# fd [![CICD](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/actions/workflows/CICD.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/actions/workflows/CICD.yml) [![Version info](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/fd-find.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/fd-find) [[中文](https://github.com/cha0ran/fd-zh)] [[한국어](https://github.com/spearkkk/fd-kor)] `fd` is a program to find entries in your filesystem. It is a simple, fast and user-friendly alternative to [`find`](https://www.gnu.org/software/findutils/). While it does not aim to support all of `find`'s powerful functionality, it provides sensible (opinionated) defaults for a majority of use cases. [Installation](#installation) • [How to use](#how-to-use) • [Troubleshooting](#troubleshooting) ## Sponsors A special *thank you* goes to our biggest sponsors: Terminal Trove
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Get updates on new tools on our newsletter. ## Features * Intuitive syntax: `fd PATTERN` instead of `find -iname '*PATTERN*'`. * Regular expression (default) and glob-based patterns. * [Very fast](#benchmark) due to parallelized directory traversal. * Uses colors to highlight different file types (same as `ls`). * Supports [parallel command execution](#command-execution) * Smart case: the search is case-insensitive by default. It switches to case-sensitive if the pattern contains an uppercase character[\*](http://vimdoc.sourceforge.net/htmldoc/options.html#'smartcase'). * Ignores hidden directories and files, by default. * Ignores patterns from your `.gitignore`, by default. * The command name is *50%* shorter[\*](https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher) than `find` :-). ## Demo ![Demo](doc/screencast.svg) ## How to use First, to get an overview of all available command line options, you can either run [`fd -h`](#command-line-options) for a concise help message or `fd --help` for a more detailed version. ### Simple search *fd* is designed to find entries in your filesystem. The most basic search you can perform is to run *fd* with a single argument: the search pattern. For example, assume that you want to find an old script of yours (the name included `netflix`): ``` bash > fd netfl Software/python/imdb-ratings/netflix-details.py ``` If called with just a single argument like this, *fd* searches the current directory recursively for any entries that *contain* the pattern `netfl`. ### Regular expression search The search pattern is treated as a regular expression. Here, we search for entries that start with `x` and end with `rc`: ``` bash > cd /etc > fd '^x.*rc$' X11/xinit/xinitrc X11/xinit/xserverrc ``` The regular expression syntax used by `fd` is [documented here](https://docs.rs/regex/1.0.0/regex/#syntax). ### Specifying the root directory If we want to search a specific directory, it can be given as a second argument to *fd*: ``` bash > fd passwd /etc /etc/default/passwd /etc/pam.d/passwd /etc/passwd ``` ### List all files, recursively *fd* can be called with no arguments. This is very useful to get a quick overview of all entries in the current directory, recursively (similar to `ls -R`): ``` bash > cd fd/tests > fd testenv testenv/mod.rs tests.rs ``` If you want to use this functionality to list all files in a given directory, you have to use a catch-all pattern such as `.` or `^`: ``` bash > fd . fd/tests/ testenv testenv/mod.rs tests.rs ``` ### Searching for a particular file extension Often, we are interested in all files of a particular type. This can be done with the `-e` (or `--extension`) option. Here, we search for all Markdown files in the fd repository: ``` bash > cd fd > fd -e md CONTRIBUTING.md README.md ``` The `-e` option can be used in combination with a search pattern: ``` bash > fd -e rs mod src/fshelper/mod.rs src/lscolors/mod.rs tests/testenv/mod.rs ``` ### Searching for a particular file name To find files with exactly the provided search pattern, use the `-g` (or `--glob`) option: ``` bash > fd -g libc.so /usr /usr/lib32/libc.so /usr/lib/libc.so ``` ### Hidden and ignored files By default, *fd* does not search hidden directories and