Huygens spacecraft discovers geysers of a liquid substance shooting from Saturn's moon Enceladus, signaling a possible presence of water.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.nationalgeographic.com\/news\/2006\/03\/0310_060310_saturn.html?source=rss|title=Saturn\">http:\/\/news.nationalgeographic.com\/news\/2006\/03\/0310_060310_saturn.html?source=rss|title=Saturn<\/a> Moon Has Water Geysers and, Just Maybe, Life|publisher=National Geographic Society|date=2006-03-10|accessdate=2009-07-06|first=Elizabeth|last=Svoboda}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/03/10", "description": "NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter enters Mars orbit.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2006\/TECH\/space\/03\/09\/mars.orbiter.preview\/index.html|title=Payoff\">http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2006\/TECH\/space\/03\/09\/mars.orbiter.preview\/index.html|title=Payoff<\/a> high in risky Mars mission|publisher=CNN|date=2006-03-10|accessdate=2009-07-06|first=Peggy|last=Mihelich}}{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.nationalgeographic.com\/news\/2006\/03\/0310_060310_mars_orbit.html|title=Mars\">http:\/\/news.nationalgeographic.com\/news\/2006\/03\/0310_060310_mars_orbit.html|title=Mars<\/a>'s Gravity Captures NASA Spacecraft|publisher=National Geographic Society|date=2006-03-10|first=John|last=Roach| accessdate= 8 October 2010 !--DASHBot--}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/03/28", "description": "A scramjet jet engine, Hyshot III, designed to fly at 7 times the speed of sound, is successfully tested at Woomera, South Australia.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/items\/200603\/1600810.htm?queensland|title=Scramjet\">http:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/items\/200603\/1600810.htm?queensland|title=Scramjet<\/a> team 'happy' after Woomera flight|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|date=2006-03-25|accessdate=2009-07-07}} {{dead link|date=July 2011}}{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/home\/hqnews\/2005\/jun\/HQ_05_156_X43A_Guinness.html|title=Faster\">http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/home\/hqnews\/2005\/jun\/HQ_05_156_X43A_Guinness.html|title=Faster<\/a> Than a Speeding Bullet: Guinness Recognizes NASA Scramjet|date=2006-06-20|accessdate=2009-07-07|publisher=NASA}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/04/05", "description": "A swan with Avian Flu is discovered in Cellardyke in Fife, Scotland (the first case in the United Kingdom).{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/sci\/tech\/4744180.stm|title=Planning\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/sci\/tech\/4744180.stm|title=Planning<\/a> for bird flu in the UK|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|date=2006-04-06|accessdate=2009-07-07|first=Rebecca|last=Morelle}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/04/10", "description": "A fire at the Brand India Fair, Victoria Park, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India, kills at least 100.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/news\/world\/asia\/article704064.ece|title=100\">http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/news\/world\/asia\/article704064.ece|title=100<\/a> die as blaze rips through Indian electronics fair|publisher=The Times|accessdate=2009-07-09|date=2006-04-10 | location=London | first1=Simon | last1=Freeman}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/04/10", "description": "The European Space Agency's Venus Express spaceprobe enters Venus' orbit.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,191293,00.html|title=European\">http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/story\/0,2933,191293,00.html|title=European<\/a> Space Probe Goes Into Orbit Around Venus|agency=Associated Press|date=2006-04-12|accessdate=2009-07-09|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5iTJI8zKG|archivedate=2009-07-22|deadurl=no|work=Fox\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5iTJI8zKG|archivedate=2009-07-22|deadurl=no|work=Fox<\/a> News}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/04/10", "description": "President of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad confirms that Iran has successfully produced a few grams of low-grade enriched uranium.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/cgi-bin\/article.cgi?f=\/c\/a\/2006\/04\/12\/MNGIVI7RTH1.DTL|title=Iran\">http:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/cgi-bin\/article.cgi?f=\/c\/a\/2006\/04\/12\/MNGIVI7RTH1.DTL|title=Iran<\/a> celebrates uranium enrichment Experts say nuclear step means Tehran is serious, but weapon is years off|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|date=2006-04-12|accessdate=2009-07-09|first=James|last=Sterngold|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5iTJJWg4T|archivedate=2009-07-22|deadurl=no}}ampampampamp{{cite\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5iTJJWg4T|archivedate=2009-07-22|deadurl=no}}ampampampamp{{cite<\/a> news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2006\/WORLD\/meast\/04\/11\/iran.nuclear\/index.html|title=Iran\">http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2006\/WORLD\/meast\/04\/11\/iran.nuclear\/index.html|title=Iran<\/a> says it joins 'countries with nuclear technology'|publisher=CNN|date=2006-04-12|accessdate=2009-07-09}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/04/20", "description": "Iran announces a deal with Russia, involving a joint uranium enrichment firm on Russian soil{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/news\/world\/middle_east\/article707817.ece|title=Russia\">http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/news\/world\/middle_east\/article707817.ece|title=Russia<\/a> backs Iran's nuclear programme|publisher=The Times|first=Jenny|last=Booth|date=2006-04-21|accessdate=2009-07-09 | location=London}} 9 days later Iran announces that it will not move all activity to Russia, thus leading to a de-facto termination of the deal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/04/20", "description": "May \u2013 Human Genome Project publishes the last chromosome sequence, in ''Nature''.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/05/24", "description": "East Timor's Foreign Minister Jos\u00e9 Ramos-Horta officially requests military assistance from the governments of Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Portugal.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2006-05\/24\/content_4595055.htm|title=Australia\">http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2006-05\/24\/content_4595055.htm|title=Australia<\/a> to send 1,000 troops to East Timor: FM|publisher=Xinhua News Agency|date=2006-05-24|accessdate=2009-07-25|first=Zhu|last=Jin|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5iZFytiSb|archivedate=2009-07-26|deadurl=no}}\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5iZFytiSb|archivedate=2009-07-26|deadurl=no}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/05/27", "description": "A 6.3 magnitude earthquake strikes central Java in Indonesia, killing more than 6,000, injuring at least 36,000 and leaving some 1.5 million people homeless.{{Cite book|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2006\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/06\/05\/indonesia.quake\/|title=Indonesia\">http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2006\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/06\/05\/indonesia.quake\/|title=Indonesia<\/a> lowers quake death toll|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060615194254\/http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2006\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/06\/05\/indonesia.quake\/|archivedate=2006-06-02|accessdate=2009-07-27|publisher=CNN}}\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20060615194254\/http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2006\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/06\/05\/indonesia.quake\/|archivedate=2006-06-02|accessdate=2009-07-27|publisher=CNN}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/05/29", "description": "Sidoarjo mud flow - World's biggest mud volcano was created by the blowout of a natural gas well being drilled in the subdistrict of Porong, Sidoarjo in East Java, Indonesia. This has resulted in displacement of more than 11,000 persons from eight villages as well as damage to road and power infrastructures. Several (Twenty-five) factories were also abandoned.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.stormchaser.ca\/Environmental_Disasters\/Sidoarjo_Mud_Flow\/Sidoarjo.html|title=Sidoarjo\">http:\/\/www.stormchaser.ca\/Environmental_Disasters\/Sidoarjo_Mud_Flow\/Sidoarjo.html|title=Sidoarjo<\/a> Mud Flow Disaster July, 2008 - Indonesia| accessdate= 10 November 2011 !--DASHBot--}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/06/03", "description": "Montenegro declares independence after a May 21 referendum. The state union of Serbia and Montenegro is dissolved on June 5, leaving Serbia as the successor state.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/world\/2006-06-03-montenegro_x.htm|title=Montenegro\">http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/world\/2006-06-03-montenegro_x.htm|title=Montenegro<\/a> declares independence from Serbia|publisher=USA Today|date=2006-06-03|accessdate=2009-07-25}}{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2006-06\/04\/content_4643122.htm|title=EU\">http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2006-06\/04\/content_4643122.htm|title=EU<\/a> reiterates respect for independence of Montenegro|publisher=Xinhua News Agency|date=2006-06-04|first=Mu|last=Xuequan|accessdate=2009-07-25|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5iappCegN|archivedate=2009-07-27|deadurl=no}}\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5iappCegN|archivedate=2009-07-27|deadurl=no}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/06/09", "description": "July 9 \u2013 The 2006 FIFA World Cup begins in Germany.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/06/09", "description": "The first Kazakh space satellite ''KazSat'' is launched.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/world\/2006-06-18-kazakhstan-satellite_x.htm|title=Kazakhstan\">http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/world\/2006-06-18-kazakhstan-satellite_x.htm|title=Kazakhstan<\/a> satellite enters orbit|agency=Associated Press|date=2006-06-18|accessdate=2009-07-25|work=USA Today}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/06/09", "description": "Former Beatle Paul McCartney turns 64 after writing ampquotWhen I'm Sixty-Fourampquot at age 16.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/06/28", "description": "Operation Summer Rains: Israel launches an offensive against militants in Gaza.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/middleeast\/syria\/1522647\/Israel-launches-warning-air-strikes-on-Gaza.html|title=Israel\">http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/middleeast\/syria\/1522647\/Israel-launches-warning-air-strikes-on-Gaza.html|title=Israel<\/a> launches warning air strikes on Gaza|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|first=Tim|last=Butcher|date=2006-06-29|accessdate=2009-07-25 | location=London}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/07/01", "description": "The Qingzang railway launches a trial operation, making Tibet the last province-level entity of China to have a conventional railway.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/tech\/news\/techinnovations\/2006-07-02-china-railway_x.htm?POE=TECISVA|title=China\">http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/tech\/news\/techinnovations\/2006-07-02-china-railway_x.htm?POE=TECISVA|title=China<\/a>'s first train to Tibet conquers high-altitude hurdles|agency=Associated Press|date=2006-07-02|accessdate=2009-07-31|first=Alexa|last=Olesen|work=USA Today}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/07/06", "description": "The Nathula Pass between India and China, sealed during the Sino-Indian War, re-opens for trade after 44 years.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2006-07\/07\/content_4803157.htm|title=quotSilk\">http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/english\/2006-07\/07\/content_4803157.htm|title=quotSilk<\/a> Roadquot rejoins at Nathu La Pass after 44 years|publisher=Xinhua News Agency|date=2006-07-07|first=Li|last=Baodong|coauthors=Shuangqi, Fu|accessdate=2009-08-05|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5ix2y1B6y|archivedate=2009-08-11|deadurl=no}}\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5ix2y1B6y|archivedate=2009-08-11|deadurl=no}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/07/06", "description": "Italy wins their fourth FIFA World Cup title.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/07/06", "description": "S7 Airlines Flight 778 crashes into a concrete barrier shortly after landing, killing at least 122 people and leaving many injured.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/fullpage.html?res=9800E4D61030F933A25754C0A9609C8B63|title=At\">http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/fullpage.html?res=9800E4D61030F933A25754C0A9609C8B63|title=At<\/a> Least 122 Dead in Russian Plane Crash|publisher=New York Times|date=2006-07-10|accessdate=2009-08-05|first=Steven Lee|last=Myers|coauthors=Kramer, Andrew E. Wald, Matthew L.}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/07/10", "description": "Pakistan International Airlines Flight 688 crashes in Multan, Pakistan, shortly after takeoff.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/south_asia\/5164280.stm|title=No\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/south_asia\/5164280.stm|title=No<\/a> survivors in Pakistani crash|publisher=BBC|date=2006-07-10|accessdate=2009-08-05}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/07/11", "description": "A series of coordinated bomb attacks strikes several commuter trains in Mumbai, India, during the evening rush hour.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/terrorism\/news\/article.cfm?c_id=340ampobjectid=10390934|title=Mumbai\">http:\/\/www.nzherald.co.nz\/terrorism\/news\/article.cfm?c_id=340ampobjectid=10390934|title=Mumbai<\/a> bombing death toll rises to 179|publisher=New Zealand Herald|date=2006-07-12|accessdate=2009-10-09|first=Krittivas|last=Mukherjee}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/07/12", "description": "2006 Lebanon War: Israeli troops invade Lebanon in response to Hezbollah kidnapping two Israeli soldiers and killing 3. Hezbollah declares open war against Israel 2 days later.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ctv.ca\/servlet\/ArticleNews\/scfcn\/CTVNews\/20060713\/israel_lebanon_strikes_060714\/CTVNewsAt11\/|title=Hezbollah\">http:\/\/www.ctv.ca\/servlet\/ArticleNews\/scfcn\/CTVNews\/20060713\/israel_lebanon_strikes_060714\/CTVNewsAt11\/|title=Hezbollah<\/a> vows 'open war' as violence escalates|publisher=CTV Television Network|accessdate=2009-10-09|date=2006-07-14}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/07/15", "description": "Twitter is launched.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/07/18", "description": "The ''SS Nomadic'', the last floating link to ''Titanic'', returns home to a large reception in Belfast.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/northern_ireland\/5192052.stm|title=Nomadic\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/northern_ireland\/5192052.stm|title=Nomadic<\/a> reaches Odyssey complex|publisher=BBC|date=2006-07-16|accessdate=2009-10-09}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/08/11", "description": "A resolution to end the 2006 Lebanon War is unanimously accepted by the United Nations Security Council.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2006\/08\/12\/world\/africa\/12iht-web.0812nations.2462161.html|title=U.N.\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2006\/08\/12\/world\/africa\/12iht-web.0812nations.2462161.html|title=U.N.<\/a> council backs measure to halt war in Lebanon - Africa amp Middle East - International Herald Tribune|publisher=International Herald Tribune|first=Warren|last=Hoge|coauthors=Erlanger, Steven|accessdate=2009-10-10|date=2006-08-12}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/08/11", "description": "Pulkovo Airlines Flight 612 crashes near the Russian border in Ukraine, killing 171 people, including 45 children.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2006\/WORLD\/europe\/08\/22\/russia.crash\/|title=Russian\">http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2006\/WORLD\/europe\/08\/22\/russia.crash\/|title=Russian<\/a> jet crash kills all 170 on board|publisher=CNN|date=2006-08-23|accessdate=2009-10-10|first=Matthew|last=Chance}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/08/11", "description": "The ICM awards Grigori Perelman the Fields Medal for proving the Poincare conjecture, one of 7 Millennium Prize Problems Perelman refuses the medal.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/news\/world\/when-being-a-genius-just-doesnt-add-up\/2006\/08\/25\/1156012739260.html|title=When\">http:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/news\/world\/when-being-a-genius-just-doesnt-add-up\/2006\/08\/25\/1156012739260.html|title=When<\/a> being a genius just doesn't add up|publisher=Sydney Morning Herald|date=2006-08-26|accessdate=2009-10-10}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/08/24", "description": "The International Astronomical Union defines 'planet' at its 26th General Assembly, demoting Pluto to the status of 'dwarf planet' more than 70 years after its discovery.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/dn9824-pluto-gets-the-boot-as-the-planet-count-drops.html|title=Pluto\">http:\/\/www.newscientist.com\/article\/dn9824-pluto-gets-the-boot-as-the-planet-count-drops.html|title=Pluto<\/a> gets the boot as the planet count drops|publisher=New Scientist|accessdate=2009-10-10|date=2006-08-24|first=Stephen|last=Battersby}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/09/19", "description": "Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra of Thailand declares a state of emergency in Bangkok as members of the Royal Thai Army stage a coup d'\u00e9tat. The army announces the removal of Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra from power.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cctv.com\/english\/20060920\/100287.shtml|title=Coup\">http:\/\/www.cctv.com\/english\/20060920\/100287.shtml|title=Coup<\/a> d\u00b4etat launched in Thailand|publisher=Xinhua News Agency|accessdate=2009-10-10|date=2006-09-20|first=Sun|last=Luying}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/09/29", "description": "Gol Flight 1907 (Boeing 737-800) collides with a business jet over the Amazon Rainforest, killing all 155 on board.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.accessmylibrary.com\/coms2\/summary_0286-19078146_ITM|title=Passports\">http:\/\/www.accessmylibrary.com\/coms2\/summary_0286-19078146_ITM|title=Passports<\/a> of Legacy jet pilots seized pending investigation in Brazil crash.|publisher=Europe Intelligence Wire|accessdate=2009-10-10|date=2006-10-04}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/10/02", "description": "Aleksand\u00ebr Moisiu University was open in Durr\u00ebs, Albania.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/10/09", "description": "North Korea claims to have conducted its first-ever nuclear test.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2006\/oct\/09\/northkorea|title=North\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2006\/oct\/09\/northkorea|title=North<\/a> Korea claims first nuclear test|publisher=The Guardian|date=2006-10-09|accessdate=2009-10-11 | location=London}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/10/13", "description": "South Korean Ban Ki-moon is elected as the new Secretary-General of the United Nations.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/asia-pacific\/5401856.stm|title=Profile:\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/asia-pacific\/5401856.stm|title=Profile:<\/a> Ban Ki-moon|publisher=BBC|date=2006-10-13|accessdate=2009-10-11}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/10/29", "description": "Aviation Development Company Flight 53 crashes shortly after takeoff in Nigeria killing 96 people.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.highbeam.com\/doc\/1Y1-99760948.html|title=Nigerian\">http:\/\/www.highbeam.com\/doc\/1Y1-99760948.html|title=Nigerian<\/a> Union Downplays Pilot Error|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=2009-10-11}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/11/02", "description": "''No. 5, 1948'' by Jackson Pollock becomes the most expensive painting after it was sold privately at $140 million.ref name=quotArtnetquot{{cite web | url= <a href=\"http:\/\/www.artnet.com\/magazineus\/news\/artmarketwatch\/artmarketwatch11-3-06.asp\">http:\/\/www.artnet.com\/magazineus\/news\/artmarketwatch\/artmarketwatch11-3-06.asp<\/a> | title= Art Market Watch | date=November 3, 2006 | accessdate=2006-11-08 | publisher= Artnet}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/11/05", "description": "Former President of Iraq Saddam Hussein is sentenced to death by hanging by the Iraqi Special Tribunal.ref name=quotap burialquot{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.seattlepi.com\/national\/1107AP_Saddam.html\">http:\/\/www.seattlepi.com\/national\/1107AP_Saddam.html<\/a> | title = Saddam buried in village of his birth | agency = Associated Press |date= 2006-12-31 | accessdate = 2006-12-31 | deadurl=yes}} {{dead link|date=July 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/11/08", "description": "Windows Vista Release to Manufacturing is released", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/11/08", "description": "Mercury transits the sun. It is visible from the Americas, Eastern China, Japan, Australia, and Polynesia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/11/12", "description": "The former Soviet republic of South Ossetia holds a referendum on independence from Georgia.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2006\/11\/11\/AR2006111101247.html|title=Georgia:\">http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2006\/11\/11\/AR2006111101247.html|title=Georgia:<\/a> Separatist Vote Illegitimate|agency=Associated Press|first=Maria|last=Danilova|accessdate=2009-10-12|date=2006-11-11|work=The Washington Post}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/11/15", "description": "Al Jazeera launches its English language news channel, ''Al Jazeera English''.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/low\/world\/middle_east\/6149310.stm|title=Al-Jazeera\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/low\/world\/middle_east\/6149310.stm|title=Al-Jazeera<\/a> English hits airwaves|date=2006-11-15|accessdate=2009-11-12 | work=BBC News}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/11/23", "description": "A series of car bombs and mortar attacks in Sadr City, Baghdad, kill at least 215 people and injure 257 other people.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.msnbc.msn.com\/id\/15873863\/|title=Iraqi\">http:\/\/www.msnbc.msn.com\/id\/15873863\/|title=Iraqi<\/a> militias take fiery revenge for slaughter|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=2009-10-12|date=2006-11-25}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/11/30", "description": "Typhoon Durian triggers a massive mudslide and kills at least 720 people in Albay province on the island of Luzon in the Philippines.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.reliefweb.int\/rwarchive\/rwb.nsf\/db900sid\/EKOI-6WF8T8?OpenDocumentamprc=3ampemid=TC-2006-000175-PHL|title=Philippines:\">http:\/\/www.reliefweb.int\/rwarchive\/rwb.nsf\/db900sid\/EKOI-6WF8T8?OpenDocumentamprc=3ampemid=TC-2006-000175-PHL|title=Philippines:<\/a> NDCC media update - Typhoon quotRemingquot (Durian) 13 Dec 2006|publisher=ReliefWeb|accessdate=2009-10-12|date=2006-12-13}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/12/05", "description": "The military seizes power in Fiji, in a coup d'\u00e9tat led by Commodore Josaia Voreqe quotFrankquot Bainimarama.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cctv.com\/english\/20061205\/100939.shtml|title=Fiji\u00b4s\">http:\/\/www.cctv.com\/english\/20061205\/100939.shtml|title=Fiji\u00b4s<\/a> troops seize police weapons|accessdate=2009-10-12|date=2006-12-05|publisher=China Central Television|first=Du|last=Xiaodan}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/12/11", "description": "Felipe Calder\u00f3n sends the Mexican military to combat the drug cartels and put down the violence in the state of Michoac\u00e1n, initiating the Mexican Drug War.{{cite news|last=CNN Wire Staff|title=Mexico's president pledges to continue fighting cartels|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/articles.cnn.com\/2011-12-04\/americas\/world_americas_mexico-president-speech_1_drug-war-strategy-cartels-human-rights?_s=PM:AMERICAS|accessdate=27\">http:\/\/articles.cnn.com\/2011-12-04\/americas\/world_americas_mexico-president-speech_1_drug-war-strategy-cartels-human-rights?_s=PM:AMERICAS|accessdate=27<\/a> January 2012|newspaper=CNN|date=4 December 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/12/13", "description": "The Chinese River Dolphin or Baiji becomes extinct.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2006\/12\/13\/AR2006121302039.html|title=Pollution\">http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2006\/12\/13\/AR2006121302039.html|title=Pollution<\/a> Leaves Beloved Dolphin of Yangtze 'Functionally' Extinct|publisher=The Washington Post|first=Edward|last=Cody|date=2006-12-14|accessdate=2009-10-12}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/12/24", "description": "Ethiopia admits its troops have intervened in Somalia.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/africa\/6207333.stm|title=Ethiopia\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/africa\/6207333.stm|title=Ethiopia<\/a> dismisses Somali threat|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2009-10-13|date=2006-12-24}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/12/26", "description": "An oil pipeline explodes in Nigeria's commercial capital, Lagos, killing at least 200 people.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/apps\/news?pid=20601087ampsid=aknYME.Q75II|title=Nigerian\">http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/apps\/news?pid=20601087ampsid=aknYME.Q75II|title=Nigerian<\/a> Pipeline Explosion Kills at Least 200 (Update1)|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=2009-10-13|date=2006-12-26|first=Helene|last=Fouquet}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2006/12/30", "description": "Basque nationalist group ETA detonates a van bomb at Madrid-Barajas Airport in Madrid, Spain, ending a nine-month ceasefire.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007", "description": "Bulgaria and Romania join the European Union.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007", "description": "South Korea's Ban Ki-moon becomes the new United Nations Secretary-General, replacing Kofi Annan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/01/03", "description": " The People's Republic of China conducts a counter-terrorism raid in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/01/08", "description": " Russian oil supplies to Poland, Germany, and Ukraine are cut as the Russia-Belarus energy dispute escalates they are restored 3 days later.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/01/09", "description": " Apple Inc's CEO and founder, Steve Jobs announces the first generation iPhone, the iPhone 2G", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/01/12", "description": " Comet C\/2006 P1 (McNaught), the brightest comet in more than 40 years, makes perihelion.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/01/13", "description": " The Greek ship ''Server'' breaks in half off the Norwegian coast, releasing over 200 tons of crude oil.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/01/14", "description": " The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement adopts the Red Crystal as a non-religious emblem for use in its overseas operations.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/01/17", "description": " Protests occur in India and the United Kingdom against the British series of ''Celebrity Big Brother'', after Jade Goody, Danielle Lloyd and Jo O'Meara were allegedly racially abusive towards Bollywood star Shilpa Shetty.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/01/19", "description": " The State of Israel releases $100 million in frozen assets to President Mahmoud Abbas of the Palestinian National Authority, in order to bolster the president's position.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/transcripts.cnn.com\/TRANSCRIPTS\/0612\/23\/tww.01.html\">http:\/\/transcripts.cnn.com\/TRANSCRIPTS\/0612\/23\/tww.01.html<\/a> |title=CNN.com ampndash Transcripts |publisher=Transcripts.cnn.com |date= |accessdate=2008-10-06}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/01/19", "description": "Chinese President Hu Jintao signs a series of economic deals with Sudan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/01/19", "description": "Martti Ahtisaari unveils a United Nations plan for the final status of Kosovo Serbian leaders denounce the proposal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/01/19", "description": "The IPCC publishes its fourth assessment report, having concluded that global climate change is ampquotvery likelyampquot to have a predominantly human cause.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/02/13", "description": " North Korea agrees to shut down its nuclear facilities in Yongbyon by April 14 as a first step towards complete denuclearization, receiving in return energy aid equivalent to 50,000 tons of heavy fuel oil.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/english.kbs.co.kr\/news\/newsview_sub.php?menu=1ampkey=2007021324\">http:\/\/english.kbs.co.kr\/news\/newsview_sub.php?menu=1ampkey=2007021324<\/a> |title=KBS Global |publisher=English.kbs.co.kr |date= |accessdate=2011-05-21}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/02/26", "description": " The International Court of Justice finds Serbia guilty of failing to prevent genocide in the Srebrenica massacre, but clears it of direct responsibility and complicity in the case.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/02/27", "description": " The Chinese Correction: World stock markets plummet after China and Europe release less-than-expected growth reports.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/02/28", "description": " The New Horizons space probe makes a gravitational slingshot against Jupiter, which changes its trajectory towards Pluto.