# Delta: Structural differencing in Rust The `delta` crate defines the trait `Delta`, along with a derive macro for auto-generating instances of this trait for most data types. Primarily the purpose of this trait is to offer a method, `delta`, by which two values of any type supporting that trait can yield a summary of the differences between them. Note that unlike other crates that do data differencing (primarily between scalars and collections), `delta` has been written primarily with testing in mind. That is, the purpose of generating such change descriptions is to enable writing tests that assert the set of expected changes after some operation between an initial state and the resulting state. This goal also means that some types, like `HashMap`, must be differenced after ordering the keys first, so that the set of changes produced can be made deterministic and thus expressible as a test expectation. To these ends, the function `delta::assert_changes` is also provided, taking two values of the same type along with an expected "change description" as returned by `foo.delta(&bar)`. This function uses the `pretty_assertions` crate under the hood so that minute differences within deep structures can be easily seen in the failure output. ## Quickstart If you want to get started quickly with the `delta` crate to enhance unit testing, do the following: 1. Add the `delta` crate as a dependency, enabling `features = ["derive"]`. 2. Derive the `delta::Delta` trait on as many structs and enums as needed. 3. Structure your unit tests to follow these three phases: a. Create the initial state or dataset you intend to test and make a copy of it. b. Apply your operations and changes to this state. c. Use `delta::assert_changes` between the initial state and the resulting state to assert that whatever happened is exactly what you expected to happen. The main benefit of this approach over the usual method of "probing" the resulting state -- to ensure it changed as you expected it to-- is that it asserts against the exhaustive set of changes to ensure that no unintended side-effects occurred beyond what you expected to happen. In this way, it is both a positive and a negative test: checking for what you expect to see as well as what you don't expect to see. ## The Delta trait The `Delta` trait has two associated types and two methods, one pair corresponding to _value descriptions_ and the other to _value changes_: ```rust pub trait Delta { type Desc: PartialEq + Debug; fn describe(&self) -> Self::Desc; type Change: PartialEq + Debug; fn delta(&self, other: &Self) -> Changed; } ``` ### Descriptions: the `Desc` associated type Value descriptions (the `Desc` associated type) are needed because value hierarchies can involve many types. Perhaps some of these types implement `PartialEq` and `Debug`, but not all. To work around this limitation, the `Delta` derive macro creates a "mirror" of your data structure with all the same constructors ands field, but using the `Desc` associated type for each of its contained types. ```rust #[derive(Delta)] struct Foo { bar: Bar, baz: Baz } ``` This generates a description that mirrors the original type, but using type descriptions rather than the types themselves: ```rust struct FooDesc { bar: ::Desc, baz: ::Desc } ``` You may also choose an alternate description type, such as a reduced form of a value or some other type entirely. For example, complex structures could describe themselves by the set of changes they represent from a `Default` value. This is so common, that it's supported via a `compare_default` macro attribute provided by `delta`: ```rust #[derive(Delta)] #[compare_default] struct Foo { /* ...lots of fields... */ } impl Default for Foo { /* ... */ } ``` For scalars, the `Desc` type is the same as the type it's describing, and these are called "self-describing". There are other macro attributes provided for customizing things even further, which are covered below, beginning at the section on [Structures](#structs). ### Changes: the `Change` associated type When two values of a type differ, this difference gets represented using the associated type `Change`. Such values are produced by the `delta` method, which actually returns `Changed` since the result may be either `Changed::Unchanged` or `Changed::Changed(_changes_)`.[^option] [^option] `Changed` is just a different flavor of the `Option` type, created to make changesets clearer than just seeing `Some` in various places. The primary purpose of a `Change` value is to compare it to a set of changes you expected to see, so design choices have been made to optimize for clarity and printing rather than, say, the ability to transform one value into another by applying a changeset. This is entirely possible give a dataset and a change description, but no work has been done to achieve this goal. How changes are represented can differ greatly between scalars, collections, structs and enums, so more detail is given below in the section discussing each of these types. ## Scalars `Delta` traits have been implemented for all of the basic scalar types. These are self-describing, and use a `Change` structure named after the type that holds the previous and changed values. For example, the following assertions hold: ```rust assert_changes(&100, &100, Changed::Unchanged); assert_changes(&100, &200, Changed::Changed(I32Change(100, 