does not show hidden files in the search results. To disable this behavior, we can use the `-H` (or `--hidden`) option: ``` bash > fd pre-commit > fd -H pre-commit .git/hooks/pre-commit.sample ``` If we work in a directory that is a Git repository (or includes Git repositories), *fd* does not search folders (and does not show files) that match one of the `.gitignore` patterns. To disable this behavior, we can use the `-I` (or `--no-ignore`) option: ``` bash > fd num_cpu > fd -I num_cpu target/debug/deps/libnum_cpus-f5ce7ef99006aa05.rlib ``` To really search *all* files and directories, simply combine the hidden and ignore features to show everything (`-HI`) or use `-u`/`--unrestricted`. ### Matching the full path By default, *fd* only matches the filename of each file. However, using the `--full-path` or `-p` option, you can match against the full path. ```bash > fd -p -g '**/.git/config' > fd -p '.*/lesson-\d+/[a-z]+.(jpg|png)' ``` ### Command execution Instead of just showing the search results, you often want to *do something* with them. `fd` provides two ways to execute external commands for each of your search results: * The `-x`/`--exec` option runs an external command *for each of the search results* (in parallel). * The `-X`/`--exec-batch` option launches the external command once, with *all search results as arguments*. #### Examples Recursively find all zip archives and unpack them: ``` bash fd -e zip -x unzip ``` If there are two such files, `file1.zip` and `backup/file2.zip`, this would execute `unzip file1.zip` and `unzip backup/file2.zip`. The two `unzip` processes run in parallel (if the files are found fast enough). Find all `*.h` and `*.cpp` files and auto-format them inplace with `clang-format -i`: ``` bash fd -e h -e cpp -x clang-format -i ``` Note how the `-i` option to `clang-format` can be passed as a separate argument. This is why we put the `-x` option last. Find all `test_*.py` files and open them in your favorite editor: ``` bash fd -g 'test_*.py' -X vim ``` Note that we use capital `-X` here to open a single `vim` instance. If there are two such files, `test_basic.py` and `lib/test_advanced.py`, this will run `vim test_basic.py lib/test_advanced.py`. To see details like file permissions, owners, file sizes etc., you can tell `fd` to show them by running `ls` for each result: ``` bash fd … -X ls -lhd --color=always ``` This pattern is so useful that `fd` provides a shortcut. You can use the `-l`/`--list-details` option to execute `ls` in this way: `fd … -l`. The `-X` option is also useful when combining `fd` with [ripgrep](https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep/) (`rg`) in order to search within a certain class of files, like all C++ source files: ```bash fd -e cpp -e cxx -e h -e hpp -X rg 'std::cout' ``` Convert all `*.jpg` files to `*.png` files: ``` bash fd -e jpg -x convert {} {.}.png ``` Here, `{}` is a placeholder for the search result. `{.}` is the same, without the file extension. See below for more details on the placeholder syntax. The terminal output of commands run from parallel threads using `-x` will not be interlaced or garbled, so `fd -x` can be used to rudimentarily parallelize a task run over many files. An example of this is calculating the checksum of each individual file within a directory. ``` fd -tf -x md5sum > file_checksums.txt ``` #### Placeholder syntax The `-x` and `-X` options take a *command template* as a series of arguments (instead of a single string). If you want to add additional options to `fd` after the command template, you can terminate it with a `\;`. The syntax for generating commands is similar to that of [GNU Parallel](https://www.gnu.org/software/parallel/): - `{}`: A placeholder token that will be replaced with the path of the search result (`documents/images/party.jpg`). - `{.}`: Like `{}`, but without the file extension (`documents/images/party`). - `{/}`: A placeholder that will be replaced by the basename of the search result (`party.jpg`). - `{//}`: The parent of the discovered path (`documents/images`). - `{/.