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/03/01", "description": " The International Polar Year, a $1.5 billion research program to study both the North Pole and South Pole, is launched in Paris.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/03/08", "description": " Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert admits that Israel had planned an attack on Lebanon in the event of kidnapped soldiers on the border, months before Hezbollah carried out its kidnapping.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/03/23", "description": " Naval forces of Iran's Revolutionary Guard seize Royal Navy personnel in disputed Iran-Iraq waters.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/03/27", "description": " Prime Minister of Latvia Aigars Kalvitis and Prime minister of Russia Mikhail Fradkov finally sign a border treaty between Latvia and Russia.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/04/03", "description": " ''Second Orange Revolution'': The President of Ukraine, Viktor Yushchenko, dissolves the Ukrainian Parliament, following defections that increased the majority of his opponents.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/04/04", "description": " ''2007 Iranian seizure of Royal Navy personnel'': The government of the Islamic Republic of Iran announces that they will release the group of imprisoned British sailors and Marines that were captured by them on March 23.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/04/14", "description": " Retired Russian chess champion Garry Kasparov, is detained in Moscow after participating in a banned protest march against the President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/04/16", "description": " ''Virginia Tech massacre'': Seung-Hui Cho, a South Korean expatriate student, shoots and kills 32 people at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, before committing suicide, resulting in the deadliest shooting incident by a single gunman in United States history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/04/24", "description": " Gliese 581 c, a potentially Earth-like extrasolar planet habitable for life, is discovered in the constellation Libra.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2007/04/26", "description": " ''Bronze Night'': Russians riot in the city of Tallinn, Estonia, about moving the Bronze Soldier war memorial, a Soviet World War II memorial. 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The Boy Scout is injured, but after a scuffle police arrest the attacker.{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2008\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/01\/08\/maldives.assassination.attempt\/index.html|title=Boy\">http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2008\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/01\/08\/maldives.assassination.attempt\/index.html|title=Boy<\/a> Scout foils attack on Maldives president|date=January 8, 2008|publisher=CNN|accessdate=November 21, 2008|archiveurl = <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080112130942\/http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2008\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/01\/08\/maldives.assassination.attempt\/index.html\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080112130942\/http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2008\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/01\/08\/maldives.assassination.attempt\/index.html<\/a> |archivedate = January 12, 2008|deadurl=yes}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/01/12", "description": "A Macedonian Army Mil Mi-17 helicopter crashes in thick fog southeast of Skopje, killing all 11 military personnel on board.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/micnews.com.mk\/node\/12061|title=11\">http:\/\/micnews.com.mk\/node\/12061|title=11<\/a> ARM soldiers die in copter crash|publisher=Macedonian Information Centre|accessdate=2008-11-05}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/01/14", "description": "At 19:04:39 UTC, the MESSENGER space probe is at its closest approach during its first flyby of the planet Mercury.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/messenger.jhuapl.edu\/mer_flyby1.html\">http:\/\/messenger.jhuapl.edu\/mer_flyby1.html<\/a> |title=Mercury Flyby 1 |accessdate = 2008-01-12 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/01/15", "description": "The Federal Court of Australia orders a Japanese whaling company to stop research whaling within their Exclusive Economic Zone.{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/asia-pacific\/7188674.stm|title=Japan\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/asia-pacific\/7188674.stm|title=Japan<\/a> whaling illegal, court says |date=January 15, 2008|publisher=BBC|accessdate=November 21, 2008| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081201083823\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/asia-pacific\/7188674.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081201083823\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/asia-pacific\/7188674.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 1 December 2008 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/01/21", "description": "Stock markets around the world plunge amid growing fears of a U.S. recession, fueled by the 2007 subprime mortgage crisis.{{Cite news|author=Landler, Mark and Timmons, Heather |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2008\/01\/21\/business\/22stox-web.html|title=Stocks\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2008\/01\/21\/business\/22stox-web.html|title=Stocks<\/a> Plunge Worldwide on Fears of a U.S. Recession |date=January 21, 2008|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=November 21, 2008| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081211195300\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2008\/01\/21\/business\/22stox-web.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081211195300\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2008\/01\/21\/business\/22stox-web.html|<\/a> archivedate= 11 December 2008 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/01/22", "description": "Russia stages the largest naval exercise since the fall of the Soviet Union in the Bay of Biscay. The Russian aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov, along with 11 support vessels and 47 long-range bomber aircraft, practises strike tactics off the coast of France and Spain, and test-launches nuclear-capable missiles in foreign waters.{{Cite news|author=Halpin, Tony |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/news\/world\/europe\/article3234607.ece|title=RAF\">http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/news\/world\/europe\/article3234607.ece|title=RAF<\/a> alert as Russia stages huge naval exercise in Bay of Biscay|date=January 23, 2008|publisher=TimesOnline|accessdate=November 21, 2008 | location=London}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/01/22", "description": "Polish Air Force EADS CASA C-295 crashes on approach to the 12th Air Base near Miros\u0142awiec. All 20 personnel on board die.ampamp{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/europe\/7205810.stm|title=No\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/europe\/7205810.stm|title=No<\/a> survivors in Polish air crash |date=January 24, 2008|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=November 21, 2008| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081217020620\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/europe\/7205810.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081217020620\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/europe\/7205810.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 17 December 2008 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/01/22", "description": "Thousands of Palestinians cross into Egypt, as the border wall with Gaza in Rafah is blown up by militants.ampamp{{Cite news|author=McCarthy, Rory |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2008\/jan\/24\/egypt.israelandthepalestinians|title=Palestinians\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2008\/jan\/24\/egypt.israelandthepalestinians|title=Palestinians<\/a> pour into Egypt after militants blow hole in border barrier|date=January 24, 2008|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=November 21, 2008 | location=London}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/01/24", "description": "A peace deal ends the Kivu war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/7204898.stm|title=Eastern\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/7204898.stm|title=Eastern<\/a> Congo peace deal signed |date=January 23, 2008|publisher=BBC|accessdate=November 2008| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081217020749\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/7204898.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081217020749\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/7204898.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 17 December 2008 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/01/25", "description": "China's worst snowstorm since 1954 kills 133, delays traffic, and causes massive power outages in central and southern parts of the country.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/apps\/news?pid=20601087ampsid=aYjkVz76Icskamprefer=home\">http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/apps\/news?pid=20601087ampsid=aYjkVz76Icskamprefer=home<\/a> |title=China Snowstorms Kill 24, Cause Loss of $3 Billion (Update3)|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=2008-11-05|date=January 29, 2008}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/01/29", "description": "Iran's judiciary sentences to prison 54 Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith followers for quotanti-regime propagandaquot.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/afp\/20080129\/wl_afp\/iranjusticereligionbahai_080129141019\">http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/afp\/20080129\/wl_afp\/iranjusticereligionbahai_080129141019<\/a> |title=Iran sentences Bahai religious followers for 'anti-regime propaganda' |publisher=AFP |archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080202055728\/http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/afp\/20080129\/wl_afp\/iranjusticereligionbahai_080129141019\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080202055728\/http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/afp\/20080129\/wl_afp\/iranjusticereligionbahai_080129141019<\/a> |archivedate=2008-02-02}}<a href=\"http:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/newsfull.php?newid=84239\">http:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/newsfull.php?newid=84239<\/a> Iran sentences Bahais for 'anti-regime propaganda'{{dead link|date=August 2011}}, Aljazeera", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/02", "description": "Rebels attack the capital of Chad, N'Djamena.{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2008\/02\/03\/world\/africa\/03chad.html|title=Gun\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2008\/02\/03\/world\/africa\/03chad.html|title=Gun<\/a> Battles in Chad\u2019s Capital as Rebel Forces Storm In | work=The New York Times | first=Lydia | last=Polgreen | date=February 3, 2008 | accessdate=April 14, 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/02", "description": "Iran opens its first space center and launches a rocket into space.ampampampquotIran Opens Space Center, Launches Rocketampquot, Associated Pressampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/02", "description": "A Palestinian suicide bomber kills 1 and wounds 13 in a Dimona, Israel shopping center.ampampampquotDimona bombing: Suicide attack in Israel first in a yearampquot, Associated Pressampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/05", "description": "U.S. stock market indices plunge more than 3% after a report shows signs of economic recession in the service sector. The SampP 500 fall 3.2%, The Dow Jones Industrial Average drops 370 points.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/biz.yahoo.com\/ap\/080205\/wall_street.html|title=Stocks\">http:\/\/biz.yahoo.com\/ap\/080205\/wall_street.html|title=Stocks<\/a> Plunge on Service Sector Weakness |publisher=AFP |archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080208145814\/http:\/\/biz.yahoo.com\/ap\/080205\/wall_street.html|archivedate=2008-02-08}}\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080208145814\/http:\/\/biz.yahoo.com\/ap\/080205\/wall_street.html|archivedate=2008-02-08}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/05", "description": "February 6 \u2013 A tornado outbreak, the deadliest in 23 years, kills 58 in the Southern United States.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.srh.noaa.gov\/mob\/020608Storm\/|title=Super\">http:\/\/www.srh.noaa.gov\/mob\/020608Storm\/|title=Super<\/a> Tuesday Tornado Outbreak |publisher=NOAA|accessdate=November 21, 2008 |archiveurl = <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080328074053\/http:\/\/www.srh.noaa.gov\/mob\/020608Storm\/\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080328074053\/http:\/\/www.srh.noaa.gov\/mob\/020608Storm\/<\/a> |archivedate = March 28, 2008}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/07", "description": "''STS-122'': Space Shuttle Atlantis launches to deliver the European-built Columbus science laboratory to the International Space Station.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/shuttle\/shuttlemissions\/sts122\/main\/|title=Mission\">http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/shuttle\/shuttlemissions\/sts122\/main\/|title=Mission<\/a> Information |publisher=NASA|accessdate=November 21, 2008| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081219165616\/http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/shuttle\/shuttlemissions\/sts122\/main\/|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081219165616\/http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/shuttle\/shuttlemissions\/sts122\/main\/|<\/a> archivedate= 19 December 2008 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/10", "description": "The 2008 Namdaemun fire severely damages Namdaemun, the first National Treasure of South Korea.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/english.yonhapnews.co.kr\/national\/2008\/02\/11\/73\/0302000000AEN20080211002100315F.HTML|title=Koreans\">http:\/\/english.yonhapnews.co.kr\/national\/2008\/02\/11\/73\/0302000000AEN20080211002100315F.HTML|title=Koreans<\/a> mourn fall of Namdaemun, national treasure No.1 |date=February 11, 2008|publisher=Yonhap News|accessdate=November 21, 2008}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/11", "description": "President of East Timor Jos\u00e9 Ramos-Horta is seriously wounded in an attack on his home by rebel soldiers. Rebel leader Alfredo Reinado is killed by Ramos-Horta's security guards during the attack.{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.theage.com.au\/news\/world\/attack-on-ramoshorta\/2008\/02\/11\/1202578640733.html\">http:\/\/www.theage.com.au\/news\/world\/attack-on-ramoshorta\/2008\/02\/11\/1202578640733.html<\/a> | location=Melbourne | work=The Age | first=Jill | last=Jolliffe | title=Critical Ramos Horta on life support | date=February 11, 2008| accessdate= 8 July 2011 !--DASHBot--}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/11", "description": "PDVSA, a state oil company in Venezuela, suspends sales of crude oil to ExxonMobil, in response to a legal challenge by them.ampamp{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/companyNews\/idUSSP10958920080213|title=Update\">http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/companyNews\/idUSSP10958920080213|title=Update<\/a> 9-Oil rises as Venezuela cuts off Exxon Mobil|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2008-11-05 | date=February 13, 2008|first=Matthew|last=Robinson}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/11", "description": "Bridgestone, under investigation for an alleged price-fixing cartel, uncovers improper payments of at least 150 million Japanese yen to foreign governments and withdraws from the marine hose business.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/apps\/news?pid=20601101ampampsid=aGoTPCIp_S0campamprefer=japan|title=Bridgestone\">http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/apps\/news?pid=20601101ampampsid=aGoTPCIp_S0campamprefer=japan|title=Bridgestone<\/a> Uncovers `Improper Payments' in Probe (Update3) |publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=2008-11-05|date=February 12, 2008}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/13", "description": "Prime Minister Kevin Rudd of Australia delivers a formal apology to the Stolen Generations.{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/news\/national\/rudd-says-sorry\/2008\/02\/13\/1202760342960.html\">http:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/news\/national\/rudd-says-sorry\/2008\/02\/13\/1202760342960.html<\/a> | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | title=Kevin Rudd says sorry | date=February 13, 2008| accessdate= 8 July 2011 !--DASHBot--}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/17", "description": "Kosovo formally declares independence from Serbia, with support from some countries but opposition from others.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/apps\/news?pid=20601087ampsid=anGy1wIN83Sgamprefer=home|title=BU.S.,\">http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/apps\/news?pid=20601087ampsid=anGy1wIN83Sgamprefer=home|title=BU.S.,<\/a> Europeans at Security Council Back Kosovo's Independence|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=2008-11-05|date=February 17, 2008}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/17", "description": "The British government introduces emergency legislation temporarily to nationalize Northern Rock, the 5th largest mortgage bank in the UK, due to the bank's financial crisis.ampamp{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/businessNews\/idUSL1832258520080218|title=Brown\">http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/businessNews\/idUSL1832258520080218|title=Brown<\/a> fights backlash over Northern Rock|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2008-11-05 | date=February 18, 2008}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/17", "description": "A general election is held in Pakistan, delayed from January 8 due to riots in the wake of the assassination of Benazir Bhutto. Opposition parties, including Bhutto's, take more than half of the seats, while President Pervez Musharraf's party suffers a huge defeat.ampamp{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/south_asia\/7254124.stm|title=Musharraf\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/south_asia\/7254124.stm|title=Musharraf<\/a> rules out resignation|publisher=BBC News|date=Last Updated: |accessdate=2008-11-05| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081217020741\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/south_asia\/7254124.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081217020741\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/south_asia\/7254124.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 17 December 2008 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/17", "description": "Fidel Castro announces his resignation as President of Cuba, effective  February 24.ampamp{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/7252109.stm|title=Castro\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/7252109.stm|title=Castro<\/a> steps down as Cuban leader|date=February 19, 2008|publisher=BBC|accessdate=November 21, 2008| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081122101026\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/7252109.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081122101026\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/7252109.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 22 November 2008 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/17", "description": "The United States Navy destroys a spy satellite containing toxic fuel, by shooting it down with a missile launched from the ''USS Lake Erie'' in the Pacific Ocean.ampamp{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/afp.google.com\/article\/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|title=Satellite\">http:\/\/afp.google.com\/article\/ALeqM5gXfTZB0a8NU_H4vSMdlS6YxBeTow|title=Satellite<\/a> strike shows US missile defense works|date=February 21, 2008 |accessdate=2008-11-05}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/17", "description": "A total lunar eclipse crosses North and South America, Europe, Africa, and Southwest Asia.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov\/LEmono\/TLE2008Feb21\/TLE2008Feb21.html|title=Total\">http:\/\/eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov\/LEmono\/TLE2008Feb21\/TLE2008Feb21.html|title=Total<\/a> Lunar Eclipse: February 20, 2008|publisher=NASA|accessdate=November 21, 2008 |archiveurl = <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604072323\/http:\/\/eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov\/LEmono\/TLE2008Feb21\/TLE2008Feb21.html\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080604072323\/http:\/\/eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov\/LEmono\/TLE2008Feb21\/TLE2008Feb21.html<\/a> |archivedate = June 4, 2008}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/17", "description": "Former building society Northern Rock is the first bank in Europe to be taken into state control, due to the U.S. subprime mortgage financial crisis.ampamp{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/uk_news\/politics\/7258492.stm|title=Northern\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/uk_news\/politics\/7258492.stm|title=Northern<\/a> Rock now in public hands |date=February 22, 2008|publisher=BBC|accessdate=November 21, 2008| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081122223655\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/uk_news\/politics\/7258492.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081122223655\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/uk_news\/politics\/7258492.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 22 November 2008 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/17", "description": "No survivors are found after a rescue helicopter discovers the wreckage of Santa B\u00e1rbara Airlines Flight 518 just northeast of M\u00e9rida, Venezuela. The commercial plane had 46 people on board, including crew.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/afp.google.com\/article\/ALeqM5juSV3gb4SkWKbblKA-rYTp6j0CoA|title=Venezuela\">http:\/\/afp.google.com\/article\/ALeqM5juSV3gb4SkWKbblKA-rYTp6j0CoA|title=Venezuela<\/a> investigates cause of fatal plane crash: Chavez|date=February 22, 2008|publisher=Agence France Presse (AFP)|accessdate=November 21, 2008| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081015131900\/http:\/\/afp.google.com\/article\/ALeqM5juSV3gb4SkWKbblKA-rYTp6j0CoA|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081015131900\/http:\/\/afp.google.com\/article\/ALeqM5juSV3gb4SkWKbblKA-rYTp6j0CoA|<\/a> archivedate= 15 October 2008 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/24", "description": "Ra\u00fal Castro is unanimously elected as President of Cuba by the National Assembly.{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/7261204.stm|title=Raul\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/7261204.stm|title=Raul<\/a> Castro named Cuban president|date=February 25, 2008|publisher=BBC|accessdate=November 21, 2008| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081122101021\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/7261204.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081122101021\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/7261204.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 22 November 2008 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/02/24", "description": "March\u2013April \u2013 Rising food and fuel prices trigger riots and unrest in the Third World.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/03/01", "description": "In Gaza Strip, at least 52 Palestinians and 2 Israeli soldiers are killed in the most intense Israeli air strikes since 2005.{{Cite news|author=Witte, Griff|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2008\/03\/02\/AR2008030200217.html|title=Palestinian\">http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2008\/03\/02\/AR2008030200217.html|title=Palestinian<\/a> president suspends peace talks|date=March 3, 2008|publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=March 15, 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/03/02", "description": "2008 Andean diplomatic crisis: Venezuela and Ecuador move troops to the Colombian border, following a Colombian raid against FARC guerrillas inside Ecuador's national territory, in which senior commander Ra\u00fal Reyes is killed.{{Cite news|author=James, Ian |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/seattletimes.nwsource.com\/html\/nationworld\/2004255911_webrebel02.html|title=Venezuela,\">http:\/\/seattletimes.nwsource.com\/html\/nationworld\/2004255911_webrebel02.html|title=Venezuela,<\/a> Ecuador sending troops to border 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efforts|date=March 6, 2008|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=March 15, 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/03/09", "description": "The first European Space Agency Automated Transfer Vehicle, a cargo spacecraft for the International Space Station, launches from Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.esa.int\/esaCP\/SEMDYOK26DF_index_0.html|title=Europe\">http:\/\/www.esa.int\/esaCP\/SEMDYOK26DF_index_0.html|title=Europe<\/a> launches its first resupply ship to the ISS|date=March 9, 2008|publisher=European Space Agency|accessdate=March 15, 2009|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5gwsTGNcU|archivedate=2009-05-21|deadurl=no}}\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5gwsTGNcU|archivedate=2009-05-21|deadurl=no}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/03/14", "description": "Demonstrations by Tibetan separatists turn violent as rioters target government and Han Chinese-owned buildings.", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/03/15", "description": "A gun factory explosion in G\u00ebrdec, Albania, kills more than 30. 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"The Privy Council of Sark dismantles its feudal system to comply with the European Convention on Human Rights.{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/europe\/guernsey\/7339172.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/europe\/guernsey\/7339172.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title=Sark democracy plans are approved | date=April 9, 2008| accessdate= 8 July 2011 !--DASHBot--}} and the first elections under the new law will be held in December 2008 and the new chamber will first convene in January 2009.{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.time.com\/time\/world\/article\/0,8599,1704703,00.html\">http:\/\/www.time.com\/time\/world\/article\/0,8599,1704703,00.html<\/a> | work=Time | first=Eben | last=Harrell | title=A Revolution Not Televised | date=January 17, 2008| accessdate= 8 July 2011 !--DASHBot--}}{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/podcast.timesonline.co.uk\/serve.php\/1503\/thebugle13.mp3\">http:\/\/podcast.timesonline.co.uk\/serve.php\/1503\/thebugle13.mp3<\/a> | location=London | work=The Times|archiveurl = <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110726034749\/http:\/\/podcast.timesonline.co.uk\/serve.php\/1503\/thebugle13.mp3\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110726034749\/http:\/\/podcast.timesonline.co.uk\/serve.php\/1503\/thebugle13.mp3<\/a> |archivedate = July 26, 2011|deadurl=yes}}{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/europe\/guernsey\/7258214.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/europe\/guernsey\/7258214.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title=Sark agrees switch to democracy | date=February 22, 2008| accessdate= 8 July 2011 !--DASHBot--}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/04/15", "description": "A Hewa Bora Airways DC-9 crashes into a residential area of Goma, Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "lang": "en", 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href=\"http:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/PSLV-C9_places_10_satellites_into_orbit\/articleshow\/2989685.cms|title=India\">http:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/PSLV-C9_places_10_satellites_into_orbit\/articleshow\/2989685.cms|title=India<\/a> setting world record by sending 10 satellites into orbit | work=The Times Of India | date=April 28, 2008| accessdate= 8 July 2011 amp!--DASHBot--amp}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/04/27", "description": "71 die in a train crash in Shandong, China.ampamp{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/asia-pacific\/7370375.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/asia-pacific\/7370375.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title='Dozens die' in China train crash | date=April 28, 2008| accessdate= 8 July 2011 amp!--DASHBot--amp}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/05/03", "description": "Over 133,000 in Burma\/Myanmar are killed 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"year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/07/22", "description": "The United Progressive Alliance-led government in India survives a crucial no-confidence vote, based on disagreements between the Indian National Congress and Left Front, over the Indo-US nuclear deal.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/07/23", "description": "Ram Baran Yadav is sworn in as the first President of Nepal.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nepalnews.com\/archive\/2008\/jul\/jul21\/news14.php|title=Nepalnews.com|archiveurl\">http:\/\/www.nepalnews.com\/archive\/2008\/jul\/jul21\/news14.php|title=Nepalnews.com|archiveurl<\/a> = <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110624034249\/http:\/\/www.nepalnews.com\/archive\/2008\/jul\/jul21\/news14.php\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110624034249\/http:\/\/www.nepalnews.com\/archive\/2008\/jul\/jul21\/news14.php<\/a> |archivedate = June 24, 2011|deadurl=yes}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/07/25", "description": "A series of seven bomb blasts rock Bangalore, India, killing two and injuring 20 the next day, a series of bomb blasts in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India, kills 45 and injures over 160 people.