200))); assert_changes(&true, &false, Changed::Changed(BoolChange(true, false))); assert_changes( &"foo", &"bar", Changed::Changed(StringChange("foo".to_string(), "bar".to_string())), ); ``` ## Vec and Set Collections The set collections for which `Delta` has been implemented are: `Vec`, `HashSet`, and `BTreeSet`. The `Vec` uses `Vec` to report all of the indices at which changes happened. Note that it cannot detect insertions in the middle, and so will likely report every item as changed from there until the end of the vector, at which point it will report an added member. `HashSet` and `BTreeSet` types both report changes the same way, using the `SetChange` type. Note that in order for `HashSet` change results to be deterministic, the values in a `HashSet` must support the `Ord` trait so they can be sorted prior to comparison. Sets cannot tell when specific members have change, and so only report changes in terms of `SetChange::Added` and `SetChange::Removed`. Here are a few examples, taken from the `delta_test` test suite: ```rust // Vectors assert_changes( &vec![1 as i32, 2], &vec![1 as i32, 2, 3], Changed::Changed(vec![VecChange::Added(2, 3)]), ); assert_changes( &vec![1 as i32, 3], &vec![1 as i32, 2, 3], Changed::Changed(vec![ VecChange::Changed(1, I32Change(3, 2)), VecChange::Added(2, 3), ]), ); assert_changes( &vec![1 as i32, 2, 3], &vec![1 as i32, 3], Changed::Changed(vec![ VecChange::Changed(1, I32Change(2, 3)), VecChange::Removed(2, 3), ]), ); assert_changes( &vec![1 as i32, 2, 3], &vec![1 as i32, 4, 3], Changed::Changed(vec![VecChange::Changed(1, I32Change(2, 4))]), ); // Sets assert_changes( &HashSet::from(vec![1 as i32, 2].into_iter().collect()), &HashSet::from(vec![1 as i32, 2, 3].into_iter().collect()), Changed::Changed(vec![SetChange::Added(3)]), ); assert_changes( &HashSet::from(vec![1 as i32, 3].into_iter().collect()), &HashSet::from(vec![1 as i32, 2, 3].into_iter().collect()), Changed::Changed(vec![SetChange::Added(2)]), ); assert_changes( &HashSet::from(vec![1 as i32, 2, 3].into_iter().collect()), &HashSet::from(vec![1 as i32, 3].into_iter().collect()), Changed::Changed(vec![SetChange::Removed(2)]), ); assert_changes( &HashSet::from(vec![1 as i32, 2, 3].into_iter().collect()), &HashSet::from(vec![1 as i32, 4, 3].into_iter().collect()), Changed::Changed(vec![SetChange::Added(4), SetChange::Removed(2)]), ); ``` Note that if the first `VecChange::Change` above had used an index of 1 instead of 0, the resulting failure would look something like this: ``` running 1 test test test_delta_bar ... FAILED failures: ---- test_delta_bar stdout ---- thread 'test_delta_bar' panicked at 'assertion failed: `(left == right)` Diff < left / right > : Changed( [ Change( < 1, > 0, I32Change( 100, 200, ), ), ], ) ', /Users/johnw/src/delta/delta/src/lib.rs:19:5 note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace failures: test_delta_bar ``` ## Map Collections jww (2021-11-01): TODO ## Structures Differencing arbitrary structures was the original motive for creating `delta`. This is made feasible using a `Delta` derive macro that auto-generates code needed for such comparisons. The purpose of this section is to explain how this macro works, and the various attribute macros that can be used to guide the process. If all else fails, manual trait implementations are always an alternative. For the purpose of the following sub-sections, we consider the following structure: ```rust #[derive(Delta)] struct Foo { bar: Bar, baz: Baz, #[delta_ignore] baz: Box } ``` The first attribute macro you'll notice that can be applied to individual fields is `#[delta_ignore]`, which must be used if the type in question cannot be compared for differences. **TODO**: jww (2021-11-01): Allow the `Desc` and `Change` suffixes to both be changed. **TODO**: jww (2021-11-01): For each multi-field variant in an enum, generate a helper `Change` struct and set that variant's type for the enum's `Change` to be `Vec`. **TODO**: jww (2021-11-01): Provide an attribute macro `#[delta_wrap]` that defines a wrapping type that can be used for comparison. When the field is encountered during `delta`, construct a temporary value using the wrapper and then call `delta` on that. **TODO**: jww (2021-11-01): Provide an attribute macro `#[delta_view(function)]` for defining synthetic properties that receive `&self` as an argument and return a type implementing `Delta` that can be differenced. ### Deriving Delta for structs: the Desc type By default, deriving `Delta` for a structure will create a "mirror" of that structure, with all the same fields, but replacing every type `T` with `::Desc`: ```rust struct FooDesc { bar: ::Desc, baz: ::Desc } ``` This process can be influenced using several attribute macros. #### `compare_default` When the `#[compare_default]` attribute macro is used, the `Desc` type is defined to be the same as the `Change` type, with the `describe` method being implemented as a comparison against the value of `Default::default()`: ```rust type Desc = Self::Change; fn describe(&self) -> Self::Desc { Foo::default().delta(self).unwrap_or_default() } type Change = Vec; ``` Note that changes for structures are always a vector, since this allows changes to be reported separately for each field. More on this in the following section. #### `no_description` If you want no description at all for a type, since you only care about how it has changed and never want to report a description of the value in any other context, then you can use `#[no_description]`. This