}`: The basename, with the extension removed (`party`). If you do not include a placeholder, *fd* automatically adds a `{}` at the end. #### Parallel vs. serial execution For `-x`/`--exec`, you can control the number of parallel jobs by using the `-j`/`--threads` option. Use `--threads=1` for serial execution. ### Excluding specific files or directories Sometimes we want to ignore search results from a specific subdirectory. For example, we might want to search all hidden files and directories (`-H`) but exclude all matches from `.git` directories. We can use the `-E` (or `--exclude`) option for this. It takes an arbitrary glob pattern as an argument: ``` bash > fd -H -E .git … ``` We can also use this to skip mounted directories: ``` bash > fd -E /mnt/external-drive … ``` .. or to skip certain file types: ``` bash > fd -E '*.bak' … ``` To make exclude-patterns like these permanent, you can create a `.fdignore` file. They work like `.gitignore` files, but are specific to `fd`. For example: ``` bash > cat ~/.fdignore /mnt/external-drive *.bak ``` > [!NOTE] > `fd` also supports `.ignore` files that are used by other programs such as `rg` or `ag`. If you want `fd` to ignore these patterns globally, you can put them in `fd`'s global ignore file. This is usually located in `~/.config/fd/ignore` in macOS or Linux, and `%APPDATA%\fd\ignore` in Windows. You may wish to include `.git/` in your `fd/ignore` file so that `.git` directories, and their contents are not included in output if you use the `--hidden` option. ### Deleting files You can use `fd` to remove all files and directories that are matched by your search pattern. If you only want to remove files, you can use the `--exec-batch`/`-X` option to call `rm`. For example, to recursively remove all `.DS_Store` files, run: ``` bash > fd -H '^\.DS_Store$' -tf -X rm ``` If you are unsure, always call `fd` without `-X rm` first. Alternatively, use `rm`s "interactive" option: ``` bash > fd -H '^\.DS_Store$' -tf -X rm -i ``` If you also want to remove a certain class of directories, you can use the same technique. You will have to use `rm`s `--recursive`/`-r` flag to remove directories. > [!NOTE] > There are scenarios where using `fd … -X rm -r` can cause race conditions: if you have a path like `…/foo/bar/foo/…` and want to remove all directories named `foo`, you can end up in a situation where the outer `foo` directory is removed first, leading to (harmless) *"'foo/bar/foo': No such file or directory"* errors in the `rm` call. ### Command-line options This is the output of `fd -h`. To see the full set of command-line options, use `fd --help` which also includes a much more detailed help text. ``` Usage: fd [OPTIONS] [pattern] [path]... Arguments: [pattern] the search pattern (a regular expression, unless '--glob' is used; optional) [path]... the root directories for the filesystem search (optional) Options: -H, --hidden Search hidden files and directories -I, --no-ignore Do not respect .(git|fd)ignore files -s, --case-sensitive Case-sensitive search (default: smart case) -i, --ignore-case Case-insensitive search (default: smart case) -g, --glob Glob-based search (default: regular expression) -a, --absolute-path Show absolute instead of relative paths -l, --list-details Use a long listing format with file metadata -L, --follow Follow symbolic links -p, --full-path Search full abs. path (default: filename only) -d, --max-depth Set maximum search depth (default: none) -E, --exclude Exclude entries that match the given glob pattern -t, --type Filter by type: file (f), directory (d/dir), symlink (l), executable (x), empty (e), socket (s), pipe (p), char-device (c), block-device (b) -e, --extension Filter by file extension -S, --size Limit results based on the size of files --changed-within Filter by file modification time (newer than) --changed-before Filter by file modification time (older than) -o, --owner Filter by owning user and/or group --format Print results according to template -x, --exec ... Execute a command for each search result -X, --exec-batch ... Execute a command with all search results at once -c, --color When to use colors [default: auto] [possible values: auto, always, never] -h, --help Print help (see more with '--help') -V, --version Print version ``` ## Benchmark Let's search my home folder for files that end in `[0-9].jpg`. It contains ~750.000 subdirectories and about a 4 million files. For averaging and statistical analysis, I'm using [hyperfine](https://github.com/sharkdp/hyperfine). The following benchmarks are performed with a "warm"/pre-filled disk-cache (results for a "cold" disk-cache show the same trends). Let's start with `find`: ``` Benchmark 1: find ~ -iregex '.