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/07/27", "description": "At least 17 are killed and over 154 wounded in 2 blasts in Istanbul.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/07/28", "description": "At least 48 are dead and over 287 injured after bombs explode in Baghdad and Kirkuk, Iraq.{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/World\/26_killed_in_bomb_attacks_in_Baghdad\/articleshow\/3296178.cms|title=26\">http:\/\/timesofindia.indiatimes.com\/World\/26_killed_in_bomb_attacks_in_Baghdad\/articleshow\/3296178.cms|title=26<\/a> killed in bombing attacks in Baghdad|date=July 28, 2008|publisher=Times of 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href=\"http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/worldNews\/idINIndia-35630720080924|title=Vietnam\">http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/worldNews\/idINIndia-35630720080924|title=Vietnam<\/a> bars boats from Halong Bay ahead of typhoon | work=Reuters | date=September 24, 2008| accessdate= 8 July 2011 !--DASHBot--}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/09/20", "description": "A suicide truck bomb explosion destroys the Marriott Hotel in Islamabad, Pakistan, killing at least 60 and injuring 266.{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/nytimes.com\/reuters\/world\/international-pakistan-blast.html|title=At\">http:\/\/nytimes.com\/reuters\/world\/international-pakistan-blast.html|title=At<\/a> Least 40 Killed in Huge Explosion at Pakistan Hotel | work=The New York Times| accessdate= 8 July 2011 !--DASHBot--}} {{Dead link|date=August 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2008\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/09\/20\/pakistan.islamabad.marriott.blast\/|title=Deadly\">http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2008\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/09\/20\/pakistan.islamabad.marriott.blast\/|title=Deadly<\/a> blast targets Marriott Hotel in Islamabad | work=CNN | accessdate=April 14, 2010 | date=September 21, 2008}}{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/south_asia\/7627135.stm|title=Dozens\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/south_asia\/7627135.stm|title=Dozens<\/a> killed in Pakistan attack | work=BBC News | date=2008-09-20 | accessdate=2010-01-01}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/09/25", "description": "Shenzhou 7, the third manned Chinese spaceflight and the first with three crew members, is successfully launched. China becomes the third country ever to conduct a spacewalk.{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/science\/nature\/7637818.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/science\/nature\/7637818.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title=Chinese astronaut walks in space | date=September 27, 2008| accessdate= 8 July 2011 !--DASHBot--}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/09/28", "description": "SpaceX Falcon 1 becomes the world's first privately developed space launch vehicle to successfully make orbit.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/spacex.com\/F1-004.php|title=Space\">http:\/\/spacex.com\/F1-004.php|title=Space<\/a> Exploration Technologies Corporation \u2013 Falcon 1 Flight 4| accessdate= 8 July 2011 !--DASHBot--| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110725225434\/http:\/\/www.spacex.com\/F1-004.php|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110725225434\/http:\/\/www.spacex.com\/F1-004.php|<\/a> archivedate= 25 July 2011| deadurl= no}}{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/science\/nature\/7641287.stm|title=Falcon\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/science\/nature\/7641287.stm|title=Falcon<\/a> rocket success for SpaceX | work=BBC News | date=2008-09-29 | accessdate=2010-01-01}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/09/29", "description": "The DOW loses 777 points, the biggest one-day point decline ever. The drop came after the House of Representatives voted down a $700 billion bank bailout plan.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/09/30", "description": "A Jodhpur temple stampede in western India kills over 224 people, and injures 400.{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/south_asia\/7648104.stm|title=India\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/south_asia\/7648104.stm|title=India<\/a> stampede death toll rises|date=2 October|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-11-03| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081005081130\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/south_asia\/7648104.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081005081130\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/south_asia\/7648104.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 5 October 2008 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2008\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/09\/29\/india.stampede\/|title=India\">http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2008\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/09\/29\/india.stampede\/|title=India<\/a> temple stampede kills 147|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2008-10-31 | date=September 30, 2008}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/10/03", "description": "Global financial crisis: U.S. President George W. Bush signs the revised Emergency Economic Stabilization Act into law, creating a 700 billion dollar Treasury fund to purchase failing bank assets.ref name = quotAssociated Press-Raum-2008-10-03quotRaum, Tom (October 3, 2008) <a href=\"http:\/\/ap.google.com\/article\/ALeqM5hT-MwpK6QSoOPF74bGFqnUl_HVuwD93J6ND00\">http:\/\/ap.google.com\/article\/ALeqM5hT-MwpK6QSoOPF74bGFqnUl_HVuwD93J6ND00<\/a> Bush signs $700 billion bailout bill ''Associated Press'' . 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deadurl= no}}ampampampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/pdf\/208300main_Factsheet_Rev11-07.pdf|title=APL\">http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/pdf\/208300main_Factsheet_Rev11-07.pdf|title=APL<\/a>'s MESSENGER fact sheet|format=PDF| accessdate= 8 July 2011 amp!--DASHBot--amp| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110609102858\/http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/pdf\/208300main_Factsheet_Rev11-07.pdf|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110609102858\/http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/pdf\/208300main_Factsheet_Rev11-07.pdf|<\/a> archivedate= 9 June 2011| deadurl= no}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/10/03", "description": "An earthquake measuring 6.6 magnitude kills at least 65 in Kyrgyzstan.ampamp{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/asia-pacific\/7653979.stm|title=Deadly\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/asia-pacific\/7653979.stm|title=Deadly<\/a> earthquake hits Kyrgyzstan|date= 6 October 2008|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-10-08| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081007073125\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/asia-pacific\/7653979.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081007073125\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/asia-pacific\/7653979.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 7 October 2008 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/10/03", "description": "Symantec acquired PC Tools for $262,000,000.ampref name=ampquothttpampquotamp{{cite web |accessdate=2010-09-06 |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/services.corporate-ir.net\/SEC\/Document.Service?id=P3VybD1odHRwOi8vaXIuaW50Lndlc3RsYXdidXNpbmVzcy5jb20vZG9jdW1lbnQvdjEvMDAwMDk1MDEzNC0wOS0wMTE2MzgvZG9jL1N5bWFudGVjXzEwS18yMDA5MDYwMS5wZGYmdHlwZT0yJmZuPVN5bWFudGVjXzEwS18yMDA5MDYwMS5wZGY=\">http:\/\/services.corporate-ir.net\/SEC\/Document.Service?id=P3VybD1odHRwOi8vaXIuaW50Lndlc3RsYXdidXNpbmVzcy5jb20vZG9jdW1lbnQvdjEvMDAwMDk1MDEzNC0wOS0wMTE2MzgvZG9jL1N5bWFudGVjXzEwS18yMDA5MDYwMS5wZGYmdHlwZT0yJmZuPVN5bWFudGVjXzEwS18yMDA5MDYwMS5wZGY=<\/a> |format=PDF |title=SEC Form 10-K, Symantec Corp, period: April 03, 2009, p. 82 |publisher=Symantec |date=2009-06-01}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/10/03", "description": "Global financial crisis: Russia agrees to provide Iceland with a four-billion-euro loan.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sedlabanki.is\/?PageID=287ampampNewsID=1869\">http:\/\/www.sedlabanki.is\/?PageID=287ampampNewsID=1869<\/a> |title=Central Bank of Iceland, 'ampamp#39The Foreign Exchange Reserves of the Central Bank of Iceland bolstered'ampamp#39 (07.10.2008 No. 31\/2008) |publisher=Sedlabanki.is |date= |accessdate=2011-04-03| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110429011058\/http:\/\/www.sedlabanki.is\/?PageID=287ampampNewsID=1869|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110429011058\/http:\/\/www.sedlabanki.is\/?PageID=287ampampNewsID=1869|<\/a> archivedate= 29 April 2011 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampampampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sedlabanki.is\/?PageID=287ampampNewsID=1874\">http:\/\/www.sedlabanki.is\/?PageID=287ampampNewsID=1874<\/a> |title=Central Bank of Iceland, 'ampamp#39Foreign exchange reserves'ampamp#39 (07.10.2008 No. 33\/2008) |publisher=Sedlabanki.is |date= |accessdate=2011-04-03| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110429011102\/http:\/\/www.sedlabanki.is\/?PageID=287ampampNewsID=1874|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110429011102\/http:\/\/www.sedlabanki.is\/?PageID=287ampampNewsID=1874|<\/a> archivedate= 29 April 2011 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/10/03", "description": "The meteoroid 2008 TCampsubamp3amp\/subamp impacts Earth, becoming the first such object to be discovered prior to impact.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.discovermagazine.com\/badastronomy\/2008\/10\/06\/incoming-2\/|title=Incoming!!!|accessdate=2008-10-08|\">http:\/\/blogs.discovermagazine.com\/badastronomy\/2008\/10\/06\/incoming-2\/|title=Incoming!!!|accessdate=2008-10-08|<\/a> archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081007190747\/http:\/\/blogs.discovermagazine.com\/badastronomy\/2008\/10\/06\/incoming-2\/|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081007190747\/http:\/\/blogs.discovermagazine.com\/badastronomy\/2008\/10\/06\/incoming-2\/|<\/a> archivedate= 7 October 2008 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/10/09", "description": "Global financial crisis: Following a major banking and financial crisis in Iceland, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority takes control of the three largest banks in the country: Kaupthing Bank,{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.fme.is\/?PageID=581ampNewsID=340\">http:\/\/www.fme.is\/?PageID=581ampNewsID=340<\/a> |title=The Financial Supervisory Authority \u2013 Iceland, 'amp#39News: Based on New Legislation, the Icelandic Financial Supervisory Authority (FME) Proceeds to take Control of Kaup\u00feing to ensure Continued Commercial Bank 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href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110513122030\/http:\/\/www.fme.is\/?PageID=581ampNewsID=337|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110513122030\/http:\/\/www.fme.is\/?PageID=581ampNewsID=337|<\/a> archivedate= 13 May 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}<a href=\"http:\/\/www.glitnir.is\/english\/about-glitnir\/news\/detail\/item15927\/Glitnir\">http:\/\/www.glitnir.is\/english\/about-glitnir\/news\/detail\/item15927\/Glitnir<\/a>'s_Operations_Continued_\u2013_Larus_Welding_to_continue_as_CEO\/ Glitnir Bank, ''News: Glitnir's Operations Continued \u2013 L\u00e1rus Welding to continue as CEO'' (08.10.2008) {{dead link|date=September 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/10/12", "description": "Craig Lowndes and Jamie Whincup win the 2008 Supercheap Auto Bathurst 1000 for Ford and Triple 8.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/10/14", "description": "Canadian federal election, 2008: Prime Minister Stephen Harper is re-elected with a stronger minority government.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/10/17", "description": "The United Nations General Assembly elects Turkey, Austria, Japan, Uganda, and Mexico to two-year terms on the Security Council.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/un.org\/News\/Press\/docs\/\/2008\/ga10768.doc.htm|title=General\">http:\/\/un.org\/News\/Press\/docs\/\/2008\/ga10768.doc.htm|title=General<\/a> assembly elects Austria, Japan, Mexico, Turkey, Uganda|date=October 17, 2008|publisher=UN General Assembly|accessdate=2008-10-19| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081021033116\/http:\/\/www.un.org\/News\/Press\/docs\/\/2008\/ga10768.doc.htm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081021033116\/http:\/\/www.un.org\/News\/Press\/docs\/\/2008\/ga10768.doc.htm|<\/a> archivedate= 21 October 2008 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/10/21", "description": "The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is officially inaugurated. It is a collaboration of over 10,000 scientists and engineers from over 100 countries as well as hundreds of universities and laboratories.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/press.web.cern.ch\/press\/PressReleases\/Releases2008\/PR16.08E.html|title=CERN\">http:\/\/press.web.cern.ch\/press\/PressReleases\/Releases2008\/PR16.08E.html|title=CERN<\/a> inaugurates the LHC|date=October 21, 2008|publisher=CERN|accessdate=2008-10-24| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081025014629\/http:\/\/press.web.cern.ch\/press\/PressReleases\/Releases2008\/PR16.08E.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081025014629\/http:\/\/press.web.cern.ch\/press\/PressReleases\/Releases2008\/PR16.08E.html|<\/a> archivedate= 25 October 2008 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/press.web.cern.ch\/press\/PressReleases\/Releases2008\/PR12.08E.html|title=LHC\">http:\/\/press.web.cern.ch\/press\/PressReleases\/Releases2008\/PR12.08E.html|title=LHC<\/a> to be inaugurated on 21 October 2008| accessdate= 8 July 2011 !--DASHBot--| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110706224332\/http:\/\/press.web.cern.ch\/press\/PressReleases\/Releases2008\/PR12.08E.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110706224332\/http:\/\/press.web.cern.ch\/press\/PressReleases\/Releases2008\/PR12.08E.html|<\/a> archivedate= 6 July 2011| deadurl= no}}{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/lhc-first-beam.web.cern.ch\/lhc%2Dfirst%2Dbeam\/News\/FinalLHCsyncTest.html|title=Final\">http:\/\/lhc-first-beam.web.cern.ch\/lhc%2Dfirst%2Dbeam\/News\/FinalLHCsyncTest.html|title=Final<\/a> LHC Synchronization Test a Success| accessdate= 8 July 2011 !--DASHBot--}}{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/earth\/main.jhtml?xml=\/earth\/2008\/09\/16\/sciwriters116.xml|title=Large\">http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/earth\/main.jhtml?xml=\/earth\/2008\/09\/16\/sciwriters116.xml|title=Large<\/a> Hadron Collider: thirteen ways to change the world | work=The Daily Telegraph | location=London | date=September 16, 2008 | accessdate=April 14, 2010 | first=James | last=Delingpole}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/10/22", "description": "The Indian Space Research Organisation successfully launches the Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft on a lunar exploration mission.{{Cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/science\/nature\/7679818.stm|title=India\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/science\/nature\/7679818.stm|title=India<\/a> launches first Moon mission|date= 22 October 2008|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2008-10-22| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081022003924\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/science\/nature\/7679818.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081022003924\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/science\/nature\/7679818.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 22 October 2008 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/planetary.org\/explore\/topics\/space_missions\/chandrayaan_1\/|title=Chandrayaan-1|\">http:\/\/planetary.org\/explore\/topics\/space_missions\/chandrayaan_1\/|title=Chandrayaan-1|<\/a> accessdate= 8 July 2011 !--DASHBot--| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110628201657\/http:\/\/planetary.org\/explore\/topics\/space_missions\/chandrayaan_1\/|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110628201657\/http:\/\/planetary.org\/explore\/topics\/space_missions\/chandrayaan_1\/|<\/a> archivedate= 28 June 2011| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/10/22", "description": "Global financial crisis: Hungary's currency and stock markets rise on the news that it will receive an international economic bailout package worth $25 billion from the IMF, European Union, and World Bank.ampamp{{Cite news|url=<a 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work=BBC News | date=2008-07-23 | accessdate=2010-01-01}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/11/07", "description": "The 2008 P\u00e9tionville school collapse kills at least 92 in P\u00e9tionville, Haiti.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/11/08", "description": "An accident aboard Russian submarine K-152 Nerpa kills 20.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/11/11", "description": "The RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 departs on her last voyage from Southampton, UK to Dubai, UAE. 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The Moon appears to be 14% bigger and 30% brighter than the year's other full moons. The next time these two events coincide will be in 2016.ampref name=ampquotBewerewolves: Fullest Moon in 15 Years Tonightampquotamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/blog.wired.com\/wiredscience\/2008\/12\/fullest-moon-in.html\">http:\/\/blog.wired.com\/wiredscience\/2008\/12\/fullest-moon-in.html<\/a> |title=Bewerewolves: Fullest Moon in 15 Years Tonight |date=2008-12-12 |accessdate=2008-12-13 | archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081214114719\/http:\/\/blog.wired.com\/wiredscience\/2008\/12\/fullest-moon-in.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081214114719\/http:\/\/blog.wired.com\/wiredscience\/2008\/12\/fullest-moon-in.html|<\/a> archivedate= 14 December 2008 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no | work=Wired | first=Clara | last=Moskowitz}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/12/16", "description": "Ruins of an ancient Wari city are discovered in northern Peru.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/12/18", "description": "The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda convicts Th\u00e9oneste Bagosora and two other senior Rwandan army officers of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes and sentences them to life imprisonment.{{Cite news|title=Trio found guilty of Rwandan genocide | work=CNN | date=18 December 2008 |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2008\/WORLD\/africa\/12\/18\/rwanda.tribunal\/index.html\">http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2008\/WORLD\/africa\/12\/18\/rwanda.tribunal\/index.html<\/a> | accessdate=18 December 2008 | archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081219170115\/http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2008\/WORLD\/africa\/12\/18\/rwanda.tribunal\/index.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081219170115\/http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2008\/WORLD\/africa\/12\/18\/rwanda.tribunal\/index.html|<\/a> archivedate= 19 December 2008 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/12/21", "description": "Gwadar Port, Pakistan, becomes fully operational.ref name=quotThe_Dawnquot{{Cite news| title=Gwadar port becomes fully functional | url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.dawn.com\/2008\/12\/22\/top2.htm\">http:\/\/www.dawn.com\/2008\/12\/22\/top2.htm<\/a> | work=The Dawn | date=2008-12-22 | accessdate=2008-12-22| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081225043230\/http:\/\/www.dawn.com\/2008\/12\/22\/top2.htm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081225043230\/http:\/\/www.dawn.com\/2008\/12\/22\/top2.htm|<\/a> archivedate= 25 December 2008 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/12/23", "description": "A military coup d'\u00e9tat is announced in Guinea shortly after the death of long-time President Lansana Cont\u00e9.{{Cite news|title=Coup fear as Guinea president dies | work=CNN | date=24 December 2008 |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2008\/WORLD\/africa\/12\/23\/guinea.president.dead\/index.html\">http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2008\/WORLD\/africa\/12\/23\/guinea.president.dead\/index.html<\/a> | accessdate=24 December 2008 | archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081224043656\/http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2008\/WORLD\/africa\/12\/23\/guinea.president.dead\/index.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081224043656\/http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2008\/WORLD\/africa\/12\/23\/guinea.president.dead\/index.html|<\/a> archivedate= 24 December 2008 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/12/27", "description": "Israel initiates quotOperation Cast Leadquot in the Gaza Strip after launching an extensive wave of airstrikes{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.csmonitor.com\/2009\/0113\/p01s04-wome.html\">http:\/\/www.csmonitor.com\/2009\/0113\/p01s04-wome.html<\/a> |title=Ilene R. Prusher, 'Hamas remains defiant despite pounding' Christian Science Monitor 13 January 2009 |publisher=Csmonitor.com |date=2009-01-13 |accessdate=2010-06-05}} against military targets, police stations and government buildings within the Gaza Strip with the stated aim of stopping rocket fire{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/idUKTRE50423320090105\">http:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/idUKTRE50423320090105<\/a> | work=Reuters | title=TIMELINE - Israeli-Hamas violence since truce ended | date=January 5, 2009| accessdate= 8 July 2011 !--DASHBot--| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110624051326\/http:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/idUKTRE50423320090105|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110624051326\/http:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/idUKTRE50423320090105|<\/a> archivedate= 24 June 2011| deadurl= no}} from and arms import into the territory.Bright, Arthur. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.csmonitor.com\/World\/terrorism-security\/2008\/1226\/p99s01-duts.html\">http:\/\/www.csmonitor.com\/World\/terrorism-security\/2008\/1226\/p99s01-duts.html<\/a> Israel set to launch \u2018limited operation\u2019 in Gaza, Christian Science Monitor, December 26, 2008.ref name=quotguardian.co.ukquot{{Cite news|author=Rory McCarthy in Jerusalem |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2009\/sep\/16\/israel-rejects-war-crimes-gaza\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2009\/sep\/16\/israel-rejects-war-crimes-gaza<\/a> |title=Israel rejects war crimes findings of UN Gaza inquiry amp#124 World news amp#124 guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian |date= September 16, 2009|accessdate=2010-05-08 | location=London}} As a result, Hamas intensified its rocket and mortar attacks against Southern Israel, reaching the major cities of Beersheba and Ashdod for the first time.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ynetnews.com\/articles\/0,7340,L-3645485,00.html\">http:\/\/www.ynetnews.com\/articles\/0,7340,L-3645485,00.html<\/a> Rockets land east of Ashdod m ''Ynetnews'', December 28, 2008 <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ynetnews.com\/articles\/0,7340,L-3647569,00.html\">http:\/\/www.ynetnews.com\/articles\/0,7340,L-3647569,00.html<\/a> Rockets reach Beersheba, cause damage, ''Ynetnews'', December 30, 2008. {{WebCite|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5mqf8cM48|date\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5mqf8cM48|date<\/a> =2010-01-17| accessdate= 12 September 2011 !--DASHBot--}}{{cite web|last=Lazaroff |first=Tovah |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/fr.jpost.com\/servlet\/Satellite?cid=1254163545960amppagename=JPost\/JPArticle\/ShowFull\">http:\/\/fr.jpost.com\/servlet\/Satellite?cid=1254163545960amppagename=JPost\/JPArticle\/ShowFull<\/a> |title=Ashkelon rocket victim livid that report ignored her plight |publisher=Jerusalem Post - Fr.jpost.com |date=2009-09-30 |accessdate=2011-04-03| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110429195244\/http:\/\/fr.jpost.com\/servlet\/Satellite?cid=1254163545960amppagename=JPost\/JPArticle\/ShowFull|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110429195244\/http:\/\/fr.jpost.com\/servlet\/Satellite?cid=1254163545960amppagename=JPost\/JPArticle\/ShowFull|<\/a> archivedate= 29 April 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.israelnationalnews.com\/News\/News.aspx\/129467#\">http:\/\/www.israelnationalnews.com\/News\/News.aspx\/129467#<\/a> |title=Another Miracle: Rocket Hits Empty Synagogue - Defense\/Middle East - Israel News |publisher=Israel National News |date= |accessdate=2010-05-08}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/12/29", "description": "Bangladesh holds its general elections after two years of political unrest over the interim government.{{Cite news|title=Bangladesh awaits election result  | work=BBC News | date=29 December 2008 |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/south_asia\/7802529.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/south_asia\/7802529.stm<\/a> | accessdate=30 December 2008 | archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081229175039\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/south_asia\/7802529.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20081229175039\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/south_asia\/7802529.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 29 December 2008 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2008/12/31", "description": "An extra leap second (23:59:60) is added to end the year. The last time this occurred was in 2005.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009", "description": "Austria, Japan, Mexico, Turkey, and Uganda assume their seats on the United Nations Security Council.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009", "description": "Asunci\u00f3n, the capital of Paraguay, becomes the American Capital of Culture and Vilnius and Linz become the European Capitals of Culture.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009", "description": "Slovakia adopts the euro as its national currency, replacing the Slovak koruna.ampamp{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/business.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/business\/economics\/article5414398.ece\">http:\/\/business.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/business\/economics\/article5414398.ece<\/a> | location=London | work=The Times | first1=Rory | last1=Watson | title=Slovakia adopts the euro on January 1 | date=December 29, 2008| accessdate= 9 March 2010 amp!--DASHBot--amp}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/01/03", "description": " Israel launches a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip as the Gaza War enters its second week.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/01\/04\/world\/middleeast\/04mideast.html?_r=2amphp|title=Israeli\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/01\/04\/world\/middleeast\/04mideast.html?_r=2amphp|title=Israeli<\/a> Troops Launch Attack on Gaza|publisher=New York Times|accessdate=2009-10-09|date=2009-01-03 | first1=Isabel | last1=Kershner | first2=Taghreed | last2=El-Khodary}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/01/07", "description": " Russia shuts off all gas supplies to Europe through Ukraine. Prime Minister Vladimir Putin publicly endorses the move and urges greater international involvement in the energy dispute.{{cite web |title=Europeans shiver as Russia cuts gas shipments |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.msnbc.msn.com\/id\/28515983\/\">http:\/\/www.msnbc.msn.com\/id\/28515983\/<\/a> | accessdate= 9 March 2010 !--DASHBot--}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/01/13", "description": " Ethiopian military forces begin pulling out of Somalia, where they have tried to maintain order for nearly two years.ref name=quotbbc-somali-joyquot{{cite news|first=|last=|coauthors=|title=Somali joy as Ethiopians withdraw  | date= 2009-01-13|publisher=BBC News|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/7825626.stm|work=News\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/7825626.stm|work=News<\/a> article|page=2|accessdate=2009-01-25| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090121142216\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/7825626.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090121142216\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/7825626.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 21 January 2009 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/01/17", "description": " Israel announces a unilateral ceasefire in the Gaza War. It comes into effect the following day,ref name=quotceasefirequot{{cite news|title=Israel declares ceasefire in Gaza|publisher=BBC|date=January 17, 2009|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/middle_east\/7835794.stm|accessdate=January\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/middle_east\/7835794.stm|accessdate=January<\/a> 17, 2009| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090119124946\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/middle_east\/7835794.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090119124946\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/middle_east\/7835794.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 19 January 2009 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}} on which Hamas declares a ceasefire of its own.ref name=haaretz18Jan2{{cite web|last=Issacharoff |first=Avi |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/haaretz.com\/hasen\/spages\/1056490.html\">http:\/\/haaretz.com\/hasen\/spages\/1056490.html<\/a> |title=Haaretz, January 18, 2009 |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=2008-04-02 |accessdate=2010-08-23}}{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2009\/WORLD\/meast\/01\/18\/israel.gaza\/index.html\">http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2009\/WORLD\/meast\/01\/18\/israel.gaza\/index.html<\/a> | work=CNN | title=Hamas, Israel set independent cease-fires | date=January 18, 2009| accessdate= 9 March 2010 !