sets the `Desc` type to be unit, and the `describe` method accordingly: ```rust type Desc = (); fn describe(&self) -> Self::Desc { () } ``` It is assumed that when this is appropriate, such values will never appear in any change output, so consider a different approach if you see lots of units turning up. #### `describe_type` and `describe_body` You can have more control over description by specifying exactly the text that should appear for the `Desc` type and the body of the `describe` function. Basically, for the following definition: ```rust #[derive(Delta)] #[describe_type(T)] #[describe_body(B)] struct Foo { bar: Bar, baz: Baz } ``` The following is generated: ```rust type Desc = T; fn describe(&self) -> Self::Desc { B } ``` This also means that the expression argument passed to `describe_body` may reference the `self` parameter. Here is a real-world use case: ```rust #[cfg_attr(feature = "delta", derive(delta::Delta), describe_type(String), describe_body(self.to_string()))] ``` This same approach could be used to represent large blobs of data by their checksum hash, for example, or large data structures that you don't need to ever display by their Merkle root hash. ### Deriving Delta for structs: the Change type By default for structs, deriving `Delta` creates an `enum` with variants for each field in the `struct`, and it represents changes using a vector of such values. This means that for the following definition: ```rust #[derive(Delta)] struct Foo { bar: Bar, baz: Baz } ``` The `Change` type is defined to be `Vec`, with `FooChange` as follows: ```rust #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)] enum FooChange { Bar(::Change), Baz(::Change), } impl Delta for Foo { type Desc = FooDesc; type Change = Vec; } ``` Here is an abbreviated example of how this looks when asserting changes: ```rust assert_changes( &initial_foo, &later_foo, Changed::Changed(vec![ FooChange::Bar(...), FooChange::Baz(...), ])); ``` If the field hasn't been changed it won't appear in the vector, and each field appears at most once. The reason for taking this approach is that structures with many, many fields can be represented by a small change set if most of the other fields were left untouched. #### Special case: Unit structs If a struct has no fields it can never change, and so only a unitary `Desc` type is generated. #### Special case: Singleton structs If a struct has only one field, there is no reason to specify changes using a vector, since either the struct is unchanged or just that one field has changed. For this reason, singleton structs optimize away the vector and use `type Change = [type]Change` in their `Delta` derivation, rather than `type Change = Vec<[type]Change>` as for multi-field structs. #### `delta_public` and `delta_private` By default, the auto-generated `Desc` and `Change` types have the same visibility as their parent. This may not be appropriate, however, if you want to keep the original data type private but allow exporting of descriptions and change sets. To support this -- and the converse -- you can use `#[delta_public]` and `#[delta_private]` to be explicit about the visibility of these generated types. ## Enumerations Enumerations are handled quite differently from structures, for the main reason that while a `struct` is always a product of fields, an `enum` can be more than a sum of variants -- but also a sum of products. To unpack that a bit: By a product of fields, it is meant that a `struct` is a simple grouping of typed fields, where the same fields are available for _every_ value of such a structure. Meanwhile, an `enum` is a sum, or choice, among variants, but some of these variants can themselves contain groups of fields, as though there were an unnamed structure embedded in the variant. Consider the following `enum`, which will be used for all the following examples: ```rust #[derive(Delta)] enum MyEnum { One(bool), Two { two: Vec, two_more: Baz }, Three, } ``` Here we see variant that has a variant with no fields (`Three`), one with unnamed fields (`One`), and one with named fields like a usual structure (`Two`). The problem, though, is that these embedded structures are never represented as independent types, so we can't define `Delta` for them and just compute the differences between the enum arguments. Nor can we just create a copy of the field type with a real name and generate `Delta` for it, because not every value is copyable or clonable, and it gets very tricky to auto-generate a new hierarchy built out fields with reference types all the way down... Instead, the following gets generated, which can end up being a bit verbose, but captures the full nature of any differences: ```rust enum MyEnumChange { BothOne(::Change), BothTwo { two: Changed< as Delta>::Change>, two_more: Changed::Change }, BothThree, Different(::Desc, ::Desc), } ``` Note that variants with singleton fields do not use `Change`, since that information is already reflected when the variant is reported as having changed at all using, for example, `BothOne`. In the case of `BothTwo`, each of the field types is wrapped in `Changed` because it's possible that either one or both of the fields may changed. #### Special case: Empty enums If a enum has no variants it cannot be constructed, so both the `Desc` or `Change` types are omitted and it is always reported as unchanged. ## Unions Unions cannot derive `Delta` instances at the present time.