*[0-9]\.jpg$' Time (mean ± σ): 19.922 s ± 0.109 s Range (min … max): 19.765 s … 20.065 s ``` `find` is much faster if it does not need to perform a regular-expression search: ``` Benchmark 2: find ~ -iname '*[0-9].jpg' Time (mean ± σ): 11.226 s ± 0.104 s Range (min … max): 11.119 s … 11.466 s ``` Now let's try the same for `fd`. Note that `fd` performs a regular expression search by default. The options `-u`/`--unrestricted` option is needed here for a fair comparison. Otherwise `fd` does not have to traverse hidden folders and ignored paths (see below): ``` Benchmark 3: fd -u '[0-9]\.jpg$' ~ Time (mean ± σ): 854.8 ms ± 10.0 ms Range (min … max): 839.2 ms … 868.9 ms ``` For this particular example, `fd` is approximately **23 times faster** than `find -iregex` and about **13 times faster** than `find -iname`. By the way, both tools found the exact same 546 files :smile:. **Note**: This is *one particular* benchmark on *one particular* machine. While we have performed a lot of different tests (and found consistent results), things might be different for you! We encourage everyone to try it out on their own. See [this repository](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd-benchmarks) for all necessary scripts. Concerning *fd*'s speed, a lot of credit goes to the `regex` and `ignore` crates that are also used in [ripgrep](https://github.com/BurntSushi/ripgrep) (check it out!). ## Troubleshooting ### `fd` does not find my file! Remember that `fd` ignores hidden directories and files by default. It also ignores patterns from `.gitignore` files. If you want to make sure to find absolutely every possible file, always use the options `-u`/`--unrestricted` option (or `-HI` to enable hidden and ignored files): ``` bash > fd -u … ``` ### Colorized output `fd` can colorize files by extension, just like `ls`. In order for this to work, the environment variable [`LS_COLORS`](https://linux.die.net/man/5/dir_colors) has to be set. Typically, the value of this variable is set by the `dircolors` command which provides a convenient configuration format to define colors for different file formats. On most distributions, `LS_COLORS` should be set already. If you are on Windows or if you are looking for alternative, more complete (or more colorful) variants, see [here](https://github.com/sharkdp/vivid), [here](https://github.com/seebi/dircolors-solarized) or [here](https://github.com/trapd00r/LS_COLORS). `fd` also honors the [`NO_COLOR`](https://no-color.org/) environment variable. ### `fd` doesn't seem to interpret my regex pattern correctly A lot of special regex characters (like `[]`, `^`, `$`, ..) are also special characters in your shell. If in doubt, always make sure to put single quotes around the regex pattern: ``` bash > fd '^[A-Z][0-9]+$' ``` If your pattern starts with a dash, you have to add `--` to signal the end of command line options. Otherwise, the pattern will be interpreted as a command-line option. Alternatively, use a character class with a single hyphen character: ``` bash > fd -- '-pattern' > fd '[-]pattern' ``` ### "Command not found" for `alias`es or shell functions Shell `alias`es and shell functions can not be used for command execution via `fd -x` or `fd -X`. In `zsh`, you can make the alias global via `alias -g myalias="…"`. In `bash`, you can use `export -f my_function` to make available to child processes. You would still need to call `fd -x bash -c 'my_function "$1"' bash`. For other use cases or shells, use a (temporary) shell script. ## Integration with other programs ### Using fd with `fzf` You can use *fd* to generate input for the command-line fuzzy finder [fzf](https://github.com/junegunn/fzf): ``` bash export