--DASHBot--}}{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/middle_east\/7836205.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/middle_east\/7836205.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title=Hamas announces ceasefire in Gaza | date=January 18, 2009| accessdate= 9 March 2010 !--DASHBot--}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/01/21", "description": " Israel completes its withdrawal from the Gaza Strip.{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/middle_east\/7841902.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/middle_east\/7841902.stm<\/a> | accessdate = July 7, 2009 | work=BBC News | title=Last Israeli troops 'leave Gaza' | date=January 21, 2009}} Intermittent air strikes by both sides of the preceding war continue in the weeks to follow.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/hasen\/spages\/1067516.html\">http:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/hasen\/spages\/1067516.html<\/a> At least six Gaza rockets hit southern Israel ampndash Haaretz ampndash Israel News. Haaretz. Retrieved on 2009-07-07.<a href=\"http:\/\/fr.jpost.com\/servlet\/Satellite?pagename=JPost\/JPArticle\/ShowFullampcid=1235410720483\">http:\/\/fr.jpost.com\/servlet\/Satellite?pagename=JPost\/JPArticle\/ShowFullampcid=1235410720483<\/a> Kassam rocket strikes Eshkol Region|Israel|Jerusalem Post. Jpost.com. Retrieved on 2009-07-07.{{cite news|title='Five rockets' fired into Israel|publisher=BBC|date=February 28, 2009|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/middle_east\/7916555.stm|accessdate=February\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/middle_east\/7916555.stm|accessdate=February<\/a> 28, 2009| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090228235142\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/middle_east\/7916555.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090228235142\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/middle_east\/7916555.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 28 February 2009 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/01/22", "description": " Congolese rebel leader Laurent Nkunda is captured by Rwandan forces after crossing over the border into Rwanda.{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2009\/jan\/23\/laurent-nkunda-congo-rwanda\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2009\/jan\/23\/laurent-nkunda-congo-rwanda<\/a> | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Matthew | last=Weaver | title=Congo and Rwanda forces arrest rebel leader Laurent Nkunda | date=January 23, 2009| accessdate= 9 March 2010 !--DASHBot--}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/01/22", "description": "The first trial at the International Criminal Court is held. Former Union of Congolese Patriots leader Thomas Lubanga is accused of training child soldiers to kill, pillage, and rape.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/apps\/news?pid=20601116ampampsid=a_4iKnLHRml4ampamprefer=africa\">http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/apps\/news?pid=20601116ampampsid=a_4iKnLHRml4ampamprefer=africa<\/a> Congo Warlord Pleads Not Guilty at ICC\u2019s First Trial (Update1). Bloomberg.com (2009-01-26). Retrieved on 2009-07-07.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/01/22", "description": "The Icelandic government and banking system collapse Prime Minister Geir Haarde immediately resigns.ampamp{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2009\/jan\/27\/iceland-prime-minister-resignation\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2009\/jan\/27\/iceland-prime-minister-resignation<\/a> | accessdate = July 7, 2009 | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Mark | last=Tran | title=Icelandic PM becomes world's first leader to step down over banking system crisis | date=January 27, 2009}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/01/22", "description": "Patriarch Kirill I of Moscow is enthroned as the Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/europe\/7863385.stm|title=Orthodox\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/europe\/7863385.stm|title=Orthodox<\/a> Church enthrones leader|date=2009-02-01|accessdate=2009-07-16|publisher=BBC}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/01/22", "description": "J\u00f3hanna Sigur\u00f0ard\u00f3ttir is appointed as the new Prime Minister of Iceland, becoming the world's first openly lesbian head of government.ampamp{{cite news|url = <a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/europe\/7863923.stm|title\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/europe\/7863923.stm|title<\/a> = First gay PM for Iceland cabinet|publisher = BBC News|date = 1 February 2009|accessdate = 2009-07-16}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/02/07", "description": " The deadliest bushfires in Australian history begin they kill 173, injure 500 more, and leave 7,500 homeless. The fires come after Melbourne records the highest-ever temperature (46.4\u00b0C, 115\u00b0F) of any capital city in Australia. The majority of the fires are ignited by either fallen or clashing power lines or deliberately lit.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/02/08", "description": " The Taliban releases a video of Polish geologist Piotr Sta\u0144czak, whom they had abducted a few months earlier, being beheaded. It is the first killing of a Western hostage in Pakistan since American journalist Daniel Pearl was executed in 2002.{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/02\/10\/world\/asia\/10pstan.html\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/02\/10\/world\/asia\/10pstan.html<\/a> | work=The New York Times | first=Salman | last=Masood | title=Video of Beheading of Pole Held by Taliban Is Real, Official Says | date=February 10, 2009| accessdate= 9 March 2010 !--DASHBot--| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100323065430\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/02\/10\/world\/asia\/10pstan.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100323065430\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/02\/10\/world\/asia\/10pstan.html|<\/a> archivedate= 23 March 2010| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/02/10", "description": " A Russian and an American satellite collide over Siberia, creating a large amount of space debris.<a href=\"http:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Technology\/wireStory?id=6860864\">http:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Technology\/wireStory?id=6860864<\/a> Crash of US, Russian Satellites a Threat in Space ampndash ABC News. Abcnews.go.com. Retrieved on 2009-07-07.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/02/11", "description": " Morgan Tsvangirai is sworn in as the new Prime Minister of Zimbabwe following the power-sharing deal with President Robert Mugabe signed in September 2008.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/africa\/7882762.stm|title=Tsvangirai\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/africa\/7882762.stm|title=Tsvangirai<\/a> sworn in Zimbabwe PM |date=2009-02-11|work=BBC News|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2009-02-11| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090211091821\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/africa\/7882762.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090211091821\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/africa\/7882762.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 11 February 2009 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/02/17", "description": " The JEM rebel group in Darfur, Sudan sign a pact with the Sudanese government, planning a ceasefire within the next three months.<a href=\"http:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/International\/wireStory?id=6894843\">http:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/International\/wireStory?id=6894843<\/a> Sudan, Darfur Rebel Group Sign Peace Framework ampndash ABC News. Abcnews.go.com. 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Greenlandic becomes the official language.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/europe\/8111292.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/europe\/8111292.stm<\/a> |title=BBC: Self-rule introduced in Greenland |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-06-21 |accessdate=2010-08-23| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100708113841\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/europe\/8111292.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100708113841\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/europe\/8111292.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 8 July 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/06/25", "description": " The death of American entertainer Michael Jackson triggers an outpouring of worldwide grief. Online, reactions to the event cripple several major websites and services, as the abundance of people accessing the web addresses pushes internet traffic to potentially unprecedented and historic levels.{{cite news|author=By  Linnie Rawlinson and Nick Hunt CNN |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2009\/TECH\/06\/26\/michael.jackson.internet\/index.html\">http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2009\/TECH\/06\/26\/michael.jackson.internet\/index.html<\/a> |title=Jackson dies, almost takes Internet with him |publisher=CNN |date=2009-06-26 |accessdate=2010-08-23| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100827234155\/http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2009\/TECH\/06\/26\/michael.jackson.internet\/index.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100827234155\/http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2009\/TECH\/06\/26\/michael.jackson.internet\/index.html|<\/a> archivedate= 27 August 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}{{cite news|last=Shiels |first=Maggie |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/technology\/8120324.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/technology\/8120324.stm<\/a> |title=BBC: Web slows after Jackson's death |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-06-26 |accessdate=2010-08-23}}{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/06\/27\/us\/27Jackson.html?_r=1amppagewanted=2ampem\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2009\/06\/27\/us\/27Jackson.html?_r=1amppagewanted=2ampem<\/a> | work=The New York Times | first=Jennifer | last=Steinhauer | title=Medication Is a Focus of Jackson Inquiry | date=June 27, 2009| accessdate= 9 March 2010 !--DASHBot--}}{{cite news|last=Cohen |first=Noam |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com\/2009\/06\/26\/with-jackson-entry-wikipedia-may-have-set-a-record\/\">http:\/\/mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com\/2009\/06\/26\/with-jackson-entry-wikipedia-may-have-set-a-record\/<\/a> |title='amp#39New York Times'amp#39: With Jackson entry, Wikipedia may have set a record |publisher=Mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com |date=2009-06-26 |accessdate=2010-08-23| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100717234909\/http:\/\/mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com\/2009\/06\/26\/with-jackson-entry-wikipedia-may-have-set-a-record\/|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100717234909\/http:\/\/mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com\/2009\/06\/26\/with-jackson-entry-wikipedia-may-have-set-a-record\/|<\/a> archivedate= 17 July 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/06/28", "description": " The Supreme Court of Honduras orders the arrest and exile of President Manuel Zelaya, claiming he was violating the nation's constitution by holding a referendum to stay in power.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/8123126.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/americas\/8123126.stm<\/a> |title=Honduran leader forced into exile |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-06-28 |accessdate=2010-08-23}} The ouster is condemned by the United Nations, the Organization of American States,ref name=quotWB-2009-06-29quot{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.worldbulletin.net\/news_detail.php?id=44074|title=OAS\">http:\/\/www.worldbulletin.net\/news_detail.php?id=44074|title=OAS<\/a> condemns Honduras coup, demands return of Zelaya|first=Reuters|date=2009-06-29|publisher=World Bulletin|accessdate=2009-06-29}} and multiple nations around the world.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/06/30", "description": " Yemenia Flight 626 crashes off the coast of Moroni, Comoros, killing all but one of the 153 passengers and crew.{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/8127812.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/8127812.stm<\/a> | title = Girl survives Yemen plane crash | publisher = BBC News | accessdate= 1 July 2009| date=1 July 2009}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/07/04", "description": " The Organization of American States suspends Honduras due to the country's recent political crisis after its refusal to reinstate President Zelaya.{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/newsOne\/idUSN0211965120090705\">http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/newsOne\/idUSN0211965120090705<\/a> | accessdate = July 7, 2009 | work=Reuters | title=Ousted Honduran leader departs on flight for home | date=July 5, 2009}}<a href=\"http:\/\/www.laprensa.hn\/var\/laprensa_site\/storage\/original\/application\/1659977598ae64c30e434a0e40f9329b.pdf\">http:\/\/www.laprensa.hn\/var\/laprensa_site\/storage\/original\/application\/1659977598ae64c30e434a0e40f9329b.pdf<\/a> Laprensa.hn {{es icon}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/07/05", "description": " Over 150 are killed when a few thousand ethnic Uyghurs target local Han Chinese during major rioting in \u00dcr\u00fcmqi, Xinjiang.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/07/07", "description": " A public memorial service is held for musician Michael Jackson. It is regarded as one of the most prominent funerals of all time.ref name=Allen{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/culture\/music\/michael-jackson\/5771156\/Michael-Jackson-memorial-service-the-biggest-celebrity-send-off-of-all-time.html\">http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/culture\/music\/michael-jackson\/5771156\/Michael-Jackson-memorial-service-the-biggest-celebrity-send-off-of-all-time.html<\/a> | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Nick | last=Allen | title=Michael Jackson memorial service: the biggest celebrity send-off of all time | date=July 7, 2009| accessdate= 9 March 2010 !--DASHBot--}}ref name=ScottScott, Jeffry. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.accessatlanta.com\/services\/content\/entertainment\/stories\/2009\/07\/08\/jackson_funeral_ratings.html?cxtype=rssampcxsvc=7ampcxcat=4\">http:\/\/www.accessatlanta.com\/services\/content\/entertainment\/stories\/2009\/07\/08\/jackson_funeral_ratings.html?cxtype=rssampcxsvc=7ampcxcat=4<\/a> quotJackson memorial second most-watched in TV historyquot. ''The Atlanta Journal-Constitution'', 8 July 2009.ref name=Hinckley{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nydailynews.com\/entertainment\/michael_jackson\/2009\/07\/08\/2009-07-08_michael_jacksons_memorial_2nd_mostwatched_funeral_ever_after_princess_di_say_nie.html\">http:\/\/www.nydailynews.com\/entertainment\/michael_jackson\/2009\/07\/08\/2009-07-08_michael_jacksons_memorial_2nd_mostwatched_funeral_ever_after_princess_di_say_nie.html<\/a> | location=New York | work=Daily News | first1=Daivd | last1=Hinckley | first2=Richard | last2=Huff | title=Michael Jackson's memorial 2nd most-watched funeral ever, after Princess Di, say Nielsen ratings | date=July 8, 2009| accessdate= 9 March 2010 !--DASHBot--}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/07/15", "description": " Caspian Airlines Flight 7908 crashes near Qazvin, Iran, killing all 168 on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/07/16", "description": " Iceland's national parliament, the Althingi, votes to pursue joining the EU.ref name=HelgasonHelgason, Gudjon and Meera Selva. <a href=\"http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/ap\/20090716\/ap_on_re_eu\/eu_iceland_eu\">http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/ap\/20090716\/ap_on_re_eu\/eu_iceland_eu<\/a> quotIceland's parliament votes to join EUquot. ''Yahoo! News'', 16 July 2009.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/07/22", "description": " The longest total solar eclipse of the 21st century, lasting up to 6 minutes and 38.8 seconds, occurs over parts of Asia and the Pacific Ocean.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/08/03", "description": " Bolivia becomes the first South American country to declare the right of indigenous people to govern themselves.{{cite web | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.la-razon.com\/versiones\/20090803_006808\/nota_249_855052.htm\">http:\/\/www.la-razon.com\/versiones\/20090803_006808\/nota_249_855052.htm<\/a> | title = Evo inicia la implementaci\u00f3n de la autonom\u00eda ind\u00edgena con fiesta   | publisher = La Raz\u00f3n | accessdate= September 1, 2009| date= August 3, 2009|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5jZkD0Osr|archivedate=2009-09-05|deadurl=no}}\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5jZkD0Osr|archivedate=2009-09-05|deadurl=no}}<\/a> {{sp icon|archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5jZkD0Osr|archivedate=2009-09-05|deadurl=no}}\">http:\/\/www.webcitation.org\/5jZkD0Osr|archivedate=2009-09-05|deadurl=no}}<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/08/04", "description": " North Korean leader Kim Jong-il pardons two American journalists, who had been arrested and imprisoned for illegal entry earlier in the year, after former U.S. President Bill Clinton meets with Kim in North Korea.{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/politicsNews\/idUSN0418415720090804\">http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/politicsNews\/idUSN0418415720090804<\/a> | title = Clinton leaves North Korea with pardoned journalists | publisher = Reuters | accessdate= August 5, 2009| date= August 4, 2009 | first=Steve | last=Gorman}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/08/07", "description": " Typhoon Morakot hits Taiwan, killing 500 and stranding more than 1,000 via the worst flooding on the island in half a century.{{cite news|title=Taiwan president under fire for go it alone handling of typhoon accepts US aid|publisher=Telegraph|date=August 16, 2009|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/asia\/taiwan\/6038112\/Taiwan-president-under-fire-for-go-it-alone-handling-of-typhoon-accepts-US-aid.html|accessdate=August\">http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/asia\/taiwan\/6038112\/Taiwan-president-under-fire-for-go-it-alone-handling-of-typhoon-accepts-US-aid.html|accessdate=August<\/a> 16, 2009 | location=London | first=Peter | last=Foster}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/08/20", "description": " Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, imprisoned for the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103, is released by the Scottish government on compassionate grounds as he has terminal prostate cancer. He returns to his native Libya.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ktla.com\/news\/nationworld\/sns-ap-af-libya-double-celebration,0,3923469.story\">http:\/\/www.ktla.com\/news\/nationworld\/sns-ap-af-libya-double-celebration,0,3923469.story<\/a> |title=Lockerbie bomber's possible release offers new undercurrent to Libya's revolution celebration |publisher=KTLA |date= |accessdate=2009-08-21}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/09/25", "description": " At the G-20 Pittsburgh summit, world leaders announce that the G-20 will assume greater leverage over the world economy, replacing the role of the G-8, in an effort to prevent another financial crisis like that in 2008.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/8274046.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/8274046.stm<\/a> |title=BBC News |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-09-26 |accessdate=2010-08-23}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/09/26", "description": " Typhoon Ketsana begins to cause record amounts of rainfall in Manila, Philippines, leading to the declaration of a quotstate of calamityquot in 25 provinces.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.mb.com.ph\/articles\/222277\/ondoys-flood-worst-history-pagasa\">http:\/\/www.mb.com.ph\/articles\/222277\/ondoys-flood-worst-history-pagasa<\/a> |title=MB.com |publisher=MB.com |date=1967-06-07 |accessdate=2010-08-23}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/09/28", "description": " At least 157 demonstrators are killed in a clash with the Guinean military.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/09/29", "description": " An 8.3-magnitude earthquake triggers a tsunami near the Samoan Islands. Many communities and harbors in Samoa and American Samoa are destroyed, and at least 189 are killed.", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/09/30", "description": " A 7.6-magnitude earthquake strikes just off the coast of Sumatra, killing around 1,000 in Indonesia.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/asia-pacific\/8282670.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/world\/asia-pacific\/8282670.stm<\/a> |title=BBC News |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-09-30 |accessdate=2010-08-23}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/10/01", "description": " Paleontologists announce the discovery of an ''Ardipithecus ramidus'' fossil skeleton, deeming it the oldest remains of a human ancestor yet found.{{cite journal|last=Hanson|first=Brooks|date=2009-10-02|title=Light on the Origin of Man|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/content\/326\/5949\/60.1.full|journal=journal=Science<\/a> (journal)|Science|volume=326|issue=5949|pages=60\u201361|doi=10.1126\/science.326.5949.60-a|accessdate=2011-11-02}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/10/01", "description": "The International Olympic Committee awards the 2016 Summer Olympics to Rio de Janeiro.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/10/01", "description": "Ireland holds a second referendum on the EU's Lisbon Treaty. The amendment is approved by the Irish electorate,ampref name=RTE_20091003_Yesamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.rte.ie\/news\/2009\/1003\/eulisbon1.html|title=67%\">http:\/\/www.rte.ie\/news\/2009\/1003\/eulisbon1.html|title=67%<\/a> vote Yes to Lisbon Treaty|work=RT\u00c9 News|date=3 October 2009|accessdate=3 October 2009| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091005155154\/http:\/\/www.rte.ie\/news\/2009\/1003\/eulisbon1.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091005155154\/http:\/\/www.rte.ie\/news\/2009\/1003\/eulisbon1.html|<\/a> archivedate= 5 October 2009 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampampampref name=ref.ieamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.referendum.ie\/referendum\/current\/index.asp?ballotid=79|title=Results\">http:\/\/www.referendum.ie\/referendum\/current\/index.asp?ballotid=79|title=Results<\/a> received at the Central Count Centre for the Referendum on Treaty of Lisbon 2009|date=3 October 2009|accessdate=3 October 2009| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091004235315\/http:\/\/www.referendum.ie\/referendum\/current\/index.asp?ballotid=79|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091004235315\/http:\/\/www.referendum.ie\/referendum\/current\/index.asp?ballotid=79|<\/a> archivedate= 4 October 2009 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}ampampampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.time.com\/time\/world\/article\/0,8599,1927731,00.html|work=TIME|title=\">http:\/\/www.time.com\/time\/world\/article\/0,8599,1927731,00.html|work=TIME|title=<\/a> Irish Ayes on Lisbon Treaty Have Europe Smiling|date=4 October 2009|accessdate=4 October 2009| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091005191607\/http:\/\/www.time.com\/time\/world\/article\/0,8599,1927731,00.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091005191607\/http:\/\/www.time.com\/time\/world\/article\/0,8599,1927731,00.html|<\/a> archivedate= 5 October 2009 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampampampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.rte.ie\/news\/2009\/0708\/eulisbon.html|title=Lisbon\">http:\/\/www.rte.ie\/news\/2009\/0708\/eulisbon.html|title=Lisbon<\/a> II referendum set for 2 October|work=RT\u00c9 News|date=8 July 2009|accessdate=8 July 2009}}ampampampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/europe\/8140269.stm|title=Irish\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/europe\/8140269.stm|title=Irish<\/a> treaty vote set for October|work=BBC News|date=8 July 2009|accessdate=8 July 2009}}ampamp having been rejected in the Lisbon I referendum held in June 2008.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/10/20", "description": " European astronomers discover 32 exoplanets.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/uk.news.yahoo.com\/22\/20091019\/tsc-oukoe-uk-space-planets-1df2b7e.html|title=European\">http:\/\/uk.news.yahoo.com\/22\/20091019\/tsc-oukoe-uk-space-planets-1df2b7e.html|title=European<\/a> scientists find trawl of 32 new planets|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2009-10-20|date=2009-10-19|coauthors=Maggie Fox and Jackie Frank| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091022120543\/http:\/\/uk.news.yahoo.com\/22\/20091019\/tsc-oukoe-uk-space-planets-1df2b7e.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091022120543\/http:\/\/uk.news.yahoo.com\/22\/20091019\/tsc-oukoe-uk-space-planets-1df2b7e.html|<\/a> archivedate= 22 October 2009 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/10/20", "description": "The Czech Republic becomes the final member-state of the European Union to sign the Treaty of Lisbon, thereby permitting that document's initiation into European law.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2009\/WORLD\/europe\/11\/03\/czech.eu.lisbon.treaty\/index.html\">http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2009\/WORLD\/europe\/11\/03\/czech.eu.lisbon.treaty\/index.html<\/a> |title=CCN.com |publisher=Cnn.com |date=2009-11-03 |accessdate=2010-08-23}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/10/20", "description": "The Prime Minister of Belgium, Herman Van Rompuy, is designated the first permanent President of the European Council,ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.sky.com\/skynews\/Home\/World-News\/Tony-Blair-Has-Dropped-Out-Of-The-Race-To-Be-EU-President-As-Herman-Van-Rompuy-Gets-The-Nod\/Article\/200911315457404?lpos=World_News_Carousel_Region_0ampamplid=ARTICLE_15457404_Tony_Blair_Has_Dropped_Out_Of_The_Race_To_Be_EU_President_As_Herman_Van_Rompuy_Gets_The_Nod|title=Tony\">http:\/\/news.sky.com\/skynews\/Home\/World-News\/Tony-Blair-Has-Dropped-Out-Of-The-Race-To-Be-EU-President-As-Herman-Van-Rompuy-Gets-The-Nod\/Article\/200911315457404?lpos=World_News_Carousel_Region_0ampamplid=ARTICLE_15457404_Tony_Blair_Has_Dropped_Out_Of_The_Race_To_Be_EU_President_As_Herman_Van_Rompuy_Gets_The_Nod|title=Tony<\/a> Blair Has Dropped Out Of The Race To Be EU President As Herman Van Rompuy Gets The Nod - World News - Sky News|accessdate=2009-11-20| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091122075535\/http:\/\/news.sky.com\/skynews\/Home\/World-News\/Tony-Blair-Has-Dropped-Out-Of-The-Race-To-Be-EU-President-As-Herman-Van-Rompuy-Gets-The-Nod\/Article\/200911315457404?lpos=World_News_Carousel_Region_0ampamplid=ARTICLE_15457404_Tony_Blair_Has_Dropped_Out_Of_The_Race_To_Be_EU_President_As_Herman_Van_Rompuy_Gets_The_Nod|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091122075535\/http:\/\/news.sky.com\/skynews\/Home\/World-News\/Tony-Blair-Has-Dropped-Out-Of-The-Race-To-Be-EU-President-As-Herman-Van-Rompuy-Gets-The-Nod\/Article\/200911315457404?lpos=World_News_Carousel_Region_0ampamplid=ARTICLE_15457404_Tony_Blair_Has_Dropped_Out_Of_The_Race_To_Be_EU_President_As_Herman_Van_Rompuy_Gets_The_Nod|<\/a> archivedate= 22 November 2009 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampamp a position he takes up on 1 December 2009.ampref name=ampquotconsilium.europa.euampquotamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/showFocus.aspx?id=1ampampfocusId=416ampamplang=en\">http:\/\/www.consilium.europa.eu\/showFocus.aspx?id=1ampampfocusId=416ampamplang=en<\/a> |title=Europa.eu |publisher=Consilium.europa.eu |date= |accessdate=2010-08-23}}ampampampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.se2009.eu\/en\/meetings_news\/2009\/11\/12\/webcast_one_week_to_go_until_crucial_summit|title=Webcast:\">http:\/\/www.se2009.eu\/en\/meetings_news\/2009\/11\/12\/webcast_one_week_to_go_until_crucial_summit|title=Webcast:<\/a> One week to go until crucial summit ampampndash Swedish Presidency of the European Union|accessdate=2009-11-20|date=2009-11-20| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091115130855\/http:\/\/www.se2009.eu\/en\/meetings_news\/2009\/11\/12\/webcast_one_week_to_go_until_crucial_summit|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091115130855\/http:\/\/www.se2009.eu\/en\/meetings_news\/2009\/11\/12\/webcast_one_week_to_go_until_crucial_summit|<\/a> archivedate= 15 November 2009 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= yes}}ampampampampThe Treaty of Lisbon entered into force on 1 December 2009 the six-month rotating presidency of the European Council ceased to exist (as the provision for its existence has been erased from the Treaties in force), and the new office of President of the European Council came into being. The appointment of Herman van Rompuy as President of the European Council became effective on the date of the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon. 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This appears to be the deadliest attack on journalists in recent history.ref name=pdi{{cite news|first=Alcuin|last=Papa|title=Maguindanao massacre worst-ever for journalists |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/politics.inquirer.net\/view.php?db=1amparticle=20091126-238554\">http:\/\/politics.inquirer.net\/view.php?db=1amparticle=20091126-238554<\/a> |work=Philippine Daily Inquirer|publisher=|date=2009-11-26 |accessdate=2009-11-26}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/11/27", "description": " Dubai requests a debt deferment following its massive renovation and development projects, as well as the late 2000s economic crisis. 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Dates put back 1 week due to previous clash with Muslim period of Ramadan |publisher=Cop15.dk |date= |accessdate=2010-08-23}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2009/12/16", "description": " Astronomers discover GJ1214b, the first-known exoplanet on which water could exist.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/science\/space\/6826763\/Waterworld-planet-six-times-the-size-of-Earth-discovered.html\">http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/science\/space\/6826763\/Waterworld-planet-six-times-the-size-of-Earth-discovered.html<\/a> |title=Waterworld planet six times the size of Earth discovered |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |date=2009-12-17 |accessdate=2010-08-23 | location=London| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100804171505\/http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/science\/space\/6826763\/Waterworld-planet-six-times-the-size-of-Earth-discovered.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100804171505\/http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/science\/space\/6826763\/Waterworld-planet-six-times-the-size-of-Earth-discovered.html|<\/a> archivedate= 4 August 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/01/03", "description": " The United States and the United Kingdom close their embassies in Yemen due to the ongoing security threat by Al Qaeda.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/01/04", "description": " The tallest man-made structure to date, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, is officially opened.ref name=quotUSAtodayquot{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/content.usatoday.com\/communities\/ondeadline\/post\/2010\/01\/dubai-opens-world-tallest-building\/1|title=Dubai\">http:\/\/content.usatoday.com\/communities\/ondeadline\/post\/2010\/01\/dubai-opens-world-tallest-building\/1|title=Dubai<\/a> opens world's tallest building|date=January 2, 2010|work=USA Today|accessdate=4 January 2010|location=Dubai|first=Douglas|last=Stanglin}}ref name=quotopeningquot{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/gulfnews.com\/business\/property\/uae\/official-opening-of-iconic-burj-dubai-announced-1.523471|title=Official\">http:\/\/gulfnews.com\/business\/property\/uae\/official-opening-of-iconic-burj-dubai-announced-1.523471|title=Official<\/a> Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced|work=Gulfnews|date=4 November 2009|accessdate=4 November 2009| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091106052129\/http:\/\/gulfnews.com\/business\/property\/uae\/official-opening-of-iconic-burj-dubai-announced-1.523471|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20091106052129\/http:\/\/gulfnews.com\/business\/property\/uae\/official-opening-of-iconic-burj-dubai-announced-1.523471|<\/a> archivedate= 6 November 2009 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}ref name=quotnews.bbc.co.ukquot{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/8439618.stm|title=World\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/8439618.stm|title=World<\/a>'s tallest building opens in Dubai|date=2010-01-04|work=BBC News|accessdate=2010-01-04| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100105054239\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/8439618.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100105054239\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/8439618.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 5 January 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/01/08", "description": " The Togo national football team is involved in an attack in Angola, and as a result withdraws from the Africa Cup of Nations.{{cite news |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/sport2\/hi\/football\/africa\/8449611.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/sport2\/hi\/football\/africa\/8449611.stm<\/a> |title=Togo withdraw from Africa Cup of Nations |publisher=BBC Sport |date=2010-01-09 |accessdate=2009-01-09}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/01/12", "description": " A 7.0-magnitude earthquake occurs in Haiti, devastating the nation's capital, Port-au-Prince. With a confirmed death toll over 230,000ref name=quotMiamiHerald13quot{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.miamiherald.com\/582\/story\/1422279.html|title=Haiti\">http:\/\/www.miamiherald.com\/582\/story\/1422279.html|title=Haiti<\/a> president describes `unimaginable' catastrophe thousands feared dead|date=13 January 2010|publisher=Miami Herald|accessdate=13 January 2010| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100218061630\/http:\/\/www.miamiherald.com\/582\/story\/1422279.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100218061630\/http:\/\/www.miamiherald.com\/582\/story\/1422279.html|<\/a> archivedate= 18 February 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}ref name=quotCNN13quot{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2010\/WORLD\/americas\/01\/13\/haiti.earthquake\/index.html|title=Hundreds\">http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2010\/WORLD\/americas\/01\/13\/haiti.earthquake\/index.html|title=Hundreds<\/a> of thousands may have died in Haiti quake, PM says|date=13 January 2010|publisher=CNN|accessdate=13 January 2010| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100114024958\/http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2010\/WORLD\/americas\/01\/13\/haiti.earthquake\/index.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100114024958\/http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2010\/WORLD\/americas\/01\/13\/haiti.earthquake\/index.html|<\/a> archivedate= 14 January 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/ap\/20100113\/ap_on_re_la_am_ca\/cb_haiti_earthquake\">http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/ap\/20100113\/ap_on_re_la_am_ca\/cb_haiti_earthquake<\/a> |title=Thousands feared dead in Haiti quake many trapped - Yahoo! News |publisher=News.yahoo.com |date= |accessdate=2010-01-13| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100114182637\/http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/ap\/20100113\/ap_on_re_la_am_ca\/cb_haiti_earthquake|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100114182637\/http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/ap\/20100113\/ap_on_re_la_am_ca\/cb_haiti_earthquake|<\/a> archivedate= 14 January 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}} it is one of the deadliest on record.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/01/15", "description": " The longest annular solar eclipse of the 3rd millennium occurs.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/01/25", "description": " Ethiopian Airlines Flight 409 crashes into the Mediterranean Sea shortly after take-off from Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport, killing all 90 people on board.", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/02/03", "description": " The sculpture ''L'Homme qui marche I'' by Alberto Giacometti sells in London for \u00a365 million (US$103.7 million), setting a new world record for a work of art sold at auction.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2010\/02\/03\/giacometti-sculpture-lhom_n_448243.html|title=Giacometti\">http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2010\/02\/03\/giacometti-sculpture-lhom_n_448243.html|title=Giacometti<\/a> Sculpture 'L'Homme qui marche I' Fetches $104.3ampnbspMillion|work=The Huffington Post|accessdate=3 February 2010|first=Lila|last=Shapiro|date=February 3, 2010| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100206211452\/http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2010\/02\/03\/giacometti-sculpture-lhom_n_448243.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100206211452\/http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2010\/02\/03\/giacometti-sculpture-lhom_n_448243.html|<\/a> archivedate= 6 February 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.artinfo.com\/news\/story\/33818\/giacometti-sculpture-becomes-most-expensive-work-ever-to-sell-at-auction-updated\/|title=Giacometti\">http:\/\/www.artinfo.com\/news\/story\/33818\/giacometti-sculpture-becomes-most-expensive-work-ever-to-sell-at-auction-updated\/|title=Giacometti<\/a> Sculpture Becomes Most Expensive Work Ever to Sell at Auction|work=artinfo.com|accessdate=5 February 2010| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100207090622\/http:\/\/www.artinfo.com\/news\/story\/33818\/giacometti-sculpture-becomes-most-expensive-work-ever-to-sell-at-auction-updated\/|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100207090622\/http:\/\/www.artinfo.com\/news\/story\/33818\/giacometti-sculpture-becomes-most-expensive-work-ever-to-sell-at-auction-updated\/|<\/a> archivedate= 7 February 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/artanddesign\/2010\/feb\/03\/giacometti-statue-breaks-auction-record|title=Alberto\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/artanddesign\/2010\/feb\/03\/giacometti-statue-breaks-auction-record|title=Alberto<\/a> Giacometti statue breaks auction record with \u00a365m sale|work=Mark Brown\/Guardian|accessdate=5 February 2010 | location=London | date=February 3, 2010| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100206052059\/http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/artanddesign\/2010\/feb\/03\/giacometti-statue-breaks-auction-record|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100206052059\/http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/artanddesign\/2010\/feb\/03\/giacometti-statue-breaks-auction-record|<\/a> archivedate= 6 February 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/02/12", "description": " February 28 ampndash The 2010 Winter Olympics are held in Vancouver and Whistler, Canada.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/02/18", "description": " The President of Niger, Tandja Mamadou, is overthrown after a group of soldiers storms the presidential palaceref name=Todd{{cite web|first=Todd|last=Pitman|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/hostednews\/ap\/article\/ALeqM5gDZF3n7657_r2rMh4ywl_o-MjNQwD9DUOD600|title=Armed\">http:\/\/www.google.com\/hostednews\/ap\/article\/ALeqM5gDZF3n7657_r2rMh4ywl_o-MjNQwD9DUOD600|title=Armed<\/a> soldiers storm Niger presidential palace|publisher=Associated Press|date=2010-02-18| accessdate= 17 April 2011 !--DASHBot--}} and form a ruling junta, the Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy headed by ''chef d'escadron'' Salou Djibo.ref name=Ousts{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/8523196.stm|title=Military\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/8523196.stm|title=Military<\/a> coup ousts Niger president|work=BBC News|date=2010-02-18|accessdate=2010-02-18| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100219053310\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/8523196.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100219053310\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/africa\/8523196.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 19 February 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/02/27", "description": " An 8.8-magnitude earthquake occurs in Chile, triggering a tsunami over the Pacific and killing at least 525.ref name=quotmuertosquot<a href=\"http:\/\/www.interior.gob.cl\/filesapp\/listado_fallecidos_desaparecidos_27Feb.pdf\">http:\/\/www.interior.gob.cl\/filesapp\/listado_fallecidos_desaparecidos_27Feb.pdf<\/a> Subsecretar\u00eda del Interior de Chile (January 31 2011). \u00abInforme final de fallecidos y desaparecidos por comuna\u00bb The earthquake is one of the largest in recorded history.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/03/16", "description": " The Kasubi Tombs, Uganda's only cultural World Heritage Site, are destroyed by fire.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.allvoices.com\/s\/event-5422309\/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5uZXd2aXNpb24uY28udWcv\">http:\/\/www.allvoices.com\/s\/event-5422309\/aHR0cDovL3d3dy5uZXd2aXNpb24uY28udWcv<\/a> Allvoices.com", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/03/26", "description": " The ''ROKS Cheonan'', a South Korean Navy ship carrying 104 personnel, sinks off the country's west coast, killing 46. In May, an independent investigation blames North Korea, which denies the allegations.ref name=quotdailynk1quot{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.dailynk.com\/english\/read.php?cataId=nk00100ampnum=6392\">http:\/\/www.dailynk.com\/english\/read.php?cataId=nk00100ampnum=6392<\/a> |title=Results Confirm North Korea Sank Cheonan |publisher=Daily NK |date= |accessdate=May 20, 2010| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100522235650\/http:\/\/www.dailynk.com\/english\/read.php?cataId=nk00100ampnum=6392|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100522235650\/http:\/\/www.dailynk.com\/english\/read.php?cataId=nk00100ampnum=6392|<\/a> archivedate= 22 May 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/news\/world\/asia\/article7131533.ece\">http:\/\/www.timesonline.co.uk\/tol\/news\/world\/asia\/article7131533.ece<\/a> |title=\u2018All out war\u2019 threatened over North Korea attack on warship Cheonan |publisher=Times Online |date= May 20, 2010|accessdate=2010-05-25 | location=London | first=Anne | last=Barrowclough}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/04/07", "description": " Kyrgyz President Kurmanbek Bakiyev flees Bishkek amid fierce rioting, sparking a sociopolitical crisis. Former foreign minister Roza Otunbayeva is placed at the head of an interim government as the opposition seizes control.{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/world\/story\/2010\/04\/07\/kyrgyzstan-riot.html\">http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/world\/story\/2010\/04\/07\/kyrgyzstan-riot.html<\/a> | work=CBC News | title=Tumult in Kyrgyzstan as opposition claims power | date=April 7, 2010| accessdate= 17 April 2011 !--DASHBot--| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110511111728\/http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/world\/story\/2010\/04\/07\/kyrgyzstan-riot.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110511111728\/http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/world\/story\/2010\/04\/07\/kyrgyzstan-riot.html|<\/a> archivedate= 11 May 2011| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/04/10", "description": " The President of Poland, Lech Kaczy\u0144ski, is among 96 killed when their airplane crashes in western Russia.{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2010\/apr\/10\/poland-president-lech-kaczynski-killed\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2010\/apr\/10\/poland-president-lech-kaczynski-killed<\/a> | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Luke | last=Harding | title=Polish president Lech Kaczynski killed in plane crash | date=April 10, 2010| accessdate= 17 April 2011 !--DASHBot--| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110419214318\/http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2010\/apr\/10\/poland-president-lech-kaczynski-killed|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110419214318\/http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2010\/apr\/10\/poland-president-lech-kaczynski-killed|<\/a> archivedate= 19 April 2011| deadurl= no}}<a href=\"http:\/\/news.sky.com\/skynews\/Home\/World-News\/Polish-President-Lech-Kaczynski-Killed-When-Plane-Crashed-On-Approach-To-Smolensk-Airport-In-Russia\/Article\/201004215598482?lpos=World_News_Carousel_Region_0amplid=ARTICLE_15598482\">http:\/\/news.sky.com\/skynews\/Home\/World-News\/Polish-President-Lech-Kaczynski-Killed-When-Plane-Crashed-On-Approach-To-Smolensk-Airport-In-Russia\/Article\/201004215598482?lpos=World_News_Carousel_Region_0amplid=ARTICLE_15598482<\/a> Sky News: Polish President Lech Kaczynski Killed When Plane Crashed On Approach To Smolensk Airport In Russia", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/04/13", "description": " A 6.9-magnitude earthquake occurs in Qinghai, China, killing at least 2,000 and injuring more than 10,000.{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/asia-pacific\/8631354.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/asia-pacific\/8631354.stm<\/a> | work=BBC News | title=China remembers earthquake dead | date=April 21, 2010| accessdate= 17 April 2011 !--DASHBot--| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110511120508\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/asia-pacific\/8631354.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110511120508\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/asia-pacific\/8631354.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 11 May 2011| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/04/14", "description": " Volcanic ash from one of several eruptions beneath Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull, an ice cap in Iceland, begins to disrupt air traffic across northern and western Europe.ref name=quotNASInfoquot{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.norwegian.com\/en\/landingssider\/cancellations-due-to-volcanic-ash-in-the-air\/|title=Cancellations\">http:\/\/www.norwegian.com\/en\/landingssider\/cancellations-due-to-volcanic-ash-in-the-air\/|title=Cancellations<\/a> due to volcanic ash in the air|date=2010-04-15|publisher=Norwegian Air Shuttle|accessdate=2010-04-15| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100418203624\/http:\/\/www.norwegian.com\/en\/landingssider\/cancellations-due-to-volcanic-ash-in-the-air\/|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100418203624\/http:\/\/www.norwegian.com\/en\/landingssider\/cancellations-due-to-volcanic-ash-in-the-air\/|<\/a> archivedate= 18 April 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/cgi-bin\/article.cgi?f=\/g\/a\/2010\/04\/15\/bloomberg1376-L0WS531A74E9-1.DTL|title=Iceland\">http:\/\/www.sfgate.com\/cgi-bin\/article.cgi?f=\/g\/a\/2010\/04\/15\/bloomberg1376-L0WS531A74E9-1.DTL|title=Iceland<\/a> Volcano Spewing Ash Chokes Europe Air Travel|date=2010-04-15|publisher=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=2010-04-15|deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=November 2010|bot=H3llBot}}ref name=quotBBC8622438quot{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk\/8622438.stm|title=Live:\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk\/8622438.stm|title=Live:<\/a> Volcanic cloud over Europe|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=2010-04-15 | date=April 15, 2010| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100418204044\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk\/8622438.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100418204044\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/uk\/8622438.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 18 April 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/04/20", "description": " The Deepwater Horizon oil platform explodes in the Gulf of Mexico, killing eleven workers. The resulting Horizon oil spill, one of the largest in history, spreads for several months, damaging the waters and the United States coastline, and prompting international debate and doubt about the practice and procedures of offshore drilling.{{cite news| url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2010\/US\/04\/21\/oil.rig.explosion\/index.html\">http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2010\/US\/04\/21\/oil.rig.explosion\/index.html<\/a> | work=CNN | title=At least 11 missing after blast on oil rig in Gulf | date=April 22, 2010| accessdate= 17 April 2011 !--DASHBot--| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110427214529\/http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2010\/US\/04\/21\/oil.rig.explosion\/index.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110427214529\/http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2010\/US\/04\/21\/oil.rig.explosion\/index.html|<\/a> archivedate= 27 April 2011| deadurl= no}}ref name=quotWardellquot{{cite web|last=Wardell|first=J.|year=2010|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.msnbc.msn.com\/id\/37815518\/|title=Nations\">http:\/\/www.msnbc.msn.com\/id\/37815518\/|title=Nations<\/a> rethink offshore drilling|work=msnbc.com|accessdate=2010-09-06}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/04/27", "description": " Standard amp Poor's downgrades Greece's sovereign credit rating to junk four days after the activation of a \u20ac45-billion EU\u2013IMF bailout, triggering the decline of stock markets worldwide and of the euro's value,ref name=quotBBCquot{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/8647441.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/8647441.stm<\/a> |title=Greek bonds rated 'junk' by Standard amp Poor's  |publisher=BBC News |date= April 27, 2010|accessdate=2010-04-28| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100429143628\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/8647441.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100429143628\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/8647441.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 29 April 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}ref name=quotBBCquot{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/8648029.stm\">http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/8648029.stm<\/a> |title=Greece crisis: Euro markets hit again  |publisher=BBC News |date= April 28, 2010|accessdate=2010-04-28| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100429031203\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/8648029.stm|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100429031203\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/business\/8648029.stm|<\/a> archivedate= 29 April 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}ref name=quotCNNquot{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2010\/BUSINESS\/04\/28\/greece.euro.markets\/index.html?hpt=T1\">http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2010\/BUSINESS\/04\/28\/greece.euro.markets\/index.html?hpt=T1<\/a> |title=Greece crisis deepens on global market sell-off  |publisher=CNN |date= April 28, 2010|accessdate=2010-04-28| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100501141307\/http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2010\/BUSINESS\/04\/28\/greece.euro.markets\/index.html?hpt=T1|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100501141307\/http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2010\/BUSINESS\/04\/28\/greece.euro.markets\/index.html?hpt=T1|<\/a> archivedate= 1 May 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}} and furthering a European sovereign debt crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/05/02", "description": " The eurozone and the International Monetary Fund agree to a \u20ac110 billion bailout package for Greece. 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Briggs, A.W. Maricic, T. Stenzel, U. Kircher, M. ''et al.''|date=2010-05-07|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/328\/5979\/710|title=A\">http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/328\/5979\/710|title=A<\/a> draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome|journal=Science|volume=328|issue=5979|pages=710\u2013722|accessdate=2010-05-06|pmid=20448178| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100509162327\/http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/328\/5979\/710|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100509162327\/http:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/328\/5979\/710|<\/a> archivedate= 9 May 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no|bibcode = 2010Sci...328..710G }}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/05/12", "description": " Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771 crashes at runway at Tripoli International Airport in Libya, killing 103 of the 104 people on board.{{cite news| url=<a 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href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100523015837\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/sci\/tech\/8695992.stm?|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100523015837\/http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/1\/hi\/sci\/tech\/8695992.stm?|<\/a> archivedate= 23 May 2010 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/05/19", "description": "Five paintings worth \u20ac100 million are stolen from the Mus\u00e9e d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris.ampref name=ampquotskyampquotamp{{cite news|last=Hewage|first=Tim|title= Thief Steals Paintings In Paris Art Heist|url=<a 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href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/artanddesign\/2010\/may\/20\/picasso-matisse-stolen-paris-museum|accessdate=20\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/artanddesign\/2010\/may\/20\/picasso-matisse-stolen-paris-museum|accessdate=20<\/a> May 2010|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 May 2010 | location=London| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100523151403\/http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/artanddesign\/2010\/may\/20\/picasso-matisse-stolen-paris-museum|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100523151403\/http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/artanddesign\/2010\/may\/20\/picasso-matisse-stolen-paris-museum|<\/a> archivedate= 23 May 2010 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/05/22", "description": " Air India Express Flight 812 overshoots the runway at Mangalore International Airport in India, killing 158 and leaving 8 survivors.{{cite web |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/hosted.ap.org\/dynamic\/stories\/A\/AS_INDIA_PLANE_CRASH?SITE=NYMIDampSECTION=HOMEampTEMPLATE=DEFAULT\">http:\/\/hosted.ap.org\/dynamic\/stories\/A\/AS_INDIA_PLANE_CRASH?SITE=NYMIDampSECTION=HOMEampTEMPLATE=DEFAULT<\/a> |title=Plane crashes in India, 158 feared dead, 8 alive |accessdate=2010-05-22 |work=Associated Press |date=2010-05-22}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/05/31", "description": " Nine activists are killed in a clash with soldiers when Israeli Navy forces raid and capture a flotilla of ships attempting to break the Gaza blockade.ref name=quotedition.cnn.comquot{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2010\/WORLD\/meast\/05\/31\/gaza.protest\/index.html?hpt=T1|title=Israeli\">http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2010\/WORLD\/meast\/05\/31\/gaza.protest\/index.html?hpt=T1|title=Israeli<\/a> assault on Gaza-bound flotilla leaves at least 9 dead|author=CNN Wire 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href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100602005741\/http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/news\/nationworld\/world\/la-fg-israel-flotilla-20100531,0,1839736.story|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100602005741\/http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/news\/nationworld\/world\/la-fg-israel-flotilla-20100531,0,1839736.story|<\/a> archivedate= 2 June 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/06/09", "description": " Ethnic riots in Kyrgyzstan between Kyrgyz and Uzbeks results in the deaths of hundreds.{{cite web |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/ap\/as_kyrgyzstan_ylt=Api9XZ8yeOTfejBWw3re1JH9xg8F_ylu=X3oDMTMyaDJuaDlrBGFzc2V0A2FwLzIwMTAwNjE2L2FzX2t5cmd5enN0YW4EY2NvZGUDbW9zdHBvcHVsYXIEY3BvcwMzBHBvcwMzBHNlYwN5bl90b3Bfc3RvcmllcwRzbGsDa3lyZ3l6YXJteXRy\">http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/ap\/as_kyrgyzstan_ylt=Api9XZ8yeOTfejBWw3re1JH9xg8F_ylu=X3oDMTMyaDJuaDlrBGFzc2V0A2FwLzIwMTAwNjE2L2FzX2t5cmd5enN0YW4EY2NvZGUDbW9zdHBvcHVsYXIEY3BvcwMzBHBvcwMzBHNlYwN5bl90b3Bfc3RvcmllcwRzbGsDa3lyZ3l6YXJteXRy<\/a> |title=Ethnic Uzbeks in squalid camps fear returning home |author=Leonard P. |date=June 19, 2010 |accessdate=June 19, 2010 |publisher=Yahoo! News}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/06/11", "description": " July 11 ampndash The 2010 FIFA World Cup is held in South Africa, and is won by Spain, with the runner-up being Holland.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/07/08", "description": "  The first 24-hour flight by a solar-powered plane is completed by the Solar Impulse.{{cite news | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2010\/07\/08\/AR2010070800375.html?hpid=moreheadlines\">http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-dyn\/content\/article\/2010\/07\/08\/AR2010070800375.html?hpid=moreheadlines<\/a> | work=The Washington Post| accessdate= 17 April 2011 !--DASHBot--}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/07/25", "description": " Wikileaks, an online publisher of anonymous, covert, and classified material, leaks to the public over 90,000 internal reports about the United States-led involvement in the War in Afghanistan from 2004 to 2010.{{cite news|title= Afghan War Diary, 2004-2010|url= <a href=\"http:\/\/wikileaks.org\/wiki\/Afghan_War_Diary,_2004-2010|\">http:\/\/wikileaks.org\/wiki\/Afghan_War_Diary,_2004-2010|<\/a> accessdate= 17 April 2011 !--DASHBot--| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110415203640\/http:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/wiki\/Afghan_War_Diary,_2004-2010|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110415203640\/http:\/\/www.wikileaks.org\/wiki\/Afghan_War_Diary,_2004-2010|<\/a> archivedate= 15 April 2011| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/07/29", "description": " Heavy monsoon rains begin to cause widespread flooding (pictured) in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Over 1,600 are killed, and more than one million are displaced by the floods.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2010\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/08\/04\/pakistan.flooding\/index.html?iref=allsearch|title=More\">http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2010\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/08\/04\/pakistan.flooding\/index.html?iref=allsearch|title=More<\/a> rain, gushing flood waters threaten Pakistanis|author=CNN Wire Staff|publisher=CNN|date=2010-08-04|accessdate=2010-08-04}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/08/10", "description": " The World Health Organization declares the H1N1 influenza pandemic over, saying worldwide flu activity has returned to typical seasonal patterns.{{cite  web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/cidrap\/content\/influenza\/swineflu\/news\/aug1010who.html|title=CIDRAP\">http:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/cidrap\/content\/influenza\/swineflu\/news\/aug1010who.html|title=CIDRAP<\/a> News - WHO says H1N1 pandemic is over| accessdate= 17 April 2011 !