FZF_DEFAULT_COMMAND='fd --type file' export FZF_CTRL_T_COMMAND="$FZF_DEFAULT_COMMAND" ``` Then, you can type `vim ` on your terminal to open fzf and search through the fd-results. Alternatively, you might like to follow symbolic links and include hidden files (but exclude `.git` folders): ``` bash export FZF_DEFAULT_COMMAND='fd --type file --follow --hidden --exclude .git' ``` You can even use fd's colored output inside fzf by setting: ``` bash export FZF_DEFAULT_COMMAND="fd --type file --color=always" export FZF_DEFAULT_OPTS="--ansi" ``` For more details, see the [Tips section](https://github.com/junegunn/fzf#tips) of the fzf README. ### Using fd with `rofi` [*rofi*](https://github.com/davatorium/rofi) is a graphical launch menu application that is able to create menus by reading from *stdin*. Piping `fd` output into `rofi`s `-dmenu` mode creates fuzzy-searchable lists of files and directories. #### Example Create a case-insensitive searchable multi-select list of *PDF* files under your `$HOME` directory and open the selection with your configured PDF viewer. To list all file types, drop the `-e pdf` argument. ``` bash fd --type f -e pdf . $HOME | rofi -keep-right -dmenu -i -p FILES -multi-select | xargs -I {} xdg-open {} ``` To modify the list that is presented by rofi, add arguments to the `fd` command. To modify the search behaviour of rofi, add arguments to the `rofi` command. ### Using fd with `emacs` The emacs package [find-file-in-project](https://github.com/technomancy/find-file-in-project) can use *fd* to find files. After installing `find-file-in-project`, add the line `(setq ffip-use-rust-fd t)` to your `~/.emacs` or `~/.emacs.d/init.el` file. In emacs, run `M-x find-file-in-project-by-selected` to find matching files. Alternatively, run `M-x find-file-in-project` to list all available files in the project. ### Printing the output as a tree To format the output of `fd` as a file-tree you can use the `tree` command with `--fromfile`: ```bash ❯ fd | tree --fromfile ``` This can be more useful than running `tree` by itself because `tree` does not ignore any files by default, nor does it support as rich a set of options as `fd` does to control what to print: ```bash ❯ fd --extension rs | tree --fromfile . ├── build.rs └── src ├── app.rs └── error.rs ``` On bash and similar you can simply create an alias: ```bash ❯ alias as-tree='tree --fromfile' ``` ### Using fd with `xargs` or `parallel` Note that `fd` has a builtin feature for [command execution](#command-execution) with its `-x`/`--exec` and `-X`/`--exec-batch` options. If you prefer, you can still use it in combination with `xargs`: ``` bash > fd -0 -e rs | xargs -0 wc -l ``` Here, the `-0` option tells *fd* to separate search results by the NULL character (instead of newlines). In the same way, the `-0` option of `xargs` tells it to read the input in this way. ## Installation [![Packaging status](https://repology.org/badge/vertical-allrepos/fd-find.svg)](https://repology.org/project/fd-find/versions) ### On Ubuntu *... and other Debian-based Linux distributions.* If you run Ubuntu 19.04 (Disco Dingo) or newer, you can install the [officially maintained package](https://packages.ubuntu.com/fd-find): ``` apt install fd-find ``` Note that the binary is called `fdfind` as the binary name `fd` is already used by another package. It is recommended that after installation, you add a link to `fd` by executing command `ln -s $(which fdfind) ~/.local/bin/fd`, in order to use `fd` in the same way as in this documentation. Make sure that `$HOME/.local/bin` is in your `$PATH`. If you use an older version of Ubuntu, you can download the latest `.deb` package from the [release page](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/releases) and install it via: ``` bash dpkg -i fd_9.0.0_amd64.deb # adapt version number and architecture ``` ### On Debian If you run Debian Buster or newer, you can install the [officially maintained Debian package](https://tracker.debian.org/pkg/rust-fd-find): ``` apt-get install fd-find ``` Note that the binary is called `fdfind` as the binary name `fd` is already used by another package. It is recommended that after