--DASHBot--| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110513055911\/http:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/cidrap\/content\/influenza\/swineflu\/news\/aug1010who.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110513055911\/http:\/\/www.cidrap.umn.edu\/cidrap\/content\/influenza\/swineflu\/news\/aug1010who.html|<\/a> archivedate= 13 May 2011| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/10/10", "description": " The Netherlands Antilles are dissolved, with the islands being split up and given a new constitutional status.ref name=quottimequotOfficielebekendmakingen.nl - <a href=\"https:\/\/zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl\/stb-2010-387.html\">https:\/\/zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl\/stb-2010-387.html<\/a> Besluit van 23 september 2010 tot vaststelling van het tijdstip van inwerkingtreding van de artikelen I en II van de Rijkswet wijziging Statuut in verband met de opheffing van de Nederlandse Antillen", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/10/13", "description": " Thirty-three miners near Copiap\u00f3, Chile, trapped 700 metres underground in a mining accident in San Jos\u00e9 Mine, are brought back to the surface after surviving for a record 69 days.ref name =quotMSNBCquot{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.msnbc.msn.com\/id\/39625809\/ns\/world_news-americas\/|title=All\">http:\/\/www.msnbc.msn.com\/id\/39625809\/ns\/world_news-americas\/|title=All<\/a> 33 Chile miners freed in flawless rescue|date=October 13, 2010|publisher=MSNBC|accessdate=14 October 2010|location=Chile| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101013211344\/http:\/\/www.msnbc.msn.com\/id\/39625809\/ns\/world_news-americas\/|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101013211344\/http:\/\/www.msnbc.msn.com\/id\/39625809\/ns\/world_news-americas\/|<\/a> archivedate= 13 October 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/10/22", "description": " The International Space Station surpasses the record for the longest continuous human occupation of space, having been continuously inhabited since November 2, 2000 (3641 days).{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.federalspace.ru\/main.php?id=2ampnid=10661amplang=en|title=ISS\">http:\/\/www.federalspace.ru\/main.php?id=2ampnid=10661amplang=en|title=ISS<\/a> Beats Mir Record|date=October 26, 2010|accessdate=October 31, 2010|publisher=Russian Federal Space Agency}}{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/timeanddate.com\/worldclock\/fixedtime.html?day=22ampmonth=10ampyear=2010amphour=11ampmin=13ampsec=0ampp1=1927|title=Time\">http:\/\/timeanddate.com\/worldclock\/fixedtime.html?day=22ampmonth=10ampyear=2010amphour=11ampmin=13ampsec=0ampp1=1927|title=Time<\/a> is fixed on Friday, 22 October 2010, 11:13 Cheboksary time|accessdate=October 31, 2010|publisher=Timeanddate.com}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/10/23", "description": " In preparation for the Seoul summit, finance ministers of the G-20 agree to reform the International Monetary Fund and shift 6% of the voting shares to developing nations and countries with emerging markets.ref name=quotG20 summit agrees to reform IMFquot<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/business-11612701\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/business-11612701<\/a> G20 summit agrees to reform IMF BBC.", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/10/25", "description": " An earthquake and consequent tsunami off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, kills over 400 people and leaves hundreds missing.ref name=quotBBC News Major earthquakequot{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-11621977|title=Major\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-11621977|title=Major<\/a> earthquake strikes off Indonesia|work=BBC News|date=2010-10-25|accessdate=2010-10-26| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101026045356\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-11621977|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101026045356\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-11621977|<\/a> archivedate= 26 October 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/10/26", "description": " ongoing{{as of?|date=May 2012}} ampndash Repeated eruptions of Mount Merapi volcano in Central Java, Indonesia, and accompanying pyroclastic flows of scalding gas, pumice, and volcanic ash descending the erupting volcano kill three hundred people and force hundreds of thousands of residents to evacuate.{{cite news| title=Flights resume to Indonesia as volcano spews ash |url= <a href=\"http:\/\/hosted.ap.org\/dynamic\/stories\/A\/AS_INDONESIA_VOLCANO?SITE=VASTRampSECTION=HOMEampTEMPLATE=DEFAULT|publisher=Associated\">http:\/\/hosted.ap.org\/dynamic\/stories\/A\/AS_INDONESIA_VOLCANO?SITE=VASTRampSECTION=HOMEampTEMPLATE=DEFAULT|publisher=Associated<\/a> Press|last=Riyadi|first=Slamet|date=11 November 2010|accessdate=11 November 2010}}ref name=guardian_toll{{cite news|last=Weaver|first=Matthew|coauthors=Tran, Mark amp agencies|title=Mount Merapi death toll rises|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2010\/nov\/05\/mount-merapi-death-toll-rises|work=work=The<\/a> Guardian|date=5 November 2010|accessdate=5 November 2010|location=London| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101107043458\/http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2010\/nov\/05\/mount-merapi-death-toll-rises|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101107043458\/http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2010\/nov\/05\/mount-merapi-death-toll-rises|<\/a> archivedate= 7 November 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}ref name=bknpb1{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/bnpb.go.id\/irw\/berita.asp?id=119|title=(Death\">http:\/\/bnpb.go.id\/irw\/berita.asp?id=119|title=(Death<\/a> toll as of 15:00hrs 05\/112010 stands at 122)-Korban Meninggal Akibat Letusan Merapi Mencapai 122 Orang|publisher=Badan Koordinasi Nasional Penanganan Bencana-Indonesian Disaster Management Office|author=BNPB|language=Indonesian|date=5 November 2010|accessdate=8 November 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/11/04", "description": " Aero Caribbean Flight 883 crashes in central Cuba, killing all 68 people on board.ref name=NYT_1106{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/11\/06\/world\/americas\/06cuba.html?ref=world|title=Cuban\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/11\/06\/world\/americas\/06cuba.html?ref=world|title=Cuban<\/a> Plane Crash Kills 68 People|work=The New York Times|accessdate=6 November 2010|first=Elisabeth|last=Malkin|date=November 5, 2010| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101112075553\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/11\/06\/world\/americas\/06cuba.html?ref=world|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101112075553\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/11\/06\/world\/americas\/06cuba.html?ref=world|<\/a> archivedate= 12 November 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/11/11", "description": " November 12 ampndash The G-20 summit is held in Seoul, South Korea. Korea becomes the first non-G8 nation to host a G-20 leaders summit.{{cite news|last=Oliver|first=Christian|title=Seoul: S Korea looks forward to its own party|work=Financial Times|location=London|date=25 June 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/11/13", "description": " Burmese opposition politician Aung San Suu Kyi is released from her house arrest.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-asia-pacific-11749661|title=Burma\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-asia-pacific-11749661|title=Burma<\/a> releases Aung San Suu Kyi|work=BBC News|date=13 November 2010| accessdate= 17 April 2011 !--DASHBot--| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110415095738\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-asia-pacific-11749661|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110415095738\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-asia-pacific-11749661|<\/a> archivedate= 15 April 2011| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/11/17", "description": " Researchers at CERN trap 38 antihydrogen atoms for a sixth of a second, marking the first time in history that humans have trapped antimatter.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/science-environment-11773791|title=Antimatter\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/science-environment-11773791|title=Antimatter<\/a> atom trapped for first time, say scientists|work=BBC News|date=17 November 2010| accessdate= 17 April 2011 !--DASHBot--| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110427085806\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/science-environment-11773791|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110427085806\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/science-environment-11773791|<\/a> archivedate= 27 April 2011| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/11/20", "description": " Participants of the 2010 NATO Lisbon summit issued the Lisbon Summit Declaration.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/11/21", "description": " Eurozone countries agree to a rescue package for the Republic of Ireland from the European Financial Stability Facility in response to the country's financial crisis.{{Cite document | title = Ireland confirms EU financial rescue deal | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/business-11807730\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/business-11807730<\/a> | publisher = BBC News | date = 21 November 2010 | postscript =.| accessdate= 17 April 2011 !--DASHBot--| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110427090342\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/business-11807730|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110427090342\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/business-11807730|<\/a> archivedate= 27 April 2011| deadurl= no}}.ref name=quotRTE 21\/11quot{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.rte.ie\/news\/2010\/1121\/imf2-business.html|title=Plan\">http:\/\/www.rte.ie\/news\/2010\/1121\/imf2-business.html|title=Plan<\/a> will have policy conditions - ECB|date=21 November 2010|work=RT\u00c9 News and Current Affairs|publisher=Raidi\u00f3 Teilif\u00eds \u00c9ireann|accessdate=21 November 2010}}{{Cite news | title = Euro zone ministers approve rescue package for Ireland | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/newspaper\/breaking\/2010\/1121\/breaking26.html\">http:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/newspaper\/breaking\/2010\/1121\/breaking26.html<\/a> | newspaper = Irish Times | date = 21 November 2010 | postscript =.| accessdate= 17 April 2011 !--DASHBot--| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110426185120\/http:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/newspaper\/breaking\/2010\/1121\/breaking26.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110426185120\/http:\/\/www.irishtimes.com\/newspaper\/breaking\/2010\/1121\/breaking26.html|<\/a> archivedate= 26 April 2011| deadurl= no}}.", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/11/22", "description": " A stampede during Bon Om Thook (Khmer Water Festival) celebrations in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, kills 347.ref name=quotcnn25quot{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2010\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/11\/25\/cambodia.festival.deaths\/index.html|title=Government\">http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2010\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/11\/25\/cambodia.festival.deaths\/index.html|title=Government<\/a> decreases death toll in Cambodian stampede|publisher=CNN|date=25 November 2010|accessdate=25 November 2010| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101127085229\/http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2010\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/11\/25\/cambodia.festival.deaths\/index.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101127085229\/http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2010\/WORLD\/asiapcf\/11\/25\/cambodia.festival.deaths\/index.html|<\/a> archivedate= 27 November 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/11/23", "description": " North Korea shells Yeonpyeong Island, prompting a military response by South Korea. The incident caused an escalation of tension on the Korean Peninsula and prompted widespread international condemnation. The United Nations declared it to be one of the most serious incidents since the end of the Korean War.{{cite news|title=Tensions high as North, South Korea trade shelling|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.dawn.com\/2010\/11\/24\/tensions-high-as-north-south-korea-trade-shelling.html|accessdate=24\">http:\/\/www.dawn.com\/2010\/11\/24\/tensions-high-as-north-south-korea-trade-shelling.html|accessdate=24<\/a> November 2010|newspaper=Dawn|date=24 November 2010| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101125015733\/http:\/\/www.dawn.com\/2010\/11\/24\/tensions-high-as-north-south-korea-trade-shelling.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20101125015733\/http:\/\/www.dawn.com\/2010\/11\/24\/tensions-high-as-north-south-korea-trade-shelling.html|<\/a> archivedate= 25 November 2010 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}{{cite news |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.chosun.com\/site\/data\/html_dir\/2010\/11\/23\/2010112301235.html?Dep1=newsampDep2=topampDep3=top\">http:\/\/news.chosun.com\/site\/data\/html_dir\/2010\/11\/23\/2010112301235.html?Dep1=newsampDep2=topampDep3=top<\/a> |first=Dong |last=Kim |title=\u5317 \ud574\uc548\ud3ec \ub3c4\ubc1c \uac10\ud589, \uc5f0\ud3c9\ub3c4\uc5d0 \ud3ec\ud0c4 200\uc5ec\ubc1c \ub5a8\uc5b4\uc838 |language=Korean |work=The Chosun Ilbo |date=2010-11-23 |accessdate=2010-11-23}}{{Cite news |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/idUSTRE6AM0YS20101123?loomia_ow=t0:s0:a49:g43:r1:c0.586538:b39750226:z0\">http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/idUSTRE6AM0YS20101123?loomia_ow=t0:s0:a49:g43:r1:c0.586538:b39750226:z0<\/a> |title=Two Koreas exchange fire across maritime border |publisher=Reuters |date=2010-11-23 |accessdate=2010-11-23}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/11/28", "description": " WikiLeaks releases a collection of more than 250,000 American diplomatic cables, including 100,000 marked quotsecretquot or quotconfidentialquot.<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/11\/29\/world\/29cables.html\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2010\/11\/29\/world\/29cables.html<\/a> Leaked Cables Offer Raw Look at U.S. Diplomacy, New York Times, Nov 28, 2010ref name=manila<a href=\"http:\/\/www.abs-cbnnews.com\/nation\/11\/29\/10\/1796-memos-us-embassy-manila-wikileaks-cablegate\">http:\/\/www.abs-cbnnews.com\/nation\/11\/29\/10\/1796-memos-us-embassy-manila-wikileaks-cablegate<\/a> 1,796 memos from US embassy in Manila in WikiLeaks 'Cablegate' | ABS-CBN News | Latest Philippine Headlines, Breaking News, Video, Analysis, Features!-- Bot generated title --", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/11/29", "description": " The European Union agree to an \u20ac85 billion rescue deal for Ireland from the European Financial Stability Facility, the International Monetary Fund and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom, Denmark and Sweden.ref name=quotrescuedealquot{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.rte.ie\/news\/2010\/1128\/economy.html|title=Eurozone\">http:\/\/www.rte.ie\/news\/2010\/1128\/economy.html|title=Eurozone<\/a> agrees \u20ac85bn deal for Ireland|date=29 November 2010|work=RT\u00c9 News and Current Affairs|publisher=Raidi\u00f3 Teilif\u00eds \u00c9ireann|accessdate=29 November 2010}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/11/29", "description": " December 10 ampndash The 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference is held in Canc\u00fan, Mexico. Also referred to as the 16th Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 16), it served too as the 6th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 6).<a href=\"http:\/\/unfccc.int\/files\/meetings\/cop_15\/application\/pdf\/cop15_dv_auv.pdf\">http:\/\/unfccc.int\/files\/meetings\/cop_15\/application\/pdf\/cop15_dv_auv.pdf<\/a> Dates and venues of future sessions<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cop16.mx\/\">http:\/\/www.cop16.mx\/<\/a> COP 16", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2010/12/21", "description": " The first total lunar eclipse to occur on the day of the Northern winter solstice and Southern summer solstice since 1638 takes place.<a href=\"http:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/science-news\/science-at-nasa\/2010\/17dec_solsticeeclipse\/\">http:\/\/science.nasa.gov\/science-news\/science-at-nasa\/2010\/17dec_solsticeeclipse\/<\/a> NASA Science News: Solstice Lunar Eclipse<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/technology\/story\/2010\/12\/17\/lunar-eclipse-winter-solstice-coincide.html\">http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/technology\/story\/2010\/12\/17\/lunar-eclipse-winter-solstice-coincide.html<\/a> Lunar eclipse, winter solstice to coincide", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/01/01", "description": " Estonia officially adopts the euro currency and becomes the seventeenth eurozone country.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-12098513\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-12098513<\/a> |title=BBC News - Estonia becomes 17th member of the euro zone 31\/12\/2010 BBC News |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2010-12-31 |accessdate=2012-05-06}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/01/04", "description": " Tunisian street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi dies after setting himself on fire a month earlier, sparking anti-government protests in Tunisia and later other Arab nations. These protests become known collectively as the Arab Spring.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-16230190\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-16230190<\/a> |author=Gardner, Frank |title=Tunisia one year on: Where the Arab Spring started |date=2011-12-17 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=2012-01-15}}{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=2011-12-17 |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/world\/story\/2011\/12\/17\/tunisia-anniversary-arabspring.html\">http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/world\/story\/2011\/12\/17\/tunisia-anniversary-arabspring.html<\/a> |title=Vegetable seller who inspired Arab Spring honoured |publisher=CBC News |accessdate=2012-01-15}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/01/09", "description": "15 ampndash Southern Sudan holds a referendum on independence. The Sudanese electorate votes in favour of independence, paving the way for the creation of the new state in July.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.almanar.com.lb\/newssite\/NewsDetails.aspx?id=170242amplanguage=en\">http:\/\/www.almanar.com.lb\/newssite\/NewsDetails.aspx?id=170242amplanguage=en<\/a> |title=Al-ManarTV:: South Sudan Referendum Wraps up, Khartoum Vows to Recognize Results 15\/01\/2011 |publisher=Almanar.com.lb |date=2011-01-15 |accessdate=2011-01-31}}{{dead link|date=June 2011}}<a href=\"http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/africaandindianocean\/sudan\/8246615\/Sudan-referendum-whats-being-voted-on-and-what-will-happen.html\">http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/africaandindianocean\/sudan\/8246615\/Sudan-referendum-whats-being-voted-on-and-what-will-happen.html<\/a> ''Sudan referendum: what's being voted on and what will happen?'' The Telegraph. 8 January 2011", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/01/11", "description": " Flooding and mudslides in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro kills 903.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www1.folha.uol.com.br\/cotidiano\/863364-equipe-aeropolicial-improvisa-e-arrisca-para-resgatar-vitimas-das-chuvas-no-rj.shtml\">http:\/\/www1.folha.uol.com.br\/cotidiano\/863364-equipe-aeropolicial-improvisa-e-arrisca-para-resgatar-vitimas-das-chuvas-no-rj.shtml<\/a> | title=Equipe aeropolicial improvisa e arrisca para resgatar v\u00edtimas das chuvas no RJ | accessdate=20 January 2011 | date=20 January 2011 | publisher=Folha |work=UOL | language = Portuguese}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/01/14", "description": " Arab Spring: The Tunisian government falls after a month of increasingly violent protests President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali flees to Saudi Arabia after 23 years in power.ref name=quotautogenerated1quot{{cite news|author=Wyre Davies |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-12195025\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-12195025<\/a> |title=BBC News \u2013 Tunisia: President Zine al-Abidine Ali forced out |publisher=BBC News |date=15 December 2010 |accessdate=2011-01-14| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110115053136\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-12195025|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110115053136\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-12195025|<\/a> archivedate= 15 January 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.indybay.org\/newsitems\/2011\/01\/16\/18669320.php\">http:\/\/www.indybay.org\/newsitems\/2011\/01\/16\/18669320.php<\/a> |title=Uprising in Tunisia: People Power topples Ben Ali regime |publisher=Indybay |date=16 January 2011 |accessdate=2011-01-26}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/01/24", "description": " 37 people are killed and more than 180 others wounded in a bombing at Domodedovo International Airport in Moscow, Russia.ref name=quotFerris-Rotmanquot{{cite news |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/idUSTRE70N2TQ20110124\">http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/idUSTRE70N2TQ20110124<\/a> |title=Suicide bomber kills 31 at Russia's biggest airport |author=Amie Ferris-Rotman |date=24 January 2011 |work=Reuters |accessdate=2011-06-21}}ref name=quot37deathsquot{{ru icon}}{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/rian.ru\/society\/20110224\/338222803.html|title=\u0427\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e\">http:\/\/rian.ru\/society\/20110224\/338222803.html|title=\u0427\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e<\/a> \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0414\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u043e \u0434\u043e 37|publisher=RIA Novosti|date=24 February 2011|accessdate=24 February 2011}}ref name=quotBBCquot{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-12268662|title=Moscow\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-12268662|title=Moscow<\/a> bombing: Carnage at Russia's Domodedovo airport|publisher=BBC News|author=Steve Rosenberg|date=24 January 2011|accessdate=24 January 2011| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110125024514\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-12268662|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110125024514\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-12268662|<\/a> archivedate= 25 January 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/02/11", "description": " Arab Spring: Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak resigns after widespread protests calling for his departure, leaving control of Egypt in the hands of the military until a general election can be held.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/news\/middleeast\/2011\/02\/201121125158705862.html\">http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/news\/middleeast\/2011\/02\/201121125158705862.html<\/a> | title=Hosni Mubarak resigns as president | accessdate=11 February 2011 | date=11 February 2011 | publisher=AlJazeera | archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110211082027\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/news\/middleeast\/2011\/02\/201121125158705862.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110211082027\/http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/news\/middleeast\/2011\/02\/201121125158705862.html|<\/a> archivedate= 11 February 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/02/22", "description": "March 14 ampndash Uncertainty over Libyan oil output causes crude oil prices to rise 20% over a two-week period following the Arab Spring,{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/online.wsj.com\/article\/SB10001424052748703610604576158613735835374.html|title=The\">http:\/\/online.wsj.com\/article\/SB10001424052748703610604576158613735835374.html|title=The<\/a> Stealth Return of $100 Oil|date=February 22, 2011|accessdate=March 12, 2011|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|first1=Jerry A.|last1=Dicolo|first2=Brian|last2=Baskin| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110224063242\/http:\/\/online.wsj.com\/article\/SB10001424052748703610604576158613735835374.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110224063242\/http:\/\/online.wsj.com\/article\/SB10001424052748703610604576158613735835374.html|<\/a> archivedate= 24 February 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}} causing the 2011 energy crisis.", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/03/11", "description": " A 9.1-magnituderef name=quotstaradvertiserquot{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.staradvertiser.com\/news\/breaking\/Tsunami_warning_center_raises_magnitude_of_Japan_quake_to_91.html|title=Tsunami\">http:\/\/www.staradvertiser.com\/news\/breaking\/Tsunami_warning_center_raises_magnitude_of_Japan_quake_to_91.html|title=Tsunami<\/a> warning center raises magnitude of Japan quake to 9.1|newspaper=Honolulu Star-Advertiser|date=March 11, 2011|accessdate=March 11, 2011| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110316002505\/http:\/\/www.staradvertiser.com\/news\/breaking\/Tsunami_warning_center_raises_magnitude_of_Japan_quake_to_91.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110316002505\/http:\/\/www.staradvertiser.com\/news\/breaking\/Tsunami_warning_center_raises_magnitude_of_Japan_quake_to_91.html|<\/a> archivedate= 16 March 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}} earthquake and subsequent tsunami hit the east of Japan, killing 15,840 and leaving another 3,926 missing. Tsunami warnings are issued in 50 countries and territories. Emergencies are declared at four nuclear power plants affected by the quake.{{cite news|title=Japan earthquake live blog: Death toll rises amid widespread destruction| url = <a href=\"http:\/\/news.blogs.cnn.com\/2011\/03\/12\/japan-earthquake-live-blog-death-toll-rises-amid-widespread-destruction\/|\">http:\/\/news.blogs.cnn.com\/2011\/03\/12\/japan-earthquake-live-blog-death-toll-rises-amid-widespread-destruction\/|<\/a> date=12 March 2011| work =CNN blog |publisher=TimeWarner|accessdate=12 March 2011| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110316132608\/http:\/\/news.blogs.cnn.com\/2011\/03\/12\/japan-earthquake-live-blog-death-toll-rises-amid-widespread-destruction\/|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110316132608\/http:\/\/news.blogs.cnn.com\/2011\/03\/12\/japan-earthquake-live-blog-death-toll-rises-amid-widespread-destruction\/|<\/a> archivedate= 16 March 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/03/15", "description": " Arab Spring: Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, King of Bahrain declares a three-month state of emergency as troops from the Gulf Co-operation Council are sent to quell the civil unrest.ref name=quotBBCBahr15Marquot{{cite news | title = Bahrain King Declares State of Emergency after Protests | author= Staff writer | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-12745608\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-12745608<\/a> | publisher = BBC News | date=15 March 2011 | accessdate=15 April 2011 | authorlink = Staff writer| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110405202821\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-12745608|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110405202821\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-12745608|<\/a> archivedate= 5 April 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}{{cite news | author = Staff writer | title = Two Killed in Bahrain Violence Despite Martial Law | publisher = BBC News | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-12751464\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-12751464<\/a> | date=15 March 2011 | accessdate=15 April 2011 | authorlink = Staff writer| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110405202839\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-12751464|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110405202839\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-12751464|<\/a> archivedate= 5 April 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/03/17", "description": " Arab Spring and the Libyan civil war:  The United Nations Security Council votes 10-0 to create a no-fly zone over Libya in response to allegations of government aggression against civilians.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.libyafeb17.com\/\">http:\/\/www.libyafeb17.com\/<\/a> |title=libyafeb17.com |publisher=libyafeb17.com |date= |accessdate=2012-05-06}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/03/19", "description": " Arab Spring and the Libyan civil war: In light of continuing attacks on Libyan rebels by forces in support of leader Muammar Gaddafi,{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.msnbc.msn.com\/id\/42164455\/ns\/world_news-mideastn_africa\/|title=World\">http:\/\/www.msnbc.msn.com\/id\/42164455\/ns\/world_news-mideastn_africa\/|title=World<\/a> leaders launch military action in Libya|date=19 March 2011|accessdate=19 March 2011|publisher=MSNBC.com| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110501120756\/http:\/\/www.msnbc.msn.com\/id\/42164455\/ns\/world_news-mideastn_africa\/|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110501120756\/http:\/\/www.msnbc.msn.com\/id\/42164455\/ns\/world_news-mideastn_africa\/|<\/a> archivedate= 1 May 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}} military intervention authorized under UNSCR 1973 begins as French fighter jets make reconnaissance flights over Libya.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/03\/20\/world\/africa\/20libya.html|title=France\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/03\/20\/world\/africa\/20libya.html|title=France<\/a> Sends Military Flights Over Libya|date=19 March 2011|accessdate=19 March 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|first1=David D.|last1=Kirkpatrick|first2=Elisabeth|last2=Bumiller| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110331024232\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/03\/20\/world\/africa\/20libya.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110331024232\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/03\/20\/world\/africa\/20libya.html|<\/a> archivedate= 31 March 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/04/11", "description": " Former Ivorian President Laurent Gbagbo is arrested in his home in Abidjan by supporters of elected President Alassane Ouattara with support from French forces thereby ending the 2010\u20132011 Ivorian crisis and civil war.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/af.reuters.com\/article\/topNews\/idAFJOE73A0MX20110411\">http:\/\/af.reuters.com\/article\/topNews\/idAFJOE73A0MX20110411<\/a> |title=Gbagbo, wife in Ouattara's custody in I.Coast: UN amp#124 Top News amp#124 Reuters |publisher=Af.reuters.com |date=11 April 2011|accessdate=11 April 2011| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110426045833\/http:\/\/af.reuters.com\/article\/topNews\/idAFJOE73A0MX20110411|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110426045833\/http:\/\/af.reuters.com\/article\/topNews\/idAFJOE73A0MX20110411|<\/a> archivedate= 26 April 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/04/29", "description": " An estimated two billion people{{cite news |last=Grimley |first=Naomi |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-13245069\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-13245069<\/a> |title=Royal wedding: The world watches William and Kate |publisher=BBC News |date=29 April 2011 |accessdate=16 May 2011}} watch the wedding of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and Catherine Middleton at Westminster Abbey in London.", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/05/01", "description": " U.S. President Barack Obama announces that Osama bin Laden, the founder and leader of the militant group Al-Qaeda, has been killed during an American military operation in Pakistan.{{cite news |last=Goldman |first=Adam |last2=Brummitt |first2=Chris |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/ap\/20110502\/ap_on_re_us\/us_bin_laden\">http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/ap\/20110502\/ap_on_re_us\/us_bin_laden<\/a> |title=Bin Laden's demise: Long pursuit, burst of gunfire |agency=Associated Press |date=2 May 2011|accessdate=16 May 2011| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110513040530\/http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/ap\/20110502\/ap_on_re_us\/us_bin_laden|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110513040530\/http:\/\/news.yahoo.com\/s\/ap\/20110502\/ap_on_re_us\/us_bin_laden|<\/a> archivedate= 13 May 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/05/16", "description": " The European Union agree to \u20ac78ampnbspbillion rescue deal for Portugal. The bailout loan will be equally split between the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism, the European Financial Stability Facility, and the International Monetary Fund.{{cite news | url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/business-13408497\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/business-13408497<\/a> | title=Portugal's 78bn euro bail-out is formally approved | work=BBC Business News | date=16 May 2011 | agency=BBC | accessdate=13 November 2011 | publisher=bbc.co.uk}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/05/26", "description": " Former Bosnian Serb Army commander Ratko Mladi\u0107, wanted for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity, is arrested in Serbia.{{cite web|author=Interpol |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.interpol.int\/public\/Data\/Wanted\/Notices\/Data\/1995\/54\/1995_47754.asp\">http:\/\/www.interpol.int\/public\/Data\/Wanted\/Notices\/Data\/1995\/54\/1995_47754.asp<\/a> |archiveurl=<a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090526144843\/http:\/\/www.interpol.int\/public\/Data\/Wanted\/Notices\/Data\/1995\/54\/1995_47754.asp\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20090526144843\/http:\/\/www.interpol.int\/public\/Data\/Wanted\/Notices\/Data\/1995\/54\/1995_47754.asp<\/a> |archivedate=2009-05-26 |title=Interpol: Wanted MLADIC, Ratko |publisher=Interpol.int |accessdate=2011-05-26}}{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/europe\/serbia\/8537878\/Ratko-Mladic-war-crimes-fugitive-arrested-in-Serbia.html|title=Ratko\">http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/europe\/serbia\/8537878\/Ratko-Mladic-war-crimes-fugitive-arrested-in-Serbia.html|title=Ratko<\/a> Mladic: war crimes fugitive 'arrested in Serbia'|last=Wardrop|first=Murray|date=26 May 2011|work=The Daily Telegraph|publisher=Telegraph News and Media|accessdate=26 May 2011|location=London}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/06/04", "description": " Chile's Puyehue volcano erupts, causing air traffic cancellations across South America, New Zealand, Australia and forcing over 3,000 people to evacuate.", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/06/05", "description": " Arab Spring: Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh travels to Saudi Arabia for treatment of an injury sustained during an attack on the presidential palace. Protesters celebrate his transfer of power to his Vice-President Abd al-Rab Mansur al-Hadi.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/middle-east\/speculation-grows-on-yemeni-presidents-condition\/2011\/06\/04\/AGpN9xIH_story.html\">http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/middle-east\/speculation-grows-on-yemeni-presidents-condition\/2011\/06\/04\/AGpN9xIH_story.html<\/a> |title=Yemeni crowds celebrate after president transfers power, flies to Saudi Arabia|last=Londono|first=Ernesto|date=5 June 2011|work=The Washington Post|publisher=The Washington Post|accessdate=5 June 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/06/12", "description": " Arab Spring: Thousands of Syrians flee to Turkey as Syrian troops lay siege to Jisr ash-Shugur.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.rte.ie\/news\/2011\/0612\/syria.html\">http:\/\/www.rte.ie\/news\/2011\/0612\/syria.html<\/a> |title=UN in call over Syrian refugee crisis|date=12 June 2011|work=RTE|publisher=RTE|accessdate=12 June 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/07/07", "description": " The world's first artificial organ transplant is achieved, using an artificial windpipe coated with stem cells.{{cite news |title=Surgeons carry out first synthetic windpipe transplant |date=7 July 2011|work=BBC|publisher=BBC|accessdate=8 July 2011 |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/health-14047670|\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/health-14047670|<\/a> archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110708015106\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/health-14047670|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110708015106\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/health-14047670|<\/a> archivedate= 8 July 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/07/09", "description": " South Sudan secedes from Sudan, per the result of the independence referendum held in January.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-12070034\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-12070034<\/a> |title=South Sudan: New nation|date=9 July 2011|work=BBC|publisher=BBC|accessdate=9 July 2011| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110709112539\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-12070034|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110709112539\/http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-12070034|<\/a> archivedate= 9 July 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/07/09", "description": "Goran Had\u017ei\u0107 is detained in Serbia, becoming the last of 161 people indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/hostednews\/ap\/article\/ALeqM5gN0BSyDw5sirbLulQXqgi4DslMtQ?docId=9188fbcd8b194ff79407247b3df94840|title=The\">http:\/\/www.google.com\/hostednews\/ap\/article\/ALeqM5gN0BSyDw5sirbLulQXqgi4DslMtQ?docId=9188fbcd8b194ff79407247b3df94840|title=The<\/a> Associated Press: Serbia arrests last Balkan war crimes fugitive|publisher=Google.com|accessdate=2011-07-21| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110720111844\/http:\/\/www.google.com\/hostednews\/ap\/article\/ALeqM5gN0BSyDw5sirbLulQXqgi4DslMtQ?docId=9188fbcd8b194ff79407247b3df94840|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110720111844\/http:\/\/www.google.com\/hostednews\/ap\/article\/ALeqM5gN0BSyDw5sirbLulQXqgi4DslMtQ?docId=9188fbcd8b194ff79407247b3df94840|<\/a> archivedate= 20 July 2011 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/07/09", "description": "The United Nations declares a famine in southern Somalia, the first in over thirty years.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/world\/story\/2011\/07\/18\/un-famine-east-africa.html|title=Somalia\">http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/world\/story\/2011\/07\/18\/un-famine-east-africa.html|title=Somalia<\/a> on verge of famine|date=18 July 2011|publisher=CBC News|accessdate=18 July 2011| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110720035002\/http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/world\/story\/2011\/07\/18\/un-famine-east-africa.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110720035002\/http:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/world\/story\/2011\/07\/18\/un-famine-east-africa.html|<\/a> archivedate= 20 July 2011 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/07/21", "description": " Space Shuttle Atlantis lands successfully at Kennedy Space Center after completing STS-135, concluding NASA's space shuttle program.ref name=quotlanding timesquot{{cite web|title=Atlantis Completes Final Space Shuttle Program Landing at 5:57 a.m. EDT|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/shuttle\/main\/index.html|publisher=NASA|accessdate=21\">http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/shuttle\/main\/index.html|publisher=NASA|accessdate=21<\/a> July 2011|author=Staff|date=21|month=July|year=2011| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110726190430\/http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/shuttle\/main\/index.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110726190430\/http:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/mission_pages\/shuttle\/main\/index.html|<\/a> archivedate= 26 July 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/07/22", "description": " Anders Behring Breivik kills 77 people in twin terrorist attacks in Norway after a bombing in the Regjeringskvartalet government center in Oslo and a shooting at a political youth camp on the island of Ut\u00f8ya.{{Cite news | newspaper = The Wall Street Journal | date=23 July 2011 | accessdate=23 July 2011 | first1 = Charles | last1 = Duxbury | first2 = Kjetil | last2 = Hovland | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/online.wsj.com\/article\/SB10001424053111903461104576461862078291234.html?mod=WSJ_hp_LEFTTopStories\">http:\/\/online.wsj.com\/article\/SB10001424053111903461104576461862078291234.html?mod=WSJ_hp_LEFTTopStories<\/a> | title = Savage Terror Attacks | quote = ...at Least 87 Dead | postscript =.}}.{{Cite news | date=22 July 2011 | accessdate=23 July 2011 | first = Michael | last = Birnbaum | newspaper = The New York Times | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/07\/23\/world\/europe\/23oslo.html\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/07\/23\/world\/europe\/23oslo.html<\/a> | title = At Least 80 Are Dead in Norway Shooting | first1 = Elisa | last1 = Mala | first2 = J David | last2 = Goodman | postscript=.| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110722213708\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/07\/23\/world\/europe\/23oslo.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20110722213708\/http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/07\/23\/world\/europe\/23oslo.html|<\/a> archivedate= 22 July 2011 !--DASHBot--| deadurl= no}}.{{Cite news | date=22 July 2011 | accessdate=23 July 2011 | newspaper = The Washington Post | title = Norway attacks: At least 87 dead in shootings at youth conference, Oslo explosion | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/europe\/norways-capital-shaken-by-bomb-blast\/2011\/07\/22\/gIQABA6dTI_story.html\">http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/europe\/norways-capital-shaken-by-bomb-blast\/2011\/07\/22\/gIQABA6dTI_story.html<\/a> | quote = ...at least 80 people shot to death at a youth political conference outside Oslo after a massive explosion in the capital\u2019s government district killed at least seven people, according to Norwegian police | postscript=. | first=William | last=Wan}}.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.rte.ie\/news\/2011\/0730\/oslo.html\">http:\/\/www.rte.ie\/news\/2011\/0730\/oslo.html<\/a> |title=Press say Breivik had planned other attacks|date=30 July 2011|work=RTE|publisher=RTE|accessdate=30 July 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/07/22", "description": "In Thailand over 12.8 million people are affected by severe flooding. The World Bank estimates damages at 1,440 billion baht (US$45 billion).ampref name=ampquottimeampquotamp{{cite news |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.time.com\/time\/world\/article\/0,8599,2101273,00.html\">http:\/\/www.time.com\/time\/world\/article\/0,8599,2101273,00.html<\/a> |title=Thailand cleans up Areas remain flooded |agency=Associated Press |publisher=Time |date=December 2, 2011}}ampamp Some areas are still six feet under water, and many factory areas remained closed at the end of the year. 815ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.thejakartapost.com\/news\/2011\/12\/30\/death-toll-thai-floods-rises-790.html\">http:\/\/www.thejakartapost.com\/news\/2011\/12\/30\/death-toll-thai-floods-rises-790.html<\/a> |title=Death toll of Thai floods rises to 790 |publisher=Thejakartapost.com |date=2011-12-30 |accessdate=2012-05-06}}ampamp people are killed, with 58 of the country's 77 provinces affected.ampamp{{cite web|author=South East Asia correspondent , wires |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2011-10-05\/27worst27-thai-floods-kill-2242c-threaten-bangkok\/3221304\/?site=sydney\">http:\/\/www.abc.net.au\/news\/2011-10-05\/27worst27-thai-floods-kill-2242c-threaten-bangkok\/3221304\/?site=sydney<\/a> |title=ABC News Australia |publisher=Abc.net.au |date= |accessdate=2012-05-06}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/07/22", "description": "Arab Spring: Because of the uncertaintities associated with a clamp-down of the free press, there are believed to be at least 121 people killed in a Syrian Army tank raid on the town of Hama and over 150 people are reportedly killed across the country.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/news\/middleeast\/2011\/07\/201173143432348733.html\">http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/news\/middleeast\/2011\/07\/201173143432348733.html<\/a> |title=english.aljazeera.net |publisher=english.aljazeera.net |date= |accessdate=2012-05-06}}ampampampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/news\/middleeast\/2011\/07\/2011731183142996341.html\">http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/news\/middleeast\/2011\/07\/2011731183142996341.html<\/a> |title=english.aljazeera.net |publisher=english.aljazeera.net |date= |accessdate=2012-05-06}}ampampampamp{{cite web|author=amp!--if IE 6amp amp!endif--amp |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/articles\/2011\/07\/31\/160188.html\">http:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/articles\/2011\/07\/31\/160188.html<\/a> |title=english.aljazeera.net |publisher=English.alarabiya.net |date=2011-07-31 |accessdate=2012-05-06}}ampamp The total dead throughout Syria may never be known, but an estimate as of September 24 is 3,000.", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/07/22", "description": "NASA announces that its Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter has captured photographic evidence of possible liquid water on Mars during warm seasons.", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/07/22", "description": "Juno, the first solar-powered spacecraft on a mission to Jupiter, is launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.rte.ie\/news\/2011\/0805\/nasa.html\">http:\/\/www.rte.ie\/news\/2011\/0805\/nasa.html<\/a> |title=NASA launches mission to Jupiter|date=5 August 2011|work=RTE|publisher=RTE|accessdate=5 August 2011}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/08/20", "description": "28 ampndash Arab Spring and the Libyan civil war: In the Battle of Tripoli, Libyan rebels take control of the nation's capital, effectively overthrowing the government of Muammar Gaddafi.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/blogs.aljazeera.net\/liveblog\/libya-aug-31-2011-1131\">http:\/\/blogs.aljazeera.net\/liveblog\/libya-aug-31-2011-1131<\/a> |title=Wednesday, August 31, 2011 - 09:31 GMT+3 - Libya |publisher=Blogs.aljazeera.net |date=2011-08-31 |accessdate=2012-05-06}}{{cite news|title=Gadhafi Family Members in Algeria, Ambassador Says|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2011\/WORLD\/africa\/08\/29\/libya.algeria.gadhafi\/index.html?hpt=hp_c1|date\">http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2011\/WORLD\/africa\/08\/29\/libya.algeria.gadhafi\/index.html?hpt=hp_c1|date<\/a> = 29 August 2011 | accessdate=29 August 2011|author= Staff|publisher = CNN}}{{cite news | author = Staff | date = 23 August 2011 | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-14630702\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-14630702<\/a> | title = Libya Unrest: Rebels Overun Gadhafi Tripoli Compound | publisher = BBC News | accessdate = 24 August 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/09/05", "description": " India and Bangladesh sign a pact to end their 40-year border demarcation dispute.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/ibnlive.in.com\/news\/indiabangladesh-sign-pact-on-border-demarcation\/181937-3.html\">http:\/\/ibnlive.in.com\/news\/indiabangladesh-sign-pact-on-border-demarcation\/181937-3.html<\/a> |title=India-Bangladesh sign pact on border demarcation |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date= |accessdate=2012-05-06}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/09/10", "description": " Zanzibar ferry sinking: The ''MVampnbspSpice IslanderampnbspI'', carrying at least 800 people, sinks off the coast of Zanzibar, killing 240 people.ref name=quotxinhuaquot<a href=\"http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/english2010\/world\/2011-09\/11\/c_131133070.htm\">http:\/\/news.xinhuanet.com\/english2010\/world\/2011-09\/11\/c_131133070.htm<\/a> 197 bodies retrieved in Tanzania ferry accident: Minister Xinhua 11th September 2011", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/09/12", "description": " Approximately 100 people die after a petrol pipeline explodes in Nairobi.{{cite web|author=Hassan Lali |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-14879401\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-14879401<\/a> |title=Kenya fire: Nairobi pipeline blaze 'kills at least 75' 'amp#39BBC'amp#39 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2011-09-12 |accessdate=2012-05-06}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/09/17", "description": "  Occupy Wall Street protests begin in the United States. This develops into the Occupy movement which spreads to 82 countries by October.ref name=quotcnnquot{{Cite news|work=CNN tech|last=Saba|first=Michael|title=Twitter #occupywallstreet movement aims to mimic Iran|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2011\/09\/16\/tech\/social-media\/twitter-occupy-wall-street\/index.html|date=September\">http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2011\/09\/16\/tech\/social-media\/twitter-occupy-wall-street\/index.html|date=September<\/a> 17, 2011|accessdate=September 17, 2011}}ref name=quotadbusters1quot{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.adbusters.org\/campaigns\/occupywallstreet\">http:\/\/www.adbusters.org\/campaigns\/occupywallstreet<\/a> |title=Occupy Wall Street amp#124 September 17th |publisher=Adbusters.org|accessdate=October 6, 2011}}{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2011\/oct\/25\/egyptian-protesters-occupy-wall-street?newsfeed=true|title=Tahrir\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2011\/oct\/25\/egyptian-protesters-occupy-wall-street?newsfeed=true|title=Tahrir<\/a> Square protesters send message of solidarity to Occupy Wall Street|accessdate=15 November 2011|publisher=The Guardian|date=25 October 2011|location=London|first1=Jack|last1=Shenker|first2=Adam|last2=Gabbatt}}{{cite web|url =<a href=\"http:\/\/aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/F39F8293-C172-4018-9725-1E1184EED075.htm?GoogleStatID=9|title\">http:\/\/aljazeera.net\/NR\/exeres\/F39F8293-C172-4018-9725-1E1184EED075.htm?GoogleStatID=9|title<\/a> = \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064082 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629| publisher = AlJazeera.net|accessdate = January 3, 2012}}ref name=quotguardianquot{{cite news |title=Occupy America: protests against Wall Street and inequality hit 70 cities |author=Joanna Walters|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2011\/oct\/08\/occupy-america-protests-financial-crisis|newspaper=The\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2011\/oct\/08\/occupy-america-protests-financial-crisis|newspaper=The<\/a> Guardian |date=8 October 2011|accessdate=October 14, 2011 |location=London}}ref name=quottheatlanticquot{{cite news|title=Occupy the World: The '99 Percent' Movement Goes Global |author=Derek Thompson|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/business\/archive\/2011\/10\/occupy-the-world-the-99-percent-movement-goes-global\/246757\/\">http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/business\/archive\/2011\/10\/occupy-the-world-the-99-percent-movement-goes-global\/246757\/<\/a> |newspaper=The Atlantic|date=Oct 15 2011 |accessdate=October 15, 2011}}{{cite news |title=Occupy Wall Street protests go global |author=Karla Adam|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/europe\/occupy-wall-street-protests-go-global\/2011\/10\/15\/gIQAp7kimL_story.html\">http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/europe\/occupy-wall-street-protests-go-global\/2011\/10\/15\/gIQAp7kimL_story.html<\/a> |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=October 15, 2011 |accessdate=November 8, 2011}}{{cite news |title=Occupy Wall Street protests continue worldwide |author=Karla Adam |url= |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=October 16, 2011 |accessdate=November 8, 2011}}ref name=quotguardian2quot{{cite news|author=Joanna Walters in Seattle|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2011\/oct\/08\/occupy-america-protests-financial-crisis\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2011\/oct\/08\/occupy-america-protests-financial-crisis<\/a> |title=Occupy America: protests against Wall Street and inequality hit 70 cities amp#124 World news amp#124 The Observer |work=The Guardian |location=UK |accessdate=October 13, 2011 |date=8 October 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/09/19", "description": " With 434 dead, the United Nations launches a $357 million appeal for victims of the 2011 Sindh floods in Pakistan.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.rferl.org\/content\/un_appeals_for_millions_to_help_pakistan_flood_victims\/24332575.html\">http:\/\/www.rferl.org\/content\/un_appeals_for_millions_to_help_pakistan_flood_victims\/24332575.html<\/a> |title=UN Appeals For $357 Million To Help Pakistan Flood Victims 'amp#39Radio Free Europe'amp#39 |publisher=Rferl.org |date=2011-09-19 |accessdate=2012-05-06}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/09/19", "description": "2011 Mogadishu bombing: 100ampamp{{cite web|author=ampampnbsp |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.voanews.com\/policy\/editorials\/africa\/Murder-In-Mogadishu-131808193.html\">http:\/\/www.voanews.com\/policy\/editorials\/africa\/Murder-In-Mogadishu-131808193.html<\/a> |title=Murder In Mogadishu |publisher=Voanews.com |date=2011-10-13 |accessdate=2012-05-06}}ampamp people are killed in a car bombing in the Somali capital Mogadishu.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.hindustantimes.com\/65-dead-in-Somali-car-bombing\/Article1-753497.aspx\">http:\/\/www.hindustantimes.com\/65-dead-in-Somali-car-bombing\/Article1-753497.aspx<\/a> |title=Indo-Asian News Service via 'ampamp#39Hindustan Times'ampamp#39 |publisher=Hindustantimes.com |date=2011-10-04 |accessdate=2012-05-06}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/09/19", "description": "The death toll from the flooding of Cambodia's Mekong River and attendant flash floods reaches 207.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wfp.org\/content\/floods-claim-207-lives-cambodia\">http:\/\/www.wfp.org\/content\/floods-claim-207-lives-cambodia<\/a> |title=Floods claim 207 lives in Cambodia |publisher=Wfp.org |date= |accessdate=2012-05-06}}ampampampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.philstar.com\/Article.aspx?articleId=733860ampamppublicationSubCategoryId=200\">http:\/\/www.philstar.com\/Article.aspx?articleId=733860ampamppublicationSubCategoryId=200<\/a> |title=Xinhua via 'ampamp#39Philippines Star'ampamp#39 |publisher=Philstar.com |date=2011-10-04 |accessdate=2012-05-06}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/10/18", "description": " Israel and the Palestinian militant organization Hamas begin a major prisoner swap, in which the captured Israeli Army soldier Gilad Shalit is released by Hamas in exchange for 1,027 Palestinian and Israeli-Arab prisoners held in Israel, including 280 prisoners serving life sentences for planning and perpetrating terror attacks.{{cite news| url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2011\/10\/18\/world\/meast\/israel-prisoner-swap\/index.html?hpt=hp_t1\">http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2011\/10\/18\/world\/meast\/israel-prisoner-swap\/index.html?hpt=hp_t1<\/a> | work=CNN | title=After 5 years in captivity, Shalit is back home - CNN.com | date=October 19, 2011}}{{cite news| url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2011\/oct\/18\/gilad-shalit-release-palestinian-exchange\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2011\/oct\/18\/gilad-shalit-release-palestinian-exchange<\/a> | location=London | work=The Guardian | title=Gilad Shalit release: Palestinian prisoner exchange getting under way | date=October 18, 2011}}{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.jpost.com\/DiplomacyAndPolitics\/Article.aspx?id=242250\">http:\/\/www.jpost.com\/DiplomacyAndPolitics\/Article.aspx?id=242250<\/a> |title=Schalit reunites with parents, PM... JPost - Diplomacy amp Politics |publisher=Jpost.com |date=2011-10-18 |accessdate=2012-05-06}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/10/18", "description": "Arab Spring and the Libyan civil war: Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi is killed in Sirte, with National Transitional Council forces taking control of the city, and ending the war.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/news\/africa\/2011\/10\/20111020111520869621.html\">http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/news\/africa\/2011\/10\/20111020111520869621.html<\/a> |title=NTC claims capture of Gaddafi - Africa |work=Al Jazeera English |date=2011-10-04 |accessdate=2011-10-20}}ampampampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-15387872\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-15387872<\/a> |title=BBC News - Col Gaddafi killed |work=BBC|date= October 22, 2011|accessdate=2011-10-20}}ampampampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/2011\/10\/20\/uk-libya-gaddafi-death-idUKTRE79J2S320111020\">http:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/2011\/10\/20\/uk-libya-gaddafi-death-idUKTRE79J2S320111020<\/a> |title=Gaddafi dies of wounds - NTC official|work=Reuters UK|agency=Reuters|date= October 20, 2011|accessdate=2011-10-20 |first=Samia |last=Nakhoul}}ampampampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/news\/africa\/2011\/10\/20111020111520869621.html\">http:\/\/english.aljazeera.net\/news\/africa\/2011\/10\/20111020111520869621.html<\/a> |title=Muammar Gaddafi 'killed' in gun battle - Africa |work=Al Jazeera English |date=2011-10-04 |accessdate=2011-10-20}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/10/18", "description": "Basque separatist militant organisation ETA declares an end to its 43-year campaign of political violence, which has killed over 800 people since 1968.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/politica.elpais.com\/politica\/2011\/10\/19\/actualidad\/1319056094_153776.html\">http:\/\/politica.elpais.com\/politica\/2011\/10\/19\/actualidad\/1319056094_153776.html<\/a> |title=ETA pone fin a 43 a\u00f1os de terror ampamp#124 Pol\u00edtica ampamp#124 EL PA\u00cdS |publisher=Politica.elpais.com |date= |accessdate=2012-05-06}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/10/23", "description": " A magnitude 7.2 Msubw\/sub earthquake jolted eastern Turkey near the city of Van, killing 604 people, and damaging about 2,200 buildings.{{cite web|author=October 23, 2011 |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/earthquake-report.com\/2011\/10\/23\/very-strong-dangerous-earthquake-in-eastern-turkey\/\">http:\/\/earthquake-report.com\/2011\/10\/23\/very-strong-dangerous-earthquake-in-eastern-turkey\/<\/a> |title=2011 Van earthquake |publisher=Earthquake Report |date=2011-10-23 |accessdate=2012-05-06}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/10/27", "description": " After an emergency meeting in Brussels, the European Union announced an agreement to tackle the European sovereign debt crisis which includes a writedown of 50% of Greek bonds, a recapitalisation of European banks and an increase of the bailout fund of the European Financial Stability Facility totaling to \u20ac1 trillion.ref name=BBCleaders{{cite news|title=Leaders agree eurozone debt deal after late-night talks|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-15472547|accessdate=27\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-15472547|accessdate=27<\/a> October 2011|newspaper=BBC News|date=27 October 2011}}{{cite news|last=Bhatti|first=Jabeen|title=EU leaders reach a deal to tackle debt crisis|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/money\/world\/story\/2011-10-25\/euro-summit\/50919216\/1?csp=34news|accessdate=27\">http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/money\/world\/story\/2011-10-25\/euro-summit\/50919216\/1?csp=34news|accessdate=27<\/a> October 2011|newspaper=USA Today|date=27 October 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/10/27", "description": "Date selected by the UN as the symbolic date when global population reaches seven billion.ampamp{{cite news|title=Population seven billion: UN sets out challenges|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-15459643|publisher=BBC\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-15459643|publisher=BBC<\/a> News|date=2011-10-26|accessdate=2011-10-30}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/10/27", "description": "UNESCO admitted Palestine as a member, following a vote in which 107 member states supported and 14 opposed.ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.unesco.org\/new\/en\/media-services\/single-view\/news\/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state\/|title=General\">http:\/\/www.unesco.org\/new\/en\/media-services\/single-view\/news\/general_conference_admits_palestine_as_unesco_member_state\/|title=General<\/a> Conference admits Palestine as UNESCO Member|date=2011-10-31|accessdate=2011-12-11}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "October", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/11/26", "description": " The Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity, the most elaborate Martian exploration vehicle to date, is launched from the Kennedy Space Center. It lands on Mars on August 5, 2012.{{cite news | first=Marcia | last=Dunn | title=NASA launches world\u2019s largest rover to Mars  | url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/technology\/science\/nasa-launches-worlds-largest-rover-to-mars\/article2250839\/\">http:\/\/www.theglobeandmail.com\/news\/technology\/science\/nasa-launches-worlds-largest-rover-to-mars\/article2250839\/<\/a> | location =Cape Canaveral, Florida | agency=The Associated Press | newspaper=The Globe and Mail | date=26 November 2011}}{{cite news | first=Irene | last=Klotz | title=NASA rover launched to seek out life clues on Mars | url=<a href=\"http:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/2011\/11\/26\/uk-space-mars-idUKTRE7AP0EV20111126\">http:\/\/uk.reuters.com\/article\/2011\/11\/26\/uk-space-mars-idUKTRE7AP0EV20111126<\/a> | location=Cape Canaveral, Florida | date=27 November 2011 | agency=Reuters }}{{cite news | first= | last= | title=NASA launches new Mars rover  | url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/video\/americas\/2011\/11\/2011112682011425406.html\">http:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/video\/americas\/2011\/11\/2011112682011425406.html<\/a> | location= | date=26 November 2011 | agency=Al Jazeera }}", "lang": "en", "category1": "November", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/12/15", "description": " The United States formally declares an end to the Iraq War. While this ends the insurgency it begins another.{{cite news|title=US flag ceremony ends Iraq operation|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-us-canada-16192105|publisher=BBC|accessdate=15\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-us-canada-16192105|publisher=BBC|accessdate=15<\/a> December 2011|date=December 15, 2011}}{{cite news |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/thehill.com\/blogs\/defcon-hill\/operations\/199581-panetta-marks-end-of-iraq-war-|title=\">http:\/\/thehill.com\/blogs\/defcon-hill\/operations\/199581-panetta-marks-end-of-iraq-war-|title=<\/a> Panetta marks Iraq war's end in Baghdad|date=December 15, 2011|work= DEFCON Hill \u2013 The HILL\u2019S Defense Blog  |first=Jonathan |last=Easley|accessdate=15 December 2011}}{{cite news |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/middle-east\/us-lowers-flag-to-end-iraq-war-6277340.html|title=\">http:\/\/www.independent.co.uk\/news\/world\/middle-east\/us-lowers-flag-to-end-iraq-war-6277340.html|title=<\/a> US lowers flag to end Iraq war|date=December 15, 2011|agency=Associated Press |accessdate=15 December 2011}}{{cite news |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/montreal.ctv.ca\/servlet\/an\/local\/CTVNews\/20111215\/leon-panetta-us-war-iraq-111215\/20111215\/?hub=MontrealHome|title=\">http:\/\/montreal.ctv.ca\/servlet\/an\/local\/CTVNews\/20111215\/leon-panetta-us-war-iraq-111215\/20111215\/?hub=MontrealHome|title=<\/a> U.S. formally ends Iraq war with little fanfare|date=December 15, 2011|agency= Associated Press |accessdate=15 December 2011}}{{cite news |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/stories\/1211\/70480.html|title=\">http:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/stories\/1211\/70480.html|title=<\/a> Leon Panetta marks end of Iraq war|date=December 15, 2011|work= POLITICO.com  |first=Tim |last=Mak|accessdate=15 December 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/12/16", "description": " Tropical Storm Washi causes 1,268 flash flood fatalities in the Philippines with 85 people officially listed as missing.ref name=quotwashi officialquot{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ndrrmc.gov.ph\/attachments\/article\/358\/NDRRMC%20Update%20SitRep%20No%2023%20re%20TS%20SENDONG.pdf|title=Effects\">http:\/\/www.ndrrmc.gov.ph\/attachments\/article\/358\/NDRRMC%20Update%20SitRep%20No%2023%20re%20TS%20SENDONG.pdf|title=Effects<\/a> of Tropical Storm quotSendongquot (Washi) and Emergency Operations|date=30 December 2011|publisher=National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council|accessdate=1 January 2012|location=Phillippines}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2011/12/29", "description": " Samoa and Tokelau move from east to west of the International Date Line, thereby skipping December 30, in order to align their time zones better with their main trading partners.ref name=quotwashi officialquot{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.chicagotribune.com\/news\/nationworld\/sns-ap-as-samoa-dateline,0,2803590.story|title=Back\">http:\/\/www.chicagotribune.com\/news\/nationworld\/sns-ap-as-samoa-dateline,0,2803590.story|title=Back<\/a> to the future: Samoa and Tokelau to cross international date line, jump forward a day|date=21 December 2011|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=29 December 2011}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/01/23", "description": " Iran\u2013European Union relations: The European Union adopts an embargo against Iran in protest of that nation's continued effort to enrich uranium.{{cite news|author=Jonathan Marcus |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-16674660\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-16674660<\/a> |title='amp#39BBC News'amp#39 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=2012-01-23 |accessdate=2012-05-06}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "January", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/02/01", "description": " At least 79 people were killed and more than 1,000 were injured after a football match in Port Said, Egypt.ref name=quotcnnquot{{cite news|last2=Lee|first2=Ian|last1=Fahmy|first1=Mohamed Fadel|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2012\/02\/02\/world\/africa\/egypt-soccer-deaths\/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|accessdate=2\">http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2012\/02\/02\/world\/africa\/egypt-soccer-deaths\/index.html?hpt=hp_t1|accessdate=2<\/a> February 2012|date= 2 February 2012|publisher=CNN|publisher=Turner Broadcasting System|title=Anger flares in Egypt after 79 die in soccer riot}}ref name=quotbbcquot{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-16845841|accessdate=1\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-16845841|accessdate=1<\/a> February 2012|date= 1 February 2012|publisher=BBC News|title=Egypt football violence leaves many dead in Port Said}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/02/06", "description": " The Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II marks the 60th anniversary of her accession to the thrones of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and the 60th anniversary of her becoming Head of the Commonwealth.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.pch.gc.ca\/eng\/1296669421850\/1296669769856|title=Official\">http:\/\/www.pch.gc.ca\/eng\/1296669421850\/1296669769856|title=Official<\/a> Canadian website for the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II|author=The Government of Canada|date=January 23, 2012|accessdate=January 23, 2012}}{{cite news | url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-16896731\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-16896731<\/a> | title=Diamond Jubilee: Queen celebrating 60-year reign | publisher=bbc.co.uk | work=BBC News UK | date=6 February 2012 | accessdate=6 February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/02/15", "description": " A fire at a prison in Comayagua, Honduras kills 360.{{cite web | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/news.sky.com\/home\/world-news\/article\/16170448\">http:\/\/news.sky.com\/home\/world-news\/article\/16170448<\/a> | publisher= Sky News | title = Honduras Prison Fire Kills Hundreds Of Inmates| accessdate = February 15, 2012 |date = February 15, 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/02/19", "description": " Iran suspends oil exports to Britain and France following sanctions put in place by the European Union and the United States in January.{{cite news | url=<a href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2012\/02\/19\/world\/meast\/iran-oil-exports\/index.html?hpt=wo_c2\">http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2012\/02\/19\/world\/meast\/iran-oil-exports\/index.html?hpt=wo_c2<\/a> | title=Iran suspends oil exports to Britain and France | publisher=cnn.com | work=CNN News | date=19 February 2012 | accessdate=19 February 2012 | author=CNN Wire Staff}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/02/21", "description": " Greek government debt crisis: Eurozone finance ministers reach an agreement on a second, \u20ac130-billion Greek bailout.{{cite news | url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/business\/world-business\/euro-zone-strikes-deal-on-greece-bailout-20120221-1tkxm.html\">http:\/\/www.smh.com.au\/business\/world-business\/euro-zone-strikes-deal-on-greece-bailout-20120221-1tkxm.html<\/a> | title=Euro zone strikes deal on Greece bailout | publisher=www.smh.com.au | work=Reuters | date=21 February 2012 | accessdate=25 February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/02/27", "description": " Arab Spring: As a result of ongoing protests, Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh is succeeded by Vice President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Al-Hadi.{{cite news | url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-17169216\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-middle-east-17169216<\/a> | title=Obama hails 'new beginning' for Yemen | publisher=bbc.co.uk | work=BBC News | date=25 February 2012 | accessdate=26 February 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "February", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/03/04", "description": " A series of explosions are reported at a munitions dump in Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic of the Congo, with at least 250 people dead.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/in.reuters.com\/article\/2012\/03\/04\/congo-explosions-idINDEE82304620120304\">http:\/\/in.reuters.com\/article\/2012\/03\/04\/congo-explosions-idINDEE82304620120304<\/a> |title=Reuters |publisher=In.reuters.com |date=2012-03-04 |accessdate=2012-05-06}}{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-17249480\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-17249480<\/a> |title=BBC |publisher=BBC |date=2012-03-04 |accessdate=2012-05-06}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/03/13", "description": " After 244 years since its first publication, the ''Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica'' discontinues its print edition.{{cite news |author=McCarthy, Tom |date=2012-03-13 |title=Encyclopedia Britannica halts print publication after 244 years |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/books\/2012\/mar\/13\/encyclopedia-britannica-halts-print-publication?newsfeed=true\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/books\/2012\/mar\/13\/encyclopedia-britannica-halts-print-publication?newsfeed=true<\/a> |work=The Guardian |accessdate=2012-03-14}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/03/22", "description": " The President of Mali, Amadou Toumani Tour\u00e9, is ousted in a coup d'\u00e9tat after mutinous soldiers attack government offices.{{cite news |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/03\/23\/world\/africa\/mali-coup-france-calls-for-elections.html\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/03\/23\/world\/africa\/mali-coup-france-calls-for-elections.html<\/a> |title=Soldiers Declare Coup in Mali |author=Adam Nossiter |date=22 March 2012 |work=The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company |accessdate=22 March 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "March", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/04/06", "description": " The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad unilaterally declares the independence of Azawad from Mali.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20120406-france-24-exclusive-tuareg-rebels-declare-independence-mlna-mali-ansar-dine-azawad|title=Tuareg\">http:\/\/www.france24.com\/en\/20120406-france-24-exclusive-tuareg-rebels-declare-independence-mlna-mali-ansar-dine-azawad|title=Tuareg<\/a> rebels declare independence in north Mali|publisher=France 24|date=2012-04-06|accessdate=2012-04-06}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/04/12", "description": " Mutinous soldiers in Guinea-Bissau stage a coup d'\u00e9tat and take control of the capital city, Bissau. They arrest interim President Raimundo Pereira and leading presidential candidate Carlos Gomes J\u00fanior in the midst of a presidential election campaign.ref name=quotapquot{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.google.com\/hostednews\/ap\/article\/ALeqM5gGdGd-oKyai6M1KEUxMzkKCkPAfQ?docId=8ed769267a0140e4974585dc57dcc99a\">http:\/\/www.google.com\/hostednews\/ap\/article\/ALeqM5gGdGd-oKyai6M1KEUxMzkKCkPAfQ?docId=8ed769267a0140e4974585dc57dcc99a<\/a> |title=The Associated Press: Military: Guinea-Bissau prime minister arrested |publisher=Google.com |date=2012-04-13 |accessdate=2012-05-06}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/04/13", "description": " Kwangmy\u014fngs\u014fng-3, a North Korean Earth observation satellite, explodes shortly after launch. The United States and other countries had called the impending launch a violation of United Nations Security Council demands.ref name =quotNK_satellitequot\/ The launch was planned to mark the centenary of the birth of Kim Il-sung, the founder of the republic.ref name =quotNK_satellitequot{{cite news|last=Choe|first=Sang-hun|title=North Korea Says It Will Launch Satellite Into Orbit|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/03\/17\/world\/asia\/north-korea-satellite-launch-missile-test.html|publisher=publisher=The<\/a> New York Times{{!}}Nytimes.com|accessdate=March 16, 2012|date=March 16, 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/04/26", "description": " Former Liberian President Charles Taylor is found guilty on 11 counts of aiding and abetting war crimes and crimes against humanity during the Sierra Leone Civil War.{{cite news | url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-17864387\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-africa-17864387<\/a> | work=BBC | title= 'Taylor Sierra Leone war crimes verdiact welcomed' | date= 26 April 2012 | accessdate= 1 May 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "April", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/05/02", "description": " A pastel version of ''The Scream'', by Norwegian painter Edvard Munch, sells for US$120 million in a New York City auction, setting a new world record for an auctioned work of art.{{cite news|last=|first=|title=Edvard Munch's iconic artwork The Scream sold for $120m|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/entertainment-arts-17926519|accessdate=3\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/entertainment-arts-17926519|accessdate=3<\/a> May 2012|date=3 May 2012|agency=BBC|work=BBC News}}{{cite news|last=Michaud|first=Chris|title=quotThe Screamquot sells for record $120 million at auction|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/2012\/05\/03\/entertainment-us-thescream-auction-idUSBRE84200M20120503|accessdate=3\">http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/2012\/05\/03\/entertainment-us-thescream-auction-idUSBRE84200M20120503|accessdate=3<\/a> May 2012|date=3 May 2012|agency=Reuters}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/05/12", "description": " August 12 ampndash The 2012 World Expo takes place in Yeosu, South Korea.ref name =quotExpo_2012quot<a href=\"http:\/\/eng.expo2012.kr\/main.html\">http:\/\/eng.expo2012.kr\/main.html<\/a> 2012 World Expo (English) Retrieved January 23, 2012.", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/05/22", "description": " Tokyo Skytree, the tallest self-supporting tower in the world at 634 metres high, is opened to public.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-asia-18141311\">http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-asia-18141311<\/a> |title=High winds mar opening of Tokyo's Skytree tower |publisher=BBC News |date=2012-05-22 |accessdate=2012-07-04}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "May", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/06/05", "description": "6 ampndash The century's second and last solar transit of Venus occurs. The next pair are predicted to occur in 2117 and 2125.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov\/OH\/transit12.html|title=NASA\">http:\/\/eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov\/OH\/transit12.html|title=NASA<\/a> Transit of Venus|author=NASA|accessdate=January 23, 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/06/05", "description": "Shenzhou 9, a Chinese spacecraft carrying three Chinese astronauts, including the first-ever female one, docked manually with an orbiting module Tiangong 1, first time as the country, making them as the third country, after the United States and Russia, to successfully perform the mission.ampamp{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/online.wsj.com\/article\/SB10001424052702304782404577486793301606890.html?mod=googlenews_wsj|title=Chinese\">http:\/\/online.wsj.com\/article\/SB10001424052702304782404577486793301606890.html?mod=googlenews_wsj|title=Chinese<\/a> Spacecraft Docks With Orbiting Module|author=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=July 4, 2012|deadurl=yes}} {{Dead link|date=August 2012|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/06/05", "description": "Lonesome George, the last known individual of the Pinta Island Tortoise subspecies, dies at a Galapagos National Park, thus making the subspecies extinct.ampref name=ampquotLonesome George's Deathampquotamp{{cite news|title=Famed Galapagos tortoise dies|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/tech\/science\/environment\/story\/2012-06-24\/tortiose-species-extinct\/55798794\/1|publisher=USA\">http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/tech\/science\/environment\/story\/2012-06-24\/tortiose-species-extinct\/55798794\/1|publisher=USA<\/a> Today | date=June 24, 2012}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "June", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/07/04", "description": " CERN announces the discovery of a new particle with properties consistent with the Higgs boson after experiments at the Large Hadron Collider.ref name=cern1207{{cite news |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/press.web.cern.ch\/press\/PressReleases\/Releases2012\/PR17.12E.html\">http:\/\/press.web.cern.ch\/press\/PressReleases\/Releases2012\/PR17.12E.html<\/a> |title=CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long-sought Higgs boson |publisher=CERN press release |date=4 July 2012 |accessdate=4 July 2012}}ref name=cms1207{{cite web | url = <a href=\"http:\/\/cms.web.cern.ch\/news\/observation-new-particle-mass-125-gev\">http:\/\/cms.web.cern.ch\/news\/observation-new-particle-mass-125-gev<\/a> | title = Observation of a New Particle with a Mass of 125 GeV | first = Lucas | last = Taylor | date = 4 July 2012 | work = CMS Public Website | publisher = CERN}}ref name=atlas1207{{cite web|title=Latest Results from ATLAS Higgs Search |publisher=ATLAS|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.atlas.ch\/news\/2012\/latest-results-from-higgs-search.html\">http:\/\/www.atlas.ch\/news\/2012\/latest-results-from-higgs-search.html<\/a> |date=4 July 2012 |accessdate=4 July 2012}}<a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vXZ-yzwlwMw\">http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vXZ-yzwlwMw<\/a> Video (04:38)ampnbsp\u2013 CERN Announcement (4 July 2012) Of Higgs Boson Discovery.ref name=quotNYT-20120704quot{{cite news |last=Overbye |first=Dennis |title=A New Particle Could Be Physics\u2019 Holy Grail |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/07\/05\/science\/cern-physicists-may-have-discovered-higgs-boson-particle.html\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/07\/05\/science\/cern-physicists-may-have-discovered-higgs-boson-particle.html<\/a> |date=4 July 2012 |newspaper=New York Times |accessdate=4 July 2012 }}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/07/27", "description": " August 12 ampndash The 2012 Summer Olympics are held in London, United Kingdom.{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.london2012.com\/|title=London\">http:\/\/www.london2012.com\/|title=London<\/a> 2012|accessdate=January 23, 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/07/30", "description": "31 ampndash In the worst power outage in world history, the 2012 India blackouts leave 620 million people without power.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2012\/jul\/31\/india-blackout-electricity-power-cuts|title=India\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2012\/jul\/31\/india-blackout-electricity-power-cuts|title=India<\/a> blackouts leave 700 million without power|date=31 July 2012|author=Helen Pidd|accessdate=31 July 2012|work=The Guardian}}{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/world\/story\/2012-07-31\/india-power-outage\/56600520\/1|author=Hriday\">http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/news\/world\/story\/2012-07-31\/india-power-outage\/56600520\/1|author=Hriday<\/a> Sarma and Ruby Russell|title=620 million without power in India after 3 power grids fail|date=31 July 2012|accessdate=31 July 2012|work=USA Today}}{{cite news|title=India's Mass Power Failure Worst Ever in World History|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/news.outlookindia.com\/items.aspx?artid=770631|work=Outlook|agency=Press\">http:\/\/news.outlookindia.com\/items.aspx?artid=770631|work=Outlook|agency=Press<\/a> Trust of India|date=1 August 2012|accessdate=1 August 2012}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "July", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/08/06", "description": " ''Curiosity'', the Mars Science Laboratory mission's rover, successfully lands on Mars.ref name=MarsScienceLaboratory{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.space.com\/13501-nasa-mars-rover-curiosity-atlas5-rocket.html\">http:\/\/www.space.com\/13501-nasa-mars-rover-curiosity-atlas5-rocket.html<\/a> |title=NASA's Next Mars Rover Hoisted Atop Rocket |publisher=Space.com |date= |accessdate=2011-11-04}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/08/06", "description": "Researchers successfully perform the first implantation of an early prototype bionic eye with 24 electrodes.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2012\/08\/120831065003.htmampamp\">http:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2012\/08\/120831065003.htmampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/08/06", "description": "Armenia severs diplomatic relations with Hungary, following the extradition to Azerbaijan and subsequent pardoning of Ramil Safarov, who was convicted of killing an Armenian soldier in Hungary in 2004. The move is also met with fierce criticism from other countries.ampamp<a href=\"http:\/\/www.montrealgazette.com\/life\/Azerbaijani+military+officer+serving+life+murder+Hungary+freed+when\/7173300\/story.htmlampamp\">http:\/\/www.montrealgazette.com\/life\/Azerbaijani+military+officer+serving+life+murder+Hungary+freed+when\/7173300\/story.htmlampamp<\/a>", "lang": "en", "category1": "August", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/09/07", "description": " Canada officially cuts diplomatic ties with Iran by closing its embassy in Tehran and ordered the expulsion of Iranian diplomats from Ottawa, over support for Syria, nuclear plans and alleged rights abuses.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2012\/sep\/07\/canada-cuts-diplomatic-ties-iran\">http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/world\/2012\/sep\/07\/canada-cuts-diplomatic-ties-iran<\/a> |title=Canada cuts diplomatic ties with Iran |publisher=The Guardian |date=2012-09-07 |accessdate=2012-09-08}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/09/11", "description": " 18 ampndash  A series of protests is directed against United States diplomatic missions worldwide, as well as diplomatic missions of Germany, Switzerland and United Kingdom in some countries, after the screening of a Youtube trailer for the film ''Innocence of Muslims''. In Libya the attacks result in the deaths of the United States Ambassador to Libya J. Christopher Stevens, and 3 other Americans.{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/news\/la-mobile-christopher-stevens-killed-m,0,2291982.story?track=rss\">http:\/\/www.latimes.com\/news\/la-mobile-christopher-stevens-killed-m,0,2291982.story?track=rss<\/a> |title=Christopher Stevens, U.S. ambassador to Libya, killed in Benghazi |publisher=Los Angeles Times |date=2012-09-12 |accessdate=2012-09-12}}{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/09\/14\/world\/middleeast\/mideast-turmoil-spreads-to-us-embassy-in-yemen.html?pagewanted=all\">http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/09\/14\/world\/middleeast\/mideast-turmoil-spreads-to-us-embassy-in-yemen.html?pagewanted=all<\/a> |title=Turmoil Over Contentious Video Spreads to Yemen and Iran |publisher=The New York Times |date=2012-09-13 |accessdate=2012-09-13}}{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/8301-202_162-57512841\/widespread-protests-against-u.s-over-anti-muslim-film\/\">http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/8301-202_162-57512841\/widespread-protests-against-u.s-over-anti-muslim-film\/<\/a> |title=Widespread protests against U.S. over anti-Muslim film |publisher=CBS News |date=2012-09-14 |accessdate=2012-09-14}}{{cite news|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/middleeast\/9543241\/US-embassy-in-Yemen-stormed-live.html\">http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/middleeast\/9543241\/US-embassy-in-Yemen-stormed-live.html<\/a> |title=Middle East protests against US embassies - live |publisher=The Telegraph |date=2012-09-14 |accessdate=2012-09-14}}", "lang": "en", "category1": "September", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/12/21", "description": " The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar, notably used by the pre-Columbian Mayan civilization among others, completes a quotgreat cyclequot of thirteen ''b'ak'tuns'' (periods of 144,000 days each) since the mythical creation date of the calendar's current era.Susan Milbrath, Curator of Latin American Art and Archaeology, Florida Museum of Natural History, quoted in <a href=\"http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/tech\/science\/2007-03-27-maya-2012_n.htm\">http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/tech\/science\/2007-03-27-maya-2012_n.htm<\/a> ''USA Today'', Wednesday, March 28, 2007, p. 11D<a href=\"http:\/\/tulane.edu\/news\/newwave\/062508_maya.cfm\">http:\/\/tulane.edu\/news\/newwave\/062508_maya.cfm<\/a> quotThe Sky Is Not Fallingquot ''New Wave'', Tulane University, June 25, 2008.", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/12/31", "description": " The first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol ends.{{cite journal", "lang": "en", "category1": "December", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/12/31", "description": "''Pleiades'', a proposed supercomputer built by Intel and SGI for NASA's Ames Research Center, will be completed, reaching a peak performance of 10 Petaflops (10 quadrillion floating point operations per second).ampamp{{cite web|url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.nas.nasa.gov\/News\/Releases\/2008\/05-07-08.html\">http:\/\/www.nas.nasa.gov\/News\/Releases\/2008\/05-07-08.html<\/a> |title=NASA, Intel, SGI Plan to 'Soup Up' Supercomputer |publisher=Nas.nasa.gov |date= |accessdate=2010-06-02| archiveurl= <a href=\"http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100528021808\/http:\/\/www.nas.nasa.gov\/News\/Releases\/2008\/05-07-08.html|\">http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20100528021808\/http:\/\/www.nas.nasa.gov\/News\/Releases\/2008\/05-07-08.html|<\/a> archivedate= 28 May 2010 amp!--DASHBot--amp| deadurl= no}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/12/31", "description": "''Sequoia'', a proposed super computer built by IBM for the National Nuclear Security Administration will be completed, reaching a peak performance of 20 Petaflops.ampamp{{cite web|last=Gonsalves |first=Antone |url=<a href=\"http:\/\/www.informationweek.com\/news\/hardware\/supercomputers\/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=213000842ampampsubSection=News\">http:\/\/www.informationweek.com\/news\/hardware\/supercomputers\/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=213000842ampampsubSection=News<\/a> |title=IBM Tapped For 20-Petaflop Government Supercomputer |publisher=Informationweek.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-02}}ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/12/31", "description": "On the Sun, the solar maximum of Solar Cycle 24 in the 11-year sunspot cycle is forecast to occur. Solar Cycle 24 is regarded to have commenced January 2008, and on average will reach its peak of maximal sunspot activity around 2012.", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}, "event": {"date": "2012/12/31", "description": "The Kars\u2013Tbilisi\u2013Baku railway across the Caucasus is scheduled to be completed sometime in 2012.ampamp''National Geographic'', August 2010, page 62.ampamp", "lang": "en", "category1": "Date unknown", "granularity": "year"}}}