installation, you add a link to `fd` by executing command `ln -s $(which fdfind) ~/.local/bin/fd`, in order to use `fd` in the same way as in this documentation. Make sure that `$HOME/.local/bin` is in your `$PATH`. ### On Fedora Starting with Fedora 28, you can install `fd` from the official package sources: ``` bash dnf install fd-find ``` ### On Alpine Linux You can install [the fd package](https://pkgs.alpinelinux.org/packages?name=fd) from the official sources, provided you have the appropriate repository enabled: ``` apk add fd ``` ### On Arch Linux You can install [the fd package](https://www.archlinux.org/packages/community/x86_64/fd/) from the official repos: ``` pacman -S fd ``` You can also install fd [from the AUR](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/fd-git). ### On Gentoo Linux You can use [the fd ebuild](https://packages.gentoo.org/packages/sys-apps/fd) from the official repo: ``` emerge -av fd ``` ### On openSUSE Linux You can install [the fd package](https://software.opensuse.org/package/fd) from the official repo: ``` zypper in fd ``` ### On Void Linux You can install `fd` via xbps-install: ``` xbps-install -S fd ``` ### On ALT Linux You can install [the fd package](https://packages.altlinux.org/en/sisyphus/srpms/fd/) from the official repo: ``` apt-get install fd ``` ### On Solus You can install [the fd package](https://github.com/getsolus/packages/tree/main/packages/f/fd) from the official repo: ``` eopkg install fd ``` ### On RedHat Enterprise Linux 8/9 (RHEL8/9), Almalinux 8/9, EuroLinux 8/9 or Rocky Linux 8/9 You can install [the `fd` package](https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/tkbcopr/fd/) from Fedora Copr. ```bash dnf copr enable tkbcopr/fd dnf install fd ``` A different version using the [slower](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/pull/481#issuecomment-534494592) malloc [instead of jemalloc](https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2216193#c1) is also available from the EPEL8/9 repo as the package `fd-find`. ### On macOS You can install `fd` with [Homebrew](https://formulae.brew.sh/formula/fd): ``` brew install fd ``` … or with MacPorts: ``` port install fd ``` ### On Windows You can download pre-built binaries from the [release page](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/releases). Alternatively, you can install `fd` via [Scoop](http://scoop.sh): ``` scoop install fd ``` Or via [Chocolatey](https://chocolatey.org): ``` choco install fd ``` Or via [Winget](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/package-manager/): ``` winget install sharkdp.fd ``` ### On GuixOS You can install [the fd package](https://guix.gnu.org/en/packages/fd-8.1.1/) from the official repo: ``` guix install fd ``` ### On NixOS / via Nix You can use the [Nix package manager](https://nixos.org/nix/) to install `fd`: ``` nix-env -i fd ``` ### On FreeBSD You can install [the fd-find package](https://www.freshports.org/sysutils/fd) from the official repo: ``` pkg install fd-find ``` ### From npm On Linux and macOS, you can install the [fd-find](https://npm.im/fd-find) package: ``` npm install -g fd-find ``` ### From source With Rust's package manager [cargo](https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo), you can install *fd* via: ``` cargo install fd-find ``` Note that rust version *1.77.2* or later is required. `make` is also needed for the build. ### From binaries The [release page](https://github.com/sharkdp/fd/releases) includes precompiled binaries for Linux, macOS and Windows. Statically-linked binaries are also available: look for archives with `musl` in the file name. ## Development ```bash git clone https://github.com/sharkdp/fd # Build cd fd cargo build # Run unit tests and integration tests cargo test # Install cargo install --path . ``` ## Maintainers - [sharkdp](https://github.com/sharkdp) - [tmccombs](https://github.com/tmccombs) - [tavianator](https://github.com/tavianator) ## License `fd` is distributed under the terms of both the MIT License and the Apache License 2.0. See the [LICENSE-APACHE](LICENSE-APACHE) and [LICENSE-MIT](LICENSE-MIT) files for license details.